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1 The velocity of the fluid flow at any section of the pipe is inversely
v∝ proportional to the cross section of the pipe at that section
11/26/2016
a 15B11PH112 Physics for Biotechnology 2
ENERGY OF THE FLUID
1
1. Kinetic Energy KE = mv 2
2
1 1
KE per unitit mass = v 2 KE per unit
it Volume
V l = ρv 2
2 2
gy
2. Potential Energy PE = mgh
3. Pressure Energy W = pa × δ l
pa × δ l pa × δ l p
Pressure energy per unit mass = = =
δm a δlρ ρ
p
Pressure energy
gy p
per unit volume = ×ρ = p
ρ
11/26/2016 15B11PH112 Physics for Biotechnology 3
BERNOULLI’S THEOREM
1 2 p
v + + gh = Const .
2 ρ
Static Pressure
OR
1
ρ v 2 + p + ρ gh = Const . Velocity head
2 Gravitational
head
Dynamic Pressure 1 v2 p
Alternatively + + h = Const .
2 g gρ
Pressure head
11/26/2016 15B11PH112 Physics for Biotechnology 4
VISCOSITY
For a non-linear
non linear velocity distribution,
distribution
F
F dv
η= A ⇒ =η
dv A d
dz
dz
dv
⇒ F = ηA
d
dz
Assumptions:
1 Th
1. The liquid
li id flow
fl i steady
is t d or streamline
t li parallelll l to
t the
th axis
i off a
tube
2. There is no radial flow hence pressure is constant over any
given cross section of the tube
3. The liquid in contact with the tube wall is stationary.
dv
Velocity
y Gradient: dx
⇒ P × π x = −η ( 2π xl )
2 dv P × πx 2 Px
⇒ dv = − dx =− dx
dx η ( 2π xl ) 2η l
P P x2
⇒v=−
2η l ∫ xdx =−
2η l 2
+ C1
Since, at x = r, v = 0
P r2 P r2
0=− + C1 ⇒ C1 =
2η l 2 2η l 2
Px 2 Pr 2 P
⇒v=− + ⇒v= (r 2 − x 2 )
4η l 4η l 4η l
Velocity
y distribution curve of the advancing
g liquid
q is a p
parabola
2π xdx
Thus volume of the liquid flowing per second through this area is;
dQ = 2π xdx
d ×v
Volume of the liquid flowing through the whole tube i.e. rate of flow
through the tube is;
r r
P
Q = ∫ 2π xdx × v = ∫ 2π x ( r 2 − x 2 ) dx
0 0
4η l
r
πP ⎡ x r x ⎤
2 2
πP ⎡ r 4 x 4 ⎤
4
π P r 4 π Pr 4
= ⎢ − ⎥ = ⎢ − ⎥ ⇒Q= =
2η l ⎣ 2 4 ⎦ 0 2η l ⎣ 2 4 ⎦ 2η l 4 8η l
2 ( ρ − σ )r 2 g
⇒v= TERMINAL VELOCITY
9 η