Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
1.1 Introduction
• Improved NDE
Changes • Defect is not the end of life
• Cost of Replacement & Repair
• Possibility of continued service
Fracture Mechanics
Historical failures
Reasons:
- Flaws in welded joints
- High strength materials were used (Low fracture toughness)
- Low temperature further reduced the fracture toughness.
1
1.2 Evolution of Structural Design
σ nom
Strength of Materials Approach 19th Century discoveries
Theory of Elasticity with Large by Cauchy and others
factor of Safety
2b
Inglis (1913, USA)
Recognition of Stress Kolosov (USSR) R
Concentrations Paradox
σ = σnom 1+2 a/R @ R=0, σ -> 0
2a
nom
Fracture Mechanics
Largest Tolerable Flaw for Given Load/ Griffith (1922) σ nom
Safe Operating Load for Given Flaw Size Theory of Rupture
by the Use of LEFM
K(a,σ,B) = KIc Later Developments by
Obriemoff (1930)
Westergaard (1939)
Damage Tolerance Approach: Irwin & Orowan (1948)
- Rate of Growth of Flaws Rice & Cherepanov (mid 60)
- Critical Size in Service
σ th =
Eγ
Theoretical strength, b
E = Elastic modulus
b = Equilibrium atomic spacing
γ = Total interatomic separation
energy
σ σ
b
For many materials γ = Eb/40; yields Atomic model for
σ th ≈ E / 6 theoretical strength
2
(b) Fracture Theory
Using Inglis mathematical equations for stress concentration, showed for brittle
materials like glass "Surface energy dissipated by forming new crack surfaces is equal to
the resistance to the crack growth"
Westergaard extended Griffith's theory and showed that the fracture strength of
cracked bodies is
σf =
2 Eγ
πa
a is the crack length
Limitations:
1. γ is valid for brittle materials
2. Calculation of γ was not clear a
Cracked body
3. Value of γ was much larger for engineering materials.
E( γ + γ p )
σf = πa
σ= K ,
πa
G = K2/E*
3
5. James Rice (1967) and Cherepanov (1966)
Nonlinear Fracture Mechanics
J = ∂∂a∏
Where Π is the total potential energy of nonlinear (elastic plastic) material
cracked body.
1.4.1 Definition
Crack is an elliptical notch with a semi-major axis length a (crack length) and
semi-minor length, b, is zero. In other words, radius of curvature at the crack tip is zero.
Elliptical notch σ nom Crack σ nom
2b
2a
2a
σ nom σ nom
Crack Crack
K = σ nom πa Stress intensity factor (K) = 0
Stress intensity factor (K):
σ = σ nom
4
1.5 Effect of Crack in a Structure
Static Loading
Expected
Residual highest service
strength load
Normal
2a service load
In-service
W failure Failure
Crack size
σc Time
Fatigue Loading
σ(t)
Load Spectrum
Tension
Stress
2a
Time
W
Compression
σ(t)
Unstable
Crack
length, a
Crack
initiation Crack growth
Cycles
Time
5
1.6 Objective of Fracture Mechanics Technology
Develop prediction methods and calculate of how fast cracks will grow and how
fast the residual strength will decrease.
Specifically:
1. What is the residual strength as a function of crack size?
2. What size of a crack can be tolerated at the service load (Critical crack
size)?
3. How long does it take for a crack to grow from a certain initial size to a
critical size?
4. What size of preexisting flaw (crack) can be permitted at the moment
structure starts its life?
5. How often should the structure be inspected?
FRACTURE MECHANICS