International conference on Signal Processing, Communication, Power and Embedded System (SCOPES)-2016

Improvement of power quality using PQ-theory

shunt-active power filter
Balaga UdayaSri P.A.Mohan Rao Dasumanta Kumar Mohanta M. Pradeep Chandra Varma
M.Tech student Assistant Professor Head of the Depatment M.Tech student
Dept of E.E.E Dept of E.E.E Dept of E.E.E Dept of E.E.E
MVGRCOE, Vizianagaram MVGRCOE, Vizianagaram MVGRCOE, Vizianagaram MVGRCOE, Vizianagaram

Abstract— This paper deals with the staging the evaluation of compensation because one filter can compensate only one
a three- phase Shunt APFS for Power Quality improvement. particular frequency and this increases the cost of the filters.
Power Quality complications can be take up using SAPFS. A This work has been done in order to solve the power quality
simulation model of the three-phase shunt active filter had problem by designing a suitable active power filter. These filters
been implemented based on the mathematical modelling of eliminate current harmonics, voltage harmonics by improve the
the system where we can observe the considerable power factor, and cancel out the negative and zero sequence
improvement in the source current in the norms of Total components. There are three types of active power filters shunt
Harmonic distortion (THD) of source current. We can also active filter, series active filter and hybrid filters. Here in this
observe the correction in the power factor (PFC). paper a detail study of the 3-phase Shunt active power filter
Properties are restored in the terms of source voltage and (SAPFs) have been done, which compensates the current
source current are in phase by this implementation. harmonics by injecting compensating currents which are equal
but opposite in phase. The shunt active power filter has been
Keywords— shunt active power filter (SAPFs), Hysteresis created in MATLAB/Simulink environment and simpower
current controller(HCC), Proportional integral(PI) and Total
harmonic distortion(THD).
systems environment using hysteresis current control (HCC)
technique.
I. INTRODUCTION
These days, because of the advanced technology, power II. SHUNT ACTIVE POWER FILTER SYSTEM
electronic devices have wide application. These power
electronic devices had encroached deeply into the domestic A. SAPFs Basic Compensation Principle:
and industrial uses, but because of them we come across the
problem of power quality [1-2]. This problem is caused due to The basic compensation principle of shunt active
the fact that these power electronic devices act as non-linear power filters as shows in fig(1)[4].
loads. These non-linear loads disturb the supply voltage
waveform which pass the system lines results in supply
currents rich in high degree of harmonics and thus reduces the
input power factor. Uncontrolled bridge rectifier and phase
controlled converters are the main sources of the non-linear
systems. Thus the improved power electronic devices used in
speed controlled motor drives, rectifier, thyristor, personal
desktops and uninterruptible power supplies(UPSs) are the
large source of distortion in the voltages at the point of
common coupling(PCC) and the current in the lines of the
power system[3-4]. They results in THD of source currents
much greater than 5% permissible limit as set by IEEE 519
standard.
Fig1: Basic Principal Of SAPFs operation
The solution to the above discussed problem is to
develop a parallel passive filter which can be tuned to a The main objective of shunt active power filter are the
particular harmonic frequency. The usage of the passive L-C compensation harmonics present in the input currents of
filters has more disadvantages because of their large size, series , and of the load. Since the compensating currents ,
and/or parallel resonance the impedance of source affects the
filtering characteristics, filters are overload because of the high and are controlled so as eliminate the harmonic currents
degree harmonic currents, and more filters are required for of the load, the source currents , and

978-1-5090-4620-1/16/$31.00 ©2016 IEEE

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B. Instantaneous PQ Theory: coordinates, to be in compliance with the right-hand rule.

i. Definition of instantaneous PQ Theory: Taking into consideration that is parallel to and is
parallel to and that is perpendicular to the and
In order to deal with the instantaneous voltage and currents to
o , the conventional instantaneous power, and
in a 3-phase circuits mathematically, it is necessary important instantaneous imaginary power ,
to express those quantities in the instantaneous space vectors Let and be the dc and ac component of .
and to make the analysis simple it is better to omit the zero- Likewise let and , respectively the following relation
phase sequence components in the 3-phase voltage and exit:
currents has been considered in this work. = + = + …… (6)
Let us consider the a-b-c coordinate system where the a, b
and c are the fixed axes on the same plane, and are apart from iii. Calculation of compensation currents:
each other by 2 rad, The instantaneous space vectors, and
are set on the a-axis, and their amplitude (positive, negative) In the calculation circuit of and , calculation circuit
and direction vary with the passage of time. In the similar way, of the compensating reference currents, the following
on the b-axis and are set and similarly, and are expression results[5].
on the c-axis. These space vectors are easily transformed to α-β
co-ordinates as follows:
= . …… (7)
…… (1)
Where is the instantaneous real power
corresponding to the loss of active power filter, and are
= …… (2) given by
=- =- …… (8)

Where the α and β axes are the two perpendicular co- In order to calculate the values of and we
ordinates. Necessary, and are on the α-axis, and need a high pass filter configuration using a Butterworth
similarly, and are on the β-axis and their amplitude low-pass filter and thus this circuit gives the values of the
(positive, negative) direction vary the passage of time. from and from , respectively[6]. The design
specifications of the low-pass filter play a vital role in the
ii. The instantaneous space vectors on the α-β coordinates: control circuit, since various compensation characteristics
are obtained in accordance with the cutoff frequency and
The conventional instantaneous power on the 3-phase circuit order of the low-pass filter, as shown in the experimental
can be defined as follows: results. All the calculation circuits consist of analog
multipliers, dividers, and operational amplifiers.
+ . …… (3)
iv. DC Capacitor voltage control circuit:
Where the is equal to the conventional equations:
The DC capacitor voltage control circuit is shown
….. (4) in figure. (3)

To calculate the instantaneous active power and

reactive power, we consider the instantaneous reactive power
space vector defined by

. + . …… (5)

figure3: DC Capacitor voltage control circuit

The DC capacitor voltage can be manipulated by

Figure2: Representation of the complex calculation
As shown in fig.2 this space vector is the imaginary
axis vector and is perpendicular to the real plane on the α-β
controlling the instantaneous real power ,which is
similar to the loss of active power filter, but while the
instantaneous imaginary power have no impact on the
dc capacitor voltage. The control circuit has the negative
feedback loop in order to have an automatic control on the
, and the time constant T and gain K determine the

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response of the control circuit. It is to be noted that the
active power filter is a harmonic creator rather than a
suppressor of harmonics when is fluctuating. In figure 2
the average-voltage of the reference voltage Vcd should be
equal to the time constant T has been taken to be 1.5sec and
gain K has been taken to be 30.
v. Capacitor of the dc-capacitor:
The capacitance of the DC-capacitor controlled in
order to reduce the harmonics completely. This is done by
matching the capacitance of the capacitor to the value equal
to the value which reduce the harmonics completely, so that
that it is necessary to compensate for and . But by
eliminating the , will results in the voltage distortion of
the dc-capacitor. Thus is absorbed into the dc-capacitor.
And the voltage regulation e be defined by
will generate a sine wave which is a reference signal wave
with the required amplitude and frequency, and it is verified
with the actual signal. If the signal goes beyond the hysteresis
band, the upper switch in the half-bridge is turned OFF and
the lower switch is turned ON. This results in the output
changes rapidly in time from +0.5Vdc to -0.5Vdc, and the
signal start to decay. If the signal crosses the lower limit, the
lower switch is turned OFF and the upper switch is turned ON.
And a lock-out time (td) is given at every transition to prevent
a shoot-through fault. The actual signal wave is thus forced to
track the sine reference wave within the hysteresis band limits.

e= ( - )/2 …… (9)

Where is the average voltage off , and it is

approximately equal to reference . And let us consider
that the is sinusoidal, i.e.,

= .sin(wt,) …… (10)

The voltage regulation is derived as follows:

Figure 4: Hysteresis controller
e= ./ w. . …… (11)

From (11) it is clear that the lower the frequency of
, the larger the capacity of the dc capacitor to suppress
the voltage fluctuation
vi. Control Scheme of Shunt Active Filter:
The control schemes of voltage source inverter is the PI
controller and hysteresis current controller
vii. PI controller
The proportional integral controller used is the discrete PI
controller which has two inputs. The reference voltage and
The actual voltage and the output is the switching- power
losses in the voltage source converter
III. SIMULATION MODEL AND RESULTS
The figure 6 gives the simulation model of the circuit
which contains all the above designed parameters. Here a
simple non-linear load has been taken and the non-linear load
is a simple RL load which is fed by a converter. The converter
and the non-linear load injects a harmonic voltage in to the
system and this non-linear voltages flow in the system lines
resulted in the distortion of the line currents. Thus the addition
of a simple RL load also created a noticeable change in the
current in the lines which can be clearly been in the results.
Figure5 shows the current without compensation.

viii. Hysteresis controller

By using the hysteresis-control, lower limit and an

upper limit are created on either side of a signal representing
the desired output waveform. The switches of the converter
are operated as the signal generator within the limits.
Hysteresis band PWM is originally an instant-feedback control
method of PWM. Here the actual signal will continuously
track the command signal within the hysteresis band. In
figure4 the operation principle of the hysteresis-band PWM
for a half bridge inverter has been shown. The control circuit Figure5: source current without compensation

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Figure6: Simulation Model of the shunt active power filter

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International conference on Signal Processing, Communication, Power and Embedded System (SCOPES)-2016

The Simulation model of calculation compensation current is

shown in the figure 7

Figure10: Total harmonic distortion after compensation: THD

3.75%

Figure7: Simulation model of compensation current

Simulation model of pulse generation is shown in the figure 8

Figure 11: Source current with compensation:

figure 8: Simulation model of pulse generation Figure 12: Compensating current

Total harmonic distortion (THD)

IV. CONCLUSION
Here in this paper a brief study of the shunt active
filter has been done. In this type filter the traditional filters
like RL, RLC RC are absent which reduces the complexity of
the network since they increase the system buses if they are
placed in the middle of the line and the components are bulky.
Thus the shunt active filter is a better method which can
compensate the series current of the line.

References
Figure9: Total harmonic distortion without compensation is [1] J. S. Subjak Jr. and J. S. Mcquilkin, ―Harmonics-causes, effects,
25.58% measurements, analysis: An update,ǁ IEEE Trans. Ind. Applicat.,
vol.26, pp. 1034–1042, Nov./Dec. 1998.

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[2] M. E. Amoli and T. Florence, ―Voltage, current harmonic control of a

utility system—A summary of 1120 test measurements,ǁ IEEE
Trans.Power Delivery, vol. 5, pp. 1552–1557, July 1998.
[3] A. E. Emanuel, J. A. Orr, D. Cyganski, and E. M. Gulchenski,
―Asurvey of harmonics voltages, currents at the customer‘s bus,ǁ
IEEETrans. Power Delivery, vol. 8, pp. 411–421, Jan. 1999.
[4] Bhim Singh, Ambrish Chandra and Kamal Al-Haddad ―A Review of
Active Filters for Power Quality Improvementǁ IEEE Trans. Ind.
Electronics, VOL. 46, NO. 5, pp 960-971 OCTOBER 1999
[5] Akagi H., Nabae A., and Atoh S., “Control strategy of active power
filter using multiple votage source PWM converter”, IEEE Trans. On
industry Application, vol.IA-22, no.3 may/june 1986, pp.460-465.
[6] Akagi H., Ksanazawa Y., and Nabae A.,“Instantaneous reactive power
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component”, IEEE Trans. On industry Application, vol.IA-20, no.3
may/june 1984, pp.625-630.
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