101

S T R E S S - S T R A I N M O D E L FOR G R A D E 2 7 5

R E I N F O R C I N G STEEL W I T H C Y C L I C L O A D I N G

K. J . T h o m p s o n * and R. Park**

ABSTRACT

The s t r e s s - s t r a i n r e l a t i o n s h i p of G r a d e 275 s t e e l r e i n f o r c i n g b a r
under cyclic (reversed) loading is e x a m i n e d u s i n g e x p e r i m e n t a l r e s u l t s
o b t a i n e d p r e v i o u s l y from e l e v e n test specimens to w h i c h a v a r i e t y of
axial loading cycles has been applied. A R a m b e r g - O s g o o d f u n c t i o n is
f i t t e d to t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l s t r e s s - s t r a i n c u r v e s t o f o l l o w t h e c y c l i c
s t r e s s - s t r a i n b e h a v i o u r a f t e r the f i r s t load r u n in the p l a s t i c r a n g e .
The e m p i r i c a l c o n s t a n t s in t h e f u n c t i o n a r e d e t e r m i n e d b y r e g r e s s i o n
a n a l y s i s and a r e f o u n d to d e p e n d m a i n l y o n the p l a s t i c s t r a i n i m p o s e d
in the p r e v i o u s l o a d i n g r u n . The m o n o t o n i c s t r e s s - s t r a i n curve for the
s t e e l , w i t h o r i g i n o f s t r a i n s s u i t a b l y a d j u s t e d , is a s s u m e d t o b e t h e
e n v e l o p e curve giving the upper limit of s t r e s s . The r e s u l t i n g R a m b e r g -
Osgood e x p r e s s i o n and e n v e l o p e is found to give good a g r e e m e n t w i t h the
experimentally measured cyclic stress-strain curves.

INTRODUCTION r e i n f o r c i n g steel and w e r e found to b e a

Severe earthquake loading may cause
s t r u c t u r a l e l e m e n t s to b e s u b j e c t e d to c y c l i c
(reversed) loading well into the inelastic
range. I t is w e l l k n o w n t h a t w h e n s t e e l i s
s u b j e c t e d to r e v e r s a l s of load a f t e r first
function of the actual yield s t r e n g t h , the
p l a s t i c s t r a i n in t h e p r e v i o u s load r u n and
the l o a d i n g run n u m b e r . This method using
the R a m b e r g - O s g o o d e q u a t i o n s w a s shown to
g e n e r a l l y lead to b e t t e r a c c u r a c y t h a n the
method of Singh, Gerstle and T u l i n ( 3 , 4 ) m

yielding, the stress-strain curve becomes
n o n - l i n e a r over much of the loading range
d u e to t h e B a u s c h i n g e r e f f e c t . Information on
the stress-strain relationships for rein-
f o r c i n g s t e e l is r e q u i r e d t o a c c u r a t e l y
p r e d i c t t h e behaviour of s t r u c t u r a l c o n c r e t e
members under cyclic loading. Such stress-
strain r e l a t i o n s h i p s are n e c e s s a r y in o r d e r
to accurately determine the theoretical m o m e n t -
curvature relationships for r e i n f o r c e d concrete
m e m b e r s s u b j e c t e d to c y c l i c l o a d i n g ( D . This
leads to m o r e precise d e t e r m i n a t i o n of m o m e n t -
c u r v a t u r e m o d e l s for use in the n o n - l i n e a r
dynamic analysis of reinforced concrete
s t r u c t u r e s responding to severe e a r t h q u a k e
motions. A l s o , s u c h s t r e s s - s t r a i n d a t a is
needed to determine the t a n g e n t modulus of
the steel at v a r i o u s levels of stress to
check the likelihood of b u c k l i n g of r e i n f o r c i n g
b a r s in c o m p r e s s i o n d u r i n g c y c l i c l o a d i n g .
E a r l y w o r k on the s t r e s s - s t r a i n b e h a v i o u r
of reinforcing bars subjected to cyclic
l o a d i n g w a s c o n d u c t e d by S i n g h , G e r s t l e a n d
T u l i n ^ ^) h o d e t e r m i n e d a s i m p l e e m p i r i c a l
w
e x p r e s s i o n which represented the average of
the family of measured reversed loading stress-
strain curves. T h e e x p r e s s i o n is a n
experimental curve which is extended backwards
to m e e t an initial e l a s t i c s l o p e . In m o r e
r e c e n t w o r k b y Kent and P a r k ( 3 , 4 ) a form of
the R a m b e r g - O s g o o d e q u a t i o n w a s u s e d to
follow the reversed loading branches of the
stress-strain curve after the first yield
excursion. Linear unloading curves parallel
to the i n i t i a l elastic slope w e r e assumed.
The p a r a m e t e r s in the R a m b e r g - O s g o o d e q u a t i o n
w e r e d e t e r m i n e d e m p i r i c a l l y for Grade 275
Senior Engineer, M i n i s t r y of Works and
Development, Invercargill.
Professor of Civil Engineering, University
of Canterbury, Christchurch.
A k t a n , Karlsson and S o z e n ^ ^ have also used
a form of the R a m b e r g - O s g o o d e q u a t i o n s w i t h
e m p i r i c a l c o n s t a n t s to d e f i n e b o t h the l o a d -
ing and unloading b r a n c h e s of the s t r e s s -
strain curve and o b t a i n e d good agreement w i t h
test results. They also devised an altern-
ative idealisation consisting of sets of
s t r a i g h t lines p a r a l l e l to the e l a s t i c slope
and inclined to it. M a , B e r t e r o and Popov
(6) h a v e a l s o o b t a i n e d c l o s e f i t w i t h
experimental stress-strain data using a form
of the Ramberg-Osgood e q u a t i o n .
T h e study d e s c r i b e d in t h i s p a p e r
e x t e n d s the existing w o r k of K e n t and Park
(3,4) m The Ramberg-Osgood equations
d e t e r m i n e d in that early w o r k had b e e n found
to u n d e r e s t i m a t e the s t r e s s a t low s t r a i n s
a n d to o v e r e s t i m a t e t h e s t r e s s a t h i g h
strains(374)^ in t h i s p a p e r t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l
d a t a c o l l e c t e d b y K e n t and P a r k is r e a n a l y s e d
and the assumptions of that early procedure
are r e - e x a m i n e d in o r d e r to o b t a i n a s t r e s s -
strain model which fits the experimental data
more closely. A more detailed account of
this work may be seen e l s e w h e r e ( ^ .
ENVELOPE STRESS-STRAIN CURVE FOR CYCLIC LOADING
Many investigators have shown that the
envelope stress-strain curve for cyclic load-
ing may be obtained from the appropriate p a r t
of the s t r e s s - s t r a i n c u r v e for m o n o t o n i c
loading with the origin of coordinates
suitably adjusted.
The monotonic stress-strain curve assumed
in t h i s s t u d y is t h e s a m e a s t h a t p r o p o s e d
b y K e n t ( 3 ) a n d is i l l u s t r a t e d i n F i g . 1.
The curve comprises three regions, which may
be represented by the following equations
u s i n g t h e n o t a t i o n o f F i g . 1:

B U L L E T I N OF THE NEW Z E A L A N D N A T I O N A L SOCiETY FOR E A R T H Q U A K E E N G I N E E R I N G , V O L . 1 1 , NO. 2, JUNE 1978.

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Region AB £ S £ f o r m of t h e R a m b e r g - O s g o o d f u n c t i o n is
s y
assumed to give the stress-strain curve
f = E £ . . (1) after the first yeild excursion
s s s
Region BC e ^ e e , r-1"
y s sh (i f - f
£ 1 + S o - (.8)
. . (2) S ch
Region CD £ , ^ £ < £
sh s su where £ , f s s are the strain and s t r e s s v a l u e s
at the p o i n t on the stress-strain curve;
e , ) (60 - m)
sh £ , f o are the strain and stress values at
0

s y 1
60 (e - £ .} + 2 the b e g i n n i n g of the stress-strain curve;
1
s sh 2(30q + 1) '
f h is t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s t r e s s ; E
C is s

- (3) the value of the modulus of elasticity from

(f s u /f )(30q y + 1 ) ' - 60q - 1 t h e i n i t i a l e l a s t i c l o a d i n g r u n a n d r is t h e
where m = Ramberg-Osgood parameter. E q . 8 is a s s u m e d
15q to give the cyclic s t r e s s - s t r a i n curves
. (4)
w h i c h l i e w i t h i n t h e e n v e l o p e v a l u e s (see
Fig. 2 ) .
and . (5)
'sh
The characteristics of the R a m b e r g -
E q s . 1 to 5 a r e s i m i l a r to t h o s e o b t a i n e d
O s g o o d f u n c t i o n , E q . 8, a r e i l l u s t r a t e d i n
by Burns and S i e s s ^ ) e x c e p t that they follow
F i g . 3. It is n o t e d t h a t v a l u e s o f r
a generalised form for steel w i t h different
between 1 and give a range of sweeping
0 0

f
S / Sy
U
f a n d £
su v a
^ u e S e
curves which vary between a straight line
w h e n r = 1 to a b i l i n e a r r e l a t i o n s h i p w i t h
The monotonic stress-strain curve has
initial slope E w h e n r = °°.
b e e n s h o w n i n t e s t s b y L e s l i e (9) t o a p p r o x -
s

imately describe the envelope stress-strain

Regression Analysis for f ^ and r
curve for cyclic loading p r o v i d i n g the cyclic
s t r a i n i n g o c c u r s e i t h e r all in the t e n s i l e (3 4)
r e g i o n o r a l l in the c o m p r e s s i o n r e g i o n .
Kent and Park ' have reported the
T h i s is a l s o e v i d e n t f r o m t h e w o r k o f A k t a n ,
results of tests on eleven specimens of
Karlsson and Sozen(5) . For more symmetrical
G r a d e 2 7 5 ( f = 316 t o 3 3 9 M P a ) d e f o r m e d
t e n s i o n - c o m p r e s s i o n s t r a i n i n g (i.e. y

steel reinforcing bars. The chemical

a p p r o x i m a t e l y e q u a l s t r a i n e x c u r s i o n s in
composition of the steel complied with
t e n s i o n a n d c o m p r e s s i o n in e a c h c y c l e ) t h e
N Z S S 1 6 9 3 : 1 9 6 2 (10) . The specimens were of
monotonic stress-strain curve approximately
d e s c r i b e s t h e e n v e l o p e c u r v e o n l y if t h e b a r s i z e N o . 4,5,6 a n d 7 ( 1 2 . 7 , 1 5 . 9 , 1 9 . 0
o r i g i n o f the m o n o t o n i c c u r v e is d i s p l a c e d and 22.2 m m d i a m e t e r , respectively) . In
horizontally. the region of the strain m e a s u r e m e n t the
s p e c i m e n s h a d b e e n m a c h i n e d to a s m a l l e r
diameter. The loads were applied statically
In t h i s s t u d y it w i l l b e a s s u m e d t h a t the
and a x i a l l y , t a k i n g c o n s i d e r a b l e c a r e to
s t r e s s - s t r a i n e n v e l o p e f o r c y c l i c l o a d i n g is
ensure that eccentricity of load did not
the same as the s t r e s s - s t r a i n c u r v e for m o n o -
b e c o m e significant during the loading r u n s .
t o n i c l o a d i n g , e x c e p t t h a t the o r i g i n is
A v a r i e t y o f l o a d i n g c y c l e s w a s a p p l i e d to
translated horizontally during loading such
study a range of initial strains and u n l o a d -
t h a t t h e n e w o r i g i n i s (£ ,0) f o r t e n s i l e
zmx ing and reloading sequences. The maximum
l o a d i n g (see F i g . 2 ) , w h e r e compressive strains applied were much
smaller than the maximum tensile strains
£
0 " E~ (6) a p p l i e d , in o r d e r t h a t the s t r a i n h i s t o r i e s
w o u l d b e s i m i l a r to t h a t o f f l e x u r a l r e i n -
where £ is the m a x i m u m c o m p r e s s i v e s t r a i n
Q
forcing steel at a p l a s t i c h i n g e r e g i o n in
and f is t h e s t r e s s a t t h e m a x i m u m c o m p r e s s i v e
Q
a reinforced concrete beam with cyclic
strain. For compressive loading the modified (reversed) flexure.
o r i g i n is (£ ,0) where
zmn The stress-strain results of each of
the cyclic loading runs of the e l e v e n test
(7)
s p e c i m e n s w e r e r e a n a l y s e d in t h e p r e s e n t
£ = £ study by a r e g r e s s i o n a n a l y s i s in o r d e r to
zmn o o b t a i n m o r e a c c u r a t e v a l u e s f o r fch a n d r
where e is t h e m a x i m u m t e n s i l e s t r a i n a n d
Q
than had been obtained previously. To
f is t h e s t r e s s a t t h e m a x i m u m t e n s i l e
perform this analysis Eq. 8 was first made
0

strain. The a s s u m e d e n v e l o p e is shown in

l i n e a r in r a n d f h ^ ' using the first
Fig. 2. N o t e t h a t w h e n the o r i g i n is c

three terms of the Taylor series as

d i s p l a c e d i t m u s t a l w a y s b e in t h e d i r e c t i o n s
described by Draper and Smith ( H ) . Then a
s h o w n in F i g . 2 . For example, the current
general regression analysis was conducted
stress e n v e l o p e for t e n s i l e loading m u s t
to d e t e r m i n e f j and r for e a c h c y c l i c load
a l w a y s c o m m e n c e a t t h e o r i g i n a l o r i g i n (0,0) c 1

r u n o f e a c h s p e c i m e n so t h a t t h e s u m o f t h e
o r t o t h e l e f t o f i t a s s h o w n i n F i g . 2. Thus
squares of the differences b e t w e e n the
for repeated loading of the same sign the
experimentally measured strain and the strain
origin of the envelope always remains at
predicted by Eq. 8 at particular stress
(0,0). The steel stresses are not permitted
levels was minimized(^' The r e s u l t s of
to e x c e e d the e n v e l o p e v a l u e s during loading. 9

this r e g r e s s i o n analysis for f ^ and r are c

s h o w n in T a b l e 1, w h e r e fch is s h o w n a s a
STRESS-STRAIN CURVE FOR CYCLIC LOADING
f u n c t i o n of the steel yield strength fy.
The steel yield strength w a s m e a s u r e d m the
Assumed Form of Stress-Strain Relationship
first yield excursion.
For cyclic loading at stresses less than T h e m e t h o d u s e d b y K e n t a n d P a r k (3,4)
the envelope values, the following modified to linearise the Ramberg-Osgood function for

r e g r e s s i o n a n a l y s i s w a s to t a k e l o g a r i t h m s
o n b o t h s i d e s o f a r e a r r a n g e d E q . 8. However
in this a p p r o a c h , w h e n f j c and r were
1 observation that r shows reasonable
determined by minimizing the sum of the
squares o f the differences between the
experimental results and those predicted
b y E q . 8, t h e d i f f e r e n c e u s e d w a s i n f a c t
the difference between the logarithms of
the experimental and predicted deviation
from the line through point ( e , f ) with 0 0
slope E . s For low stress values the
logarithms will be large negative numbers
tending towards infinity as the deviation
from this line tends towards zero. • The
effect of this was to weight disporportionately
the lower stress v a l u e s , and thus to fit
mainly the lower stress values. As a result,
the previous expressions derived by Kent and
P a r k ( 3 , 4 ) 3-^3 n o t f i t t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l
curves very well once a significant amount
of p l a s t i c strain had been imposed.
Empirical Equation for t h e Characteristic
Stress, f ,
By p l o t t i n g t h e v a l u e s o f t h e r a t i o n
f h / f y g i v e n in T a b l e 1 a g a i n s t t h e p o s s i b l e
c ..(10)
dependent variables it was observed that
the value of f / f y in each loading run
c n
was apparently dependent on the plastic
strain i m p o s e d in the p r e v i o u s loading r u n ,
£p]_. The trend was for the ratio f / f y c n
to decrease with increasing prior plastic
strain. The values for the ratio of f / f y
from Table 1 are shown plotted against
£r>i i n F i g . 4 . Because of the wide scatter
or p o i n t s there seemed l i t t l e p u r p o s e in
seeking t o o complicated an empirical equation
to f i t t h e s e p o i n t s a n d a l i n e a r r e l a t i o n s h i p
relating f / f c h y t o £pi w a s f i t t e d , w e i g h t e d
a c c o r d i n g to the i n v e r s e o f t h e s t r e s s
s t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n f o r t h e p a r t i c u l a r loading-
run . The following relationship was obtained
f , = f (0.973 - 9.806 e -)
ch y pl y
f o r w i t h i n t h e r a n g e 0 < £p]_ < 0 . 0 2 5 , a n d i s
s h o w n p l o t t e d in F i g . 4 . The v a l u e s for the
ratio fch/fy given by Eq. 9 for each of the
cyclic loading runs of the eleven test
s p e c i m e n s a r e s h o w n i n T a b l e 1.
Empirical Equation for the Ramberg-Osgood
Parameter, r
Using the values for f given by
c n
E q . 9, a s e c o n d r e g r e s s i o n a n a l y s i s w a s
p e r f o r m e d to find the b e s t v a l u e of r for
the stress-strain results of each of the
cyclic l o a d i n g runs of the eleven test
specimens. To perform this analysis Eq. 8
was first made linear in r using the Taylor
series, as described by Draper and S m i t h ( I D .
Then general regression analysis was
c o n d u c t e d to determine r for each cyclic
l o a d r u n f o r each s p e c i m e n so t h a t the sum
of the squares of the differences between
the experimentally measured strain and the
strain predicted by Eq. 8 at particular
s t r e s s l e v e l s w a s m i n i m i s e d ( >. The results
7
of this second regression analysis for r
a r e s h o w n i n T a b l e 1.
T h e v a l u e s for r so d e t e r m i n e d w e r e
then plotted against various possible depend-
ent factors. It w a s o b s e r v e d t h a t r w a s
apparently dependent on the plastic strain
imposed in the previous loading run, £pi,
and that t h e correlation of r with other
103
possible variables was poor. Fig. 5 shows
t h e v a l u e s o f r p l o t t e d a g a i n s t £pi® The
c o r r e l a t i o n w i t h Zpj_ is d i f f e r e n t t o t h a t
m a d e p r e v i o u s l y b y Kent and Park ( 3 , 4 ) f
who had observed that r was apparently
dependent on the number of previous p o s t -
elastic loading runs and w h e t h e r the
loading run number was odd or even. Never-
theless there was significant scatter in
their p l o t t e d d a t a , and it w a s b a s e d o n less
accurate f ^ values than the present data.
c
Hence in the present work r w i l l be assumed
t o b e r e l a t e d t o £p]_ a l o n e .
An empirical relationship relating r
t o £p]_ w a s f i t t e d u s i n g t h e v a l u e s o f r
obtained from the second regression a n a l y s i s ,
w e i g h t e d a c c o r d i n g to the i n v e r s e of t h e
stress standard deviation for the particular
loading run. - The following relationship was
obtained
1 9 ~~ 45.07 9,77
r + exp(1000c p l ) log e (1000z + 2)
f o r w i t h i n t h e r a n g e 0 < £p-j_ < 0.025 , a n d is
s h o w n p l o t t e d i n F i g . 5.
Application of Cyclic Stress-Strain Equations
c n The proposed m o d e l for the cyclic s t r e s s -
s t r a i n b e h a v i o u r i s d e s c r i b e d b y E q s . (1) t o
(10). E q s . (1) t o (5) d e f i n e t h e m o n o t o n i c
stress-strain curve and hence apply to the
first loading run into the post-yield range.
Subsequent reversed loading runs are described
b y E q s . ( 8 , ) , (9) a n d (10) , w i t h t h e
stipulation that the stress level reached
should not exceed that given by the current
stress envelope described by the monotonic
s t r e s s - s t r a i n curve w i t h the zero stress
.. (9) o r i g i n g i v e n b y e i t h e r E q . (6) o r ( 7 ) .
In o r d e r to a l l o w f o r s m a l l s t r e s s r e v e r s a l s
which do not significantly effect the stress-
strain history, it was further assumed that
if the p l a s t i c strain i m p o s e d in a l o a d i n g
r u n i s s m a l l (less t h a n 0 . 0 0 0 5 ) , t h e n o n
r e l o a d i n g t h e n e w l o a d i n g c u r v e is o n l y
continued until the previous loading curve
in t h a t d i r e c t i o n is r e a c h e d a n d t h e n the
p r e v i o u s l o a d i n g c u r v e is f o l l o w e d . The
constraints on the cyclic stress-strain
r e l a t i o n s h i p s a r e i l l u s t r a t e d i n F i g . 6.
COMPARISON OF EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS W I T H
PROPOSED CYCLIC STRESS-STRAIN MODELS
F i g s . 7 t o 10 c o m p a r e t h e s t r e s s - s t r a i n
curves derived from the model p r e s e n t e d in
this paper and the model of Kent and Park
( 3 , 4 ) with the experimental stress-strain
curves. The curves derived from the stress-
strain models were calculated between the
experimental strain values at which stress
reversals took p l a c e .
I n F i g s . 7 t o 10 t h e t e n s i l e s t r e s s a n d
s t r a i n a r e i n i t i a l l y in the f i r s t q u a d r a n t ,
and the cyclic (tension - c o m p r e s s i o n )
stresses applied to the test specimens w e r e
such as to cause m u c h greater tension strains
than compressive strains. This test loading
was used in order to approximately simulate
the strain history in a longitudinal r e i n -
forcing bar in a plastic hinge region of
r e i n f o r c e d c o n c r e t e b e a m s u b j e c t e d to cyclic
flexure. In s u c h a b e a m if c r a c k i n g o f
 104

concrete and yielding of tension steel occurs ination of the buckling loads of reinforcing
d u e t o b e n d i n g m o m e n t a p p l i e d in o n e d i r e c t i o n , b a r s in r e i n f o r c e d c o n c r e t e m e m b e r s w i t h
w h e n t h e d i r e c t o n o f b e n d i n g m o m e n t is cyclic flexure. I t is e v i d e n t t h a t a f t e r
r e v e r s e d these o p e n c r a c k s w i l l r e m a i n in the first yield excursion of the longitudinal
w h a t is n o w t h e c o n c r e t e " c o m p r e s s i o n z o n e " steel the tangent modulus of the steel at
and w i l l o n l y close if the force in the stresses less than the initial yield
t e n s i o n steel is large e n o u g h to yield the strength can be considerably lower than the
steel in c o m p r e s s i o n . If t h e c r a c k s in the m o d u l u s of elasticity of the steel and t h a t
c o m p r e s s i o n zone do c l o s e , the c o n c r e t e in this could lead to b u c k l i n g o f b a r s at
the c o m p r e s s i o n zone w i l l p r e v e n t the d e v e l o p - lower levels of compressive stress than
m e n t of extremely h i g h compressive strains expected from monotonic loading tests. A
in t h e s t e e l , a s i s e v i d e n t f r o m t h e n e u t r a l t h i r d a p p l i c a t i o n is t h e c a l c u l a t i o n o f
axis position in the section, whereas w h e n the s t r e s s e s in r e i n f o r c i n g b a r s from t h e
the s t e e l is y i e l d i n g in t e n s i o n , extremely• strain histories measured during cyclic
h i g h t e n s i l e s t r a i n s c a n d e v e l o p , as is loading.
e v i d e n t from w i d e c r a c k s in the c o n c r e t e W .
Hence the strains in the r e i n f o r c i n g bars CONCLUSIONS
will occur mainly in the tension range.
Equations defining the stress-strain
T h e c u r v e s o f F i g s . 7 t o 10 i l l u s t r a t e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of Grade 275 steel r e i n -
the degree of accuracy w i t h which the derived forcing bars under cyclic (reversed)
s t r e s s - s t r a i n m o d e l s fit the experimental loading after the first yield excursion
behaviour. Generally, the stress-strain have been presented using the Ramberg-
c u r v e s d e r i v e d u s i n g t h e m o d e l p r e s e n t e d in Osgood function with empirical constants
this paper follow the experimental curves w h i c h depend on the p l a s t i c strain in the
with good accuracy, and the accuracy previous loading run. The stress-strain
a c h i e v e d is s i g n i f i c a n t l y b e t t e r than t h a t curve for m o n o t o n i c l o a d i n g , w i t h s u i t a b l y
from the curves derived using the model of adj usted o r i g i n of c o - o r d i n a t e s , is used
Kent and Park which tends to overestimate to d e s c r i b e the e n v e l o p e w h i c h t h e s t e e l
the s t r e s s at h i g h s t r a i n s and to u n d e r - stresses cannot exceed. The stress-strain
estimate the stress at low strains. m o d e l is s h o w n to b e c a p a b l e o f d e s c r i b i n g
cyclic stress-strain curves with good
It s h o u l d b e n o t e d t h a t the use of an accuracy.
a c c u r a t e s t r e s s - s t r a i n m o d e l for steel is
i m p o r t a n t b e c a u s e if the d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
the predicted and experimental stresses
i m m e d i a t e l y p r i o r to s t r e s s r e v e r s a l is The financial assistance of the New
l a r g e , the p r e d i c t e d curve b e c o m e s out of Zealand University Grants Committee, Ministry
p h a s e w i t h the e x p e r i m e n t a l curve and of Works and Development, Building Research
significant errors can arise. Association, Prestressed Concrete Institute,
and the U n i v e r s i t y of C a n t e r b u r y is g r a t e -
It s h o u l d also b e e m p h a s i z e d that the fully acknowledged.
e m p i r i c a l e q u a t i o n s for the p r o p o s e d cyclic
s t r e s s - s t r a i n m o d e l have b e e n derived from REFERENCES
e x p e r i m e n t a l r e s u l t s o b t a i n e d from steel
reinforcing bars with strains imposed mainly 1. P a r k , R., K e n t , D. C. a n d S a m p s o n ,
in the tension r e g i o n , for m a x i m u m imposed R. A . , " R e i n f o r c e d C o n c r e t e M e m b e r s
s t r a i n s l e s s t h a n "that a t t h e c o m m e n c e m e n t w i t h Cyclic Loading", Journal of
of strain h a r d e n i n g , for steels with a yield Structural Division, American Society
s t r e n g t h in t h e r a n g e 3 1 6 t o 339 M P a (46 t o of Civil Engineers, V o l . 9 8 , No. S T 7 ,
4 9 k s i ) , and for slow (static) strain r a t e s . July 1972, pp. 1341-1360.
F u r t h e r tests are r e q u i r e d , p a r t i c u l a r l y to 2. S i n g h , A . , G e r s t l e , K. H . a n d T u l i n ,
investigate the effect of high rates of L. G . , " T h e B e h a v i o u r o f R e i n f o r c i n g
l o a d i n g s u c h a s in a s t r u c t u r e s u b j e c t e d t o Steel Under Reversed Loading", Journal
s e i s m i c g r o u n d m o t i o n s , and to i n v e s t i g a t e of American Society of Testing M a t e r i a l s ,
the p o s s i b l e c h a n g e in steel m e c h a n i c a l Materials Research and S t a n d a r d s ,
p r o p e r t i e s due to strain ageing after cyclic V o l . 5, N o . 1, J a n u a r y 1 9 6 5 , p p . 1 2 - 1 7 .
l o a d i n g in the i n e l a s t i c r a n g e . 3. K e n t , D. C. , I n e l a s t i c B e h a v i o u r o f
11

Reinforced Concrete Members with

APPLICATION OF THE CYCLIC STRESS-STRAIN MODEL Cyclic Loading", thesis p r e s e n t e d to
the University of C a n t e r b u r y , C h r i s t -
The p r o p o s e d m o d e l for the stress-strain c h u r c h , N e w Z e a l a n d , in p a r t i a l f u l f i l -
b e h a v i o u r of cyclically loaded reinforcing m e n t of the requirements for the d e g r e e
steel in the i n e l a s t i c r a n g e e m p h a s i z e s t h a t of Doctor of P h i l o s o p h y , 1 9 6 9 .
after the first yield e x c u r s i o n the yield 4. K e n t , D. C. a n d P a r k , R . , "Cyclic
stress of steel as u s u a l l y d e f i n e d loses its Load B e h a v i o u r of R e i n f o r c i n g S t e e l " ,
significance since the stress-strain curve S t r a i n , V o l . 9, N o . 3, J u l y 1 9 7 3 , p p .
b e c o m e s n o n l i n e a r over m u c h of the loading 98-103.
range. The proposed stress-strain model 5. A k t a n , A . E . , K a r l s s o n , B . J. a n d
has three main applications. The first S o z e n , M. A . , " S t r e s s - S t r a i n R e l a t i o n -
a p p l i c a t i o n is t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f t h e ships of Reinforcing Bars Subjected to
theoretical moment-curvature characteristics Large Strain Reversals", Civil
of r e i n f o r c e d c o n c r e t e m e m b e r s subjected to Engineering Studies, Structural
cyclic flexure(1,12). it has been found R e s e a r c h S e r i e s N o . 39 7 , U n i v e r s i t y
p r e v i o u s l y ( D that for large p o r t i o n s of of Illinois, June 1973.
the m o m e n t - c u r v a t u r e loop after the first 6. M a , S-Y.M., B e r t e r o , V. V. and P o p o v ,
yield excursion the shape of the m o m e n t - E. P., " E x p e r i m e n t a l and A n a l y t i c a l
c u r v a t u r e loop is v e r y d e p e n d e n t o n the Studies of the Hysteretic Behaviour
shape of the stress-strain curve for the of Reinforced Concrete Rectangular
steel. A s e c o n d a p p l i c a t i o n is the d e t e r m - and T-Beams", Earthquake Engineering
 105

Research Center, Report No. EERC 76-2,

U n i v e r s i t y of C a l i f o r n i a , B e r k e l e y , 1976.
7. T h o m p s o n , K. J., " D u c t i l i t y o f C o n c r e t e
Frames under Seismic Loading", thesis
p r e s e n t e d to the U n i v e r s i t y of C a n t e r b u r y ,
Christchurch, New Zealand in partial
fulfilment of the requirements for the
d e g r e e o f D o c t o r o f P h i l o s o p h y , 19 7 5 .
8. B u r n s , N . H. a n d S i e s s , C . P., " L o a d -
D e f o r m a t i o n C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of B e a m -
C o l u m n C o n n e c t i o n s in R e i n f o r c e d
Concrete , Civil Engineering Studies,
1 1

Structural Research Series No. 234,

U n i v e r s i t y o f I l l i n o i s , J a n u a r y 19 6 2 .
9. L e s l i e , P. D., " D u c t i l i t y o f R e i n f o r c e d
Concrete Bridge Piers", report presented
to t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f C a n t e r b u r y ,
C h r i s t c h u r c h , in p a r t i a l f u l f i l m e n t
of t h e r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r t h e d e g r e e o f
Master of Engineering, 1974.
10. NZSS 1693 : 1962 "Deformed Steel B a r s
of S t r u c t u r a l G r a d e for R e i n f o r c e d
Concrete", New Zealand Standards
Institute, Wellington.
11. D r a p e r , N . R. a n d S m i t h , N . , " A p p l i e d
Regression A n a l y s i s " , John Wiley and
Sons I n c . , New York, 1966, 407pp.
12. P a r k , R. , " C o n s t i t u t i v e R e l a t i o n s o f
Steel:Effects on Hysteretic Behaviour
of S t r u c t u r a l C o n c r e t e M e m b e r s and o n
S t r e n g t h C o n s i d e r a t i o n s in Seismic
D e s i g n " , P r o c e e d i n g s of W o r k s h o p on
Earthquake Resistant Reinforced
Concrete Building Construction,
U n i v e r s i t y of C a l i f o r n i a , B e r k e l e y ,
July 1 9 7 7 .

Paper received 17 A p r i l , 1978.

NOTATION

The following symbols are used in this

paper:

m o d u l u s of elasticity of steel
o b t a i n e d from the m o n o t o n i c loading
curve
characteristic stress used in Ramberg-
Osgood function
steel stress at beginning of a loading
curve
steel stress

yield strength of steel obtained

from the m o n o t o n i c loading curve
Ramberg-Osgood parameter
steel strain at beginning of a loading
run
p l a s t i c strain in steel produced in
p r e v i o u s loading run
steel strain

steel strain at commencement of strain

h a r d e n i n g obtained from the monotonic
loading curve
ultimate steel strain obtained from
the monotonic loading curve
s t e e l s t r a i n at the y i e l d s t r e n g t h
o b t a i n e d from the m o n o t o n i c loading
curve
s t r a i n o r i g i n for steel s t r e s s - s t r a i n
e n v e l o p e for compressive loading
s t r a i n origin for steel stress-strain
e n v e l o p e for tensile loading
106

TABLE 1: RESULTS OF A N A L Y S I S FOR f h and r c

From First Regression f _/f r

Loading ch y given by Second
Specimen Analysis
Run given by Regression Analysis
(3,4) r
Number ch' y Eq. 9 and Eq. 9

6 1 1.040 11.403 0.902 6.360

8 1 0,977 15.584 0.940 11.944

2 1.013 48.185 0.928 21.066
3 0. 733 9.966 0.770 11.842

9 1 1.377 6.368 0.956 17.330

2 1.076 50.708 0.966 15.023
3 0.883 10.140 0. 860 9.018

11 1 0.856 10.988 0.938 9.330

12 1 0.831 10.601 0.879 9.012

2 0.993 53.201 0.960 31.450

17 1 1.118 6.301 0.919 8.434

2 1.007 53.381 0.967 14.263
3 0. 946 8. 895 0.951 8.815
4 .1,007 41.262 0.968 14.197
5 0 . 896 8.430 0.950 7.622
6 1.003 24.032 0.966 13.280
7 0.923 6.814 0.946 6. 563
8 0.823 37.740 0.964 29.671

20 1 0.810 12.147 0. 917 9.384

2 0. 986 45.693 0.967 54.991
3 0.828 10.488 0.957 8.014
4 1.016 21.807 0.967 30.907
5 0 . 817 10.935 0. 959 8.051
6 1.010 20.842 0.967 29.460
7 0. 791 10.786 0.957 7.489
8 1.031 14.918 0.966 24.625
9 0.824 9. 743 0.958 6.000

21 1 1.657 6. 562 0.961 19.454

2 1.049 60.000 0.970 9.027
3 2.125 6. 000 0.965 15.976
4 1.073 39.527 0.969 9.988
5 1.408 7.960 0.964 18.797
6 1.058 60.000 0.969 8.267
7 1.069 13.865 0.966 19.550
8 1.066 59.429 0.969 19.341

25 1 0.915 10.035 0. 929 10.585

2 0.996 35.505 0.923 20.083
3 0.737 9. 705 0. 758 10.253

29 1 1.388 6.002 0.954 13.375

2 1.046 60.000 0,967 7.445
3 1.093 6.624 0.947 9.282
4 1.043 36.968 0.962 7.410
5 0.951 8.390 0.941 8.650
6 1.055 23.590 0.959 6.832
7 0/913 7.405 0.944 6.773
8 1.031 42.870 0.955 11.565

30 1 1.436 6.916 0.964 19.543

2 1.463 7.324 0.963 60.000
3 1.475 7.780 0.967 16.168
4 1.075 60.000 0.966 10.887
1 1 1 1
Note: Loading runs were numbered 0 , 1 , 2 , 3 , . . . . , where first yield occurs at
run number 0, the first post-elastic stress reversal is run n u m b e r 1,
the second post-elastic stress reversal is run n u m b e r 2, etc.
 107

Stress, fs

Strain, Es

FIGURE 1: M O N O T O N I C STRESS-STRAIN RELATIONSHIP FOR STEEL

Tension

Stress J
s

Current stress
9 7 for compressive
strain envelope
loading
for tensile
loading

Tension

Strain, Z
s

TanO

r*—-Current stress-
I strain envelope
for compressive
loading.
(Z < o
0
f }

for tensile
loading ^

FIGURE 2: STRESS-STRAIN ENVELOPE FOR CYCLIC LOADING

108
 Experiment
- Kent and Park's analysis
Author's analysis

0-016 0018 0020 0 022

Strain

W' -50 L _JT- -

F I G U R E 7: COMPARISON OF P R E D I C T E D A N D E X P E R I - F I G U R E 9: COMPARISON OF P R E D I C T E D A N D E X P E R I M E N T A L STRESS-

M E N T A L STRESS-STRAIN C U R V E S FOR S T E E L SPECIMEN S T R A I N CURVES FOR STEEL SPECIMEN 9 (1 k i p / i n = 6.89 MPa).
2

8 ( 1 k i p / i n - 6.89 MPa)
2

c 1.0
\
10
Q.
~* 30
10
10 20
<u

-0002

F I G U R E 8: COMPARISON OF P R E D I C T E D A N D EXPERI-
M E N T A L STRESS-STRAIN C U R V E S FOR S T E E L SPECIMEN F I G U R E 10: COMPARISON OF P R E D I C T E D A N D E X P E R I M E N T A L STRESS-
9 (1 k i p / i n = 6.89 MPa)
2
S T R A I N C U R V E S FOR S T E E L SPECIMEN 25 (1 k i p / i n = 6.89 MPa).
2
o
CD