Sectoral situationers (Women and LGBT)

I. Provide historical information about the sector (struggle, historical overview ng kahirapan) Commented [1]: https://www.philstar.com/opinion/201
A. Global 5/03/02/1428959/engendering-development-status-
women-philippines
- TIMELINE

B. National
II. WRITE UP

According to Shahani, despite womeri comprising the equal half of the world’s population, they
still experience prejudice in their everyday life. From attaining their daily needs to the state’s
provision of their services and protections there remains a clear disparity.

The state’s intervention in women’s lives dates back to the Spanish colonisation with the Church’s
role in regulating sexual conduct and marriages by performing rituals and sacraments. Later on,
when the US occupied the Philippines, they secularised and co educationalized public schools.
Fortunately, this phenomenon was more inclusive of women. This stride was followed by the
granting of women’s full citizenship status with the win of women’s suffrage groups around the
world that influenced the Commonwealth to concede in 1937 (Shahani, 2015).

After the war, more opportunities opened up for women. During the Marcos regime, the state’s
involvement in women’s development was institutionalized. Despite the corruption and human
rights violations of the dictatorship, they acknowledged women’s capabilities for national
development. More specifically, they pushed for the regulation of rising birth rates and access to
birth control for women. Furthermore, the National Commission on the Role of Filipino women —
present day Commission on Women — was established to work on involving women in economic
and socio cultural affairs. Following martial law,, the subsequent presidents such as Aquino,
Ramons, Estrada and Arroyo implemented policies to forward women’s interest. For instance,
there is the Philippine Development Plan for Women, Gender and Development Budget and the
Magna Carta for Women (Shahani, 2015).

Today, women and girls have fared higher in Simple Literacy Rate compared to boys. Likewise,
the percentage of women and girls’ Functional Literacy Rate is even double than that of boys,
which means that girls have shown greater intellectual aptitude compared to the boys (Shahani,
2015).

Nonetheless, these facts do not manifest in the area of employment. Disappointingly, women tend
to fall behind men in the workplace. This problem can be rooted in the gender discrimination
perpetuated by the patriarchal society. Women are expected to take on reproductive labor (i.e.
child rearing and domestic chores) while men are supposed to handle the productive and
professional careers which have higher salaries and more benefits. Another reason is the wide
notions of gender inequality which have limited women a to the low levels of the job scene
(Shahani, 2015).
Structural sexism such as gender inequality has greatly impacted the conditions of women.
Wherever they go, women face the possibility of experiencing violence against them. In the
workplace or in the streets, women are threatened with sexual harassment and rape. Even at
home, women are also threatened at home with cases of domestic abuse or even spousal rape
(Shahani, 2015).

Recently, there was also an issue in the implementation of the Reproductive (RH) law. With hopes
of empowering women, this law can influence even educational and employment status of
women. All in all, the government’s implementation of this policy may even relive and free women
from poverty and violence (Shahani, 2015).

Shahani, L.R. (2015, March 2). Engendering Development: the Status of Women in the
Philippines. Retrieved from https://www.philstar.com/opinion/2015/03/02/1428959/engendering-
development-status-women-philippines#4xvRO6iHmZFozQuX.99.

III. Give information, data, statistics (national and global)

WOMEN

PHILIPPINES
The 2013 National Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS) showed that 1 in 5 women (of 15–
49 years age range) experienced physical violence.

1 in 5 women in 2008 and 2013 NDHS, has experienced emotional violence committed by their
husband/partner.

The Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) decreased from 209 per 100,000 live births in 1990 to 162
per 100,000 live births in 2006. However, in 2011, the MMR increased to 221 per 100,000 live
births. This means that the country meeting the MDG5 target.

HIV rates have increased, with a 37% rise of documented cases from 2013 and 2014 as stated
by Shahani (2015).

The Commission on Higher Education reported 57.44% female graduates (269,748) versus
42.56% male graduates (199,906) in the Academic Year 2009-2010.

According to Shahani (2015), there is an increase in the percentage of professionally licensed

women in 2010 to 63.7% compared men’s 36.3% yet men’s employment in 2012 is still higher at
78.4% over women’s 50.4%.

Worldwide
33,000 girls become child brides every day (Whiting, 2019)
Only 6 countries give women equal legal work rights as men (Whiting, 2019)

71% of ALL trafficking worldwide involve women & girls (UNODC, 2016)

3 out of 4 trafficked women & girls are for sexual exploitation (UNODC, 2016)

200 million women and girls alive today have undergone female genital mutilation (UNICEF, 2016)

About 15 million adolescent girls globally have experienced forced sex (UNICEF, 2017)

http://interactive.unwomen.org/multimedia/infographic/violenceagainstwomen/en/index.html#clo
sing-4
https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2019/03/surprising-stats-about-gender-inequality/

LGBT
https://www.hrw.org/report/2017/06/21/just-let-us-be/discrimination-against-lgbt-students-
philippines

https://egale.ca/hate-crimes-targeting-lgbt-community-remain-most-violent-in-canada/

Gender wage gaps

https://ourworldindata.org/economic-inequality-by-gender
https://www.bbntimes.com/en/global-economy/gender-wage-gaps-around-the-world

IV. Describe the status of that identity (relationships of power, participation)

A. The Case of Jennifer Laude
B. Girl, Bi, Bakla, Tomboy: The Intersectionality of Sexuality, Gender, and Class in
Urban Poor Contexts ( Ceperiano et al., 2016)
a. Heteroxism, discrimination against lesbian women and gay men, continue
to persist globally (UN, 2012)
b. Discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation is not a homogenous
experience. Compounded layers of discrimination (ex: sexual orientation
intersects with social class and gender) can be observed.
c. LGBT people from lower socioeconomic class experience greater
vulnerability and distress
 d. LGBT individuals face greater risk of rejection from family members when
they are unable to earn income
C. Policy Audit: Social Protection Policies and Urban Poor LBTs in the Philippines
(Galang, 2013)
D. SOGIE Equality Bill
V. Describe the process/systems that perpetuate the exploitative conditions of the sector
(economic, socio-cultural, political)
In the case of the LGBT community, research works documented the violence,
discrimination, and social stigma. Experiences at the individual level limit the person’s
access to jobs, education, health care services and facilities, political participation, and
even participation in their own household or families. All of the mentioned effects will
create barriers to full participation in the aspect of the economy for the LGBT community
and thus, may reduce the economic output in the general sense.
In the case of women, discrimination is still observed in different aspects in the
country, and the government has quantified (metrics) the status of women in more ways
than one.
1. Education: the Marcos regime measured women’s education by the number of
students who had completed primary, secondary and tertiary levels of education.
But since the Cory years, educational levels have been measured by recourse to
two categories: the Simple Literacy Rate and Functional Literacy Rate. There is no
general discrimination of girls in education thus there is no marked differences
exist in the educational status of Filipino women and men.
2. Employment and Career: gender stereotyping of fields of study and specialization
and its onward translation into the world of work where men generally occupy the
highest occupational ranks and the highest paying positions. Women’s larger
responsibility for housework and for the family impedes their ability to use their
educational training and skills for remunerative work.

Flow of exhibit
● Introduction ~ interactive part
○ Game
● Discussion ~
○ Write ups about the situation
○ Poem, essays ?
● Evidences
○ Music video (movies? Or idek) → things that promote the discrimination of women
and the lgbt on a daily basis
● Call to action