POZITIONAREA TIMPURILOR IN RAPORT CU AXELE TEMPORALE

MODUL INDICATIV

Aspectul simplu

AXA TRECUTULUI ψ AXA PREZENTULUI AXA VIITORULUI

| | | |
• PAST | • PRESENT | • FUTURE |
(Sub + Vb – ed F2) | (Sub + Infinitiv scurt F1) | (Sub + SHALL / WILL +Infinitiv scurt F1) |
| | |
• PAST PERFECT | • PRESENT PERFECT | • FUTURE PERFECT |
(Sub + HAD + Vb – ed ) | (Sub + HAVE / HAS + Vb – ed F3) |(Sub+ SHALL / WILL HAVE +Vb – ed F3) |
[® Mai Mult ca Perfectul ] | | [® Viitorul Anterior ] |
| | |
| • FUTURE IN THE PAST | • NEAR FUTURE |
| (WOULD + Infinitiv scurt F1) | (Sub+ Prezentul continuu al lui TO GO |
| | + Infinitiv lung F1) |
| | [® Viitorul Apropiat ] |
Aspectul continu

AXA TRECUT AXA PREZENT AXA VIITOR

• PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS | • PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS | • FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS |

(Sub + HAD BEEN + Vb – ing ) | (Sub + HAVE BEEN + Vb – ing ) | (Sub + SHALL / WILL HAVE BEEN + |
| | + Vb – ing ) |
• PAST CONTINUOUS | • PRESENT CONTINUOUS | • FUTURE CONTINUOUS |
(Sub + WAS / WERE + Vb – ing ) | (Sub + BE (la prezent) + Vb – ing ) | (Sub + SHALL / WILL + Vb – ing ) |

“INVECINAREA” CRONOLOGICA A TIMPURILOR

PRESENT

PRESENT PERFECT NEAR FUTURE

PAST TENSE / PRETERIT FUTURE PERFECT

PAST PERFECT FUTURE

FUTURE IN THE PAST (?)

CATEGORIILE GRAMATICALE ALE VERBULUI

1. TIMP (s) 2. PERSOANA (c) 3. NUMAR (c)

4. MOD (s) 5. DIATEZA (s) 6. ASPECT (s)
s = categorie specifica verbului ; c = categorie comuna mai multor parti de vorbire

Formele de baza ale verbului : F1 – Infinitivul : ASK

F2 – Past Perfect : ASKED
F3 – Participiul trecut : ASKED
– Participiul prezent (forma in – ING de la timp’continue): ASKING

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 A – FORMELE PERSONALE ALE VERBULUI
1 – au toate categoriile gramaticale ale verbului
2 – dpdv sintactic pot forma singure predicatul
3 – sunt insotite de o serie de“determinanti”= subiect, complement,
– modificatorul tipic al verbului = adverbul
– inlocuitorii verbului = verbele auxiliare si verbele modale.

I – Modul Indicativ
cu timpurile grupate in functie de axele temporale

Timpul Diateza activa Diateza pasiva

Axa trecutului

PAST TENS F2 I ASKED I WAS ASKED

PAST TENS CONTINUOUS I WAS ASKING I WAS BEING ASKED
PAST PERFECT I HAD ASKED I HAD BEEN ASKED
PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS I HAD BEEN ASKING ------
FUTURE IN THE PAST I SHOULD / WOULD ASK I SHOULD / WOULD BE ASKED
FUTURE IN THE PAST CONTIN. I SHOULD / WOULD BE ASKING ------
Axa prezentului
PRESENT I ASK I AM ASKED
PRESENT CONTINUOUS I AM ASKING I AM BEING ASKED
PRESENT PERFECT I HAVE ASKED I HAVE BEEN ASKED
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINOUS I HAVE BEEN ASKING ------
NEAR FUTURE I AM GOING TO ASK I AM GOING TO BE ASKED
NEAR FUTURE CONTINUOUS I AM GOING TO BE ASKING ------
Axa viitorului
FUTURE I SHALL / WILL ASK I SHALL / WILL BE ASKED
FUTURE CONTINUOUS I SHALL / WILL BEASKING ------
FUTURE PERFECT I SHALL / WILL HAVE ASKED I SHALL / WILL HAVE BEEN ASKED
FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS I SHALL / WILL HAVE BEEN ASKED ------

MODUL INDICATIV cu timpurile grupate in functie de aspect

Timpul Diateza activa Diateza pasiva F3

PRESENT SIMPLE ASK F1 AM / IS / ARE ASKED
PAST SIMPLE ASKED F2 WAS / WERE ASKED
FUTURE SIMPLE SHALL / WILL ASK SHALL / WILL BE ASKED
FUTURE IN THE PAST SIMPLE F1 SHOULD/ WOULD BE ASKED
SHOULD / WOULD ASK F1
PRESENT CONTINUOUS AM / IS / ARE ASKING AM / IS / ARE BEING ASKED
PAST CONTINUOUS WAS / WERE ASKING WAS / WERE BEING ASKED
FUTURE CONTINUOUS SHALL / WILL BE ASKING SHALL / WILL BEBEING ASKED
FUTURE IN THE PAST CONTINUOUS SHOULD/ WOULD BE ASKING ???????
PRESENT PERFECT HAVE / HAS ASKED F3 HAVE / HAS BEEN ASKED
PAST PERFECT HAD ASKED F3 HAD BEEN ASKED
FUTURE PERFECT SHALL / WILL HAVE ASKED F3 SHALL / WILL HAVE BEEN ASKED
FUTURE IN THE PAST PERFECT SHOULD/ WOULD HAVE ASKED F3 SHOULD/ WOULD HAVE BEEN ASKED
PRESENT PERFECT-CONT HAVE / HAS BEEN ASKING HAVE / HAS BEEN BEING ASKED
PAST PERFECT-CONT HAD BEEN ASKING HAD BEEN BEING ASKED
FUTURE PERFECT-CONT SHALL / WILL HAVE BEEN ASKING SHALL/ WILL HAVE BEEN BEING ASKED
FUTURE IN THE PAST PERFECT-CONT SHOULD/ WOULD HAVE BEEN ASKING ????????
NEAR FUTURE SIMPLE I AM GOING TO ASK F1 I AM GOING TO BE ASKED
NEAR FUTURE CONTINUOUS I AM GOING TO BE ASKING ------
Alte modalitati de a exprima viitorul
Alte modalitati de a exprima actiuni
viitoare dintr-o perspectiva trecuta

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 II – Modul Conditional

Timpul Diateza activa Diateza pasiva

PRESENT (Nedefinit / Activ) I SHOULD / WOULD ASK
PRESENT CONTINUOUS I SHOULD / WOULD BE ASKING
PAST (Nedefinit / Activ) I SHOULD / WOULD HAVE ASKED I SHOULD/ WOULD HAVE BEEN ASKED
PAST CONTINUOUS I SHOULD / WOULD HAVE BEEN ASKING ------

III – Modul Subjonctiv

Timpul Diateza activa Diateza pasiva

SINTETIC
PRESENT
PAST I ASK
PAST PERFECT I ASKED
I HAD ASKED
ANALITIC
PRESENT : SHOULD PERFECT SHOULD
WOULD WOULD
MAY ASK MAY HAVE ASK
MIGHT MIGHT
COULD COULD
(Forma unica pentru toate persoanele) (Forma unica pentru toate persoanele)

IV – Modul Imperativ

A – La persoana a II – a , singular si plural : Infinitivul scurt = ASK

B – La celelalte persoane : LET + pronume personal (sau substantiv in Acuzativ) + Infinitivul scurt => Ex :
Let me think ; Let him come ; Let us tray ; Don’t let them (her) go there ;

A – FORMELE IMPERSONALE ALE VERBULUI

1 – nu au categoriile de timp, persoana, numar

2 – nu pot forma singure predicatul unei propozitii

I – Modurile nepredicative

Timpul Diateza activa Diateza pasiva

INFINITIVUL
A 1 PRESENT F1 (TO) ASK (TO) BE ASKED
PRESENT CONTINUOUS (TO) BE ASKING ------
A 2 PERFECT (TO) HAVE ASKED (TO) HAVE BEEN ASKED
PERFECT CONTINUOUS (TO) HAVE BEEN ASKING ------
B 3 PARTICIPIUL TRECUT F3 ASKED ASKED

II – Forma in “ING”

Timpul Diateza activa Diateza pasiva

PARTICIPIUL
B 1 PRESENT (Nedefinit) ASKING BEING ASKED
B 2 PERFECT HAVING ASKED HAVING BEEN ASKED
GERUNDUL
C 1 PRESENT (Nedefinit) ASKING BEING ASKED
C 2 PERFECT HAVING ASKED HAVING BEEN ASKED

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 Exemple cu principalele situatii in care se folosesc timpurile

A – FORMELE PERSONALE ALE VERBULUI

I – Modul Indicativ – cu verbele grupate pe axele temporale

Axa prezentului
Timpul Diateza activa Diateza pasiva
PRESENT SIMPLE I ASK – Eu intreb I AM ASKED
Eu sunt intrebat
- adevaruri general valabile Wood always floats on water.Lemnul pluteste intotd.
- actiuni / stari cu oarecare permanenta He lives in a village. Locuieste intr-un sat.
- actiuni / stari obisnuite, ev.repetate He rings me up every day. Imi telefoneaza zilnic.
- actiuni/st.care au loc in moment vorbirii Who comes next ? Cine urmeaza ?
- redarea altor valori temporale : a1) He returns next week. Se intoarce sapt. viitoare
a) = prezent cu valoare de viitor a2) If it rains on Th will go. Daca ploua joi vom pleca
b) = prezent cu valoare de trecut b) He tells me that you have won.Imi spune ca ai cistig
PRESENT CONTINUOUS I AM ASKING – Eu intreb I AM BEING ASKED
(act.exprimata,cuprinde momentul vorbirii) Eu sunt intrebat
-act.durative aflate in curs in moment vorbirii He is doing his homework. Isi face temele.
- act repetate in anumite circumst.,in desfasur I never read while I am eating. Niciod.nu citesc cind..
- act.care depasesc durata vorbirii (in Tsau V) He is living with its parents. Traieste la parinti.
- act.repetate in moment vorbire-cu verb’ned.
He is knocking on the door. Ciocaneste la usa.
- suparare, repros+adv’de frecventa (forever.) He’s always grumbling. Bombane intr-una.
- act cu caracter temporar,limitata in timp He is attending the Poly. Urmeaza Politehnica.
- actiune viitoare planificata in prezent We are leaving tommorow. Plecam miine.
PRESENT PERFECT I HAVE ASKED – Eu am intrebat I HAVE BEEN ASKED
Eu am fost intrebat
= desemneaza evenimente vazute : I’ve painted a picture. Am pictat un tablou.
- din perspectiva axei prezentului
- anterior momentului vorbirii, dar.. Have you seen him this morning. (acum fiind 11)
- cu anterioritate nedefinita (nu e fixata) Have you heared X play recently ? (nu cu mult timp)
(trebuie facuta o paralela cu Past Tense)
- act caracteristica repetata - in orice timp He has often performed in public.A interpretat ades..
- act din prop subord = anterioara celei din princip. Ring me up when you have finished.
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS I HAVE BEEN ASKING – Eu il intreb (de o vreme) ------
(subliniaza desfasurarea continua)
- act inceputa in trecut care continua I have been waiting for him since 9. (si inca il astept
- inceputa in trecut si continuata→in moment vorb You’ve been shoping since early morning - pina acum
- act repetate => vorbitorul exprima repros
How often have I been telling you not to do this again.
NEAR FUTURE SIMPLE I AM GOING TO ASK- am de gind / sint pe cale de a ? I AM GOING TO BE ASKED
am de gind / sint pe cale de
Are you going to specify all the details ? a fi ? / voi fi intrebat
- act viitoare, aproapiate de momentul vorbirii
Ai de gind / vei specifica toate detaliile ?
- act viitoare, urmare a unei intentii prezente We are going to spend our holiday in the mountains.
Avem de gind / intentionam sa ne petrecem vacanta ...
- act viitoare, urmare a unei cauze prezente It’s going to rain.Look at the clouds.
Cred ca o sa ploua / Vrea / are sa ploua.Uit-te la nori.
- in prop temporale DOAR cind vrea sa sublinieze
intentia vorbitorului. He is going to be a pilot when he grows up.
Intentioneaza / are de gind sa se faca pilot cind va...
NEAR FUTURE CONTINUOUS I AM GOING TO BE ASKING ------
Nu am informatii deocamdata.