Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Metalurgia Extractiva
Agosto del 2019
MCCZ
Conceptos
Conceptos Metalúrgicos
Conminución
© 2014 FLSmidth A/S. All Rights Reserved. The information contained or referenced in this presentation is confidential and proprietary to FLSmidth and is protected by copyright or trade secret laws.
Proceso de Conminución
Objetivo
Reducir el tamaño de las rocas mediante fractura utilizando equipos mecánicos,
con la finalidad de:
Liberar el mineral valioso de la ganga para mayor efectividad de las operaciones de
concentración.
© 2014 FLSmidth A/S. All Rights Reserved. The information contained or referenced in this presentation is confidential and proprietary to FLSmidth and is protected by copyright or trade secret laws.
Objetivo
El proceso de conminución requiere de un alto consumo de energía para llevar
a cabo su operación.
Se divide en dos etapas:
Existe un límite para el cual los chancadores son eficientes, luego, se utilizan
los molinos, los que realizan la reducción de material para tamaños más finos.
© 2014 FLSmidth A/S. All Rights Reserved. The information contained or referenced in this presentation is confidential and proprietary to FLSmidth and is protected by copyright or trade secret laws.
Objetivo
Planta de Chancado
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Objetivo
Planta de Molienda
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Concepto de Conminución
Mecanismos de Fractura
El principio de la conminución está basado en los siguientes modos de fractura:
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Mecanismos de Fractura
Mecanismos de Fractura
Requerida para
Abrasión
Fractura
Aumenta la Energía
Compresión
Impacto
Distribución de Tamaños
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Liberación del Mineral Valioso
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Liberación del Mineral Valioso
Partículas libres
Están constituidas por una sola fase
mineralógica, ya sea mineral valioso o
ganga.
Partículas mixtas
Están constituidas por dos o mas fases
mineralógicas.
© 2014 FLSmidth A/S. All Rights Reserved. The information contained or referenced in this presentation is confidential and proprietary to FLSmidth and is protected by copyright or trade secret laws.
Operaciones Untiarias
Las operaciones unitarias son operaciones básicas dispuestas en forma
ordenada para configurar un proceso.
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Operaciones Untiarias
Clasificación de Equipos Según Tamaño de Partícula
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Operaciones Untiarias
Configuración Chancado – Molienda Convencional
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Operaciones Untiarias
Configuración Chancado – Molienda Convencional (Continuación)
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Operaciones Untiarias
Configuración Chancado – Molienda SAG
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Operaciones Untiarias
Configuración Chancado – Molienda SAG (Continuación)
© 2014 FLSmidth A/S. All Rights Reserved. The information contained or referenced in this presentation is confidential and proprietary to FLSmidth and is protected by copyright or trade secret laws.
CHANCADO
Chancado
Se tienen diferentes tipos de chancadores:
Chancadores Giratorios
Chancadores de Cono
Cono
Chancadores de Mandíbula
Chancadores de Impacto
Chancadores de Martillos
Giratorio
Impacto
Martillo
Mandíbula
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Chancado
Chancadores Giratorios
Conjunto de la araña
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Movimiento del Chancador
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Chancador Giratorio
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Tolva de Recepción Típica
Dispone de supresores de polvo.
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Chancado
Chancadores de Cono
Es un chancador giratorio
modificado. La diferencia principal
es el diseño aplanado de la cámara
de chancado para dar alta capacidad
y alta razón de reducción del
material debido a que el material es
retenido en la cámara de chancado
por más tiempo.
El eje vertical es más corto y no está
suspendido como en un chancador
giratorio, sino que es soportado en
un soporte universal bajo el cono.
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Chancado
Setting del Chancador Chancador Giratorio
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Equipos Principales en una Planta
de Chancado
Chancador Primario
Picador de Rocas
Tolva de Recepción
Tolva de Compensación
Alimentador de Correa
Correa transportadora
Acopio de Mineral Grueso
Supresores de Polvo
Colector de Polvo
Pesómetro
Electroimán
Detector de Metales
Sistema de Semáforos
Cámaras de TV
Compresor de Aire
Equipo Autógeno de Energía
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Acopio de Mineral Grueso
Equipos auxiliares:
Posee sensores de nivel.
Captación de polvo (filtro manga)
Cámara de TV panorámica orientada al acopio
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Acopio de Mineral Grueso
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Acopio de Mineral Grueso
La figura muestra la segregación que se produce en un
acopio.
Si la caída del material sigue una trayectoria
completamente vertical, las partículas más gruesas
rodarán hacia la periferia de la pila y los finos
permanecerán cerca del eje central.
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Principales Variables del
Control de la Operación
Las principales variables que se deben controlar son las
siguientes:
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Circuitos de Chancado
Configuración Típica
Chancado Primario – Secundario - Terciario
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MOLIENDA
Molienda
Tipos de Molinos
Molino de Barras
Molinos de Bolas Molino de Bolas Molino de Barras
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Molienda
Tipos de Molienda
Molienda Convencional
Se realiza en dos etapas, usando molinos de barras y bolas; en ambos el mineral se mezcla con agua para
lograr una molienda homogénea y eficiente.
Molienda no Convencional
Se realiza en dos etapas, molinos SAG y molinos de bolas. También el mineral se trabaja en forma de
pulpa.
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Molienda
Molino de Barras
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Molienda
Esquema de partes de un molino de bolas
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Molienda
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Molienda FAG o SAG
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Como Referencia…
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EQUIVALENCIA DE OPERACIONES UNITARIAS
EN LOS CIRCUITOS DE MOLIENDA
FAG o SAG
Molienda Molienda
Molienda Bolas
Bolas
Bolas
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En un Molino SAG las bolas son lanzadas en caída libre cuando el molino gira, logrando un
efecto conjunto de chancado y molienda más efectivo y con menor consumo de energía,
por lo que no se requiere de las etapas de chancado secundario y terciario, además de la
molienda de barras.
Movimiento de la carga al interior del Molino SAG para diferentes niveles de llenado
Para tener una molienda eficiente se debe mantener el nivel adecuado de carga en el
molino. La variación de velocidad del molino es una variable importante de control de la
operación de molienda.
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Configuración Chancado Primario – Molienda SAG
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Molienda SAG
Existen diferentes configuraciones de molienda SAG:
NOTA
Tamaño de Pebbles
Es un término que se utiliza para hacer referencia a un tamaño tan pequeño como para seguir siendo un medio de
molienda pero muy grande como para ser fracturado por otras rocas.
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Molienda SAG (Continuación)
Circuito FAG
Circuito con molino full-autógeno
Circuito SAG
Circuito con molino semi-autógeno
Circuito FAC
Circuito con molino FAG y chancado de pebbles
Circuito SAC
Circuito con molino SAG y chancado de pebbles
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Molienda SAG (Continuación)
Circuito DSAG
Circuito con molino SAG seguido de un circuito
secundario de molinos de bolas con
recirculación de pebbles al molino SAG
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Molienda SAG (Continuación)
Circuito SABC-A
Circuito con molino SAG seguido de un
circuito secundario de molinos de bolas con
recirculación de pebbles chancados al molino
SAG
Circuito SABC-B
Circuito con molino SAG seguido de un circuito
secundario de molinos de bolas con
recirculación de pebbles chancados al circuito
secundario.
© 2014 FLSmidth A/S. All Rights Reserved. The information contained or referenced in this presentation is confidential and proprietary to FLSmidth and is protected by copyright or trade secret laws.
Molienda Convencional
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Molienda de Bolas
Circuito Abierto
Los molinos trabajan sin clasificar, como por ejemplo, en la molienda primaria en molinos
de barras.
Circuito Cerrado
Los molinos trabajan con un clasificador, en el cual los gruesos regresan a molienda y los
finos (normalmente el rebose de hidrociclones) es el producto final del proceso de
conminución.
© 2014 FLSmidth A/S. All Rights Reserved. The information contained or referenced in this presentation is confidential and proprietary to FLSmidth and is protected by copyright or trade secret laws.
Molienda de Bolas (Continuación)
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© 2014 FLSmidth A/S. All Rights Reserved. The information contained or referenced in this presentation is confidential and proprietary to FLSmidth and is protected by copyright or trade secret laws.
© 2014 FLSmidth A/S. All Rights Reserved. The information contained or referenced in this presentation is confidential and proprietary to FLSmidth and is protected by copyright or trade secret laws.
© 2014 FLSmidth A/S. All Rights Reserved. The information contained or referenced in this presentation is confidential and proprietary to FLSmidth and is protected by copyright or trade secret laws.
Consumo de Bolas
El consumo de bolas es en molino SAG y en molinos de bolas.
El sistema de carguío de bolas podría estar compuesto por los
siguientes equipos:
Molienda SAG:
Tolva de almacenamiento de bolas
Sistema alimentador de bolas rotatorio
Molienda de Bolas:
Tolva de almacenamiento de bolas
Sistema alimentador de bolas rotatorio
Correa de transferencia de bolas
Correa de alimentación de bolas
Chutes de distribución / descarga de bolas
© 2014 FLSmidth A/S. All Rights Reserved. The information contained or referenced in this presentation is confidential and proprietary to FLSmidth and is protected by copyright or trade secret laws.
Consumo de Bolas
Esquema tipo de distribución de bolas en molino
SAG y molinos de bolas
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Concepto “Mine to Mill”
El concepto Mine to Mill implica concebir las operaciones de
perforación y tronadura como parte integral de una cadena de
operaciones en las que su costo tendrá gran incidencia en el costo
total de extracción y tratamiento.
Esto significa dejar de tratar la tronadura mediante explosivos como una
fase desligada del resto de las operaciones, comprendiendo que una
mayor fragmentación en la etapa de tronadura implica una disminución
global del costo total. Desde esta perspectiva, el aumento del gasto en
explosivos se compensa de sobremanera.
© 2014 FLSmidth A/S. All Rights Reserved. The information contained or referenced in this presentation is confidential and proprietary to FLSmidth and is protected by copyright or trade secret laws.
CONMINUCIÓN
Metalurgia Extractiva
Agosto del 2019
MCCZ