SEPAK TAKRAW

Tekong
The main purpose of Tekong’s role is to serve the ball. Ideally, he will send the ball across the
net with great speed making it hard for the opponent to defend. The Tekong can also surprise
opponents by serving over a drop ball.
Killer
Also called the Striker, his goal is to execute volleys into the opponent’s court. When not in
possession of the ball, the Killer will be responsible for blocking any incoming spikes.
Feeder
The Feeder has the most control over the ball in the game. When in possession of the ball, they
will set the ball to the preference of their strikers. Their toss also determines if the strikers can
perform a clean strike. However, the feeder too should be able to spike the ball. This role is
usually reserved for the most agile and responsive of the team.

Scoring

Scoring in Sepak Takraw is relatively simple with a side receiving a point every time their
opponents fault. Faults (which result in a point for the opposition) include:

 The Tekong jumping off the ground to make the service

 The Tekong not licking the ball when making service
 An Inside player touches the net whilst throwing the ball
 The ball fails to cross to the opposition's half
 The ball goes over the net but lands outside of the court boundaries
 Playing the ball more than 3 times in a row
 Touching the ball on the opposing side
 The ball touches the arm
 Holding or grabbing the ball
 The ball touching the ceiling or any other object

Winning the Game

 A game of Sepak Takraw is won by the first side to win two sets. Each set is is won by
the team that is first to reach 21 points. If a set is tied 21-21, then a tie breaker shall be
played in which the first team to open up a two point lead or reaches 25 points is
declared the winner. Because of the fast and athletic nature of the game, it takes a good
degree of physical fitness, flexibility as well as teamwork for a team to be successful in
winning a match.

Rules of Sepak Takraw

 Games of Sepak Takraw shall be played by two teams of three players.

  Games should be played on a court that fits the regulation size and markings as set out
by ITSAF, with an official Sepak Takraw ball.
 The team to serve first is decided by a coin toss before the match commences.
 Play begins when the server is thrown the ball by a teammate and must then kick the
ball over the net whilst keeping one foot in the service circle.
 Players may only touch the ball with their feet, head, knees and chest. Touching the ball
with the hand or any other part of the body can result in a fault and a point for the
opposition.
 Each team is allowed a maximum of three touches of the ball to return it back over the
net without letting it touch the ground.
 Failure to return the ball over the net before it hits the ground results in a point to the
opposition.
 Points are always scored in Sepak Takraw by the opposition faulting, and they can do
this in a number of ways (see above).
 The first team to reach 21 points wins a set. The first team to win two sets is declared
the winner.

TABLE TENNIS

Scoring
A match is played best 3 of 5 games (or 4/7 or 5/9). For each game, the first player to reach 11
points wins that game, however a game must be won by at least a two point margin.
A point is scored after each ball is put into play (not just when the server wins the point as in
volleyball).
The edges of the table are part of the legal table surface, but not the sides.
Flow of the match
Each player serves two points in a row and then switch server. However, if a score of 10-10 is
reached in any game, then each server serves only one point and then the server is switched.
After each game, the players switch side of the table. In the final game (ie 5th game), the
players switch side again after either player reaches 5 points.
Legal serve
The ball must rest on an open hand palm. Then it must be tossed up at least 6 inches and
struck so the ball first bounces on the server's side and then the opponent's side.
If the serve is legal except that it touches the net, it is called a let serve. Let serves are not
scored and are reserved.
Equipment
The paddle should have a red and a black side. The ball should be either orange or white and
40 mm in size. The table should be 2.74 meters long, 1.525 m wide, and 0.76 m high.
Definitions
- A rally is the period which the ball is in play.
- A let is a rally of which the result is not scored.
- A point is a rally of which the result is scored.
- The server is the player due to strike the ball first in the rally.
- The receiver is the player due to strike the ball second in a rally.
- The ball shall be regarded as passing over or around the net assembly if it passes anywhere
other than between the net and the net post or between the net and the playing surface.
Serving
In doubles, the ball shall touch successively the right half court of server and receiver. From the
start of service until it is struck, the ball shall be above the level of the playing surface and
behind the server's end line, and it shall not be hidden from the receiver by the server or his or
her doubles partner or by anything they wear or carry. As soon as the ball has been projected,
the server’s free arm and hand shall be removed from the space between the ball and the net.
The Return
The ball, having been served or returned shall be struck so that it passes over or around the net
assembly and touches the opponents court, either directly or after touching the net assembly
The Order of Play
In singles, the server shall make a first service and the receiver shall make a return and
thereafter alternately shall each make a return.
In doubles, the server shall first make a service, the receiver shall then make a return, the
partner of the server shall then make a return, the partner of the receiver shall then make a
return and thereafter each player in turn in that sequence shall make a return.
A Point

 Unless the rally is a let, a player shall score a point

 if an opponent fails to make a correct service;
 if an opponent fails to make a correct return;
 if, after he or she has made a service or a return, the ball touches anything other than
the net assembly before being struck by an opponent;
 if the ball passes over his or her court or beyond his or her end line without touching his
or her court, after being struck by an opponent;
 if an opponent obstructs the ball;
 if an opponent deliberately strikes the ball twice in succession;
 if an opponent strikes the ball with a side of the racket blade whose surface does not
comply with the requirements of 2.4.3, 2.4.4 and 2.4.5;
 if an opponent, or anything an opponent wears or carries, moves the playing surface;
 if an opponent, or anything an opponent wears or carries, touches the net assembly;
 if an opponent's free hand touches the playing surface;
 if a doubles opponent strikes the ball out of the sequence established by the first server
and first receiver; as provided under the expedite system (2.15.4).
 if both players or pairs are in a wheelchair due to a physical disability and
  his or her opponent does not maintain a minimum contact with the seat or cushion(s),
with the back of the thigh, when the ball is struck;
 his or her opponent touches the table with either hand before striking the ball;
 his or her opponent's footrest or foot touches the floor during play.
A Game
A game shall be won by a player or pair first scoring 11 points unless both players or pairs score
10 points, when the game shall be won by the first player or pair subsequently gaining a lead of
2 points.
A Match
A match shall consist of the best of any odd number of games.

TABLE TENNIS

 Players stand on opposite sides of a net and use a stringed racket to hit a ball back and
forth to each other.
 Each player has a maximum of one bounce after it has been hit by their opponent to
return the ball over the net and within the boundaries of the court.
 Once a player fails to do any of these three things, her opponent wins a point.
 The aim is to win enough points to win a game and enough games to win a set and
enough sets to win a match.
 The first person to win six games wins a set.
 Matches are usually the best of three or the best of five sets.
 A ball must land within bounds for play to continue; if a player hits the ball outside of
bounds, this results in the loss of the point for them.
 Players/teams cannot touch the net or posts or cross onto the opponent’s side.
 Players/teams cannot carry the ball or catch it with the racquet.
 Players cannot hit the ball twice.
 Players must wait until the ball passes the net before they can return it.
 A player that does not return a live ball before it bounces twice loses the point.
 If the ball hits or touches the players, that counts as a penalty.
 If the racquet leaves the hand or verbal abuse occurs, a penalty is given.
 Any ball that bounces on the lines of boundary are considered good.
 A serve must bounce first before the receiving player can return it.
SCORING
Points – Smallest unit of measurement. Points increment from Love(0)-15-30-40-game.
Games – Games consist of 4 points each, and is won when a player reaches 4 points with at
least a 2 point advantage.
Sets – A set consists of 6 games and is won by the player/team who reaches 6 games first with
least a 2 point lead.
Advantage Set – If a game score of 6-6 is reached and advantage set rules are used, a
player/team can only win a set with a 2 game lead.
Matches – A match is usually played as best of 3 or best of 5 sets.
Deuce – Occurs if a score of 40-40 is reached. In order to win the game, a player/team must win
2 consecutive points in order to take the game. If a player wins one point, they have advantage,
but if they lose the next point, the score returns to deuce.
Tie-break game – If a game score of 6-6 is reached and tie-break set rules are used, players
must play a tie-break game in order to decide who wins the set. In a tie-break game, a
player/team must reach 7 points with a two point advantage to win. For the serving format of a
tie-break game, player 1 serves for the first point, player 2 serves for the next two points, player
1 serves for the next two points after that, etc.

BADMINTON
TOSS
The rules of badminton states that a toss shall be conducted before a game starts. If you win,
you can choose between serving first or to start play at either end of the court. Your opponent
can then exercise the remaining choice.
SCORING SYSTEM

 The rules of badminton states that a badminton match shall consist of the best of 3
games. In doubles and men's singles, the first side to score 15 points wins the game. In
women's singles, the first side to score 11 points wins the game.
 If the score becomes 14-all (10-all in women's singles), the side which first scored 14
(10) shall exercise the choice to continue the game to 15 (11) points or to 'set' the game
to 17 (13) points.
 The side winning a game serves first in the next game. Only the serving side can add a
point to its score
SERVING AND RECEIVING COURTS

 You shall serve from, and receive in, the right service court when you or your opponent
has scored an even number of points in that game.
 You shall serve from, and receive in, the left service court when you or your opponent
has scored an odd number of points in that game.
 You and your opponent will hit the shuttle alternately until a 'fault' is made or the shuttle
ceases to be in play
RULES OF BADMINTON - DOUBLES
  At the start of the game, and each time a side gains the right to serve, the service shall
be delivered from the right service court. Only your opponent standing diagonally
opposite of you shall return the service.
 Should your opponent's partner touched or hit the shuttle, it shall be a 'fault' and your
side scores a point.
ORDER OF PLAY AND POSITION ON COURT

 After the service is returned, either you or your partner may hit the shuttle from any
position on your side of the net. Then either player from the opposing side may do the
same, and so on, until the shuttle ceases to be in play.
SCORING AND SERVING

 If you are serving or receiving first at the start of any game, you shall serve or receive in
the right service court when your side or your opponent's side scored an even number of
points.
 You shall serve from or receive in the left service court when your side or your
opponent's side has scored an odd number of points. The reverse pattern shall apply to
your partner.
 In any game, the right to serve passes consecutively from the initial server to the initial
receiver, then to that initial's receiver's partner, then to the opponent who is due to serve
from the right service court, then to that player's partner, and so on.
 You shall not serve out of turn, receive out of turn, or receive two consecutive services in
the same game, except as provided in service court errors and 'lets'.
SERVICE COURT ERRORS

 A service court error has been made when a player has served out of turn, has served
from the wrong service or standing on the wrong service court while being prepared to
receive the service and it has been delivered.
 If a service court error is discovered after the next service had been delivered, the error
shall not be corrected. If a service court error is discovered before the next service is
delivered, the following rules apply.
 If both sides committed an error, it shall be a 'let'. If one side committed the error and
won the rally, it shall be a 'let'. If one side committed the error and lost the rally, the error
shall not be corrected.
 If there is a 'let' because of a service court error, the rally is replayed with the error
corrected. If a service court error is not to be corrected, play in that game shall proceed
without changing the player's new service courts.
FAULTS
The rules of badminton consider the following as faults:

 If the shuttle lands outside the boundaries of the court, passes through or under
the net, fail to pass the net, touches the ceiling or side walls, touches the person
or dress of a player or touches any other object or person.
  If the initial point of contact with the shuttle is not on the striker's side of the net.
(The striker may, however, follow the shuttle over the net with the racket in the
course of a stroke.)
 If a player touches the net or its supports with racket, person or dress, invades
an opponent's court over the net with racket or person except as permitted.
 If a player invades an opponent's court under the net with racket or person such
that an opponent is obstructed or distracted or obstructs an opponent, that is
prevents an opponent from making a legal stroke where the shuttle is followed
over the net.
 If a player deliberately distracts an opponent by any action such as shouting or
making gestures.
 If the shuttle is caught and held on the racket and then slung during the
execution of a stroke.
 If the shuttle is hit twice in succession by the same player with two strokes.
 If the shuttle is hit by a player and the player's partner successively or touches a
player's racket and continues towards the back of that player's court.
 If a player is guilty of flagrant, repeated or persistent offences under Law of
Continuous Play, Misconduct, Penalties.
 If, on service, the shuttle is caught on the net and remains suspended on top, or,
on service, after passing over the net is caught in the net.
LETS
'Let' is called by the umpire, or by a player (if there is no umpire), to halt play.
A 'let' may be given for any unforeseen or accidental occurrence.
The rules of badminton consider the following as 'lets':

 If a shuttle is caught in the net and remains suspended on top or, after passing
over the net, is caught in the net, it shall be a 'let' except on service.
 If, during service, the receiver and server are both faulted at the same time, it
shall be a 'let'.
 If the server serves before the receiver is ready, it shall be a 'let'
 If, during play, the shuttle disintegrates and the base completely separates from
the rest of the shuttle, is shall be a 'let'.
 If a line judge is unsighted and the umpire is unable to make a decision, it shall
be a 'let'.
 A 'let' may occur following a service court error. When a 'let' occurs, the play
since the last service shall not count and the player who served shall serve
again, except where in situations where the Law of Service Court Errors is
applicable.

For instance, your opponent may gain an unfair advantage on you by breaking the Service
Rules. If you are not familiar with the Rules of Badminton, how will you catch him?
TOSS

The rules of badminton states that a toss shall be conducted before a game starts. If you win,
you can choose between serving first or to start play at either end of the court. Your opponent
can then exercise the remaining choice.
SCORING SYSTEM

 The rules of badminton states that a badminton match shall consist of the best of 3
games. In doubles and men's singles, the first side to score 15 points wins the game. In
women's singles, the first side to score 11 points wins the game.
 If the score becomes 14-all (10-all in women's singles), the side which first scored 14
(10) shall exercise the choice to continue the game to 15 (11) points or to 'set' the game
to 17 (13) points.
 The side winning a game serves first in the next game. Only the serving side can add a
point to its score.

CHANGE OF ENDS

 The rules of badminton states that you have to change ends with your opponent after
finishing the first game. If a third game was to be played, you shall change ends when
the leading score reaches 6 in a game of 11 points or 8 in a game of 15 points.
RULES OF BADMINTON - SINGLES
SERVING AND RECEIVING COURTS

 You shall serve from, and receive in, the right service court when you or your opponent
has scored an even number of points in that game.
 You shall serve from, and receive in, the left service court when you or your opponent
has scored an odd number of points in that game.
 You and your opponent will hit the shuttle alternately until a 'fault' is made or the shuttle
ceases to be in play
SCORING AND SERVING

 You score a point and serve again from the alternate service court when your opponent
makes a 'fault' or the shuttle ceases to be in play because it touches the surface of your
opponent's side of court.
 No points will be scored when you make a 'fault' or the shuttles ceases to be in play
because it touches the surface of your side of court. The serving right will then be
transferred to your opponent.
RULES OF BADMINTON - DOUBLES

 At the start of the game, and each time a side gains the right to serve, the service shall
be delivered from the right service court. Only your opponent standing diagonally
opposite of you shall return the service.
 Should your opponent's partner touched or hit the shuttle, it shall be a 'fault' and your
side scores a point.
ORDER OF PLAY AND POSITION ON COURT
After the service is returned, either you or your partner may hit the shuttle from any position on
your side of the net. Then either player from the opposing side may do the same, and so on,
until the shuttle ceases to be in play.
SCORING AND SERVING

 If you are serving or receiving first at the start of any game, you shall serve or receive in
the right service court when your side or your opponent's side scored an even number of
points.
 You shall serve from or receive in the left service court when your side or your
opponent's side has scored an odd number of points.
 The reverse pattern shall apply to your partner.
 In any game, the right to serve passes consecutively from the initial server to the initial
receiver, then to that initial's receiver's partner, then to the opponent who is due to serve
from the right service court, then to that player's partner, and so on.
 You shall not serve out of turn, receive out of turn, or receive two consecutive services in
the same game, except as provided in service court errors and 'lets'.
SERVICE COURT ERRORS

 A service court error has been made when a player has served out of turn, has served
from the wrong service or standing on the wrong service court while being prepared to
receive the service and it has been delivered.
 If a service court error is discovered after the next service had been delivered, the error
shall not be corrected. If a service court error is discovered before the next service is
delivered, the following rules apply.
 If both sides committed an error, it shall be a 'let'. If one side committed the error and
won the rally, it shall be a 'let'. If one side committed the error and lost the rally, the error
shall not be corrected.
 If there is a 'let' because of a service court error, the rally is replayed with the error
corrected. If a service court error is not to be corrected, play in that game shall proceed
without changing the player's new service courts.
FAULTS
The rules of badminton consider the following as faults:

 If the shuttle lands outside the boundaries of the court, passes through or under
the net, fail to pass the net, touches the ceiling or side walls, touches the person
or dress of a player or touches any other object or person.
  If the initial point of contact with the shuttle is not on the striker's side of the net.
(The striker may, however, follow the shuttle over the net with the racket in the
course of a stroke.)
 If a player touches the net or its supports with racket, person or dress, invades
an opponent's court over the net with racket or person except as permitted.
 If a player invades an opponent's court under the net with racket or person such
that an opponent is obstructed or distracted or obstructs an opponent, that is
prevents an opponent from making a legal stroke where the shuttle is followed
over the net.
 If a player deliberately distracts an opponent by any action such as shouting or
making gestures.
 If the shuttle is caught and held on the racket and then slung during the
execution of a stroke.
 If the shuttle is hit twice in succession by the same player with two strokes.
 If the shuttle is hit by a player and the player's partner successively or touches a
player's racket and continues towards the back of that player's court.
 If a player is guilty of flagrant, repeated or persistent offences under Law of
Continuous Play, Misconduct, Penalties.
 If, on service, the shuttle is caught on the net and remains suspended on top, or,
on service, after passing over the net is caught in the net.
LETS
'Let' is called by the umpire, or by a player (if there is no umpire), to halt play.
A 'let' may be given for any unforeseen or accidental occurrence.The rules of badminton
consider the following as 'lets':

 If a shuttle is caught in the net and remains suspended on top or, after passing
over the net, is caught in the net, it shall be a 'let' except on service.
 If, during service, the receiver and server are both faulted at the same time, it
shall be a 'let'.
 If the server serves before the receiver is ready, it shall be a 'let'.
 If, during play, the shuttle disintegrates and the base completely separates from
the rest of the shuttle, is shall be a 'let'.
 If a line judge is unsighted and the umpire is unable to make a decision, it shall
be a 'let'.
 A 'let' may occur following a service court error. When a 'let' occurs, the play
since the last service shall not count and the player who served shall serve
again, except where in situations where the Law of Service Court Errors is
applicable.
SHUTTLE NOT IN PLAY

 A shuttle is not in play when it strikes the net and remains attached there or suspended
on top.
 A shuttle is not in play when it strikes the net or post and starts to fall towards the
surface of the court on the striker's side of the net.
  A shuttle is not in play when it hits the surface of the court or a 'fault' or 'let' has
occurred.
CONTINUOUS PLAY, MISCONDUCT, PENALTIES
Play shall be continuous from the first service until the match is concluded, except as allowed in
intervals not exceeding 90 seconds between the first and second games, and not exceeding 5
minutes between the second and third games.

FUTSAL
GENERAL RULES

 Teams may call one one-minute timeout per half (when in possession of ball, ball out of
play).
 There is no overtime, injury time or stoppage time.
 Teams are comprised of four outfield players and one goalkeeper.
 The goalkeeper must wear a different color jersey than the outfield players.
 There is no offsides in futsal.
SUBSTITUTIONS

 All substitutions are on the fly, this includes goalkeeping substitutions. Referees will not
stop play for goalkeeping substitutions.
 A substitute may not enter the match until the player leaving the match is at the touchline
in the substitution zone.
 Any substitute who enters the field of play before the player being replaced has
completely left the field of play may be shown a yellow card.
 All substitutions must take place in the technical area (in front of the team bench )-- not
at the half-way line.
 All teams will switch benches (and ends) at the beginning of halftime, ensuring that all
substitutions take place in the defensive half.
RESTARTS

 Kickoffs: A goal may not be scored directly from a kick-off. The ball must be played
forward first. Tapped balls are not in play – the ball must move forward.
 Kick-ins: are indirect. The ball must be placed on or no more than 10 inches behind the
line and the kick must be taken within 4 seconds. The kicker's non-kicking foot must be
out of bounds or on the line. (A kickin that goes directly in the opposing goal is a goal
clearance for the opposing team. A kickin that goes directly in the defensive goal is a
corner kick of the opposing team.)
 Goal Clearances: are taken when the ball wholly crosses the goal line after being
touched last by the attacking team. The goalkeeper must use his hands to roll, bounce
or throw the ball from anywhere inside the penalty area to outside the penalty area.
  Corner Kicks: are direct. The ball must be placed directly on the corner spot and the kick
must be taken within 4 seconds.
 Free Kicks: may be indirect or direct. The ball must be stopped completely before the
kick may be taken.
 Penalty Kicks: are taken from the penalty spot and must be shot at goal by a clearly
identified kicker. Defenders may not be nearer to the ball than 16 feet and must be
behind an imaginary line running from touchline to touchline even with the penalty spot.
 Distance: For all of the above, except goal clearances, opponents may not be closer to
the ball than 16 feet.
 Ceiling: If the ball hits the ceiling or other object, the team that did not touch the ball last
restarts play with a kickin from the nearest point on the touchline.
Fouls and Misconduct

 Indirect Free Kicks: When a player plays in a dangerous manner, impedes an opponent
(without playing the ball), slides, prevents the goalkeeper from releasing the ball with her
hands or commits any offence for which play is stopped to caution or eject a player.
 Direct Free Kicks: When a player kicks or attempts to kick an opponent, slidetackles an
opponent or slides with an opponent near (automatic yellow card/caution), jumps at an
opponent, charges at an opponent, strikes or attempts to strike an opponent, pushes an
opponent, holds an opponent, spits at an opponent or handles the ball deliberately.
 Yellow Card / Caution: The offending player is shown a yellow card. If a player earns two
yellow cards in a match, he is shown a red card.
 Red Card / Ejection: The offending team plays down for two minutes unless scored upon
before the two-minute penalty expires. The offending player serves a minimum one-
match suspension.
 Accumulated Fouls / AFPK: All penal fouls are recorded on the scoresheet and on the
scoreboard. If red fouls blue a sixth time in one half, for that sixth penal foul and all
subsequent penal fouls in that half, blue is awarded an accumulated fouls penalty kick. If
the foul occurs farther from the attacking goal than the second penalty spot, the AFPK is
taken from the second penalty spot. If the foul occurs nearer to the attacking goal than
the second penalty spot (but outside the penalty area, of course), the attacking team
may choose whether to take the AFPK from the second penalty spot or from the spot of
the foul. All AFPK's must be shot at goal by a clearly identified kicker. The defending
team may not make a wall and may not be nearer to the ball than 16 feet and must be
behind an imaginary line running from touchline to touchline even with the spot of the
kick. The goalkeeper may be off her line, but may not be nearer than 16 feet from the
ball. Accumulated fouls are reset to zero at the beginning of the second half.
 Second Penalty Spot: 30 feet from the center of the goal
 Penalty Spot: 20 feet from the center of the goal
 Advantage: Advantage will be applied in futsal, with penal fouls still counting as
accumulated fouls. If the referee shouts, "play on" and gestures with both arms, the foul
was a penal foul and will be counted accordingly. If the gesture is with one arm, the free
kick would have been indirect and thus does not count toward the total.
THE GOALKEEPER

 Must wear a different color shirt. She may wear long pants and/or other padding as
deemed safe by the match referee.
 May receive a kickin directly.
 May kick the ball directly over the half-way line.
 May score directly with his feet during the run of play.
 May not punt or drop-kick the ball. (Ball must settle to the ground or be touched first, no
"air" under the ball when kicked.)
 May not possess the ball for more than four seconds in her own half.
 May throw the ball directly across the half-way line. A ball thrown directly into the
opposing goal results in a goal clearance for the opposing team.
 May only touch/receive the ball once per team possession.

VOLLEYBALL
BASIC VOLLEYBALL RULES

 6 players on the floor at any one time - 3 in the front row and 3 in the back row
 Maximum of 3 hits per side
 Points are made on every serve for wining team of rally (rally-point scoring).
 Player may not hit the ball twice in succession. (A block is not considered a hit.)
 Ball may be played off the net during a volley and on a serve.
 A ball hitting a boundary line is in.
 A ball is out if it hits an antennae, the floor completely outside the court, any of the net or
cables outside the antennae, the referee stand or pole, the ceiling above a non-playable
area.
 It is legal to contact the ball with any part of a player’s body.
 It is illegal to catch, hold or throw the ball.
 A player cannot block or attack a serve from on or inside the 10-foot line.
 After the serve, front-line players may switch positions at the net.
 Matches are made up of sets; the number depends on level of play. 3-set matches are 2
sets to 25 points and a third set to 15. Each set must be won by two points. The winner
is the first team to win 2 sets. 5-set matches are 4 sets to 25 points and fifth set to 15.
The team must win by 2 unless tournament rules dictate otherwise. The winner is the
first team to win three sets.
BASIC VOLLEYBALL RULE VIOLATIONS

 Rule violations that result in a point for the opponent

 When serving, the player steps on or across the service line as while making contact
with the ball.
 Failure to serve the ball over the net successfully.
 Ball-handling errors. Contacting the ball illegally (double touching, lifting, carrying,
throwing, etc.)
  Touching the net with any part of the body while the ball is in play.
 When blocking a ball coming from the opponent’s court, it’s illegal to contact the ball
when reaching over the net if both your opponent has not used 3 contacts AND they
have a player there to make a play on the ball.
 When attacking a ball coming from the opponent’s court, contacting the ball when
reaching over the net is a violation if the ball has not yet broken the vertical plane of the
net.
 Crossing the court centerline with any part of your body is a violation. Exception: if it is
the hand or foot. In this case, the entire hand or entire foot must cross for it to be a
violation.
 Serving out of rotation/order.
 Back-row player blocking (deflecting a ball coming from the opponent) when, at the
moment of contact, the back-row player is near the net and has part of his/her body
above the top of the net. This is an illegal block.
 Back-row player attacking a ball inside the front zone (the area inside the 3M/10-foot
line) when, at the moment of contact, the ball is completely above the net. This is an
illegal attack.
Basic Volleyball Terminology
A

 Ace: A serve that results directly in a point, usually when the ball hits the floor untouched
on the receiving team’s side of the court.
 Assist: Helping a teammate set up for a kill.
 Attack: The offensive action of hitting the ball.
 Attacker: Also “hitter” and “spiker.” A player who attempts to hit a ball offensively with the
purpose of terminating play.
 Attack Block: The defensive team’s attempt to block a spiked ball.
 Attack Error: An attack botched in one of 5 ways: ball lands out of bounds; ball goes into
net; attacker commits center line or net violation or attacker illegally contacts ball.
 Attack Line: A line 3 meters/10 feet away from, and parallel to, the net. Separates the
front-row players from the back-row players. A back-row player cannot legally attack the
ball above the net unless he takes off from behind this line.
B

 Back row/court: Space from baseline (endline) to attack line. There are 3 players whose
court positions are in this area (positions 1, 6 & 5 on court)
 Back Row Attack: When a back-row player takes off from behind the attack line (10-
foot/3-meter) line and attacks the ball. Various terms A-B-C-D-PIPE-BIC.
 Back set: Set delivered behind the setter.
 Baseline: The back boundary of the court. Also called the end line
 Block: One of the 6 basic skills. A defensive play by one or more front-row players meant
to intercept a spiked ball. The combination of one, 2 or 3 players jumping in front of the
opposing spiker and contacting the spiked ball with the hands.
 Blocking Error: Touching the net, crossing the centerline, blocking a set or serve or any
other “local” violation that occurs while making a block attempt.
C

 Center line: The boundary that runs under the net and divides the court into two equal
halves.
 Closing the block: The responsibility of the assisting blocker(s) to angle their body
relative to the first blocker.
 “Cover”: Refers to the hitter having his/her teammates ready to retrieve rebounds from
the opposing blockers.
 Cross-court attack: An attack directed diagonally from the point of attack. Also called an
angle hit.
 Cut shot: A spike from the hitter’s strong side that travels at a sharp angle across the net
D

 Deep: Refers to sending the ball away from the net, toward the baseline of the
opponent’s court.
 Defense: One of the 6 basic skills. The key skills used to receive the opponent's attack
are digging and sprawling. The dig resembles a forearm pass from a low ready position
and is used more for balls that are hit near the defender. The sprawl is a result of an
attempted dig for a ball hit farther away from the defender. It resembles a dive.
 Dig: Passing a spiked or rapidly hit ball and low to ground. Defensive play. Slang for
retrieving an attacked ball close to the floor. Statistically scored on a 3.0 point system.
 Dink: A one-handed, soft hit into the opponent’s court using the fingertips. Also called a
tip.
 Double block: Two players working in unison to intercept a ball at the net.
 Double hit: Violation. Two successive hits by the same player.
 Down Ball: Type of attack. “Down” refers to the blockers who neither jump, nor raise
their hands above the net.
 Dump: Usually performed by the setter, who delivers the ball into the opponent’s court
on the second contact
F

 Five-One (5-1): An offensive system that uses five hitters and one setter.
 Floater: A serve with no spin so the ball follows an erratic path.
 Follow: To move with and block an attacker. Athletes may change positions with another
blocker in the process.
 Forearm Pass: Sometimes referred to as the “pass,” “bump” or “dig”.
 Four-Two (4-2): An offensive system using four hitters and two setters.
 Free ball: Returning the ball to the opponent without the intent to get a kill. Usually a
slow, arcing pass or “roll” shot rather than a spike.
 Front: Position of a blocker so that she/he can block the attacker.
 Front-row: Three players whose court position is in front of the attack line (3M/10 Foot),
near the net. These players are in positions 2, 3 & 4 on the court.
G

 Game plan: Offensive and defensive emphasis for an opponent. Usually organized for
each rotation by the coaching staff.
H

 Held ball: A ball that comes to rest during contact resulting in a violation.
 Hit: One of the 6 basic skills. To jump and strike the ball with an overhand, forceful shot.
 Hitter: Also “spiker” or “attacker.” The player who is responsible for hitting the ball.
 Hitting percentage: A statistic derived from total kills minus total attack errors, divided by
total attempts.
J

 Joust: When 2 opposing players contact the ball simultaneously above the net causing
the ball to momentarily come to rest; the point is replayed if this is called by the official.
 Jump serve: The server uses an approach, toss, takeoff and serves the ball with a
spiking motion while in the air. There are two main types: jump float, jump spin.
K

 Key player/play : To discern a team’s best player or probable next play by observation of
patterns or habits.
 Kill: An attack that results directly in a point or sideout.
L

 Libero: A player specialized in defensive skills. This player must wear a contrasting
jersey color from his or her teammates and cannot block or attack the ball when it is
entirely above net height. When the ball is not in play, the libero can replace any back-
row player without prior notice to the officials.
 Lines: The marks that serve as boundaries of a court. 2 inches (5cm) wide.
 Linesman: Officials located at the corners of the court; each linesman is responsible for
ruling if the ball is legally in play along the lines for which he or she is responsible. For
indicating touches and play outside of the antennae on their side of net.
 Lineup: Players starting rotation and, therefore, serving order. Numbered 1,2,3,4,5,6.
 Line serve: A straight-ahead serve landing near the opponent’s left sideline.
 Line shot: A ball spiked along an opponent’s sideline, closest to the hitter and outside
the block.
 Load: Body position for the blockers so that they are most effective.
M

 Middle back: A defensive system that uses the middle back player in 6 to cover deep
spikes. Also called “6 back” defense.
 Middle blocker: Usually plays in the middle of the net when in the front row and moves
laterally to her blocking assignments.
 Middle Up: A defensive system that uses the middle-back player in 6 to cover tips or
short shots along the 3 meter/10 foot line. Also called a “6 up” defense
 Mintonette: The original name of the game of volleyball, created by William Morgan.
N

 Net Height: Women – 7 feet, 4-1/8 inches high (2.24m), Men – 7 feet, 11-5/8 inches high
(2.43m).
O

 Off-blocker: Outside blocker not included in the double block. Also called off-side
blocker.
 Off-Speed Shots: An attack that is intentionally slow. Ball spiked with less than maximum
force but with spin. Also called “roll” shot.
 Opposite: Player who plays opposite the setter in the rotation. In some systems, this
player is also a setter. In other systems, this player is called a right-side.
 Outside hitter: Usually plays at the ends of the net when in the front row. Also called
right-side (opposite) or left side (power).
 Overhand pass: A pass with both hands open that is controlled by the fingers, with the
face below the ball. Both hands simultaneously contact the ball above the head and
direct it to the intended target.
 Overhand serve: Serving the ball and striking it with the hand above the shoulder. Float
or spin.
 Overlap: A violation called if a team is lined up out of rotation when the ball is served.
 Overpass: A ball passed across the net.
 Overset: An errant set that crosses the net without being touched by another offensive
player.
P

 Pass: One of the 6 basic skills. Receiving a serve or the first contact of the ball with the
intent to control the ball to another player. Also called a “bump”.
 Pancake: One-hand floor defensive technique where the hand is extended and slid
along the floor palm down while the player dives or extension rolls so the ball bounces
off the back of the hand and is considered legal.
 Party ball: When the ball is passed across the net in front of attack line so the front-row
attacker can immediately hit the ball on the first contact.
 Penetration: The blocker’s ability to reach over the net above the opponent’s court.
 Perimeter: Backcourt defense where 4 players arrange themselves near the boundaries
of the court.
 Pipe: A back-row attack from the middle of the court. Position 6.
 Play: An attack with a planned fake, usually including 2 or more hitter.
 Q
 Quick set: An extremely low vertical set used to beat the opponent’s block. Can be set at
any position on the net
R

 Rally scoring: Scoring method where points can be won by the serving or receiving
team.
 Ready position: The flexed, yet comfortable, posture a player assumes before moving to
the point of contact.
 Red card: Given by the official to a player or coach for flagrant misconduct resulting in a
point/side out to the opponent. Results in automatic ejection and a point/side out for the
opponent.
 Roof: To block a spike, usually straight down for a point.
  Rotation: The clockwise movement of players around the court and through the serving
position following a side out. Players must retain their initial rotational order throughout
the entire game, but once the ball is contacted on serve they are allowed to move
anywhere.
S

 Seam: The mid-point between 2 players.

 Serve: One of the 6 basic skills. Used to put the ball into play. It is the only skill
controlled exclusively by one player.
 Set: One of the 6 basic skills. The tactical skill in which a ball is directed to a point where
a player can spike it into the opponent’s court. Sets can be set at different heights and
different locations on the net and offensively there are names for each of these. First
number is location on net and second number height of set. (Example: 13.) Sets can
also be named.
 Set attack: When a setter attempts to score rather than set the ball to a setter. Also
called a shoot set. Setter: The second passer whose job it is to position a pass to the
hitter.
 Shallow: Near the net.
 Shank: Severely misdirected pass.
 Side out: Change of service when a serving team has failed to score a point. Occurs
when the receiving team successfully puts the ball away against the
 serving team, or when the serving team commits an unforced error.
 Six-pack: Being hit in the face with the ball.
 Six-two (6-2): An offense with four spikers and two spiker/setters. Setter comes from the
back row.
 Slide/step: A quick attack behind the setter.
 Spike: Also called a hit or attack. A ball contacted with force by a player on the offensive
team who intends to terminate the ball on the opponent’s floor or off the opponent’s
blocker.
 Split block: A double-block that leaves a space between the blockers.
 Stuff: A ball deflected back to the attacking team’s floor by the opponent’s blockers.
 Substitution: Allows one player to replace another player already on the court. Rules
dictate number of subs each team is allowed.
 Switch: To change court positions after a ball is served to facilitate strongest player
positions.
T

 Tandem: A combination in which one player attacks immediately behind another.

 Tape: The top of the net.
 Telegraph: To show one’s intention to the opponents.
 Three-meter line: The line extended across the court to signify the point which a back-
row player must leave the ground behind to attack the ball. Also call “attack line” and 10-
foot line
 Tip: A one-handed, soft hit into the opponent’s court using the fingertips. Also called a
dink.
  Tool: When an attacker hits the ball off an opposing blocker’s arms out of bounds. Also
called a wipe.
 Touch: A player contacting the ball on the defensive play.
 Transition: To switch from offense to defense and vice versa.
 Triple-block: Block formed by all 3 front-row players.

 Underhand serve: A serve performed with an underhand striking action. The ball is
usually contacted with the heel of the hand.
W

 W serve-receive formation: Three players in the front row, two in the back.
 Wipe: To deliberately spike the ball off an opponent’s hands and out of bounds. Also
called a tool.
Y

 Yellow Card: Given by the official to a player or coach as a warning of misconduct. Two
yellow cards result in an automatic red card.
BASKETBALL
The Rules

 Basketball is a team sport. Two teams of five players each try to score by shooting a ball
through a hoop elevated 10 feet above the ground. The game is played on a rectangular
floor called the court, and there is a hoop at each end. The court is divided into two main
sections by the mid-court line. If the offensive team puts the ball into play behind the
mid-court line, it has ten seconds to get the ball over the mid-court line. If it doesn't, then
the defense gets the ball. Once the offensive team gets the ball over the mid-court line, it
can no longer have possession of the ball in the area in back of the line. If it does, the
defense is awarded the ball.
 The ball is moved down the court toward the basket by passing or dribbling. The team
with the ball is called the offense. The team without the ball is called the defense. They
try to steal the ball, contest shots, steal and deflect passes, and garner rebounds.
 When a team makes a basket, they score two points and the ball goes to the other team.
If a basket, or field goal, is made outside of the three-point arc, then that basket is worth
three points. A free throw is worth one point. Free throws are awarded to a team
according to some formats involving the number of fouls committed in a half and/or the
type of foul committed. Fouling a shooter always results in two or three free throws being
awarded the shooter, depending upon where he was when he shot. If he was beyond
the three-point line, then he gets three shots. Other types of fouls do not result in free
throws being awarded until a certain number have accumulated during a half. Once that
number is reached, then the player who was fouled is awarded a '1-and-1' opportunity. If
he makes his first free throw, he gets to attempt a second. If he misses the first shot, the
ball is live on the rebound.
  Each game is divided into sections. All levels have two halves. In college, each half is
twenty minutes long. In high school and below, the halves are divided into eight (and
sometimes, six) minute quarters. In the pros, quarters are twelve minutes long. There is
a gap of several minutes between halves. Gaps between quarters are relatively short. If
the score is tied at the end of regulation, then overtime periods of various lengths are
played until a winner emerges.
 Each team is assigned a basket or goal to defend. This means that the other basket is
their scoring basket. At halftime, the teams switch goals. The game begins with one
player from either team at center court. A referee will toss the ball up between the two.
The player that gets his hands on the ball will tip it to a teammate. This is called a tip-off.
In addition to stealing the ball from an opposing player, there are other ways for a team
to get the ball.
 One such way is if the other team commits a foul or violation.
Fouls and Violations

FOULS

 Personal fouls: Personal fouls include any type of illegal physical contact.
o Hitting
o Pushing
o Slapping
o Holding
 Illegal pick/screen -- when an offensive player is moving. When an offensive player
sticks out a limb and makes physical contact with a defender in an attempt to block the
path of the defender.
 Personal foul penalties: If a player is shooting while a being fouled, then he gets two free
throws if his shot doesn't go in, but only one free throw if his shot does go in.
 Three free throws are awarded if the player is fouled while shooting for a three-point goal
and they miss their shot. If a player is fouled while shooting a three-point shot and
makes it anyway, he is awarded one free throw. Thus, he could score four points on the
play.
 Inbounds. If fouled while not shooting, the ball is given to the team the foul was
committed upon. They get the ball at the nearest side or baseline, out of bounds, and
have 5 seconds to pass the ball onto the court.
 One & one. If the team committing the foul has seven or more fouls in the game, then
the player who was fouled is awarded one free throw. If he makes his first shot, then he
is awarded another free throw.
 Ten or more fouls. If the team committing the foul has ten or more fouls, then the fouled
player receives two free throws.
 Charging. An offensive foul that is committed when a player pushes or runs over a
defensive player. The ball is given to the team that the foul was committed upon.
  Blocking. Blocking is illegal personal contact resulting from a defender not establishing
position in time to prevent an opponent's drive to the basket.
 Flagrant foul. Violent contact with an opponent. This includes hitting, kicking, and
punching. This type of foul results in free throws plus the offense retaining possession of
the ball after the free throws.
 Intentional foul. When a player makes physical contact with another player with no
reasonable effort to steal the ball. It is a judgment call for the officials.
 Technical foul. Technical foul. A player or a coach can commit this type of foul. It does
not involve player contact or the ball but is instead about the 'manners' of the game. Foul
language, obscenity, obscene gestures, and even arguing can be considered a technical
foul, as can technical details regarding filling in the scorebook improperly or dunking
during warm-ups.
VIOLATIONS

 Walking/Traveling. Taking more than 'a step and a half' without dribbling the ball is
traveling. Moving your pivot foot once you've stopped dribbling is traveling.
 Carrying/palming. When a player dribbles the ball with his hand too far to the side of or,
sometimes, even under the ball.
 Double Dribble. Dribbling the ball with both hands on the ball at the same time or picking
up the dribble and then dribbling again is a double dribble.
 Held ball. Occasionally, two or more opposing players will gain possession of the ball at
the same time. In order to avoid a prolonged and/or violent tussle, the referee stops the
action and awards the ball to one team or the other on a rotating basis.
 Goaltending. If a defensive player interferes with a shot while it's on the way down
toward the basket, while it's on the way up toward the basket after having touched the
backboard, or while it's in the cylinder above the rim, it's goaltending and the shot
counts. If committed by an offensive player, it's a violation and the ball is awarded to the
opposing team for a throw-in
 Backcourt violation. Once the offense has brought the ball across the mid-court line, they
cannot go back across the line during possession. If they do, the ball is awarded to the
other team to pass inbounds.
 Time restrictions. A player passing the ball inbounds has five seconds to pass the ball. If
he does not, then the ball is awarded to the other team. Other time restrictions include
the rule that a player cannot have the ball for more than five seconds when being closely
guarded and, in some states and levels, shot-clock restrictions requiring a team to
attempt a shot within a given time frame.
PLAYER POSITIONS

 Center. Centers are generally your tallest players. They generally are positioned near
the basket.
 Offensive -- The center's goal is to get open for a pass and to shoot. They are also
responsible for blocking defenders, known as picking or screening, to open other players
up for driving to the basket for a goal. Centers are expected to get some offensive
rebounds and put-backs.
 Defensive -- On defense, the center's main responsibility is to keep opponents from
shooting by blocking shots and passes in the key area. They also are expected to get a
lot of rebounds because they're taller.
 Forward. Your next tallest players will most likely be your forwards. While a forward may
be called upon to play under the hoop, they may also be required to operate in the wings
and corner areas.
 Offensive -- Forwards are responsible to get free for a pass, take outside shots, drive for
goals, and rebound.
 Defensive -- Responsibilities include preventing drives to the goal and rebounding.
 Guard. These are potentially your shortest players and they should be really good at
dribbling fast, seeing the court, and passing. It is their job to bring the ball down the court
and set up offensive plays.
 Offensive -- Dribbling, passing, and setting up offensive plays are a guard's main
responsibilities. They also need to be able to drive to the basket and to shoot from the
perimeter
 Defensive -- On defense, a guard is responsible for stealing passes, contesting
shots,preventing drives to the hoop, and for boxing out.