NAME : M.

FADRIANSYAH MAHENDRA AAS

NIM : N1D216118

CLASS : SASTRA INGGRIS GENAP ( 2016 )

SUBJECT : INTRODUCTION TO POSTMODERNISM

1. MICHEL FOUCAULT

Understanding Michel Foucault is understanding one of the uniqueness of the many

philosophies of modernity that grips. Rudi Visker in Michel Foucault: Genealogy as Critique
even stated that compared to other philosophers, Foucault was not a thinker who wrote
extensively on philosophical themes in general. Foucault at first glance looks different and
unique when intensively discussing madness, classical epithet structures, hospitals, prisons,
ugliness or sexuality.

According to Foucault, thus there are two important opinions when knowledge meets
thoughts about humanity. First, with his own knowledge humans are creatures that are limited
by their surroundings. Second, rationality and truth always change throughout history.

According to Foucault, structural analysis is useful in two ways. First, structuralism

provides systematic and accurate insights in reading history. For example, the idea of Foucault's
power which was finally identified as a relational meaning actually found inspiration from
Saussure. This first understanding tells us that according to Foucault, whatever form of
knowledge, rationality and truth cannot be found in itself. The meaning of something is always
found in relation to other meanings. For example, to understand the meaning of women, one
must also understand the meaning of men, children, transsexual sex and so on,

2. LYOTARD AND POSTMODERNISM

Lyotard hypothesize that as societies advance into the postindustrial and postmodern
age, communities alter both knowledge and culture at a speed dependent upon the level of
technological development of particular countries . Lyotard argued that such transformation
influences knowledge considerably. Knowledge, he opined, cannot be static in such changing
circumstances and more profoundly, computer hegemony dictates reasoning and acceptable
knowledge . Lyotard argued that as societies advance into this postmodern era, one produces
knowledge for sale, therefore knowledge “cease to be an end in itself”.

In an attempt to underscore his understanding of knowledge, Lyotard noted that the

purpose of a hypothesis should be strategic in relation to questions raised and not a predictive
value for reality To do the latter would be trite because no one has ever questioned the
cumulative outcome of scientific and technical
 Lyotard noted that contemporary research is experiencing “two important changes” a
multiplicity of methods and complexities. Lyotard believed that such complexities and
unconventional reasons diminish proof. Lyotard believed that although the application is
pragmatic, he calls into question what it is that constitute a correct axiomatic and by extension,
what legitimizes outcome. As Lyotard puts it, what becomes “pertinent to legitimation”

Lyotard postmodern analysis attempts to prevent “totalitarianism” but he miserably

failed. His denying that justice and truth are independent of each other leaves the power
hungry to advance his or her will at any cost to the governed. The history of man has enough
evidence indicating that where there is no clear justice, the possibility for anarchy is never too
distant.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281625531_Jean-
Francois_Lyotard's_Postmodernism_and_the_Contemporary_World

3. JEAN BAUDRILLARD

 The Concept of Symbols,

Signs and Codes In the whole description of Baudrillard, the study of symbolic concepts
is also an important part that did not escape the attention of Baudrillard specifically in his view
of the concept of symbolic exchange. In this discussion, the major influence of Emile Durkheim's
thinking provides a basis for the development of the Baudrillard concept in using two phases of
world history: a segmental (symbolic) society, which is replaced by organic society (simulation).
Simulacra and Simulation The simulacra (simulacrum) and simulation terms differ
slightly. The Oxford English Dictionary gives the notion of simulacra with "actions or actions to
imitate with intentions of deception." The term or this concept is used by Baudrillard to explain
the situation of this duniapostmodern, which has experienced a setback and fall due to the loss
of
The concept of simulacra from Jean Baudrillard is present as a result of the development
of technology and economic development, especially with the development of reproducible
mechanics, and then the electronic production of the virtual world.

 Hyperreality
According to Baudrillard, the concept of hyperreality cannot be separated from the
terms simulacra and simulation, because each of these understandings is interrelated and has a
fairly close relationship. Hyperreality in the sense contains an understanding of a new reality,
which goes beyond that reality itself, or, Simulation is the main element for the formation of a
hyperreality. One hundred percent hyperreality is present in simulation and it is not produced,
but "it is always ready for reproduction". That means, hyperreality is a simulation that is more
real than the real one, prettier than beautiful, more true than true.
http://repository.unwira.ac.id/2484/6/File%20Bab%20IV%20PDF.pdf
 4. ROLAND BARTHES
Roland Barthes stated that Semiology ‘aims totake in any system of signs whatever
theirsubstances and limits like; images, gestures, musical sounds, and objects.’ (Barthes, 1968).
Theseare as a system of significance. Roland Barthes said that semiology is the part of
linguistics; tobe precise; itis the part covering the great signifying unities of discourse(Barthes,
1968).
Barthes uses the denotative and connotative ‘levels of meanings’ to analyze the signs
invisual object.Barthes distinguished the analzing of the signs into two, the verbal and non
verbalsigns.
 Denotation
Denotation is what all people see without relates it to their society, culture or
ideology(Bouzida, 2014).In other words, denotation is the basic meaning of visual signs. This is
the firstlevel of signification

 Connotation
It describes the interaction that occurs when the sign meets the feelings or emotion of
theirusers and the values of their culture (Fisk, 1992). Roland Barthes stated that ‘connotation
being itself as a system that comprises signifier, signified and as the process which unites the
former tothe latter (Barthes, 1968).
https://media.neliti.com/media/publications/191681-EN-none.pdf

5. JECQUE DERRIDA
Derrida explains deconstruction with the sentence negation. According to him
deconstruction is not an analysis and not a criticism, not a method, not an action or an
operation. In short, deconstruction is not a means of settlement of "an individual or collective
subject that takes the initiative and applies it to a particular object, text, or theme."
Deconstruction is an event that does not await consideration, awareness, or organization of a
subject, or even modernity. Derrida adapted the word deconstruction from the word
destruction in Heidegger's thought. The word deconstruction is not directly related to the word
destruction but rather the word analysis which etymologically means "to delay" -synonym with
the word deconstructing. There are three important points in Derrida's deconstruction, namely:
first, deconstruction, just as change occurs continuously, and this happens in different ways to
sustain life; second, deconstruction occurs from living systems, including language and text;
third, deconstruction is not a word, tool, or technique used in a work after the fact and without
a subject of interpretation.
https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Derrida

Gradually language develops into a central theme can be seen from thematically logical
(not chronologically historical). First in the time of Frege, Husserl, Wittgenstein and Carnap the
language of borrowing the term Derrida was used as a logocentric, namely the basic dimensions
of language are seen only appearing in logical functions such as in assessment (good and bad),
statement (wrong) and representation (ethics politics as a responsibility). Second in the 50's,
Wittgenstein gave rise to everyday language philosophy (Speech-Act). The three philosophies
are influenced by developments outside philosophy itself, namely in the susastera region and
text criticism, language seen from its instrumental value is reviewed the nature and function
Derrida states that philosophy which tends to seek absolute truth often leaves the
notion of language in compiling concepts and theories. Philosophy states that truth and theory
are capable of representing what truth is there. Derrida wants the truth not to be singular,
absolute, and universal. Therefore Derrida is always passionate about deconstructing modern
thought. The deconstruction project begins with focusing on language because ideas, ideas, and
concepts are expressed through language. In language there are priorities and interests.
Modern views show that the first word becomes the foundation, principle, and dominance of
the next words.
Derrida's deconstructive thinking seeks to show that there are other thoughts that can
be alternative thoughts in addition to "existing" thoughts. The concept that he offers can be a
voice more for thoughts that have been marginalized by a single thought that upholds
logocentrism. Deconstruction does not mean leading to the destruction of a concept without a
solution. But deconstruction can also offer a new concept to replace the old concept. This is
what distinguishes the concept of deconstruction with Nietzsche's nihilism. In relation to
language, Derrida wants to leave the language in a paradoxical, polysemic, and ambiguous
character. If the character is revived in language, he hopes that philosophy will no longer be
claimed as an authority of truth.
https://www.kompasiana.com/tofix.kompasiana/552e12d66ea834b7328b4570/konsep-
dekonstruksi-derrida

6. JACQUE LACAN

 The Imaginary
French psychoanalyst Jacques Lacan has reinterpreted Freud in structuralist
terms,bringing the theory into the second half of the Twentieth Century. Like Freud,
Lacandiscusses the importance of the pre-Oedipal stage in the child's life when it makes
no clear distinction between itself and the external world; when it harbors no definite
sense of self and lives symbiotically with the mother's body. Lacan refers to this
stage as the Imaginary.

 The Mirror Stage

Lacan characterizes the period when the child begins to draw rudimentary
distinctions between self and other as the mirror stage. This is the period when the
child's sense of self and the first steps in the acquisition of language emerge. The "I"
(which is constituted as the still physically uncoordinated child in the "imaginary"
state of being) finds an image of itself reflected in a "mirror" (i.e. other people or
objects). The "mirror" is at once self and not-self. The child typically takes pleasure
in this process.
The image which the small child sees in the mirror is...an alienated one: the child
'misrecognizes' itself in it, finds in the image a pleasing unity which it does not
actually experience in its own body. The imaginary for Lacan is precisely this realm of
 images in which we make identifications, but in the very act of doing so are led to
misperceive and misrecognize ourselves. As the child grows up, it will continue to
make such imaginary identifications with objects, and this is how its ego will be built
up. For Lacan, the ego is just this narcissistic process whereby we bolster up a fictive
sense of unitary selfhood by finding something in the world with which we can
identify.

Brief Introduction to Psychoanalytic Theory A Brief Outline of Psycho-analytic

Theory.pdf