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GM INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
POST BOX NO.4, P.B. ROAD, DAVANGERE – 577 006. KARNATAKA STATE.
(Approved by A.I.C.T.E. New Delhi and affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi)
HEAT TRANSFER
LABORATORY MANUAL
GM INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
POST BOX NO.4, P.B. ROAD, DAVANGERE – 577 006. KARNATAKA STATE.
(Approved by A.I.C.T.E. New Delhi and affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi)
HEAT TRANSFER
LABORATORY MANUAL
GM INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
POST BOX NO.4, P.B. ROAD, DAVANGERE – 577 006. KARNATAKA STATE.
(Approved by A.I.C.T.E. New Delhi and affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi)
Vision:
To develop technologically competent, humane and socially responsible engineers and
managers to meet the ever growing challenges of the Global environment.
Mission:
To provide quality technical and management education by applying best
practices in teaching, learning and with the state of the art infrastructural
facilities.
To develop student centric Institution which evolves and fosters the talents of
budding engineers, managers and entrepreneurs and prepare them to make a
positive contribution to the society.
Vision:
To develop competent Mechanical engineers to work in an interdisciplinary environment
with innovation and professional ethics to serve the needs of society
Mission:
1. Imparting quality education to students to excel in Mechanical Engineering.
2. To prepare technocrats with professional skills to meet industrial needs and for higher
education.
3. To develop ethically and socially responsible engineers capable to solve real time
problems.
SRISHYLA EDUCATIONAL TRUST (R), BHEEMASAMUDRA - 577 520
GM INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
POST BOX NO.4, P.B. ROAD, DAVANGERE – 577 006. KARNATAKA STATE.
(Approved by A.I.C.T.E. New Delhi and affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi)
PEO1: Knowledge
To prepare students with overall knowledge in Mechanical Engineering and enabling
them to understand specific problem areas and finding optimum solutions for the same.
PEO2: Skill
To train the students on emerging trends of technology with required technical skills to
meet industrial needs and encourage to pursue higher education, research and spirit of
entrepreneurship.
PEO3: Attitude
To mould the engineers with required professional ethics and values, to serve the
society at large.
1. Engineering Knowledge
2. Problem analysis
3. Design/development of solutions
4. Conduct investigations of complex problems
5. Modern Tool Usage.
6. The Engineer and Society
7. Environment and Sustainability
8. Ethics
9. Individual and Team Work
10. Communication
11. Project Management and Finance
12. Life-long learning
Srishyla Educational Trust(R), Bheemasamudra
GM INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi.
Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, and Govt. of Karnataka.
POST BOX NO 4, P B ROAD, DAVANAGERE-577006
Course Objectives:
The primary objective of this course is to provide the fundamental knowledge necessary to understand the
behavior of thermal systems.
This course provides a detailed experimental analysis, including the application and heat transfer through
solids, fluids, and vacuum. Convection, conduction, and radiation heat transfer in one and two dimensional
steady and unsteady systems are examined.
PART – A
Course Outcomes:
Reference Books:
1. M. Necati Ozisik, Heat Transfer – A Basic Approach, McGraw Hill, New York, 2005.
2. Incropera, F. P. and De Witt, D. P., Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer, 5th Edition, John Wiley and
Sons, New York, 2006.
3. Holman, J. P., Heat Transfer, 9th Edition, Tata McGraw Hill, New York, 2008.
Scheme of Examination:
List of Contents
11 51-61
Vapour Compression Refrigerator Test Rig
Srishyla Educational Trust(R), Bheemasamudra
GM INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi.
Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, and Govt. of Karnataka.
POST BOX NO 4,P B ROAD, DAVANAGERE-577006
REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. M. Necati Ozisik, Heat Transfer – A Basic Approach, McGraw Hill, New York, 2005.
2. Incropera, F. P. and De Witt, D. P., Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer, 5th Edition, John Wiley
and Sons, New York, 2006.
3. Holman, J. P., Heat Transfer, 9th Edition, Tata McGraw Hill, New York, 2008.
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Procedure:
Start the electric supply.
Give the heat input to the heater by slowly rotating the dimmerstat and adjust the voltage say
Note down the temperatures T1 to T9 at regular intervals of time till steady state condition is
reached.
After steady state condition is reached, note the temperature of water inlet and outlet T10 and T11
Plot the graph of temp distribution along the length of the rod.
Experiment can be repeated for different flow rates of water and heat input.
Observations:
1) Length of metal rod = 425 mm
2) Diameter of metal rod, d= 25 mm
pd2
3) Cross sectional Area of metal rod, A=
4
4) Test length of the metal rod = 200 mm
Tempereture Indicator
Voltmeter Ammeter
T11
On - Off Swich Dimmerstart
Testing Bar
Insulating Material
Water Inlet
T10
Tabular Column:
Specimen calculation:
dT
Qw= - K x A x .
dx
Value of dT/dx should be obtained from the graph
pd2
A=
4
Qw dx
K =- x
A dT
K = -------- W/m oC.
Precautions:
Keep the auto-transformer to zero before start
Remove area between plates don’t disturb the plates by moving the handle gently.
TEMP. INDICATOR`
0000.00
VOLTMETE AMMETE
R R
WOOD
DIMMER STRAT
HAYLAM
CAST IRON
HAYLAM
WOOD
Specifications:
Wall assembly arrangement is symmetric on both sides of heater.
Heater: Nichrome heater found of Mica- former and insulation with control unit capacity
(400W max.)
Voltmeter: 0 to 300V
Ammeter: 0 to 2A
Temperature Indicator: Digital type indicator, 0 to 200oC, service required AC- single phase
Observations:
1) Wall thickness (b)
A. Cast Iron : 25mm
B. Hylam : 19mm
C. Wood : 12mm
2) Wall diameter: 200mm
Tabular Column:
Sl Time in Heat input Temperature in degree Celsius
No min Q=VxI in Watts
Ammeter Voltmeter T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8
reading reading
(I) in Amps (V) in volts
1 20
2 25
3 30
4 35
5 40
6 45
7 50
8 55
9 60
10 65
CALCULATIONS:
T1 + T2: Temperature before First Wall.
T3 + T4: Temperature after First Wall or Before Second Wall.
T5 + T6: Temperature after Second Wall or Before Third Wall.
T7 + T8: Temperature after Third Wall.
1) T +T
Mean Temperature of First Wall = T = 1 2 .
A
2
2) T3 + T4
Mean Temperature after First Wall or Before Second Wall= T = .
B
2
3) T5 + T6
Mean Temperature after Second Wall or Before Third Wall= T = .
C
2
T +T
4)
Temperature after Third Wall= TD = 7 8 .
2
5)
Heat Supplied = Q = V X I = Watts.
6)
Heat Flux = q = Q/A w/m2
pd2
Where ‘A ‘is the Cross sectional Area of the Plate, (d=D)
4
7)
TA - TD
Total resistance = RTotal = = ------- k/w/m2
q
qb
8)
Thermal conductivity of composite wall = K comp = T - T = - - - - W / m K
A D
9)
Over all heat transfer co- efficient U =1/ (RTotalA)------W/m2k
Result:
1) The Thermal conductivity of the given composite wall is: ______ W/m k
2) Total thermal resistance of composite wall is: ______K/W
3) Overall heat transfer co-efficient is: ______ W/m2k
i.e, Emissivity, Є = (emissive power of the surface) / (emissive power of black surface)
Є = e/eb
For black body, absorbptivity = 1, and by the knowledge of Kirchoff’s law of emissivity for black body
becomes unity. Emissivity of a surface depends on the nature of surface & temperature.
Description of Test Set up:
The experimental setups consist of two circular Aluminum plates identical in size & are provided
with the heating coils sandwiched. The plates are mounted on the brackets under kept in an enclosure
so as to provide a undisturbed natural convection to surroundings. The heat input to the heater is
varied by separate dimmerstat & is measured using a voltmeter & an ammeter. The temperature of the
plates is measured by thermocouples by connecting them to plates. Another thermo couple is keptinthe
enclosure to read the ambient temp.
The plate 1(shown in the figure) is a blackened by a thick layer of lamp black to form an ideal black
surface, whereas the plate 2 is the test plate whose emissivity is to be determined. The heater input to
the 2 plates is dissipated from the plates by conduction, convection, and radiation. This set up is
designed such that under steady state conditions the heat dissipation by conduction and convection is
same. The difference in the heater input readings is because of the difference in the radiation
characteristics due to difference in the emissivity of different bodies. The schematic arrangement of
the test setup is shown in the figure.
Tempereture Indicator
Voltmeter Ammeter
T2 T3 T1
Test Body Black Body
Dimmerstart On - Off Swich Dimmerstart
Gradually increase the heater input & ensure that the black body is having uniform coat of lamp
black.
Procedure:
Gradually increase the heat input to the heater to the black plate & adjust it to some value viz.,
30, 50, 75 W. etc and adjust the heater input to test plate slightly less than the black body, say
27, 35, 60W... etc.
Check the temp of the two plates in small intervals of time & adjust the heat input of the test
plate only, so that the two plates will be maintained at same temperature(therefore T1=T2=Ts).
This requires some trial and error method, and one has to wait sufficiently (more than a hour) to
obtain the steady state condition.
After attaining the steady state condition, record the temperature, voltmeter & ammeter readings
for both the plates.
The same procedure is repeated for various surface temperatures in an increasing order.
Observation:
1) Diameter of the Test plate = 155 mm (Aluminum)
2) Diameter of the Block plate = 155 mm (Aluminum)
3) Heater: Nichrome strip wound on mica sheet and sandwiched between two mica sheets with
capacity of 200 watts.
4) Thermocouples: Chromel Alumel: 3 nos.
5) Temperature indicator : 1 to 12 Channels
Tabular Column:
Sl Time Heat input Heat input Temperature in degree
No in W1 =Q1=V1xI1 W2=Q2=V2xI2 Celsius
min in Watts in Watts
Black plate Test plate
Voltmeter Ammeter Voltmeter Ammeter T1 T2 T3
reading reading reading reading Black Test Ambient
( V1) in ( I1) in ( V2) in ( I2) in Plate Plate Temp of
volts Amps volts Amps Temp Temp enclosure
1 20
2 25
3 30
4 35
5 40
6 45
7 50
Calculations:
W1 = Q1=Heat input to black plate = V1 I1
W2= Q2= Heat input to test plate = V2 I2
pd2
Area of the plates A= X2
4
T1= Temperature of black plate in K
T2 = Temperature of test plate in K
T1= T2= Ts= surface temperature of plates
T3=TA = Ambient temperature in K
W2 =Є σ A (TS4 – TA4)
(W -W )
Î=Î - 1 2
b
s .Aé
ê
T
S
4 - T 4ù
ú
A û
ë
(W -W )
Î=1- 1 2 Where Є b=1
s . A é TS - TA 4 ù
4
ê
ë ú
û
Q /A = Eb = σ T4 W/m2K4
Where σ is Stefan Boltzman constant and its value is given by
5.67 x 10-8 W/m2K4
The thermal radiation energy on disc D from the enclosure is given by:
E = σ AD T4
BOILER
T6 (HOT WATER)
HEATER
Tempereture Indicator
GATE VALVE
Voltmeter Ammeter
T2 T3 On - Off Swich
GATE VALVE
T5
T1 T4
DISC TEMPERATURE
é dT ù
m xC = s x A x éêT 4 - T 4 ùú .
D PD êë dt úû D ë 5û
é dT ù
mD xCPD ê ú
s = ë dt û = ------------- W/m2 K4
AD x éëT 4 - T54 ùû .
Tabular Column
Sl Set-1
Time In ‘t’ Sec
no. temp 0 C
1 0
2 10
3 20
4 30
5 40
6 50
7 60
8 70
9 80
10 90
11 100
12 110
13 120
Result:
The Stefan Boltzman Constant, σ = ________________ W/m2 K4
Aim: To determine surface heat transfer coefficient for a vertical tube loosing heat by natural
convection.
Theory: There are certain situations in which the fluid motion is produced due to change in density,
resulting from the temp gradients. The movement of the fluid in free convection is due to the fact that
the fluid particles of the hard object become warmer than surrounding fluid resulting in a local change
of density. The colder fluid creating convection replaces the warmer fluid. When the hot body is kept in
still atmosphere, heat is transferred from the body to the surrounding fluid layer in contact & gets
heated up. The associated heat transfer coefficient is given by:
Q(DT )
h= W/m2K
A
Where h is the average surface heat transfer coefficient, Q is the heat transfer rate in watts, A is the
surface area of the body, ΔT is the difference between surface temperature and ambient temperature.
The surface heat transfer coefficient of the system transfer heat by natural convection depends on the
shape, dimensions, orientation of the fluid and the temperature difference between heat transferring
surface and surroundings. The dependence of h on all the above mentioned factors is generally
dimensional group as given below:
hL
Nu= = C (Gr Pr)n
k
Where C and n are constants depends on the shape and orientation of heat transferring surface.
Present experimental set up is designed and fabricated to study the natural convection phenomenon
from a vertical cylinder in terms of local heat transfer co-efficient and its comparison with the value
obtained by using an appropriate correlation.
Description of Set Up:
The apparatus consists of a brass tube fitted in a duct in vertical fashion. The duct is open at top and
bottom which forms an enclosure. It serves the purpose of undisturbed surrounding. One side of the
duct is made up of Perspex of visualization. An electric heating element is kept in a vertical tube, which
in turn heats the surrounding air, by natural convection. The surface temperature of the tube and
ambient temperature of the enclosure is measured by thermocouples fitted at different locations. The
heat input is measured by voltmeter and ammeter.
T1 Tempereture Indicator
Voltmeter Ammeter
T2
Circular Brass Tube
T3
T4
Dimmerstart On - Off Swich
T8 T5
T6
T7
Procedure:
1. Switch on the supply and adjust the dimmer stat to obtain required heat input (say 60, 70 and
80W).
2. Wait till the steady state temperature is reached
3. Note the surface temp. T1 to T7 and note down the ambient temperature T8 as Ta.
4. Repeat the experiment for various heat inputs (do not exceed 80 W).
Specifications:
Diameter of the tube, D= 38 mm.
Length of the tube, L= 500mm.
Duct size = 200mm X 200mm x 750mm.
Voltmeter reading, V = 0 – 300V.
Ammeter reading, I = 0 - 5 amps.
Dimmer start =2A, 260V.
Tabular Column:
Calculations:
1) Calculate the value of average heat transfer coefficient neglecting end losses.
Q
h= = -- - -
A [ Ts -Ta ]
W/m2K
s
T1 + T2 + T3 + T4 + T5 + T6 + T7
Ts = Average surface temperature =
7
Ta=T8= Ambient temperature.
2) Calculate variation of local heat transfer co- efficient along the length of the tube.
hL
Nu= = C (Gr Pr)n
k
Where,
Gr = Grashoof of no and Pr = Prandtal no
g ( L3) b (DT ) Pr =
Cpm
Gr = and
g2 K
h = _________ W/m2 K
a) DT = [ Ts - Ta ] = ------ OC.
T +T
b) Tf = s a =------ OC.
2
Where Tf is mean fluid (film) temperature
Properties of air at Tf (Values are noted from heat and mass transfer data hand book)
C) K= ________ W/m K
d) g = 9.81 m/sec2
e) g = __________m2/sec
f) Prandtal number, Pr =-----
1
g) b = = ___________ K-1
T f + 273
.
Where,
C = Characteristic dimension of the surface.
K = Thermal conductivity of the fluid.
g = Kinematic viscosity of fluid.
Cp = Specific heat of fluid.
b = Co-efficient of volumetric expansion of fluid.
g = Acceleration due gravity.
DT = ( Ts - Ta ) K
m = Dynamitic viscosity.
Note: For vertical cylinder, loosing heat by natural convection has been determined from the
following empirical correlations.
hL
-------=0.59 ( Gr P r ) --------- For 104< Gr Pr < 109
0.25
Nu=
k
hL 1
Nu=
k (
= 0.13 Gr Pr ) 3 ------------------ For 109< Gr Pr < 1012
All properties of the fluid are determined at the mean Film Temperature Tf
Result:
1) Average surface heat transfer coefficient, h= __________ W/ m2 K
2) Local heat transfer coefficient along the length of the tube, h= ___W/m2K
Aim: To determine the surface heat transfer co-efficient of a horizontal pipe loosing heat by forced
convection to air.
Apparatus Required: Force Feed Convection Test Setup.
Theory:
If the heat transfer by convection is assisted by external means it is known as forced convection. The
dimensional analysis for forced convection is calculated by,
NU = f ( Re Pr ) .
The different variables specifying the s/m behaviour which represents forced convection of fluid flow
over a flat plate:-
1) Reynolds number:
It is defined as the ratio of inertia force to viscous force.
v(d ) r vd
Re = i = i
g m
2) Prandtal number:
It is defined as the ratio of molecule diffusivity of momentum to the molecular diffusivity of heat.
Cp m V
Pr = =
K a
Pr @ 1 for gases
Pr ³1 for oils
Pr £ 1 for liquid metals
3) Nusselt’s number
it is defined as the ratio of heat transfer by convection to the conduction across the fluid layer of
thickness ‘l’.A longer value of Nusselt number means heat transfer by convection is more.
h.DT
hl
Nu= = æ DT ö .
K ç K. ÷
è l ø
Description of Set up:
The apparatus consists of a blower unit fitted to the test coil. A Nichrome heater surrounds the test
section. Four thermocouples are embedded on the test section from entrance to exit of the section to
measure the temp. The test pipe is connected to the delivery side of the blower along with an orifice
plate to measure the flow of air through the pipe. The input to the heater is given by dimmerstat is
measured by voltmeter & ammeter. A temperature indicator with cold junction of thermocouples is
provided to measure the temperature of pipe at various points in the pipe.
BLOWER HEATER
On - Off Swich On - Off Swich Dimmerstart
T2 T3 T4 T5
T6
T1
ORIFICE HEATER
BLOWER
MOTOR
Specification:
1) Out side diameter of the pipe Do = 33mm.
2) Inner diameter of the pipe Di = 26mm.
3) Length of the test section = l= 400mm
4) Diameter of the orifice = d= 16 mm
5) Dimmerstat = 0 to 2 amps, 260 volts maximum.
6) Temperature indicator = 0 to 3000C
7) Heater Nichrome wire band type 400 watts.
Tabular Column:
Heat Input
Temperature in 0C
Q= V x I Watts
Time Manometer
Ammeter
Sl in Voltmeter Reading ‘H’ in
Reading T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6
no. Mins Reading m
’A’in
‘V’ in Volts
Amps
1 20
2 30
3 40
4 50
5 60
6 70
Calculations:
1) The rate at which air getting heated is
Q = m Cp DT
Where m = mass flow rate of air in Kg/sec
DT = temperature rise in air = (T6-T1) oC.
Cp = specific heat of air = 1.005 Kj/Kg k.
T1 = Inlet temperature of air
T6 = Temperature of heated air
é T1 + T6 ù
Here the density of air is at ê ú.
ë 2 û
p d 2 2 gH r w
Q= cd X m3/sec
4 ra
Where
d=diameter of orifice.
Cd =co-efficient of discharge = 0.64
r w = Density of water = 1000 Kg/m3
é T1 + T6 ù
r a = density of air at temperature ê ú.
ë 2 û
g = acceleration due to gravity at 9.81 m/s2
H = difference of water level in manometer.
Q
ha = = - - - - watt 2
A [ Ts - Ta ] . m K
Where
Q = Rate at which air is getting heated.
Q=V x I
or
Q = m Cp DT
4Q
V= m/sec
p Di 2
5) Nusselt number
hD
NU = a i
K
Where
ha = surface heat transfer co-efficient W/m2 k
Di = inside diameter of pipe.
é T1 + T6 ù
K= thermal conductivity of air at bulk temperature. ê ú.
ë 2 û
6) the appropriate correlation for turbulent flow through closed container is
Nu= 0.023 (Re)0.8 X (pr)0.4.
Result:
1. Average heat transfer co-efficient ‘h’ = ________________ W/m2k
2. Reynolds number Re=_________________
3. Nusselt number Nu=___________________
Procedure:
1. For free convection
Start heating the fin by switching on the heater element and adjust the voltage or dimmer stat to
say, 80V.
Record the temperature readings at regular time intervals.
When the steady state condition is reached, record the temperature readings T 1 to T5 and also
record the reading of ambient temp. of air (T6)
Repeat the same procedure for different heat inputs.
2. For forced convection
Start heating the fin by switching on the heater element and adjust the voltage or dimmer stat to
say, 100V.
Start the blower and adjust the difference of level in the manometer with the help of gate valves.
Record the temperature readings at regular time intervals.
When the steady state condition is reached, record the readings T 1 to T5 and also record the
ambient temp. of air (T6)
Repeat the same procedure for different heat inputs or manometer readings.
Observations:
1) Duct size = 150 X 100mm.
2) Diameter of pin = 12.7mm.
3) Diameter of orifice = 32mm.
4) Diameter of delivery pipe = 50mm.
5) Co-efficient of discharge Cd = 0.64.
6) Number of thermocouples = 5.
7) Thermal conductivity of fin material = 110 W/ m 0C.
8) Temperature indicator = 0 to 300 0C.
9) Heat supply = 400 watts.
BLOWER HEATER
On - Off Swich On - Off Swich Dimmerstart
ORIFICE
HEATER
DUCT
T1
T6
T7
MOTOR
Calculation:-
Natural convection:
T1 + T2 + T3 + T4 + T5
1) Average temperature = Tm =
5
2) Fluid temperature (ambient) =Tf = T6
Tm + T f
3) Mean fluid temperature= Tmf = .
2
4) Properties of air based on Tmf.
1
= - - - K -1 , Gr = G b l 2DT .
3
b= DT = Tm - T f , K = ----- W/mK,
Tmf + 273 g
ρ = -------- kg/m3, μ = ------ Ns/m2, Pr = ------, Cp = ------- kJ/kg K
Where C and n are constants whose values can be determined by correlations based on the
product of GrPr value.
6) Nusselt number, Nu =hl/k
Nu K
7) Heat transfer co-efficient (h) = . l = length of the fin.
l
hp
8) Slope m =
KA
tan h ml
9) Efficiency of fin, η= .
ml
Kp
10) Effectiveness of fin, e = tan h ml.
hA
ε =Km/h
Correlations:
Result:
Forced Convection:
Tabular Column for Forced Convection:
Heat Input
Temperature in 0C
Q= V x I Watts
Time Manometer
Ammeter
Sl in Voltmeter Reading ‘H’ in
Reading T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6
no. Mins Reading m
’A’in
‘V’ in Volts
Amps
1 20
2 30
3 40
4 50
5 60
6 70
Calculations:-
T1 + T2 + T3 + T4 + T5
1) Average temperature = Tm =
5
Nu x K
11) Heat transfer co-efficient (h) = . D = diameter of the fin.
D
hp
12) Slope m = .
KA
tan h ml
13) Efficiency of fin, η = .
ml
Kp
14) Effectiveness of fin, e = tan h ml.
hA
ε =Km/h
Result:
Apparatus Required: Double type heat exchanger setup with water connections.
Theory:
The devices that are used to facilitate heat transfer b/w two or more fluids at different temp are known
as heat exchangers. Different types of heat exchangers are used in steam power plants, chemical
reactors, heating and air conditioning, household refrigeration and etc.
Parallel Flow Heat Exchanger:
In the parallel flow heat exchanger, the hot fluid and the cold fluid are flowing on the same direction.
The heat is transferred to one fluid to another fluid by means of combined made of conduction and
convection.
Counter Flow Heat Exchanger:
In the counter flow heat exchanger, the hot fluid and cold fluid flow in opposite direction. The heat
transfer by means of combined made of conduction and convection.
Cross Flow Heat Exchanger:
In the cross flow heat exchanger, the hot fluid and cold fluid flows at right angle to each other.
A simple example of transfer tube heat exchanger can be in the form of a tube in the tube type
arrangement. One fluid flowing through the inner tube and other through the annulus surrounding it.
The heat transfer takes place across the wall of the inner tube.
Description of Set up:
The apparatus consists of a tube type concentric tube heat exchanger. The hot fluid is hot water in
which is obtained from an external water heater & it flows inner tube while the cold fluid is cold water,
flowing thru tubes. The hot water flows in one direction& the flow rate of which is connected by means
of valves. The cold water can be at one end of heat exchanger to run as a parallel flow apparatus or a
counter flow apparatus. This is done by valve operations. The temps of i/c & o/c of both the fluids can
be measured by using thermocouples, mounted at the inlet & outlet of the respective fluids. The flow
rate of both the fluids can be measured by rotometer. The outer surface of the tube is provided with a
better thermal insulation to minimize the heat losses to the surroundings.
On - Off Swich
On - Off Swich
HOT WATERINLET
From the Flowmeter
T1
COLD WATER OUTLET
VALVE-2 VALVE-3
VALVE-3 VALVE-1
Procedure:
Start the flow on the hot water side.
Start the flow thru the annulus 7 exchanger as parallel flow unit.
Put the water heater into heating.
Adjust the flow rate on the hot water side b/w 0.5 to 2 lpm.
Adjust the flow rate on the coldwater side b/w the side between 1 to 3 lpm.
Keeping the same flow rate & weight till the steady state conditions are reached.
Record the temps on hot water & cold water side & also record their flow rate.
Observation:
Counter Flow and Parallel Flow Heat Exchanger.
Tabular column
Sl Hot water Cold water Hot water inlet Hot water out Cold water inlet Cold water out
No. flow rate Qh flow rate in temperature let temperature temperature let temperature
in Cc/min Qc Cc/min Thi in oC (T1) Tho in oC (T2) Tci in oC (T3) Tco in oC (T4)
1
2
3
Calculation:
1) heat transfer rate from hot water (Qh)
Qh = mh x Cpw x (Thi - Tho)
Qh = ---------- Kw
2) heat transfer rate in cold water (Qc)
Qc = = mc x Cpw x (Tco – Tci)
Qc = ---------- Kw
3) average heat transfer rate
Qh + QC
Q=
2
Q = ------- Kw
4) Logarithmic mean temperature difference {L.M.T.D}
DT - DT
DTm = i o
L.M.T.D= é DT ù
in ê i ú
êë DTo úû
L.M.T.D =------ oC where. Ti = (Thi - Tci) and To= (Tho - Tco)
Q 1
U= X
Ai DTm
Based on out side area of tube
Q 1
U= X
Ao DTm
6) Effectiveness of heat.
Qh
E=
QC
E = ------ %
Counter Flow Heat Exchanger:
Tabular column
Sl no. Hot water Cold water Hot water inlet Hot water out Cold water inlet Cold water out
flow rate Qh flow rate in temperature let temperature temperature let temperature
in Cc/min Qc Cc/min Thi in oC (T1) Tho in oC (T2) Tci in oC (T5) Tco in oC (T6)
1
2
3
Calculation:
4) heat transfer rate from hot water (Qh)
Qh = mh x Cpw x (Thi - Tho)
Qh = ---------- Kw
5) heat transfer rate in cold water (Qc)
Qc = = mc x Cpw x (Tco – Tci)
Qc = ---------- Kw
6) average heat transfer rate
Qh + QC
Q=
2
Q = ------- Kw
Q 1
U= X
Ai DTm
Based on out side area of tube
Q 1
U= X
Ao DTm
6) Effectiveness of heat.
Qh
E=
QC
E = ------ %
Result Table for Parallel Flow and Counter Flow Heat Exchanger
Sl Qh Qc L.M.T.D he E
no. in Cc/min in Cc/min in oC in W/m2 0k in %
1
2
3
Aim: To determine the heat transfer co-eff & overall heat transferred in drop wise and film wise
condensation.
Apparatus Required: Condensation operator setup with water connection, flow measuring device
& steam generator.
Theory:
Condensation occurs when the temp of a vapor is reduced below its saturation temperature. This is
done by bringing the vapour in contact with solid surface whose surface temp is below saturation temp
of the vapour. The two distinct forms of condensation are Film wise condensation & drop wise
Condensation
In film wise condensation, the condensate wedges the surface and forms a liquid film on
surface that slides down under the influence of gravity. The thickness of liquid film
increases in the flow direction as more vapour condenses on film.
In drop wise film condensation, the condensed vapour forms droplets on the surface of a continuous
film and the surface in covered by countless droplets of varying diameters.
In film condensation, the surface is covered by liquid film of increasing thickness between solid surface
and vapour surfaces as resistant to heat transfer. The heat of vaporization released as the vapour
condenses must pass through this resistance before it can reach the solid surface and be transferred to
the medium on the other wise. In drop wise condensation, the droplets slide down when these reach a
certain size, cleaning the surface and exposing it to vapour there is no liquid film in this case to resist
the heat transfer. As a result heat transfer rates that are more than 10 times larger than the those
associated with film condensation can be achieved with drop- wise condensation.
Description of Set up:
The apparatus consists of a metallic container in which steam generation takes place. The glass cylinder
has cooled copper condenser, one of which is chromium plate to promote drop wise condensation and
other is in its natural condition. A cover is provided for filling water. The glass heater hoses two water
cooled condensers, one of which is chromium plated to promote drop wise condensation and other is in
its natural state to give film wise condensation. A pressure gauge is provided to measure steam
pressure. Separate connections of two condensers for passing water are provided. A digital temp
indicator is provided to measure temps of steam condensers, water i/c, & o/c for condenser.
T6 (HOT WATER)
Tempereture Indicator
Water Out let Water Out let
Steam
On - Off Swich
Condensed
Water Out let
After filling the water, close the top of the generator separately.
Start the water flow thru one of the condenser under test.
Switch on the steam generator to start the generation, and as the steam rises to test section, and
gets condensed till it falls down on the cylinder.
Depending upon the type of condenser under the test, drop wise or film wise condensation are
visualized.
If the water flow rate is low, then the steam pressure in the chamber will rise and pressure gauge
reads the pressure.
If the water flow rate is changed, then the condensation will occur at more or less atmospheric
pressure in the cylinder & the pressure gauge will read the pressure.
Observations like temp, water flow, and pressure are all tabulated.
Specifications:
Condensers – one chromium plated for drop wise condensation and one having natural finish for
film-wise condensation both have identical construction.
Inside diameter of condenser = 15mm.
Out side diameter of condenser = 17mm.
Length of the condenser = 150mm.
T1= plated drop wise condenser temperature.
T2 = plane film condenser.
T3 = steam temperature inside the cylinder.
T4 = water inlet temperature to drop wise condenser wall
T5 = water inlet temperature to film condenser wall.
T6 = water outlet temperature to drop wise condenser wall
T7 = water outlet temperature to film condenser wall.
Tabular Column:
Calculations:
1) Bulk mean temperature of condenser wall.
T +T
t = s w
b 2
t = - - - - 0C
b
Where. Ts = stem temperature inside the cylinder
Tw = condenser wall temperature.
From properties of water at tb = 770C
Density r = 979.5 Kg/m3 Pr = 2.62
Thermal conductivity K = 639.5 x 10-3 W/m oC
Kinematic viscosity g = 421 x 10-9 m2/sec
Heat evaporation l = hfg = 2334 KJ/Kg
2) out side heat transfer co-efficient
0.25
é l x r xg xK ù
2 3
ho = 0.943 ê ú
ë (Ts - Tw ) m l û
ho = --------- W/m 0C
3) Bulk mean temperature of water
T -T
Tbm = w wo where Tw = water inlet temp to condenser wall.
2
Two = water outlet temp from the condenser wall.
Tbm = ----- 0C
4) Reynolds number
4M w
Re =
p Di rg
Re = -----------
5) N u = Re x Pr
0.8 0.4
Nu = ---------
Procedure:
put on the air condenser fan (gas to liquid) and run it for 2-3 mins.
Now put on the compressor switch such that the refrigeration circuit will be in process
Measure the air velocity in the duct by using the system provided at the blower.
Calculations:
1) Mass of air (ma)= r xV x A
(ma)= ------ Kg/sec
2) Enthalpy of air at inlet temperature.(H1)
DBT1=--- oC
WBT1=--- oC
(H1)= ------ Kj/kg-K.
3) Enthalpy of air at outlet temperature.(H1)
DBT2=--- oC
WBT2=--- oC
(H2)= ------ Kj/kg-K.
4) Refrigeration effect.
RE= heat loss by air
RE = ma(H1- H2)
RE =------- Kj/sec
5) Power consumed by the compressor
N c x 3600
Pc =
t x 450
Pc = ---------- KW.
Refrigeration effect
6) Actual C.O.P =
power sup plied
= -------------
TL
7) Carnot C.O.P =
TH - TL
2
HP = X lb/in
= 100 x 0.07031+1.01325
= 12.2628 Kg/Cm2 = X 105 = 12.26 bar.
There fore
TH = ( t+ 273)
TH = ----- K
HP = Ylb/in2
= 44x 0.07031+1.01325
= 4.106 Kg/Cm2 = 4.106 bar.
There fore
TL = (t+ 273)
TL = ----- K
TL
8) Carnot C.O.P=
TH - TL
Carnot C.O.P = -------
Actual C.O.P
9) Efficiency of the plant h =
Carnot C.O.P
Hco - Hci
10) Theoretical C.O.P= .
Hci - Hco
Result Table
Result: