DESIGN CRITERIA

1.0 CODES AND SPECIFICATIONS

 National Structural Code of the Philippines, Volume I Buildings, Towers and other Vertical
Structures, 4th & 5th Edition.
 ACI Building Code Requirements for Reinforced Concrete, 2005 (ACI 318-2005).
 Uniform Building Code. 1997 Edition (UBC 1997).
 American Institute of Steel Construction, 9th Edition (AISC 1989).
 Welding Criteria for Structural Steel, American Welding Society (AWS) D1.1 1996.
 American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM).
 Standard Specification for Highway Bridges, American Association of State Highway and
Transportation Officials (AASHTO), 16th Edition, 1996.
 Structural Design Data and Specifications, 6th Editon by A.C. Carillo.

2.0 MATERIALS

2.1 CONCRETE

All footings, columns, beams and slabs shall have a minimum concrete cylinder strength, fc’ = 28 MPa
@ 28 days of curing. Use concrete strength, fc’ = 21Mpa @ 28 days of curing for slab on grade and
wall footings.

2.2 REINFORCING STEEL

All reinforcing steel shall be deformed bars conforming to ASTM designation A615 with a minimum
yield strength fy = 275 MPa (Grade 40) for 12mmФ or smaller and fy = 413 MPa (Grade 60) for
16mmФ and bigger.

The dimensions of reinforcing bar are as follow, however, these shall confirm to the latest ASTM
standards.

Bar Diameter Area Weight

(mm) (mm2) (kg)
10 79 0.616
12 113 0.888
16 201 1.579
20 314 2.466
25 491 3.854
28 616 4.833
32 804 6.313
36 1020 7.991

2.3 STRUCTURAL STEEL

All structural steel shall conform to ASTM A36 with a minimum yield strength Fy = 248 MPa.

2.4 WELDS

 Base metal must conform to ASTM A36

 Welding electrodes = AWS A5.1 Class E70XX

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2.5 BOLTS

 Anchor Bolt = ASTM A307 as specified in the drawings.

 High Strength Bolt = ASTM A325 Type I

2.6 GROUT

Grout shall be non-shrink non-metallic, self-leveling and cement based. Grout shall be used as per
vendor’s recommendations. Compressive strength of cement based grout shall be equal to or greater
than of the concrete structure or foundation.

2.7 ALLOWABLE BEARING CAPACITY

Allowable soil bearing pressure used in the design is 100KPa or 2000 psf, or as per recommendation
of the Geotechnical Engineer.

3.0 LOADINGS

The following loads are applied in the design of building structures.

3.1 DEAD LOADS (DL)

Table 5.3.1A. Minimum Unit Weights of Major Construction Materials

Unit Weight
Material
(kN/m3)
Reinforced Concrete 24.00
Plain Concrete 24.00
Structural Steel 77.00
Compacted Earth or Gravel 18.00
Water 9.81

Table 5.3.1B. Minimum Design Loads Used in the Design (DL)

Load
Component
(kPa)
Finishes 1.80
Utilities 0.60
Ceiling 0.24
Insulation 0.016
Electromechanical 0.10
Partitions 1.00
150mm thick Wall 2.73
100mm thick Wall 2.11
Others Actual loads as indicated

3.2 LIVE LOADS (LL)

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The live loads adopted are the minimum as indicated in the table below. For other occupancy or use,
the values shown in Table 205.1 of NSCP 2001 shall be adopted.
Reduction in live loads is in accordance with the requirements of NSCP 2001 (Item No. 205.5 and
205.6)

Floors are designed to safely support the uniformly distributed live loads or concentrated loads,
whichever produce greater stress.

Table 3.2A. Minimum Uniform Live Loads Used in the Design (LL)
Live Load
Use or Occupancy
(kPa)
General Areas 2.40
Hallways and Stairs 4.80
Special 6.00

Table 3.2B. Minimum Roof Live Loads Used in the Design (Lr)
Tributary Load Area Live Load
(m2) (kPa)
0 to 20 2.40
21 to 60 4.80
Over 60 6.00

Live load is multiplied by the appropriate load factor where limits are stated in design code.

3.3 WIND LOADS (WL)

All building structures were designed to resist the wind effects in accordance with the requirement of
the NSCP Code, 4th Edition. The wind can blow in any direction and the most unfavorable case was
considered.

The formula used for design wind pressure is:

P = CeCqqsI

Where:

P = Design wind pressure

Ce = Combined height, exposure and gust factor coefficient as given in Table 2-J
Cq = Pressure coefficient for the structure or portion of the structure under
consideration as given in Table 2K or Figs. 2.3B to 2.3F
qs = Wind stagnation pressure at a height of 10m as set forth in Fig.2.3A
I = Importance factor as set forth in Section 2.2D

3.4 EARTHQUAKE LOADS (EQ)

Earthquake loads were calculated in accordance with NSCP 5th Edition.

The total design base shear in a given direction was determined from the following formula:
Cv I
V = W
RT
but not to exceed

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 V = 2.5Ca I W
but not less than R

V = 0.11Ca I W

Where:
V = Base shear, kN
Cv = Seismic coefficients as given in Table 208-8 for Zone 4.
Ca = Seismic coefficients as given in Table 208-7 for Zone 4.
I = Importance factor as given in Table 208-1 for Special Occupancy Structures
= 1.0
R = Numerical coefficient as given in Table 208-11 for Special Moment Resisting
= 8.5 for steel and concrete
T = Elastic fundamental period of vibration, in seconds, of the structure in the
direction under construction
= Ct (hn) 3/4
Ct = Numerical coefficient
= 0.0853 for steel moment resisting frames
= 0.0731 for reinforced concrete moment resisting frames and eccentrically
braced frames
= 0.0488 for all other buildings
hn = Height of the structure, above the base to level n
W = Total seismic dead load

4.0 LOAD COMBINATIONS

Load factors and combinations shall confirm to AISC, ASCE, ACI, NSCP and UBC codes. Building and
structures were designed for the load combination which produces highest stresses.

All load combinations were checked for the effects of stress, settlement, stability, deflections, etc.
The general combinations that were considered as a minimum were as follows.

For the design of concrete structures, the following load combinations were considered as a minimum
and whichever produced greatest stresses were used:

Loads Required Strength

1.4DL
1.4DL + 1.7LL
Dead, Live & Wind
0.75 (1.4DL + 1.7LL) + 1.6WL
0.9DL + 1.6WL
0.75 (1.4DL + 1.7LL) + EQ
Dead, Live & Earthquake
0.9DL + EQ
Dead, Live & Loads due to Lateral Pressure 1.4DL + 1.7LL +1.7H
of Soil and Water in Soil 0.9DL +1.7H

For the design of steel structures, the following load combinations were considered as a minimum
and whichever produced greatest stresses were used:

Loads Required Strength

DL
DL + LL + Lr
Dead, Live & Wind
DL + WL
DL + 0.75 (LL + Lr + WL)

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 DL + EQ/1.4
Dead, Live & Earthquake
DL + 0.75 (LL + Lr + EQ/1.4)
5.0 DESIGN STRENGTH

Design strength provided by a member, its connections to other members, and its cross sections, in
terms of flexure, axial load, shear, and torsion, shall be taken as the nominal strength calculated in
accordance with the requirements and assumptions of ACI code, multiplied by the strength reduction
factors .

Strength reduction factor  shall be as follows:

Tension controlled sections 0.90

Compression controlled sections
i. Members with spiral reinforcement 0.70
ii. Other reinforced members 0.65
Shear and torsion 0.75
Bearing on concrete 0.65
Post tensioned anchorage 0.85

6.0 DEFLECTIONS

Deflections shall confirm to ACI standards.

The deflection of beams and girders produced by the design loads shall not exceed the following
values:

Deflection
Type of Member Deflection to be Considered
Limitation
Flat roofs not supporting or
attached to nonstructural Immediate deflection due to
1/180
elements likely to be damaged live load L
by large deflection
Flat roof not supporting or
attached to nonstructural Immediate deflection due to
1/360
elements likely to be damaged live load L
by large deflections.
Roof or floor construction
supporting or attached to
nonstructural elements likely to 1/480
be damaged by large
deflections. That part of the total deflection
occurring after attachment of
Roof or floor construction nonstructural elements
supporting or attached to
nonstructural elements likely to 1/240
not be damaged by large
deflections.

7.0 STABILITY

Structural stability shall be checked for both local and overall effects.

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All buildings, structures and foundation subjected to overturning moments, shear or uplift were
designed to satisfy the following requirements for stability.

7.1 OVERTURNING

The ratio of resisting moment to overturning moment caused by wind pressure or earthquake load
shall be not less than 1.5.

7.2 SLIDING

The ratio of resisting force due to friction to total shear shall be not less than 1.5 with a coefficient of
friction 0.5 between concrete and soil.

7.3 FLOATING

The ratio of vertical load for total uplift shall not be less than 1.3. In this case, the unit weight shall
be regarded as 1.0 ton/m3 for fresh water and 1.05 ton/m3 for saltwater.

8.0 SETTLEMENT

Foundation is designed for a total and differential settlement not to exceed 25mm and 15mm for
buildings and structures.

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