CHM 421

Zuraida Khusaimi/CHM421/2016 1
TOPIC 1
UNITS FOR QUANTITIES AND
CONCENTRATION
Dr. Zuraida Khusaimi

CHM 421 Analytical Chemistry
(6 hours)
Week 1: 3 hours
2
Mole

 Molarity
 Normality
 Stoichiometry
Zuraida Khusaimi/CHM421/2016
Units for quantities and concentration
3
Physical
Unit name Unit abbreviation
Quantities
Mass gram g
Amount of
Mole mole
substance
Derived units Def. of Quantity Unit abbreviation

Volume (Length)3 dm3 or L
Density Mass/volume g/L
Concentration Mole/Volume mol/L
Common Decimal Prefixes Used with SI Units
4
Mole
5
 Amount of atoms, particles, ions etc.

 1 mol = 6.02 x 1023 (atoms, particles, ions etc.)
 Mol = mass in g / molar mass
= g / g/mol
= atoms, particles, ions etc. / mol
Mole
6
 1 mole of particles contains 6.02 x 1023 particles

 1 mole of C contains 6.02 x 1023 C atoms
 1 mole of H2O contains
6.02 x 1023 H2O molecules,
2 x 6.02 x 1023 H atoms and 6.02 x 1023 O atoms.
 1 mole of NaCl contains
6.02 x 1023 particles,
6.02 x 1023 Na+ ions and 6.02 x 1023 Cl- ions.
Milimole
7
 Number of moles A
= mass of A (mg)
molar mass (mg/mmol)
103 milimole equals 1.0 mole

1 milimole is 1/1000 of a mole
Q
8
1. How many moles and milimoles of benzoic acid (M =

122.1 g/mol) are contained in 2 g pure acid?
2. Calculate the number of moles and milimoles in the
following chemical compounds, 218 g of baking soda,
NaHCO3.
3. Determine the mass in gram of Na+ (23 g/mol) in 25 g
of Na2SO4 (142 g/mol).
 (Ans: 8.098 g)
9
Molar mass (Molecular weight, Formula
10
weight)
 The atomic mass of any substance expressed in grams is the
molar mass of that substance.
 E.g. the atomic mass of iron, Fe is 55.85 amu
 Therefore the molar mass of iron, Fe is 55.85 g/mol.
 Since oxygen occurs naturally as diatomic , O2, the molar
mass of oxygen gas is 2 times 16.00 i.e. 32.00 g/mol
 Read: atomic wt., atomic mass, molecular wt, formula wt.
Molar mass
11
 Number of grams in 1 mole
 Equal to the numerical value of the atomic mass
1 mole of C = 12.0 g
1 mole of Mg atoms = 24.3 g
1 mole of Cu atoms = 63.5 g
Calculating Molar mass
12
 The molar mass of a substance is the sum of the molar masses of

each element.
 E.g. what is the molar mass of magnesium nitrate, Mg(NO3)2?
 Solution:
The sum of the atomic masses is :
24.31 + 2(14.01 + 16.00 + 16.00)
= 24.31 + 2(62.01) = 148.33 amu
The molar mass for Mg(NO3)2 is 148.33 g/mol
Q
13
 Prozac, C17H18F3NO, is a widely used

antidepressant that inhibits the uptake of serotonin
by the brain. Calculate its molar mass.
A) 40.0 g/mol
B) 262 g/mol
C) 309 g/mol
14
• Now we will use the molar mass of

a compound to convert between
grams of a substance and moles of
a particles of a substance.
6.02 x 1023 particles = 1 mol =

molar mass
• If we want to convert particles to

mass, we must first convert particles
to moles and then we can convert
moles to mass.
15
16
Solution concentration
(Molarity, Molality, Normality)
Concentration
17
 Concentration is the amount of solute in a given

volume of solution.
Concentration (C) = mass (g)
volume (L)
 Solvent: A substance that generally a liquid present

in the larger proportion of the solution. Water is
considered a universal solvent for most solution.
 Solute: The substance present in smaller proportion
of a solution. It can be solid, liquid or gas.
Molarity
18
 The number of moles of solute per litre of solution,

given the symbol, M.
M = no. of moles of solute (mol)

volume of solution (L)
= no of milimoles of solute (mmol)

volume of solution (mL)
Q
19
1. What is the molarity of a solution made by dissolving

2.5 g of NaCl in enough water to make 125 ml of
solution? (Ans: 3.4 M)
2. How many mole of a solute present in the following
solutions:
a) 16.3 L solution of 0.113 M . (Ans: 1.84 mole)
b) 15.66 mL solution of 0.025 M. (Ans: 3.9 x 10-3 mole)
Q
20
4. A chemist dissolves 98.4 g of FeSO4 in enough

water to make 2.000 L of solution. What is the
molarity of the solution? (Ans: 0.324 M)
5. How would you prepare 100.0 mL of 0.25 M

KNO3 solution? (Ans: 2.53 g KNO3)
Molality
21
 Number of moles of solute that dissolved in 1000 g

of solvent, m (mol/kg).
Preferred expression of concentration involving colligative properties
(boiling point, elevation, freezing point depression, osmotic pressure)
m = no of mol of solute
1 kg of solvent
Normality -
22
 A one-normal solution contains one equivalent per

litre.
 Number of gram equivalents of reacting unit per litre
of solution (eq/L), given symbol, N
N = No. of equivalents = eq = meq

volume (L) L mL
Reacting Unit is a
proton or electron
No of reacting unit = No. of equivalents

eq = mol x no. of reacting units per molecule
meq = mmol x no. of reacting units per molecule
Normality (e.g.)
23
 For 1 mol of H2SO4, it has 2 reacting units of protons

 Equivalent = mol x no. of reacting units per molecule
 For 1 mol, 1 L of H2SO4,
Normality = eq / L = mol x ru / L = M x ru
= ( mol x no of reacting units per molecule) / L
= 2 / 1L = 2N
Molarity = mol/vol (L) = 1/1 = 1M
Summary of Normality
24
 Equivalent = mol x no. of reacting units per molecule (r unit)

 Normality = eq / L = mol x r unit / L = M x r unit
 Molarity = mol / L = N / r unit
 Equivalent weight = Formula weight (g/mol)
Reacting units (eq/mol)
Normality (Q)
25
 What is the Normality of 2.5 M HCl?

No of equivalent = 1 OR
eq. wt = 36.46 g/mol / 1 eq/mol = 36.46 g/eq
N = 1 eq/mol x 2.5 mol / L No. of eq. = 2.5 mol x 36.46 g/mol x 1 eg/36.46 g = 2.5 eq
= 2.5 N N = 2.5 eq / 1L = 2.5 N
 Convert 0.5 M to normality.

No of equivalent = 2
N = 2 eq/mol x 0.5 mol/L = 1.0 N
Equivalent Weight
26
 Eq wt – weight of a substance in grams that will

furnish one mole of the reacting unit.
 eq wt HCl = f wtHCl (g/mol)

1 (eq/mol)

 eq wt H2SO4 = f wtH2SO4 (g/mol)

2 (eq/mol)
Ex : eq wt
27
 Calculate the eq wt of the following substances
 (a) NH3 (fwt = 17.03)
 (b) H2C2O4 (in reaction with NaOH) (Fwt = 90.04)
 (c) KMnO4 [Mn(VIII) is reduced to Mn2+], (Fwt = 158.04)
 Ans: (a) 17.03, (b) 45.02 (c) 31.608

 (MnO4- + 8H+ + 5e- = Mn2+ + 4H2O, Mn reduced from +7 to +2)
Normality, equivalent practise
28
Eg. Reacting Eq.wt No. of Eq. Normality

unit (eq/vol)
Strong
Acids
HCl
H2SO4
H3PO4
Weak Acids
H2C2O4
CH3COOH
Strong base
NaOH
Weak base
NH3
Ox. agent
KMnO4
Stoichiometry factor
29
 Stoichiometry factor, n (units of eq/mol)
 Used to convert between moles and equivalents
 Equivalents = moles x n (eq/mol)

 N (eq/L) = M (mol/L) x n (eq/mol)
 Eq wt (g/eq) = f wt (g/mol)
 n (eq/mol)
Week 2: 3 hours
30
% conc (% w/w, w/v, v/v)

Ppm, ppb for solid and liquid
Density
Specific gravity of solution
% Concentration
 Weight/weight % (w/w)
 Volume/volume % (v/v)
 Weight/volume % (w/v)
% Concentration
 Percentage = number of parts in 100
parts,
 E.g. gram of A in 100 grams of sample
 % of A = Number of parts of A X 100
Number of parts of sample
Concentration can be presented in
 % concentration (parts per hundred)
 Ppt (parts per thousand)
 Ppm (parts per million)
 Ppb (parts per billion)
 Ppb (parts per trillion)

% (w/w) This scale is useful for solids or solutions
 % (w/w) =(mass of solute (g)

mass of sample (g) )
10
2
parts per hundred
 (mass of sample (g) ) 10

ppt (w/w) =
mass of solute (g) 3
parts per thousand
 ppm (w/w) =( mass of sample (g) ) 10

parts per million
 ppb (w/w) =( mass of sample (g) ) 10

parts per billion
 ppt (w/w) =( mass of sample (g) ) 10

parts per trillion
% (v/v)
❖ % (v/v) = ( )
mass of solute (mL)
mass of sample (mL)
102 parts per
hundred
❖ ppt (v/v) = ( mass of sample (mL) ) 10

mass of solute (mL) 3 parts per
thousand
❖ ppm (v/v) = ( mass of solute (mL)

mass of sample (mL) ) 106 parts per
million
parts per
❖ ppb (v/v) =
( )
mass of solute (mL)
mass of sample (mL)
109 billion
parts per
❖ ppt (v/v) =
( mass of sample (mL) ) 10
mass of solute (mL) 12
trillion
% (w/v)
 % (w/v) = ( mass of solute (g)
mass of sample (mL)
) 10 2 parts per
hundred
parts per
 ppt (w/v) = ( mass of solute (g)
mass of sample (mL) ) 103 thousand
parts per
 ppm (w/v) = ( mass of solute (g)
mass of sample (mL) ) 106 million
parts per
 ppb (w/v) = ( )
mass of solute (g)
mass of sample (mL)
109 billion
parts per
 ppt (w/v) =
( mass of sample (mL) ) 10
trillion
% Concentration examples
 Concentrated HCl ( 15g HCl

)
100g solution
102 = 15.0 % (w/w)
 Alcoholic beverage
( 3.00 mL CH3CH2OH
50 mL beverage ) 102 = 60.0 % (v/v)
 Coloured indicator for titration
( 0.040 g phenolphthalein
25.0 mL solution ) 102 = 0.160 % (w/v)
 w/w is used to express the concentration of commercial
aqueous reagents.
 For example:
 Nitric acid, HNO3 is sold a 70% solution. It means the reagent

contains 70g pure HNO3 per 100g solution.
 HCl is sold 37% solution, i.e. For every 100g there is 37g pure
HCl.
Preparation of Solution from Solids
(Dissolving Solid in Solvents)
Example
40
 Briefly explain how to prepare the following solutions: 1.0 L of

10.50 %(w/v) aqueous CH3CH2CH2OH
(1.0 L = 1000 mL)
% (w/v) = mass(g) x 100

volume (mL)
Mass of CH3CH2CH2OH = % x V = 10.5 x 1000

100 100
= 105 g of CH3CH2CH2OH
Weigh 105 g of CH3CH2CH2OH and dilute it to the mark with

distilled water in 1.0 L volumetric flask.
Density & Specific Gravity
❖ Density - expresses the mass of a substance per unit volume. In SI units,
density is expressed in units of kg/L or g/mL or g/cm3
❖ Density = mass of solute / unit volume (g/mL)
❖ Specific gravity - is the ratio of the mass of a substance to the mass of
an equal volume of water. Unit is dimensionless.
❖ Specific gravity = D of solute / D of water
❖ D H2O = 1.00000 g/mL at 4C
❖ D H2O = 0.99821 g/mL at 20C
Preparation of Solution from Liquid
(Making molar solution, from stock solutions)
Making molar solutions from liquids
 Not all compounds are in solid form.
 Acids are purchased as liquids (stocks solution)
 It is usually vital to prepare diluted solutions from these stock solutions
 The procedure is: Use pipette to measure moles (via volumes), make up the
volumes using volumetric flask.
 For the calculation, we will be using this relation:
 McVc = MdVd
 c = concentrated solution (stock solution)
 d = diluted solution (ending solution / desired solution)
Dilution example
 1. What volume of 0.5 M HCl can be prepared

from 1 L of 12 M HCl?
M1 = 12 mol/vol V1 = 1 L M2 = 0.5 L
M1V1 = M2V2
V2 = M1V1 / M2
V2 = (12 mol/L x 1 L) / (0.5 L) = 24 L

Dilution Q
1. How many mL of a 14 M stock solution must be used to make 250 mL of a 1.75
M solution?
2. You have 200 mL of 6.0 M HF. What concentration results of this is diluted to a
total volume of 1 L?
3. 100 mL of 6.0 M CuSO4 must be diluted to what final volume so that the
resulting solution is 1.5 M?
4. What concentration results from mixing 400 mL of 2.0 M NaCl with 600 mL of
3.0 M HCl?
5. What is the concentration of NaCl when 3 L of 0.5 M NaCl are mixed with 2 L
of water?
of 0.2 M NaCl?
of water?
8. Water is added to 4 L of 6M antifreeze until it is 1.5 M. What is the total
volume of the new solution?
9. There are 3 L of 0.2 M HF. 1.7 L of this is poured out. What is the concentration
of the remaining HF?
Preparation of solution Q
1. Calculate the molar concentration of HNO3 (63
g/mol) in a solution that has a specific gravity of
1.42 and is 70% HNO3 (w/w). (Ans: 16M)
2. Describe the preparation of 100 mL of 6.0 M HCl
from a concentrated solution that has a specific
gravity of 1.18 and is 37% (w/w) HCl (36.5
g/mol).
Revision Q
3. Calculate the molarity of the following acid:
1. 70% HClO4, density = 1.67 g/ml
2. 96% H2SO4, density = 1.84 g/ml

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Zuraida Khusaimi/CHM421/2016 1

Dr. Zuraida Khusaimi

Derived units Def. of Quantity Unit abbreviation

 Amount of atoms, particles, ions etc.

 1 mole of particles contains 6.02 x 1023 particles

103 milimole equals 1.0 mole

1. How many moles and milimoles of benzoic acid (M =

 Number of grams in 1 mole

 Equal to the numerical value of the atomic mass

1 mole of Mg atoms = 24.3 g

1 mole of Cu atoms = 63.5 g

 The molar mass of a substance is the sum of the molar masses of

 Prozac, C17H18F3NO, is a widely used

• Now we will use the molar mass of

6.02 x 1023 particles = 1 mol =

• If we want to convert particles to

 Concentration is the amount of solute in a given

 Solvent: A substance that generally a liquid present

 The number of moles of solute per litre of solution,

M = no. of moles of solute (mol)

= no of milimoles of solute (mmol)

1. What is the molarity of a solution made by dissolving

4. A chemist dissolves 98.4 g of FeSO4 in enough

5. How would you prepare 100.0 mL of 0.25 M

 Number of moles of solute that dissolved in 1000 g

Preferred expression of concentration involving colligative properties

(boiling point, elevation, freezing point depression, osmotic pressure)

 A one-normal solution contains one equivalent per

N = No. of equivalents = eq = meq

No of reacting unit = No. of equivalents

 For 1 mol of H2SO4, it has 2 reacting units of protons

 Equivalent = mol x no. of reacting units per molecule (r unit)

 What is the Normality of 2.5 M HCl?

 Convert 0.5 M to normality.

 Eq wt – weight of a substance in grams that will

 eq wt HCl = f wtHCl (g/mol)

 eq wt H2SO4 = f wtH2SO4 (g/mol)

 Calculate the eq wt of the following substances

 (a) NH3 (fwt = 17.03)

 (b) H2C2O4 (in reaction with NaOH) (Fwt = 90.04)

 (c) KMnO4 [Mn(VIII) is reduced to Mn2+], (Fwt = 158.04)

 Ans: (a) 17.03, (b) 45.02 (c) 31.608

Eg. Reacting Eq.wt No. of Eq. Normality

 Stoichiometry factor, n (units of eq/mol)

 Used to convert between moles and equivalents

 Equivalents = moles x n (eq/mol)

% conc (% w/w, w/v, v/v)

 % concentration (parts per hundred)

 Ppt (parts per thousand)

 Ppm (parts per million)

 Ppb (parts per billion)

 Ppb (parts per trillion)

 % (w/w) =(mass of solute (g)

 (mass of sample (g) ) 10

 ppm (w/w) =( mass of sample (g) ) 10

 ppb (w/w) =( mass of sample (g) ) 10

 ppt (w/w) =( mass of sample (g) ) 10

❖ ppt (v/v) = ( mass of sample (mL) ) 10

❖ ppm (v/v) = ( mass of solute (mL)

 Concentrated HCl ( 15g HCl

 Coloured indicator for titration

 Nitric acid, HNO3 is sold a 70% solution. It means the reagent

 Briefly explain how to prepare the following solutions: 1.0 L of