PAGE 16

a) New Words
 Slates : dark grey stone that splits easily into thin, flat layers
 Mitigation : circumstances or factors that explain sb’s actions or a crime and
make them easier to understand

b) Passive Voice
 …, the equivalent cost of purchased power generated from biogas in a wastewater
treatment plant for on-site use, or the sale of surplus power to utilities by an IPP at
the so-called avoided cost, which is the cost the utility would incur by generating the
power itself.
 The research programs funded by the public and private sectors in the United States
to develop renewable energy technologies since the First Oil Shock have led to
numerous scientific and engineering advances for basically all renewable energy
resources.
 The regional economic impact of biomass energy alone is illustrated by an
assessment for the U.S. Southeast from which it was concluded that industrial wood
energy generated 71,000 jobs and 1 billion dollars of income annually.

c) Gerund
 …,which is the cost the utility would incur by generating the power itself.
 Advanced plantation designs for the managed multicropping of virgin biomass
species in integrated biomass production-conversion systems.
 Practical hardware and lower cost installation methods for recovering LFG from
sanitary landfills for power generation and mitigation of methane emissions.
 Zero-emissions waste biomass combustion systems for combined disposal-energy
recovery and recycling.
 Genetically engineered microorganisms capable of simultaneously converting all
pentose and hexose sugars from cellulosic biomass to fermentation ethanol.
 When full-scale, well-designed IBPCSs are in place in industrialized countries and are
supplying energy,…
 The transport distances of refined products to market will be relatively short, and
the logistics of supplying energy demands will change.

d) Past Participle
 …, the equivalent cost of purchased power generated from biogas in a wastewater
treatment plant for on-site use, or the sale of surplus power to utilities by an IPP at
the so-called avoided cost,…
 The research programs funded by the public and private sectors in the United States
to develop renewable energy technologies since the First Oil Shock have led to
numerous scientific and engineering advances for basically all renewable energy
resources.
 Some of the advanced biomass-related technologies are listed here. Many of them
have already been or will be commercialized.
  It was estimated in another study that 80 cents of every dollar spent on biomass
energy in a given region stays in the region, while almost all expenditures on
petroleum products leave the region.

e) Present Participle
 The research programs funded by the public and private sectors in the United States
to develop renewable energy technologies since the First Oil Shock have led to
numerous scientific and engineering advances for basically all renewable energy
resources.
 Close-coupled biomass gasification-combustion systems for the production of hot
water and steam for commercial buildings and schools.
 Catalytic processes for the direct conversion of triglycerides and tall oils to ‘‘super
cetane’’ diesel fuels and diesel fuel additives having cetane numbers near 100.
 …, and commodity chemicals to consumers, conventional fossil fuel production,
refining, and marketing will have undergone major changes.

PAGE 17

a) New Words
 Expenditures
 Conservatively
 Acreage
 Feedstocks
 Depletion

b) Passive Voice
 Utilization of excess capacity croplands of up to 64.8 million hectares (160 million
acres) estimated to be available now for the growth of agricultural energy crops
could open the way to new food, feed, and fuel flexibility by providing more stability
to market prices, by creating new markets for the agricultural sector, and by
reducing federal farm subsidy payments.
c) Gerund
 This scenario generated about three times more jobs, earnings, and sales in
Wisconsin than the same level of imported fossil fuel usage and investment and was
equivalent to 62,234 more jobyears of net employment, … .
 Over the operating life of the technologies analyzed, about $2 billion in avoided
payments for imported fuels would remain in Wisconsin … .
 …, and fuel flexibility by providing more stability to market prices, by creating new
markets for the agricultural sector, and by reducing federal farm subsidy payments.
 Based on the parameters previously described for one-quad IBPCSs, this acreage is
capable of producing about 17 quad of salable energy products from herbaceous
feedstocks each year.
  Other opportunities to develop large IBPCSs exist in the United States using federally
owned forest lands.
 …, the risks involved in designing, building, and operating large IBPCSs capable of
producing quad blocks of energy and fuels at competitive prices; … .

d) Past Participle
 This scenario generated about three times more jobs, earnings, and sales in
Wisconsin than the same level of imported fossil fuel usage and investment and was
equivalent to 62,234 more jobyears of net employment, …
 Many factors must be examined in depth to choose and develop systems that are
technically feasible

e) Present Participle
 Such IBPCSs would be designed for sustainable operations with feedstocks of both
virgin and waste wood resources such as thinnings,… .
 Because of the multitude of organic residues and biomass species available, and the
many different processing combinations that… .
 But major barriers must be overcome to permit biomass energy to have a large role
in displacing fossil fuels.