Seminar Report

on

“STUDY OF PROBLEMS OCCURS DURING AND

AFTER CONSTRUCTION OF RESIDENTIAL
BUILDING”

Submitted by

GAYATRI DNYANESHWAR JUNGHARE

Guide

PROF. MAYUR BANARASE

Submitted to Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati in partial

fulfillment of the requirements for the award of degree
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
in
CIVIL ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

PROF. RAM MEGHE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND
RESEARCH, BADNERA, AMRAVATI-444701
AUGUST 2019

1
 CERTIFICATE OF EXAMINATION

This is to certify that the Seminar Report titled “Problems In Residential Building”.
has been satisfactorily completed by Gayatri D. Junghare in partial fulfillment of the
award of Degree of BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING in CIVIL ENGINEERING from
Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati for the academic session 2019-20

Date: / /2019 M. A. Banarase

Assistant professor

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 ABSTRACT

The function, durability and life of the property are decided by a building designer.each
building contains lots of life and property,if the occurred problems in residential
buildings are untreated or ignored, it will lead to more serious problems because
nowadays construction defects are the major problem which reduces the value of the
property.for knowing such problems, we have collected data by carrying out data by
physical identification survey or visual inspection & asking questions in residents living
in a flats. The findings from the survey revealed that cracking, peeling of paint,fungal
decay, rising dampness, shrinkage cracking are the key problems that we observed in the
residential building.this problems can be reduced by preventing water leakages,
improving design clarity,using good quality construction materials poor workmanship &
quality control on site.

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 TABLE OF CONTENT

Chapter no. Title Page no.

Abstract
1 Introduction
1.1 Background
1.2 Study purpose
2 Literature review
3 Data collection methodology
4 Problems in residential building
4.1 Cracking
4.1.1 Types of cracks
4.1.2 Methods of repair of cracks
4.2 Holes in plastering
4.2.1 Methods to repair holes in plastering
4.3 Peeling paint
4.3.1 Methods to repair peeling paint
4.4 Rising dampness
4.4.1 Methods to repair rising dampness
4.5 staining/ discolaration of paint
4.5.1 Methods to repair staining/ discolaration of paint
4.6 Fungal attacks
4.6.1 Methods to repair Fungal attacks
4.7 Scaling of concrete
4.7.1 Methods to repair Scaling of concrete
4.8 Spalling of concrete
4.8.1 Methods to repair spalling of concrete
4.9 Honeycombing of concrete
4.9.1 Methods to repair honeycombing of concrete

4.10 Settlement of structure

4.10.1 Methods to repair Settlement of structure

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4.11 Water lealages
4.11.1 Methods to repair Water lealages
5 Result and discussion
6 conclusion
7 References

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 INTRODUCTION

Despite the development in technology, residential buildings still suffer from various
problems related to finishes and materials. problems may occur to either the new
building or the old ones. Residential building problems include cracking in plastered
walls, holes in plastering, fungal decay, peeling of paint, rising dampness, insect or
termite attacks, uneveness of surface, spalling, scaling and honeycombing of concrete.
but problems in new building is may be due to non-compliance with the building code,
published acceptable tolerances, standards and sometime problems also arises from poor
design decision, workmanship, material quality, lack of protection, human error and error
in work process. these problems causes negative impact not only on the users but also on
the society as a whole due to possible dangers associated with them. These type of
problems requires good amount of maintenance to fix the problem and it is important to
fix the building problems & carryout the necessary maintenance work for the proper
functionality of building as it causes inconvenience to the residents living in a residential
building. Hence it is important to identify the building problems in residential building to
do the maintenance work so as to avoid losses, human lives and shelters in the
unexpected occurrence of disasters and to fix the norms of inspection code. the problem
are also find out to provide a solution so that such problem will be reduced in newly built
residential buildings.

BACKGROUND
From last few years,it has been seen that proper attention is not given to problems such
as cracking, peeling paint, discoloration of paint, holes in plastering,rising dampness,
fungal attack, scaling of concrete, honeycombing and spalling of concrete which might
lead to serious problems.

STUDY PURPOSE
The purpose of the study is to find out
 the problems in the residential building by actual survey of apartments
 causes and method to repair that problem using suitable material and to determine
the solutions for the problems.
 The problems occur during construction of residential buildings.

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 LITERATURE REVIEW

o Study of defects in residential buildings

Author:- Kam shing chemg
Many of the defects appeared in many buildings requires large number of
fund and human resources to check and process. Hence this paper is focused on
identifying the common contributors and the degree of attention of defects in
residential building.
The data of defects like blemishes, corrosion of reinforcement steel, dampness,
water seepage, peeling paint, roof defects, spalling, cracking and plaster cracks are
collected by the survey of hongkong and Swansea. The building data is categorized
on the basis of ages to determine the severity of problems.
According to the research, it has been found that prevention is better than cure
because some problems such as honeycomb cannot give original functionality after
repair. It is essential that government, relative authorizations and residents should
take attention on these defects so that it is easier and safe if dealing with such
defects on early stage. designer must improve the overall building quality from the
existing knowledge of property managers.

o Structural defects in residential building: a study of quetta,Pakistan

Author:- waqas Ahmed mahar, jalal Faisal Khan
Building defects is also one of the major problem and it takes good amount of
housing maintenance to fix the defects for proper functionality of building.these
defects cause complications for the residents which might lead to the damage to the
property or human life.
The data of defects such as cracks, water spillage, spalling, fungus, stains are
collected and categorized according to different localities in Pakistan showing the
severity of problems in respective localities and residential areas.
Some defects occurs in a specific locality or vicinity while other defects can be
found out in more or all residential area. The study shows that houses located in
quetta cantonment area which are mainly affected by all kinds of defects discussed
in the study.there is a need to create awareness and transfer knowledge regarding
building defects to help the dweller to understand the risks related to building safety
and maintenance.

o Built and forgotten:- unveiling the defects associated with the Ghana cocoa
board jubilee housing in Ghana
Authors:- koli agyekum, Joshua ayarkwa, Peter amoah
Buildings in many instances are affected by numerous defects which are
result from either design deficiences or inadequate maintenance. The defects which
are normally caused by physical, biological, chemical and mechanical agents which
may cause unexpected accidents and in some cases deaths.
The data of defects such as peeling of paint, leakages in ceilings,
staining/discoloring of walls, dampness, damaged roofs, lift failure,cracking,
spalling, blocked drains, damaged windows, algae and mould growth and faulty
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 doors are collected by site observations in 6 storey building. The severity of defects
are categorized according to the no of appearance of a particular defect in 6 stories.
The findings from the study revealed that the ashanti regional building is very
sick and needs immediate attention. On site inspection carried out confirmed the
severity of the defects and revealed that the building was in a deplorable state.

o General building defects:- causes, symptoms and remedial work

Author:- nurul Nadia Omar bakri, md azree, othuman mydin
Building defects occurs to either the new building or the old ones. Defects
within new building is may be of non compliance with building code and published
acceptable tolerances and standards. Defects are defined as the deterioration of
building features and services to unsatisfactory quality levels of requirement of the
users.
It include the study of defects like cracks at different locations, peeling paint,
rising dampness, fungal decay, timber decay, insects or termite attacks and unstable
foundation and the causes of that.
It should be pointed out that, entire buildings are subjected to the various forms
of defects, failures, deterioration and variation. The contribution factors to these
defects and failures must be investigated intensely. From this study it is decided that
how to keep away from these defects in future and reduce the effect to the minimum.

o Some common maintenance problems and building defects

Author:- ahmad suffian
To some parties, maintenance of building is a complicated process and costly but
if it is carried out wisely it could save money. Besides potential extended life span of the
building. Preventive maintenance and corrective maintenance are the two types of
maintenance process.
It include the study of waterproofing issues, cracks, soil settlements, wall
finishes problems, staining and lack of knowledge and expertise on maintenance aspects.
Immediate repair is really important in preventing the defects such as structural
cracks, soil settlements, leakage etc. Engineer must acquire good understanding about
the property of repair materials for lasting solution.

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DATA COLLECTION METHODOLOGY

The data is collected by visual inspection or physical observation survey of interior and
exterior parts of the building to determine the area affected by the structural problems
and understand them. inspection of building contains:
 Cracks in plastering
 Holes in plastering
 Cracks in corner of the window
 Rising dampness
 Staining of paint
 discoloring of paint
 Surface cracking
 Fungal decay
 Insects or termite attacks
 Uneveness of surface
 Surface deterioration of terrace slab
 Scaling
We have also communicate with the residents about the problems that they
are facing who are willing to answer our questions. Some of the data and pictures are
collected from internet because we can’t find that type of problem in the apartments
because those apartments are not that much old to discover them.

PROBLEMS IN RESIDENTIAL BUILDING

1.Cracking:
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 Causes of cracks:-
a) moisture changes
b) thermal variations
c) elastic deformations
d) creep
e) foundation movement and settlement
of soil
a) Moisture movement
Most of the building materials having pores in their structure in the
form of intermolecular (ex concrete, mortar, bricks etc) expand on
absorbing moisture and shrink on drying. These movements are
reversible. Initial shrinkage is partly irreversible and occurs in all
building materials which are cement/lime based e.g. concrete, mortar,
masonry etc. Some of the building materials absorb moisture from
environment and undergo gradual expansion (Initial expansion), bulk
of which is irreversible. For the bricks, this entire expansion takes
place in first 3 months once they are removed from kilns. Cracks due
to shrinkage affect mainly the appearance and finish and the
structural stability is not impaired. These cracks generally get localized
near door and window openings or stair case walls. In external walls
they run downward from window sill to plinth level or to the lintel of
lower story.
b) Thermal movement
Due to variation in atmospheric temperature, there will be thermal
movement in building
components. When there is some restraint to movement of building
component, internal stresses are generated resulting in cracks due to
tensile or shear stresses. Cracks due to
thermal movement could be distinguished from those due to shrinkage
or other causes from the criterion that the former open and close
alternately with changes in temperature
while the latter are not affected by such changes.Thermal movement
depends on Colour
and Surface Characteristics of exposed buding surfaces. Dark coloured
and rough textured materials have lower reflectivity and hence rise in
temperature is more for these surfaces. In case of concrete roof slabs,
as the material has low conductivity, thermal gradient is quite
appreciable and that causes the slab to arch up and also to move
outward due to heat from the sun. This results in cracks in external
walls which support
the slab and in the internal walls that are built up to the soffit of the
slab. In case of framed-structures, roof slab, beams and columns move
jointly causing diagonal cracks in walls which are located parallel to
the movement, and horizontal cracks below beams in walls which are
at right angle to the movement.Cracking in Top Most Storey of a
Load Bearing Strucrure Expansion Joints in Slabs Supported on Twin
Walls
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c) Elastic deformations-
Structural components of a building such as walls, columns, beams
and slabs,
Generally consisting of materials like masonry,concrete, steel etc,
undergo elastic
deformation due to load in accordance with Hook's law, the amount of
deformation depending upon elastic modulus of the materials,
magnitude of loading and dimensions of the components. If RCC slabs,
RCC lintels over openings and masonry in plinth and foundation have
good shear resistance, cracking in question would not be very
significant
d) Movements due to creep
In concrete, extent of creep depends on a number of factors, such as
water and cement content, water cement ratio,temperature, humidity,
use of admixtures and pozzolanas, age of concrete at the time of
loading and size and shape of the component. Creep increases with
increase in water and cement content, water cement ratio, and
temperature; it decreases with increase in humidity of the surrounding
atmosphere and age of material at the time of loading. In case of
brickwork, amount of creep depends on
stress/strength ratio and, therefore, creep in brickwork with weak
mortar, which generally has higher stress/strength ratio is more.
Another reason for greater creep in case of brickwork with weak
mortar is that weak mortar has greater viscous flow than a strong
mortar.In brick work, creep may cease after 4months while inconcrete
it may continue up to about a year or so.However, in concrete, extent
of creep is related to the process of hardening and thus most of the
creep takes place in the first month and after that its pace slows down.
That means creep strain can be reduced by deferring removal of
centering and application of external load.
e) Foundation movement and settlement of soil
Shear cracks in buildings occur when there is large differential
settlement of foundation either due to unequal bearing pressure under
different parts of the structure or due to bearing pressure on soil being
in excess of safe bearing strength of the soil or due to low factor of
safety in the design of foundation.

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Horizontal crack of 1mm at ekvira heights

Vertical crack of 5mm thick at shiv apartment

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 3mm thick crack at ekvira heights

Crack at corner of column of 10mm thick at rashi enclave

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Crack at window corner of 7 mm thick

Crack more than 15 mm

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 Crack more than 25mm thick at ashish builder and architect

 Types of cracks:-

o Structural cracks- these cracks will affect the structure of the building, it could
be demands immediate attention. Structural may be caused by many factors such
as excessive movement of the building structure, unwanted ground settlement,
serious overloading or weakness caused by corrosion/deterioration of materials.
o Non structural cracks-these will affect the appearance only l and do not pose any
safety concern.they are small hairlines cracks developed within the finishes layer
not penetrating reinforced concrete structure.

 Methods of repair of cracks:-

By epoxy injection method:- cracks as narrow as 0.05 mm can be bonded by the

injection of epoxy. It is an excellent material for repairing cracks because they
have very good properties such as resistant against water penetration, resistant to
crack formation and having very good adhesive properties. The repair process by
these method is as follows-
 Clean the crack – firstly we have to clean the cracks that have
contaminants such as oil,grease,dirt or fine particles.because such
contaminants prevent epoxy penetrate in the crack to be repaired hence
cleaning is done.

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  Sealing of the surface – surface crack should be sealed. These can be done
by applying epoxy to the surface of the crack.
 Inject the epoxy – hydraulic pump is used for injecting the the epoxy and
pressure used for injection must be selected carefully so as to avoid
additional damage by excessive pressure.

Grouting:- wide cracks in thick concrete walls can be repaired by filling the cement
grout in cracks.this method is proved effective in preventing water leakage,but will not
structurally bond cracked section. In these method, the very first step is cleaning the
concrete along the crack by using air jetting or water jetting.then grout nipples at suitable
intervals is installed then sealing is done between the seats with sealant,then the crack
should be flushed to Clean it and test the seal and then grouting the whole area.to
improve the properties of the grout,water reducers or admixtures may be used.

Stitching:- the stitching method is a simple & long lasting method of repairing cracks in
building. under this procedure, holes are drilled to make entry & exit points across the

16
cracked surface. A number of U- shaped metallic Staples are then passed through the
holes and anchored strongly in the holes with a grout or an epoxy system.

Drilling and plugging:- if we need to repair vertical cracks that run in straight lines,
this is a good method because it is cost effective and less time consuming. Under this
method, vertical holes are drilled in the cracks and a key is formed by passing Down a

17
grout. The grout key helps in preventing leakages and consequent loss of soil from the
water.

Dry packing:- it is the hand placement of low water content mortar followed by
tamping or ramming of the mortar into place and also helps in producing intimate contact
between the mortar and the existing concrete.

 Material required for repairing of cracks-

o Epoxy for epoxy injection method
o Cement
o Sand
o Metallic Staples for stitching method

Holes in plastering:

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hole in plastering at giridhar apartment

hole in plastering at shiv apartment

 Methods to repair holes in plastering:
o Remove all broken or loose plaster around the damaged area by hand or using a
putty knife.
o Cut a piece of fiberglass mesh so that it fills the entire surface of the hole. Place
the mesh into the hole.

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 o Apply a plaster bonding agent to the fiberglass mesh. Wait for the bonding agent
to dry before proceeding.
o Fill the hole with plaster applied with a plastering trowel.
o Apply a second coat of plaster using plastering trowel. Work carefully to make
this coat level with the surrounding wall.
o Wait for the patched area to dry completely, then paint if it is desired.

 Tools and material required-

Putty knife
Fiberglass mesh
Plastering trowel
Plaster bonding agent
Plaster

3. Peeling of paint:

Causes of peeling paint:- There are multiple Causes of peeling paint, but most cases can be
tracked down to a few contributors i.e. no surface preparation, moist or damp walls and bad or wrong
paint.

Peeling of paint at giridhar apartment

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 Peeling of paint at shiv apartment

 Method to repair peeling of paint-

 Scrape off all of the peeling paint- using a wire brush or paint scraper, scrape of
the all loose paint.
 Fill any cracks or holes- apply patch compound in a thin layer over the damaged
surface so that cracks or holes can be filled.
 Sand the space- to repair a small area, take a fine grit sanding sponge and rub it
over the space that we filled with compound. To repair a larger area, we can use a
disc sander with a 60-120 grit disc. Sand the area until the surface feels smooth
and blend in with the surrounding surface.
 Wipe the area clean with a cloth- wipe the space with wet cloth that we sanded to
remove dirt, dust or old paint. Now take dry cloth and wipe it again so there is no
moisture on the surface. The surface should be completed dry before we continue.
for a large exterior surface, we need to wait for 2-3 days before preparing the
surface for painting.
 Apply a coat of primer- dip a brush or roller into a high quality paint primer.
spread a thin, even layer of the primer over repaired surface and let it dry
completely. For a bathroom or kitchen, use an oil based primer that can block
stains.
 Apply paint- dip a sponge brush into the paint and spread it directly over the
primed surface for large surface, then paint the entire wall with a paint roller and
it to dry before applying another coat of paint.

 Materials and tools required:-

o Roller
o Primer
o Paint scraper or wire brush
o Patch compound

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 o Fine grit sanding sponge
o Paint

4. dampness:
Causes of dampness:-
o Rising Damp: This is the water absorption from the ground and there is only one
reason which can cause this problem: the damp-proof course or damp-proof
membrane are damaged or bridged.
o Penetrating Damp: This is the water leaking into the building through the
building defects, sometimes the defect may be obvious. For example, a missing
roof tile will allow the water to pass through the roof to the interior.
o Condensation: This is moisture generated in the internal. Many activities such as
washing or drying of clothes, even breathing, are major sources of moisture
generation. Other causes of moisture can be from flue less paraffin or bottle gas
heaters, and un-vented tumble dryers. Condensation related problems such as
mould growth generally occur during the winter months when the outside
temperatures are colder than those inside a building. As a result condensation will
normally form on the external walls and windows.

Rising dampness at shiv apartment

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 Rising dampness at ashish builders and architects
 Methods to repair rising dampness:-

The only way to treat dampness is to create a new damp proofing course to prevent
moisture movement through the structure. DPC cream and fluid damp proof course are
the products which make the building waterproof and saltproof by injecting them into
masonry. To do this, holes are drilled in the brick or masonry, then the fluid or cream is
injected which create a barrier to dampness.

 Material required:-
Damp proof course cream
Fluid damp proof course

5. Staining/ discoloration of paint:-

Cause of staining/discoloration- It is due to the temperature variation and
sometimes due to the dampness or leaking of water over the surface.

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 Staining at rashi enclave

Discoloration of paint at shiv apartment

 Methods to repair Staining/ discoloration of paint:-

24
firstly scrape the area clean of any loose material from the wall subjected to staining or
discoloration. Seal the stains by applying a coat of stain blocking primer. Then apply the
paint on the wall.

 Material required:-
Stain blocking primer
Paint

6. Fungal attacks:-
Causes of fungal attacks-
 water leakages- water leakage will happen bythe plumbing that is not properly
installed.
 Moisture- the moisture is caused by the use of improper material for the
environment where the building receives less sunlight.


Fungal attack at giridhar apartment

 Method to repair the fungal attacks:-

clean or remove fungi with the help of brush and water. Apply fungicidal wash on
affected area to stop future growth. Once it dries out, repair that affected area with the
desired appearance.

Materials required:
Brush
Fungicidal wash

7. Scaling of concrete:-
Causes of scaling:-
Concrete slabs exposed to freezing and thawing in the presence of moisture are
susceptible to scaling. Most scaling is caused by:

25
  The use of nonairentrained concrete or too little entrained air. Adequate air
entertainment is necessary for protection against freezing and thawing damage.
However, even airentrained concrete will scale if other precautions are not
observed.
 Application of calcium or sodium chloride deicing salts. If other salts such as
ammonium sulphate or ammonium nitrate are used they can cause scaling as well
as cause severe chemical attack of the concrete surface.
 Any finishing operation performed while bleed water is on the surface. If bleed
water is worked back into the top of the slab, a very high watercement ratio and
therefore, a low strength surface layer is produced.
 Insufficient or no curing. This omission often results in a weak surface skin,
which will scale if it is exposed to freezing and thawing in the presence of
moisture and deicing salts.

 Method to repair the scaling of concrete:-

Firstly Clean off the dirt, oil or paint from the surface to be repaired. To do this, use a
hammer and chisel, shot blasting or jackhammer to remove all weak or unsound material.
Then resurfacing is done on the clean, rough and textured surface.

 Material required:-
Hammer and chisel, shot blasting or jackhammer
Mortar for resurfacing

8. Spalling of concrete:-

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Causes of Concrete Spalling-
 Corrosion of embedded reinforcing steel, because the corrosion products (rust)
occupy more volume than the original steel, and the resultant pressure spalls the
concrete.

 Fire exposure due to which free water in concrete change to stem and create
internal expansive pressure in concrete, consequently spall off concrete.

 Freeze and thaw cycling

 Expansive effects of Alkali Silica Reaction

 Inadequate depth of cover over reinforcement

 Low quality concrete cover over reinforcing steel.

 Joint spalls are often caused by improperly constructed joints lead to joint
spalling

 Bond failure in two-course construction due to Differences in shrinkage between

topping and base courses, drying of the bonding grout before the topping concrete
is placed etc.

Method to repair spalling of concrete:-

 Remove the concrete at the spalled areas to expose the corroded steel bars.
 Scrape and clean the exposed steel bars and use a wire brush to remove rust.
 Apply two coats of antirust paint to steel bars.
 Before patching the area, apply a bonding agent to the affected surface to ensure
proper adhesion.
 Patch up the area using polymer modified cement mortor.

 Material required:-
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 Antirust paint
Bonding agent
Polymer modified cement mortor

9. Honeycombing of concrete:-
Causes of honeycombing:-
 Imbalances in the fine material added, allowing larger aggregate (rocks) to
consolidate
 Poor cement to water ratio, which can reduce the concretes workability.
 Inefficient means of vibration directly after the concrete is poured.
 Improper reinforcing bar placement at vertical and horizontal grade beam
transitions leading to poor concrete fill.
 Adhesion or leakage of concrete at poorly braced form boards.
 Low-quality or damaged form boards, which prevents firm contact with the
concrete

 Method to repair honeycombing of concrete:-

 Chipping is done with the sandblasting or water blasting to remove the fractured
surface.
 Place the repair material with the trowel or small pneumatic mortor gun into the
void.
 If the repair is deep than 1 inch (or 25 mm), apply the mortor in layers no thicker
than ¾ inch to avoid sagging and loss of bond.
 After placing each layer, wait about 30 minutes before placing next layer.
 To complete the repair, overfill the void slightly. After the material has hardened
slightly then the surface is trimmed off with the edge of a steel trowel.

 Material and tools required:

Sandblasting or water blasting
Trowel or small pneumatic mortor gun
Mortor

10. Settlement of structure-

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Causes of settlement of structure:-

1.weak bearing soils- Some soils are simply not capable of supporting the
weight or bearing pressure exerted by a building's foundation. As a result, the footings
press or sink into the soft soils, similar in theory to how a person standing in the mud
sinks into soft, wet clay.

2. poor compaction- Placement of fill soils is common practice in the development of

both commercial and residential subdivisions.When fill soils are not adequately
compacted, they can compress under a foundation load resulting in settlement of the
structure.

3.changes in moisture content- Extreme changes in moisture content within

foundation soils can result in damaging settlement. Excess moisture can saturate
foundation soils, which often leads to softening or weakening of clays and silts.

4. maturing trees and vegetation- Maturing trees, bushes and other vegetation in
close proximity to a home or building are a common cause of settlement. As trees and
other vegetation mature, their demand for water also grows.The root systems continually
expand and can draw moisture from the soil beneath the foundation.

Method to repair settlement of structure:-

Mud jacking:-

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 these method is used to stabilize soils below settling footing or slabs. These
method is suitable if bearing rock or stable soils are not too deep.
As the mixture is pumped underneath the concrete slab, it Fills all empty spaces
and creates pressure on the slab that lifts the surface upwards. Once injected, that
slurry will then harden into a solid fill that’s more stable than the soil, yet lighter
than concrete.

Slab jacking:-

these method is used to stabilize or lift and level settling concrete slabs. These
method is suitable if stable soils are deeper.
Slab jacking is done by pumping a slurry mixture beneath the concrete
through carefully drilled holes in the concrete at controlled pressure. The
mixture fills any voids beneath the slab and raises it back it’s original height.

11.Water leakages:-
Causes of water leakages-
 Deteriorated waterproofing of floor slabs or bath-tub seals.
 Seepage of waste water or rain water through roof / external wall.
 Cracks on the top surface of slab, due to various reasons including inadequate
design of the slab.

 Cracks on the bottom of slab due to excess deflection of slab, due to overloading
or improper design.

 Cracks at column supports.

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 Method to repair Leakage through ceiling:-

Scrape away any pieces of plaster or drywall that are loose, bulging or peeling
away. If it is moist to the touch, tear it out. If it is flaking or chipping, scrape it with a
putty knife or paint, scrape untill it is flat. Use sandpaper to remove the ridge separating
the damaged and undamaged areas of the ceiling. Make this as smooth as possible. Major
holes will require new sheets of drywall or plaster. Repair small holes by filling them
with joint compound. Smooth them level with a putty knife and allow it to dry. Once it is
dry, sand it again to remove any bumps. Do this untill it is smooth to the touch and our
fingers can not tell where the patch begins and ends. Cover the stains on the ceiling then
paint the ceiling.

Method to repair bathroom leakages from upper floor:-

 Firstly the old tiles are broken and the surface is made for waterproofing.
 The waterproofing chemical then applied or sprayed on the surface and most
importantly joints of wall.
 The chemical is applied twice. Once the first coat is applied and then second coat
is applied in next 2-3 hours. But the second coat is applied in different direction
to the first coat. i.e. if the first coat is applied vertically then the second coat shall
be applied horizontal.]

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Problems occurs during construction of residential building:-
Architect-
 in small houses, people construct houses different than sanctioned by
architect.sometimes owner wants to provide less margin and common wall.
Hence it is not according to sanction.
 Owner wants to construct house according to vastu but it is not possible.for ex. If
owner wants to have a room besides the kitchen whereas there is no space to
construct it. Hence building is constructed according to area.

Rcc consultant:-
 According to planning,if the column comes in a center of room and owner don’t
want that column there and consultant said that column is necessary at that
location. If it is displaced to a different location then there is a need to increase
it’s size otherwise more no of columns will have to take.
 Sometimes owner don’t want visibility of columns and beams through naked eyes
inside the room or hall because of aesthetic appearance.
 Sometimes there is delay in checking of reinforcement by rcc consultant and
sometimes some issues found hence it will be revised and remaking and
rebinding of steel is done.
 Layout:- sometimes there is a difference between planning and existing plot.
There is a encroachment or acquisition on certain part of land by neighbor which
the builder want to construct. Then certain byelaws like marginal distance cannot
be fulfilled. hence drawing need to revised.

Foundation:-
 Sometimes we won’t get murum after excavating deeper then the size of
foundation is necessary to increase.
 Sometimes at one location on site, we get the murum at lesser depths but on
another location we won’t get the murum after after excavating deeper on same
site.

Drawing:-sometimes site engineer won’t get the drawing at the stipulated time, thereby
delay in construction occur. If there is any mistake found in drawing then it should be
revised.

Plastering:-
 There is a issues of plastering regarding material. Sometimes there is a shortage
of good quality of sand then kanhan sand or crush sand
 Sometimes there is a issues in mixing of material by labour.
 If curing of brickwork is not done properly then plaster will not stick to the
surface.

Tiles fitting:-
 Sometimes the joints of tile will not match.

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  If the tile is bent, it’s corner will not match hence hole will form on surface.
 If diagonals of room is not equal then there is a problem in tile fitting. At last of
tile fitting, worker need to cut the tile and fix it.

Slab casting:-
 Sometimes labour add more or less water and materials than required then mixing
is will not properly done.
 Sometimes electricity pipe breaks while slab casting.
 Sometimes L/5 bar which is provided in reinforcement hits the labour hence they
bent it down.

Brickwork:- if moulding and burning of brick is not proper then most of the brick will
break during construction and it will affect economy.

Health and safety:- sometimes labour will not use safety measures like belts,caps etc.
Hence accidents may occur which may lead to death.

Plumbing:-
 Sometimes labour covered the surface with mortar without doing testing of
leakages through pipes hence problem of leakage through slab or anywhere may
occur.
 Sometimes the bore will come in layout and if there is a column then we cant
bore at that time column will shifted to another location.
Scheduling:-
 Schedule will Disturbed for 2-3 days or more in rainy days and thereby delay in
construction work occurs.
 Insufficiency of material and quality of material also disturb the schedule.

Quality:- sometimes we get low quality sand, old cement or stiff steel then there is a
need to replace it or use wherever possible.

Overall budget:-
 If there is a need to excavate more than expected then it will affect economy.
 If material rate changes than estimated rate.
 If there is a heavy rain on the day of slab casting then slab casting is not possible
but payment of labour needed to be given. Such factors increase the overall
budget of work

Deadlines:- the scheduling is Disturb because of all the problems discussed above and
because of scheduling deadlines will extend or not followed.

Change in requirement:-
 If the owner get permission of extra two floors then there is a need to increase
safety, foundation, reinforcement and change of planning too.
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  If there is any advance material or technology is recognized and owner want to
apply on site.
 Sometimes customer may raise demand for extra room or any other.

Survey:-Sometimes On large sites, there is a acquisition on land,forest department or any

other department claim that site is belong to them or Nala is near then there is a problem
in survey.

Labour:-
 Labour may be from different regions and their may be communication problem
with them.
 Site engineer may not get a required labour then he need to manage with the
labour who is not efficient as well and demand more wage.
Environmental problems:-
There may be
 Trees on site
 Excessive digging not allowed
 Spring is there
 Wastage of soil not allowed
 Restrictions on cutting hills on hilly areas beyond certain limit.
 Limitations building height
 Rainwater harvesting and sewage treatment plant needed.
 Water may not there.

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 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
This section presents the results of the structural defects problems found in 2 residential
buildings.
Sr.no problems Shiv apartment Ekvira heights
1. Crack on wall  
2. Vertical cracks away from corner  
3. Cracks at the centre of panel  
4. Peeling of paint  
5. dampness  
6. Fungal attacks  
7. Water leakage from toilet, kitchen sink  
and basin
8. spalling  
9. Scaling of concrete  
10. Honeycombing of concrete  
11. Holes in plastering  

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 Conclusion:-
From the study it is conclude that
 Prevention is always better than cure, this not only applies to disease but also
structures. Most of the construction problems are only effective in prevention and
they function after repair normally cannot reach the original. Some not even
repair, such as honeycomb. Therefore from design to construction, each step
should be a tight control to minimize the chances of accidents.
 It is essential that relative authorization and residents living in a residential
building should take attention on these problems even if just peeling paint. It may
be easier and safe if dealing with these defects on early stage.
 There is a need of proper design and supervision in addition to the strict
implementation of byelaws, building codes and regulations.
 It is necessary for all the involved personals to come forward and be part of this
type of study to raise the standard of overall construction and minimize the
problems.
 Inspection of work is necessary for a building at a particular interval of time
throughout the life of building so that the maintenance of the existing problems
will be done and they will not cause a serious accidents in future.
 There is a need to provide training and education to the labours, site engineers
and related authorities to reduces problems based on previous experiences.
 Proper communication among parties involved at construction site must be
needed because if there is no communication, there will be no management.
 There is a need of proper design in construction because it reduces defects in
workmanship.

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 References:-
Websites:-
 https://homesguides.sfgate.com
 https://www.1800techdry.com.all
 http://u.cart.ca
 https://civilblog.org
 https://wwwfordbras.com

Research papers:-
 https://www.academia.edu/18521706/study_of_defectsinresidentialbuildings
 http://indica.cern.ch/event/642788/contributions/2874832/attachments/16250
47/2614709/2018structural_defects_in_residential_building_a_study_of_quetta
_pakistan_pdg
 www.iosrjournals.org/iosr-jmse/papers/vol2-issue 2/version-3/L012238891.pdf
 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/306032078
 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/287517311

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