Group 1-The Globalization of Economic Relations
What is Economic Globalization?
 -the result of human innovation and
technological progress.
 -movement of people (labor) and knowledge
(technology).
Four Interconnected Dimensions
 - Goods and services
 - financial and capital markets
 - technology and communication
 - Production
Internationalization
 - Extension of Economic Activities
Economic Globalization
 Integration between internationally dispersed
activities.
 - Globalization is nothing but a process making
the world economy an “organic system”
 Globalization transforms the national economy
into a global one.
 Globalization is an effective manager of the
national economy.
Is economic Globalization a New Phenomenon?
 Gills and Thompson (2006)
 - Homo sapiens
 Frank and Gills (1993)
 - Same world system in which we live 5,000
years ago
 Adam Smith (Magnum Opus, An inquiry into the
nature and causes of the wealth of nations
(1776) )
 - America (Christopher Columbus)
 - Direct Sea Route to India (Vasco de Gama)
17th and 18th Century
 - Monopolized Trade
 First Multnational Corporations (1600)
 The British and the Dutch East India Companies
(1602)
19th Century
 1870-1913 GOLDEN AGE
 The annual average compound growth rate of
world trade saw a dramatic increase of 4.2
percent between 1820 and 1870.
Convergence vs. Divergence
 - Globalization can indeed reduce poverty but it
does not definitely benefit all nations.
Structuralism
 - North and South are in a structural relation
International Monetary System
 -refers to the rules, customs, instruments,
facilities, and organizations for effecting
international payments.
 -to facilitate cross-border transactions,
especially trade and investments.
 -reflects economic power and interests.
The Gold Standards
 -UK adopted gold mono-metallism in 1821.
 -Gold is non-inflationary and stable.
 -Gold as the only international reserve and
turned fixed exchange rate.
 -One of the main strengths of the system was
the tendency for trade balance to be in
equilibrium
 -Gold standard was abandoned in 1931
The Bretton Woods System and its Dissolution
 - New international monetary regime in the
framework of the United Nation Monetary and
Financial Conference in Bretton Woods, New
Hampshire (US), in July 1994.
 -Gold-exchange standard
 -The US Dollar was the only convertible
currency to gold.
  -The dollar became overvalued.
European Monetary Integration
 -The collapse of Bretton Woods system placed
the EEC (European Economic Community) under
pressure.
 -European Monetary System was established in
1979.
 -Gold nor US dollar could also play a role in
stabilization process of exchange rates.
 -European Exchange Rate Mechanism
 >to reduce exchange rate variability and
achieve monetary stability in Europe.
 -Jacques Delors, President of European
Commission proposed European Economic and
Monetary Union (EMU).
 -EMU abandoned their national currencies and
delegate monetary policy and a common
currency administered by the European Central
Bank (ECB).
 >2nd most widely used reserve currency.
 -Global financial and economic crisis for the
Europe in 2008.
 -ECB is not a lender of last resort and cannot
bail out the individual countries which have lost
their monetary authority.
 -EU is not a fiscal union, it does not have any
specific means to fic financial difficulties on a
community level.
 -EMU would never be qualify for a well-
functioning and stable monetary zone.
International Trade and Trade Policies
 International trade can trigger tensions not just
between nations, but also within a particular
country.
 Long term economic growth and political
power.
UNILATERAL TRADE ORDER
 • Mercantilist era was best, characterized,
therefore, as a zero-sum game on the global
level.
 Mercantilism
- the economic theory that trade generates
wealth and is stimulated by the accumulation of
profitable balances.
 • Surge of international trade arrive only with
European's industrial revolution
 • Consequent repeal of British Corn Law in 1846
 • Free trade agreement
 • Most- favoured nation (MFN) Principle
 - equal traiding among all trading partners.
 • United States adopted a highly protective
import.
 Protectionism
- Policy of protecting domestic industries
against foreign competition.
 • World War I was a dramatic blow of free
trade.
 • US Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act 1934
eventually put a stop to any further decline in
international trade.
Multilateralism: From GAAT to WTO
 • United States was the largest aid donor,
mostly in the form of Marshall Plan.
 • The new trade regime was more or less
liberal, multilateral rule-based system.
 •Nations committed to lowered tariffs
coordinate with General Agreement on Tariffs
and Trade (GAAT).
 • 1964 onwards- slow but steady expansion
 • Kennedy Round- reduction of non-tariff
barriers especially that of anti-dumping
measures.
 • Tokyo Round- proceed with the same
extended maandate, also adopted series of
code
  • Urugay Round- most famous multilateral
negotiation.
 - extended multilateral rules to new issues and
sectors, such as agriculture.
 - invited a large number of developing countries
to participate in trade negotiations
“UNDERDEVELOPED”
 • Agreements on trade-related investment
measures (TRIMS), trade in service (GATS) and
trade related aspects of intellectual property
rights (TRIPs).
 • Urugay Round gave birth to a 'real'
international trade institution, the WTO.
 • Seattle demonstrated the strength of NGOs
and anti-globalization movements.
Developing Countries and International Trade
 • Developing countries did not manage to
integrate into post- World War II trading system
successfully.
 • United Nations Conference on Trade and
Development (UNCTD)
 -aim of UNCTD was to promote trade and
cooperation between the developing and
THE COLONIAL MIND
developed nations
 • Agriculture has a big share to a total economic
output of developing countries.
 • Khor (1995) thus views the WTO as the means
by which industrialized counties can gain access
to the markets of developing countries.
Group 2 WHY CAN’T PEOPLE FEED THEMSELVES?
BY: FRANCES MOORE LAPPE AND JOSEPH COLLINS
DIVISION OF THE WORLD
• The “Minority” nations
 “taken off” through their agriculture
and industrial revolution.
• The “Majority” nations
 remained primitive, traditional and
undeveloped state.
COLONIALISM
• Destroyed the cultural patterns of production
and exchange in “underdeveloped” countries.
• A friend of Frances once said: “Precolonial
village existence in subsistence agriculture was
limited life indeed, but it’s certainly not
Calcutta.”
• Instead of being an adjective, for Frances it
becomes verb. (to “underdevelop”)
• “Hunger crisis” could not be described in static
and descriptive terms. Hunger and
underdevelopment must always be thought as a
process.
To answer the question “Why hunger?” it is
counterproductive to simply describe the conditions
in an underdeveloped country.
• Degree of malnutrition
• The levels of agricultural production
• Country’s ecological endowment
• They are rather the results of an ongoing
historical process.
• The colonizer viewed agriculture in the
subjugated lands as primitive and backwards.
• A.J. Voelker, a British agricultural scientist
assigned to India during the 1890’s
• Agriculture is seen as for extracting of wealth.
• John Stuart Mill, an Engllish Economist,
reasoned that colonies should not be thought
as civilizations or countries at all but as
“agricultural establishments”.
• Prior to European intervention, Africans
practiced a diversified agriculture that included
the introduction of new food plants of Asian or
American origin.
• About the time of the American Civil War the
French decided that the Mekong Delta in
Vietnam would be ideal for producing rice for
export.
 • Colonialism’s public works programs only
reinforced export crop production.
• British irrigation works built in nineteenth
century India did help increase production, but
the expansion was for the export crops.
• Colonial powers had to force the production of
cash crops.
• Strategies in order for the people to plant cash
crops
• Use physical or economic force
• Direct take over of the land
FORCED PEASANT PRODUCTION
• As Walter Rodney recounts in “How Europe
Underdeveloped Africa”, cash crops were often
grown literally under threat of guns and whips.
• The forced cultivation of cotton was a major
grievance leading to: The Maji Maji War in
Tanzania and The Nationalist Revolt in Angola
• Taxation was the preferred colonial techniques
to force Africans to grow cash crops.
Cash Crops – crop produced for its commercial
value rather than for use by the grower.
• In 1830, the Dutch Administration in Java made
the peasants an offer they could not refuse:
If they would grow government-owned export
crops on one fifth of their land, the Dutch would
remit their land taxes.
If they refuse and thus could not pay the taxes,
they loss their land.
• Marketing Boards emerged in Africa in the
1930’s as another technique for getting the
profit from cash crop production.
• These marketing boards of Africa were only the
institutionalized rendition of what is the
essence of colonialism – the extraction of
wealth
PLANTATIONS
• A second approach was direct takeover of the
land either by the colonizing government or by
private foreign interest.
• British designated all the vast central part of the
island, Kandyan Kingdom (Sri Lanka) as the
crown land.
• In 1870, the Dutch declared all uncultivated
land (waste land) property of the state for lease
to Dutch plantation enterprises.
• The Agrarian Land Law of 1870 authorized
foreign companies to lease village-owned land.
• The introduction of plantation meant the
divorce of agriculture from nourishment, as the
notion of food value was lost to the overriding
claim of “market value” in international trade.
WHAT IS PEASANT?
• It refers to the food producing sector or in
short, farmers or laborers.
COLONIAL ADMINISTRATIONS THINKED VARIETY
OF TACTICS
• Undercutting self-provisioning
agriculture
• Making peasant the peasant be
dependent on plantation wages
• The Government Services denied infrastructure
to farming, Africans were considered cheap
laborers source.
A crisis happened, “The Great Depression” hit the
cash crop economies in 1929, cotton market
collapsed.
• Over 80,000 young people migrated to
Gold coast
• 15,000 plantation worker died of FAMINE
between 1780 - 1787 in Jamaica.
Group 3 -THE MODERN-WORLD SYSTEMS AS A
CAPITALIST WORLD ECONOMY:
PRODUCTION,SURPLUS-VALUE AND
POLARIZATION - Immanuel Wallerstein
• The MODERN WORLD-SYSTEM,
had its origins in the sixteenth century
WORLD ECONOMY
• (Braudel's economie-monde)
 is a large geographic zone within which there is a
division of labor and hence significant internal
exchange of basic or essential goods as well as flows
of capital and labor
FEATURES
• the division of labor
• contains many cultures and groups
• not bounded by a unitary political structure
CAPITALISM
• endless accumulation of capital
• it means that people and firms are
accumulating capital in order to accumulate still
more capital,. a process that is continual and
endless.
• Wage labor
CAPITALIST SYSTEM
• Economic producers plus the holders of
political power
CAPITALIST WORLD-ECONOMY
a collection of many institutions, the combination of
which accounts for its processes, and all of which are
intertwined with each other.
• CAPITALIST WORLD-ECONOMY
• the market
• the firms that compete in the markets
• the multiple states
• The households
• The classes
• The status-groups or identities
MARKET
• both a concrete local structure in which
individuals or firms sell and buy goods,
and a virtual institution across space
where the same kind of exchange occurs.
• Capitalism cannot function without
markets,
and it is also true that capitalists regularly
SELLERS to MONOPOLY = Creates relatively wide
margin between the costs of production and the sales
price = high rates of profit
QUASI-MONOPOLIES
self-liquidating. But they last long enough
(say thirty years) to ensure considerable accumulation
of capital by those who control the quasi-monopolies.
BASIC FUNDAMENTALS
• the system of patents
• State restrictions on imports and exports
(so-called protectionist measures)
• State subsidies and tax benefits
• The ability of strong states to use their
muscle to prevent weaker states from
creating Counter protectionist measures
FIRMS
main actors in the market
are normally the competitors of other firms operating in
the same virtual market. They are also in conflict with
those firms from whom they purchase inputs and those
firms to which they sell their products.
Axial division of labor of a capitalist world-economy
core-like products –
- the degree of profitability of the production processes.
- controlled by quasi-monopolies.
peripheral products
• - competitive products are in a weak position
and quasi-monopolized products are in a strong
position.
As a result, there is a constant flow of surplus-value
from the producers of peripheral products to the
producers of core-like products. This has been called
unequal exchange.
core-like products PLUS peripheral products
equal semi peripheral states
Semipheral states
- share characteristics of both core and pheripheral
countries
- example : South Korea, Brazil, India
Kondratieff Cycle
- Also known as long wave cycle
- More or less fifty to sixty years in length
- 2 phase : A phase (expansion), B phase
(stagnation)
Secular Trend
-market activities which occur the long term
-can be thought as a curve whose x-axis records
time and y-axis measures a phenomenon
5 Kinds of Income in the Modern World-System
1. Wage Income
-Payment (usually in money form) by
persons outside the household for a work of
a member of the household
2. Subsistence Activity
-Producing goods for the purpose of
providing goods for the family’s use and
needs
-largest part of household income
3. Petty Commodity
-product produced with in the confines of
the household but sold for cash on a wider market.
- Continues to widespread in the poorer
zones of the world economy
4. Rent
- can be drawn from some major capital
investment, from locational advantage or
capital ownership
5.Transfer Payments
- income that comes to an individual by
virtue of a defined obligation of someone else
to provide the income
2 Major Varieties of Household
1. Proletarian household
-the household where wage income
accounts for 50% or more
2. Semiproletarian Household
- the household where it accounts less than
50%
- Classes however are not the only groups
within which households locate themselves,
they are also members of status-groups or
identities.
-These status-groups or identities are the
numerous "peoples" of which all of us arc
members-nations, races, ethnic groups,
religious communities, but also genders and
categories of sexual preferences.
-Most of these categories are often alleged to
be anachronistic leftovers of pre-modern
times. This is quite wrong as a premise.
Households
serve as the primary socializing agencies of the world-
system.
A household that is certain of its status-group identity-
its nationality, its race, its religion, its ethnicity, its code
of sexuality-knows exactly how to socialize its members.
A household that would openly avow a permanently
split identity would find the socialization function almost
impossible to do, and might find it difficult to survive as
a group.
The complex relationships of the world-economy, the
firms, the states, the households, and the trans-
household institutions that link members of classes
and status-groups are beset by two opposite-but
symbiotic ideological themes: universalism on the one
hand and racism and sexism on the other.
Universalism
- a positive norm, which means that most people
assert their belief in it, and almost everyone
claims that it is a virtue. Racism and sexism are
just the opposite. They too are norms, but they
are negative norms, in that most people deny
their belief in them
 - Universalism is believed to ensure relatively
competent performance and thus make for a
more efficient world-economy, which in turn
improves the ability to accumulate capital.
- The norm of universalism is an enormous
comfort to those who are benefiting from the
system. It makes them feel they deserve what
they have. On the other hand, racism, sexism,
and other anti-universalistic norms perform
equally important tasks in allocating work,
power, and privilege within the modern world-
system. They seem to imply exclusions from the
social arena.
- They become norms for the state, the
workplace, the social arena. But they also
become norms into which households are
pushed to socialize their members, an effort
that has been quite successful on the whole.
- They become norms for the state, the
workplace, the social arena. But they also
become norms into which households are
pushed to socialize their members, an effort
that has been quite successful on the whole.
GROUP 4- THE RISE OF GLOBAL CORPORATIONS
BY: DEANE NEUBAUER
HOW DO GLOBAL CORPORATION FUNCTIONS? WHAT
CONSTITUTES A GLOBAL CORPORATION?
THE CONTEMPORARY GLOBAL CORPORATION IS
SIMULTANEOUSLY AND COMMONLY REFFERED TO
EITHER AS:
INTERNATIONAL COMPANIES
are importers and importers, typically without
investment outside of their home country
MULTINATIONAL COMPANIES
have investment in other countries, but do not have
coordinated products offerings in each country
GLOBAL COMPANIES
typically market their products and services to each
individual local market
TRANSNATIONAL COMPANIES
more complex organizations which have invested in
foreign operations.
HOW DO GLOBAL CORPORATION FUNCTIONS? WHAT
CONSTITUTES A GLOBAL CORPORATION?
- Requires a brief recounting of some of the
major changes that have taken since the end of
WWII
- MNC as a major economic global actor to
dominate various aspects of global production
and exchange. (Barnet&Muller)
- 3 Fundamental Innovations 3 Structural Periods
(Geriffe)
FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT (FDI)
1960- MAJOR TURNING POINT OF FDI
1964- UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON TRADE AND
DEVELOPMENT (UNCTAD) HAS FOCUSED ON THE
VARIOUS ROLES OF FDI
1985-1990 - FDI GREW AT AN AVERAGE RATE OF 30% A
YEAR
Investment-Based Period
- was dominated by PRODUCER-DRIVEN
COMMODITY OR VALUE CHAINS, which in turn
tended to be dominated by firms characterized
by large amounts of concentrated capital
focused on large scale or capital-intensive
manufacturing or extractive industries
- Gereffi has argued persuasively that “how
global corporations” work is largely determined
by whether they are situated in producer-driven
or buyer-driven commodity chains.
Digitalization has affected the entire structure of
how global corporations operate
Digitalization is transforming the classical value
chain of manufacturing focused on innovation in
which:
- Product design and innovation are placed with
driving innovation through digital product
design
- Labour intensive manufacturing is replaced by
digitizing the factory shop floor
- Supply chain management is replaced by
globalizing through digital supply chain
management
- Marketing sales and service is replaced by
digital customization
Producer-driven streams have progressively
integrated their corporatr structures to reduce the
effects of time and distance, especially for services
performed within corporate structures such as
design, finance and accounting, and brand
development, legal services, inventory control etc.
Buyer- driven value streams have increasingly
become digital with companies specialization in
internet retailing of goods and services continuing
to gain market share over fixed in place marketing
and selling
Quick response management system (QR) - The
dominant system operates within and between
global corporate structures consisting of these
steps
1. -Retailers adopt integrated electronic point of
sale
-Recoding and production units
-Delivery control
2.Firms have redesined internal management
practices that allow for faster turnaround of
merchandises and allow for more effective
inventory control
3. Retailers and manufacturers establish an
integrated supply chain with joint product
developtment planning and inventory control
Another different approach to the question of what
global corporations do and how they function
Complex collective activity, constituting either a 'global
system' of corporations that as a structure interacts in
complex ways, doing much to constitute the global
economic system as a result.
GDP is calculated as the sum of all the values added by
each producer, not the sum total of all the sales of all
producers
WHAT IS DIFFERENT ABOUT THIS PHASE OF GLOBAL
CORPORATE DEVELOPMENT?
China is the largest developing country outward
investor with estimated holdings in 2009 of
approximately US$ 1 trillion
State-owned Corporations
- enterprises comprising parent enterprises and their
foreign affliates in which the government has a
controlling interest
NEMS ( Non-equity modes of production
-externalization for the corporation which gains access
benefits within global value chains without the direct
investment of comparable amounts of capital, albeit at
the cost of relinquishing elements of control and at
reduced profit level
Traditional Mode of Organization
-internalization because control and risk deside with the
parent, as do the vast majority of revenues and profits.
-created structures by which parent firms owned and ▪ Environmental Degredation
directly manage their subsidiaries
GROUP 5. Governments and Citizens in a Globally
Global corporations within the emergency economies Interconnected World of States
appear to be of the three general types:
State comes from the Latin status, meaning
1. Those that have arisen as a result of growing
"condition of a country." The “States” commonly refers
national power of tge host country
to America, but state can refer to any country’s civil
2. Replicating major consumer pathways in both
government.
developed and developling markets
3. Working through contract and other Nation-state- is on its last legs.
relationship with developed market firms Economic interdependence and Global communication
had rendered the nation state a nostalgic fiction.
PART IV: THE RELEVANCE OF THE CHANGING
New world order (Slaughter)
REGULATORY ENVIRONMENT TO THE STRUCTURE AND
Global State (Shaw)
OPERATION OF GLOBAL CORPORATION
However, globalization, dispersed political and
Within the past decade regulation has either followed
economic power well beyond the state.
the path created by macro trade structures such as the
General Agreement in Trade and Services was to include
States now hold themselves accountable to a host of
services as a trade category. During the same period,
international norms and standards.
portions of the world—most specifically Asia—have
experienced a significant growth in bi-lateral trade
James Rosenau framed the competing dynamics as
agreements
fragmentation.
TWO CONFLICTING THRUST MANIFESTED DUE TO
Today's era of globalization is indeed an era of status.
REGULATORY DYNAMIC
United Nations - 51 founding members after the end of
1. Progressive and steady regulatory movement at
the second world war. By the end of 2012, UN had 193
both international and national levels of
member states.
liberalization
2. National regulatory changes targeted usually at Max Weber definition of state, A compulsory political
specific industries or investment patterns. organization with continuous operations. If and in so far
as its administrative staff is successfully upholds a claim
Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)
to the monopoly of the legitimate use of physical force
represents a wide ranging set of proposed governance in the enforcement of its order.
structures, including rules, norms, codes of conduct and
States- dependent political communities each of which
standards developed largely by the global NGO
possesses a government and asserts sovereignty in
community
relation to a particular portion of the earth's surface
In the aftermath of the fiscal crisis of 2007 the need for and a particular segment of the human
greater regulation of global financial markets has population.(Heddy Bull)
become the clarion call of many. Joseph
Governments and even constitutions come and go, but
Stiglitz,American Economist
states more readily endure.
Nation - Imagined Political community (Benedict
Anderson)
Part Five: The Normative Case Re: Global Corporations
Qua states, nation-states are territorial organizations
▪ Global Wealth Inequality
characterized by the monopolization of legitimate
▪ Income Inequality violence. Qua nations, nation-states are membership
associations with a collective identity and a democratic
▪ Lack of Effective Worker Protection pretension to rule.
Nationalism is primarily a political principle, which - single currency and monetary system
holds that the political and the national unit should be
- Maastricht treaty 1992
congruent.
- A treaty to further hero ean integration
The State in a world of economic interdependence
- 2012 financial problem in eurozone
Golden Straitjacket' to describe how states are now
forced into policies that suit the preferences of - Fiscal union
investment houses and corporate executives (the
'Electronic Herd,' in - monetary union

Friedman's parlance) who swiftly move money and -European commission

resources into countries favoured as adaptable to the
demands of international business.
Electronic Herd
-As countries have to run balanced bugdgets to fit into
the Golden Straitjacket, their economies become ever
more dependent on the Electronic herd for growth
capital. So to thrive in today's globalization system a
country not
-Democratic deficit
Rise in continental Jurisprudence
-2 key institutions
-European court of justice (1952) (ECJ)
-European Court of human rights (ECtHR)
-European Convention of Human Rights (ECHR)

only has to put on the Golden Straitjacket, it has to join The rise of the international law and universal
this Electronic Herd. principles

State have lost an important element of economic -End of WW2 (1945)

sovereignty and that neo-liberalism is beyond
-peace of the westphalia (1648)
contestation.
- Summer and autumn conference (1945)
Competing narratives take issue with claims that
globalization brings mainly opportunity to states and -United Nations (UN)
citizens, instead arguing that the main impact is
United nations
exploitation.
- a forum of states
Neoliberal theory
UN
is a product packaged for export to underdeveloped
nations. Hobbled over by
Economic and Political Integration:The Case of the -Cold War
European Union
-US-led invasion of iraq (2003)
Regional partnerships
- African Union -unable to prevent atrocities and genocides around the
- Association of the Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) world

Trading blocs UN
- A type of intergovernmental agreement, often part of Offsets their limitations
a regional intergovernmental organization, where
barriers to trade are reduced or eliminated among the - International Criminal Court (ICC) (2002)
participating states -Responsibility to Protect (R2P) (2011)
European Union (EU) -North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
-28 member states -Horizontal Linkages
-Transgovernmental networks
-Globalization paradox
- Only works best when not pushed too far
-Slaughter (2004)
-Transgovernmental networks brings governments
around the world to a greater harmony with
international norms and treaties
-transgovernmental networks also brings mixed effects
to citizens -intrusion by National security state
-interception of e-mails
-tracking of mobile devices
-Biometric Authentication
STATES AS TARGETS: THE RISE OF TRANSNATIONAL
ACTIVISM
ACTIVISTS BEYOND BORDERS
- Margaret Keck and Kathryn Sikkink (1998)
- Illustrated how transnational activism has deep roots
that go back to 19th century campaign against foot-
binding practices in China(paki-bold), slavery(bold), and
for women's voting rights(bold).
"Boomerang pattern of Influence"
"When a state recognizes the legitimacy of International
Interventions and changes its domestic behavior in
response to International pressure, it reconstitutes the
relationship between the state, its citizens and
International actors."
Norwegian Nobel Committee
* Internet Activism
* Jody Williams (1997)
* Ottawa Treaty
- The Convention on the Prohibition of the Use,
Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-Personnel
Mines and on their Destruction. The Anti-Personnel
Mine Ban Convention, or often simply the Mine Ban
Treaty, aims at eliminating anti-personnel landmines
around the world.
- 160 countries on board except China, Russia and USA
* Global Citizens Campaign (Global Justice Movement) -
to call for alternatives to neoliberal economic
globalization
WORLD SOCIAL FORUM - forum dedicated to discussion
and proposal of alternatives for anti-globalization and
altermundo activists working towards the construction
of a better world - rooted in the belief that "Another
world is possible!" (Brazil)
WORLD ECONOMIC FORUM (Switzerland)
Global Framing - Sidney Tarrow
Social Media Revolution - era where political elites and
citizens everywhere are using new media to navigate
and renegotiate their relationship in the global age.
COMMUNICATION NETWORKS, NEW MEDIA AND THE
STATE
NETWORK SOCIETY - a concept by Manuel Castells
(2000) where citizens and civil organizations can
increasingly use networks to gain power relative to
states by generating alternative discourses that have
the potential to overwhelm the disciplinary discursive
capacity of the state as necessary step to neutralizing its
use of violence.
"The Net Delusion: The Dark Side of Internet Freedom" -
book by Evgeny Morozov, describes the many uphill
battles facing democracy activists in dictatorships
around the world and warns that constitutional
democracies are not always careful enough to avoid
unintended outcomes when advocating for dissidents.
GROUP 6- An international civilization? Empire,
internationalism and the crisis of the mid-twentieth
century
• Power Politics - the unity of international
society is thrown into sharpest relief when it is
riven by an international civil war.
• * The system between European history and
our conceptions of international order.
* The system of international politics that emerged in
Europe at the beginning of modern times that provides
the political framework of the world.
Part 1:
European Civilization as Standard Civilization of the
World
Defeat of Napoleon
• became the fundamental to new understanding
of international order and new techniques of
international rule.
Guizot abandoned Enlightenment project of fitting
Europe into a scheme of universal history for the task of
tracing the continent's own cultural roots.
- History of Civilization in Europe: Civilization is a
sort of ocean, constituting the wealth of a
people and on whose bosom all the elements of
the life of that people, all the powers
supporting its existence, assemble and unite
- According to Martti Koskenniemi and Antony
Anghie - the new discipline of international law,
international law was designed as an aid to the
preservation of order among sovereign states,
and its principles were explicitly stated as
applying only to civilized states
• According to W.E.Hall, international law is a
product of the special civilization of modern
Europe and forms a highly artificial system of
which the principles cannot be supposed to be
understood or recognized by countries
differently civilized. Such states only can be
presumed to be subject to if as are inheritors of
that civilization. International law faced the
issue of the relationship between civilized
Christendom and non-civilized world. States
could join the magic circle through the doctrine
of international recognition, which took place
when a state is brought by increasing civilization
within the realm of law.
3 Categories of Humanity
• Civilized, Barbaric, Savage
3 Corresponding grades of recognition
1. Plenary Political
2. Partial Political
3. Natural or mere human
Public Law of Europe
move which same commentators saw as the moment
when international law ceased to apply only to Christian
states.
Belligerent Occupation
• a state of affairs in which a military occupant
interfered as little as was compatible with
military necessity in the internal affairs of the
occupied country so as not to prejudice the
rights of the former ruler of that territory who
was regarded as remaining sovereign until a
peace of settlement might conclude otherwise.
Victorian international law divided the world
according to its standard of civilization.
• Sphere of civilized life: the protection of
property; the rule of law on the basis of codes
and constitutions; effective administration of its
territory by a state, warfare conducted by a
regular army and freedom of conscience.
• The fundamental task of international law was
to resolve conflicts between sovereign states in
the absence of an overarching sovereign.
• Japanese are the only ones who seriously
challenged the nineteenth century
identification of civilization of Christendom. The
Japanese achievement confirmed that the
standards of civilization being offered by the
Powers was capable of being met by non-
Christians, non-European states.
• Saul Dubow reminded that in terms of a kind of
an imperial cosmopolitanism or
commonwealth, individual peoples might
preserve their own distinctive cultures. Civilized
powers had to rule others to ensure this.
• Basic legitimacy of the sovereign ruler would
always respected and replaced it with a new
understanding in which sovereignty inhered,
not in the head of the state, but in the people
or the nation.
 Part 2:
League of Nations
League of Nations
• established at Versailles after the first world
war
• permanent organization of Abyssinia, Siam, Iran
and Turkey
Wilsonian Liberism
• the reason why the old Concert of Europe shot
down
• Came from the United States' president,
Woodrow Wilson
What is the difference between IMPERIALISM and
COLONIALISM?
• Imperialism - practice by which a country
increases its power by gaining control over
other areas in the world
• Colonialism - practice of establishing territorial
dominion over a colony by an outside political
power
The conversation that took place between Balfour and
Lord Robert Cecil on how to dispose former German
colonies:
Balfour: The French and Italian are not in the least out
for self-determination. They are out for getting
whatever they can.
Cecil: They are imperialist.
Balfour: Exactly.
Minority Rights
• a badge of the new states secondary status,
manifesting their need for protection in the
exercise of their own sovereignty.
• In Egypt, British imprisoned the leading
Egyptian nationalist. They didn't apply the
Wilsonian liberism since Egypt is outside
Europe.
• This incident calls the Wilsonian moment which
other countries from North Africa to China
were able to protest.
• Even Japan's Racial Equality were affected
because British dismissed it.
Basis of Existence of an Independent Nation
• Class A- Arab provinces of the Middle East
• Class B- Central Africa
• Class C- "sacred trust for civilization“
* Barbarossa live either in the class B or class C.
• Tripartite Pact (Germany, Italy and Japan) –
They protest that the world be given
each its own proper place.
"No nation belonging to the white race has ever before
had such conditions forced upon it."
- Eugene Erdely
Part 3:
After effects of European Civilization in International
Law
• “The concept of “civilized society” as a
community of nations or States distinct from
the rest of the world no longer corresponds
with the main facts of contemporary life” - Sir
John Fischer Williams
• “The family of nations is the totality of states
(civilized and uncivilized) and other subjects of
international public law” – French jurist in 1930
• “In practice, we no longer insist that States shall
conform to any common standards of justice,
religious toleration and internal government.
Whatever atrocities may be committed in
foreign countries, we now say that they are no
concern of ours... This means in effect that we
have now abandoned the old distinction
between civilized and uncivilized States” – Prof.
H.A. Smith of LU
• Arnold Toynbee – the historian who was to
teach the English-speaking world that there are
other civilizations beside the Western
• In 1930s, the League experience, failure though
it was, suggested a community of nations slowly
coming into being that was actually-or
potentially-global.
• European civilization has shaped modern
International Law
“But is European civilization still what it was, and if not,
how do the changes affect international law?”
• “International law is seriously discredited and
on the defensive”
that Europe was on the way to establishing its
own rule-bound international community in an
entirely new sense.
•

• “World growing internationally more and more

disordered and chaotic” – Cordell Hull, the US
Secretary of State

• “The supreme question which we and all the

world face today is whether or not we are to
live henceforth in a world of law or a world of
international anarchy” – Francis Sayre

• New permanent international organization was

established the United Nations against Hitler

• “Trusteeship” turned to “Partnership” – as a

term which is felt to interpret more correctly
the outlook of the colonial peoples themselves
towards the present phase of their political
evolution within the British Commonwealth of
Nations

• International Law Commission agreed to

refrain from using the expression “civilized
countries”

• Despite the noble talk of human rights, and real

advances in refugee law, in many other areas –
the law of war, minority rights- law was
diminished rather than expanded

• The growth of an international system did not

necessitate the growth of internationalism; far
more important a force in world affairs
remained the states’ pursuit of their individual
interests. The Great Powers had returned.
(Power Politics, Wight)

• *Great Powers - sovereign state that is

recognized as having the ability and expertise to
exert its influence on a global scale (China,
France, Russia, the United Kingdom and the
United States)

• International community – a rhetorical device,

an empty box which successive generations
filled with new content - from human rights in
the 1940s, civil society in the 1990s

• By the end of the century, the emergence of a

number of new common institutions meant