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 A DICTIONARY

OF

E N G LISH ETY MO LOGY.

 $n the same 3 utbor.

ON THE PRINCIPLES OF GEOMETRICAL DEMON

STRATION, from the original conception of Space and Form. 12mo,
pp. 48. Price 2s.

ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE UNDERSTANDING.

12mo, pp. 133. Price 3s.

THE GEOMETRY OF THE THREE FIRST BOOKS OF

EUCLID, by direct proof from definitions alone. 12mo, pp. 104. Price 3s.

TRÚBNER & CO., 8 & 60, PATERNOSTER ROW.

 A DICT I O N A R Y

OF

ENGLISH ETYM 0 L0 CY.

BY

HENSL EIGH WED GW 00 D,

LATE FELLOW OF CHR. COLL. CAM.

$ttomb (ºbition,

THOROUGHLY REVISED AND ENLARGED ;

WITH AN INTRODUCTION ON THE ORIGIN OF LANGUAGE,

LONDON :
TRUBNER & CO., 8 & 60, PATERNOSTER ROW.
1872.
[All Rights reserved.]

183438 B
JOHN CHILDS AND SON, PRINTERS.
 INTRODUCTION.

ON THE ORIGIN OF LANGUAGE.

..It requires only a superficial acquaintance with the principal languages of

Europe to recognise their division into four or five main classes, each comprising
a number of subordinate dialects, which have so much in common in their stock
of words and in their grammatical structure, as irresistibly to impress us with the
conviction that the peoples by whom they are spoken, are the progeny, with
more or less mixture of foreign elements, of a common ancestry. If we compare
German and Dutch, for instance, or Danish and Swedish, it is impossible in either
case to doubt that the people speaking the pair of languages are a cognate race;
that there was a time more or less remote when the ancestors of the Swabians
and the Hollanders, or of the Danes and Swedes, were comprised among a people
speaking a common language. The relation between Danish and Swedish is of
the closest kind, that between Dutch and German a more distant one, and we
cannot fail to recognise a similar relationship, though of more remote an origin,
between the Scandinavian dialects, on the one hand, and the Teutonic, on the
other, the two together forming what is called the Germanic class of Languages.
A like gradation of resemblance is found in the other classes. The Welsh,
Cornish, and Breton, like the Danish and Swedish, have the appearance of descent
from a common parentage at no very distant period, and the same is true of
Gaelic and Manx. On the other hand, there is a greater difference between
Gaelic and Welsh than there is between any of the branches of the Germanic
class; while, at the same time, there are peculiarities of grammatical structure
common to both, and so much identity traceable in the roots of the language, as
to leave no hesitation in classing them as branches of a common Celtic stock. And
so in the Slavonic class, Polish and Czech or Bohemian, as Russian and Servian,
are sister languages, while the difference between Russian and Polish is so great
as to argue a much longer separation of the national life.
vi THE INDO-EUROPEAN FAMILY.

In the case of the Romance languages we know historically that the countries
where Italian, Provençal, French, Spanish, &c., are spoken, were thoroughly col
onised by the Romans, and were for centuries under subjection to the empire.
We accordingly regard the foregoing class of languages as descended from Latin,
the language of the Imperial Government, and we account for their divergences,
not so much from the comparative length of their separate duration, as from
mixture with the speech of the subject nations who formed the body of the
people in the different provinces.
With Latin and the other Italic languages, Umbrian and Oscan, of which
slight remains have come down to us, must be reckoned Greek. and Albanian,
as members of a family ranking with the Germanic, the Celtic, and Slavonic
stocks, although there has not been occasion to designate the group by a collect
ive name. When we extend our survey to Sanscrit and Zend, the ancient
languages of India and Persia, we find the same evidences of relationship in the
fundamental part of the words, as well as the grammatical structure of the
language, which led us to regard the great families of European speech as de
scendants of a common stock.
Throughout the whole of this vast circle the names of the numerals unmis.
takeably graduate into each other, however startling the dissimilarity may be in
particular cases, where the name of a number in one language is compared with
the corresponding form in another, as when we compare five and quinque, four
and tessera, seven and hepta. The names of the simplest blood relations, as father,
mother, brother, sister, are equally universal. Many of the pronouns, the prepo
sitions and particles of abstract signification, as well as words designating the
most familiar objects and actions of ordinary life, are part of the common
property.
Thus step by step has been attained the conviction that the principal races of
Europe and of India are all descended from a single people, who had already
attained a considerable degree of civilisation, and spoke a language of grammatical
structure similar to that of their descendants. From this primeval tribe it is
supposed that colonies branched off in different directions, and becoming isolated
in their new settlements, grew up into separate peoples, speaking dialects assum
ing more and more distinctly their own peculiar features, until they gradually
developed in the form of Zend and Sanscrit and the different classes of European
speech.
The light which is thus thrown on the pedigree and relationship of races be
yond the reach of history is however only an incidental result of linguistic study.
For language, the machinery and vehicle of thought, and indispensable con
dition of all mental progress, holds out to the rational inquirer a subject of as
high an intrinsic interest as that which Geology finds in the structure of the
Globe, or Astronomy in the movements of the heavenly bodies.
Etymology embraces every question concerning the structure of words. It
resolves them into their constituent elements, traces their growth and relation
ships, examines the changes they undergo in their use by successive generations of
 LIMIT OF ANALYSIS. vii

men, or in the mixture of speech brought about by the vicissitudes of war or of

peaceful intercourse, and seeks in every way to elucidate the course by which the
words of a language have come to signify the meaning which they suggest to a
native ear.
The first step that must be taken in the analysis of a word, is to distinguish the
part which contains the fundamental significance, from the grammatical ele
ments used to modify that significance in a regular way, such as the inflections of
verbs and of nouns, the terminations which give an abstract or an adjectival or
diminutival sense to the word, or any similar contrivances in habitual use in the
language. It will be convenient to lay aside for separate consideration these
grammatical adjuncts, and to confine our attention, in the first place, to the radical
portion of the word. If we take the word Enmity, for example, we recognise
the termination ty as the sign of an abstract noun, and we understand the word
as signifying the state or condition of an enemy, which is felt as the immediate
parent of the English word. Now we know that enemy comes to us through the
French ennemi from Latin inimicus, which may itself be regularly resolved into
the prefix in (equivalent to our un), implying negation or opposition, and amicus,
a friend. In amicus, again, we distinguish the syllable -us as the sign of a noun in
the nominative case; -ic- as an element equivalent to the German-ig or English -y
in windy, hairy, &c., as an adjective termination indicating possession or connec
tion with; and finally the radical element am, signifying love, which is presented
in the simplest form in the verb amo, I love.
Here our power of analysis is brought to a close, nor would it advance our
knowledge of the structure of language by a single step, if it could be shown that
the syllable am was a Sanscrit root as well as a Latin one. It would merely be
one more proof of a primitive connection between the Latin and the Indian
races, but the same problem would remain in either case, how the syllable am
could be connected with the thought of love. Thus sooner or later the Etymol
ogist is brought to the question of the origin of Language. The scientific ac
count of any particular word will only be complete when it is understood how
the root to which the word has been traced could have acquired its proper signi
ficance among the founders of Language. The speech of man in his mother
tongue is not, among children of the present day, a spontaneous growth of nature.
The expression itself of mother-tongue shows the immediate source from whence
the language of each of us is derived. The child learns to speak from the inter
course of those in whose care he is placed. If an English infant were removed
from its parents and committed to the charge of a Greek or a Turkish home, he
would be troubled by no instinctive smatterings of English, but would grow up in
the same command of Greek or of Turkish as his foster brothers.
Thus language, like writing, is an art handed down from one generation to
another, and when we would trace upwards to its origin the pedigree of this grand
distinction between man and the brute creation, we must either suppose that the
line of tradition has been absolutely endless, that there never was a period at
which the family of man was not to be found on earth, speaking a language be
viii FUNDAMENTAL PROBLEM OF LANGUAGE.

queathed to him by his ancestors, or we must at last arrive at a generation which

was not taught their language by their parents. The question then arises, how
did the generation, in which language was originally developed, attain so valuable
an art? Must we suppose that our first parents were supernaturally endowed
with the power of speaking and understanding a definite language, which was
transmitted in natural course to their descendants, and was variously modified in
different lines of descent through countless ages, during which the race of man
spread over the earth in separate families of people, until languages were pro
duced between which, as at present, no cognisable relation can be traced
Or is it possible, among the principles recognised as having contributed ele
ments more or less abundant in every known language, to indicate a sufficient
cause for the entire origination of language in a generation of men who had not
yet acquired the command of that great instrument of thought, though in
every natural capacity the same as ourselves?
When the question is brought to this definite stage, the same step will be
gained in the science of language which was made in geology, when it was re
cognised that the phenomena of the science must be explained by the action of
powers, such as are known to be active at the present day in working changes on
the structure of the earth. The investigator of speech must accept as his start
ing-ground the existence of man as yet without knowledge of language, but en
dowed with intellectual powers and command of his bodily frame, such as we
ourselves are conscious of possessing, in the same way that the geologist takes his
stand on the fact of a globe composed of lands and seas subjected, as at the pre
sent day, to the influence of rains and tides, tempests, frosts, earthquakes, and sub
terranean fires.
A preliminary objection to the supposition of any natural origin of language
has been raised by the modern German school of philosophers, whose theory
leads them to deny the possibility of man having ever existed in a state of mutism.
“Man is only man by speech,' says W. v. Humboldt, “but in order to discover
speech he must already be man.' And Professor Max Müller, who cites the
epigram, adopts the opinion it expresses. “Philosophers, he says (Lectures on
the Science of Language, p. 347), “who imagine that the first man, though left
to himself, would gradually have emerged from a state of mutism, and have in
vented words for every new conception that arose in his mind, forget that man
could not by his own power have acquired the faculty of speech, which is the
distinctive character of mankind, unattained and unattainable by the mute crea
tion.' The supposed difficulty is altogether a fallacy arising from a confusion
between the faculty of speech and the actual knowledge of language.
The possession of the faculty of speech means only that man is rendered ca
pable of speech by the original constitution of his mind and physical frame, as a
bird of flying by the possession of wings; but inasmuch as man does not learn to
speak, as a bird to fly, by the instinctive exercise of the proper organ, it becomes
a legitimate object of inquiry how the skilled use of the tongue was originally
acquired.
 DOCTRINE OF MAX MüLLER. ix

It is surprising that any one should have stuck at the German paradox, in the
face of the patent fact that we all are born in a state of mutism, and gradually
acquire the use of language from intercourse with those around us, while those
who are cut off by congenital deafness from all opportunity of hearing the speech
of others, remain permanently dumb, unless they have the good fortune to meet
with instructors, by whom they may be taught not only to express their thoughts
by manual signs, but also to speak intelligibly notwithstanding the disadvantage
of not hearing their own voice.
Since then it is matter of fact that individuals are found by no means wanting
in intelligence who only attain the use of speech in mature life, and others who
never attain it at all, it is plain that there can be no metaphysical objection to the
supposition that the family of man was in existence at a period when the use of
language was wholly unknown. How man in so imperfect a state could manage
to support himself, and maintain his ground against the wild beasts, is a question
which need not concern us.
The high reputation of Professor Max Müller as a linguist, and the great
popularity of his Lectures on Language, have given to the doctrine which
he there expounds, an importance not deserved either by the clearness of
the doctrine itself, or by any light which it throws on the fundamental problems
of Language. He asserts (p. 369) that the 4oo or 5oo roots to which the
languages of different families may be reduced, are neither interjections nor
imitations, but ‘phonetic types produced by a power inherent in human
nature. Man in his primitive and perfect state had instincts of which no traces
remain at the present day, the instinct being lost when the purpose for which it
was required was fulfilled, as the senses become weaker when, as in the case of
scent, they become useless.’ By such an instinct the primitive Man was en
dowed with the faculty of giving articulate expression to the rational conceptions
of his mind. He was “irresistibly impelled to accompany every conception of
his mind by an exertion of the voice, articulately modulated in correspondence
with the thought which called it forth, in a manner analogous to that in which a
body, struck by a hammer, answers with a different ring according as it is com
posed of metal, stone, or wood.t -

At the same time it must be supposed that the instinct which gave rise to the
expression of thought by articulate sound, would enable those who heard such
sounds to understand what was passing in the mind of the person who uttered
them. At the beginning the number of these phonetic types must have been
almost infinite, and it would only be by a process of natural elimination that
clusters of roots, more or"less synonymous, would gradually be reduced to one
definite type (p. 371). Thus a stock of significant sounds would be produced
from whence all the languages on earth were developed, and when ‘the creative
faculty, which gave to each conception as it thrilled the first time through the
* It was an instinct, an instinct of the mind as irresistible as any other instinct.—p. 370.
+ The faculty peculiar to man in his primitive state by which every impression from without
received its vocal expression from within must be accepted as a fact.—p. 370, n.
x NO FOUNDATION IN EXPERIENCE.

brain a phonetic expression, had its object fulfilled in the establishment of lan
guage, the instinct faded away, leaving the infants of subsequent generations to learn
their language of their parents, and those who should be born deaf to do as well
as they could without any oral means of communicating their thoughts or
desires.
By other writers of the same philosophical school the instinct is retained in
permanence, in order to account for the vitality of words during the vast period
of time, from the first branching off of the pristine Arian stock into different
families, down to the present day. It is practically such an instinct which
Curtius demands as the basis of any theory of language, in the very valuable in
troduction to his Grunzüge der Griech. Etym., p. 91.
In all the languages of the Indo-European family, he says “from the Ganges to
the Atlantic the same combination sta designates the phenomenon of standing,
while the conception of flowing is as widely associated with the utterance plu
or slightly modified forms. This cannot be accidental. The same conception
can only have been united with the same vocal utterance for so many thousand
years, because in the consciousness (gefühl) of the people there was an inward
bond between the two, that is, because there was for them a persistent tendency
to express that conception by precisely those sounds. The Philosophy of Speech
must lay down the postulate of a physiologic potency of sounds (einer physiolo
gischen geltung der laute), and it can no otherwise elucidate the origin of words,
than by the assumption of a relation of their sounds to the impression which the
things signified by them produce on the soul of the speaker. The signification
thus dwells like a soul in the vocal utterance: the conception, says W. v. Hum
boldt, is as little able to cast itself loose from the word as man can divest himself
of his personal aspect.'
It is a fatal objection to speculations like the foregoing that they appeal to
principles of which we have no distinct experience. If it were true that there is
in the constitution of man a physiologic connection between the sounds sta and
plu and the notion of standing and flowing respectively, it must be felt by all
mankind alike, and it should have led to the universal use of those roots for the
expression of the same ideas in other languages as well as those of the Indo
European stock. But in my own case I have no consciousness of any such con
nection. I do not find that the sound sta of itself calls up any idea in my mind,
and to an unlearned English ear it is as closely connected with the ideas of
stabling, of stamping, and of starting, as it is with that of standing. We know
that our children do not speak instinctively at the present day, and to say that
speech came in that way to primitive Man is simply to avow our inability to
give a rational account of its acquisition. A rational theory of language should
indicate a process supported at every step by the evidence of actual experience,
by which a being, in every other respect like ourselves, might have been led from
a state of mutism to the use of Speech. Nor are the elements of a rational answer
to the problem far to seek, if we are content to look for small beginnings, and do

not regard the invention of language as the work of some mute genius of the
 GESTURE NATURAL TO MAN. xi

ancient world, forecasting the benefits of oral communication and elaborating of

himself a system of vocal signs.
* If in the present state of the world,' says Charma, “ some philosopher were to
wonder how man ever began these houses, palaces, and vessels which we see
around us, we should answer that these were not the things that man began with.
The savage who first tied the branches of shrubs to make himself a shelter was
not an architect, and he who first floated on the trunk of a tree was not the
creator of navigation.’ A like allowance must be made for the rudeness of the
first steps in the process when we are required to explain the origin of the com
plicated languages of civilised life.
If language was the work of human intelligence we may be sure that it was
accomplished by exceedingly slow degrees, and when the true mode of procedure
is finally pointed out, we must not be surprised if we meet with the same appa
rent disproportion between the grandeur of the structure and the homeliness of
the mechanism by which it was reared, which was found so great a stumbling
block in geology when the modern doctrines of that science began to prevail.
The first step is the great difficulty in the problem. If once we can imagine
a man like ourselves, only altogether ignorant of language, placed in circum
stances under which he will be instinctively led to make use of his voice, for the
purpose of leading others to think of something beyond the reach of actual
apprehension, we shall have an adequate explanation of the first act of speech.
Now if man in his pristine condition had the same instincts with ourselves he
would doubtless, before he attained the command of language, have expressed
his needs by means of gestures or signs addressed to the eye, as a traveller at the
present day, thrown among people whose language was altogether strange to him,
would signify his hunger by pointing to his mouth and making semblance of eat
ing. Nor is there, in all probability, a tribe of savages so stupid as not to under
stand gestures of such a nature. ‘Tell me,’ says Socrates in the Cratylus, “if
we had neither tongue nor voice and wished to call attention to something,
should we not imitate it as well as we could with gestures 2 Thus if we wanted
to describe anything either lofty or light, we should indicate it by raising the
hands to heaven; if we wished to describe a horse or other animal, we should
represent it by as near an approach as we could make to an imitation in our own
person.' -

The instinctive tendency to make use of significant gestures was clearly shown
in the case of Laura Bridgman, who being born blind and deaf afforded a singu
lar opportunity for studying the spontaneous promptings of Nature. Now after
Laura had learned to speak on her fingers she would accompany this artificial
mode of communicating her thoughts with the imitative or symbolical gestures
which were taught her by Nature. “When Laura once spoke to me of her own
crying when a little child,’ says Lieber (Smithsonian contributions to Knowledge,
vol. 2), “she accompanied her words with a long face, drawing her fingers down
the face, indicating the copious flow of tears.' She would also accompany her
yes and no with the ordinary nod and shake of the head which are the natural
xii MAN NATURALLY VOCAL.

expression of acceptance and aversion,” and which in her case were certainly not
learned from observation of others. -

To suppose then that primitive Man would spontaneously make use of gestures
to signify whatever it was urgently needful for him to make known to others, is
merely to give him credit for the same instinctive tendencies of which we are
conscious in ourselves. But strong emotion naturally exhales itself in vocal
utterance as well as in muscular action. Man shouts as he jumps for joy. And
this tendency is felt equally by the deaf and dumb, whose utterances are com
monly harsh and disagreeable in consequence of not hearing their own voice. It
was accordingly necessary to check poor Laura when inclined to indulge in this
mode of giving vent to her feelings. She pleaded that ‘God had given her much
voice,' and would occasionally retire to enjoy the gift in her own way in private.
Man then is a vocal animal, and when an occasion arose on which the sign
making instinct was called forth by the necessities of the case, he would as readily
be led to imitate sound by the voice as shape and action by bodily gestures.
When it happened in the infancy of communication, that some sound formed
a prominent feature of the matter which it was important to make known, the
same instinct which prompted the use of significant gestures, where the matter
admitted of being so represented, would give rise to the use of the voice in imi
tation of the sound by which the subject of communication was now characterised.
A person terrified by a bull would find it convenient to make known the
object of his alarm by imitating at once the movements of the animal with his head,
and the bellowing with his voice. A cock would be represented by an attempt
at the sound of crowing, while the arms were beat against the sides in imitation
of the flapping of the bird's wings. It is by signs like these that Hood describes
his raw Englishman as making known his wants in France.
Moo! I cried for milk—
If I wanted bread
My jaws I set agoing,
And asked for new-laid eggs
By clapping hands and crowing.
Hood's Own.

There would be neither sense nor fun in the caricature if it had not a basis of
truth in human nature, cognisable by the large and unspeculative class for whom
the author wrote.
A jest must be addressed to the most superficial capacities of apprehension, and
therefore may often afford better evidence of a fact of consciousness than a train
of abstruse reasoning. It is on that account that so apt an illustration of the
only comprehensible origin of language has been found in the old story of the
Englishman at a Chinese banquet, who being curious as to the composition of a
dish he was eating, turned round to his native servant with an interrogative
Quack, quack? The servant answered, Bowwow ! intimating as clearly as if he
* Me turneth thet neb blithelich touward to thinge thet me loveth, and frommard to thinge
thet me hateth.-Ancren Riwle, 254.
 NURSERY IMITATIONS. xiii

spoke in English that it was dog and not duck that his master was eating. The
communication that passed between them was essentially language, comprehen
sible to every one who was acquainted with the animals in question, language
therefore which might have been used by the first family of man as well as by
persons of different tongues at the present day. -

The imitations of sound made by primitive Man, in aid of his endeavours to

signify his needs by bodily gestures, would be very similar to those which are
heard in our nurseries at the present day, when we represent to our children
the lowing of the cow, the baaing of the sheep, or the crowing of the
cock. The peculiar character of the imitation is given at first by the tone of
voice and more or less abrupt mode of utterance, without the aid of distinct con
sonantal articulation, and in such a manner we have no difficulty in making imita
tions that are easily recognised by any child acquainted with the cry of the animal.
The lowing of the cow is imitated by the prolonged utterance of the vowel sound
oo-ooh 1 or, with an initial m or b, which are naturally produced by the opening
lips, mooh! or booh! In the same way the cry of the sheep is sounded in our nur
series by a broken baa-aa-ah 1 in Scotland bae ( or mae By degrees the imitative
colouring is dropped, and the syllables moo or laa pronounced in an ordinary
tone of voice are understood by the child as signifying the cry of the cow or the
sheep, and, thus being associated with the animals in question in the mind of the
child, might be employed to lead his thoughts to the animal itself instead of the
cry which it utters, or, in other words, might be used as the name of the animal.
It so happens that the English nurse adds the names cow and lamb, by which
she herself knows the animals, to the syllables which are significant to the child,
who thus learns to designate the animals as moo-cow and baa-lamb, but nothing
of this kind could take place at the commencement of language, when neither
party was as yet in possession of a name for the object to be designated, and in
some cases the same syllables by which the nurse imitates the cry are used with
out addition as the name of the animal itself. The bark of a dog is represented
in our nurseries by the syllables low-wow, and the child is first taught to know
the dog as a bowwow. The syllables moo (mu, muh) and mae (mē, māh) in the
South of Germany represent the voice of the cow and the sheep or goat, and with
Swabian children muh and māh are the names of the cow and sheep or goat
(Schmid). In parts of England the imitative moo is lengthened out into mully,
in the sense of lowing or suppressed bellowing; and mully or mully cow is the
children's name of the cow. The Northamptonshire dairymaid calls her cows to
milking, come Moolls, come Moolls! (Mrs Baker). On the same principle among
Swabian children the name of Molle, Molli, or Mollein, is given to a cow or calf.
It is true that the names we have cited are appropriated to the use of children,
but it makes no difference in the essential nature of the contrivance, by whom the
sign is to be understood; and where we are seeking, in language of the present
day, for analogies with the first instinctive endeavours to induce thought in others
by the exercise of the voice, the more undeveloped the understanding of the per
son to whom the communication is addressed, the closer we shall approach to the
xiv ACTUAL FORMATION OF A WORD.

conditions under which language must have sprung up in the infancy of Man.
Where then can the principle which first gave it significance be sought for with
so much reason, as in the forms of speech adapted to the dawning intellect of our
own children, and in the process by which it is made comprehensible to them 2
Dr Lieber, in his paper on the vocal sounds of Laura Bridgman above cited, gives
an instructive account of the birth of a word under his own eyes.
“A member of my own family,' he says, “showed in early infancy a pecu
liar tendency to form new words, partly from sounds which the child caught,
as to woh for to stop, from the interjection woh / used by wagoners when
they wish to stop their horses; partly from symphenomenal emission of sounds.
Thus when the boy was a little above a year old he had made and established in
the nursery the word nim for everything fit to eat. I had watched the growth
of this word. First, he expressed his satisfaction at seeing his meal, when hungry,
by the natural humming sound, which all of us are apt to produce when approving
or pleased with things of a common character, and which we might express thus,
hm. Gradually, as his organs of speech became more skilful and repetition made
the sound more familiar and clearer, it changed to the more articulate um and
im. Finally an n was placed before it, nim being much easier to pronounce than
im when the mouth has been closed. But soon the growing mind began to
generalise, and nim came to signify everything edible; so that the boy would
add the words good or bad which he learned in the mean time. He would now
say good nim, bad nim, his nurse adopting the word with him. On one occasion
he said fie nim, for bad, repulsive to eat. There is no doubt that a verb to mim
for to eat would have developed itself, had not the ripening mind adopted the
vernacular language which was offered to it ready made. We have, then, here
the origin and history of a word which commenced in a symphenomenal sound,
and gradually became articulate in sound and general in its meaning, as the organs
of speech, as well as the mind of the utterer, became more perfect. And is not
the history of this word a representation of many thousands in every language
now settled and acknowledged as a legitimate tongue?'
Dr Lieber does not seem to have been aware how frequent a phenomenon it
is which he describes, nor how numerous the forms in actual speech connected
with the notion of eating which may be traced to this particular imitation. A
near relation of my own in early childhood habitually used mum or mummum for
food or eating, analogous to Magyar mammogmi, Gr. Happāv (Hesych.), in chil
dren's language, to eat. Heinicke, an eminent teacher of the deaf-and-dumb
cited by Tylor (Early Hist., p. 72), says: “All mutes discover words for them
selves for different things. Among over fifty whom I have partially instructed
or been acquainted with, there was not one who had not uttered at least a few
spoken names which he had discovered for himself, and some were very clear and
distinct. I had under my instruction a born deaf-mute, nineteen years old, who
had previously invented many writeable words for things. For instance, he called
to eat, mumm, to drink, schipp, &c." In ordinary speech we have the verb to
mump, to move the lips with the mouth closed, to work over with the mouth,
 ONOMATOPOEIA. XV.

as to mump food (Webster); to mumble, to chew with toothless gums; Swedish

mummsa, to mump, mumble, chew with difficulty (Oehrlauder); Bavarian mem
meln, memmezen, mumpſen, mumpfeln, to move the lips in continued chewing;
mampfen, to eat with a full mouth; on. mumpa, to fill the mouth, to eat
greedily (Haldorsen). With a different development of the initial sound we have
Galla djam djeda, djamdjamgoda (to say djam, make djamdjam), to smack in eat
ing; South Jutland hiamsk, voracious, greedy; at hiamske i sig, to eat in a greedy
swinish manner (Molbech); Swedish dialect gamsa, jamsa (yamsa), jammla,
jumla, to chew laboriously, to mumble, leading to the Yorkshire yam, to eat;
yamming, eating, or more particularly the audibility of the masticating process
(Whitby Gl.). To yam is a slang term for eating among sailors. In the Negro
Dutch of Surinam nyam is to eat; myam nyam, food (Tylor, Primitive Culture, 1.
186). The Chinese child uses nam for eat, agreeing with Fin. nama (in chil
dren's language), Sw. namnam, Wolof nabenabe, delicacies, tidbits; Zooloo nam
bita, to smack the lips after eating or tasting, and thence to be tasteful, to be plea
sant to the mind; Soosoo (W. Africa) nimmim, to taste; Wei (W. Africa) mimi,
palatable, savory, sweet (Koelle). And as picking forbidden food would afford
the earliest and most natural type of appropriating or stealing, it is probable that
we have here the origin of the slang word nim, to take or steal (indicated in the
name of Corporal Nym), as well as the Sw, dial. nimma, Gothic niman, to take.
Nimm'd up, taken up hastily on the sly, stolen, snatched (Whitby Gl.). “Mother
well, the Scotch poet,' says the author of Modern Slang, ‘thought the old word
nim (to snatch or pick up) was derived from nam, nam, the tiny words or cries
of an infant when eating anything which pleases its little palate. A negro pro
verb has the word: Buckra man nam crab, crab nam buckra man. Or, in the
buckra man's language: White man eat [or steal] the crab, and the crab eats
the white man."—p. 180.
The traces of imitation as a living principle giving significance to words have
been recognised from the earliest period, and as it was the only principle on
which the possibility of coining words came home to the comprehension of every
one, it was called Onomatopoeia, or word-making, while the remaining stock of
language was vaguely regarded as having come by inheritance from the first
establishers of speech. ‘’Ovoparotrotta quidem,' says Quintilian, “id est, fictio no
minis, Graecisinter maximas habita virtutes, nobis vix permittitur. Et sunt plurima
ita posita ab is qui sermonem primi fecerunt, aptantes adfectibus vocem. Nam
mugitus et sibilus et murmur inde venerunt.' And Diomedes, ‘’Ovoparotrotta est
dictio configurata ad imitandam vocis confusae significationem, ut tinnitus aeris,
clangorque tubarum. Item quum dicinus valvos stridere, oves balare, aves tin
nire."—Lersch, Sprach-philosophie der Alten, iii. 130-1. Quintilian instances the
words used by Homer for the twanging of the bow (Aiyês Bióc), and the fizzing
of the fiery stake (toiſe) in the eye of Polyphemus.
The principle is admitted in a grudging way by Max Müller (2nd Series, p.
298): “There are in many languages words, if we can call them so, consisting of
mere imitations of the cries of animals or the sounds of nature, and some of them
xvi OBJECTION OF MAX MüLLER.
have been carried along by the stream of language into the current of nouns and
verbs.' And elsewhere (p. 89) with less hesitation, ‘That sounds can be rendered
in language by sounds, and that each language possesses a large stock of words
imitating the sounds given out by certain things, who would deny
We could not have a clearer admission of the imitative principle as a vera
causa in the origination of language. Yet in general he revolts against so simple
a solution of the problem.
‘I doubt, he says, speaking of words formed on the bowwow principle,
‘whether it deserves the name of language.” “If the principle of onomatopoeia
is applicable anywhere it would be in the formation of the names of animals.
Yet we listen in vain for any similarity between goose and cackling, hen and cluck
ing, duck and quacking, sparrow and chirping, dove and cooing, hog and grunting,
cat and mewing, between dog and barking, yelping, snarling, and growling. We
do not speak of a lowwow, but of a dog. We speak of a cow, not of a moo; of
a lamb, not of a laa."—Lect. p. 363.
We shall answer the objection by showing that the name of the animal in
the greater part of the instances specified by Müller is a plain onomatopoeia in
one language or another; that we do speak of a Moo and of a Baa in some other
language if not in English, and that this plan of designation is widely spread over
every region of the world, and applied to every kind of animal which utters a
notable sound. As far as the cry itself is concerned it would hardly occur to
any one to doubt that the word used to designate the utterance of a particular
animal would be taken from imitation of the sound. When once it is admitted
that there is an instinctive tendency to imitation in Man, it seems self-evident
that he would make use of that means of representing any particular sound that
he was desirous of bringing to the notice of his fellow. And it is only on this
principle that we can account for the great variety of the terms by which the
cries of different animals are expressed. Indeed, we still for the most part recog
nise the imitative intent of such words as the clucking of hens, cackling or
gaggling of geese, gobbling of a turkey-cock, quacking of ducks or frogs, cawing
or quawking of rooks, croaking of frogs or ravens, cooing or crooing of doves,
hooting of owls, bumping of bitterns, chirping of sparrows or crickets, twittering
of swallows, chattering of pies or monkeys, neighing or whinnying of horses,
purring or mewing of cats, yelping, howling, barking, snarling of dogs, grunting
or squealing of hogs, bellowing of bulls, lowing of oxen, bleating of sheep, baaing
or maeing of lambs.
While ewes shall bleat and little lambkins mae.-Ramsay.

But the cry of an animal can hardly be brought to mind without drawing with it
the thoughts of the animal itself. Thus the imitative utterance, intended in the
first instance to represent the cry, might be used, when circumstances required,
for the purpose of bringing the animal, or anything connected with it, before the
thoughts of our hearer, or, in other words, might be used as the designation of
the animal or of anything associated with it. If I take refuge in an African
 IMITATIVE NAMES. xvii

village and imitate the roaring of a lion while I anxiously point to a neighbour
ing thicket, I shall intimate pretty clearly to the natives that a lion is lurking in
that direction. Here the imitation of the roar will be practically used as the
name of a lion. The gestures with which I point will signify that an object of
terror is in the thicket, and the sound of my voice will specify that object as a
lion. -

The signification is carried on from the cow to the milk which it produces, when
Hood makes his Englishman ask for milk by an imitative moo. In the same way
the representation of the clucking of a hen by the syllables cock 1 cock 1 gack /
gack 1 (preserved in It. coccolare, Bav. gackern, to cluck) gives rise to the forms
coco, kukó, and gaggele or gagkelein, which are used as the designation of an egg
in the nursery language of France, Hungary, and Bavaria respectively. In
Basque, kokoratz represents the clucking of a hen, and koko (in children's speech)
the egg which it announces (Salaberry). It is among birds that the imitative
nature of the name is seen with the clearest evidence, and is most universally ad
mitted. We all are familiar with the voice of the cuckoo, which we hail as the
harbinger of spring. We imitate the sound with a modulated hoo-hoo, harden
ing into a more conventional cook-coo, and we call the bird cuckoo with a continued
consciousness of the intrinsic significance of the name. The voice of the bird is
so singularly distinct that there is hardly any variation in the syllables used to re
present the sound in different languages. In Lat. it is cuculus (coo-coo-l-us), in
Gr. kökkvå, in G. kuckuck (cook-cook) or guckguck. In Sanscrit the cry is written
kuhū, and the bird is called kuhtºka, kuhû-rava (rava, sound), whose sound is
kuhû–(Pictet, Origines Indo-Européennes). We represent the cry of birds of
the crow kind by the syllable cau, or quawk, which is unmistakeably the source
of the name in the most distant dialects, as Du. Kauwe, kae, Picard cau, a daw,
Sanscr. káka, Arabic kák, ghāk, Georgian quaki, Malay gāgak, Barabra koka,
Manchu kaha, a crow (Pictet). British Columbia kahkah, a crow. Long
fellow in his Hiawatha gives Kahkahgee as the Algonquin name of the raven.
The imitative nature of such names as these have been recognised from the
earliest times, and a Sanscrit writer of at least the 4th century before Christ is
quoted by Müller (Lect. i. 38o, 4th ed.). “Káka, crow, is an imitation of the
sound (káku kāku, according to Durga), and this is very common among birds.'
But already Philosophy was beginning to get the better of common sense, and
the author continues: “Aupamanyava however maintains that imitation of the
sound does never take place. He therefore derives káka, crow, from apaká
layitavya; i. e. a bird that is to be driven away.' Another Sanscrit name for
the crow is kärava (whose voice is ká), obviously formed on the same plan with
Kuhurava (whose voice is kuhſ) for the cuckoo. Yet the word is cited by Mül
ler as an example of the fallacious derivations of the onomatopoeists. Kárava, he
says, is supposed to show some similarity to the cry of the raven. But as soon as
we analyse the word we find that it is of a different structure from cuckoo or
cock. It is derived from a root ru or kru, having a general predicative power,
and means a shouter, a caller, a crier (p. 349, 1st ed.). Sometimes the hoarse
à
xviii IMITATIVE NAMES.

sound of the cry of this kind of bird introduces an r into the imitative syllable,
and we use the verb to croak to designate their cry, while crouk, in the North of
England, is the name for a crow. So we have Polish Arukač, to croak, Kruk, a
crow; Lith. Kraukti, to croak, krauklys, a crow; Du. Kraeyen, to caw or croak,
Araeye, G. Krähe, a crow. The corresponding verbal forms in German and Eng
lish Arāhen, to crow, have been appropriated by arbitrary custom to the cry of the
cock, but the word is not less truly imitative because it is adapted to represent
different cries of somewhat similar sound. In South America a crowlike bird is
called caracara.
The crowing of a cock is represented by the syllables hikeriki in G., coqueri
cot in Fr., cacaracá in Languedoc, leaving no doubt of the imitative origin of
Illyrian kukurékati, Malay kukuk, to crow, as well as of Sanscr. kukkuta, Fin.
kukko, Esthonian kikkas, Yoruba koklo, Ibo akoka, Zulu kuku, and E. cock.
The cooing or crooing (as it was formerly called) of a dove is signified in G.
by the verbs gurren or girren, Da. Kurre, girre, Du. Korren, kirren, koeren. To a
Latin ear it must have sounded tur, tur, giving turtur (and thence It. tortora,
tortóſa, Sp. tºrtola, and E. turtle) as the Lat. name of the bird, the imitative
nature of which has been universally recognised from its reduplicate form. Alba
nian tourre, Heb. tdr, a dove. In Peru turtuli is one kind of dove; cuculi
another. Hindi, ghughu, Pers. Kuku, gugu, wood-pigeon. -

The plaintive cry of the peewit is with no less certainty represented in the
names by which the bird is known in different European dialects, in which we
recognise a fundamental resemblance in sound, with a great variety in the par
ticular consonants used in the construction of the word: English peewit, Scotch
peeweip, teewhoop, tuquheit, Dutch Kievit, German kielitz, Lettish Kiekuts, Magy.
bibits, likuts, Swedish kowipa, French dishuit, Arabic tàtwit. The consonants t,
p, k, produce a nearly similar effect in the imitation of inarticulate sounds, and
when an interchange of these consonants is found in parallel forms (that is,
synonymous forms of similar structure), either in the same or in related dialects,
it may commonly be taken as evidence that the imitative force of the word has
been felt at no distant period.
The hooting of the owl is a note that peculiarly invites imitation, and accord
ingly it has given rise to a great variety of names the imitative character of which
cannot be mistaken. Thus Latin ulula may be compared with ululare, or Gr.
GA0A0&ew, to cry loudly. In French we have hulotte from huller, to howl or
yell, as Welsh hwan from hu'a, to hoot. Lat. bubo, Fr. hibou, It. gufo, German
buhu, uhu, Mod.Gr. coucouva, coccovaec, Walachian coucouveike, Algonquin kos
Áos-koo-0, are all direct imitations of the repeated cry.
‘The cry of the owl,' says Stier in Kuhn's Zeitschrift, xi. p. 219, ‘ku-ku
Au-va-i is in the south (of Albania) the frequent origin of the name, in which
sometimes the first, sometimes the second part, and sometimes both together,
are represented.'
Mr Farrar in his Chapters on Language (p. 24) observes that if the vocabu
lary of almost any savage nation is examired, the name of an animal will gen
 IMITATIVE NAMES. xix

erally be found to be an onomatopoeia, and he cites from Threlkeld's Australian

Grammar Kong-ko-rong, the emu; pip-pi-ta, a small hawk; kong-kong, frogs;
all expressly mentioned by the author as taking their names from their cry. No
one will doubt that the name of the pelican karong-karong is formed in the same
manner. Mr Bates gives us several examples from the Amazons. “Sometimes
one of these little bands [of Toucans] is seen perched for hours together among
the topmost branches of high trees giving vent to their remarkably loud, shrill,
and yelping cry. These cries have a vague resemblance to the syllables tocano,
tocano, and hence the Indian name of this genus of birds.”—Naturalist on the
Amazons, i. 337. Speaking of a cricket he says, “The natives call it tanand, in
allusion to its music, which is a sharp resonant stridulation resembling the sylla
bles ta-na-nā, ta-na-nā, succeeding each other with little intermission.’—i. 250.
We may compare the Parmesan tamanāi, loud noise, rumour; Arabic tantanat,
sound, resounding of musical instruments.—Catafogo.
The name of the cricket indeed, of which there are infinite varieties, may
commonly be traced to representations of the sharp chirp of the insect. Thus
E. cricket is from crick, representing a short sharp sound, as . G. schrecke,
(heuschrecke), schrickel, from schrick, a sharp sound as of a glass cracking
(Schmeller). G. schirke, Fin. sirkka, may be compared with G. zirken, oe. chirk,
to chirp ; Lith, swirplys with G. schwirren, to chirp; Lat. gryllus, G. grille, with
Fr. grillen, to creak; Bret, skril with N. skryle, Sc. skirl, to shrill or sound
sharp. The Arabic sarsor, Corean sirsor, Albanian tsentsir, Basque quirquirra
carry their imitative character on their face.
The designation of insects from the humming, booming, buzzing, droning
noises which they make in their flight is very common. We may cite Gr.
£opſ39Atoc, the humble- or bumble-bee, or a gnat; Sanscr. bambhara, bee, bamba,
fly, “words imitative of humming '—Pictet; Australian bumberoo, a fly (Tylor);
Galla bombi, a beetle; German hummel, the drone or non-working bee; Sanscr.
druna, a bee, Lithuanian tranas, German drohne, a drone, to be compared with
Sanscr. dhran, to sound, German drönen, to hum, resound, Danish drön, din,
peal, hollow noise, Gaelic dranndan, humming, buzzing, growling. The drone
of a bagpipe is the open pipe which keeps up a monotonous humming while the
tune is playing. The cockchafer is known by the name of the buzzard in the
North of England.
“And I eer'd un a bumming away
Like a buzzard-clock o'er my eead.’—Tennyson, Northern Farmer.
Basque burrumba, a muttering noise as of distant thunder; a cockchafer
(Salaberri). The Welsh chuyrnu, to buzz (corresponding to Swedish hurra and
E. whirr), gives rise to chuyrnores, a hornet, and probably indicates that G.
horniss and E. hornet are from the buzzing flight of the animal, and not from its
sting considered as a horn. The name of the gnat may be explained from
Norse gnetta, knetta, to rustle, give a faint sound, Danish gnaddre, to grumble.
Coming to the names of domestic animals we have seen that the lowing of
the ox is represented by the syllables boo and m00. In the N. of England it is
b 2
xx NAMES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

called booing, and a Spanish proverb cited by Tylor (Prim. Cult. 188) shows
that the same mode of representing the sound is familiar in Spain. “Habló el
buey e dijó bu /' The ox spoke and said boo / From this mode of representing the
sound are formed Lith. bubauti (to boo-boo), to bellow like a bull, Zulu bubula,
to low, and (as we apply the term bellowing to the loud shouting of men) Gr.
ſ}oáw, to shout, Lat. boo, to shout, to make a loud deep sound. From the same
imitative syllable are Lith. bulenti, to grumble as distant thunder; biºlnas, a
drum ; bićbléti, to bump as a bittern; Illyr. bubati, to beat hard, to make a noise;
Galla boa, to boohoo, to weep.
In barbarous languages the notion of action is frequently expressed, and a
verbal form given to the word by the addition of elements signifying make or
say. Thus from mamook, make, the traders' jargon of Columbia has
mamook-poo, to make poo, to shoot; mamoo-heeheek, to make laugh, to
amuse.—Tylor. The Galla uses goda, to make, and djeda, to say, in the
same way, and from billil, imitation of a ringing sound, it has bilbilgoda,
to ring, to sound. The same office is performed in an advanced stage of language
in a more compendious way by the addition of an l, a k or g, or a 2 to the im
itative syllable. Thus from miau, representing the mew of a cat, the Fr. forms
miau-l-er, as the Illyr. (with a subsidiary k), maukati, to mew. From baa, or
bae, are formed Lat. ba-l-are, Fr. be-l-er, to baa or bleat; from lau, represent
ing the bark of a dog, Piedmontese fº lau, or lau-1-2, to make bow, to bow
wow or bark. The Piedm. verb is evidently identical with our own hawl, to
shout, or with on. laula, to low or bellow, whence baula, a cow, lauli, loli,
w. buila, a bull. In Swiss the verb takes the form of bullen, agreeing exactly
with Lith. bullus and E. bull. On the same principle, from the imitative moo
instead of boo, the Northampton dairymaid calls her cows mool/s.
The formation of the verb by a subsidiary k or g gives Gr. pivkáopal, Illyr.
mukati, bukati, Lat. mugire, OFr. mugler, bugler, Da. lºge, to low; and thence
Lat. buculus, a bullock, bucula, a heifer, Fr. bugle, a buffalo, bullock, a name
preserved in our bugle-horn. With these analogies, and those which will presently
be found in the designations of the sheep or goat and their cries, it is truly sur
prising to meet with linguistic scholars who deny that the imitative boo can be
the origin of forms like Gr. Boüc, Lat. bos, bovis, It. bue, ox, Norse bu, cattle, w.
bu, Gael. bo, Manx booa, Hottentot bou (Dapper), Cochin Chinese bo (Tylor), a
cow. Yet Geiger, in his Ursprung der menschlichen Sprache [1868], p. 167,
plainly asserts that the supposition of such an origin is inadmissible. His analysis
leads him to the conclusion that the words Boüc and cow may be traced to a
common origin in the root gwav, and therefore cannot be taken from the cry of
the animal. But when I find that the ox is widely called Boo among different
families of men from Connemara to Cochin China, it seems to me far more cer
tain that the name is taken from the booing of the animal than any dogmas can
be that are laid down concerning such abstractions as the Sanscrit roots.
The cry of the sheep or goat is universally imitated by the syllables baa, tae,
mah, mae, as that of the cow by boo, or moo, and in Hottentot baa was the
 NAMES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. xxi

name of a sheep, as bou of an ox. In the Wei of W. Africa baa, in Wolof

bae, a goat.
With a subsidiary k or g the imitative syllable produces Swiss bäggen, báàg
gen, Magy. Bek-eg-ni, beg-et-ni, Illyr. beknuti, to bleat, and thus explains the origin
of forms like Sw. lágge (Rietz), a sheep or ewe, Gr. Bākm, Bikov (Hesych.), a
sheep or goat, Illyr. bekavica, a sheep, It. becco, a goat. From the imitative mae,
we have Sanscr. menáda (náda, sound, cry), a goat; and with the subsidiary & or
g, Gr. punkáopal, punkáčw, Illyr. meketati, mecati, G. meckern, Magy. mečegni, Gael.
meigeal, Vorarlberg måggila (corresponding to Fr. meugler, for the voice of the
ox), to bleat; Gr. punkáčec, goats, lambs.
The same radical with a subsidiary l gives Gael. meil, Manx meilee, to bleat,
showing the origin of Scotch Mailie, as the proper name of a tame sheep, and of
Gr. HiiNov (maelon), a sheep or a goat, and Circassian maylley, a sheep (Löwe).
The name of the hog is another instance where Müller implicitly denies all
resemblance with the characteristic noises of the animal. And it is true there is
no similarity between hog and grunt, but the snorting sounds emitted by a pig
may be imitated at least as well by the syllables hoc'h, hoc'h (giving to c'h the
guttural sound of Welsh and Breton), as by grunt. In evidence of the aptness of
this imitation, we may cite the cry used in Suffolk in driving pigs, remembering
that the cries addressed to animals are commonly taken from noises made by
themselves. “In driving, or in any way persuading, this obstinate race, we have
no other imperative than hooe! hooe! in a deep nasal, guttural tone, appropri
ately compounded of a groan and a grunt.”—Moor's Suffolk words, in v. sus-sus.
Hence Breton hoc'ha, to grunt, and hoc'h, houc'h, w. huch, a hog, leaving little
doubt as to the imitative origin of the E. name. In like manner we find Lap
pish snorkeset, to grunt, undoubtedly imitative, and snorke, a pig; Fin. maskia, to
smack like a pig in eating, and naski, a pig. If Curtius had been aware of the
Sc. grumpf, a grunt, and grumphie, a sow, he would hardly have connected
Hesychius' ypópºpac, a sow, with the root ypápw, applied to the rooting of the ani
mal with its snout. Moreover, although the imitation embodied in Lat. grun
nire, Fr. grogner, and E. grunt, does not produce a name of the animal itself,
it gives rise to It. grugno, Fr. groin, E. grunny, the snout of a pig, and thence
groin, the snout-shaped projections running out into the sea, by which the shingle
of our southern coast is protected. And obviously it is equally damaging to
Müller's line of argument whether the onomatopoeia supplies a name of the ani
mal or only of his snout. -

Among the designations of a dog the term cur, signifying a snarling, ill-bred
dog, may with tolerable certainty be traced to an imitative source in on. Kurra,
to snarl, growl, grumble, G. kurren, to rumble, grumble. Kurren und murren,
ill-natured jangling; Sc. curmurring, grumbling, rumbling. The G. Kurre, oe.
curre-fish (as Da. Anurfisk, from knurre, to growl, mutter, purr), is applied to
the gurnard on account of the grumbling sounds which that fish is said to utter.
It is probable also that E. hound, G. hund, a dog, may be identical with Esthon.
hunt (gen. hundi), a wolf, from hundama, to howl, corresponding to ohG. hunon,
xxii MüLLER ANSWERED.

to yelp, Sc. hune, to whine. So Sanscr. httrava (whose cry is ht!), a jackal
(Benfey).
The nursery names of a horse are commonly taken from the cries used in the
management of the animal, which serve the purpose as well as the cries of the
animal itself, since all that is wanted is the representation of a sound associated in
a lively manner with the thought of the creature to be named.
In England the cry to make a horse go on is gee, and the nursery name for a
horse is geegee. In Germany hott is the cry to make a horse turn to the right;
ho, to the left, and the horse is with children called hotte-párd (Danneil), hutt
jenho-peerd (Holstein Idiot.). In Switzerland the nursery name is hottihuh, as
in Yorkshire highty (Craven Gloss.), from the cry hait, to turn a horse to the
right. In Finland, humma, the cry to stop or back a horse, is used in nursery
language as the name of the animal. The cry to back a horse in Westerwald is
huf / whence houſe, to go backwards. The same cry in Devonshire takes the
form of haap / haap back / Provincial Da. hoppe dig / back! From the cry thus
used in stopping a horse the animal in nursery language is called hoppe in Frisian
(Outzen), houpy in Craven, while hipp-peerdken in Holstein is a holly horse or
child's wooden horse. Thus we are led to the Fr. holin, E. holly, a little am
bling horse, G. hoppe, a mare, Esthonian hollo, hobben, a horse.
In the face of so many examples it is in vain for Müller to speak of onomato
poeia as an exceptional principle giving rise to a few insignificant names, but ex
ercising no appreciable influence in the formation of real language. ‘The ono
matopoeic theory goes very smoothly as long as it deals with cackling hens and
quacking ducks, but round that poultry-yard there is a dead wall, and we soon
find that it is behind that wall that language really begins.”—2nd Series, p. 91.
“There are of course some names, such as cuckoo, which are clearly formed by an
imitation of sound. But words of this kind are, like artificial flowers, without a
root. They are sterile and unfit to express anything beyond the one object which
they imitate.” “As the word cuckoo predicates nothing but the sound of a par
ticular bird, it could never be applied for expressing any general quality in which
other animals might share, and the only derivations to which it might give rise
are words expressive of a metaphorical likeness with the bird.’—1st Series, p. 365.
The author has been run away with by his own metaphorical language. An
onomatopoeia can only be said to have no root because it is itself a living root, as
well adapted to send forth a train of derivations as if it was an offshoot from
some anterior stock. If a certain character is strongly marked in an animal, the
name of the animal is equally likely to be used in the metaphorical designation
of the character in question, whether it was taken from the cry of the animal or
from some other peculiarity. The ground of the metaphor lies in the nature of
the animal, and can in no degree be affected by the principle on which the name of
the species is formed. Thus the comparison with artificial flowers becomes a
transparent fallacy which the author ought at once to have erased, when he found
himself in the same page indicating derivatives like cuckold, coquette, cockade,
coquelicot, as springing from his types of a lifeless stock. If onomatopoeias can
 IMITATIONS OFTEN UNLIKE EACH OTHER. xxiii

be used in giving names to things that bear a metaphorical likeness to the ori
ginal object, what is there to limit their efficiency in the formation of language?
And how can the indication of such derivatives as the foregoing, be reconciled
with the assertion that there is a sharp line of demarcation between the region of
onomatopoeia and the ‘real' commencement of language? The important ques
tion is not what number of words can be traced to an imitative source, but
whether there is any difference in kind between them and other words.
The imitative principle will in no degree be impugned by bringing forwards
any number of names which cannot be shown to have sprung from direct imita
tion, for no rational onomatopoeist ever supposed that all names were formed on
that principle. It is only at the very beginning of language that the name would
necessarily be taken from representations of sounds connected with the animal.
As soon as a little command of language was attained, a more obvious means of
designation would frequently be found in something connected with the appear
ance or habits of the animal, and it is a self-evident fact that many of the animals
with which we are familiar are named on this principle. The redbreast, white
throat, redpole, lapwing, wagtail, goatsucker, woodpecker, swift, diver, creeper,
speak for themselves, and a little research enables us to explain the name in in
numerable other cases on a similar plan. Nor will there be any presumption
against an imitative origin even in cases where the meaning of the name remains
wholly unknown. When once the name is fully conventionalised all conscious
ness of resemblance with sound is easily lost, and it will depend upon accident
whether extrinsic evidence of such a connection is preserved. There is nothing
in the E. name of the turtle or turtle-dove to put us in mind of the cooing of the
animal, and if all knowledge of the Lat. turtur and its derivatives had been lost,
there would have been no grounds for suspicion of the imitative origin of the
word. It is not unlikely that the oN. hross, E. horse, may have sprung from a
form corresponding to Sanscr. hresh, to neigh, but as we are ignorant of any
Indian name corresponding to horse, or any Western equivalent of the Sanscr.
hresh, it would be rash to regard the connection of the two as more than a pos
sibility. Even in case of designations appropriated to the cries of particular
animals or certain kinds of sound, it is commonly more from the consciousness of
a natural tendency to represent sound in this manner, and indeed from the con
viction that it is the only possible way of doing so, that we regard the words as
intentionally imitative, than from discerning in them any intrinsic resemblance
to the sounds represented. The neighing of a horse is signified by words strik
ingly unlike even in closely related tongues; Fr. hennir, It. nitrire, Sp. rinchar,
relinchar, Sw. wrena, wrenska, G. frenschen, wiehern, Du. runniken, ginniken,
brieschen, Sanscr. hresh, Bohem. Mehtati, Lettish sweegt. Yet we cannot doubt
that they all take their rise in vocal imitations of the sound of neighing or whin
nying.
With the designations of animal cries may be classed those of various inar
ticulate noises of our own, as sigh, sob, moan, groan, cough, laugh (originally pro
nounced with a guttural), titter, giggle, hickup (Sanscr. hikká, Pl.D. hukkup,
xxiv. IMITATIONS OF SOUND.

snukkup), snore, snort, wheeze, shriek, scream, the imitative nature of which will
be generally admitted.
The sound of a sneeze is peculiarly open to imitation. It is represented in e.
by the forms a-kishoo! or a-atcha / of which the first is nearly identical with the
Sanscr. root kshu, or the w. tisio (tisho), to sneeze. From the other mode of
representing the sound a child of my acquaintance gave to his sister the name of
Atchoo, on account of her sneezing; and among American tribes it gives rise to
several striking onomatopoeias cited by Tylor; haitshu, atchini, atchian,
aritischane, &c. -

It is certain that where in the infancy of Speech the need was felt of bringing
a sound of any kind to the thoughts of another, an attempt would be made to
imitate it by the voice. And even at the present day it is extremely common to
give life to a narration by the introduction of intentionally imitative words, whose
only office it is to bring before the mind of the hearer certain sounds which
accompany the action described, and bring it home to the imagination with the
nearest approach to actual experience.
‘Bang, bang, bang! went the cannon, and the smoke rolled over the
trenches.’ “Hoo, hoo, hoo! ping ping, ping ! came the bullets about their ears.'
“Haw, haw, haw roared a soldier from the other side of the valley.” “And at
it both sides went, ding, dong ! till the guns were too hot to be worked.”—Read,
White Lies, 1865.
To fall plump into the water is to fall so suddenly as to make the sound
‘plump.’ ‘Plump! da fiel he in das wasser.' So smack represents the sound of a
sharp blow, and to cut a thing smack off is to cut it off at a blow. Ding
dong, for the sound of a large bell, ting-ting, for a small one; tick-tack,
for the beat of a clock; pit-a-pat, for the beating of the heart or the
light step of a child; thwick-thwack, for the sound of blows, are familiar
to every one. The words used in such a manner in German are especially
numerous. Klapp, klatsch, for the sound of a blow. “He kreeg enen an de
oren: klapp / segde dat': he caught it on the ear, clap / it cried—Brem. Wtb.
A smack on the chops is represented also by pratz, plitsch-platsch.-Sanders.
Puff, pump, bumm, for the sound of a fall; knack, for that of breaking;
Anarr, for the creaking of a wheel, fitsche-fatsche, for blows with a rod, stripp
strapp-stroll, for the sound of milking.
When once a syllable is recognised as representing sound of a certain kind it
may be used to signify anything that produces such a sound, or that is accom
panied by it. Few words are more expressive than the E. lang, familiarly used
to represent the sound of a gun and other loud toneless noises. Of a like forma
tion are Lettish bunga, a drum; delles-bungotais (debbes, heaven), the God of
thunder; Zulu bongo, for the report of a musket (Colenso); Australian lung
bung ween, thunder (Tylor); Veigbengben, a kind of drum. To bang is then to
do anything that makes a noise of the above description, to beat, to throw
violently down, &c. Let. bangas, the dashing of the sea; Veigbangba, to ham
mer, to drive in a nail; on. banga, to hammer; Da. tanke, to knock, beat, throb.
 FANCIFUL PRINCIPLES OF SIGNIFICAN CE. xxv.

The sharp cry of a chicken or a young child is represented by the syllables

pi, pu.
We sall gar chekinnis cheip and gaislingis pew.—Lyndsay.
In Austria pi / pi/ is used as a call to chickens (Tylor). Fr. piou, piou,
peep, peep, the voice of chickens (Cot.); piailler, piauler, E. pule, to cry like
a chick, a whelp, or a young child; Gr. ºritičw, Lat. pipilo, pipio, Mantuan
far pipi, to cry pi, pi, to cheep like a bird or a young child. It. pipiare,
pipare, to pip like a chicken or pule like a hawk; pigolare, pigiolare, to squeak,
pip as a chicken.—Florio. Magyar pip, cry of young birds; pipegni, pipelni,
to peep or cheep; pipe, a chicken or gosling; Lat. pipio, a young bird;
It. pippione, pigione, piccione, a (young) pigeon. The syllable representing a
sharp sound is then used to designate a pipe, as the simplest implement for pro
ducing the sound. Fr. pipe, a fowler's bird call; G. pfeife, a fife or musical pipe.
At last all reference to sound is lost, and the term is generalised in the sense of any
hollow trunk or cylinder.
In cases such as these, where we have clear imitations of sound to rest on, it is
easy to follow out the secondary applications, but where without such a clue we
take the problem up at the other end and seek to divine the imitative origin of a
word, we must beware of fanciful speculations like those of De Brosses, who finds
a power of expressing fixity and firmness in an initial st; excavation and hollow
in sc; mobility and fluid in fl, and so forth. It seems to him that the teeth
being the most fixed element of the organ of voice, the dental letter, t, has been un
consciously (machinalement) employed to designate fixity, as k, the letter proceed
ing from the hollow of the throat, to designate cavity and hollow. S, which he
calls the nasal articulation, is added to intensify the expression. Here he abandons
the vera causa of the imitation of sound, and assumes a wholly imaginary principle
of expression. What consciousness has the child, or the uneducated man, of the
part of the mouth by which the different consonants are formed
But even the question as to the adaptation of certain articulations to represent
particular sounds will be judged very differently by different ears. To one the
imitative intention of a word will appear self-evident, while another will be
wholly unable to discern in the word any resemblance to the sound which it is
supposed to represent. The writer of a critique on Wilson's Prehistoric Man
can find no adaptation to sound in the words laugh, scream, bleat, cry, and
whimper. He asks, “What is there in whimper which is mimetic? and if simper
had been used instead, would there have been less onomatopoeia 2 Is rire like
laugh? Yet to a Frenchman, doubtless, rire seems the more expressive of the
two.'

In language, as in other subjects of study, the judgment must be educated by a

wide survey of the phenomena, and their relations, and few who are so prepared
will doubt the imitative nature of the word in any of the instances above cited
from Wilson.
Evidence of an imitative origin may be found in various circumstances, not
. xxvi EVIDENCES OF IMITATION.

ably in what is called a reduplicate form of the word, where the significant
syllable is repeated with or without some small variation, either in the vowel or
consonantal sound, as in Lat. murmur (by the side of G. murren, to grumble),
turtur, susurrus (for sur-sur-us); tintinno, tintino, along with tinnio, to ring;
pipio, to cry pi, pi; It. tontonare, tomare, to thunder, rattle, rumble (Fl.);
gorgog'iare (to make gorgor), to gurgle; Mod. Gr. Yapyaptºw (to make gargar),
to gargle; Bop;3opúčw, It. borbogliare (to make borbor), to rattle, rumble, bubble,
along with Du. borrelen, to bubble; Zulu rarava, to fizz like fat in frying;
. Hindoo tomtom, a drum ; W. Indian chack-chack, a rattle made of hard seeds in
a tight-blown bladder (Kingsley), to be compared with Sc. chack, to clack, to
make a clinking noise, or with Manchu kiakseme (seme, sound), sound of dry
wood breaking.
If laugh were written as it is pronounced, laaff, there would be nothing in
the word itself to put us in mind of the thing signified. The imitation begins
to be felt in the guttural ach of G. lachen, and is clearly indicated in the redupli
cate form of the Du. lachachen, to hawhaw or laugh loud, preserved by Kilian.
The same principle of expression is carried still further in the Dayak kakakkaka,
to go on laughing loud; Manchu Kaka-kiki, or kaka-faka, Pacific aka-aka, loud
laughter. Mr Tylor illustrates the Australian wiiti, to laugh, by quoting from
the ‘Tournament of Tottenham,'
We te he quoth Tyb, and lugh.
In other cases the imitative intention is witnessed by a variation of the vowel
corresponding to changes in the character of the sound represented. Thus crack
signifies a loud hard noise; crick, a sharp short one, like the noise of a glass
breaking; creak, a prolonged sharp sound. Clack expresses such a sound as that
of two hard pieces of wood striking against each other; click, a short sharp
sound, as the click of a latch or a trigger; cluck, a closed or obscure sound.
Hindustani karak is rendered, crash, crack, thunder; kuruk, the clucking of a
hen; Karkarānā, to crackle like oil in boiling; kirkirānā, to gnash the teeth;
kurkurina, to cluck, to grumble. To craunch implies the exertion of greater
force than when we speak of crunching such a substance as frozen snow or a
biscuit. The change through the three vowels, i, a, u, in German, is very com
mon. The Bremisch Dictionary describes knaks, kniks, knuks, as representing
the sound made when something breaks; Anaks, of a loud strong sound; Kniks,
of something fine and thin, like a glass or the chain in a watch; Anuks, when it
gives a dull sound like a joint dislocated or springing back. In the same way
we have Knarren, to creak; knirren, to grate the teeth; knurren, to growl,
grumble; garren, girren, gurren, to jar, coo, rumble, &c. Sometimes the ex
pression is modified by a change of the consonant instead of the vowel. Thus
in Zulu the sonants b and g are exchanged for the lighter sound of the spirants
p and k in order to strengthen the force of a word. Pefuzela, to Pant; befu
zela, to pant violently (Colenso). But perhaps the expressive power of a word
is brought home to us in the most striking manner when the same significa
 SIMILAR FORMS IN REMOTE TONGUES. xxvii

tion is rendered by identical or closely similar forms in widely distant languages.

The noise of pieces of metal striking together, or of bells ringing, is represented
in Manchu by the syllables kiling-kiling, kiling-kalang, to be compared with G.
Áling-kling, the tingling sound of a little bell (Ludwig); kling-klang, the sound of
a stringed instrument, the clink of glasses; Lat. clango, E. clank, clink. Manchu
kalar-kilir, for the clinking of keys or tinkling of bells, is identical with G. klirren,
the gingling of glasses, chinking of coin, clash of arms. Manchu tang-lang,
Chinese tsiang-tsiang, for the ringing of bells, correspond to E. ding-dong, and
illustrate the imitative nature of tingle, jingle, jangle. Manchu quar-quar, for the
croaking of frogs, agrees with G. Quarren, to croak; Manchu hak for the sound of
coughing or clearing the throat, with our expression of hawking or of a hacking
cough. Manchu pour-pour represents the sound of boiling water, or the bubbling
up of a spring, corresponding in E. to the purling of a brook, or to Du. borrelen,
to bubble up. Manchu kaka, as Fr. caca and Finnish áákká, are applied to the
excrements of children, while cacá / is used in E. nurseries as an exclamation of
disgust or reprobation, indicating the origin of Gr. kakóc, bad. Manchu tehout
chou-tchatcha, for the sound of privy whispering, brings us to Fr. chuchoter, for
chut-chut-er, to say chut, chut, to whisper. The whispering of the wind is repre
sented in Chinese by the syllables siao-siao (Müller, I. 368), answering to the
Scotch sough or sooch. The imitative syllable which represents the purling of a
spring of water in the name of the Arabian well Zemzem, expresses the sound of
water beginning to boil in E. simmer. The syllables bil-bil, which represent a
ringing sound in Galla billil-goda (to make billil), to ring or jingle, and bilbila,
a bell, are applied to the notes of a singing bird or a pipe in Albanian billil, a
nightingale, a boy's whistle, Turk. billbill, a nightingale. The sound of champ
ing with the jaws in eating is imitated by nearly the same syllables in Galla
djamdjamgoda (to make djamdjam), Magyar csamm-ogni, csam-csogni, and E. champ.
The Turcoman kalabálac'h, uproar, disturbance (F. Newman), has its analogues in
E. hullabaloo and Sanscr. hala-halá-ſabda (£alda, sound), shout, tumult, noise.
The E. pitapat may be compared with Australian pitapitata, to knock, to pelt as
rain, Mantchu patapata, Hindustani bhadbhad for the sound of fruits pattering
down from trees, Fr. patatras for the clash of falling things, Maori pata, drops of
rain (Tylor, Prim. Calt. i. 192). The Galla gigiteka, to giggle, is based on the
same imitation as the E. word, and the same may be said of Zulu kala, cry, wail,
sing as a bird, sound, compared with Gr. ka)\{w, and E. call; as of Tamil muro
muro and E. murmur. The Australian represents the thud of a spear ora bullet strik
ing the object by the syllable toop, corresponding to which we have Galla tub
djeda (to say tub), for a box on the ear; Sanscr. tup, tubh, and Gr. rvir (in römrw,
triarov), to strike. The imitation of the same kind of sound by a nasal intonation
gives the name of the Indian tomtom, and Gr. ripravov, a drum; Galla tuma, to
beat, tumtu, a workman, especially one who beats, a smith. The Chinook jar
gon uses the same imitative syllable in tumtum,” the heart; tumwata, a water
* “Mme P. bent her head, and her heart went thump, thump, at an accelerated note.”
Member for Paris, 1871.
xxviii ADMITTED IMITATIONS.

fall, and it is also found in Lat. tum-ultus, w, tymmestl, disturbance, in e. thump,

As. tumbian (to beat the ground), to dance, and Fr. tomber, to fall.
The list of such agreements might be lengthened to any extent. But although
the resemblance of synonymous words in unrelated languages affords a strong pre
sumption in favour of an imitative origin, it must not be supposed that the most
striking dissimilarity is any argument whatever to the contrary. The beating of
a drum is represented in E. by rubadub, answering to G. brumberum, Fr. rataplan
or rantanplan, It. tarapatan, parapatapan. We represent the sound of knocking
at a door by rat-tat-tat-tat, for which the Germans have poch-poch or puk-puk
(Sanders). We use bang, the Germans puff, and the French pouf, for the
report of a gun. Mr Tylor indeed denies that the syllable puff here imitates the
actual sound or bang of the gun, but he has perhaps overlooked the constant
tendency of language to signify the sound of a sudden puff of wind and of the
collision of solid bodies by the same syllables. The It. buffetto signifies as well a
buffet or cuff, as a puff with the mouth or a pair of bellows. So in Fr. we have
souffler, to blow, and soufflet, a box on the ear or a pair of bellows, while E.
blow is applied as well to the force of the wind as to a stroke with a solid body.
The use of G. puff, to represent the sound of a blow or of an explosion is uni
versally recognised by the dictionaries. ‘ Der puff, the sound of a blow or shock;
bang, blow, thump.’—Nöhden.
No doubt the comparison of vocal utterances with natural sounds is slippery
ground, and too many cases may be adduced where an imitative origin has been
maintained on such fanciful grounds as to throw ridicule on the general theory,
or has been claimed for words which can historically be traced to antecedent ele
ments. Nevertheless, it is easy in every language to make out numerous lists of
words to the imitative character of which there will in nine cases out of ten be
an all but universal agreement. Such are bump, thump, plump, thwack, whack,
smack, crack, clack, clap, flap, flop, pop, snap, rap, tap, "pat, clash, crash, smash,
swash, splash, slash, lash, dash, craunch, crunch, douse, souse, whizz, fizz, hiss,
whirr, hum, boom, whine, din, ring, bang, twang, clang, clank, clink, chink,
jingle, tingle, tinkle, creak, squeak, squeal, squall, rattle, clatter, chatter, patter,
mutter, murmur, gargle, gurgle, guggle, sputter, splutter, paddle, dabble, bubble,
blubber, rumble.
Notwithstanding the evidence of forms like these, the derivation of words
from direct imitation, without the intervention of orthodox roots, is revolting to
the feelings of Professor Müller, who denounces the lawlessness of doctrines that
“would undo all the work that has been done by Bopp, Humboldt, and Grimm,
and others during the last fifty years—and throw etymology back into a state of
chronic anarchy.” “If it is once admitted that all words must be traced back to
definite roots, according to the strictest phonetic rules, it matters little whether
those roots are called phonetic types, more or less preserved in the innumerable
impressions taken from them, or whether we call them onomatopoeic and inter
jectional. As long as we have definite forms between ourselves and chaos, we
may build our science like an arch of a bridge, that rests on the firm piles fixed
 INTERJECTIONS OF FEELING. xxix

in the rushing waters. If, on the contrary, the roots of language are mere ab
stractions, and there is nothing to separate language from cries and interjections,
then we may play with language as children play with the sands of the sea, but
we must not complain if every fresh tide wipes out the little castles we had built
on the beach.'—2nd Series, p. 94.
If Grimm and Bopp had established an immovable barrier between us and
chaos, it might save some trouble of thought, but the name of no master of the
Art will now guarantee the solidity of the ground on which we build; we must
take it at our own risk though Aristotle himself had said it. The work of every
man has to stand the brunt of water and of fire, and if wood, hay, or stubble is
found in the building of Grimm or Bopp, or of any meaner name, it is well that
it be burnt up.
We come now to the personal interjections, exclamations intended to make
known affections of the mind, by imitation of the sounds naturally uttered under
the influence of the affection indicated by the interjection. Thus ah!, the interj.
of grief, is an imitation of a sigh; ugh 1, the interj. of horror, of an utterance at
the moment of shuddering.
At the first beginning of life, every little pain, or any unsatisfied want, in the
infant, are made known by an instinctive cry. But the infant speedily finds that
his cry brings his mother to his side, that he has only to raise his voice in order
to get taken up and soothed or fed. He now cries no longer on the simple im
pulsion of instinct, but with intelligence of the consolation which follows, and
it is practically found that the child of the unoccupied mother, who has time to
attend to every little want of her nurseling, cries more than that of the hard
working woman whose needs compel her to leave her children a good deal to
themselves. In the former case the infant gives expression in the natural way to
all his wants and feelings of discomfort, and wilfully enforces the utterance as a
call for the consolation he desires. But when the infant petulantly cries as a
call for his mother, he makes no nearer approach to speech than the dog or the
cat which comes whining to its master to get the door opened for it. The pur
pose of the cry, in the case of the animal or of the infant, is simply to call the
attention of the mother or the master, without a thought of symbolising to them,
by the nature of the cry, the kind of action that is desired of them. It is not
until the child becomes dimly conscious of the thoughts of his mother, and cries
for the purpose of making her suppose that he is in pain, that he has taken the
first step in rational speech. The utterance of a cry with such a purpose may
be taken as the earliest type of interjectional expression, the principle of which is
clearly enounced by Lieber in his account of Laura Bridgman, formerly cited.
* Crying, wringing the hands, and uttering plaintive sounds, are the sponta
neous symphenomena of despair. He in whom they appear does not intention
ally produce them. He however who beholds them, knows them, because they
are spontaneous, and because he is endowed with the same nature and organisa
tion; and thus they become signs of despair. Henceforth rational beings may
intentionally produce them when they desire to convey the idea of despair.’
Xxx PRINCIPLE OF INTERJECTIONS.

The principle which gives rise to interjections is precisely the same as that
which has been so Jargely illustrated in the naming of animals. If I wish to
make a person of an unknown language think of a cow, I imitate the lowing of
the animal; and in the same way when I wish him to know that I am in pain, or
to think of me as suffering pain, I imitate the cry which is the natural expression
of suffering. And as the utterance used in the designation of animals speedily
passes from the imitative to the conventional stage, so it is with the interjec
tions used to express varieties of human passion, which are frequently so toned
down in assuming an articulate form as to make us wholly lose sight of the in
stinctive action which they represent, and from whence they draw their signifi
Cance.

The nature of interjections has been greatly misunderstood by Müller, who

treats them as spontaneous utterances, and accordingly misses their importance
in illustrating the origin of language. He says, “Two theories have been started
to solve the problem [of the ultimate nature of roots], which for shortness' sake
I shall call the Bowwow theory and the Poohpooh theory. According to the
first, roots are imitations of sounds; according to the second, they are involuntary
interjections.”—1st Series, p. 344. And again, ‘There are no doubt in every
language interjections, and some of them may become traditional, and enter into
the composition of words. But these interjections are only the outskirts of real
language. Language begins where interjections end. There is as much differ
ence between a real word such as to laugh, and the interjection ha ha! as there
is between the involuntary act and noise of sneezing and the verb to sneeze.” “As
in the case of onomatopoeia, it cannot be denied that with interjections too some
kind of language might have been formed; but not a language like that which
we find in numerous varieties among all the races of men. One short interjec
tion may be more powerful, more to the point, more eloquent than a long speech.
In fact, interjections, together with gestures, the movements of the muscles, of
the mouth, and the eye, would be quite sufficient for all purposes which language
answers with the majority of mankind. Yet we must not forget that hum!
ugh tut! pooh! are as little to be called words as the expressive gestures which
usually accompany these exclamations.'—p. 369—371. And to the same effect
he cites from Horne Tooke. ‘The dominion of speech is founded on the down
fall of interjections. Without the artful intervention of language mankind would
have had nothing but interjections with which to communicate orally any of their
feelings. The neighing of a horse, the lowing of a cow, the barking of a dog,
the purring of a cat, sneezing, coughing, groaning, shrieking, and every other in
voluntary convulsion with oral sound, have almost as good a title to be called
parts of speech as interjections have. Voluntary interjections are only employed
where the suddenness and vehemence of some affection or passion return men to
their natural state and make them forget the use of speech, or when from some
circumstance the shortness of time will not permit them to exercise it.'—Diver
sions of Purley, p. 32. When the words of Tooke are cited in opposition to the
claims of interjections to be considered as parts of speech, it should be remem
 PRINCIPLE OF INTERJECTIONS. xxxi

bered, that to say that the cries of beasts have almost as good a title to the name
of language as interjections, is practically to recognise that some additional func
tion is performed by interjections, and the difference thus hazily recognised by
Tooke is, in truth, the fundamental distinction between instinctive utterance and
rational speech.
The essence of rational speech lies in the intention of the speaker to impress
something beyond the mere sound of the utterance on the mind of the hearer.
And it is precisely this which distinguishes interjections from instinctive cries. It
is not speaking when a groan of agony is wrung from me, but when I imitate a
groan by the interjection ah / for the purpose of obtaining the sympathy of my
hearer, then speech begins. So, when I am humming and hawing, I am not
speaking, but when I cry hm / to signify that I am at a loss what to say, it is not
the less language because my meaning is expressed by a single syllable. It is
purely accident that the syllables haha, by which we interjectionally represent the
sound of laughter, have not been retained in the sense of laugh in the grammatic
al part of our language, as is actually the case in some of the North American
dialects, for example, in the name of Longfellow's heroine Minnehaha, explained
as signifying the laughing water. The same imitation may be clearly discerned
in Magy. hahota, loud laughter, in Fin. hahottaa, hohottaa, and somewhat veiled
in Arab. Kahkahah, Gr. Kaxážw, kayyáčw, Lat. cachinno, to hawhaw or laugh
loud and unrestrainedly.
Müller admits that some of our words sprang from imitation of the cries of
animals and other natural sounds, and others from interjections, and thus, he says,
some kind of language might have been formed, which would be quite sufficient
for all the purposes which language serves with the majority of men, yet not a
language like that actually spoken among men. But he does not explain in what
fundamental character a language so formed would differ from our own, nor can
he pretend to say that the words which originate in interjections are to be dis
tinguished from others.
To admit the mechanism as adequate for the production of language, and yet
to protest that it could not have given rise to such languages as our own, because
comparatively few of the words of our languages have been accounted for on this
principle, is to act as many of us may remember to have done when Scrope and
Lyell began to explain the modern doctrines of Geology. We could not deny
the reality of the agencies, which those authors pointed out as in constant opera
tion at the present day on the frame-work of the earth, demolishing here, and
there re-arranging, over areas more or less limited; but we laughed at the suppo
sition that these were the agencies by which the entire crust of the earth was
actually moulded into its present form. Yet these prejudices gradually gave way
under patient illustrations of the doctrine, and it came to be seen by every one that
if the powers indicated by Lyell and his fellow-workers could have produced the
effects attributed to them, by continued operation through unlimited periods of
time, it would be unreasonable to seek for the cause of the phenomena in
miracle or in convulsions of a kind of which we have no experience in the history
xxxii LANGUAGE OF GESTURE.

of the world. And so in the case of language, when once a rational origin of
words has been established on the principle of imitation, the critical question
should be, whether the words explained on this principle are a fair specimen of
the entire stock, whether there is any cognisable difference between them and
the rest of language; and not, what is the numerical proportion of the two
classes, whether the number of words traced to an imitative origin embraces a
fiftieth or a fifth of the roots of language.
There can be no better key to the condition of mind in which the use of
speech would first have begun, than the language of gesture in use among the
deaf-and-dumb, which has been carefully studied by Mr Tylor, and admirably de
scribed in his ‘Early History of Mankind.’ ‘The Gesture-language and Picture
writing,' he says, “insignificant as they are in practice in comparison with speech
and phonetic writing, have this great claim to consideration, that we can really
understand them as thoroughly as perhaps we can understand anything, and by
studying them we can realise to ourselves in some measure a condition of the
human mind which underlies anything which has as yet been traced in even the
lowest dialect of language, if taken as a whole. Though, with the exception of
words which are evidently imitative, like peewit and cuckoo, we cannot at present
tell by what steps man came to express himself by words, we can at least see how
he still does come to express himself by signs and pictures, and so get some idea
of the nature of this great movement, which no lower animal is known to have
made or shown the least sign of making.’ ‘The Gesture-language is in great
part a system of representing objects and ideas by a rude outline-gesture, imitat
ing their most striking features. It is, as has been well said by a deaf-and-dumb
man, a Picture-language. Here at once its essential difference from speech be
comes evident. Why the words stand and go mean what they do is a question to
which we cannot as yet give the shadow of an answer, and if we had been taught
to say stand where we now say go, and go where we now say stand, it would be
practically all the same to us. No doubt there was a sufficient reason for these
words receiving the meanings they now bear, but so far as we are concerned there
might as well have been none, for we have quite lost sight of the connection be
tween the word and idea. But in the Gesture-language the relation between idea
and sign not only always exists, but is scarcely lost sight of for a moment. When
a deaf-and-dumb child holds his two first fingers forked like a pair of legs, and
makes them stand and walk upon the table, we want no teaching to tell us what
this means nor why it is done. The mother-tongue (so to speak) of the deaf-and
dumb is the language of signs. The evidence of the best observers tends to prove
that they are capable of developing the Gesture-language out of their own minds
without the aid of speaking men. The educated deaf-mutes can tell us from
their own experience how Gesture-signs originate.
The following account is given by Kruse, a deaf-mute himself, and a well
known teacher of deaf-mutes, and author of several works of no small ability:—
“Thus the deaf-and-dumb must have a language without which no thought can be
brought to pass. But here nature soon comes to his help. What strikes him
 GESTURE SIGNS. xxxiii

most, or what makes a distinction to him between one thing and another, such
distinctive signs of objects are at once signs by which he knows these objects, and
knows them again; they become tokens of things. And whilst he silently
elaborates the signs he has found for single objects, that is, whilst he describes
their forms for himself in the air, or imitates them in thought with hands,
fingers, and gestures, he developes for himself suitable signs to represent ideas,
which serve him as a means of fixing ideas of different kinds in his mind, and
recalling them to his memory. And thus he makes himself a language, the so
called Gesture-language, and with these few scanty and imperfect signs a way for
thought is already broken, and with his thought, as it now opens out, the lan
guage cultivates itself, and forms further and further.’
Mr Tylor proceeds to describe some of the signs used in the Deaf-and-Dumb
Institution at Berlin:—
‘To express the pronouns I, thou, he, I push my fore-finger against the pit
of my stomach for I, push it towards the person addressed for thou, point with
my thumb over my right shoulder for he. When I hold my right hand flat
with the palm down at the level of my waist, and raise it towards the level of
my shoulder, that signifies great; but if I depress it instead, it means little. The
sign for man is taking off the hat; for child, the right elbow is dandled upon the
left hand. The adverb hither and the verb to come have the same sign, beckon
ing with the finger towards oneself. To hold the first two fingers apart, like a
letter V, and dart the finger tips out from the eyes is to see. To touch the ear
and tongue with the forefinger is to hear, and to taste. To speak is to move
the lips as in speaking, and to move the lips thus while pointing with the fore
finger out from the mouth is name, or to name, as though one should define it to
point out by speaking. To pull up a pinch of flesh from the back of one's hand
is flesh or meat. Make the steam curling up from it with the forefinger, and it
becomes roast meat. Make a bird's bill with two fingers in front of one's lips
and flap with the arms, and that means goose ; put the first sign and these to
gether, and we have roast goose. To seize the most striking outline of an object,
the principal movement of an action, is the whole secret, and this is what the
rudest savage can do untaught, nay, what is more, can do better and more easily
than the educated man.'
In the Institutions, signs are taught for many abstract terms, such as when or
yet, or the verb to be, but these, it seems, are essentially foreign to the nature of
the Gesture-language, and are never used by the children among themselves.
The Gesture-language has no grammar, properly so called. The same sign stands
for the agent, his action, and the act itself, for walk, walkest, walked, walker, the
particular sense in which the sign is to be understood having to be gathered
from the circumstances of the case. ‘A look of inquiry converts an assertion
into a question, and fully serves to make the difference between The master is
come, and Is the master come 2 The interrogative pronouns who 2 what 2 are
made by looking or pointing about in an inquiring manner; in fact, by a num
ber of unsuccessful attempts to say, he, that. The deaf-and-dumb child's way of
&
xxxiv. VOCAL SIGNS ANTERIOR TO GRAMMAR.

asking, Who has beaten you? would be, You beaten ; who was it?' Where
the inquiry is of a more general nature, a number of alternatives are suggested.
‘The deaf-and-dumb child does not ask, What did you have for dinner yester
day? but, Did you have soup 2 did you have porridge? and so forth.-What is
expressed by a genitive case or a corresponding preposition may have a distinct
sign of holding in the Gesture-language. The three signs to express the gar
dener's knife, might be the knife, the garden, and the action of grasping the
knife, putting it into his pocket, or something of the kind. But the mere
putting together of the possessor and possessed may answer the purpose.'
The vocal signs used at the first commencement of speech would differ from
the gestures which they supplemented or replaced only in being addressed to the
ear instead of the eye. Each separate utterance would be designed to lead the
hearer to the thought of some scene of existence or sensible image associated with
the sound which the utterance is intended to represent, and it might be used to
signify a substantive object, or a quality, or action, according to the circumstances
of the case. The deaf-mute touches his lip to signify either the lip itself or the
colour red, and the word lip might equally have been used in both these senses,
as, in fact, the term pink is applied indifferently to a particular flower and a mix
ture of white and red, or orange to a certain fruit and its peculiar colour. An
imitation of the sound of champing with the jaws might with equal propriety
signify either something to eat or the act of eating, and on this principle we have
above explained the origin of words like mum or nim, which may occasionally be
heard in our nurseries expressing indifferently the senses of eat or of food. Nor is
this comprehensiveness of signification confined to the self-developed language of
children. In ordinary English the same word may often be used in such a con
struction as to make it either verb or noun, substantive or adjective, or sometimes
interjection or adverb also. When I speak of going to hunt or to fish, gram
marians would call the word a verb. When I speak of joining the hunt or catching
a fish, it is a substantive. In the expression of a hunt-ball or fish-dinner the prior
element is used to qualify the meaning of the following noun, and thus performs
the part of an adjective. The syllable bang represents a loud dull sound, and when
it is uttered simply for the purpose of giving rise to the thought of such a sound,
as when I say, Bang ! went the gun, it is called an interjection. But when it is
meant to indicate the action of a certain person, as when I say, Do not bang the
door, it is a verb. When it expresses the subject or the object of action, as in the
sentence, He gave the door a bang, it is a noun. When I say, He ran bang up
against the wall, bang qualifies the meaning of the verb ran, and so is an adverb.
But these grammatical distinctions dependentirely upon the use, in other instances
or in other languages, of appropriate modifications of the significant syllable,
whether by additions or otherwise, in expressing such relations as those indicated
above. The office of all words at the beginning of speech, like that of the Inter
jections at the present day, would be simply to bring to mind a certain object of
thought, and it would make no difference in the nature of the word whether that
object was an agent, or an act, or a passive scene of existence. The same word
 NATURE OF INTERJECTIONS. xxxW

moo would serve to designate the lowing of the cow or the cow itself. It is only
when a word, signifying an attribute of this person or of that, coalesces with the
personal pronouns, or with elements expressing relations of time, that the verb
will begin to emerge as a separate kind of word from the rest of speech. In the
same way the coalescence with elements indicating that the thing signified is the
subject or the object of action, or expressing the direction of motion to or from
the thing, or some relation between it and another object, will give rise to the
class of nouns. We have in Chinese an example of a language in which neither
verb nor noun has yet been developed, but every syllable presents an independent
image to the mind, the relations of which are only marked by the construction of
the sentence, so that the same word may signify under different circumstances
what would be expressed by a verb, a noun, or an adjective in an inflectional
language. The syllable ta conveys the idea of something great, and may be used
in the sense of great, greatness, and to be great. Thus tafu signifies a great man;
fu ta, the man is great.—Müller I. 255. The sense of in a place is expressed in
Chinese by adding such words as cung, middle, or nei, inside, as Kuo cung, in the
empire. The instrumental relation is indicated by the syllable y, which is an old
word meaning use; as y ting (use stick), with a stick. It is universally supposed
that the case-endings of nouns in Greek, Latin, and Sanscrit have arisen from the
coalescence of some such elements as the above, as in the case of our own com
pounds, whereto, whereof, wherefore, whereby, wherewith, the subsidiary element
being slurred over in pronunciation, and gradually worn down until all clue to its
original form and signification has been wholly lost. It is otherwise with the
personal inflections of the verbs, whose descent from the personal pronouns is in
many cases clear enough.
Interjections are of the same simple significance as the words in Chinese, or
as all words must have been at the first commencement of speech. Their mean
ing is complete in itself, not implying a relation to any other conception. The
purpose of the interjection is simply to present a certain object to the imagina
tion of the hearer, leaving him to connect it with the ideas suggested by any
preceding or following words, as if successive scenes of visible representation were
brought before his eyes. The term is chiefly applied to exclamations intended
to express a variety of mental or bodily affections, pain, grief, horror, contempt,
wonder, &c., by imitating some audible accompaniment of the affection in ques
tion. Thus the notion of pain or grief is conveyed by an imitation of a sigh or
a groan; the idea of dislike and rejection by an imitation of the sound of spit
ting. The interjection will be completely accounted for in an etymological
point of view, when it is traced to a recognised symphenomenon (as Lieber calls
it) of the affection, that is, to some outward display of the affection, that admits
of audible representation. Why the affection should display itself in such a
manner is a question beyond the bounds of etymological inquiry, but is often
self-evident, as in the case of spitting as a sign of dislike.
The interjections which occupy the most prominent place in the class are
perhaps those which represent a cry of pain, a groan, a sigh of oppression and
£ 2
xxxvi DEVELOPMENT OF VERBS AND NOUNS.

grief. Such are G. ach, Gael. ach, och, ochan, w. och, E. ah, oh, It. ai, ahi, ohi,
Gr. oi, º, Lat. ah, oh, oi, hei, Illyr. jao, jaoh. A widespread form, representing
probably a deeper groan, is seen in Gr. ovat, Lat. vac, It. guai, w. guae, Illyr.
vaj, Goth. wai, ohG. u’á, wºu'a, As. wa, witu'a, E. woe, on. vei.
The representation of a sigh or groan by the syllable ah! ah! assumes the
shape of a substantive or a verb in w. och, ochan, G. ach, a groan or lamentation;
w. ochi, ochain, G. achen, ächzen, to groan, Gr. ixopat, to bewail oneself, aka
xt{w (to cry ach! ach!) dyéw, ſixvvut, to grieve, to mourn. It passes on to
signify the cause of the groaning in As. ace, ace, e. ache, pain, suffering, and in
Gr. axoc, pain, grief. The form corresponding to Lat. vac, however, has more
generally been used in the construction of words signifying pain, grief, misery.
G. weh, pain, grief, affliction; die wehen, the pangs of childbirth; kopfweh,
zahnweh, headache, toothache; wehen (Schmeller), to ache, to hurt; Let. wai
iát, to injure; Illyrian vaj, w. guae, It. guajo, misfortune, woe.
It is very common in an early stage of speech to form verbs by the addition
of elements signifying say or make to an imitative syllable. Thus in the lan
guage of the Gallas the sound of a crack is represented by the syllables cacak
(where c stands for a click with the tongue); the chirping of birds by the syllable
tirr or trrr; the champing of the jaws by djamdjam ; and cacak djeda (to say
cacak) is to crack; tirr-djeda, to chirp; djamdjam goda (goda, to make), to
smack or make a noise as swine in eating. A similar formation is frequent in
Sanscrit, and is found in G. weh schreien, weh klagen, to cry woe to lament;
wehthun, to do woe, to cause pain, to ache. A more artificial way of express
ing action is to replace the elements signifying say or make by the sound of an
l, n, or r, in Gr, mostly a x, at the close of the radical syllable. Thus the Latin
has la-l-are, to cry laa the Piedmontese, far lau-lau, and more artificially
lau-l-ć, to make bow-wow, to bark; Fr. miau-l-er, to cry miau / Albanian
miau-l-is, miau-n-is, I mew; Gr. aidºw, to cry al, ai, to lament, opéºw, to cry
otpot, ah me! Yapyaptºw, to sound yapyap, to gargle. In this way from the
root guai, wai, representing a cry of pain, are formed E. wai-l, It. guaj-ire, guaj
ol-ire, to yell or cry out pitifully, to lament, Bret. gue-l-a, to weep, N. vei-a, on.
vei-n-a (to cry vei !), to yell, howl, lament, G. weinen, to weep.
We get a glimpse of the original formation of verbs in the way in which the
interjection sometimes coalesces with the personal pronoun. The utterance of
the interjection alone would naturally express the pain or grief of the speaker
himself, but when joined with the mention of another person, the exclamation
would refer with equal clearness to the suffering of the person designated. Pae
tibil Pae victis / Woe unto thee! Woe unto them Accordingly, when the
speaker wishes emphatically to indicate himself as the sufferer, he adds the pro
noun of the first person. Hei mihi / Ah me / Aye me / Sp. Ay di me / Gr.
oipo, It, ohimé/ oimé/ Illyr. vajme / Let. waiman / woe is me. And so com
plete is the coalescence of the interjection and the pronoun in some of these
cases, as to give rise to the formation of verbs like a simple root. Thus from
oipo, springs oipółw, to wail, lament; from oimé, oimare, to wail or cry alas
 EXPRESSION OF HORROR. xxxvii

(Florio); from Let. waiman / waimanas, lamentation, waimanát, to lament,

showing the formation of the oe. waiment, of the same signification. Now if
we examine the purport of the utterance ohimé / ah me / we shall see that it is
intended to let the hearer know that the speaker is in pain or grief, and thus has
essentially the same meaning with the Gr. 3xopat I bemoan myself, I cry ach!
I am in pain. And no one doubts that the uai of 3xopat is the pronoun of the
first person joined on to an element signifying lamentation or pain, a notion
which is expressed in the clearest manner by a syllable like &X or ach, represent
ing a cry of pain.
The interjection in Italian coalesces also with the pronoun of the second and
third person: ohitu ! alas for thee, ohisé! alas for him (Florio), suffering to thee,
to him, corresponding to Gr. ixegat, dxerat, although in these last the identity
of the verbal terminations with the personal pronoun is not so clearly marked as
in the case of the first person of the verb.
UGH !
The effects of cold and fear on the human frame closely resemble each other.
They check the action of the heart and depress the vital powers, producing a con
vulsive shudder, under which the sufferer cowers together with his arms pressed
against his chest, and utters a deep guttural cry, the vocal representation of which
will afford a convenient designation of the attitude, mental or bodily, with which
it is associated. Hence, in the first place, the interjection ugh' (in German uh!
hu ! in French ouſ !) expressive of cold or horror, and commonly pronounced
with a conscious imitation of the sound which accompanies a shudder. Then
losing its imitative character the representative syllable appears under the form of
ug or hug, as the root of verbs and adjectives indicating shuddering and horror.
Kilian has huggheren, to shudder or shiver. The oe. ug or houge was used in the
sense of shudder at, feel abhorrence at.

The rattling drum and trumpet's tout

Delight young swankies that are stout;
What his kind frighted mother ugs
Is musick to the sodger's lugs.-Jamieson, Sc. Dict.

In a passage of Hardyng cited by Jamieson it is related how the Abbess of Cold

inghame, having cut off her own nose and lips for the purpose of striking the
Danish ravishers with horror,
‘Counseiled al her systers to do the same
To make their foes to houge so with the sight.
And so they did, afore the enemies came
Eche-on their nose and overlip full right
Cut off anon, which was an hougly sight.'
Here, as Jamieson observes, the passage clearly points out the origin of the word
ugly as signifying what causes dread or abhorrence, or (carrying the derivation to
its original source) what makes us shudder and cry ugh'
Ugh / the odious ugly fellow.—Countess of St Albans.
xxxviii ASTON ISHMENT.

It may be observed that we familiarly use frightful, or dreadfully ugly, for the
extreme of ugliness. The radical syllable is compounded with a different termin
ation in Scotch ugsome, what causes horror.
The ugsomeness and silence of the nycht
In every place my sprete made sore aghast.—Douglas, Virgil.
From the same root are on. ugga, to fear, to have apprehension of ; uggr, fright,
apprehension; uggligr, frightful, threatening; uggsamr, timorous. Then as
things of extraordinary size have a tendency to strike us with awe and terror, to
make us houge at them (in the language of Hardyng), the term huge is used to
signify excessive size, a fearful size. The connection of the cry with a certain
bodily attitude comes next into play, and the word hug is applied to the act of
pressing the arms against the breast, which forms a prominent feature in the
shudder of cold or horror, and is done in a voluntary way in a close embrace or
the like.

GR. Baſłat LAT. BABAe 1 PAPE"

The manifestation of astonishment or absorption in intent observation, by the
instinctive opening of the mouth, is familiar to every one.
I saw a smith stand with his hammer—thus,
The whilst his iron did on his anvil cool,
With open mouth swallowing a tailor's news.-K. John.
The physical cause of the phenomenon appears to be, that the least exertion
in breathing interferes with the power of catching any very slight sounds for
which we are listening; and as we breathe with greater ease with the mouth open,
when we are intently engaged in the observation of an object of apprehension or
wonder, listening for every sound that may proceed from it, the mouth instinct
ively opens in order to calm down the function of breathing, and to give the fairest
play to the sense of hearing. Now the exertion of the voice at the moment of
opening the lips produces the syllable ba, which is found as the root of words in
the most distant languages signifying wonder, intently observe, watch, expect,
wait, remain, endure, or (passing from the mental to the bodily phenomenon)
gape or open the mouth, and thence open in general. The repetition of the syl
lable ba, ba, gives the interjection of wonder in Greek and Latin, Bagat babae!
papae! The exclamation ba / is used in the North of France in a similar manner,
according to Hécart (Dict. Rouchi), and the same author explains babaie as one
who stares with open mouth, a gaping booby. Walloon lawi, to gaze with open
mouth (Grandgagnage); eslawi, Old English abaw, Fr. bahir, abaulir, to cause
to cry ba / to set agape, to astonish.
In himself was all his state
More solemn than the tedious pomp which waits
On princes, when their rich retinue long
Of horses led and grooms besmeared with gold,
Dazzles the crowd, and sets them all agape.—Milton.
In the remote Zulu we find balaza, to astonish. The significant syllable is
 ATTENTION, SILENCE. xxxix

strengthened by a final d in several of the Romance dialects (‘the d being in an

cient Latin the regular stopgap of the hiatus.”—Quart. Rev. No. 148), as in It.
badare, to be intent upon, to watch, to loiter, tarry, stay; stare a lada, to observe,
to watch, to wait; stadigliare, Provençal badalhar, to yawn; ladar, to open the
mouth, gola badada, with open mouth; pouerto ladiero, an open door; Fr. bader,
to open (Vocab. de Berri), ladault (badaud), a gaping hoyden, a fool (Cot.);
Catalan badia, Portuguese bahia, an opening where the sea runs up into the land,
a bay; Breton badalein, to yawn; lada, badaoui, to be stupified, dazzled, aston
ished. In France the simpler form of the root, without the addition of the final
d, gives Old Fr. baer, laier, béer, to be intent upon, to hanker after, to gape;
bouche béante, à gueule bée, with open mouth ; bailler, to gape or yawn. Abaier
is explained by Lacombe, ‘6couter avec 6tonnement, bouche béante, inhiare lo
quenti.” The adoption of Fr. alaier gave rise to e. abeyance, expectation, sus
pense, and oe. alie, to remain, abide, endure.
At sight of her they sudden all arose
In great amaze, ne wist which way to chuse,
But Jove all fearless forced them to abie.—F. Queen.

The same transition from the sense of earnest observation to that of expecta
tion or mere endurance until a certain end, is seen in Latin attendere, to observe,
to direct the mind to, and Fr. attendre, to expect, to wait; and again in Italian
guatare, to look, to watch, compared with E. wait, which is radically identical
and was itself originally used in the sense of look.
Beryn clepyd a maryner, and bad hym sty on loſt,
And weyte aftir our four shippis aftir us doith dryve.

As the vowel of the root is thinned down from a to i in the series baer, baier,
abaier, aly, or in Gr. (xãw) xatvw, xàokw, compared with Lat. hio, to gape, we
learn to recognise a similar series in It. badare, Gothic leidan, to look out for, to
expect, await, and E. bide, abide, to wait.
HUSH ! HIST .

A representation of a whispering or rustling sound by the utterance of a pro

longed sh or ss, or of different combinations of s with h, p, or t, is widely used for
the purpose of demanding silence or cessation of noise, or of warning one to listen.
Hence the interjections of silence, hush / hist / whist / pist / (Hal), Sc. whish
whisht ! G. ps! psch / pst / husch I tusch ' Da. tys / Sw, tyst / Lat. st/ It. xitto,
Piedm. cito / ciuto / Fr. chut / Turk. st'sá / Ossetic ss / sos / silence! Fernandian
sia / listen tush! Yoruba sio! pshaw! (Tylor, Prim. Cult. I. 178.)
The interjection seems in all cases to arise from a representation of a low
whispering sound, but the principle on which it acts as a demand of silence may
be explained in two ways. In the first place it may be understood as an exhort
ation to lower the voice to a whisper, or more urgently, not to let even a whisper
or a rustle be heard; but more generally perhaps it is to be understood as an in
xl LISTENING.

timation to be on the watch for the least whisper that can be heard, for which
purpose it is necessary that the hearer should keep perfectly still. Thus we have
Sc. whish, whilsh, a rushing or whizzing sound, a whisper.—Jam.
Lat her yelp on, be you as calm’s a mouse,
Nor lat your whisht be heard into the house.
The It. xitto is used exactly in the same way; non fare zitto, not to make the
least sound; non sentirse un zitto, not a breath to be heard; stare zitto, to be
silent. Pissipissi, pst, hsht, still ; also a low whispering; pissipissare, to psh, to
hsht; also to buzz or whisper very low.—Fl. To pister or whister are provincially
used in the sense of whisper.—Hal. The w. hust (pronounced hist), a buzzing
noise, hush (Rhys), husting, whisper, speak low, correspond to E. hist / silenceſ
listen! In the same way answering to G. tusch / Da. tys / hush! the G. has tus
chen, tuscheln, to whisper; zischen, zischeln, xiischeln, to hiss, whizz, fizz, whisper.
G. husch/ represents any slight rustling sound, the sound of moving quickly through
the air. ‘ Husch / sausen wir husch / durch rusch und durch busch.' * Husch /
was rauscht dort in den gebüschen." In this last example it will be seen that the
interjection may be understood either as a representation of the rustling sound that
is heard in the bushes, or as an intimation to listen to it. The Gr. oićw, to give
the sound at, to hiss, signifies also, to cry hush' to command silence, showing
that the syllable at, like the Fernandian sia' was used in the sense of hush.
Hence must be explained Lat. sileo, Goth. silan (formed on the plan of Lat. ta
l-o, to cry baa), to be hushed or silent. In Gr. ovyáw, to be silent, otyáčw, to put
to silence, the root has the form of E. sigh, representing the sound of a deep-drawn
breath, or the whispering of the wind. In like manner the Sc. souch, sugh,
swouch, souf, oe, swough, Magy, sug-, suh-, representing the sound of the wind, or
of heavy breathing, lead to Sc. souch, silent, calm. To keep a calm souch ; to
keep souch, to keep silent.—Jam. Hence As. suurian, swugan, swigan, G. schwei
gen, to be silent. The syllable representing a whispering sound is sometimes
varied by the introduction of an l after the initial w, f, or h. Thus from forms
like whisper (G. wispern, wispeln), whister, pister, whist / hist / we pass to As.
wlisp (speaking with a whispering sound), lisping, G. fispern, flüstern, to whisper,
on. hlusta, to listen, As. hlyst, gehlyst, the sense of hearing. The primitive mute
then falls away, leaving the initial l alone remaining, as in G. lispeln, to whisper,
also to lisp; Du. luysteren, to whisper, as well as to listen (Kil.); E. list / synon
ymous with hist / hark, and thence the verb to listen.
The notion of a suppressed utterance of the voice is very generally conveyed
by modifications of the syllable mu, representing the sound made with the closing
lips; mu, mum, mut, muk, mus, to which are often added a rhyming accompani
ment on the plan of such expressions as hugger-mugger, hubble-bubble, helter-skelter.
Thus we have Gr. pºew pºre ypúčew, to say neither mu nor gru, not to utter a
syllable; Lat. muttio or mutio, as E. mutter, to say mut, to utter low indistinct
sounds; non muttire, non dicere muttum, to keep silence. Equivalent phrases are
Fr. ne sonner mot; It. non fare ne motto me totto (Altieri); Sp. no decir mus me
chus, ni mistar ni chistar; Du. noch mikken noch kikken; G. nicht micken, nicht
 SILENCE, CONCEALMENT. xli

mir noch kir sagen; Swiss nicht mutz thun. The form mum may perhaps be from
a repetition of the imitative syllable mu mu, as in Wei mumu, dumb. It is used by
the author of Pierce Plowman in the sense of the least utterance, where, speaking
of the avarice of the monks, he says that you may sooner
——mete the mist on Malvern hills
Than get a mum of their mouths ere money be them shewed.
Hence, by ellipse of the negative, mum / silence Fr. Mom / ne parlez plus
— Palsgr. In the same way the Fr. uses mot, as, ne sonnex mot / not a syllable !
—Trevoux.
With every step of the track leading up to the Lat. mutus, speechless, so clearly
marked out, it is impossible to hesitate between the formation of the word in the
manner indicated above, and the derivation from Sanscr. mt!, to bind, maintained
by Müller, and from so glaring an example we may take courage not always to
regard the question as conclusively settled by the most confident production of
a Sanscrit root. As the Fr. uses both mom / and mot / as an injunction of
silence, so a person stands mum or mute when not a mum or a mut comes from
his mouth. Moreover, the sense of speechlessness is expressed on the same
principle in the most distant tongues. Thus from Magy. Kuk, a slight sound,
is formed kukkanni (identical with the Da. kikken in the expression noch mikken
noch kikken), to mutter, and kuka, dumb. The Vei mumu, Mpongwe imamu,
dumb, are essentially identical with our mum, silent, whence mummers, actors in
dumbshow. Mr Tylor quotes also Zulu momata, to move the mouth or lips;
Tahitian omumo, to murmur; mamu, to be silent ; Fiji nomonomo, Chilian fiomn,
to be silent; Quiché mem, mute; Quichua amu, silent, dumb.-Prim. Cult. I.
185.
The ideas of silence and secresy or concealment are so closely connected, that
from pºw we readily pass to uvariptov, the secret rites of Greek worship, whence
E. mystery, something hidden from the comprehension. In the same way from
the representative mus (Sp. no decir mus nichus) we have Lat. musso, to mutter,
to be silent, and thence Fr. musser, to hide; musse, a private hoard. ‘Cil que
musce les furmens, est escommengé is gens: qui abscondit frumenta maledicetur
in populis.’ Cotgrave calls hide-and-seek the game of musse. So also from the
parallel form muk must probably be explained the familiar hugger mugger, applied
to what is done in secret, and mucker, to lay up a (secret) store. Exmoor mug
gard (muttering), sullen, displeased.—Halliwell. Gr. ºvyuác, a muttering.
HeM

The interſ. hem / ahem / him / hum / represent the sound made in clearing
the throat in order to call the attention of the hearer to the speaker. In Latin it
has frequently the force of the interj. en / (which may be merely another mode
of representing the same utterance) when the speaker points to something, or
does something to which he wishes to call attention. Hem Davum tibi: Here!
(pointing) there is Davus for you. Oves scabrae sunt, tam glabrae, hem, quam
haec est manus:—as smooth, see here ! as this hand. When addressed to a person
xlii THE PRON OUN ME.

going away it has the effect of stopping him or calling him back. Thus Du. hem
is explained by Weiland an exclamation to make a person stand still: hem / hoor
hier, hallo! hark there. Mr Tylor notices an analogous exclamation mma / ‘hallo,
stop,' in the language of Fernando Po. Then, as the notion of bringing to a stand
naturally leads to that of stopping a person in something that he is doing, the
interj. ham / is used in Hesse as a prohibition to children. Ham / ham / Don't
touch that, leave that alone. Hum / Humme / an interj. of prohibition.—Brem.
Wtb. Hence hamm holln, to keep one in check, to restrain. Du sast mi
woll hamm holln, you shall attend to my hamm / shall stay where I chuse, do
as I direct (Danneil). The conversion of the interj. into a verb gives Du. hemmen,
hammen, to call back by crying hem / (Weiland), and G. hemmen, to restrain, keep
back, to stop or hinder a proceeding; together with the E. hem, to confine. “They
hem me in on every side.' A hem” is the doubling down which confines the threads
of a garment and hinders them from ravelling out.
The point of greatest interest about the interj. hem is that it offers a possible,
and as it seems to me a far from improbable, origin of the pronoun me, Gr. emo-,
as shown in the cases Épov, pot, tué. We have seen that the primary purpose
of the interj. is to call the attention of the hearer to the presence of the person
who utters the exclamation, and this, it must be observed, is precisely the office of
the pronoun me, which signifies the person of the speaker. Hem is often used
in Latin when the speaker turns his thoughts upon himself. Hem misera
occidiſ Ah wretched me ! I am lost. Hem scio jam quid vis dicere. Let me
see—I know what you would say. In the line
Me, Me, adsum qui feci, in me convertite tela,
we might read the passage without alteration of the meaning,
Hem Hem adsum qui feci.
The use of articulations consisting mainly of the sound of m or n to signify the
speaker himself, is so widely spread in every family of man, that this mode of
designation must be based on some very obvious principle of significance.
In an interesting paper on the pronouns of the first and second person by Dr
Lottner, in the Philological Trans. of 1859, he shows that in upwards of seventy
Negro languages the pronoun of the first person is ma, me, mi, man, na, ne, nge,
ngi, ni, in, with m and n as personal prefixes. And the word is formed on the same
plan in almost all families of language. In the Finnic family we have Ostiac ma,
Vogul am, Lap. mon; in Turkish -m as possessive affix, as in bala-m, my father.
Then again Burmese nga, Chinese ngo, Corean nai, Australian ngai, Kassia nga,
Kol ing, aing, Tamul man, Basque ni, Georgian me, and among the languages of
N. and S. America, mi, ne, no, na, miye, in, ane, ani, &c. The Bushmen of the Cape,
* Mr Tylor cites the derivation of G. hemmen, “to stop, check, restrain,” from the interj.
ſhem / signifying stop as an obvious extravagance. There is however so close a connection
in meaning between the interjection and the verb, that it is not easy to understand the grounds
of the censure from the mouth of one who fully admits the legitimacy of derivation from inter
jections.
 THE PRONOUN ME. - xliii

whose pronoun of the first person is written mm by Lichtenstein, probably retain

the purest type of the expression, the principle of which appears to be the confine
ment of the voice within the person of the speaker, by the closure of the lips or
teeth in the utterance of the sounds m, n, ng. It is certain that something of this
kind is felt when we sound the voice through the nose in an inarticulate way
with closed lips, in order to intimate that we are keeping our thoughts to ourselves,
and are not prepared, or do not choose, to give them forth in speech. The sound
which we utter on such an occasion appears in writing in the shape of the interj.
hm / and as it marks the absorption of the speaker in his own thoughts, it might
naturally be used to designate himself in the early lispings of language before the
development of the personal pronouns: in other words, it might serve as the basis
of the pronoun me. Nor is the formation of the pronoun on such a plan by any
means a new suggestion. -

The Grammarian Nigidius (as quoted by A. Gellius, l. x. c. 4) asserts that in

pronouncing the pronoun of the first person (ego, mihi, nos), we hem in, as it
were, the breath within ourselves (spiritum quasi intra nosmetipsos coercemus),
and hence he conceives that the word is naturally adapted to the meaning it ex
presses. He probably felt the truth of the principle in the case of me, and blun
deringly extended it to ego, in the pronunciation of which there is certainly no
hemming in of the voice. It is of the nasals m, n, ng only that this character
can properly be affirmed, and these, as we have seen, seem to be indifferently
employed as the basis of me and its correlatives all over the globe. Plato in the
Cratylus speaks of the letter n as keeping the sound within the speaker, and on
that principle implicitly explains the meaning of the preposition iv, in, which is
the mere articulation of the consonantal sound in question.
The application of an interj. signifying see here / to the sense of me, would
be strictly parallel to the use of It. ci and vi, properly signifying here and there, in
the sense of us and you. Other instances of a like nature are given by W. v.
Humboldt in his essay on the connection between the adverbs of place and the
personal pronouns. Thus in the language of Tonga, mei signifies hither, motion
towards the speaker; atu, motion from the speaker to the person spoken to, and
these particles are used in construction (like It. ci and vi) for me or us and you.
‘Bea behe mei he tânga faſine’—when spoke hither the several women, i. e.
when several women spoke to me or us. So tdila, to tell; tāla mei, to tell
hither, to tell me or us ; tāla tu, to tell thither, to tell you. Here we seem to
have the very forms of the Lat. pronouns me and tu, for which it is remarkable
that the Tonga has totally different words, au and coy. In Armenian there is a
suffix s, which originally means this or here, but takes the meaning of I and my.
Thus hair-s, this father, I a father, my father. In American slang a man speaks
of himself as this child.
Another consequence of the closing of the mouth in the utterance of the
sound of m or n may explain the use of those articulations in expressing rejec
tion, refusal, negation. The earliest type of rejection is the closing of the
mouth, and the aversion of the head from the proffered breast, and the inherent
 xliv NEGATION. ENJOYMENT.

propriety of the symbolism is obvious. De Brosses observes that the articulations

n and s, both of which he considers as nasal sounds, are naturally adapted to sig
nify negation or contrariety, giving as examples the words infinity and It. Sfor
tunato. He overlooks the fact, however, that this It. s is merely the remnant of
a Lat. dis, and gives no other example of the supposed negative power of the
letter. Moreover, the reason he suggests for attributing such a significance to
the nasals is simply absurd. Of the two channels, he says (ch. xiv. § 29), by which
the voice is emitted, the nose is the least used, and it changes the sound of the
vowel, which adapts it for the interjection of doubt, and for the expression of
the privative idea. The expression of negation by means of nasals is exemplified
in Goth, mi, Lat. me, in (in composition), Gr. un, Masai (E. Africa) emme, eme, m-;
Vei ma; Haussa ji, ii, representing a sound of which it is impossible to convey a
correct idea by visible signs.—Schön. Mr Tylor cites Botocudo yna (making
the loudness of the sound indicate the strength of the negation); Tupi aan, admi;
Guato mau ; Miranha mani; Quichua ama, manan (whence manamiii, to deny);
Quiché ma, man, mana; Galla ha, hin, hm Coptic an, emmen, em, mmn;
Fernandian ‘nt, all signifying not.
ENJOYMENT AND DISGUST.

The most universal and direct source of pleasure in animal life is the appe
tite for food, and it is accordingly from this source that are taken the types used
in expressing the ideas of gratification or dislike. The savage expresses his ad
miration and pleasure by smacking his lips or rubbing his belly, as if relishing
food or rejoicing in a hearty meal; he indicates distaste and rejection by signs of
spitting out a nauseous mouthful. Thus Petherick, speaking of a tribe of negroes
on the Upper Nile, says, “The astonishment and delight of these people at our
display of beads was great, and was expressed by laughter and a general rubbing
of their bellies."—Egypt and the Nile, p. 448. And similar evidence is adduced
by Leichardt from the remoter savages in Australia. “They very much admired
our horses and bullocks, and particularly our kangaroo-dog. They expressed
their admiration by a peculiar smacking or clacking with their mouth and lips.'
—Australia, p. 336.
The syllable smack, by which we represent the sound made by the lips or
tongue in kissing or tasting, is used in English, Swedish, German, Polish, &c., in
the sense of taste. Du. smaeck, taste; smaecklic, sweet, palatable, agreeable to
the taste. In the Finnish languages, which do not admit of a double consonant
at the beginning of words, the loss of the initial s gives Esthonian maggo, makko,
taste; maggus, makke, Fin. makia, sweet, well-tasting; maiskia, to smack the
lips; maisto, taste; maiskis, a smack, a kiss, also relishing food, delicacies. The
initial s is lost also in Fris. macke, to kiss. The initial consonant is somewhat
varied without impairing the imitative effect in Bohemian mlaskati, to smack in
eating; mlaskanina, delicacies; and in Fin. maskia, G. Knatschen, to smack with
the mouth in eating, showing the origin of Lettish naschkeht, G. maschen, to be
nice in eating, to love delicacies; ndscherei, dainties.
 ENJOYMENT. DISGUST. xlv.

Again, we have seen that Leichardt employs the syllables smack and clack as
equally appropriate to represent the sound made by the tongue and palate in the
enjoyment of tasty food, and in French, claſuer de la langue is employed for the
same purpose. We speak of a click with the tongue, though we do not happen
to apply it to the smack in tasting. The Welsh has gwefusglec (gurefus, lip), a
smack with the lips, a kiss. From this source then we may derive Gr. YAvkic,
sweet, analogous to Du, smaecklic, Fin. makia, from the imitative smack. The
sound of an initial cl or gl is readily confounded with that of ti or dl, as some
people pronounce glove, dlove, and formerly tick was used where we now say
click. Thus Cotgrave renders Fr. niquet, a thicke, tick, snap with the fingers.
The same combination is found in Boh. taskati, to smack in eating, tieskati, to
clap hands; and Lat. stloppus, parallel with sclopus, a pop or click with the
mouth. From the sound of a smack represented by the form thick or dlick I
would explain Lat. delicia, anything one takes pleasure in, delight, darling; to
gether with the cognate delicatus, what one smacks one's chops at, dainty, nice,
agreeable, as corruptions of an earlier form, dlicia, dlicatus. And as we have
supposed Gr. YAvkúc (glykys) to be derived from the form click or glick, so from
tlick or dlick would be formed dlykis or dlukis (dlucis), and ultimately dulcis,
sweet, the radical identity or rather parallelism of which with y\vºc has been
recognised on the principle of such an inversion. When the sound of an initial
tl or d! became distasteful to Latin ears, it would be slurred over in different
ways, and ducis would pass into dulcis by inverting the places of the liquid and
vowel, while the insertion of an e in dlicia, dlicatus, as in the vulgar umberella
for umbrella, would produce deliciae, delicatus. It is true that an intrusive
vowel in such cases as the foregoing is commonly (though not universally) short,
but the long e in these words may have arisen from their being erroneously re
garded as compounds with the preposition de.
Pooh

The attitude of dislike and rejection is typified by signs of spitting out an

unsavoury morsel, as clearly as the feelings of admiration and pleasure by signs
of the relishing of food. Thus Gawaine Douglas expresses his disgust at the way
in which the harmonious lines of Virgil were mangled by incompetent trans
lators.
His ornate goldin verses mare than gilt,
Z spitte for disspite to see thame spylte
By sic ane wicht.—5. 44.
“Would to God therefore that we were come to such a detestation and loathing
of lying that we would even spattle at it, and cry fy upon it and all that use it.”—
Dent's Pathway in Halliwell. The Swedish spott signifies spittle, and also derision,
contempt, insult. The traveller Leichardt met with the same mode of expression
among the savages of Australia. “The men commenced talking to them, but
occasionally interrupted their speeches by spitting and uttering a noise like pooh /
pooh" apparently expressive of their disgust.”—p. 189. It is probable that this
xlvi OFFENCE.

Australian interjection was, in fact, identical with our own pooh / and like it, in
tended to represent the sound of spitting, for which purpose Burton in his African
travels uses the native tooh / ‘To-o-h Tuh ! exclaims the Muzunga, spitting
with disgust upon the ground.'—Lake Regions of Africa, 2. 246.
The sound of spitting is represented indifferently with an initial p, as in Maori
puhwa, to spit out; Lat. spuere, to spit; respuere (to spit back), to reject with dis
dain; despuere, to express disgust or disdain; or with an initial t, as in Sanscr.
thūthū, the sound of spitting; Pers. thu kerdan, Chinook mamook tooh, Chilian
tuvcütun (to make thu, tooh, tuv), to spit; Arabic tufl, spittle; Galla twu / re
presenting the sound of spitting; tufa, to spit; tufada, to spit, to despise, scorn,
disdain; with which may be joined English tuff, to spit like a cat. In Greek
Trrºw the imitation is rendered more vivid by the union of both the initial sounds.
BluRT | PET | TRotz'

The feelings of one dwelling on his own merits and angry at the short
comings of another are marked by a frowning brow, a set jaw, and inflated cheeks,
while the breath is drawn in deep inspirations and sent out in puffs through the
nostril and passive lips. Hence the expressions ofbreathing vengeance, fuming with
anger, swelling with pride.
Sharp breaths of anger puffed
Her fairy nostrils out.—Tennyson. -

The sound of hard breathing or blowing is represented by the syllables puff, huff,
whiff, whence a huff is a fit of ill-temper; to huff, to swell with indignation or
pride, to bluster, to storm.—Johnson. The It. buffa is explained in Thomas'
Italian Dictionary ‘the despising blast of the mouth which we call shirping.'
Brescian bofa, to breathe hard, to puff, especially with anger.—Melchiori. Then,
as ill-will vents itself in derision, lºffa, beffa, a jest, a trick; beffare, to trick or
cheat; beffarsi, to laugh at ; buffone, a jester, a buffoon.
When the puff of anger or disdain is uttered with exaggerated feeling it pro
duces an explosive sound with the lips, represented by the syllable blurt, which
was formerly used as an interjection of defiance. ‘Blurt / master constable, a
fig for the constable. Florio speaks of “a blurt with one's mouth in scorn or de
rision.' To blurt a thing out is to bring it out with a sudden explosion as if spit
ting something out of the mouth. A blirt of greeting in Scotch is a burst of
crying.
A contemptuous whiff or blurt is otherwise represented by the sounds fi, pt,
prt, tt, tri. Thus w. uſ? / is explained by Davis, vox abhorrentis et exprobrantis.
Wift, a scorn or slight, a fie; uſtio, to cry shame or fie, to push away with dis
approbation.—Lewis. Sanscr.phut, philt, imitative sound of blowing; expression
of disregard, indignation, anger.—Benfey. The It. petto, a blurt, petteggiare,
pettacchiare, to blurt with the mouth or lips (Fl.), Fr. pétarade, a noise made with
the mouth in contempt (Sadler), explain the interjections on. putt/Da. pytt / Sw.
pyt / pshaw! tut! nonsense ! Norman pet / pour imposer un silence absolu.-
Decorde.
 OFFENCE, CONTEMPT. xlvii

From the latter form of the interjection we have E. pet, a fit of ill-humour or
of anger; to take pet, to take huff, to take offence; pettish, passionate, ill-hu
moured. To pet a child is to indulge it in ill-humour, and thence a pet, a darling,
an indulged child or animal. Then as a child gives vent to his ill-humour by
thrusting out his lips and making a snout, or making a lip, as it is called in nursery
language, a hanging lip is called a pet lip in the N. of England. To pout, in De
vonshire to poutch or poutle, Illyrian pugitise, Magyar pittyesztni (pitty, a blurt
with the mouth), Genevese faire la potte, signify to show ill-will by thrusting
out the lips. Hence Genevese pottu, pouting, sulky; Magy, pittyasz, having
projecting lips; Genevese pottes, Prov. potz, lips; Languedoc pot, pout, a lip;
poutet, a kiss; poutouno, a darling. Again, as in the case of It. buffa, beffa,
above-mentioned, we pass from the expression of ill-will to the notion of a dis.
agreeable turn in Da. puds, Sw. puts (to be compared with Devon. poutch), G.
posse, a trick.
The E. tut ſ (an exclamation used for checking or rebuking—Webster) seems
to represent an explosion from the tongue instead of the lips, and gives rise to the
provincial tutty, ill-tempered, sullen (Hal), and probably tut-mouthed, having a
projecting underjaw; on. tota, snout; Sw. tut, Da, tud, a spout, compared to
the projecting lips of a sulky child.
A more forcible representation of the explosive sound is given by the intro
duction of an r, as in on. prutta 4 hesta, to sound with the lips to a horse in
order to make him go on; Sw. prusta, to snort, to sneeze; Magy. prissz,
ptrissz, as well as tissz, trilssº, sneeze. The resemblance of a sneeze to a blurt
of contempt is witnessed by the expression of a thing not to be sneezed at, not to
be scorned. Thus the Magy. forms afford a good illustration of the oe. in
terjections of scorn, Prut / Pirot 1 Tprot / e. Tut 1 Fr. Trut / and G. Trotz /
The Manuel des Pecchés, treating of the sin of Pride, takes as first example
the man

—that is unbuxome all

Ayens his fader spirital,
And seyth Prut 1 for thy cursyng, prest.—1. 3016.

Hence are formed the oe. prute, prout, now written proud, and the Northern
E. prutten, to hold up the head with pride and disdain (Halliwell), which in the
West of E. (with inversion of the liquid and vowel) takes the form of purt, to
pout, to be sulky or sullen. G. protzen, Du. pratten, to sulk; protzig, prat,
surly, proud, arrogant. Then, as before, passing from the figure of a contemptu
ous gesture to a piece of contemptuous treatment we have on. pretta, to play a
trick; prettr, a trick. And as from the form pet / putt / was derived Swiss
Romance potte, a lip, so from prut ſ may be explained ohG. prort, a lip, and
figuratively a margin or border.
The imitation of the explosive sound with an initial tr, as in Magy. trilss:en
ni, to sneeze, gives It. truscare, to blurt or pop with one's lip or mouth (Fl.);
truscio di lallra, Fr. truc, a blurting or popping with the lips or tongue to en
xlviii DEF1AN CE, DISGUST.

courage a horse; on. trutta, to make a noise of such a description in driving

animals: vox est instigantis vel agentis equos aut armenta.-Gudmund. Hence
Fr. trut ſ (an interj. importing indignation), tush, tut, fy man (Cot.); from
which we pass to Sw, dialect truta, to pout with the lips, make a snout ; trutas,
to be out of temper; trut, a snout, muzzle, spout. From the same source is the
G. trutz, trotz, tratz, expressing ill-will, scorn, defiance. Trutz mit / do not sulk.
—Kladderadatsch. Zrotz lieten, to bid defiance; trotzen, to defy, to be forward
or obstinate, to pout or sulk, to be proud of; trotzig, haughty, insolent, perverse,
peewish, sulky.—Griebe. Du. trotsen, torten, to irritate, insult; Valencian trotar,
to deride, to make a jest of Sc. dort, pet, sullen humour; to take the dorts, to
be in a pet; dorty, pettish, saucy, dainty.
A special application of the exclamation of impatience and displeasure is to
send an inferior packing from one's presence. Thus from truc, representing a
blurt with the mouth, is to be explained It. truccare, to send, to trudge or pack
away nimbly (Fl.); trucca via / be off with you. Venetian trozare, to send
away. The exclamation in Gaelic takes the form of truis Z be off, said to a dog,
or a person in contempt (Macalpine). In oe. truss / was used in the same
way.
Lyere—was nowher welcome, for his manye tales
Over al yhonted, and yhote, trusse.—Piers Pl. Vis. v. 1316.
To hete truss is an exact equivalent of G. trotz lieten. In Modern E. the expres
sion survives in the shape of trudge.
This tale once told none other speech prevailed,
But pack and trudge all leysare was to long.—Gascoigne.
FAUGH ! FIE |

There is a strong analogy between the senses of taste and smell, as between
sight and hearing. When we are sensible of an odour which pleases us we snuff
up the air through the nostrils, as we eagerly swallow food that is agreeable
to the palate; and as we spit out a disagreeable morsel, so we reject an offens
ive odour by stopping the nose and driving out the infected air through the
protruded lips, with a noise of which various representations are exhibited in the
interjections of disgust. ‘Piff! Phew! Phit!' exclaims a popular writer, they
have all the significance of those exclamatory whiffs which we propel from our
lips when we are compelled to hold our noses.”—Punch, Sept. 2, 1863.
The sound of blowing is imitated all over the world by syllables like whew, fu,
pu. The interj. whew / represents a forcible expiration through the protruded
lips, ‘a sound like that of a half-formed whistle, expressing astonishment, scorn, or
dislike' (Webster). Sc. quhew, NE. whew, expresses the sound made by a body
passing rapidly through the air. To whew, Maori whic, to whistle; whiu, a stroke
with a whip; Áowhiuwhiu, to blow, to winnow.
The derivatives from the form pu or fu are extremely numerous. ON. pua, G.
pusen, pfausen, pusten, Gr. ºvgåw, Lith. pitsu, puttu, pasti, Gael. puth (pronounced
puh), Illyr. puhati, Fin. puhhata, puhkia, Hawaii puhi, Maori pāhipúhi, pupilhi,
 OFFENSIVE SMELL, xlix

Quichuapuhuni (Tylor), Zulu pupuza, Malay puput,to puff or blow. The Sanscrit
pút, phūt, imitative sound of blowing (Benfey), with puphusa, the lungs, may be
compared with Maori pāka, to pant, and piſka-pitka, the lungs. Again, we have
Magy. funi,” fuvni, Galla bufa, afufa, Quiché puba (Tylor), Sc. fuſſ, It. buffare,
E. puff, to blow. -

From forms like the foregoing we pass to the interjections expressing disgust
at a bad smell. Sanders in his excellent G. dictionary explains pu / as an interj.
representing the sound made by blowing through the barely opened lips, and
thence expressing the rejection of anything nasty. “Hapuh / wie stank der alte
mist.' The sense of disgust at a bad smell is expressed in like manner by Lat.
phui / phu / fu / fi / (Forcell.), Venetian puh / fi / (Patriarchi), Fr. pouah / fi /
Bret. foei / fech / E. faugh / foh / phew / Russ, fu / tſu/
It is obvious that the utterance of these interjections of disgust has the effect
of announcing, in the most direct manner, the presence of a bad smell, and if the
utterance is accompanied by gestures pointing out a particular object it will be
equivalent to an assertion that the thing stinks or is rotten. It will then be
necessary only to clothe the significant syllable in grammatical forms in order to
get verbs or nouns expressing ideas connected with the notion of offensive smell.
Accordingly we have Sanscr. på, pátika, stinking; páti, putrid, stinking matter,
civet ; pily, to stink, to putrefy ; Gr. ribo, to rot; Lat, puteo, putor, putidus,
puter, putresco, pus; Fr. puer, to stink; OFr. pulant, stinking. The Zulu says
that the ‘meat says pu, meaning that it stinks. Timorese poëp, putrid; Quiché
pohir, to rot; puz, rottenness; Tupi puri, nasty (Tylor). At the same time
from a form corresponding to Bret. foei / and E. faugh / the Lat. has foeteo and
foetidus, fetid, alongside of puteo and putidus. From the form fu / are Old Norse
füinn, rotten; füki, stench or anything stinking; füll, stinking, rotten; fºla,
stench. In the Gothic Testament the disciple speaking of the body of Lazarus
says Jah fuls ist: by this time he stinketh. Modern Norse fál, disgusting, of bad
taste or smell, troublesome, vexatious, angry, bitter. Han va fål aat os, he was
enraged with us. The E. equivalent is foul, properly ill smelling, then anything
opposed to our taste or requirements, loathsome, ugly in look, dirty, turbid (of
water), rainy and stormy (of the weather), unfair, underhand in the transactions of
life. on. Fúlyrdi, foul words; fülmenni, a scoundrel. From the adjective again
are derived the verb to file or defile, to make foul; and filth, that which makes
foul.

The disagreeable impressions of smell produce a much more vivid repugnance

than those of taste, and being besides sensible to all around, they afford the most
convenient type of moral reprobation and displeasure. And probably the earliest
expression of these feelings would occur in teaching cleanliness to the infant.
* This representation of the sound of blowing or breathing may not improbably be the
origin of the rootſu, Sanscrit bhu, of the verb to be. The negro who is without the verb to be
in his own language supplies its place by live. He says, Your hat no lib that place you put him
in.—Farrar, Chap. Lang. p. 54. Orig. Lang. p. 105. A child of my acquaintance would say,
Where it *** where is it? Now the breath is universally taken as the type of life.
1 REPROBATION. HATE.

The interjection fy! expresses in the first instance the speaker's sense of a bad
smell, but it is used to the child in such a manner as to signify, That is dirty; do
not touch that; do not do that; and then generally, You have done something
displeasing to me, something of which you ought to be ashamed. Laura Bridge
man, who was born deaf and blind, used to utter the sound ºff or fi when dis
pleased at being touched by strangers. -

When used in a figurative sense to express moral reprobation the interj. often
assumes a slightly different form from that which expresses disgust at a bad smell.
Thus in E. faugh / or foh / express disgust, fie / reprobation. In G. perhaps pfu /
or pfui / are chiefly employed in a moral sense; fui / or fi / with respect to smell.
Pfui dich an / pſu die menschen an / shame on them. But the line cannot be
very distinctly drawn, and in Platt Deutsch the expression is fu dik an / as in
Grisons fudi / shame on you. Fr..fi / commonly expresses reprobation, but it is
also used with respect to smell. Fi / qu'il sent mauvais. Faire fi d'une chose, to
turn up one's nose at it, to despise it.
When we consider that shame is the pain felt at the reprobation of those to
whom we look with reverence, including our own conscience, and when we
observe the equivalence of expressions like pfu dich / fie on you, and shame on
you, we shall easily believe that pu ! as an expression of reprehension, is the
source of Lat. pudet, it shames me, it cries pu / on me; pudeo, I lie under pu /
I am ashamed. In like manner repudio is to be explained as I pooh back, I
throw back with disdain; and probably refuto, to reject, disdain, disapprove, is
derived in the same way from the other form of the interj. fu / being thus
analogous to G. pfuien, anpfuien, N. fijne, to cry fie! on, to express displeasure:
ein fynte hund, a scolded dog. The expression then passes on to signify the feel
ings which prompt the utterance of the interj.; disgust, abhorrence, hate. Thus
from Russ. fu / is formed fukat (properly to cry fu /), to abhor, to loathe; from
w.ffi / fie / fiaidd, loathsome ; fieiddio, to loathe, to detest; and so doubtless
from the same form of the interj. is to be explained the Goth..ſjan, on. ffá, As.
Jian, to hate, and thence Goth. Jijand, G. feind, an enemy, and on. ffandi, pro
perly an enemy, then, as E. fend, the great enemy of the human race. From
the same source are E. foe (oN.Jīāi ?) and feud, enmity or deadly quarrel.
The aptness of the figure by which the natural disgust at stench is made the
type of the feelings of hatred, is witnessed by the expression of “stinking in the
nostrils said of anything that is peculiarly hateful to us.
Professor Müller objects to the foregoing derivations that they confound to
gether the Sanscrit roots pily, to decay, the source of puteo, and E. foul, and piy,
to hate, corresponding to fjan and fiend (II. 93). But he does not explain
where he supposes the confusion to take place, and there is in truth no inconsist
ency between the doctrine in the text and the distinct recognition of the roots in
question. We are familiar in actual speech with two forms of the interjection
of disgust; the one comprising G. puh / Fr. pouah / E. faugh / foh / addressed
especially to smells; the other answering to G. pfui / Fr. ft / E. fe/ and express
ing aversion in a more general way. From the first of these we derive puteo and
 NURSERY WORDS. li

foul; from the second, fjan and fiend. If we suppose the analogous forms pu !
and pi / to have been used in a similar way by the Sanscrit-speaking people, it
would give a rational account of the roots pily and piy, which Müller is content
to leave untouched as ultimate elements, but we ought not to be charged with
confounding them together because we trace them both to a common principle.
PAPA, MAMMA.

A small class of words is found in all languages analogous to, and many of
them identical with, the E. forms, mamma, papa, mammy, daddy, baby, babe, pap
(in the sense of breast, as well as of soft food for children), expressing ideas most
needed for communication with children at the earliest period of their life. A
long list of the names of father and mother was published by Prof. I. C. E. Busch
man in the Trans. of the Berlin Acad. der Wiss. for 1852, a translation of which
is given in the Proceedings of the Philolog. Soc. vol. vi. It appears that words of
the foregoing class are universally formed from the easiest articulations, ba, pa, ma,
da, ta, na, or al, ap, am, at, an. We find ma, me, mi, mu, mam, mama, meme,
moma, mother, and less frequently nearly all the same forms in the sense of father;
pa, la, pap, lap, bab, papa, baba, pala, fafe, fabe, father; ba, baba, bama, fa,
fafa, fauna, be, li, bo, bibi, mother; ta, da, tat, tata, tad, dad, dada, dade, tati, titi,
father; de, tai, dai, deda, tite, mother; nma, man, nanna, ninna, nang, nape, father;
na, mna, nan, nana, nene, neni, nine, nama, mother. In the same way the changes
are rung on ab, aba, abba, avva, appa, epe, ipa, obo, abol, ubaba, abban, father;
amba, alai, aapu, ibu, ewa, mother; at, aat, ata, atta, otta, aita, atya, father; hada,
etta, ote, mother; anneh, ina, una, father; ana, anna, enna, eenah, ina, onny, inan,
unina, ananak, mother. La Condamine mentions abla or baba, or papa and mama,
as common to a great number of American languages differing widely from each
other, and he adverts to a rational explanation of the origin of these designations.
“If we regard these words as the first that children can articulate, and consequently
those which must in every country have been adopted by the parents who heard
them spoken, in order to make them serve as signs for the ideas of father and
mother.'—De Brosses, i. 215.
The speech of the mother may perhaps unconsciously give something of an
articulate form to the meaningless cooings and mutterings of the infant, as the song
of the mother-bird influences that of her young. At any rate these infantile
utterances are represented in speech by the syllables ba, fa, ma, ta, giving rise to
forms like E. babble, maſſle, faffle, famble, tattle, to speak imperfectly like a child,
to talk unmeaningly; op. mamelen, labelen, to babble, mutter; mammer, to mut
ter; Gr. Bagá40, to say ba, la, to speak inarticulately (whence Gáčw, to speak);
Mod.Gr. Hapow\ičw, to mumble, mutter, &c. Accordingly the joyful or eager
utterances of the child when taken up by the mother, or when offered the breast,
would sound to her as if the infant greeted her by the name of mama, &c., or as
if it called for the breast by that name, and she would adopt these names herself
and teach her child the intelligent use of them. Thus Lat. mamma, the infantile
term for mother, has remained, with the dim. mamilla, as the name of the breast,
d 2
lii NURSERY WORDS.

and the same is the case with Fin. mamma, Du, mamme, mother, nurse, breast;
mammen, to give suck. When one of the imitative syllables as ma had thus been
taken up to designate the mother, a different one, as la, pa, or ta, would be ap
propriated by analogy as the designation of the father.
Besides the forms corresponding to Lat. mamma, mamilla, papilla, E. pap, for
the breast, a class of names strongly resembling each other are found all over the
world, which seem to be taken from a direct imitation of the sound of sucking.
Thus we have Sanscr. chásh, to suck; chuchi, the breast; chuchuka, the nipple /
Tarahumara (Am.) tschitschi, to suck; Japan. tschitschi, tsitsi, the breast, milk;
Manchu tehetchen, Magy. tsets, Tung. tycen, tygen (Castren), Samoiede ssuso (to
be compared with Fr. sucer, to suck), ssudo, Kowraregasusu, Malay soosoo, Gudang
tyutyu, Chippeway totosh, Mandingo siso, Bambarra sing, Kurdish ciciek, It. (in
nursery language) cioccia, Albanian sissa, G. zitze, E. (nursery) diddy, titty, teat,
Malay dada, Hebrew dad, G. dialects didi, titti, the breast or nipple; Goth. dadd
jan, to suck (Pott. Dopp. 33).
The name of the baly himself also is formed on the same imitative principle
which gives their designation to so many animals, viz. from the syllables ba, ta,
representing the utterance of the infant. The same principle applies to others of
these infantile words. The nurse imitates the wrangling or drowsy tones of the
infant, as she jogs it to sleep upon her knee, by the syllables na, na, la, la. To
the first of these forms belongs the Italian lullaby, ninna nanna; far la ninna
nanna, to lull a child; ninnare, ninnellare, to rock, and in children's language
nanna, bed, sleep. Far la nanna, andare a nanna, to sleep, to go to bed, go to
sleep. In the Mpongwe of W. Africa nana, and in the Swahili of the Eastern
coast lala, has the sense of sleep. In Malabar, nin, sleep (Pott). The imitation
gives a designation to the infant himself in It. ninna, a little girl; Milanese man,
manin, a caressing term for an infant. Caro el mi man, my darling baby. Sp.
niño, a child. In Lat. nanus, a dwarf, the designation is transferred to a person
of childish stature, as in Mod.Gr. viviov, a young child, a simpleton, and in e.
ninny it is transferred to a person of childish understanding. From the imi
tative la, la, are G. lallen, to speak imperfectly like a child, from whence, as in
other cases, the sense is extended to speaking in general in Gr. Aaxéw, to chatter,
babble, talk. From the same source are Lat. lallo, and E. luſ/, primarily to sing
a child to sleep, then to calm, to soothe. In Servian the nurses' song sounds lyu,
Iyu, whence /yulyuti, to rock; lyulyashka, a cradle.
THE DEMONSTRATIVE PARTICLE.

Another important element of speech, of which a rational explanation may

perhaps be found in infantile life, is the demonstrative particle ta or da, the very
name of which shows that it corresponds to the act of pointing out the object to
which we wish to direct attention. In the language of the deaf-and-dumb, point
ing to an object signifies that, and serves the purpose of verbal mention, as is
seen at every turn in an account of the making of the will of a dumb man .
quoted by Tylor. The testator points to himself, then to the will, then touches
 THE DEMONSTRATIVE PARTICLE. liii

his trowsers' pocket, ‘the usual sign by which he referred to his money,' then
points to his wife, and so on. But, indeed, we do not need the experience of
the deaf-and-dumb to show that pointing to an object is the natural way of call
ing attention to it. Now in our nurseries the child uses the syllable ta for vari
ous purposes, as to express, Please, Thank you, Good-bye; mostly supplement
ing the utterance by pointing or stretching out the hand towards the object to
which it has reference. A child of my acquaintance would ask in this way for
what it desired. ‘Ta / cheese' (pointing towards it), give me that cheese.
Ta / in a different tone returns thanks for something the child has accepted, and
may be rendered, that is it, that gratifies me. When it says ta-ta / on being
carried out of the room it accompanies the farewell by waving the hand towards
those whom it is quitting, implying the direction of its good will towards them,
as it might by blowing a kiss to them. Sanders (Germ. Dict.) describes dada as
a word of many applications in G. nurseries, as, for instance, with reference to
something pretty which the child desires to have. The Fr. child, according to
Menage, says da-da-da, when he wants something, or wants to name something.
* The child,’ says Lottner in the paper on the personal pronouns above quoted,
‘sees an object, and says tal' (and at the same time points to it with his finger,
I add); ‘we may translate this by there (it is), or that it is, or carry me thither,
or give me it, and by a variety of expressions besides, but the truth is, that every
one of these interpretations is wrong, because it replaces the teeming fulness of
the infantile word by a clearer but less rich expression of our more abstract lan
guage. Yet if a choice between the different translations must be made, I trust
that few of my readers will refuse me their consent, when saying: there the ad
verb is by far the most adequate."—Phil. Trans. 1859. We may carry the
matter further and say that the infantile ta or da simply represents the act of
pointing, all the incidental meanings being supplied by the circumstances of the
case. It is preserved in mature language in G. da, the fundamental signification
of which is to signify the presence of an object. ‘Dá / nehmen Sie!’ ‘Dá /
Ihr präsent.’ Dieser da (as Lat. is-te), this here. Bav. der da-ige, a specified
person, as it were by pointing him out. A doubling of the utterance gives Gr.
rööe (or in Attic more emphatically roëi), this here; as well as Goth. thata (ta-ta),
E. that. The primitive import of the utterance is completely lost sight of in Lat.
da, give; properly (give) that, to be compared with the nursery da-da, by
which a G. child indicates or asks for an object of desire. In the expression Da,
nehmen Sie, with which something is handed over to another, the word da repre
sents the holding out the object or the act of giving. In the language of Tonga,
as Dr Lottner observes, the verb to give is almost invariably replaced by the ad
verbs signifying hither or thither, ‘nay, seems to have been lost altogether.’
Mei ia giate au = hither this to me = give me this. Shall I thither this to thee =
shall I give you this.
When we seek for a natural connection of the utterance ta / with the act of
pointing,” we shall find it, I believe, in the inarticulate stammerings of the infant
* Lottner's explanation is not satisfactory. He adopts in the main the view of Schwartze,
liv ANALOGY.

when he sprawls with arms and legs in the mere enjoyment of life. The utter
ance so associated with the muscular action of the child sounds in the ear of the
parent like the syllables da-da-da, which thus become symbolical of muscular
exertion, whether in the more energetic form of beating, or of simply stretching
out the hand, as in giving or pointing.
The syllable da is used to represent inarticulate utterance in Swiss dadern,
dodern, to chatter, stutter, tattle, and this also seems the primitive sense of Fr.
dadée, childish toying, speech, or dalliance.—Cot. Dada in German nurseries
has the sense of smacks or blows. Das kind hat dada bekommen. The same
sense is seen in Galla dadada-goda (to make dadada), to beat, to knock, and in
Yoruba da, strike, beat, pay.
ANALOGY.

The greater part of our thoughts seem at the first glance so void of any re
ference to sound as to throw great difficulty in the way of a practical belief in
the imitative origin of language. ‘That sounds can be rendered in language by
sounds,’ says Müller, “and that each language possesses a large stock of words
imitating the sounds given out by certain things, who would deny And who
would deny that some words originally expressive of sound only might be trans
ferred to other things which have some analogy with sound But how are
things which do not appeal to the sense of hearing—how are the ideas of going,
moving, standing, sinking, tasting, thinking, to be expressed ?'—2nd Series, p.
89. The answer to the query is already given in the former part of the passage:
by analogy, or metaphor, which is the transference of a word from one significa
tion to another; the conveyance of a meaning by mention of something which
serves to put us in mind of the thing to be signified. But in several of the in
stances specified by Müller it is not difficult to show a direct connection with
sound. Thus we have seen that the conceptions of taste are expressed by re
ference to the smacking of the lips and tongue in the enjoyment of food. The
idea of going is common to a hundred modes of progression that occur in actual
existence, of which any one may, and one in particular must, in every mode of
expressing the idea, have been the type from which the name was originally
taken. In the case of the word go itself, for which Johnson gives seventy
meanings, the original is that which he places first, to walk, to move step by step,
a sense which lends itself in the most obvious manner to imitative expression, by
a representation of the sound of the footfall. The connection between thought
and speech is so obvious that we need be at no loss for the means of expressing
the idea of thinking. Thus Gr. ºpáčw is to say; ºpáčopal, to say to oneself, to

speaking of the demonstrative in his Coptic Grammar:—“Every object is to the child a living
palpable thing. When it cannot reach anywhere with its hand, then instinctively it utters a
cry, in order to cause to approach that which has awakened its interest.” “I add," says Lottner:—
“When the soul, becoming aware of the cry issuing forth from its own interior, takes it up as
a sign for the indefinite outward reality, which is the object of its desire, and shapes it into an
articulate sound, then we have a pronoun demonstrative.'
 TRANSFER FROM SOUND TO SIGHT. lv

think, while Adyoc signifies both speech and thought. In some of the languages
of the Pacific thinking is said to be called speaking in the belly. Maori mea and
Aºi both signify to speak as well as to think.
The connection between the senses of taste and smell is so close that expres
sions originally taken from the exercise of the one faculty are constantly transferred
to the other. The G. schmecken, to smack or taste, is used in Bavaria in the sense
of smell, and schmecker, in popular language, signifies the nose. So from Lat.
sapere (which may probably spring from another representation of the sound of
smacking) comes sapor, taste, and thence E. savour, which is applied to impres
sions of smell as well as to those of the palate, while sapere itself, properly to dis
tinguish by taste, is extended to the exercise of the understanding, to have dis
cernment, to be wise. Sapiens, a man of nice taste, also wise, discreet, judicious.
In the same way the Goth. snutrs, As. snotor, wise, prudent, may be explained
from the Gael. snot, to sniff, snuff the air, smell, and figuratively, suspect; Bav.
snitten, to sniff, smell, search; on. snudra, to sniff out. Here it will be seen the
expression of the idea of wisdom is traced by no distant course to an undoubted
onomatopoeia.
The same sort of analogy as that which is felt between the senses of smell and
taste, unites in like manner the senses of sight and hearing, and thus terms ex
pressing conceptions belonging to the sense of hearing are figuratively applied to
analogous phenomena of the visible world. In the case of sparkle, for example,
which is a modification of the same imitative root with Sw, spraka, Lith. sprageti,
to crackle, rattle, the rapid flashing of a small bright light upon the eye is signi
fied by the figure of a similar repetition of short sharp impressions on the ear.
Fr. pétiller is an imitative form signifying in the first place to crackle, then to
sparkle, and, in the domain of movement, to quiver. Du. tintelen, to tinkle, then
to twinkle, to glitter.
Again, &clat (in Old Fr. esclat), properly a clap or explosion, is used in the
sense of brightness, splendour, brilliancy. The word bright had a similar origin.
It is the equivalent of G. pracht, splendour, magnificence, which in ohG. signified
a clear sound, outcry, tumult. Bavarian bracht, clang, noise. In As. we have
beorhtian, to resound, and beorht, bright. In the old poem of the Owl and the
Nightingale bright is applied to the clear notes of a bird.
Heo—song so schille and so brihte
That far and ner me hit iherde.—l. 1654.
Du. schateren, scheteren, to make a loud noise, to shriek with laughter; schiteren,
to shine, to glisten; Dan. Knistre, knittre, gmittre, to crackle; gnistre, to sparkle.
Many striking examples of the same transference of signification may be quoted
from the Finnish, as kiliná, a ringing sound, a brilliant light; kilid, tinkling, glit
tering; wilistd, to ring as a glass; willata, wilella, wilahtaa, to flash, to glitter;
kimistã, to sound clear (parallel with E. chime), kimmaltaa, kiimottaa, to shine, to
glitter, &c. In Galla, bilbila, a ringing noise as of a bell; billilgoda (to make
bill.il), to ring, to glitter, beam, glisten. Sanscr. marmara, a rustling sound ; Gr.
puappaaipw, to glitter.
 lvi VIEWS OF THE ANCIENTS.

The language of painters is full of musical metaphor. It speaks of harmoni

ous or discordant colouring, discusses the tone of a picture. So in modern slang,
which mainly consists in the use of new and violent metaphors (though perhaps,
in truth, not more violent than those in which the terms of ordinary language
had their origin), we hear of screaming colours, of dressing loud. The specula
tions of the Ancients respecting the analogies of sound and signification were
extremely loose, as may be seen in the Cratylus, where Socrates is made to explain
the expressive power of the letter-sounds. The letter r, he says, from the mo
bility of the tongue in pronouncing it, seemed to him who settled names an ap
Propriate instrument for the imitation of movement. He accordingly used it for
that purpose in Ötiv and floi, flow and flux, then in rpópoc, rpaxic, spotsw,
6patiew, iptirety, kepparičew, pupſ&iv, tremour, rough, strike, break, rend, shatter,
whirl. Observing that the tongue chiefly slides in pronouncing l, he used it in
forming the imitative words Attoc, smooth, Airapóc, oily, KoMAóðnc, gluey,
ôXtabávely, to slide. And observing that n kept the voice within, he framed the
words £včov, #vrác, within, inside, fitting the letters to the sense.
Much of the same kind is found in an interesting passage of Augustine, which
has been often quoted.
‘The Stoics,' he says, “hold that there is no word of which a clear account
cannot be given. “And because in this way you might say that it would be an
infinite task if you had always to seek for the origin of the words in which you
explained the origin of the former one, it was easy to suggest the limitation:
Until you come to the point where there is direct resemblance between the
sound of the word and the thing signified, as when we speak of the tinkling (tin
nitum) of brass, the neighing of horses, the bleating of sheep, the clang (clango
rem) of trumpets, the clank (stridorem) of chains, for you perceive that these
words sound like the things which are signified by them. But because there are
things which do not sound, with these the similitude of touch comes into play, so
that if the things are soft or rough to the touch, they are fitted with names that
by the nature of the letters are felt as soft or rough to the ear. Thus the word
lene, soft, itself sounds soft to the ear; and who does not feel also that the word
asperitas, roughness, is rough like the thing which it signifies? Voluptas, pleasure,
is soft to the ear; crur, the cross, rough. The things themselves affect our feel
ings in accordance with the sound of the words. As honey is sweet to the taste,
so the name, mel, is felt as soft by the ear. Acre, sharp, is rough in both ways.
Lana, wool, and vepres, briars, affect the ear in accordance with the way in which
the things signified are felt by touch.
It was believed that the first germs of language were to be found in the
words where there was actual resemblance between the sound of the word and

* Et quia hoc modo suggerere facile ſuit, sidiceres hoc infinitum esse quibus verbis alterius
verbi originem interpretaris, eorum rursus a te originem quaerendam esse, donec perveniatur
eout rescum sono verbi aliqua similitudine concinnat, &c.-Principia Dialecticae, c. v. in
vol. i. of his works.
 ANALOGY OF SOUND AND MOVEMENT. lvii

the thing which it signified: that from thence the invention of names proceeded
to take hold of the resemblance of things between themselves; as when, for ex
ample, the cross is called crur because the rough sound of the word agrees with
the roughness of the pain which is suffered on the cross; while the legs are called
crura, not on account of the roughness of pain, but because in length and
hardness they are like wood in comparison with the other members of the
body.'
It is obvious that analogies like the foregoing are far too general to afford any
satisfactory explanation of the words for which they are supposed to account. If
any word that sounded rough might signify anything that was either rough or
rigid or painful it would apply to such an infinite variety of objects, and the limits
of the signification would be so vague, that the utterance would not afford the
smallest guidance towards the meaning of the speaker. Still it is plain that there
must be some analogy between sound and movement, and consequently form, in
virtue of which we apply the terms rough and smooth to the three conceptions.
The connection seems to lie in the degree of effort or resistance of which we
are conscious in the utterance of a rough sound, or in the apprehension
of a rough surface. We regard the sound of r as rough compared with
that of l, because the tongue is driven into vibration in the utterance
of r, making us sensible of an effort which answers to the resistance felt
in the apprehension of a rough surface, while in l the sound issues without re
action on the vocal organs, like the hand passing over a smooth surface. A greater
degree of roughness is when the inequalities of the surface are separately felt, or in
sound, when the vibratory whir passes into a rattle. In a still higher degree of
roughness the movement becomes a succession of jogs, corresponding to the ine
qualities of a rugged surface or a jagged outline, or, in the case of the voice, to the
abrupt impulses of a harshly broken utterance. Again, we are conscious of mus
cular effort when we raise the tone of the voice by an actual rise of the vocal ap
paratus in the throat, and it is precisely this rise and fall of the bodily apparatus
in the utterance of a high or low note, that makes us consider the netes as high
or low. There are thus analogies between sound and bodily movement which
enable us, by utterances of the voice without direct imitation of sound, to signify
varieties of movement, together with corresponding modifications of figured sur
face and outline. The word twitter represents in the first instance a repetition of
a short sharp sound, but it is applied by analogy to a vibratory movement that is
wholly unaccompanied by sound. The feeling of abruptness in sound is given by
a syllable ending with one of the mutes, or checks as they are called by Müller,
consisting of the letters b, d, g, p, t, k, the peculiarity of which in pronunciation
is that “for a time they stop the emission of breath altogether' (Lect. ii. p. 138).
Hence in pronouncing a syllable ending in a mute or check we are conscious
of an abrupt termination of the vocal effort, and we employ a wide range of syl
lables constructed on that principle to signify a movement abruptly checked, as
shag, shog, jag, jog, jig, dag, dig, stag (in stagger, to reel abruptly from side to
side), job, jib, stab, rug, tug; Fr. sag-oter, to jog; sac-cade, a rough and sudden
lviii FROM MOVEMENT TO SUBSTANCE.

jerk, motion, or check. The syllable suk is used in Bremen to represent a jog in
riding or going. "Datgeit jummer suk / suk 1 of a rough horse. Ene olde suksuk,
an old worthless horse or carriage, a rattletrap. Sukkeln, G. schuckeln, schockeln, to
jog. On the same principle we have G. Zack, used interjectionally to represent a
sharp sudden movement; zacke, a jag or sharp projection; zickzack, E. zigzag,
applied to movement by impulses abruptly changing in direction, or the figure
traced out by such a movement; the opposition in the direction of successive im
pulses being marked by the change of vowel from i to a. The production of
sound, however, is so frequent a consequence of movement, that we never can be
sure, in cases like the foregoing, that the word does not originally spring from
direct imitation. Such seems certainly the case with the syllables tick, tack, tock,
representing sharp short sounds of different kinds, and analogous movements.
Thus we have E. tick-tack for the beat of a clock; Parmesan tic-toc for the beat
of the heart or the pulse, or the ticking of a watch; Bolognese tec-tac, a cracker;
It. tech-tech, toch-toch, tecche-tocche, for the sound of knocking at a door.
Hence tick or tock for any light sharp movement. To tick a thing off, to mark
it with a touch of the pen; to take a thing on tick, to have it ticked or marked
on the score; to tickle, to incite by light touches. Bolognese tocc, Brescian toch,
the blow of the clapper on a bell or knocker on a door, lead to Spanish tocar, to
knock, to ring a bell, to beat or play on a musical instrument, and also (with the
meaning softened down) to Italian toccare, French toucher, to touch. The Mi
lanese toch, like English tick, is a stroke with a pen or pencil, then, figuratively, a
certain space, so much as is traversed at a stroke; on bell tocch distrada, a good
piece of road; then, as Italian tocco, a piece or bit of anything.
The same transference of the expression from phenomena of sound to those of
bodily substance takes place with the syllables muk, mik, mot, tot, kuk, kik, &c.,
which were formerly mentioned as being used (generally with a negative) to ex
press the least appreciable sound. The closeness of the connection between such
a meaning and the least appreciable movement is witnessed by the use of the same
word still to express alike the absence of sound or motion. Accordingly the G.
muck, representing in the first instance a sound barely audible, is made to signify
a slight movement. Mucken, to mutter, to say a word; also to stir, to make the
least movement.
The representative syllable takes the form of mick or kick in the Dutch phrase
noch micken noch kicken, not to utter a syllable. Then, passing to the significa
tion of motion, it produces Dutch micken, Illyrian migati, to wink; micati
(mitsati), to stir; Lat. micare, to glitter, to move rapidly to and fro. The analogy
is then carried a step further, and the sense of a slight movement is made a step
ping-stone to the signification of a material atom, a small bodily object. Hence
Lat. and It. mica, Spanish miga, Fr. mie, a crum, a little bit. The train of thought
runs through the same course in Dutch kicken, to utter a slight sound; Fr. chicoter,
to sprawl like an infant; Welsh cicio, and E. kick, to strike with the foot. Then
in the sense of any least portion of bodily substance, It. cica, Fr. chic, chiquet, a
little bit; chique, a quid of tobacco, a playing-marble, properly a small lump of
 MODIFICATION BY CHANGE OF WOWEL. lix

clay; Sp. chico, little. In the same way from the representation of a slight sound
by the syllable mot, mut, as in E. mutter, or in the Italian phrase non fare ne motto
we totto, not to utter a syllable, we pass to the Yorkshire phrase, neither moit nor
doit, not an atom; e. mote, an atom, and mite, the least visible insect; Du. mot,
dust, fragments; It. motta, Fr. motte, a lump of earth.
The use of a syllable like tot to represent a short indistinct sound is shown in
the Italian phrase above quoted; in o.N. taut, N. tot, a whisper, murmur, mutter;
E. totle, to whisper (Pr. Pm.); titter, to laugh in a subdued manner. The ex
pression passes on to the idea of movement in E. tot, to jot down or note with a
slight movement of the pen; totter, tottle, to move slightly to and fro, to toddle
like a child; titter, to tremble, to seesaw (Halliwell); Lat. titillo, to tickle (pro
vincially tittle), to excite by slight touches or movements. Then, passing from the
sense of a slight movement to that of a small bodily object, we have E. tot,
anything small; totty, little (Halliwell); Da. tot, Sc. fait, a bunch or flock of
flax, wool, or the like ; It tozzo, a bit, a morsel; e. tit, a bit, a morsel, anything
small of its kind, a small horse, a little girl; titly, tiny, small; titlark, a small
kind of lark; titmouse (Du. mossche, a sparrow), a small bird; tittle, a jot or little
bit. It. citto, zitto, a lad; citta, zitella, a girl. The passage from the sense of a
light movement to that of a small portion is seen also in pat, a light quick blow,
and a small lump of something; to dot, to touch lightly with a pen, to make a
slight mark; and dot, a small lump or pat.—Halliwell. To jot, to touch, to jog,
to note a thing hastily on paper; jot, a small quantity.
The change of the vowel from a or otoi, or the converse, in such expressions
as zigzag, ticktack, seesaw, belongs to a principle which is extensively applied in
the development of language, when an expression having already been found for
a certain conception, it is wished to signify something of the same fundamental
kind, but differing in degree or in some subordinate character. This end is com
monly attained by a change, often entirely arbitrary, either in the vowel or the
initial consonant of the significant syllable. The vowel changes from i to a in
tick-tack, for the beating of a clock, not because the pendulum makes a different
sound in swinging to the right or to the left, but simply in order to symbolise the
change of direction. A similar instance of distinction by arbitrary difference is
noticed by Mr Tylor in the language of gesture, where a wise man being symbol
ised by touching the tip of the nose with the forefinger, the same organ is touched
with the little finger to signify a foolish man. In a similar way the relations of
place, here, there, and out there, corresponding to the personal pronouns, I, you,
and he, are frequently distinguished by what appears to be an arbitrary change of
the vowel sound. Pott (Doppelung p. 48) cites from the African Tumale, gni,
gno, gnu, for the three personal pronouns, where the vowels follow in regular scale
(i, e, a, o, u) according to the proximity of the object indicated. But the same
language has re this, ri that, where the order is inverted. The following table is
from Tylor (Prim. Cult. i. 199).
Javan. iki, this; ika, that; iku, that, further off; Malagasy io, here (close
at hand); eo, there (further oft); ad, there (at a short distance).
lx INTERROGATIVE PARTICLE.

Japan ko, here; ka, there.

Canarese ivanu, this; ivanu, that (intermediate); uvanu, that.
Tamul i, this; á, that.
Dhimas isho, ita, here; usho, uta, there.
Abchasian abri, this; ubri, that.
Ossetic am, here; um, there.
Magyar ez, this; az, that.
Zulu apa, here; apo, there; lesi, this ; leso, that; lesiya, that in the distance.
Yoruba na, this ; ni, that.
Fernandian olo, this; ole, that.
Sahaptin (America) kina, here; kuna, there.
Mutsun me, here; nu, there.
Tarahumara ibe, here; ale, there.
Guarani nde, ne, thou; nai, ni, he.
Botocudo ati, I; oti, thou, you, to.
Carib ne, thou; ni, he. -

Chilian tva, this ; tvey, that.

Here, as Mr Tylor remarks, no constant rule is observed, but sometimes i and
sometimes a is used to denote the nearer object.
Of a similar nature is the distinction of sex by a change of vowel, as in Italian
o for the male, and a for the female. Fin. ukko, an old man; akka, an old woman;
Mangu chacha, mas; cheche, femina; ama, father; eme, mother. Carib baba,
father; bibi, mother. Ibu (Afr.) nna, father; nne, mother. It is probably
to a like principle of distinction that the k, k (it), qu, w, which form the initial
element of the interrogative in Sanscr., Gr., Lat., and G. respectively, owe their
origin. The interrogative pronouns who 2 or what ? are expressed in gesture
by looking or pointing about in an inquiring manner, in fact (says Tylor), by a
number of unsuccessful attempts to say he, that. Then, as the act of pointing was
represented in speech by the particle ta, it seems that the interrogative signification
was given by the arbitrary change from ta to ka, from whence may be explained the
various initials of the interrogative in the different members of the Indo-Germanic
family.
On the other hand, there is often an innate fitness in the change of vowel to
the modification of meaning which it is made to denote. The vowels a and o
are pronounced with open throat and full sound of the voice, while we compress
the voice through a narrower opening and utter a less volume of sound in the
pronunciation of i or e. Hence we unconsciously pass to the use of the voweli
in expressing diminution of action or of size. A young relation of mine adopted
the use of baly as a diminutival prefix.” Baby-Thomas was his designation for
the smaller of two servants of that name. But when he wishes to carry the di
minution further, he narrows the sound of the word to bee-kee, and at last it be
comes a beebee-beebee thing. In the same way seems to be formed Acra (Afr.)
bi, child, young one; bibio, little, small (Pott. Ioo). It seems to me probable that
• Wei den, child, also little.
 EXPRESSION OF WOWEL SOUNDS. Ixi

this sense of the thinness of the sound of i or ee is simply embodied in the

diminutival wee. ‘A little wee face with a little yellow beard."—Merry Wives.
A further development of the significant sound gives the nursery weeny,” surviv
ing in regular speech in G. wenig, little, few ; Sc. wean, a child. And perhaps
the e. tiny may be attained through the rhyming tiny-winy or teeny-weeny,
analogous to winy-piny, fretful, speaking in a pipy tone of voice. It will be ob
served that we express extreme diminution by dwelling on the narrow vowel:
“a little tee--ny thing,' making the voice as small as possible.
The consciousness of forcing the voice through a narrow opening in the pro
nunciation of the sound ee leads to the use of syllables like peep, keek, teet, to sig
nify a thing making its way through a narrow opening, just beginning to appear,
looking through between obstacles. Da. at pippe frem is to spring forth, to make
its way through the bursting envelope, whence Fr. pepin, the pip or pippin, the
germ from whence the plant is to spring. The Sw. has titta frem, to peep through,
to begin to appear; titta, to peep, in old E. to teet.
The rois knoppis tetand furth thare hed -

Gan chyp and kythe thare vernale lippis red.—Douglas Virgil, 401. 8.
The peep of dawn is when the curtain of darkness begins to lift and the first streaks
of light to push through the opening.
The sound of the footfall is represented in German by the syllables trapp-trapp
trapp ; from whence Du. trap, a step, trappen, to tread, Sw. trappa, stairs. The
change to the short compressed i in trip adapts the syllable to signify a light quick
step : Du. trippen, trippelen, to leap, to dance (Kil.); Fr. trépigner, to beat the
ground with the feet. Clank represents the sound of something large, as chains;
clink, or chink, of smaller things, as money. To sup up, is to take up liquids by
large spoonfuls; to sip, to sup up by little and little, with lips barely open. Top,
nab, knob, signify an extremity of a broad round shape; tip, nil, nipple, a similar
object of a smaller size and pointed shape.
Where a sound is kept up by the continued repetition of distinct impulses on
the ear, the simplest mode of representing the continued sound is by the repetition
of a syllable resembling the elementary impulse, as ding-dong, G. bim-lam, It.
din-din, don-don, for the sound of bells; murmur, for a continuance of low and
indistinct sounds; pit-a-pat, for a succession of light blows; low-wow, for the
barking of a dog, &c. In barbarous languages the formation of words on this
principle is very common, and in the Pacific dialects, for instance, they form a con
siderable proportion of the vocabulary. From cases like the foregoing, where an
imitative syllable is repeated for the purpose of signifying the continued repetition
of a certain phenomenon, the principle of reduplication, as it is called, is extended
to express simple continuance of action, or even, by a further advance in abstrac
tion, the idea of action in general, while the special nature of the action intended
is indicated by the repeated syllable. In some African languages repetition is
habitually used to qualify the meaning of the verb. Thus we have Wolof sopa,
• ‘A little weeny thing.' I have known Weeny kept as a pet-name by one who had been
puny in childhood.
 lxii REPETITION. FREQUENTATIVE ELEMENTS.

to love, sopasopa, to love constantly; Mpongwe kamba, to speak, kamba-gamla,

to talk at random; Kenda, to walk, Kendagenda, to walk about for amusement.
Again, from Maori muka, flax, muka-muka (to use a bunch of flax), to wipe
or rub; mawhiti, to skip, mawhitiwhiti, a grasshopper; puka, to pant, puka
puka, the lungs, the agent in panting; Malay ayun, to rock, ayunayunan, a
cradle. That the principle is not wholly lifeless ºn English is witnessed by the
verb pooh-pooh, to say pooh! to, to treat with contempt.
It is obvious that the same device which expresses continuance in time may
be applied to continuance or extension in space. Thus in the Pacific loa, loloa,
signify long; lololoa, very long (Pott. 97). And generally, repetition or contin
uance of the significant sound expresses excess in degree of the quality signified.
Mandingo ding, child; if very young, ding-ding; Susa di, child; didi, little child
(p. 99). Madagascar ratsi or ratchi, bad; ratsi-ratsi, or rātchi, very bad. ‘In the
Gaboon the strength with which such a word as mpolu is uttered, serves to show
whether it is great, very great, or very very great, and in this way, as Mr Wilson re
marks in his Mpongwe grammar, the comparative degrees of greatness, smallness,
hardness, rapidity and strength, &c., may be conveyed with more accuracy than
could readily be conceived."—Tylor, Prim. Cult. i. 196. The same principle of
expression is in familiar use with ourselves, although not recognised in written
language; as when we speak of an e-nó--rmous appetite, or a little tee--ny thing.
The use of reduplicate forms is condemned by the taste of more cultivated
languages, and the sense of continuance is expressed in a more artificial way by
the frequentative form of the verb, as it is called, where the effect of repetition is
given by the addition of an intrinsically unmeaning element, such as the syllable
et, er, or el, acting as a sort of echo to the fundamental syllable of the word.
Thus in E. racket, a clattering noise, or in Fr. cliqu-et-is, clash of weapons, the
imitative syllables, rack and clique, are echoed by the rudimentary et, instead of
being actually repeated, and the words express a continued sound of rack, rack, or
click, click.
It is true that such a syllable as et or it could only, properly speaking, be used
as an echo to hard sounds, but many devices of expression are extended by analogy
far beyond their original aim, and thus et or it are employed in Lat. and Fr. to
express repetition or continuance in a general way, without reference to the par
ticular nature of the repeated phenomenon. So from clamo, to call, clamito, to
keep calling, to call frequently; from Fr. tache, a spot, tach-et-er, to cover with
spots. The elements usually employed in E. for the same purpose are composed of
an obscure vowel with the consonants l or r, on which the voice can dwell for a
length of time with a more or less sensible vibration, representing the effect on
the ear when a confused succession of beats has merged in a continuous murmur.
Thus in the pattering of rain or hail, expressing the fall of a rapid succession of
drops on a hard surface, the syllable pat imitates the sound of a single drop, while
the vibration of the r in the second syllable represents the murmuring sound of
the shower when the attention is not directed to the individual taps of which it is
composed. In like manner to clatter is to do anything accompanied by a suc
 FREQUENTATIVE ELEMENTS. lxiii

cession of noises that might be represented by the syllable clat; to crackle, to

make a succession of cracks; to rattle, dabble, bubble, guggle, to make a succes
sion of noises that might be represented individually by the syllables rat, dal, bub,
gug. The contrivance is then extended to signify continued action unconnected
with any particular noise, as grapple, to make a succession of grabs; shuffle, to
make a succession of shoves; draggle, waggle, joggle, to continue dragging, wag
ging, jogging. The final el or er is frequently replaced by a simple l, which, as
Ihre remarks under gnalla, has something ringing (aliquid tinnuli) in it. Thus
to mewl and pule, in Fr. miauler and piauler, are to cry mew and pew ; to wail
is to cry wae : Piedmontese bau-l-ć, or fê lau, to make bau-bau, to bark like
a dog.
By a further extension the frequentative element is made to signify the simple
employment of an object in a way which has to be understood from the circum
stances of the case. Thus to knee-l is to rest on the bent knee; to hand-le, to em
ploy the hand in dealing with an object. In cases like these, where the frequent
ative element is added to a word already existing in the language, the effect of
the addition is simply to give a verbal signification to the compound, an end which
might equally be attained by the addition of verbal inflections of person and tense,
without the intervention of the frequentative element.
It seems accordingly to be a matter of chance whether the terminal l is added
or omitted. The Fr. miauler and béler correspond to E. mew and baa ; the G.
&nie-en to E. kneel. In e. itself, to hand, in some applications, as to handle, in
others, is used for dealing with an object by the hand.
The application of the frequentative el or er to signify the agent or the in
strument of action (as in As. rynel, a runner, or in E. rubber, he who rubs, or what
is used in rubbing) is analogous to the attainment of the same end by repetition
of the significant syllable, as shown above in the case of Malay ayunayunan, a
cradle or rocker from ayun, to rock, or Maori puka-puka, the lungs (the puffers of
the body), from puka, to puff.
The same element is found in the construction of adjectives, as in As.ficol, fickle,
to be compared with G. fickfacken, to move to and fro, and in As. wancol, G.
wankel, wavering, by the side of wanken, wankeln, to rock or wag.
When we come to sum up the evidence of the imitative origin of language,
we find that words are to be found in every dialect that are used with a con
scious intention of directly imitating sound, such as flap, crack, smack, or the in
terjections ah / ugh 1 But sometimes the signification is carried on, either by a
figurative mode of expression, or by association, to something quite distinct from
the sound originally represented, although the connection between the two may
be so close as to be rarely absent from the mind in the use of the word. Thus
the word flap originally imitates the sound made by the blow of a flat surface,
as the wing of a bird or the corner of a sail. It then passes on to signify the
movement to and fro of a flat surface, and is thence applied to the moveable
leaf of a table, the part that moves on a hinge up and down, where all direct
connection with sound is lost. In like manner crack imitates the sound made
lxiv. ORIGIN OF METAPHOR EASILY OBSCURED.

by a hard body breaking, and is applied in a secondary way to the effects of the
breach, to the separation between the broken parts, or to a narrow separation
between adjoining edges, such as might have arisen from a breach between them.
But when we speak of looking through the crack of a door we have no thought
of the sound made by a body breaking, although it is not difficult, on a moment's
reflection, to trace the connection between such a sound and the narrow open
ing which is our real meaning. It is probable that smack is often used in the
sense of taste without a thought of the smacking sound of the tongue in the
enjoyment of food, which is the origin of the word.
When an imitative word is used in a secondary sense, it is obviously a mere
chance how long, or how generally, the connection with the sound it was
originally intended to represent, will continue to be felt in daily speech. Some
times the connecting links are to be found only in a foreign language, or in
forms that have become obsolete in our own, when the unlettered man can only
regard the word he is using as an arbitrary symbol. A gull or a dupe is a person
easily deceived. The words are used in precisely the same sense, but what is
the proportion of educated Englishmen who use them with any consciousness of
the metaphors which give them their meaning 2 Most of us probably would be
inclined to connect the first of the two with guile, deceit, and comparatively few
are aware that it is still provincially used in the sense of an unfledged bird.
When several other instances are pointed out in which a young bird is taken as
the type of helpless simplicity, it leaves no doubt that this is the way in which
the word gull has acquired its ordinary meaning. Dupe comes to us from the
French, in which language it signifies also a hoopoe, a bird with which we have
so little acquaintance at the present day, that we are apt at first to regard the
double signification as an accidental coincidence. But when we find that the
names by which the hoopoe is known in Italian, Polish, Breton, as well as in
French (all radically distinct), are also used in the sense of a simpleton or dupe,
we are sure that there must be something in the habits of the bird, which, at
a time when it was more familiarly known, made it an appropriate type of the
character its name in so many instances is used to designate. We should
hardly have connected ugly with the interjection ugh / if we had not been
aware of the obsolete verb ug, to cry ugh' or feel horror at, and it is only the
accidental preservation of occasional passages where the verb is written houge,
that gives us the clue by which huge and hug are traced to the same source.
Thus the imitative power of words is gradually obscured by figurative use
and the loss of intermediate forms, until all suspicion of the original principle of
their signification has faded away in the minds of all but the few who have made
the subject their special study. There is, moreover, no sort of difference either
in outward appearance, or in mode of use, or in aptness to combine with other
elements, between words which we are anyhow able to trace to an imitative
source, and others of whose significance the grounds are wholly unknown. It
would be impossible for a person who knew nothing of the origin of the words
huge and vast, to guess from the nature of the words which of the two was de
 INSUFFICIENT OBJECTIONS. lxv

rived from the imitation of sound; and when he was informed that huge had
been explained on this principle, it would be difficult to avoid the inference that
a similar origin might possibly be found for vast also. Nor can we doubt that a
wider acquaintance with the forms through which our language has past would
make manifest the imitative origin of numerous words whose signification now
appears to be wholly arbitrary. And why should it be assumed that any words
whatever are beyond the reach of such an explanation ?
If onomatopoeia is a vera causa as far as it goes; if it affords an adequate
account of the origin of words signifying things not themselves apprehensible by
the ear, it behoves the objectors to the theory to explain what are the limits of
its reach, to specify the kind of thought for which it is inadequate to find ex
pression, and the grounds of its shortcomings. And as the difficulty certainly
does not lie in the capacity of the voice to represent any kind of sound, it can
only be found in the limited powers of metaphor, that is, in the capacity of one
thing to put us in mind of another. It will be necessary then to show that
there are thoughts so essentially differing in kind from any of those that have
been shown to be capable of expression on the principle of imitation, as to escape
the inference in favour of the general possibility of that mode of expression.
Hitherto, however, no one has ventured to bring the contest to such an issue.
The arguments of objectors have been taken almost exclusively from cases where
the explanations offered by the supporters of the theory are either ridiculous on
the face of them, or are founded in manifest blunder, or are too far-fetched to
afford satisfaction; while the positive evidence of the validity of the principle,
arising from cases where it is impossible to resist the evidence of an imitative
origin, is slurred over, as if the number of such cases was too inconsiderable to
merit attention in a comprehensive survey of language.
That the words of imitative origin are neither inconsiderable in number, nor
restricted in signification to any limited class of ideas, is sufficiently shown by
the examples given in the foregoing pages. We cannot open a dictionary with
out meeting with them, and in any piece of descriptive writing they are found
in abundance.
No doubt the number of words which remain unexplained on this principle
would constitute much the larger portion of the dictionary, but this is no more
than should be expected by any reasonable believer in the theory. As long as
the imitative power of a word is felt in speech it will be kept pretty close to the
original form. But when the signification is diverted from the object of imita
tion, and the word is used in a secondary sense, it immediately becomes liable to
corruption from various causes, and the imitative character is rapidly obscured.
The imitative force of the interjections ah! or ach / and ugh / mainly depends
upon the aspiration, but when the vocable is no longer used directly to represent
the cry of pain or of shuddering, the sound of the aspirate is changed to that of
a hard guttural, as in ache (ake) and ugly, and the consciousness of imitation is
wholly lost.
In savage life, when the communities are small and ideas few, language is
t’
lxvi CORRUPTION OF LANGUAGE.

liable to rapid change. To this effect we may cite the testimony of a thoughtful
traveller who had 'unusual opportunities of observation. ‘There are certain
peculiarities in Indian habits which lead to a quick corruption of language and
segregation of dialects. When Indians are conversing among themselves they
seem to have pleasure in inventing new modes of pronunciation and in distort
ing words. It is amusing to notice how the whole party will laugh when the
wit of the circle perpetrates a new slang term, and these words are very often
retained. I have noticed this during long voyages made with Indian crews.
When such alterations occur amongst a family or horde which often live many
years without communication with the rest of their tribe, the local corruption of
language becomes perpetuated. Single hordes belonging to the same tribe and
inhabiting the banks of the same river thus become, in the course of many years'
isolation, unintelligible to other hordes, as happens with the Collinas on the
Jurua. I think it very probable, therefore, that the disposition to invent new
words and new modes of pronunciation, added to the small population and habits
of isolation of hordes and tribes, are the causes of the wonderful diversity of lan
guages in South America."—Bates, Naturalist on the Amazons, i. 330.
But even in civilised life, where the habitual use of writing has so strong a
tendency to fix the forms of language, words are continually changing in pro
nunciation and in application from one generation to another; and in no very
long period, compared with the duration of man, the speech of the ancestors be
comes unintelligible to their descendants. In such cases it is only the art of
writing that preserves the pedigree of the altered forms. If English, French, and
Italian were barbarous unwritten languages no one would dream of any re
lation between bishop, evéjue, and vescovo, all immediate descendants of the Latin
episcopus. Who, without knowledge of the intermediate diurnus and giorno,
would suspect that such a word as jour could be derived from dies 2 or without
written evidence would have thought of resolving Goodbye into God be with you
(God b' w' ye), or topsyturvy into topside the other way (top si' t' o'er way)
Suppose that in any of these cases the word had been mimetic in its earlier form,
how vain it would have been to look for any traces of imitation in the later! If
we allow the influences which have produced such changes as the above to
operate through that vast lapse of time required to mould out of a common stock
such languages as English, Welsh, and "Russian, we shall wonder rather at the
large than the small number of cases, in which traces of the original imitation
are still to be made out.
The letters of the alphabet have a strong analogy with the case of language.
The letters are signs which represent articulate sounds through the sense of sight,
as words are signs which represent every subject of thought through the sense of
hearing. Now the significance of the names by which the letters are known in
Hebrew and Greek affords a strong presumption that they were originally pic
torial imitations of material things, and the presumption is converted into moral
certainty by the accidental preservation in one or two cases of the original por
traiture. The zigzag line which represents the wavy surface of water when used
 COMPARISON WITH LETTERS. lxvil

as the symbol of Aquarius among the signs of the zodiac is found in Egyptian
hieroglyphics with the force of the letter n.” If we cut the symbol down to the
three last strokes of the zigzag we shall have the n of the early Greek in
scriptions, which does not materially differ from the capital N of the present
day.
But no one from the mere form of the letter could have suspected an inten
tion of representing water." Nor is there one of the letters, the actual form of
which would afford us the least assistance in guessing at the object it was meant
to represent. Why then should it be made a difficulty in admitting the imitat
ive origin of the oral signs, that the aim at imitation can be detected in only a
third or a fifth, or whatever the proportion may be, of the radical elements of
our speech Nevertheless, a low estimate of the number of forms so traceable
to an intelligible source often weighs unduly against the acceptance of a rational
theory of language.
Mr Tylor fully admits the principle of onomatopoeia, but thinks that the
evidence adduced does not justify ‘the setting up of what is called the Inter
jectional and Imitative theory as a complete solution of the problem of original
language. Valid as this theory proves itself within limits, it would be incautious
to accept a hypothesis which can perhaps account for a twentieth of the crude
forms in any language, as a certain and absolute explanation of the nineteen
twentieths which remain. A key must unlock more doors than this, to be taken
as the master key’ (Prim. Cult. i. 208). The objection does not exactly meet
the position held by prudent supporters of the theory in question. We do not
assert that every device by which language has been modified and enlarged
* The evidence for the derivation of the letter N from the symbol representing water (in
Coptic noun) cannot be duly appreciated unless taken in conjunction with the case of the
letter M. The combination of the symbols 1 and 2, as shown in the subjoined illustration,
occurs very frequently in hieroglyphics with the force of MN. The lower symbol is used for
m, and thus in this combination the upper symbol undoubtedly has the force of m, although it
is said to be never used independently for that letter.
1 HLLLLL; LH3
2^^^^^ j vºº

5 Lºſ •uy ºy My H.
9 N 0\\ 11 M H12
. 3 13
Now if the two symbols be epitomised by cutting them down to their extremity, as a lion
is represented (fig. 13) by his head and fore-legs, it will leave figures 3 and 4, which are iden
tical with the M and N of the early Phoenician and Greek. Figures 5, 6, 7, are forms of
Phoenician M from Gesenius; 8, ancient Greek M ; 9, Greek N from Gesenius; 10 and 11
from inscriptions in the British Museum.
e 2
lxviii INDUCTION OF RATIONAL ORIGIN SUFFICIENT.

as, for instance, the use of a change of vowel in many languages to express com
parative nearness or distance of position) has had its origin in imitation of sound.
Our doctrine is not exclusive. If new “modes of phonetic expression, un
known to us as yet,' should be discovered, we shall be only in the position of the
fathers of modern Geology when the prodigious extent of glacial action in former
ages began to be discovered, and we shall be the first to recognise the efficiency of
the new machinery. Our fundamental tenet is that the same principle which
enables Man to make known his wants or to convey intelligence by means of
bodily gesture, would prompt him to the use of vocal signs for the same purpose,
leading him to utterances, which either by direct resemblance of sound, or by
analogies felt in the effort of utterance, might be associated with the notion to
be conveyed. The formation of words in this way in all languages has been
universally recognised, and it has been established in a wide range of examples,
differing so greatly in the nature of the signification and in the degree of
abstraction of the idea, or its remoteness from the direct perceptions of sense, as
to satisfy us that the principles employed are adequate to the expression of every
kind of thought. And this is sufficient for the rational theorist of language. If
man can anyhow have stumbled into speech under the guidance of his ordinary
intelligence, it will be absurd to suppose that he was helped over the first steps
of his progress by some supernatural go-cart, in the shape either of direct in
spiration, or, what comes to the same thing, of an instinct unknown to us at the
present day, but lent for a while to Primitive Man in order to enable him to
communicate with his fellows, and then withdrawn when its purpose was accom
plished.
Perhaps after all it will be found that the principal obstacle to belief in the
rational origin of Language, is an excusable repugnance to think of Man as
having ever been in so brutish a condition of life as is implied in the want of speech.
Imagination has always delighted to place the cradle of our race in a golden age
of innocent enjoyment, and the more rational views of what the course of life
must have been before the race had acquired the use of significant speech, or
had elaborated for themselves the most necessary arts of subsistence, are felt by
unreflecting piety as derogatory to the dignity of Man and the character of a
beneficent Creator. But this is a dangerous line of thought, and the only safe
rule in speculating on the possible dispensations of Providence (as has been well
pointed out by Mr Farrar) is the observation of the various conditions in which
it is actually allotted to Man (without any choice of his own) to carry on his
life. What is actually allowed to happen to any family of Man cannot be in
compatible either with the goodness of God or with His views of the dignity of
the human race. And God is no respecter of persons or of races. However
hard or degrading the life of the Fuegian or the Bushman may appear to us, it can
be no impeachment of the Divine love to suppose that our own progenitors were
exposed to a similar struggle.
We have only the choice of two alternatives. We must either suppose that
Man was created in a civilised state, ready instructed in the arts necessary for
 COMPLETION OF MAN. lxix

the conduct of life, and was permitted to fall back into the degraded condition
which we witness among savage tribes; or else, that he started from the lowest
grade, and rose towards a higher state of being, by the accumulated acquisitions
in arts and knowledge of generation after generation, and by the advantage
constantly given to superior capacity in the struggle for life. Of these alterna
tives, that which embodies the notion of continued progress is most in accord
ance with all our experience of the general course of events, notwithstanding
the apparent stagnation of particular races, and the barbarism and misery occa
sionally caused by violence and warfare. We have witnessed a notable advance
in the conveniences of life in our own time, and when we look back as far as
history will reach, we find our ancestors in the condition of rude barbarians.
Beyond the reach of any written records we have evidence that the country was
inhabited by a race of hunters (whether our progenitors or not) who sheltered
in caves, and carried on their warfare with the wild beasts with the rudest wea
pons of chipped flint. Whether the owners of these earliest relics of the human
race were speaking men or not, who shall say? It is certain only that Language
is not the innate inheritance of our race; that it must have begun to be acquired
by some definite generation in the pedigree of Man; and as many intelligent and
highly social kinds of animals, as elephants, for instance, or beavers, live in har
mony without the aid of this great convenience of social life, there is no ap
parent reason why our own race should not have led their life on earth for an in
definite period before they acquired the use of speech; whether before that epoch
the progenitors of the race ought to be called by the name of Man, or not.
Geologists however universally look back to a period when the earth was peo
pled only by animal races, without a trace of human existence; and the mere
absence of Man among an animal population of the world is felt by no one as
repugnant to a thorough belief in the providential rule of the Creator. Why
then should such a feeling be roused by the complementary theory which bridges
over the interval to the appearance of Man, and supposes that one of the races of
the purely animal period was gradually raised in the scale of intelligence, by the
laws of variation affecting all procreative kinds of being, until the progeny, in
the course of generations, attained to so enlarged an understanding as to become
capable of appreciating each other's motives; of being moved to admiration and
love by the exhibition of loving courage, or to indignation and hate by malignant
conduct; of finding enjoyment or pain in the applause or reprobation of their
fellows, or of their own reflected thoughts; and sooner or later, of using imitative
signs for the purpose of bringing absent things to the thoughts of another mind
 TABLE OF CONTRACTIONS.

AS. Anglo-Saxon. Fl. Florio, Italian-Eng. dict.

AElfr. Gr. Elfric's Grammar at the 168o. -

end of Somner's Dict. F.O. Faery Queen.

B. Bailey's Engl. Dict., 1737. Fr. French.
Bav. Bavarian. Fris. Frisian.
Bigl. Biglotton seu Dict. G. German.
Teutonico-Lat. 1654. Gael. Gaelic.
Boh. Bohemian or Czech. Grandg Grandgagnage, Dict. de
Brem. Wtb. Bremisch - Nieder - Säch la langue Wallonne,
siches Wörterbuch, 1845.
1768. Gris. Romansch, Rhaeto-Ro
Bret. Bas-Breton or Celtic of mance, or language of
Brittany. the Grisons.
Carp. Carpentier, Supplement to Hal. Halliwell's Dict. of Ar
Ducange, 1766. chaic and Provincial
Castr. Couzinié, Dict. de la words, 1852.
langue Romano - Cas Idiot. Idioticon or Vocabulary
traise, 1850. of a dialect.
Cat. Catalan. Illyr. Illyrian. -

Cimbr. Cimbrisch, dialect of the Jam. Jamieson, Dict, of Scot

Sette Commune. tish Language.
Cot. Cotgrave, Fr.-Eng. Dict. K. or Kil. Kilian, Dict. Teutonico
Da. or Dan. Danish. Lat.
dial. Provincial dialect. Küttn. Küttner's Germ. - Eng.
Dief. Diefenbach, Vergleichen Dict., 1805.
des Wörterbuch der Lang. Dict. Languedocien
Gothischen Sprache, Franç. par Mr L. S. D.,
1851. 1785.
Dief. Sup. Diefenbach, Supplement Lap. Lapponic or language of
to Ducange, 1857. Lapland.
Dú. Dutch. Lat. Latin.
Duc. Ducange, Glossarium Me Let. Lettish.
diae et Infimae Latini Lim. Beronie, Dict. du patois
tatis. du Bas-Limousin (Cor
D.V. Douglas' Virgil. rèze).
E. English. Lith. Lithuanian.
Esth. Esthonian. Magy. Hungarian or Magyar.
Fin. Finnish. M.H.G. Middle High German.
 TABLE OF CONTRACTIONS.

Mid. Lat. Latin of the Middle Ages. Roquef. Roquefort, Gloss. de la

N. Norwegian or Norse. Langue Romaine.
O. Old. Rouchi Patois of the Hainault.
OHG. Old High German. Hécart, Dict. Rouchi
ON. Old Norse, Icelandic. Franç.
Palsgr. Palsgrave, l'Esclaircisse R.R. Chaucer's translation of
ment de la langue Fran the Roman de la Rose
çoise. Russ. Russian.
Pat. de Brai. Dict. du patois du Pays Sc. Lowland Scotch.
de Brai, 1852. Schm. Schmeller, Bayerisches
Piedm. Piedmontese. Wörterbuch.
Pl.D. Platt Deutsch, Low Ger Serv. Servian.
man dialects. Sp. Spanish.
Pol. Polish. , Sw. Swedish.
P.P. Piers Plowman. Swab. Swabian.
Prov. Provençal. Swiss Rom. Swiss Romance, the Fr.
Pr. Pnn. Promptorium Parvulo patois of Switzerland.
runn. Venet. Venetian.
Pig. Portuguese. W. Welsh.
R Richardson's Eng. Dict. Walach. Walachian or Daco-Ro
Rayn. Raynouard, Dict. Proven. mance.

çal, 1836. | Wall. Walloon.

 DICTION ARY

OF

ENGLISH ETYM OLOGY.

An asterisk (*) is prefixed to words where the etymology of the first edition has been
materially altered.

A ABANDON

A, as a prefix to nouns, is commonly remaining with us in the restricted ap

the remnant of the AS. on, in, on, among, plication to Banns of Marriage. Passing
as abacž, AS. on-baec ; away, AS. on into the Romance tongues, this word be
wasg ; alike, AS. on-lic. came bando in Italian and Spanish, an
In the obsolete adown it represents the edict or proclamation, bandon in French,
As. of, of or from ; AS. oſ-dune, literally, in the same sense, and secondarily in
from a height, downwards. that of command, orders, dominion,
As a prefix to verbs it corresponds to power :
the Goth. us, out of ; OHG. ur, ar, er, ir, Thai, Wallace said, Thou spekis of mychty
G. er, implying a completion of the Fra . thing,
action. Bruce had resavit his crown,
I thoucht have maid Ingland at his bandown,
Thus G. erwachen, to awake, is to wake So wttrely it suld beyn at his will,
up from a state of sleep ; to abide, is to What plesyt him, to sauff the king or spill.
wait until the event looked for takes Wallace.
place; to arise, to get up from a recum Hence to embandom or abandon is to
bent posture. bring under the absolute command or
Ab-, Abs-, A- In Lat. compounds, entire control of any one, to subdue, rule,
away, away from, off. To abuse is to use have entire dominion over.
in a manner other than it should be ; ab And he that thryll (thrall) is is nocht his,
Zution, a washing off; to abstain, to hold All that he has embandownyt is
away from. Lat. a, ab, abs, from. Unto his Lord, whatever he be.—Bruce, i. 244.
Abaft. AS. aeſtan, be-a-ſtan, baſtan, He that dredeth God wol do diligence to plese
after, behind. Hence on-baeſtan, abaft. God by his werkes and abandon himself with all
The word seems very early to have ac his might well for to do.—Parson's Tale.
quired the nautical use in which alone Thus we see that the elliptical expres
it survives at the present day. sion of “an abandoned character,’ to
which the accident of language has at
Every man shewid his connyng tofore the ship tached the notion of one enslaved to vice,
and &aſt.—Chaucer, Beryn. 843.
might in itself with equal propriety have
Abandon. Immediately from Fr. been used to signify devotion to good.
abandomner, and that from the noun Again, as that which is placed at the
bandon (also adopted in English, but now absolute command of one party must by
obsolete), command, orders, dominion. the same act be entirely given up by the
The word Bam is common to all the lan original possessor, it was an easy step
guages of the Teutonic stock in the from the sense of conferring the com
ºr of proclamation, announcement, mand of a thing upon some particular
1
- -
2 ABASH ABBOT

person, to that of renouncing all claim to In the original—

authority over the subject matter, without Moult m'esbah is de la merveille.
particular reference to the party into Yield you madame en hicht can Schir Lust say,
whose hands it might come ; and thus in A word scho could not speik scho was so abatd.
modern times the word has come to be - K. Hart in Jamieson.
used almost exclusively in the sense of Custom, which has rendered obsolete
renunciation or desertion. ‘Dedicio— befrash and obeish, has exercised her
abaundunement,’ the surrender of a authority in like manner over abay or
castle.—Neccham. abaw, burny, astony.
The adverbial expressions at abandon, The origin of esbahir itself is to be
bandomly, abandomly, so common in the found in the O Fr. baer, beer, to gape,
‘Bruce’ and “Wallace’ like the OFr. d an onomatopoeia from the sound Ba,
son bandon, a bandon, may be explained, most naturally uttered in the opening of
at his own will and pleasure, at his own the lips. Hence Lat. Baba: A Mod.
impulse, uncontrolledly, impetuously, de Prov. Bah / the interjection of wonder;
terminedly. ‘Ainsi s'avancerent de and the verb esbahir, in the active form,
grand volonté tous chevaliers et ecuyers to set agape, confound, astonish, to strike
et prirent terre.”—Froiss. vol. iv. c. 118. with feelings the natural tendency of
To Abash. Originally, to put to con which is to manifest itself by an involun
fusion from any strong emotion, whether tary opening of the mouth. Castrais, ſa
of fear, of wonder, shame, or admiration, *aba, to excite admiration.—Cousinié.
but restricted in modern times to the Zulu babaza, to astonish, to strike with
effect of shame. Abash is an adoption wonder or surprise.
of the Fr. esbahir, as sounded in the In himself was all his state
greater number of the inflections, esba More solemn than the tedious pomp which waits
/hissons, esbahissais, esbahissant. In or On princes, when their rich retinue long
der to convert the word thus inflected Of horses led, and grooms besmeared with gold,
into English it was natural to curtail Dazzles the crowd, and sets them all agape. Milton.
merely the terminations ons, ais, ant, by
which the inflections differed from each Wall. bawi, to look at with open mouth;
other, and the verb was written in Eng eshawi, to abaw or astonish.-Grandg.
See Abide.
lish to abaisse or abaish, as ravish, polish,
furnish, from ravir, fo/ir, ſournir. To Abate. Fr. ałbattre, to beat
Many English verbs of a similar deriv down, to ruin, overthrow, cast to the
ation were formerly written indifferently ground, Cotgr. Wall. abate, faire tomber,
with or without a final sh, where custom (Grandg.); It. abòaſere, to overthrow, to
has rendered one or other of the two pull down, to make lower, depress,
modes of spelling obsolete. Thus obey weaken, to diminish the force of any
was written obeisse or obeyshe, betray, thing ; abòaſere le vela, to strike sail ;
befrash. affałere da/ frezzo, to bate something
Speaking of Narcissus stooping to of the price; abbatersi, to light upon, to
drink, Chaucer writes: hit, to happen, to meet with ; abbatersi
In the water anon was sene in una terra, to take possession of an
estate. Hence the OE. law term abate
His nose, his mouth, his eyen shene,
And he thereof was all abashed, ment, which is the act of one who in
His owne shadow had him befrashed, trudes into the possession of lands void
For well he wened the forme to see by the death of the former possessor,
Of a childe of full grete beauti.-R. R. 1520. and not yet taken up by the lawful heir ;
In the original— and the party who thus pounces upon
Et il maintenant s'eſha hit the inheritance is called an abator. See
Car son umbre sile trahif Beat, Bate.
Car il cuida voir la figure Abbot, Abbey, Abbess. More cor
D'ung enfant bel a demesure. rectly written abbat, from Lat. abbas,
On the other hand, burny was formerly aôbaſis, and that from Syrian abòa,
father. The word was occasionally writ
in use as well as burnish ; abay or adaw ten
as well as abaisse or abaish : abba in Latin. It was a title of re
spect formerly given to monks in general,
I saw the rose when I was nigh, and it must have been during the time
It was thereon a goodly sight—
For such another as I gesse that it had this extended signification
Aforne ne was, ne more vermeille, that it gave rise to the Lat. abbatia, an
I was abawid for merveille.—R. R. 3645. abbey, or society of abbots or monks.
 ABELE AB IDE 3

Epiphanius, speaking of the Holy places, baier, beer, with the frequentative bail/er,
says, ºxsi ès i airi) dºec x,\tovc cat xi\ta to open the mouth, to gape; gueule bee,
réAAta, it contains a thousand monks and &ouche beſante, as go/a badada, bocca ba
a thousand cells.--Ducange. In process data above mentioned.
of time we meet with protestations from Quant voit le serpent, qui baaille,
St Jerome and others against the arro Corant seus lui, geule baee.—Raynouard.
gance of assuming the title of Father, Both forms of the verb are then figur
and either from feelings of such a nature, atively applied to signify affections cha
or possibly from the analogy between a racterized by involuntary opening of the
community of monks and a private mouth, intent observation, or absorption
family, the name of Abbot or Father was in an object, watching, listening, expect
ultimately confined to the head of the ation, waiting, endurance, delay, suffer
house, while the monks under his control ing. It. badare, to attend to, to mind, to
were called Brothers. take notice, take care, to desire, covet,
Abele. The white poplar. Pol. biało aspire to, to stay, to tarry, to abide ;
drzew, literally white tree, from biaſo, abbadare, to stay, to attend on ; bada,
white. delay, lingering, tarrying; femere a bada,
* To Abet. OFr. affeffer, to de to keep in suspense. Corresponding
ceive, also to incite ; inciter, animer, forms with the d effaced are OFr. baer,
exciter.—Roquef. Prov.abet, deceit, trick; baier, baſer, to be intent upon, attendre
ačetar, to deceive, beguile. avec empressement, aspirer, regarder,
Luine peut-il mie guiler, songer, desirer (Roquef); abayer, écouter
Ni engigner ni abſter.—Fabl. II. 366. avec 6tonnement, bouche beante, inhiare
loquenti (Lacombe).
Both senses of the word may be ex I saw a smith stand with his hammer—thus—
plained from Norm. abet, Guernsey beth, The whilst his iron did on the anvil cool,
a bait for fish ; beſter, Norm. affeiter, to With open mouth swallowing a tailor's news.
bait the hook.--Héricher, Gloss. Norm. K. John.
From the sense of baiting springs that Here we have a good illustration of the
of alluring, tempting, inciting, on the one connection between the figure of opening
hand, and alluring to his own destruc the mouth and the ideas of rapt attention,
tion, deceiving, beguiling on the other. waiting, suspense, delay. The verb at
See Bait.
tend, which in E. signifies the direction of
Abeyance. OFr. ałęiance, droit en the mind to an object, in Fr. attendre
ałeſiance, a right in suspense; abeyance, signifies to suspend action, to wait. In
expectation, desire.—Gloss. de Champ. other cases the notion of passive waiting
From abahier, abaier, affayer, to be in is expressed by the figure of looking or
tent upon, to desire earnestly, to expect, watching. Thus G. warten, to wait, is iden
wait, watch, listen. See Abide. tical with It. guardare, to look, and E. wait
To Abide, Abie. Goth. beidan, us was formerly used in the sense of look.
beidan, to expect; gabeidan, to endure; The passage which in our translation is
zasócisms, expectation; us&eisnei, endur “Art thou he that should come, or do we
ance, forbearance. AS. bidan, abidan, to Zook for another,’ is in AS. “we sceolon
expect, wait, bide ; ON. bida, to wait, othres abidan.” The effacement of the d
endure, suffer; b. bama, to suffer death ; in Du. beijen, in Dan. bie compared with
IDan. bie, Du. beijaſen, beijen, verbeijen Sw. bida, and in E. abie, compared with
(Bosworth), to wait. We have seen abide, is precisely analogous to that in
under Abash that the involuntary open Fr. bºer, baier compared with It. badare,
ing of the mouth under the influence of abadare, or in Fr. crier compared with
astonishment was represented by the It gridare.
syllable ba, from whence in the Romance Certes (quoth she) that is that these wicked
dialects are formed two series of verbs, shrewes be more blissful that abien the torments
one with and one without the addition of that they have deserved than if no pain of Justice
a terminal d to the radical syllable. ne chastised them.—Chaucer, Boethius.
Thus we have It. badare, badigliare, to At sight of her they suddaine all arose
gape, to yawn. Cat. and Prov. badar, to In great amaze, ne wist what way to chuse,
open the mouth, to open; bader, ouvrir But Jove all feareless forced them to aby.—F. Q.
(Vocab. de Berri); Prov, gola badada, It is hardly possible to doubt the iden
It. bocca badata, with open mouth ; Cat. tity of E. abie, to remain or endure, with
*adia, a bay or opening in the coast. the verb of abeyance, expectation or sus
Without the terminal d we have baer, pense, which is certainly related to It.
1 *
4 ABIE ABOLISH

fadare, as E. abie to Goth. beidan, AS. Thus abie for abuy and abie from
bidan. Thus the derivation of badare abide are in certain cases confounded
above explained is brought home to E. together, and the confusion sometimes
bide, abide, abie. extends to the use of abide in the sense
Abie, 2. Fundamentally distinct from of abuying or paying the penalty.
abie in the sense above explained, al If it be found so some will dear abide it.
though sometimes confounded with it, is Jul. Caesar.
the verb abie, properly affrºy, and spelt How dearly I abide that boast so vain.
indifferently in the older authors abºgge, Milton, P. L.
aðeye, abigg, abidge, from AS. abiºgan, Disparage not the faith thou dost not know,
ahyºgan, to redeem, to pay the purchase Lest to thy peril thou abide it dear.
Mids. N. Dr.
money, to pay the penalty, suffer the
consequences of anything ; and the sim Able. Lat. habilis (from habeo, to
ple buy, or bie, was often used in the have ; have-like, at hand), convenient,
Saille SCInSe. fit, adapted ; Fr. habile, able, strong,
Sithe Richesse hath me failed here,
powerful, expert, sufficient, fit for any
She shall able that trespass dere.—R. R.
thing he undertakes or is put unto.—
Algate this selie maide is slaine alas !
Cotgr. It. abile, Prov. abi/h.
Alas ! to dere abought she her beaute. It will be remarked on looking at a
Doctor's Tale. series of * that in the earlier
Thou slough my brother Morgan instances the sense of the Lat. habilis is
At the mete full right closely preserved, while in later examples
As I am a doughti man the meaning is confined to the case of
His death thou bist (buyest) tonight. fitness by possession of sufficient active
Sir Tristrem.
power.
For whoso hardy hand on her doth lay
It derely shall ačie, and death for handse/fay. God tokeneth and assigneth the times, abling
Spenser, F. Q. hem to her proper offices.—Chaucer, Boeth.
And when he fond he was yhurt, the Pardoner In the original,
he gan to threte, Signat tempora propriis
And swore by St Amyas that he should abigg Aptans officiis Deus.
With strokes hard and sore even upon the rigg. That if God willing to schewe his wrathe, and
Prol. Merch. 2nd Tale.
to make his power knowne, hath sufferid in
Ac for the lesynge that thou Lucifer lowe til Eve grete pacience vessels of wrathe able unto death,
Thou shalt abygge bitter quoth God, and bond &c.—Wickliff in Richardson.
him with cheynes.—P. P.
To enable a person to do a thing or to
To buy it dear, seems to have been disable him, is to render him fit or unfit
used as a sort of proverbial expression for doing it.
for suffering loss, without special refer Divers persons in the House of Commons
ence to the notion of retribution.
were attainted, and therefore not legal nor
The thingis fellin as they done of werre habilitate to serve in Parliament, being disabled
Betwixtin hem of Troie and Grekis ofte, in the highest degree.—Bacon in R.
For some day boughtin they of Troie it dere
And eſte the Grekis foundin nothing softe The Fr. habiller is to qualify for any
The folke of Troie. Tr. and Cr,purpose, as habi//er du chanvre, de la
It will be seen from the foregoing ex vo/a://e, to dress hemp, to draw fowls, to
amples how naturally the sense of buying render them fit for use ; whence habili
or paying the purchase-money of a thing ments are whatever is required to qualify
passes into that of simply suffering, in for any special purpose, as habiliments
which the word is used in the following of war ; and the most general of all
passages. qualifications for occupation of any kind
O God, forbid for mother's fault being simply clothing, the Fr. habi//e-
The children should ałye.—Boucher. ment has become appropriated to that
If he come into the hands of the Holy Inquisi special signification.
tion, he must ahye for it.—Boucher. Aboard. For on board, within the
i.e. must suffer for it. walls of a ship. ON. bord, a board, the
The connection between the ideas of side of a ship. Inman bords, within the
remaining or continuance in time and ship, on board ; at Aasta /yri Öord, to
continuance under suffering or pain is throw overboard.
apparent from the use of the word en Abolish. Fr. abolir, from Lat. abo/eo,
durance in both applications. In this to erase or annul. The neuter form
way both abide and its degraded form abolesco, to wear away, to grow out of
abie come to signify suffer. use, to perish, when compared with
 ABOMINABLE ABROACH 5.

adolesco, to grow up, coalesco, to grow -

Ethiopia Land
together, shows that the force of the Beſigeth utan.—Caedmon.
radical syllable ol, al is growth, vital for ligeth butan, it compasseth the whole
progress. Pl. D. aſ-olen, aſ-oolden, to land of Ethiopia.
become worthless through age. De mann Above. As. uſan, be-uſan, buſan,
olet gang aſ, the man dwindles away. abuſam, Du. boven, OE. abowen, Sc.
The primitive idea seems that of beget affoon, above, on high. In Barbour's
ting or giving birth to, kindling. QSw. Bruce we find both abowyne and abow,
a/a, to beget or give birth to children, as withoutyn and without.
and also, as AS. alan, to light a fire; the Abraid.—Abray. To affray or abraid,
analogy between life and the progress of now obsolete, is common in our older
ignition being one of constant occur writers in the sense of starting out of
rence. So in Lat. alere capillos, to let sleep, awaking, breaking out in language.
the hair grow, and alere ſlammam, to AS. abragdan, abredan, to awake, snatch
feed the flame. In English we speak of away, draw out. The radical idea is to
the vital spark, and the verb to kindle is do anything with a quick and sudden
used both in the sense of lighting a fire, motion, to start, to snatch, to turn, to
and of giving birth to a litter of young. break out. See To Bray.
The application of the root to the notion To Abridge, Abbreviate, to short
of fire is exemplified in Lat. adolere, en, or cut short. Of these synonymous
adolescere, to burn up (adolescunt ignibus terms the former, from Fr. abrºger, seems
arae. Virg.); while the sense of beget the older form, the identity of which with
ting, giving birth to, explains soboſes Lat. abbreviare not being at once ap
(for sub-ol-es), progeny, and in-d-oles, parent, abbreviate was subsequently form
that which is born in a man, natural ed direct from the latter language.
disposition. Then, as the duty of nour Abréger itself, notwithstanding the
ishing and supporting is inseparably con plausible quotation from Chaucer given
nected with the procreation of offspring, below, is not from G. abbrechen, AS.
the OSw. ala is made to signify to rear, abraecan, but from Lat. abbreviare, by the
to bring up, to feed, to fatten, showing change of the v and i into u and j respect
that the Latin alere, to nourish, is a ively. The Provençal has breu for
shoot from the same root. In the same brevis; breugetat for brevitas; abbreujar,
way Sw.fida signifies to beget, and also to abridge, leading immediately to Fr.
to rear, to bring up, to feed, to main abréger, and other cases may be pointed
tain. Gael. d.laich, to produce, bring out of similar change in passing from Lat.
forth, nourish, nurse ; d.l, brood, or young to the Romance languages. Lat. levis
of any kind; oil, Goth. alan, o/, to rear, becomes leu in Prov., while the verb alle
educate, nurse. The root el, signifying viare is preserved in the double form of
life, is extant in all the languages of the alleviar and alleujar, whence the Fr.
Finnish stock. alléger, which passed into English under
Abominable. — Abominate. Lat. the form allegge, common in Chaucer and
abominor (from ab and omen, a portent), his contemporaries, so that here also we
to deprecate the omen, to recognize a had the double form al/egge and alleviate,
disastrous portent in some passing oc precisely corresponding to abridge and
currence, and to do something to avert abbreviate. In like manner from Lat.
the threatened evil. Quod abominor, gravis, Prov. grew, heavy, hard, severe;
which may God avert. Thence to regard greugetat, gravity, agreuſar, Fr; aggré
with feelings of detestation and abhor ger, OE. agredge, to aggravate. ‘Things
rence. that greatly agredge their sin.”—Parson's
To Abound. Abundant. See -und-. Tale.
About. AS. utan, outward, without, No doubt if we had not so complete a
be-utan, butan, ynbutan, ombutan, abutan, pedigree from brevis, the idea of breaking
about ; literally, around on the out off would suggest a very plausible deriva
side. tion from G. abbrechen, to break off;
Sometimes the two parts of the word AEurg abbrechen, to cut short.—Küttner.
are divided by the subject to which it ‘And when this olde man wende to en
relates, or the particle be is separated force his tale by resons, all at once be
from the preposition and joined to the gonne thei to rise for to breken his tale
preceding verb. and bidden him full ofte his words for to
Ymb hancred utan, about cockcrow. aôregge.”—Chaucer, Melibaeus.
Thonne seo aeſtre Abroach. For on broach, from Fr.
6 A BROAD ACCOUTRE

brocher, to pierce. To set a tun abroach In the same way the G. stassen, to
is to pierce it, and so to place it in con thrust, butt, push with the horns, &c., is
dition to draw off the contents. also applied to the abutting of lands.
Right as who set a tonne abroche Ahre lander stos.sen an einander, their
He perced the hard roche. lands abuſ on each other. So in Swedish
Gower in Richardson. stofa, to strike, to thrust, to butt as a
Wall. abroki, mettre in perce.—Grandg. goat; stofa Zi/sammtans, to meet together,
See Broach. to abuſ.
Abroad. On broad, spread over the Abyss. Gr. 63vadoc, unfathomable,
surface, far and wide, and hence arbitra from 3 and 3vagóc or Bubic, depth.
rily applied in the expression of going Academy. Gr. dračilusia, a garden
abroad to going beyond the limits of one's in the suburbs of Athens where Plato
own country. taught.
But it (the rose) ne was so sprede on brede, Accede.—Access.-Accessory. Lat.
That men within might know the sede.—R. R. accedere, accessum, to go or come to, to
arrive at, approach. To support, to be of
Abscess. Lat. abscessus, Fr. abscez, the party or side of any one, to assent to,
a course of ill humours running out of to approve of Hence accessory, an aider
their veins and natural places into the or abetter in a crime. See Cede.
empty spaces between the muscles.— Fr. accès from accessus, a fit or sudden
Cotgr. From abscedere, to retire, with attack of a disorder, became in OE. airesse,
draw, draw to a head. See -cess. pl. ares, still preserved in the provincial
To Abscond. To withdraw for the
ares, the ague.—Halliwell.
purpose of concealment; Lat. abscondo, to A charm—
hide away; condo, to put by. The which can helin thee of thine airesse.
To Absorb. Lat. ab and sorbeo, to Tro, and Cress. 2, 1315.
suck up. See Sherbet.
To Abstain. —Abstemious. Lat. ab Accent. Lat. accentus, modulation of
stineo, to hold back from an object of de the voice, difference in tone, from accino,
sire, whence abstemious, having a habit accentum, to sing to an instrument, to ac
cord. See Chant.
of abstaining from. Vini abstemius, Pliny,
abstaining from wine. So Fr. 6tamer, to Accomplice. Fr. com//ice, Lat. com
tin, from étain. Alex, bound up with, united with one in
Absurd. Not agreeable to reason a project, but always in a bad sense.
or common sense. Lat. absurdus. The Accomplish. Fr. accomplir, Lat. com
figure of deafness is frequently used to Alere, to fill up, fulfil, complete.
express the failure of something to serve Accord. Fr. accorder, to agree. Form
the purpose expected from things of its ed in analogy to the Lat. concordare, dis
kind. Thus ON. dau/r, deaf; dau/r /i/r, cordare, from concors, discors, and con
a dull colour; a deaf nut, one without a sequently from cor, the heart, and not
chorda, the string of a musical instrument.
kernel; Fr. lanterne sourde, a dark lan —Diez. The Swiss Romance has cor
tern. So Lat. surdus, deaf; surdus locus,
a place ill adapted for hearing; surda dere, cordre, synonymous with G. gonnen,
vota, unheard prayers. Absurdum, what to consent heartily with what falls to
is not agreeable to the ears, and fig. to another; Wall. Æeure, voir de bon gré
the understanding. qu'un &vénement arrive à quelqu'un,
Est hoc auribus, animisque hominum absurdum. qu'une chose ait lieu ; mesſeure, missgön
Cic. nen.—Grandg.
To Abut. Fr. bout, end: aboutir, to Fr.Tocoste,
Accost. Lat. costa, a rib, a side;
a rib, costé, now cóſé, a side;
meet end to end, to abut. But bout itself
is from OFr. boſer, botter, boutin, to
coste-à-coste, side by side. Hence accoster,
to join side to side, approach, and thence
strike, corresponding to E. butt, to strike to greet.
with the head, as a goat or ram. It is Accoutre. From the Fr. accoutrer,
clear that the full force of the metaphor formerly accoustrer, to equip with the
is felt by Shakespeare when he speaks of habiliments of some special office or oc
France and England as cupation,-an act of which in Catholic
two mighty monarchies, countries the frequent change of vest
Whose high upreared and abutting fronts ments at appointed periods of the church
The narrow perilous ocean parts asunder.
service would afford a striking and fami
Abuttals or boundaries are translated liar example.
capita in mid. Lat., and abut, capitare. Now the person who had charge of the
 ACCRUE AD 7

vestments in a Catholic church, was the Goth. akran, notwithstanding Grimm's

sacristan; in Lat. custos sacrarii or ec quotation of Cajus,
clesiæ (barbarously rendered custrix, Glandis appellatione omnis fructus continetur.
when the office was filled by woman), in
OFr. cousteur or coustre, coutre; Ger. Grimm is himself inclined to explain
Alister, the sacristan, or vestry-keeper.— akran, fruit, as the produce of the akr, or
Ludwig. corn-field, but a more satisfactory deriva
Ad custodem sacrarii pertinet cura vel custo tion may probably be found in OHG.
diurn templi–vela westesque sacrae, ac vasa sacro wuocher, increase, whence G. wucher, ON.
rum.—St Isidore in Ducange. okr, interest, usury, from the same root
The original meaning of accoutrer with Lat. augere, Goth. aukan, to in
would thus be to perform the office of crease; erale-wucher, the increase of the
sacristan to a priest, to invest him with field, fruits of the earth.-Notker. The
the habiliments of his office; afterwards ON. okran, facneratio, is formally identical
to invest with the proper habiliments of with Goth. akram.
any other occupation. Acoustic. Gr. akovaruroc, connected
Accrue. Fr. accroitre, accru, from with hearing; tıxoëw, to hear.
Lat. crescere, to grow. Thence accrite, a To Acquaint. OFr. accointer, Prov.
growth, increase, Cotgr., and E. accrue, accoindar, to make known; OFr. coint,
to be in the condition of a growth, to be informed of a thing, having it known,
added to something as what naturally from Lat. cognitus, according to Diez;
grows out of it. but this seems one of the cases in which
Ace. Fr. as, It. asso, the face marked it must be doubtful whether the Romance
with the number one on cards or dice, word comes from a Lat. original, or from
from Lat. as, assis, which signifies a single a corresponding Teutonic root. The G.
one.—Diez. has kund (from Kennen, to know), known,
Achromatic. Producing an image manifest; Æund machen, to make known,
free from iridescent colours. Gr. 3, priva in precisely the same sense with the Prov.
tive, and xptopa, colour. coindar, the d of which seems better to
Ache. A bodily pain, from Ach / the agree with the G. word than with the Lat.
natural expression of pain. So from G. cognitus, G. Áundig, having knowledge
ach / alas ! the term is applied to woe, of a thing.
grief. Mein ach ist deine freude, my woe To Acquit. From Lat. Quietus, at
is your joy.—Küttn. Achen, to utter rest, was formed Fr. Quitte, whence ac
cries of grief. The Gr. dxoc, pain, grief, quitter, to set at rest with respect to some
is formed on the same principle. impending claim or accusation. See
To Achieve. Prov. cap, Fr. chef, head, Quit, Quite.
and thence the end of everything; de Acre. Gr. dypóc; Lat. ager, Goth.
chief en chief, from end to end; venir à ałrs, cultivated land, corn-land. G. acker,
cheſ, to gain one's end, to accomplish; a field of cultivated land; thence a mea
Prov. acabar, Fr. achever, to bring to a sure of land, so much as may be ploughed
head, to accomplish, achieve. in a day.
Acid.—Acrid.—Acerbity. Lat. aceo, Acrostic.—A poem in which the first
to be sharp or sour; acor, sourness; letters of the verses compose one or more
acidus, sour, tart; acetum, vinegar, sour words, from Gr. drpov, tip, arixoc, a verse.
wine. From the same root acer, acris, Act.—Active.—Actor. See Agent.
sharp, biting, eager; acredo, acrimonia, Acute. The syllable ac is the founda
sharpness; acerbus, sharp, bitter, sour tion of many words connected with the
like an unripe fruit. See Acute. idea of sharpness both in Lat. and Gr.,
Acme. Gr. druń, a point: the highest as ākh, Lat. acies, a point or edge, akic,
degree of any quality. See Acute. -íčoc, a pointed instrument, a sting; Lat.
Acolyte. Gr. &kóAov0oc, an attendant, acus, a needle, properly a prick, as shown
ãroMov6:w, to follow, attend. by the dim. aculeus, a prickle or sting;
Acorn. As. acern, a cerem, accern; acuo, to give a point or edge to, to sharp
ON. akarºt, Dan. agern, Du. aker, G. en; acutus, sharpened, sharp. Words
ecker, eichel, Goth. akran, fruit. The from the same source signifying sharp
last of the AS. spellings shows us an early ness of a figurative kind are seen under
accommodation to the notion of oak-corn, Acid.
a derivation hardly compatible with the Ad-, in composition. Lat. ad, to. In
other Teutonic and Scandinavian forms, combination with words beginning with
or with the more general signification of c, f, g, l, n, A, v, the d of ad is assimilated
8 ADAGE ADJUST
to the following consonant, as in affºro W. neidr, Goth. madrs, ON. madra ; OHG
for adſºro, affaro for adºaro, &c. na/ra, madra, G, natter, AS. madre, nea
Adage. Lat. adagium, a proverb. der, OE. medare.
To Adaw. Two words of distinct Robert of Gloucester, speaking of Ire
meaning and origin are here confounded: land, says,
1st, from AS. dagian, da gian, to become Selde me schal in the lond any foule wormys se
day, to dawn, OE. to daw, to dawn, adaw, For medres ne other wormes ne mow ther be
or adawn, to wake out of sleep or out of noght.—p. 43.
a swoon. “I adawe or adawne as the day Instead of meda're Wickliff uses eddre,
doth in the morning when the sonne as Mandeville ew/e for what we now call
draweth towards his rising.” “I adawe newſ, or the modern affron for OE. ma
one out of a swounde,’ ‘to dawe from from. In the same way Bret. aer, a ser
swouning, to dawne or get life in one pent, corresponds to Gael. mathair, pro
that is fallen in a swoune.”—Palsgrave in nounced maer. It seems mere accident
Halliwell. which of the two forms is preserved.
A man that waketh of his slepe The forms with an initial n are com
He may not sodenly wel taken kepe monly referred to a root signifying to
Upon a thing, ne seen it parfitlypierce or cut, the origin of Goth. meth/a,
Til that he be adawed veraily.—Chaucer.
OHG. nádaſ, Bret. madog, E. needle, and
So Da. dial. morgne sig, to rouse one are connected with W. naddu, and with
self from sleep, from morgen, morning. G. schneiden, to cut. Perhaps the ON.
2nd, to reduce to silence, to still or mötra, to shiver, to lacerate, whence
subdue, from Goth. thahan, M.H.G. dagen, mötru-gras, a nettle, may be a more pro
bable origin. There is little doubt that
gedagen, to be silent, still; ON. thagga, to the
silence, lull, hush. ON. eitr, AS. atter, venom, matter, is
from OHG. eiten, to burn.
As the bright sun what time his fiery train To Addle. To earn, to thrive.
Towards the western brim begins to draw,
Gins to abate the brightness of his beame With goodmen's hogs or corn or hay
And fervour of his flames somewhat adawe. I addle my ninepence every day.—Hal.
F. Q. v. ch. 9. Where ivy embraceth the tree very sore
So spake the bold brere with great disdain, Kill ivy, or tree will addle no more.
Little him answered the oak again, -
Tusser in Hal.
But yielded with shame and grief adawed, ON. od/ask, to get, also, naturaliter pro
That of a weed he was overcrawed.
Shep. Cal. cedere, to run its course, to grow, in
crease. Henni odladist sottin: the sick
Hessian dachen, tdgen, to allay, to still ness increased. Sw. odla, to till, to cul
pain, a storm, &c. “Der Schmerz dach/ tivate the soil, the sciences, the memory.
sich nach und nach.” Dachen, to quell To earn is to get by cultivation or labour.
the luxuriance of over-forward wheat by ON. odli, ed/i, adal, nature, origin; AS.
cutting the leaves. Gedaeg, cowed, sub ethel, native place, country.
missive. “Derist ganz gedaeg gewor Addle. Liquid filth, a swelling with
den: he is quite cowed, adawed. Com matter in it.—Hal. Rotten, as an addle
pare Sp. callar to be silent, to abate, egg. An addle-pool, a pool that receives
become calm. the draining of a dunghill. Sw, dial.
To Add. Lat. addere, to put to or Áo-ade/, the urine of cows; adla or ala,
unite with, the signification of dare in mingere, of cows, as in E. to stale, of
composition being in general to dispose horses. W. had/u, to decay, to rot.
of an object. Thus reddere, to put back; Adept. Lat. adipiscor, adeffus, to ob
subdere, to put under; condere, to put by. tain. Alchymists who have obtained the
Adder. A poisonous snake. As a fºr, grand elixir, or philosopher's stone, which
aftern, Pl. D. adder, Bav. after, ader, gave them the power of transmuting
adern. ON. eitr-orm, literally poison metals to gold, were called adºpti, of
snake, from eifr, AS. after, venom (see whom there were said to be twelve always
Atter-cop). The foregoing explanation in being.—Bailey. Hence an adºpt, a
would be perfectly satisfactory, were it proficient in any art.
not that a name differing only by an To Adjourn. Fr. jour, a day; ad
initial n (which is added or lost with equal journer, to cite one to appear on a cer
facility), with a derivation of its own, is tain day, to appoint a day for continuing
still more widely current, with which how a business, to put off to another day.
ever Diefenbach maintains the foregoing To Adjust. Fr. adjuster, to make to
to be wholly unconnected. Gael, mathair, meet, and thence to bring to agreement.
 ADJUTANT ADVOCATE 9
Dès iceljor sont dessevrées Advantage, something that puts one
Qu' unc puisne furent adjostées forwards, gain, profit.
Les osz.-Chron. Norm. 2, 10260.
Adventure.—Advent. Lat. advenire,
The bones were severed, which were to come up to, to arrive, to happen; ad
never afterwards united. See Joust. ventus, arrival; E. advent, the coming of
Adjutant. One of the officers who our Lord upon earth. OFr. advenir,
assists the commander in keeping the ac to happen, and thence aventure, a hap
counts of a regiment. Lat. adjutare, fre pening, chance, accident, a sense pre
quentative from adjuvare, to assist; It. served in E. fer adventure, perhaps. The
aiutante, an assistant; aiutante de campo, word was specially applied to events as
an aidecamp. made the subject of poetical or romantic
Admiral. Ultimately from Arab. amir, narration, and so passed into the Teu
a lord, but probably introduced into the tonic and Scandinavian languages, giving
Western languages from the early Byzan rise to G. abenfeuer, ON. a. ſintyr, Sw.
tine forms dumpāc, dumpaioc, the last of &/wentyr, OE. aunter, a daring feat,
which, as Mr Marsh observes, would hazardous enterprise, or the relation of
readily pass into Mid. Lat. amiralius such, a romantic story. “The Aunters of
(with a euphonic /), admiraldus. The Arthur at Tarnwathelan,’ is the title of
initial al of Sp. almirante, O Cat. almi an old E. romance.
ra// is probably the Arab. article, and the To Advise.—Advice. The Lat. visum,
title was often written alamir in the early from videri, gave rise to It. wiso, OFr.
Spanish diplomacy. Thus, the address vis. Visum mihi ſuit, it seemed to me,
of letters of credence given by K. James would be rendered in OIt. ſu viso a me,
II. of Aragon in 1301, quoted by Marsh OFr. ce m'est vis-Diez. In the Ro
from Capmany, ran,—‘Al muy honorado man de la Rose, advis is used in the
e muy noble alamir Don Mahomat Aben same sense, advis m'estoit, it seemed to
naçar rey de Granada e de Malaga, y me; vous ſust advis, it seemed to you.
Amiramuçlemin,’ and in the same pass Hence advis, It. avviso, OE. avise, view,
age the King calls himself Almirante and sentiment, opinion. Advised/y, avisedly,
Captain-general of the Holy Roman with full consideration.
Church.
The erchbishope of Walys seide ys avyse,
In eo conflicto (i.e. the battle of Antioch in ‘Sire,' he seide, ‘gef ther is any mon so wys
the first crusade) occisusest Cassiani magni regis That beste red can thereof rede, Merlin that
Antiochiae filius et duodecim Admiraldi regis is."—R. G. I.44.
Babiloniae, quos cum suis exercitibus miserat ad
ferenda auxilia regi Antiochiae; et quos Admiral To be avised or advised of a thing
dos vocant, reges sunt qui provinciis regionum would thus be, to have notice of it, to be
praesunt.—Ducange. informed of it.
So that aslayne and adreynt twelve princes were Of werre and of bataile he was full azi re.
ded R. Brunne.
That me clupeth amyrayls.-R. G. 402.
Whence advice in the mercantile sense,
Adroit. Fr. adroit, handsome, nimble, notice, news.
ready, apt or fit for anything, favourable, To advise, in the most usual accepta
prosperous, Cotgr.; saison adroite, con tion of the term at the present day, is to
venient season.—Dict. Rom. From droit, communicate our views to another, to
right, as opposed to left, as is shown by give him our opinion for the purpose of
the synonymous adertre, adestre, from guiding his conduct, and advice is the
derfer, explained by Cotgr. in the same opinion so given.
terms. We also use dexterous and adroit In OFr. adviser, like It. avvisare,
as equivalent terms. See Direct. was used in the sense of viewing, per
Adulation. Lat. adulari, to fawn, to ceiving, taking note.
flatter. Si vy ung songe en mon dormant
Adult. Lat. adultus, from adolesco, to Qui moult fut bel à adviser.—R. R. 25.
grow, grow up. See Abolish. Avise is frequently found in the same
Adultery. Lat. adu/ter, a paramour, sense in our elder authors.
originally probably only a young man, He looked back and her avicing well
from adultus, grown up, as Swiss bub, a Weened as he said that by her outward grace
son, boy, paramour or fornicator.— That fairest Florimel was present there in place.
Deutsch. Mundart. 2, 370.
To Advance.—Advantage. Fr. azan Advocate. Lat. advocare, to call on
cer, to push forwards, from Fr. avant, It. or summon one to a place, especially for
avanti, before, forwards; Lat. ab ante. some definite object, as counsel, aid, &c.,
IO ADVOWSON AFFRAY

to call to one's aid, to call for help, to Affable.—Affability. Lat. affiliffs,

avail oneself of the aid of some one in a that may be spoken to, easy of access or
cause. Hence advocatus, one called on approach. Fari, to speak.
to aid in a suit as witness, adviser, legal To Affeer. From Lat. forum, a mar
assistant, but not originally the person ket, Fr. Jeur, market-price, fixed rate,
who pleaded the cause of another, who whence afferer, or affeurer, to value at
was called patronus. a certain rate, to set a price upon. From
Advowson. From the verb advocare the latter of these forms the OE. expres
(corrupted to advoare), in the sense ex sion to affºre an amerciament, to fix the
plained under Advocate, was formed ad amount of a fine left uncertain by the
vocatio (advoazio), OFr. advoeson, the court by which it was imposed, the
patronage or right of presentation to an a/cerers being the persons deputed to
ecclesiastical benefice.—Duc. determine the amount according to the
As the clergy were prohibited from ap circumstances of the case. ‘Et quod
pearing before the lay tribunals, and even amerciamenta praedictorum tenentium
from taking oaths, which were always re afferentur et taxentur per sacramentum
quired from the parties in a suit, it would parium suorum.”—Chart. A.D. 1316, in
seem that ecclesiastical persons must Duc.
always have required the service of an Affiance.—Affidavit. From ſides, was
advocate in the conduct of their legal formed M. Lat. affidare, to pledge one's
business, and we find from the authorities faith. Hence affidavit, a certificate of
cited by Ducange, that positive enact some one having pledged his faith; a
ment was repeatedly made by councils written oath subscribed by the party,
and princes, that bishops, abbots, and from the form of the document, ‘Affidavit
churches should have good advocates or A. B., &c.” The loss of the d, so common
defenders for the purpose of looking after in like cases, gave Fr. affier, to affie, to
their temporal interests, defending their pawn his faith and credit on.—Cotgr. In
property from rapine and imposition, and like manner, from Lat. conſidere, Fr. con
representing them in courts of law. In ſier; from It. disſidare, Fr. dºſier, to defy.
the decline of the empire, when defence To Affile, OE. Fr. affi/er, It. affi/are,
from violence was more necessary than to sharpen, to bring to an edge, from Fr.
legal skill, these advocates were natur fi/, an edge, Lat. Jiſum, a thread.
ally selected among the rich and power Affinity. Lat. affinis, bordering on,
ful, who alone could give efficient pro related to. Finis, end, bound.
tection, and Charlemagne himself is the To Afford. Formed from the adv.
advocatus of the Roman Church. ‘Quem forth, as to utter from out, signifying to
postea Romani elegerunt sibi advocatum put forth, bring forwards, offer. ‘I ſorde
Sancti Petri contra leges Langobardo as a man dothe his chaffer, je vends, and
rum.”—Vita Car. Mag. j'offers à vendre. I can ſorde it no better
The protection of the Church naturally cheape. What do you ſorde it him for 2
drew with it certain rights and emolu Pour combien le lui offrez vous à ven
ments on the part of the protector, in dre?'—Palsgr.
cluding the right of presentation to the And thereof was Piers proud,
benefice itself; and the advocatio, or And putte hem to werke,
office of advocate, instead of being an And yaf hem mete as he myghte aforthe,
And mesurable hyre.—P. P. 4193.
elective trust, became a heritable pro
perty. Advocatus became in OFr. ad For thei hadden possessions wher of
zoué, whence in the old Law language thei myghten miche more avorthi into
of England, advowee, the person entitled almes than thei that hadden litil.—Pe
to the presentation of a benefice. As it cock, Repressor 377, in Marsh.
was part of the duty of the guardian or For thon moni mon hit walde him for
protector to act as patronus, or to plead 3even half other thridde lot thenne he
the cause of the Church in suits at law, ise;e that he ne mahte na mare 3efor
the advowee was also called patron of the thian: when he sees that he cannot afford,
living, the name which has finally pre cannot produce more.— Morris, O. E. Ho
vailed at the present day. milies, p. 31. Do thine elmesse of thon
Adze. AS. adesa, ascia. AS. Vocab. thet thu maht forthien : do thy alms of
in Nat. Ant. that thou can afford.—Ibid. p. 37.
AEsthetics. The science of taste. Gr. Affray.—Afraid.—Fray. Fr. ºffrayer,
atoºnaic, perception by sense, alo Omrixòg, to scare, appal, dismay, affright; ºffroi,
endued with sense or perception. terror, astonishment, amazement; ſºy
 AFFRONT AGHAST I I

eler, fright, terror, scaring, horror.— geant-cyme, an encounter; forgeanes, to

Cotgr. wards, against. OSw, gen, gen, op
The radical meaning of effrayer is to posite, again; gena, to meet; genom,
startle or alarm by a sudden noise, from through; Bret. gin, opposite; amn tu
OFr. effroi, noise, outcry; faire effroi, gin, the other side, wrong side; gin
to make an outcry. , ‘Toutefois ne fit otsch-gān, directly opposite, showing the
oncques effroi jusqu'à ce que tous les origin of the G. reduplicative gegen,
siens eussent gagné la muraille, puis against.
s'écrie horriblement.”—Rabelais. “Sail Agate. Lat. achates. According to
lirent de leurs chambres sans faire effroi Pliny, from the river Achates in Sicily
ou bruit.”—Cent. Nouv. Nouv. Hence E. where agates where found.
fray or affray in the sense of a noisy dis Age. From Lat. etat-em the Prov. has
turbance, a hurlyburly. efat, edat, OFr. eded, edage, eage, aage,
In the Flower and the Leaf, Chaucer &ge.
calls the sudden storm of wind, rain, and Hély esteit de grant eded.—Kings 2. 22.
hail, which drenched the partisans of the Kidurerat a trestutton edage.
Leaf to the skin, an affray : Chanson de Roland in Diez.
And when the storm was clene away passed,
Tho in the white that stode under the tree Aé, life, age.
They felt nothing of all the great affray, The form edage seems constructed by
That they in grene without had in ybe. the addition of the regular termination
The radical meaning is well preserved age, to ed, erroneously taken as the radi
in Chaucer's use of afray to signify rous cal syllable of eded, or it may be a subse
ing out of sleep, out of a swoon, which quent corruption of eage, eage (from
could not be explained on Diez’ theory of ae-tas by the addition of the termination
a derivation from Lat. frigidus. age to the true radical aº), by the inorganic
Me met thus in my bed all naked insertion of a d, a modification rendered
And looked forthe, for I was waked in this case the more easy by the resem
With small foules a grete hepe, blance of the parallel forms edat, eded.
That had afraide me out of my sleepe, * Agee. Awry, askew. From ſee / an
Through noise and swetenese of her song. exclamation to horses to make them move
Chaucer, Dreame.
I was out of my swowne affraide
on one side. ...to turn Or move to one

Whereof I sigh my wittes straide side; crooked, awry.—Hal. To ſee, to

And gan to clepe them home again. move, to stir. “He wad majce.’ To move
Gower in Rich. to one side. In this sense it is used with
The ultimate derivation is the imitative respect to horses or cattle in draught.—
root, frag, representing a crash, whence Jam.
Lat. fragor, and Fr. Jracas, a crash of Agent.—Agile.—Agitate. — Act.—
things breaking, disturbance, affray. Actual. Lat. ago, actum (in comp. -īgo),
Thence effrayer, to produce the effect of to drive, to move or stir, to manage, to
a sudden crash upon one, to terrify, do; agito, to drive, to stir up, to move to
alarm. Flagor (for fragor), ekiso (dread, and fro. Actio, the doing of a thing;
horror).-Gloss. Kero in Diez. actus, tºs, an act, deed, doing.
To Affront. Fr. affronter (from Lat. * To Agg. To provoke, dispute.—Hal.
frons, frontis, the forehead), to meet face Apparently from mag in the sense of
to face, to encounter, insult. See Front. gnaw, by the loss of the initial m. Mag
After. Goth. Aſar, after, behind; ging-pain, a gnawing pain, a slight but
affar, affaro, behind; aftana, from be constant pain; maggy, Knaggy, touchy,
hind; aſſuma, aſtumist, last, hindmost. irritable, ill-tempered.—Hal. A nagging,
AS. aſt, a ſtant, after, afterwards, again. finding fault peevishly and irritably.—
ON. aftan, aftan, behind; aftan dags, Mrs B. Sw, dial. magga, to gnaw, bite,
the latter part of the day, evening; aſtar, to irritate; agga, to irritate, disturb.
aſ/ast, hinder, hindmost. According to ON. magga, to gnaw, to grumble, wrangle.
Grimm, the final far is the comparative "Aghast. Formerly spelt agazed, in
termination, and the root is simply aſ, consequence of an erroneous impression
the equivalent of Gr. 476, of, from. Com that the fundamental meaning of the word
pare after with Goth. aſar, AS. oſer-mon, was set a-gazing on an object of astonish
ment and horror.
with after-moon.
Again. AS. ongean, omgen, agen, op The French exclaimed the devil was in arms,
posite, towards, against, again; gean, op All the whole army stood agazed on him.—H. vi.
posite, against; gean-baeran, to oppose; Probably the word may be explained
 I2 AGISTMENT AIM
from Fris, guzuysſe, Dan. gyse, Sw, dial. —Baker. In the same way in Sc. one is
gysa, gåsa sig, to shudder at; gase, gust, said to be ſºng ſain, nervously eager,
horror, fear, revulsion. From the last of unable to keep still. See Goggle.
these forms we pass to Sc. gousty, gous Agony. Gr. Aytºv, as āyopá, an as
trous, applied to what impresses the mind sembly, place of assembly, esp. an as
with feelings of indefinite horror; waste, sembly met to see games; thence the
desolate, awful, full of the preternatural, contest for a prize on such an occasion;
frightful. a struggle, toil, hardship. ‘Ayww.ia, a con
Cald, mirk, and goustie is the night, test, gymnastic exercise, agony; tıyov
Loud roars the blast ayont the hight.—Jamieson. Kouai, to contend with, whence antagonist,
He observed one of the black man's feet to be one who contends against.
To Agree. From Lat. gratus, pleas
cloven, and that the black man's voice was hough
and goustie.—Glanville in Jam. ing, acceptable, are formed It. grado,
The word now becomes confounded Prov, grat, OFr. gret, Fr. grº, will,
with ghostly, the association with which pleasure, favour; and thence It, agradire,
has probably led to the insertion of the ſh to receive kindly, to please, Prov. agreiar,
in Agitº itself as well as aghast. Fr. agreer, to receive with favour, to give
gistrment. From Lat. facere the one's consent to, to agree. Prov. agrad.
Fr. had gésir, to lie; whence giste, a able, agreeable. See Grant.
lodging, place to lie down in ; giste d'une Ague. A fever coming in periodical
/levre, the form of a hare. Hence agister, fits or sharf attacks, from Fr. aigu, sharp,
to give lodging to, to take in cattle to Jºëvre aigue, acute fever.
feed; and the law term agis/ment, the It is a remarkable fact that the Lepchas, when
suffering from protracted cold, take fever and
profit of cattle pasturing on the land. gºtte in sharp attacks.-Hooker, Himalayan
Aglet. The tag of a point, i.e. of the Journal.
lace or string by which different parts Senon febre aguda
of dress were formerly tied up or fastened Vos destrenha 'l costats.
together. Hence any small object hang Sinon qu'une fievre argue vous presse les cotés.
ing loose, as a spangle, the anthers of a Raynouard.
tulip or of grass, the catkins of a hazel, The confinement to periodical fever is
&c.—Junius. Fr. aiguil/ette, diminutive a modern restriction, from the tendency
of aiguille, a needle, properly the point of language constantly to become more
fastened on the end of a lace for drawing specific in its application.
it through the eyelet holes; then, like E. For Richard lay so sore seke,
Aoint, applied to the lace itself. On knees prayden the Crystene host—
Agnail, Angnail. A swelled gland. Through hys grace and hys vertue
It. ghiandole, agite/s, glandules, wartles He turnyd out of his agu,
or kernels in the flesh or throat, in the R. Coer de Lion, 3o45.
groin or armpits.-Fl. Fr. agassin, a Aid. Lat. adjuvare, adjutum ; adju
corne or agneſe in the foot.—Cot. A fare, to help. Prov. adjudar, afudar,
false etymology seems to have caused the aidar, Fr. aider, to help.
name to be applied also to a sore between Aidecamp. Fr. aide du camp, It, afu
the finger and nail. The real origin is It. fante di campo, an officer appointed to
anguinaglia (Lat. inguem), the groin, assist the general in military service.
also a botch or blain in that place; Fr. To Ail. AS. eglian, to pain, to grieve,
angonailles, botches or sores.—Cot. to trouble, perhaps from the notion of
Ago.—Agone. Here the initial a pricking; egde, e.g/a, festuca, arista, car
stands for the OE. y, G. ge, the augment duus—Lye, whence ai/s, the beard of
of the past participle; ago, agone, for yºgo, corn (Essex). AS. egde, troublesome,
ygone, gone away, passed by ; long ago, Goth. ag/o, affliction, tribulation, agſus,
long gone by. difficult, agls, shameful
For in swiche cas wimmen have swiche sorrwe To Aim. Lat. a-stimare, to consider,
Whan that hir husbonds ben from hem ago. to reckon, to fix at a certain point or
Knight's Tale. rate; Prov. estimar, to reckon; ades/i-
Agog. Excited with expectation, jig mar, adesmar, azesmar, aesmar, to calcu
ging with excitement, ready to start in ate, to prepare; ‘A son colpacesmat,' he
pursuit of an object of desire. Literally has calculated or aimed his blow well
on the jog, or on the start, from gog, sy Diez; esmar, OFr. esmer, to calculate,
nonymous with fog or shog, gog-mire, a to reckon—“Li chevaliers des'ost a treis
quagmire.—Hal. ‘He is all ago.g. to go.' mille esma.' He reckons the knights of
 AIR ALERT I3

his host at 3000—Rom. de Rou; esmer, tions, Las "Ai las/ Helas / Ah wretched
me ! Alas !
to purpose, determine, to offer to strike,
to aim or level at.—Cotgr. M’aviatz gran gaug donat
Air. Lat. ačr, Gr. 3 hp, doubtless con A: /assa / can pauc m'a durat.—Raynouard.
tracted from Lat. ather, the heavens, Gr. You have given me great joy, ah wretched me !
aibhp, the sky, or sometimes air. Gael. how little it has lasted.
aethar, athar, pronounced ayar, aar, the Las / tant en ai puis soupiré,
air, sky, W. awyr. Et doit estre /asse clamée
Aisle. The side divisions of a church, Quant ele aime sans estre amée.—R. R.
like wings on either side of the higher Alchemy. The science of converting
nave. Fr. aisle, aile, a wing, from Lat. base metals into gold. Mid. Gr. dipxmuia;
aril/a, ala. xmusia.-Suidas. Arab. al-kim?á, without
By a like analogy, les ailes du neg, the native root in that language.—Diez.
nostrils; les ailes d'une forêt, the skirts of Alcohol. Arabic, al Kohl, the impal
a forest.—Cotgr. pable powder of antimony with which
Ait. A small flat island in a river, for the Orientals adorn their eyelids, any
eyot, from eye, an island. thing reduced to an impalpable powder,
Ajar. On char, on the turn, half open, the pure substance of anything separated
from AS. ceorran, to turn. from the more gross, a pure well-refined
Like as ane bull dois rummesing and rare spirit, spirits of wine. To alcoholise, to
When he eschapis hurt one the altare, reduce to an impalpable powder, or to
And charris by the ax with his neck wycht rectify volatile spirit.—B.
Gif one the forehede the dynt hittis not richt. Alcove. Sp. alcoba, a place in a room
D. V. 46, 15.
railed off to hold a bed of state; hence a
Swiss achar, Du. aen Karre, akerre, hollow recess in a wall to hold a bed,
ajar. side-board, &c.; Arab. cobba, a closet
Ende vonden de dore a&erre staende,
Wallewein, 9368.
(Lane); alcoča, a cabinet or small cham
ber.—Engelberg. Cabrera thinks Sp.
See Char, Chare. alcoba a native word Arabized by the
Akimbo.
The host—set his hond in Kenešozve—
Moors. AS. bed-coſa, vel bur, cubicu
Wenist thow, seid he to Beryn, for to skorne me?
lum.—AFlf. Gl. ON. Kofi, Da. Kove, a hut,
Beryn, IIo5. a small compartment.
Alder. As. alr; E. dial. aller, ow/er;
It. schembare, sghembare, to go aside G. eller, erle; Du. els; Sw. al.; Pol.
from ; schimbiccio, a crankling or crooked o/s2a, o/szyna, Lat. alnus.
winding in and out; sedere a schimbiccio, Alderman. AS. eald, old; ealdor, an
to sit crooked upon one's legs, as tailors elder, a parent, hence a chief, a ruler.
do; as ghembo, aschembo, aschencio, aslope, Hundredes ealdor, a ruler of a hundred,
askance.—Fl. Du. schampen, to slip, to a centurion; ealdor-biscoſ, an archbishop;
graze, to glance aside. ealdor-man, a magistrate.
Alacrity. Lat. alacer, -cris, eager, Ale. As. eaſe, eala, ealu, aloth, ON.
brisk; It allegro, sprightly, merry. 6/, Lith. alus, from an equivalent of
Alarm.—Alarum. It all arme, to Gael. 6/, to drink; as Bohem. Aiwo, beer,
arms the call to defence on being sur from fiti, to drink.
prised by an enemy. Alembic.—Lembic. A still. It lam
This said, he runs down with as great a noise bicco, lembicco, Sp. alambigue, Arab. al
and shouting as he could, crying aſ arme, help,
help, citizens, the castle is taken by the enemy, anbiy, it does not appear, however, that
come away to defence.—Holland's Pliny in the word admits of radical explanation in
Richardson. the latter language.—Diez.
Hence, E. alarum, a rousing signal of Alert. Lat. erigere, erectus, It. ergere,
martial music, a surprise; Fr. al/armer, to raise up; erta, the steep ascent of a
to give an alarum unto; to rouse or hill; erfo, straight, erect; star erto, to
affright by an alarum—Cotgr.; and gen stand up; star a ſerta, allerta, to be
upon one's guard, literally, to stand upon
erally, to alarm, to excite apprehension. an
The alarum or larum of a clock is a loud eminence. Hence alert, on one's
ringing suddenly let off for the purpose guard, brisk, lively, nimble.
of rousing one out of sleep. G. lairm, up In this place the prince finding his rutters
roar, alarm. [routiers] alert (as the Italians say), with the ad
vice of his valiant brother, he sent his trumpets
Alas. From Lat. ſassus, Prov. Was, to the Duke of Parma.-Sir Roger Williams, aº
wearied, wretched. Hence the exclama 1618, in Rich.
 I4 ALGATES ALLAY

Algates. From the NE. gaſes, ways; som a gull sati.” The aurox horn was as
ON. gala, a path, Sw, gata, way, street. fair as if it were all gold. So ac-/ius, all
All ways, at all events, in one way or bright; ar-ºld, modern Sw. aſ/-/id, all
another. time.... As a ſc, each, is probably de-/ic,
Algates by sleight or by violence ever-like, implying the application of a
Fro' year to year I win all my dispence. predicate to all the members of a series.
Friar's Tale.
In every, formerly evereche, everilä, for
A/ways itself is used in the N. of Eng a/re-deſc, there is a repetition of the element
land in the sense of however, neverthe signifying continuance. But every and
less. – Brocket. Swagates, in such a a// express fundamentally the same idea.
manner
A very one indicates aſ/ ſhe individuals
Algebra. From Arab. el fabr, putting of a series; every man and all men are
together. The complete designation was the same thing.
e/jabr wa el mogábala, the putting to To Allay, formerly written aſſegge, as
gether of parts and equation. From a to say was formerly to segge. Two dis
corruption of these words algebraic cal tinct words are confounded in the modern
culation is called the game of A/gebra aſſay, the first of which should properly
and A/muckrabala in a poem of the 13th be written with a single /, from AS. alec
century cited by Demorgan in N. & Q. gan, to lay down, to put down, suppress,
Sed quia de ludis fiebat sermo, quid illo tranquillise. Speaking of Wm. Rufus, the
Pulcrior esse potest exercitio numerorum, Sax. Chron, says,
Quo divinantur numeri plerique per unum
Ignoti notum, sicut ludunt apud Indos, Eallan folce behet eallan tha unrihte to aleg
genne, the on his brothor timan wasran ;
Ludum dicentes Algebrae almudgrađalaryne.
De Vetulá. translated in R. of Gloucester,
He º God and that folcan beheste that was
Mogółala, opposition, comparison, equal this,
ity.—Catafogo. To alegge all luther lawes that yholde were be
Alien. Lat. alienus, belonging to fore
another, due to another source; thence, And better make than were suththe he was ybore.
foreign. The joyous time now nigheth fast
To Alight. Dan. Jeffe, Du. Wigten That shall alegge this bitter blast,
And slake the winter sorrowe.
(from lef, ligt, light), signify to lift, to Shepherd's Calendar.
make light or raise into the air. At ſette
nogeţ fra jorden, to lift something from In the same way the Swed. has wādref
the ground. At lette een aſsada/en, Du. /ägger sig, warken /ăgger sig, the wind
jemand uit den gade/ Zigſen, to lift one is laid; the pain abates. So in Virgil,
from the saddle. To alight indicates venti fosuére, the winds were laid.
If by your art, my dearest father, you have
the completion of the action thus de Put the wild waters in this roar, alay them.
scribed; to be brought by lifting down to Tempest.
the ground; to lift oneself down from the So to aſſay thirst, grief, &c.
saddle, from out of the air. The other form, confounded with alegge
Aliment.—Alimony. Lat. aliment from alcºgan in the modern allay, is the
fum, alimonium, nourishment, victuals, old allºgge, from Fr. alléger, It alleg
from alo, I nourish, support. giare, Lat. alleviare, to lighten, mitigate,
Alkali. Arab. al-Qaſi, the salt of ashes. tranquillise, thus coming round so exactly
—Diez. In modern chemistry general to the sense of alay from aleºgan, that it
ised to express all those salts that neutra is impossible sometimes to say to which
lise acids. of the two origins the word should be re
All. Goth. al/s, ON. al/r; AS. eaſ/. ferred.
Notwithstanding the double / I have Lat. Zevi's, light, easy, gentle, becomes
long been inclined to suspect that it is a in Prov. leu, whence deviar, leujar, to
derivative from the root 6, &, e, ei, aye, assuage; alleviar, al/eujar, OFr. aſſéger,
ever. Certainly the significations of ever to lighten, to assuage, precisely in the
and all are closely related, the one im same way that from Örevis, abbreviaré,
plying continuance in time, the other are formed Prov. brew, abreujar, Fr. ad
continuance throughout an extended &rger, oe. abrºgge, to abridge.
series, or the parts of a multifarious Que m'dones joie m'heuſes ma dolor.
object. The sense of the original ar, how Quelle me donnat joie et mallegeât ma dou
ever, is not always confined to continu leur.—Rayn.
ance in time, as is distinctly pointed out Per Dieu aleujate m'aquest ſays'
For God's sake lighten me this burden.
by Ihre. ‘Urar-hornet war swa ſagurt
 ALLEDGE ALLOW I5
It would have brought my life again, century under the forms alodīs, alodies,
For certes evenly I dare well saine aſodium, alaudum, and in Fr. aleu, aleu
The sight only and the savour
Aleggid much of my languor.—R. R. franc, franc-aloud, franc-aloi, franc
In the original,
aſſeuſ. The general sense is that of an
estate held in absolute possession. “Meae
Le voir sans plus, et l'oudeur praedium possessionis hereditariae, hoc
Si m'alégeoient ma douleur.
est, alodum nostrum qui est in pago An
So in Italian, degavensi.”—Charta an. 839, in Duc.
Fate limosina et dir messi accio ches'allºggino i ‘Alaudum meum sive haereditatem quam
nostri martiri.
dedit mihi pater meus in die nuptiarum
—that our torments may be assuaged, or al mearum.’ “Paternae haereditati, quam
layed. nostrates alodium vel patrimonium vo
To Alledge. Fr. Alleguer, to alledge, cant, Sese contulit.’ It is often opposed
to produce reasons, evidence, or author to a fief. “Haec autem fuerunt ea—quae
ity for the proof of.-Cotg. de allodii's sive praediis in feudum com
Lat. Megare, to intrust or assign unto; mutavit Adela.’ It is taken for an
allegare, to depute or commission one, estate free of duties. ‘Habemus vineae
to send a message, to solicit by message. agripenum unum allodialiter immunem,
‘Petit a me Rabonius et amicos allegat.” hoc est ab omni censils et vicariae red
Rabonius asks of me and sends friends hibitione liberum.” “Reddit ea terra 2
(to support his petition). Hence it came den. censis cum ante semper alodium
to signify, to adduce reasons or witnesses fuisset.” A.D. 1708.
in support of an argument. From the It can hardly be wholly distinct from
language of lawyers probably the word ON. odal, which is used in much the same
came into general use in England and sense, allodium, praedium hereditarium ;
France. 6dals-jörd, praedium hereditarium; 6da/-
Thei woll a 1<ggen also and by the godspell pre borinn, natus ad heredium avitum, scilicet
oven it, rectà linea a primo occupante; d.da/s-
Nolite judicare quenquam.—P. P. madr, dominus allodialis, strictè primus
Here we find alledge, from Lat. al/egare, occupans.—Haldorsen.
spelt and pronounced in the same man Dan. Sw. ode/, a patrimonial estate.
ner as allegge (the modern allay), from The landed proprietors of the Shetland
AS. alergan, and there is so little differ Isles are still called udal/ers, according to
ence in meaning between laying down Sir Walter Scott. The ON. 6dal is also
and bringing forward reasons, that the used in the sense of abandoned goods, at
Latin and Saxon derivatives were some Zeggia ſyrer Ódal, to abandon a thing, to
times confounded. leave it to be taken by the first occupier.
And eke this noble duke aleyde If Mid. Lat. alodīs, alodum, is identical
Full many another skill, and seide with the ON. word, it exhibits a singular
She had well deserved wrecke.—Gower in Rich.
transposition of syllables. Ihre would
Here aleyde is plainly to be understood account for allodium from the compound
in the sense of the Lat. allegare. “alldha odhol,’ mentioned in the Gothic
Allegory: , Gr. &\Amyopia, a figure of laws, an ancient inheritance, from alldr,
speech involving a sense different from aetas, antiquitas, and 6dal, inheritance, as
the apparentone; d\\oc, other, andāyopsûo, al/da-winn, an ancient friend, alder-haºſa,
to speak. a possession of long standing. See Ihre
Alley. Fr. al/če, a walk, path, passage, in v. Od.
from al/er, to go. To Allow. Two words seem here
Alligator. The American crocodile, confounded; I. from Lat. laudare, to
from the Sp. Magarto, a lizard; Lat. Ma. praise, and 2. from locare, to place, to let.
certa. In Hawkins' voyage he speaks of From the Lat. laus, /audis, was formed
these under the name of alagartoes. La Prov. laws, lau, praise, approval, advice.
&arto das Indias, the cayman or South Hence laugar, alaugar, OFr. Zoer, lotter,
American alligator.—Neumann. alouer, to praise, to approve, to recom
Allodial. Allodium, in Mid. Lat., mend. In like manner the Lat. laudo
was an estate held in absolute possession was used for approbation and advice.
without a feudal superior.—Blackstone. ‘Laudo igitur ut ab eo suam filiam
The derivation has been much disputed, primogenitam petatis duci nostro con
and little light has been thrown upon it jugem,”-I recommend. ‘Et vos illuc
by the various guesses of antiquarians. tendere penitus disſaudamus,'—we dis
The word appears as early as the ninth suade you.-Ducange. “Et leur de
I6 ALLOY ALMS

manda que il looient à faire, et li loërent week was 750 cargos of clean ore, aver
tous que il descendist.” “Et il li dirent age /ey from nine to ten marks per
que je li avois loé bon conseil.”—Join monton, with an increased proportion of
ville in Raynouard. In the same way in gold.”—Times, Jan. 2, 1857.
English : From signifying the proportion of base
This is the sum of what I would have ye weigh, metal in the coin, the term alloy was
First whether ye allow my whole devise, applied to the base metal itself.
And think it good for me, for them, for you, Alluvial. Lat. aſſuo (ad and lawo, to
And if ye like it and allow it well– wash), to wash against; al/uvies, mud
Ferrex and Porrex in Richardson.
brought down by the overflowing of a
Especially laus was applied to the ap river; al/uvius (of land), produced by
probation given by a feudal lord to the the mud of such overflowing.
alienation of a fee depending upon him, To Ally. Fr. allier. Lat. ligare, to
and to the fine he received for permission tie ; al/igare, to tie to, to unite.
to alienate. ‘Hoc donum laudavit Adam Almanack. The word seems origin
Maringotus, de cujus feodo erat.”—Duc. ally to have been applied to a plan of
From signifying consent to a grant, the movements of the heavenly bodies.
the word came to be applied to the grant * Sed hae tabulae vocantur A/manach vel
itself. “Comes concessit iis et laudavit Tallignum, in quibus sunt omnes motus
terras et feuda eorum ad suam fidelitatem coelorum certificati a principio mundi
et servitium.’ ‘Facta est haec laws sive usque in finem—ut homo posset inspicere
concessio in claustro S. Marii.”—Duc. omnia quae in coelo sunt omni die, sicut
Here we come very near the applica nos in calendario inspicimus omnia festa
tion of allowance to express an assign Sanctorum.”—Roger Bacon, Opus Ter
ment of a certain amount of money or tium, p. 36.
goods to a particular person or for a In the Arab. of Syria al mamážh is
special purpose. climate or temperature.
“And his allowance was a continual Almond. Gr. duvyčá\m, Lat. amyg
allowance given by the king, a daily rate da/a, Wallach. migdiſe, mandule, Sp.
for every day all his life.”—2 Kings. almendra, Prov. amandola, Fr. amande.
In this sense, however, to allow is It. mandola, mandorla, Langued. amen
from the Lat. locare, to place, allocare, Zou, ame/ſo.
to appoint to a certain place or purpose ; Alms. – Almonry. — Aumry. Gr.
It allogare, to place, to fix; Prov. aſogar, *Asmuoqiyn, properly compassionateness,
Fr. louer, allouer, to assign, to put out to then relief given to the poor. This,
hire. being an ecclesiastical expression, passed
“Le seigneur peut saisir pour sa rente les direct into the Teutonic languages under
bestes pasturantes sur son fonds encore qu’elles the form of G. almosen, AS. a-lmesse,
n'appartiennent a son vassal, ains à ceux qui ont almes, OE. almesse, almose, Sc. awmous,
a/loudes les distes bestes.'—Coutume de Norman alms; and into the Romance under the
die in Raynouard. form of Prov. almosna, Fr. aumosme,
To allow in rekeninge—alloco. A/- aumóme. Hence the Fr. aumonier, E.
/ozvance — allocacio. — Pr. Prm. Wall. a/moner, awmmere, an officer whose duty
alouze'er, depenser.—Grandg: it is to dispense alms, and almonry,
Again, as the senses of Lat, laudare aumry, the place where the alms are
and aſ/ocare coalesced in Fr. allouer and given, from the last of which again it
E. allow, the confusion seems to have seems that the old form awmbrere, an
been carried back into the contemporary almoner, must have been derived.—Pr.
Latin, where allocare is used in the sense Prm. When awmry is used with refer
of approve or admit; essonium allocabile, ence to the distribution of alms, doubt
an admissible excuse. less two distinct words are confounded,
Alloy. The proportion of base metal almonry and ammary or amóry, from
mixed with gold or silver in coinage. Fr. armoire, Lat. armaria, almaria, a
From Lat. Jer, the law or rule by which cupboard. This latter word in English
the composition of the money is go was specially applied to a cupboard for
verned, It lega, Fr. Zoi, aloi. “Unus keeping cold and broken victuals.-
quisque denarius cudatur et fiat ad ſegem Bailey, in v. Ambre, Ammery, Aumry,
undecim denariorum.”—Duc. In the Amóry, a pantry.—Hal. Then as an
mining language of Spain the term is aumry or receptacle for broken victuals
applied to the proportion of silver found would occupy an important place in the
in the ore. “The extraction for the office where the daily dole of charity was
 ALOFT AMAY 17

dispensed, the association seems to have
led to the use of aumry or amóry, as if it
were a contraction of almonry, from
which, as far as sound is concerned, it
might very well have arisen. And vice
versá, almonry was sometimes used in
the sense of armarium, almarium, a
cupboard. Almonarium, almorietum, than what it is ; Lat. aſterare, from aſſer,
a/mteriola, a cupboard or safe to set up the other. So G. &nderſt, to change, from
broken victuals to be distributed as alms
to the poor.—B. See:Ambry.
Aloft. On loſt, up in the air. G.
Juſt, ON. Zoff, loſt, OE. /i/?, the air, the
sky. N. aa Zoſt, aloft, on high.
* Along. AS. and/ang, G. ent/ang,
ent/angs, Zangs, It. Zungo, Fr. le ſong de,
through the length of AS. and Zangwie
dag, throughout the length of the day.
The term is also used figuratively to
express dependance, accordance.
1 cannot tell whereon it was alonge–
Some said it was long on the fire making,
fices were made to the gods. Lat. alfare,
which Ihre would explain from ON. elaſ,
fire, and ar, or arº, a hearth; or perhaps
AS. erºt, aºn, a place ; as Lat. Zucernia,
Zaferºa, a lantern, from Zuc-ern, Zeo/izern,
the place of a light.
To Alter. To make something other
ander, the other; and the Lat. mailſo finds
an origin of like nature in Esthon. mile,
another, whence middºta, mizudina, to
change.
Always. AS. eaſ/ne wag, ea//e warga,
the whole way, altogether, throughout.
The Servians use ////, way, for the num
ber of times a thing happens; jedºn pitſ,
once ; d'va flat, twice, &c. Dan. eel
gang, one going, once ; fre-gange, three
times. So from Du. reyse, a journey,
§ twee, dry, reysen, semel, ter, bis.-
ll.

Some said it was long on the blowing. Am-, Amb-. Gr. dupi, about, around,
Canon Yeoman's Tale.
properly on both sides ; dupw, ambo, both.
This mode of expression is very gen Amalgam. A pasty mixture of mer
eral. cury and other metal, from Gr. uá\ayua,
Trop fesoient miex cortoisie an emollient, probably a poultice, and
A toute gent lon.c ce que erent. that from uaxágow, to soften.—Diez.
Fab. et Contes, 1, 160.
Amanuensis. Lat. from the habit of
They did better courtesy to each according to the scribe or secretary signing the docu
what they were, according to their condition.
ments he wrote (as we see in St Paul's
Hence se/onc, selon, according to, the Epistles) “A manu ,’ from the hand
initial element of which is the particle si, of so and so. Hence a manu servius was
se, ce, so, here, this. a slave employed as secretary.
In the same way Pol. wed/ug, accord To Amate. To confound, stupefy,
ing to, from w, we, indicating relation of quell.
place, and d/ugo, long. Upon the walls the Pagans old and young
The AS. form was gelang. ‘AEt the Stood hushed and still, amated and amazed.
is ure lyf gelang,” our life is along of Fairfax in Boucher.
thee, is dependent on thee. ‘Hii sohton OFr. amater, mater, mattir, to abate,
on hwom that gelang ware.’ They in mortify, make fade, from mat, G. maſt,
quired along of whom that happened— dull, spiritless, faint. It. matto, mad,
Lye. Walach. langă, juxta, Secundum, foolish ; Sp. matar, to quench, to slay.
penes, pone, propter. But when I came out of swooning
Aloof. To loof or luff in nautical And had my wit and my feeling,
language is to turn the vessel up into the I was all mate and wende full wele
wind. A looſ, then, is to the windward Of blode to have lost a full grete dele.
of one, and as a vessel to the windward R. R. 1737.
has it in her choice either to sail away In the original—Je fus moult vain.
or to bear down upon the leeward vessel, Derived by Diez from the expression
aloof has come to signify out of danger, check-mate, at chess.
in safety from, out of reach of. Amative, Amity. From Lat. amo, to
Nor do we find him forward to be sounded ; love, are amor, Fr. amour, love; amatus,
But with a crafty madness keeps aloof, loved ; amabilis, amicus, a loving one, a
When we would bring him on to some confession friend; and from each of these numerous
Of his true state.--Hamlet.
secondary derivatives; amorous, amative,
Alpine. Of the nature of things found amateur, amiable, amicabſe. Lat. amici
in lofty mountains; from the Alps, the fia, Fr. amitié, E. amity, &c
highest mountains in Europe. Gael. To Amay. It smagare, to discourage,
Aſp, a height, an eminence, a mountain. dispirit; Sp. desmayar, to discourage,
Altar. The fire-place on which sacri despond ; desmayar se, to faint; OPort.
2
I8 AM BASSADOR AMERCEMENT

amago, fright; Prov. esmagar, esmaiar, &mer, Fr. ambre, Sp. Ptg. ambar, alam
to trouble, to frighten, to grieve ; Fr. &ar, aſambre. The Ar. ambar seems to
s'esmaier, to be sad, pensive, astonied, have signified in the first instance amber
careful, to take thought.—Cotgr. Esmay, gris or grey amber, an odoriferous ex
thought, care, cark. Hence E. amay, cretion of certain fish, cast up by the
dismay, or simply may. waves, like the yellow amber, on the
shore. Hence the name was transferred
Beryn was at counsell, his heart was full woo,
And his menye (attendants) sory, distrakt, and to the latter substance.
all amayide.—Chaucer, Beryn, 2645. Ambient.—Ambition. Lat. ambio, to
So for ought that Beryn coud ethir Speke or pray go round, to environ ; also to go about
He myght in no wyse pass, full sore he gan to hunting for favour or collecting votes,
may.—Ibid. 1685. whence ambitio, a soliciting of or eager
The Romance forms are, according to desire for posts of honour, &c.
Diez, derived from the Goth. magan, to Amble. Fr. ambſer, Sp. amó/ar, It.
have power, to be strong, with the ne ambiare, from Lat. ambuſo, to walk, go a
gative particle dis. Compare Dan. aſ foot's pace.
magſ, a swoon. Ambry, Aumbry, Aumber. A side
bassador. Goth. Andºah/s, a serv board or cupboard-top on which plate
ant, and/ºahti, service, ministry; OHG. was displayed–Skinner; in whose time
ambaht, a minister or ministry; ampah the word was becoming obsolete.
tan, to minister; G. ampſ, employment, Fr. armoire, a cupboard. Sp. armario,
office. a/mario, G. almer, a cupboard. Mid.
In Middle Lat. ambascia, ambaaria, or Lat. armaria, almaria, a chest or cup
ambacfia, was used for business, and board, especially for keeping books,
particularly applied to the business of whence armarius, the monk in charge of
another person, or message committed the books of a monastery. “Purpuram
to another, and hence the modern sense optimam de almarić tollens' ‘thesaurum
of embassy, It. ambasciata, as the message et almarium cum ejus pertinentiis, vide
sent by a ruling power to the government licet libris ecclesiae.”—Duc. ‘Biblio
of another state; ambassador, the person theca, sive armarium vel archivum, boc
who carries such a message. Castrais, hord.”—Gloss. AElfr.
emóessa, to employ. The word was very variously written
‘Quicunque asinum alienum extra do in English. “Almoriolum—an almery,’
mini voluntatem praesumpserit, aut per —Pictorial Vocab. in National Antiqui
unum diem aut per duos in ambascia ties. And as the term was often applied
sua’—in his own business.-Lex Bur to a cupboard used for keeping broken
gund. in Duc. “Si in dominica ambascia meat, of which alms would mainly con
fuerit occupatus.”—Lex Sal. In another sist, it seems to have contracted a fal
edition, ‘Si in jussione Regis fuerit oc lacious reference to the word alms, and
cupatus.’ thus to become confounded with almonry,
Ambasciari, to convey a message. the office where alms were distributed.
“Et ambasciari ex illorum parte quod The original meaning, according to
mihi jussum fuerat.”—Hincmar. in Duc. Diez, is a chest in which arms were kept,
The word ambactus is said by Festus ‘armarium, repositorium armorum.’—
to be Gallic: ‘ambactus apud Ennium Gloss. Lindenbr.
linguá Gallică servus appellatur;' and Ambush. From It. bosco, Prov. Öosc,
Caesar, speaking of the equites in Gaul, a bush, wood, thicket : It. imóoscarsi,
says, “circum se ambactos, clientesque Prov. emboscar, Fr. embitscher, to go into
habent.’ Hence Grimm explains the a wood, get into a thicket for shelter,
word from bak, as backers, supporters, then to lie in wait, set an ambush.
persons standing at one's back, as hench Amenable. Easy to be led or ruled,
man, a person standing at one's haunch from Fr. amener, to bring or lead unto,
or side. memer, to lead, to conduct. See Demean.
The notion of manual labour is pre Amercement. — Amerciament. A
served in Du. ambagº, a handicraft; am pecuniary penalty imposed upon offend
Bagſs-mann, an artisan. ON. ambaſt, a ers at the mercy of the court : it differs
female slave. It. ambasciare (perhaps from a fine, which is a punishment cer
tain, and determined by some statute.—
originally to oppress with work), to
B. In Law Latin, poni in misericordić
trouble, to grieve ; ambascia, anguish,
distress, shortness of breath. was thus to be placed at the mercy of
Amber, Ambergris. MHG. amber, the court; 6/re mis d merci, or étre amer
 AM NESTY AN 19
cić, to be amerced, and misericordia was First, an for and,
used for any arbitrary exaction. He sone come bysyde hys fone echon,
Concedimus etiam eisdem abbati et monachis An bylevede hym there al nygt, and al hys ost
et eorum successoribus quod sint quietide omni also,
bus misericordiis in perpetuum.—Charter Edw. An thogte anon amorwe strong batayle do.
I. in Duc. Et inde coram eo placitabuntur, et R. G. 319.
de omnibus misericordiis et emendationibus de Secondly, and for if or an.
bemus habere 11 solidos.-Duc.
Mereweth sore I am unto hire teyde,
When a party was thus placed at the For and I should rekene every vice
mercy of the court, it was the business of Which that she hath, ywis I were to nice.
affèerors appointed for that purpose to Squire's Prologue.
fix the amount of the amercement. See And I were so apt to quarrel as thou art, any
Affeer. man should buy the fee simple of my life for an
hour and a half.
Amnesty. Gr. duvijareta (a priv. &
uváopal, I remember), a banishing from We find an if and and iſ, or simply an
remembrance of former misdeeds. for iſ:
Amount. From mont, hill, and wal, boy —I pray thee, Launce, and if thou seest my
bid him make haste.
valley, the French formed amont and
aval, upwards and downwards respect But and if that wicked servant say in his
heart, &c.
ively, whence monter, to mount, to rise Nay, an thou dalliest, then I am thy foe.
up, and avaler, to send down, to swallow. Ben Jonson in R.
Hence amount is the sum total to which
In same sense the OSwed. aen,
a number of charges rise up when added while the om aen corresponds exactly to our
together. an iſ, om, formerly of, being the exact
Ample. Lat. amplus, large, spacious. representative of E. iſ. The Sw, an is
Amputate. Lat., amputo, to cut off, also used in the sense of and, still, yet.—
to prune; puto, to cleanse, and thence to Ihre.
cut off useless branches, to prune; futus, It is extremely difficult to guess at the
pure, clean, bright. sensible image which lies at the root of
Amulet. Lat. amulețum, a ball or the obscure significations expressed by
anything worn about the person as a the particles and conjunctions, the most
preservative or charm against evil. From time-worn relics of language; but in the
Arab. hamala, to carry. present instance it seems that both sense
To Amuse. To give one something and form might well be taken from the E.
to muse on, to occupy the thoughts, to even, in the sense of continuous, unbroken,
entertain, give cheerful occupation. For level.
merly also used as the simple muse, to The poetical contraction of even into
contemplate, earnestly fix the thoughts on. e'en shows how such a root might give
Here I put my pen into the inkhorn and fell rise to such forms as ON. emn, OSwed.
into a strong and deep amusement, revolving in arm, Dan. end. With respect to meaning,
my mind with great perplexity the amazing we still use even as a conjunction in cases
change of our affairs.-Fleetwood in Richardson.
closely corresponding to the Swed. den,
An. The indefinite article, the purport and Dan. end. Thus we have Swed.
of which is simply to indicate individ acn-nit translated by Ihre, etiamnum,
uality. It is the same word with the even now, i. e. without a sensible break
numeral one, AS. am, and the difference between the event in question and now ;
in pronunciation has arisen from a andock, quamvis, even though, or al
lighter accent being laid upon the word though ; an, yet, still, continuously;
when used as an article than when as a “he is still there,' he continues there.
definite numeral. So in Breton, the in So in Danish,_om dette end skulde ske,
definite article has become eun, while the even if that should happen ; end ikke, ne
numeral is unan. Dan, een, one, em, a, an. quidem, not even then ; end mu, even
An.—And. There is no radical dis now. When one proposition is made
tinction between an and and, which are conditional on another, the two are prac
accidental modifications of spelling ulti tically put upon the same level, and thus
mately appropriated to special applica the conditionality may fairly be expressed
tions of the particle. by even contracted into an or an. Ana
In our older writers it was not unfre lysing in this point of view the sentence
quent to make use of an in the sense in above quoted,
which we now employ and, and vice Nay, an thou dalliest, then I am thy foe,
versä and in the sense of an or iſ: it must be interpreted, Nay, understand
2 *
2O ANA ANGER

these propositions as equally certain, turn ; wend-iſser, brand-iſser, crateute

thou dalliest here, I am thy foe.—It de rium, ferrum in quo veru vertitur, Kil.,
pends upon you whether the first is to i. e. the rack in front of the kitchen-dogs
prove a fact or no, but the second pro in which the spit turns. “Alander, Gall.
position has the same value which you landier, Lat. verutentum ; item haec an
choose to give to the former. dena.’—Catholicon Arm. in Duc. Andºva
It will subsequently be shown probable seems a mere latinisation of OE. aunayre
that the conjunction iſ is another relic of for and iron, as brondyr for broºdiron,
the same word. On the other hand, grea'yre for gridiron. “Andena, aundyre.’
placing two things side by side, or on a * /º/,0s, brandyr.’ “Craficula, gredyre.’
level with each other, may be used to —National Antiq. 178. In modern Eng
express that they are to be taken together, lish the term has been transferred to
to be treated in the same manner, to the moveable fire-irons.
form a single whole ; and thus it is that To Aneal, Anele. To give the last
the same word, which implies condition unction. I aſtec/e a sick man, 7'en/iu///e.
ality when circumstances show the un –Palsgr. Fr. //i//e, oil.
certainty of the first clause, may become Anecdote. Gr. avéxćoroc, not pub
a copulative when the circumstances of lished, from Kötöwut, to give out, to put
the sentence indicate such a signification. forth.
Ana- Gr. avá, up, on, back. Anent.—Anenst. In face of, respect
Anatomy. Gr. avarépyw, to cut up. ing. AS. ongean, opposite; foran on
See Atom. geant, ſoran gent (Thorpe's Dipl. p. 341),
Ancestor. Fr. ances/re, ance/re, from over against, opposite, in front, Sc. ſore
Lat. antecessor, one that goes before. ament. The word ament, however, does
See Cede. not seem to come directly from the AS.
Anchor. Lat, anchora, Gr. dykvpa. on gearſ. It shows at least a northern
There can be no doubt that it is from the influence from the ON. giggºtt, Sw. gent,
root signifying hook, which gives rise to opposite, gen/ ºſtver, over against. Hence
the Gr, dykºoc, curved, crooked ; dyków, on genſ, anent, and with the s, so com
an elbow, recess, corner ; 6ykm, Öykivoc, a monly added to prepositions (comp. ante,
hook ; Lat. angrºſus, an angle, uncus, a before, Prov. anſes, AS. fogeanes, &c.),
hook, crooked. antentis. ‘Azienſis men, it is impossible,
Unco alliget anchora morsu.-Virg. but not amentis God.”—Wicliff. Hence
Anchoret. A hermit. Gr. avaxºp A men'sſ, as alongst from along, whilst
mrme, one who has retired from the world; from while, against from again.
from d vaxopéw, to retire. Angel. Lat. ange/us, from Gr. "AyyeXoc,
Anchovy. Fr. anchois, It. ancioe, a messenger, one sent ; dyyáMAw, to send
Gr, dºin, Lat. aft/a, aft/ya (a/ya) ; tidings.
whence might arise, It. (a//-aga) accinga, Anger. Formerly used in the sense
Pied. Sicil. anciova, Genoes. anciua.— of trouble, torment, grievance.
Diez. He that ay has levyt fre -

Ancient. Lat. an/e, Prov. anſes, It.
anzi, before, whence angiano, Fr. ancien,
ancient, belonging to former times.
Ancle. AS. anciſcow, G. enkel. Pro
bably a parallel formation with Gr.
dyköAm, a loop, the bend of the arm; and
from the same root, dyrºv, the elbow, or
bending of the arm ; It. anca, the haunch,
or bending of the hip ; OHG. ancha, Bav.
a/l/e (genick), the bending of the neck.
And. See An.
Andiron. Originally the iron bars
which supported the two ends of the logs
on a wood fire. AS. brand-isen, brand
iron, could never have been corrupted
into andiron. The Mid. Lat. has andeſia,
andela, andeda, anderia. Fr. /a/ldier,
grand chenet de cuisine.—Dict. Wallon.
The Flemish wend-iſser probably ex
hibits the true origin, from wenden, to
May not know well the propyrté,
The am gyrna the wrechyt dome
That is cowplyt to ſoule thyrldome.
Bruce, i. 235.
Shame——
From whom fele angirs I have had.—R. R.
In the original,
Par qui je ſuspuis moult grévé.
From the sense of oppression, or injury,
the expression was transferred to the
feelings of resentment naturally aroused
in the mind of the person aggrieved. In
the same way, the word harm signifies
injury, damage, in English, and resent
ment, anger, vexation, in Swedish.
The idea of injury is very often ex
pressed by the image of pressure, as in
the word of press, or the Fr. grever, to
bear heavy on one. Now the root ang.
is very widely spread in the sense of
 ANGLE ANTHEM 2I

compression, tightness. G. eng, com Sp. emojo, offence, injury, anger; emojar,
pressed, strait, narrow; Lat. angere, to molest, trouble, vex; It. noia, trouble,
to strain, strangle, vex, torment; angus weariness, vexation, disquiet; recars: a
tus, narrow; angina, oppression of the moja, to be tired of something; mojare,
breast ; angor, anguish, sorrow, vexation; zenire a moja, to weary, to be tedious to.
Gr. dyxw, to compress, strain, strangle, Diez cites OVenet. Ž/u te sont a inodio
whence dyx (as It...presso), near; dyxsabat, as exactly equivalent to It. Aiu fi sono a
to be grieved; dyxóvn, what causes pain moja. “Recarsi a noia, e aversi a noia,”
or grief. says Vanzoni, ‘vagliono recarsi in fastidio,
Both physical and metaphorical senses in recrescimento, in odio, odiare, odium
are well developed in the ON. angr, in aliquem concipere.” So in Languedoc,
narrow, a nook or corner, grief, pain, odi, hate, disgust; aver en odi, to hate;
sorrow; angra, to torment, to trouble; /a car me ven en odi, meat is distasteful
Arabba-angar, crabs' pincers. to me; me venes en odi, vous m'ennuyez,
To Angle. To fish with a rod and you are tedious to me. From in odio
line, from AS. ange/, a fish-hook. Du. arose OFr. emuy, enzi (commonly re
angheſ-smoer, anghe/-roede, a fishing-line, ferred to Lat. invitus), d envi or d envis,
fishing-rod ; anghelen, to angle. Chaucer unwillingly, with regret, as hui from
has angle-hook, showing that the proper hodie. And from emuy was formed
meaning of the word angle was then lost, ennuyer, to weary, to annoy.
and by a further confusion it was sub From the same source must be ex
sequently applied to the rod. plained Du. noode, moeye, unwilling,
A fisher next his trembling angle bears.-Pope. with regret or displeasure; noode iet doen,
Anguish. Lat. angustia, a strait, gravaté aliquid facere; moode hebben,
whence It. angoscia (as poscia, from aegriferre; noeyen, moyen, officere, nocere,
postea), Fr. angoisse, E. anguish. See molestum esse.—Kil. ‘A’oode, mooyelick,
Anger. a ennuy, a regret, invitus, coactus, ingra
Anile. Lat. anilis, from anus, an tus, vel aegré, molesté; jet moode doen,
aged woman. faire quelque chose enuy; moode jet
Animal.-Animate. Lat. animus, ſtoren, ouyr enty quelque chose, graviter
the spirit, living principle, mind, properly audire."—Thesaurus Theut. Ling. 1573.
the breath, as the ruling function of life Anodyne. Gr. &váčvvoc (a priv. and
in man, analogous to spirit, from spiro, Ööövm, pain), without sense of pain,
to breathe. Gr. aveuoc, wind; dw, dinut, capable of dispelling pain.
to blow. Anomalous. Gr. divºuaxoc (a priv.
To Anneal. To fire glass in order to and bua Möc, level, fair), irregular, devi
melt and fix the vitreous colours with ating from an even surface.
which it is painted. Anon. AS. on an, in one, jugiter, con
And like a picture shone in glass amnealed. tinuo, sine intermissione—Lye; at one
Dryden in Worcester. time, in a moment; ever and anon, con
tinually.
I ameel a potte of erthe or suche like with Answer. As and’swarian, from and,
a coloure, Je plomme.—Palsgr. Also to in opposition, and swerian, Goth.svaran,
temper glass or metals in a gradually swear. ON. svara, to answer, to
decreasing heat. It ſocare, to fire or set to engage for. It is remarkable that the
on fire, also to meal metals.-Fl.
Latin expression for answer is formed in
From AS. alan, ona'lan, to set on fire, exactly the same way from a verb spon
burn, bake. The expression cocti lateris for, to assure.
of the Vulgate, Is. xvi. 7, 11, is rendered dere, signifying to engage
ane/id tyi/ in the earlier Wickliffite The simpler idea of speaking in return is
version, and bakun tijl in the later.— directly expressed by Goth. anda-vaurd,
Marsh. G. anſ-worſ, AS. andwyrd, current side
by side with the synonymous and swar.
* To Annoy. It. annoiare, OFr. Ant. The well-known insect, con
anofer, anueir, anuier, Fr. ennuyer, to tracted from emmet, like aunt, a parent's
annoy, vex, trouble, grieve, afflict, weary, sister, from Lat. amita.
irke, importune overmuch.-Cot. The Ante- Lat. ante, before.
origin of the word has been well explained
by Diez from the Lat: phrase esse in odio, is Ant-Anti- Gr. divri, against. What
in face of one or before one is in one
It esser in odio, to be hateful or repugnant point of view opposite or against one.
to one: Esse alieni in odio; apud aliquem Anthem. A divine song sung by two
in odio esse.—Cic. Hence was formed
opposite choirs or choruses.—B. Lat.
22 ANTICK APHORISM

anti/hoſta, Gr. divripova, from divrºtovëw, To dance the anticks is explained by

to sound in answer. Prov. an//ena; Bailey to dance after an odd and ridicu
As. antºſh, whence anthem, as from AS. lous manner, or in a ridiculous dress, like
sºft, E. stem. The Fr. form antienne a jack-pudding. To go antigue/y, in
shows a similar corruption to that of Shakespear, to go in strange disguises.
Estienne, from Steft/ramus. In modern language antic is applied to
Antick. — Antique. Lat. anticus, extravagant gestures, such as those
from ante, before, as posſicias, from Aost, adopted by persons representing the
behind. characters called antics in ancient
At the revival of art in the 14th and masques. Mannequin, a puppet or an
15th centuries the recognised models of antic.—Cot.
imitation were chiefly the remains of Antidote. Gr. &vrworov, something
ancient sculpture, left as the legacy of given against, a preventative ; Śorioc, what
Roman civilisation. Hence the applica is to be given.
tion of the term antique to work of sculp Antler. Fr. andouiſ/ers, the branches
tured ornamentation, while individual of a stag's horns; but properly andouiſ/er
figures wrought in imitation or supposed is the first branch or brow-antler, sur
imitation of the ancient models, were andouſ//er the second. As the brow
called antiques, as the originals are at the antler projects forward the word has been
present day. derived from ante, before, but the ex
At the entering of the palays before the gate planation has not been satisfactorily
was builded a fountain of embowed work en made out.
grayled with anticke workes, the old God of Anvil. Formerly written amºiſt or
wine called Bacchus birling the wine, which by an viſa, As. an/i/t; Pl. D. ambo//; Du.
the conduits in the earth ran to the people
lenteously with red, white, and claret wine.—
aembe/d, ambe/d, a block to hammer on.
all's Chron. Percutere, viſ/an—Gloss. Pezron ; fillist,
verberas.-Otfried. So Lat. incus, in
Again from the same author : cudºs, from in and cudere, to strike; G.
At the nether end were two broad arches upon amboss, OHG. and/oz, from an and
three antike pillers, all of gold, burnished, bossen, to strike.
swaged, and graven full of gargills and serpentes Anxious. Lat. anarius, from ango,
—and above the arches were made sundry
antikes and devices. an:ri, to strain, press, strangle, choke,
vex, trouble.
But as it is easier to produce a certain Any. AS. aenig, from art, one, and ig,
“effect by monstrous and caricature re a termination equivalent to Goth. eigs,
presentations than by aiming at , the from eigan, to have. Thus from gabe, a
beautiful in art, the sculptures by which gift, wealth, gabeigs, one having wealth,
our medieval buildings were adorned, rich. In like manner, any is that which
executed by such stone-masons as were partakes of the nature of one, a small
to be had, were chiefly of the former quantity, a few, some one, one at the
class, and an anticæ came to signify a least.
grotesque figure such as we see on the Apanage. Lat. panis, bread, whence
spouts or pinnacles of our cathedrals. Prov. Aamar, aftaſtar, to nourish, to Sup
Some fetch the origin of this proverb (he looks port; Fr. aftanage, a provision for a
as the devil over Lincoln) from a stone picture younger child.
of the Devil which doth or lately did overlook
Lincoln College. Surely the architect intended Apart. — Apartment. Fr. d farf,
it no further than for an ordinary anticke.—Ful aside, separate. A/artmentſ, something
ler in R. set aside, a suite of rooms set aside for a
Now for the inside here grows another doubt, separate purpose, finally applied to a
*

whether grotesca, as the Italians, or antigue single chamber.

work, as we call it, should be received.—Re
Ape. Originally a monkey in general;
liquiae Wottonianae in R. latterly applied to the tailless species.
The term was next transferred to the To a/e, to imitate gestures, from the imi
grotesque characters, such as savages, tative habits of monkeys. But is it not
fauns, and devils, which were favourite possible that the name of the ape may be
subjects of imitation in masques and from imitating or taking off the actions
revels. of another ? Goth., ON. aſ, G. a6, of, from.
Aperient.—Aperture. Lat. afferio,
That roome with pure gold it all was overlaid
Wrought yith wild antickes which their follies aftertiºn, to open, to display; ſºario, to
playd8. bring forth. See Cover.
In the riche metal as they living were.-Spencer. Aphorism. Gr. apoptºpoc, a definite
 APO APRICOT 23
sentence; dºopſ&o, to mark off, to define; good time, in good season ; //rendre son
opoc, a bound, landmark. d poinct, to take his fittest opportunity
Apo- Gr. diró, corresp. to Lat. ab, of, for ; quand it ſº a poinct, when the
off, from, away. - proper time came. Hence aff/oinct, fit
Apoplexy. From Gr. diroirAſiaow, ness, opportunity, a thing for one's pur
to strike down, to disable; —opat, to lose pose, after his mind ; and aft/oincter (to
one's senses, become dizzy; TAñaaw, §w, find fitting, pronounce fitting), to deter
to strike. mine, order, decree, to finish a contro
Apostle. – Epistle. Gr. GróaroMoc, versy, to accord, agree, make a composi
one sent out, from dirogréAAw, to send off, tion between parties, to assign or grant
despatch on some service. In the same over unto.—Cotgr.
way from triaráAAw, to send to, to an To Appraise. Lat. Aretium, Fr. Arir,
nounce, triaro'X'), an epistle or letter. a price, value; aft/reſcº, to rate, esteem,
Apothecary. Gr. diróðurn, a store or prize, set a price on.—Cotgr. I prise
keeping-place; droriðnut, to store or put ware, I sette a pryce of a thynge what it
away. is worthe; je aft, ise.—Palsgr. The Pl.
Appal. Wholly unconnected with Žale, D. Zaven is used both as E. praise, to
to which it is often referred. To cause to commend, and also as appraise, to set a
fall (see Pall), to deaden, to take away price on. To praise, in fact, is only to
or lose the vital powers, whether through exalt the price or value of a thing, to
age or sudden terror, horror, or the like. speak in commendation.
An old aft/alled wight, in Chaucer, is a Apprehend.—Apprentice.—Apprise.
man who has lost his vigour through age. Lat. Archendere, to catch hold of; aftpre
And among other of his famous deeds, he re /reſidere, to seize, and metaphorically to
vived and quickened again the faith of Christ, take the meaning, to understand, to
that in some places of his kingdom was sore learn.
appalled.—Fabian in R. Fr. apprendre, aft/ris, to learn,
whence the E. aft/rise, to make a thing
Apparel. From Lat. far, equal, like, known. Fr. aft/rentis, a learner, one
the MLat. diminutive pariculus, gave taken for the purpose of learning a trade.
rise to It. parecchio, Sp. parejo, Fr. Aareil, Approach. From Lat. prope (comp.
like. Hence It, aft/arecchiare, Sp. apar Aroſius), near, were formed ap/ropiare
ejar, Prov. affare/har, Fr. aft/areiller, (cited by Diez from a late author).
properly to join like to like, to fit, to suit. Walach. afroſºid, Prov. afro/char, It.
A//aret/, outfit, preparation, habiliments. affºrocciare, Fr. aft/rocher, to come near,
—Diez. to approach.
And whanne sum men seiden of the Temple Approbation. — Approve. Ap
that it was afare/id with good stones.—Wiclifprover. Lat. probus, good, probare, aft
in R. Eke if he apparaiſe his mete more deli Arodare, to deem good, pronounce good.
ciously than nede is.-Parson's Tale.
Fr. aft/rover, to approve, allow, find
Then like Fr. habi//er, or E. dress, the good, consent unto.—Cotgr.
word was specially applied to clothing, Hence an Aſprover in law is one who
as the necessary preparation for every has been privy and consenting to a crime,
kind of action. -
but receives pardon in consideration of
To Appeal. Lat. aff/c//are, Fr. aft his giving evidence against his principal.
feder, to call, to call on one for a special This false theſe this sompnour, quoth the frere,
purpose, to call for judgment, to call on Had alway bandis redy to his hond,
one for his defence, i. e. to accuse him of That tellith him all the secre they knew,
a crime. For their acquaintance was not come of new ;
To Appear.—Apparent. OFr. ap They werin his approvirs privily.—Friar's Tale.
favoir, Lat. Aareo, to be open to view. Appurtenance. Fr. aftartemir, to
Appease. Fr. aft/aiser, from pair, pertain or belong to.
peace.
* Apricot. Formerly affricock, agree
Apple. , AS. aftſ, ON. aftal, w, apaſ, ing with Lat. Ararcoſylta or praecocia, Mod.
Ir, avall, Lith. offo/ys, Russ. jabſoko. Gr. ºrpatrocktov. They were considered
To Appoint. The Fr. Aoint was used by the Romans a kind of peach, and
in the sense of condition, manner, ar were supposed to take their name from
rangement—the order, trim, array, plight, their ripening earlier than the ordinary
case, taking, one is in.-Cotgr. En peach.
Afteur foinct, in piteous case ; habi//er
Maturescunt aestate prºcocia intra triginta
ent ce poinct, to dress in this fashion.— annos reperta et primo denariis singulis venun
Cent Nouv. Nouv. A poinct, aptly, in data.-Pliny, N. H. xv. 11.
24 APRON ARBOUR

It may be doubted, however, whether some shape or other. Thus in Latin

the Lat. fra"cogita was not an adapt sors, a lot, is taken in the sense of an
ation. It is certain that the apricot oracle, and sortiſegus is a soothsayer,
was introduced from Armenia, and the one who gives oracles, or answers ques
fruit is still called bar/ºu/ in Persian. It tions by the casting of lots; and this
is far more likely that the name should doubtless is the origin of E. sorcerer,
have been imported with the fruit into sorcery. Albanian, short, a lot, shortár,
Italy than that the Persians should have a soothsayer. Now one of the points
adopted the Latin name of a native upon which the cunning man of the
fruit.—Marsh. present day is most frequently consulted
Apron. A cloth worn in front for the is the finding of lost property, and a
protection of the clothes, by corruption dispute upon such a subject among a
for ma/ron. barbarous people would naturally be re
—And therewith to wepe ferred to one who was supposed to have
She made, and with her napron feir and white supernatural means of knowing the truth.
ywash Thus the lots-man or soothsayer would
She wyped soft her eyen for teris that she outlash. naturally be called in as arbiter or dooms
Chaucer, Beryn. Prol. 31.
man. Now we find in Fin. arºa, a lot,
Still called maftern [pronounced maft symbol, divining rod, or any instrument
from in Cleveland. J. C. A.] in the N. of of divination ; ar/a-mies, (mies = man,)
E.—Hall. A'aftrum, or barm-cloth.-Pr. sortium ductor, arbiter, hariolus; arpelen,
Pm. From OFr. nafteron, properly the arweſ/a, to decide by lot, to divine; ar
intensitive of ſtaffe, a cloth, as napkin is wata, conjicio, auguror, aestimo, arbitror;
the diminutive. A/afteron, grande nappe. arwaaja, arbiter in re censendā; arwelo,
—Roquefort. A/a/eron is explained by arbitrium, opinio, conjectura ; artwaus,
Hécart, a small cloth put upon the table conjectura, aestimatio arbitraria. It will
cloth during dinner, to preserve it from be observed in how large a proportion of
stains, and taken away before dessert, a these cases the Lat. arbiter and its de
purpose precisely analogous to that for rivatives are used in explanation of the
which an apron is used. “Un beau Fin. words derived from arpa.
service de damassé de Silésie : la nappe, Arbour. From OE. herbere, originally
le maferon et 24 serviettes.”—About. Ma signifying a place for the cultivation of
delon. The loss or addition of an initial herbs, a pleasure-ground, garden, sub
n to words is very common, and fre sequently applied to the bower or rustic
quently we are unable to say whether the shelter which commonly occupied the
consonant has been lost or added. most conspicuous situation in the garden;
Thus we have nauger and auger, newt and thus the etymological reference to
and ewſe, or eſ?, maw/ and awſ, mompire herbs being no longer apparent, the spell
and umpire, and the same phenomenon ing was probably accommodated to the
is common in other European languages. notion of being sheltered by trees or
Apt. Lat. aft/us, fastened close, con shrubs (arbor).
nected, and thence fit, suitable, proper. This path—
Aqueous.-Aquatic. Lat. agua, San I followid till it me brought
scr. aff, Gr. dia, Alban. 1/ghe, water ; To a right plesaunt herbir wel ywrought,
Goth, ahva, OHG. aha, a river. Which that benchid was, and with turfis new
Freshly turnid—
Arable. Lat. aro, OE. ear, to plough. The hegge also that yedin in compas
Arbiter.—Arbitrate. The primary And closid in all the grene heråere,
sense of Lat. arbiter is commonly given With Sycamor was set and Eglatere,
as an eye-witness, from whence that of And shapin was this herbir, roſe and all,
an umpire or judge is supposed to be As is a pretty parlour.
Chaucer, Flower and Leaf.
derived, as a witness specially called in
for the purpose of determining the ques It growyth in a gardyn, quod he,
That God made hymselve,
tion under trial. But there is no recog Amyddes mannes body,
nised derivation in Latin which would The more (root) is of that stokke,
account for either of these significations. Herte highte the herber
A rational explanation may, however, be That it inne groweth.-P. P. 2. 331.
found in Fin. The word is still used in its ancient
There is a common tendency in an un meaning at Shrewsbury, where the differ
informed state of society to seek for the ent guilds have separate little pleasure
Yesolution of doubtful questions of suffi gardens with their summer-houses each
cient interest by the casting of lots in within its own fence, in the midst of an
 ARCH ARMS 25

open field outside the town, and over the we fall the more readily into this appli
gate of one of these gardens is written cation from the fact that our version of
“Shoemakers' Arbour.’ the Gr. particle is identical with arch
This lady walked outright till he might see her applied on other grounds to pre-eminence
enter into a fine close arbor: it was of trees whose in evil.
branches so interlaced each other that it could
Architect. Gr. pytrékrov (àpxi, and
resist the strongest violence of eye-sight.—Ar rékrwy, a builder, worker, from reºxw, to
cadia in R.
construct, fabricate), a chief builder.
Arch. A curved line, part of a circle, Archives. Gr. doxºlov, the court of
anything of a bowed form, as the arch of a magistrate, receptacle where the public
a bridge. Lat. arcus, a bow, which has acts were kept. The term would thus
been referred to W. givyrek, curved, appear to be connected with doxov, a
from gwyro, to bend. ruler, àpxi), government, rule (princi
* Arch, Arrant. I. Arch and its equiv
alents in the other branches of Teutonic patus), and not with pxaioc, ancient.
From 3pxsiov was formed Lat. archivum
are used with great latitude of meaning. (as Argive from 'Aoysiot), a repository for
In E. it signifies roguish, mischievous, records or public documents, and hence
sly, and must be identified with Dan. in modern languages the term archives
arrig, ill-tempered, troublesome, G. arg, is applied to the records themselves.
bad of its kind, morally bad, mischievous, Ardent.—Ardour.—Arson. Lat. ar
wanton, Du. erg, sly, malicious. G. ein deo, arsum, Fr. ardre, ars, to be on fire,
arger Anabe, Du, een erg Aind, an arch to burn ; ardor, burning heat. Fr. arson,
boy, un malin enfant, un petit rusé. The a burning or setting on fire.—Cot.
earliest meaning that we can trace is that Arduous. Lat. arduus, high, lofty,
of ON. angr, AS. earg, earh, faint-hearted, difficult to reach.
sluggish, timid, and in that sense among Area. Lat. area, a threshing-floor, a
the Lombards it was the most offensive
bare plot of ground, a court yard, an ex
term of abuse that could be employed. tent of flat surface. Applied in modern
“Memento Dux Ferdulfe quod me esse E. to the narrow yard between the under
inertem et inutilem dixeris, et vulgari ground part of a house and the ground in
verbo, arga, vocaveris.”—Paul Warne front.
frid. “Si quis alium argam per furorem
Argue.—Argument. Lat. arguo, to
clamaverit.”— Lex. Langobard. in Duc. demonstrate, make clear or prove.
Then from the contempt felt for any Arid. Lat. aridus, from areo, to dry.
thing like timidity in those rough and Aristocracy. Gr. dparoxpartia (diptaroc,
warlike times the word acquired the the best, bravest, a noble, and kpurée), to
sense of worthless, bad, exaggerated in rule, exercise lordship), ruling by the
degree when applied to a bad quality. nobles, whence the body of the nobles
ON. argviðugr, taxed with cowardice, collectively.
contemptible, bad. Dan. det arrigste Arm. Sax. earm, Lat. armus, the
smaºs, the most arrant trash, wretched shoulder-joint, especially of a brute,
stuff. OE. arve, fainthearted. though sometimes applied to man. Con
Now thou seist he is the beste knygt, nected with ramus, a branch, by Russ.
And thou as arve coward.
ramo (pl. ramena), shoulder; Boh. ramé,
Alisaunder, 334o. forearm ; rameno, arm, shoulder, branch.
There can be no doubt that E. arrant Arms.-Army. Lat. arma, W. arſ,
is essentially the same word, the termina Gael. arm, a weapon. As the arm itself
tion of which is probably from the mas is the natural weapon of offence, it is pos
culine inflection en of the Pl. D. adjective. sible that the word arm in the sense of
§agen drog, an arrant rogue.—Brem.
th.
weapon may be simply an application of
the same word as the designation of the
2. Arch in composition. Gr. dox#, bodily limb.
beginning, doxºlv, to be first. Apx in From the verb armare, to arm, are
comp. Signifies chief or principal, as in formed the participial nouns, It. armaţa,
ëpxteptic, apxáyye) oc, chief priest, arch Sp. armada, Fr. armée, of which the two
angel. This particle takes the form of former are confined by custom to a naval
arci in It., erg in G., arch in E.; arcí. expedition, while the Fr. armée, and our
vescowo, erº-bischof, arch-bishop. In G. army, which is derived from it, are ap
as in E. it is also applied to pre-eminence plied only to an armed body of land
in evil ; erz-befriger, an arch-deceiver; forces, though formerly also used in the
erº-witcherer, an arrant usurer. Perhaps sense of a naval expedition.
26 AROMATIC ARSENAL
At Leyes was he and at Satalie dispose, set in order, prepare, fit out.
Whanne they were wonne, and in the grete see The simple verb is not extant in Italian,
In many a noble armée had he be.
Prol. Knight's Tale. but is preserved to us in the ON. reida,
the fundamental meaning of which seems
Aromatic. Gr. dowuarrèc, from dowpa, to be to push forwards, to lay out. At
sweetness of odours, a sweet smell. reida swerdeſ, to wield a sword; at r.
Arquebuss. It. archi/t/so affords an
/ram maſſ, to bring forth food ; aſ r. ſºft,
example of a foreign word altered in order to pay down money; at r. ſil rumiſ, to
to square with a supposed etymology. It prepare the bed; at r, hey a hesſimon, to
is commonly derived from arco, a bow, as carry hay on a horse. Sw, reda, to pre
the only implement of analogous effect pare, to set in order, to arrange; reda eff
before the invention of fire-arms, and s/ºff, to equip a vessel; reda fi/ mid
buso, pierced, hollow. But Diez has well d'agen, to prepare dinner. The same
observed how incongruous an expression word is preserved in the Scotch, to red,
a hollow bow or pierced bow would be, to red up, to put in order, to dress; to
and the true derivation is the Du. haeck
red the road, to clear the way.—Jam.
&layse, haeck-&lºsse, properly a gun fired The meaning of the Lat. Aaro, farafus,
from a rest, from /accá, the hook or seems to have been developed on an
forked rest on which it is supported, and analogous plan. The fundamental mean
&lasse, G. bitchse, a fire-arm. From ing of the simple paro seems to be to
/aecke-busse it became hargiſcòrºss, and lay out, to push forwards. Thus sºfaro
in It. archióiaso or arcobrºgia, as if from is to lay things by themselves; com/aro
arco, a bow. In Scotch it was called a
to place them side by side; fºr Aaro, to
/agöltſ of croche, Fr. argue&us d croc.— lay them out beforehand; and the It.
Jamieson. Aarare, to ward off.
Arrack. Ptg. araca, orraca, raž. To Arrest. Lat. res/are, to remain
From Arab. arac, sweat; 'arac af-famir, behind, to stand still. It. arrestare, Fr.
sweat (juice) of the date. The name of arrester, to bring one to stand, to seize
'arac or 'araguá was first applied to the his person.
spirit distilled from the juice of the date To Arrive. Mid. Lat. adriftare, to
tree, and extended by the Arabs to dis come to shore, from 7:/a, bank, shore;
tilled spirit in general, being applied by then generalised, It. arrivare, Sp. ar
us to the rice spirit brought from the East ribar, Fr. arriver, to arrive.—Diez.
Indies.—Dozy Arrogant. Lat. ad and rogo, to ask.
To Arraign. In the Latin of the
Middle Ages, rationes was the term for
Sibi aliquid arrogare, to ascribe some
the pleadings in a suit; raſiones exercere,
thing to oneself; arrogazis, claiming
more than one's due.
or ad rationes stare, to plead ; miſſere or Arrow. ON. ºr, gen. Örvar, an arrow ;
Žomere ad rationes, or arraſionare (whence &r-varnar, missiles, probably from their
in OFr. arraíso//vier, areszter, aregnier, whirring through the air; ‘ārvarnar
arraigſler), to arraign, i. e. to call one to flugo hwinandi yńr haufut theim, the
account, to require him to plead, to arrows flew whizzing over their heads.-
place him under accusation. Saga Sverris. p. 26. On the same prin
Thos sal ilk man at his endyng
Be putted til an hard rekenyng, ciple It. freccia, an arrow, may be com
And be a resoned, als right es pared with Fr. ſºissement d'un trait, the
Of alle his mysdedys, mare and les. whizzing sound of an arrow.—Cot. Sw.
Pricke of Conscience, 2460. hurra, to whirl, hurl.
In like manner was formed derationare, Arsenal. It. arzana, darserta, farcanta,
to clear one of the accusation, to deraign, a dock-yard, place of naval stores and
to justify, to refute. outfit, dock. Sp. afarazana, aſaraganaſ,
Arrant. Pre-eminent in something a dock, covered shed over a rope-walk.
bad, as an arrant fool, thief, knave. “An From Arab. dér ciné'a, dör-aç-cizid'a,
errazzºtt usurer.”—Pr. Pnn. See Arch. dir-ac-can'a or dér-ſama, a place of con
To Array. It. arredare, to prepare struction or work. It is applied by
or dispose beforehand, to get ready. Edrisi to a manufacture of Morocco
Arredare una casa, to furnish a house; leather. Ibn-Khaldoun quotes an order
uno vascello, to equip a ship. Arredo, of the Caliph Abdalmelic to build at
household furniture, rigging of a ship, Tunis “a dir-cind'a for the construction
and in the plural arred, apparel, raiment, of everything necessary for the equip
as clothing is the equipment universally ment and armament of vessels.” Pedro
necessary. OFr. arroyer, arréer, to de Alcala translates atarazana by the
 ARSON AS 27

Arab. dér a ciné'a.—Engelmann and thence the modern Fr. atelier, a work
Dozy. shop :
Oportet ad illius (navigii) conservationem in Quod eligantur duo legales homines qui
locum pertrahi coopertum, qui locus, ubi dictum vadant cum officiali ad visitandum omnes ar
conservatur navigium, Arsena vulgariter appel tiliarias exercentes artem pannorum.—Stat.
latur.—Sanutus in Duc. A. D. 1360, in Duc.
Arson. See Ardent. Arſi/Zement, artiſ/erie, is given by
Art. The exercise of skill or invention
Roquefort in the sense of implement,
in the production of some material object furniture, equipment, as well as instru
or intellectual effect; the rules and ment of war, and the word is used by
method of well doing a thing; skill, con Rymer in the more general sense:—
trivance, cunning. Decem et octo discos argenti, unum calicem
Art and part, when a person is both argenteum, unum parvum tintinnabulum pro
the contriver of a crime and takes part missã, &c., et omnes alias artillarias sibi com
in the execution, but commonly in the petentes.
negative, neither art nor part. From A statute of Edward II. shows what
the Lat. nec artiſer nec Aartice/s, neither was understood by artillery in that day:
contriver nor partaker. Item ordinatum est quod sit unus ar?://afor
Artery. Gr. dipr.mpia, an air-receptacle qui faciat balistas, carellos, arcos, Sagittas,
(supposed from dip, and Tmpéo, to keep, lanceas, spiculas, et alia arma necessaria pro
preserve), the windpipe, and thence any garnizionibus castrorum.
pulsating blood-channel. So, in the Book of Samuel, speaking
Artichoke. Venet. articioco, Sp. al of bow and arrows, it is said, “And
cachoſa, Arab. al-charschiºſa, It. car Jonathan gave his artillery to the lad,
cioſa.--Diez. and said, Go carry them to the city.’
Article. Lat. articulus, diminutive As. The comparison of the G. dialects
of artus, a joint, a separate element or shows that as is a contraction from al/-
member of anything, an instant of time, so, AS. cal/swa, G. aſso, als, as (Schülze,
a single member of a sentence, formerly Schmeller), OFris. aſsa, aſse, aſs, asa,
applied to any part of speech, as fum, ase, as (Richthofen). ‘aſs auch wir verge
est, Quisque (Forcellini), but ultimately ben unsern schuldigern,' as we also for
confined to the particles the and azu, the give our debtors.-Schmeller. A /so, sic,
effect of which is to designate one par omnino, taliter, ita.-Kilian. Fris. ‘aſsa
ticular individual of the species men grate bote aſsa, G. ‘eben so grosse busse
tioned, or to show that the assertion a/s,’ as great a fine as ; Fris. ‘aſsoe gract
applies to some one individual, and not a/s,’ ‘alsoe graet ende aſsoe lytich als,’ as
to the kind at large. great and as Small as ; ‘alsoe ofte a/s, as
Artillery. We find in Middle Latin often as.
the term ars, and the derivative artiſi In OE. we often find als for also.
cium, applied in general to the implement Schyr Edward that had sic valour
with which anything is done, and specially Was dede ; and Jhone Stewart alsua,
to the implements of war, on the same And Jhone the Sowllis als with tha
principle that the Gr. uſixavi), the equi And othyr als of thar company.—Bruce, xii. 795.
valent of the Lat. ars, gave rise to the Schir Edward that day wald nocht ta
word machina, a machine, and on which His cot armour; but Gib Harper,
the word engine is derived from the Lat. That men held als withoutyn per
ingenium, à contrivance. Thus a statute Off his estate, had on that day
All hale Schir Edwardis array.—Bruce, xii. 782.
of the year,1352 enacts:
Quod nulla persona—sit ausa venari in ne i. e. whom men held as without equal of
moribus consulum–sub poena perdendi—arfes, his station.
seu instrumenta cum quibus fieret venatio prae So in German, ‘ein solcher, aſser ist,’
dicta.--Duc. —such a one as he is.-Schmeller.In
Cum magnis bombardis et plurimis diversis expressions like as great as, where two
artificialić us.-Duc.
as correspond to each other, the Germans
From ars seems to have been formed the
render the first by so, the second by als;
Fr. verb artiſ/er, in the general sense of in OE. the first was commonly written
exercising a handicraft, or performing a/s, the second as,
skilled work, subsequently applied to the Thai wer
manufacturing or supplying with muni To Weris water cummyn als ner
tions of war. In testimony of the more As on othyr halff their ſayis wer.
general sense we find artiſiaria, and Bruce, xiv. Ioz.
28 ASCETIC ASSASSIN
Of all that grete tresoure that ever he biwan
synonymous asſant maybe traced through
Als bare was histowere as Job the powere man.
Sc. ask/en/, askew, to W. ysg/en/to, O Fr.
R. Brunne.
esclincher, to slip or slide. En etc/en/-
But this is probably only because the se aunt (esclenchant), obliquando. — Nec
cond as, having less emphasis upon it cham in Nat. Antiq. Then by the loss of
than the first, bore more contraction, the / on the one hand, askaunt, and of
just as we have seen in the corresponding the AE on the other, Sw. sſimta, to slide,
Frisian expressions that the first as is and E. asſant. The rudiment of the lost
rendered by aſsoe, the second by als. In / is seen in the i of It. schiancio, and
other cases the Frisian expression is just wholly obliterated in scanzare. The Du.
the converse of the G. Fris. aſsa longe schuin, N. sºyons (pron. shorts), oblique,
sa = G. so lange als, as long as ; Fris. wry, i sãjöns, awry, seem to belong to a
asa firsa—G. so weit als, as far as ; Fris. totally different root connected with E.
alsa firsa, in so far as. shun, shunt, to push aside, move aside.
Ascetic. Gr. darnrikóc (dox{w, to prac Askew. ON. skeifr, Dan. sºyaev, G.
tise, exercise as an art), devoted to the schieſ, schäſ, schieff, schie&ichſ, oblique,
practice of sacred duties, meditation, &c.
wry; ON. di sã, askew. Gr. oxatóc,
Hence the idea of exercising rigorous Lat. scavus, properly oblique, then left,
self-discipline. on the left hand ; oxadv aréua, a wry
Ash. I. The tree. AS. arsc, ON. asſºr. mouth.
2. Dust. Goth. azgo, AS. asca, ON. aska, From G. schieben, to shove, as shown
Esthon. ask, refuse, dung. by Du. schuin, oblique, compared with
Ashlar. Hewn stone. OFr. aiseler, E. shun, shunt, to push aside. G. vers
Sc. aſs/air. “Entur le temple—fud un chieben, to put out of its place, to set
murs de treiz estruiz de aise/ers qui bien awry.
furent polis : —tribus ordinibus º Asperity. Lat. asſer, rough.
politorum.—Livre des, Rois. . . A mason To Aspire.—Aspirate. Lat. aspiro,
cannocht hew ain evin als/air without to pant after, to pretend to, from spiro,
directioun of his rewill.”— Jam. Fr. to breathe. The Lat. aspiro is also used
‘bouttice, an ashlar or binding-stone in for the strong breathing employed in
building.”—Cot. pronouncing the letter h, thence called
Fr. aiseler seems to be derived from the aspirate, a term etymologically un
aisse//e (Lat. ariſ/a), the hollow beneath connected with the spiritus asper of the
the arm or between a branch and the Latin grammarians. -

stem of a tree, applied to the angle Ass. Lat. asimus, G. esel, Pol. osiol.
between a rafter and the wall on which To Assail.—Assault. Lat. sa/ire, to
it rests, or between two members of a leap, to spring ; Fr. sai//ir, to sally, to
compound beam in centering. Aisse/ier, leap ; assai//ir, to assail, to set upon,
then, or esse/ier, in carpentry, is the whence assault, assailing or setting upon.
bracket which supports a beam, or the Assart. A cleared place in a wood.
quartering-piece which clamps a rafter to Fr. essart, Mid. Lat. e.vartum, essartum,
the wall (pièce de bois qu'on assemble assartum, sartum.
dans un chevron et dans la rainure, pour Essarta vulgo dicuntur—quando forestae, ne
cintrer des quartiers (Gattel); pour for mora, vel dumeta quaelibet—succiduntur, quibus
mer les quartiers dans une charpente à succisis et radicitus evu/sis terra subvertitur et
lambris ; qui sert à former les cintres, ou excolitur.—Lib. Scacch. in Duc.
qui soutient parles bouts les entrans ou Et quicquid in toto territorio Laussiniaco di
tirans.—Trevoux). From thus serving to ruptum et exstirpatum est quod vulgo dicitur
unite the segments of a compound beam easurs.-Chart. A. D. 1196, in Duc.
the name seems to have been transferred From ex-sarifum, grubbed up.–Diez.
to a binding-stone in masonry, and thence Lat. sarrio, sario, to hoe, to weed.
to any hewn and squared stone mixed Assassin. Hashish is the name of an
with rubblestone in building. intoxicating drug prepared from hemp in
To Ask. AS. acsian, ascian, ON. askia, use among the natives of the East. Hence
G. heischen. Arab. ‘Haschischin,' a name given to the
* Asknace, Askaunt. OFr. a scanche, members of a sect in Syria who wound
de travers, en lorgnant.—Palsgr. 831. It. themselves up by doses of hashish to
schiancio, athwart, across, against the perform at all risk the orders of their
grain ; aschianciare, to go awry ; scan Lord, known as the Sheik, or Old Man
zare, scansare, to turn aside, slip aside, of the Mountain. As the murder of his
walk by.—Fl. Both asſant and the enemies would be the most dreaded of
 ASSAY ASSOIL 29

these behests, the name of Assassin was to fix a certain amount upon each indi
given to one commissioned to perform a vidual.
murder; assassination, a murder per Provisum est generaliter quod praedicta quad
ragesima hoc modo assideatur et colligatur. —
formed by one lying in wait for that Math. Paris, A. D. 1232.
special purpose.—Diez. De Sacy, Mem. Et fuit quodlibet feodum militare assessum
de l’Institut, 1818. tunc ad 40 sol.—Duc.
To Assay. Lat. erigere, to examine, Assets, in legal language, are funds
to prove by examination; “annulis ferreis for the satisfaction of certain demands.
ad certum pondus eractis pro nummo Commonly derived from Fr. asses, but in
utuntur, iron rings proved of a certain OE. it was commonly written asseth.
weight. — Caesar. Hence, eragium, a And iſ it suffice not for asseth. –P. Plowman,
weighing, a trial, standard weight. P. 94.
'Eğaytov, pensitatio ; tāayuáčw, examino, And Pilat willing to make a seeth to the people
perpendo.—Gl. in Duc. left to hem Barabbas.-Wiclif, Mark 15.
De ponderibus quoque, ut fraus penitus ampu And though on heapes that lie him by,
Yet never shall make his richesse
tetur, a nobis agantur eragia (proof specimens) Asseth unto his greediness.-R. R.
quae sine fraude debent custodiri...—Novell. The
odosii in Duc. Make acceſhe (makyn see/he–K.), satis
Habetis aginam (a balance), eragium facite, facio.—Pr. Pm. “Now then, rise and go
quemadmodun vultis ponderate.—Zeno, ibid. forthe and spekyng do asce/he to thy
servauntis’—Wicliffe ; satisfac servis tuis
From ea’agium was formed the It, sag —Vulgate. “Therefore I swore to the
gio, a proof, trial, sample, taste of any hows of Heli that the wickedness of his
thing ; assaggiare, to prove, try, taste, hows shall not be doon aseeth before with
whence Fr. essayer, to try, and E. assay, slain sacrificis and giftis.”—Wiclif. In
essay.—Mur. Diss. 27, p. 585. the Vulgate, eaſiełur. Assyth, sithe, to
To Assemble. The origin of Lat. make compensation, to satisfy. “I have
simu/, together, at once, is probably the gotten my heart's site on him.’—Lye in
radical sam, very widely spread in the Junius, v. sythe. Gael. sto!h, sith, peace,
sense of same, self. The locative case quietness, rest from war, reconciliation;
of Fin. sama, the same, is sama//a, ad sithich, calm, pacify, assuage, reconcile;
verbially used in the sense of at once, to W. head, tranquillity, heddu, to pacify ;
gether, which seems to explain the forma Pol. Bohem. syſ, syſy, satisfied, full ;
tion of Lat. simu/. From simul, insimu/, Bohem. Sytiti, to satisfy.
were formed It. insieme, Fr. ensemb/e, The Lat. satis, enough ; ON. satt, saºtti,
together; assembler, to draw together, reconciliatio, sattr, reconciliatus, con
s'assembler, to meet or flock together ; tentus, consentiens ; sedia, saturare ; G.
whence E. assemble. In the Germanic
satt, full, satisfied,—are doubtless all
branch of language we have Goth. sama, fundamentally related.
the same; samana (corresponding to Fin. Assiduous. Lat. assiduus, sitting
sama//a), Sw. samman, G. 21/sammen, down, seated, constantly present, unre
As. te somme, to the same place, together ; mitting.
samnian, somnian, Sw. sammla, Dań. Assize.—Assizes. From assidere was
samle, G. versamme/n, to collect, to assem formed OFr. assire, to set, whence assis,
ble. The OE. assemble was often used
set, seated, settled ; assise, a set rate, a
in the special sense of joining in battle. tax, as assize of bread, the settled rate for
By Carhame assemblyd thai; the sale of bread ; also a set day, whence
Thare was hard ſychting as I harde say. cour d'assice, a court to be held on a set
Wyntown in Jam. day, E. assizes.
Ballivos nostros posuimus qui in baliviis suis
And in old Italian we find semóiaglia in singulis mensibus ponent unum diem qui dicitur
the same sense. “La varatta era fornita. Assista in quo omnes illi qui clamorem facient
Non poteo a sio patre dare succurso. Non recipient jus suum.—Charta Philip August. A.D.
poteo essere a la semóiag/ia.’ In the IIgo, in Duc.
Latin translation, ‘conflictui interesse Assisa in It. is used for a settled pattern
nequibat.”— Hist. Rom. Fragm. in Mu of dress, and is the origin of E. size, a
rat Orl. settled cut or make.
To Assess. Assidere, assessum, to sit To Assoil. To acquit. Lat. absol
down, was used in Middle Lat. in an zere, to loose from ; O'Fr. absolver, ab
active sense for to set, to impose a tax ; soi//er, assoiler-Roquefort. ‘To whom
assidere ta//fam, in Fr, asseoir /a taille, spak Sampson, Y shal purpose to yow a
3o ASSUAGE ATTAIN DER

dowtous woud, the which if ye soylen to Atmosphere. Gr. dručc, smoke, va

me, &c.; forsothe if ye mowen not assoy/e, pour.
&c. And they mighten not bi thre days Atom. Gr. drouoc (from a privative
soylen the proposicioun.’—Wyclif, Judges and réuvo, to cut), indivisible, that does
xiv. 12, &c. not admit of cutting or separation. -

To Assuage. From Lat. suavis, sweet, Atone. To bring at one, to reconcile,

agreeable, Prov. suau, sweet, agreeable, and thence to suffer the pains of what
soft, tranquil, O Fr. soeſ, soueſ, sweet, soft, ever sacrifice is necessary to bring about
gentle, arise, Prov. assuauzar, assuaºar, a reconciliation.
assuaviar, to appease, to calm, to soften. If gentilmen or other of that contrei
Hence, O Fr. assouager, to soften, to allay, Were wroth, she wolde bringen hem at on,
answering to assuaviar, as al/ager to al So wise and ripe wordes hadde she.
Chaucer in R.
Zeviare, abrºger to abbreviare, agréger to One God, one Mediator (that is to say, advo
aggraviare, soulager to sol/eviare. cate, intercessor, or an afone-maker) between
Mais moult m' assouagea l'oingture—R. R.; God and man.—Tyndall in R.
Lod. Is there division 'twixt my Lord and
translated by Chaucer, Cassio 2
Now softening with the ointment. Des. A most unhappy one ; I would do much
Tº attone them for the love I bear to Cassio.
Asthma. Gr. daQua, panting, difficult Othello.
breathing. The idea of reconciliation was expressed
To Astonish. — Astound. — Stony. in the same way in Fr.
Fr. estonner, to astonish, amaze, daunt ; Il ot amis et anemis ;
also to stonnie, benumme or dull the Or sont-il tot a un mis. -

senses of.-Cotgr. The form astonish Fab. et Contes. r. 181.

shows that estonmir must also have OE. to one, to unite, to join in one.
been in use. According to Diez, from David saith the rich folk that embraceden and
Lat. aſtomare, affortifum (strengthened oneden all hir herte to treasour of this world shall
to erſonare), to thunder at, to stun, slepe in the sleping of deth.-Chaucer in R.
to stupefy. So in E. thunder-struck is Put together and onvd, continuus ; put
used for a high degree of astonishment. together but not onya, contiguus.-Pr.
But probably the root ſon in attoniºus is Pnn.
used rather as the representative of a loud Precisely the converse of this expres
overpowering sound in general, than sion is seen in G. entzweyen, to disunite,
specially of thunder. Thus we have din, sew dissension, from enzwey, in two ;
a loud continued noise; dinț, a blow ; to sich enſzweyen, to quarrel, fall into vari
dun, to make an importunate noise; ance.—Küttn. -

dunt, a blow or stroke; to dumſ, to con Atrocious. Lat. atroar, fierce, barbar
fuse by noise, to stupefy.—Halliwell. As. ous, cruel.
stuntan, to strike, to stun, to make stupid To Attach.-Attack. These words,
with noise; stunt, stupefied, foolish ; G. though now distinct, are both derived
erstaunen, to be in the condition of one from the It. attaccare, to fasten, to hang.
stunned. Venet. tacare, Piedm. taché, to fasten.
Astute. Lat. asſus, subtilty, craft. Hence in Fr. the double form, attacher,
Asylum. Lat. asylum, from Gr. to tie, to fasten, to stick, to attach, and
dow\ov (a priv., and ovXáw, to plunder, in affaquer, properly to fasten on, to begin
jure), a place inviolable, safe by the force a quarrel. S'attacher is also used in the
of consecration. same sense; s’attacher d, to coape, scuffle,
At. ON. at, Dan. ad, equivalent to grapple, fight with.-Cotgr. It attacare
E. to before a verb, at segia, to say ; Lat. un chiodo, to fasten a nail; — la guer
ad, to ; Sanscr. adhi, upon. ra, to commence war; —— la battaglia,
Athletic. Gr. 39Aoc, a contest for a to engage in battle; —— il fuoco, to set
prize ; 46Amri)c, a proficient in muscular on fire; attaccarsi il fuoco, to catch fire;
exercises. —— di parole, to quarrel.
Atlas. Gr. "Arkac, the name of one To attach one, in legal language, is to
who was fabled to support on his shoul lay hold of one, to apprehend him under
ders the entire vault of heaven, the globe; a charge of criminality.
thence, applied to a book of maps of the Attainder.—Attaint. Fr. attaindre
countries of the globe: which had com (OFr. attainder–Roquef.), to reach or
monly a picture of Atlas supporting the attain unto, hit or strike in reaching, to
globe for a frontispiece. overtake, bring to pass, also to attaint or
 ATTIRE AUGER 3I

convict, also to accuse or charge with.- ture; It. attitudine, promptness, dis
Cotgr. The institution of a judicial ac position to act, and also simply posture,
cusation is compared to the pursuit of an attitude.
enemy; the proceedings are called a suit, Attorney. Mid. Lat. attornatus, one
Fr. poursuite en jugement, and , the put in the turn or place of another, one
agency of the plaintiff is expressed by appointed to execute an office on behalf
of another.
the verb prosegui, to pursue. . In follow
ing out the metaphor the conduct of the Li atorne est cil qui pardevant justice est
suit to a successful issue in the convic atorne pour aucun en Eschequier ou en Assise
tion of the accused is expressed by the pour poursuivre et pour defendre sa droiture.—
verb aftingere, Fr. attaindre, which sig Jus Municipale Normannorum, in Duc.
nifies the apprehension of the object of a
chase. Auburn. Now applied to a rich red
Quem fugientem dictus Raimundus atin-rit. brown colour of hair, but originally it
probably designated what we now call
Hence the Fr. attainte d'une cause, the
flaxen hair. The meaning of the word
gain of a suit; attaindre le meſſait, to fix is simply whitish. It alburno, the white
the charge of a crime upon one, to prove or sapwood of timber, ‘also that whitish
a crime.--Carp. Atains du fet, convicted colour of women's hair called an aburn
of the fact, caught by it, having it brought colour.”—Fl. “[Cometa] splendoris al
home to one.—Roquef. &urni radium producens.”—Duc. In the
Attire. OFr. atour, attour, a French Walser dialect of the Grisons, dilb is used
hood, also any kind of tire or attire for a in the sense of yellowish brown like the
woman's head. Damoiselle d’atour, the
colour of a brown sheep.–Bübler.
waiting-woman that uses to dress or attire Auction. — Augment. Lat. augeo,
her mistress–Cotgr., - a firewomant. auctum, Gr. atºw, Goth. aukan, AS. eacan,
Attouré, tired, attired, dressed, trimmed, to increase, to eke.
adorned. Attourner, to attire, deck, Audacious. Lat. audar, acis, audeo,
dress. Attourneur, one that waits in the I dare.
chamber to dress his master or his mis Audience.—Audit. In the law lan
tress.
guage of the middle ages audire was
The original sense of attiring was that specially applied to the solemn hearing
of preparing or getting ready for a certain of a court of justice, whence audientia
purpose, from the notion of turning to was frequently used as synonymous with
wards it, by a similar train of thought to judgment, court of justice, &c., and even
that by which the sense of dress, clothing, in the sense of suit at law. The Judge
is derived from directing to a certain end, was termed auditor, and the term was in
preparing for it, clothing being the most particular applied to persons commis
universally necessary of all preparations. sioned to inquire into any special matter.
He attired him to battle with folc that he had.
R. Brunne in R. The term was then applied to the notaries
What does the king of France? atires him good or officers appointed to authenticate all
navie.—Ibid. legal acts, to hear the desires of the
The change from afour to attire is parties, and to take them down in writing;
singular, but we find them used with ap also to the parties witnessing a deed.
parent indifference. ‘Testes sunt hujus rei visores et audi
By her atire so bright and shene tores, &c. Hoc viderunt et audierunt
Men might perceve well and sene isti, &c.”—Duc.
She was not of Religioun, At the present day the term is confined
Nor n' il I make mencioun to the investigation of accounts, the ex
Nor of robe, nor of tresour, amination and allowance of which is
Of broche, neither of her rich attour.—R. R.
termed the audit, the parties examining,
Riche atyr, noble vesture, the auditors.
Bele robe ou riche pelure.—Polit. Songs.
Auf Auff, a fool or silly fellow.—B.
OFr. atirer, attirer, atirier, ajuster, See Oaf.
convenir, accorder, orner, decorer, parer, Auger. An implement for drilling
preparer, disposer, regler.—Roquefort. holes, by turning round a centre which is
I tyer an egg : je accoustre: I tyer steadied against the pit of the stomach.
with garments: je habille and je ac Formerly written nauger, Du. evegher,
coustre.—Palsgr. nevegher. In cases like these, which are
Attitude. Posture of body. It. atto, very numerous in language, it is impos
from Lat. agere, ac/um, act, action, pos sible primâ facie to say whether an n has
32 AUGHT AVER
been added in the one case or lost in the auctum, increase; the time when the
other. In the present case the form with increase of the earth is gathered in.
an initial m is undoubtedly the original. Auxiliary. Lat. auxilium, help. See
As. mafºrar, maſ-bor. Taradros [a gimlet], Auction.
ma/u géré.-Gloss. Cassel. The force of To Avail. 1. To be of service. Fr.
the former element of the word is ex va/oir, to be worth; Lat. va/ere, to be
plained from the Finnish naſa, a navel, well in health, to be able, to be worth.
and hence, the middle of anything, centre 2. To Avail or Avale, to lower. To
of a circle, axis of a wheel. In com vaiſ his flag, to lower his flag. Fr. d
position it signifies revolution, as from va/, downwards; d mont et à va!, towards
meren, the sea, meren-mapa, a whirlpool; the hill and towards the vale, upwards
from rauta, iron, napa-rauſa, the iron and downwards. Hence ava/er, properly
stem on which the upper millstone rests to let down, to lower, now used in the
and turns; maan-mapa, the axis of the sense of swallowing.
earth. With Kaira, a borer, the equiva Avalanche. A fall of snow sliding
lent of AS. gar, it forms ma/a-kaira, down from higher ground in the Alps.
exactly corresponding to the common E. Mid. Lat. ava/antia, a slope, declivity,
name of the tool, a centre-bit, a piercer descent, from Fr. avaler, to let down.—
acting by the revolution of the tool round Carp.
a fixed axis or centre. Lap, nape, navel, Avarice. Lat. azarus, covetous ;
centre, axle. azeo, to desire, to rejoice.
The other element of the word cor Avast. A nautical expression for hold,
responding to the Fin. Kaira, AS. gar, is stop, stay. A vast fa/king / cease talk
identical with the E. gore, in the sense of ing ! Old Cant, a waste, away; bing a
being gored by a bull, i. e. pierced by his waste, go you hence.—Rogue's Dict. in
horns. AS. gar, a javelin, gara, an an modern slang. Probably waste has here
gular point of land. the sense of empty; go into empty space,
Aught or Ought. Something; as avoid thee. In wast, in vain.-W. and
maught or noughſ, nothing. AS. ā-wih/, the Werewolf.
OHG. eo-wiłł, modern G. icht, from d, G. They left thair awin schip standand waist.
aiv, ever, and wiht, Goth. waiſits, a Squyer Meldrum, l. 773.
thing. See Whit. Avaunt. Begone ! Fr. avant, before;
Augur.—Augury. See Auspice. en avant / forwards !
Aunt. Lat. amifa. OFr. anſe. Icilz
Avenue. Fr. advenue, avenue, an
oncles avoit la Soie ante espousée.— access, passage, or entry unto a place.—
Chron. Du Guesclin. 264. A similar con
traction takes place in emmet, ant. Cot. Applied in E. to the double row of
trees by which the approach to a house
Auspice.—Auspicious. Lat. ausper
for avis/ea (as aucºps, a bird-catcher, for of distinction was formerly marked. Lat.
venire, to come.
avice/s), a diviner by the observation of
To Aver. Lat. verus, true: Fr. averer,
(Lat. avis) birds. As the augur drew his to maintain as true.
divinations from the same source, the
Aver. A beast of the plough. The Fr.
element gur is probably the equivalent avoir
of sper in ausfer, and reminds us of OE.
(from habere, to have), as well as
gaure, to observe, to stare.
Sp. haber, was used in the sense of goods,
Austere. Lat. ausferus, from Gr. possessions, money. This in Mid. Lat.
abarmpoc, harsh, severe, rough. became avera, or averia.
Authentic. Gr. at 9:vrmc, one who Taxatà pactione quod salvis corporibus suis
acts or owns in his own right (der. from et averis et equis et armis cum pace recederent.
—Chart. A. D. 1166. In istum sanctum locum,
aúróc, and teaëa, mittere), ač0svrtköc, venimus cum Averos nostros. – Chart. Hisp.
backed by sufficient authority. A. D. 819. Et in toto quantum Rex Adelfonsus
Author. Lat. auctor (augeo, auctum, tenet de rege Navarrae melioret cum suo proprio
to increase), a contriver, originator, avere, quantum voluerit et poterit.—Hoveden,
in Duc.
maker; auctorifas, the right of the
maker over the thing made, jurisdiction, Averii, or Averia, was then applied
power. to cattle in general, as the principal pos
Automaton. Gr. airóparoc, self session in early times.
moving, self-acting; abrèc, self, and uáw Hoc placitum dilationem non recipit propter
Fuáouai, I stir myself, am stirred. averia, i. e. animalia muta, ne diu detineantur
Autumn. Lat. autumnus. Some. inclusa.-Regiam Majestatem. Si come jeo
times written auctumnus, as if from bayle à un home mes berbits a campester, ou
-
 AVERAGE AVOID 33
mes boeufs à arer la terre et il occist mes avers. The general meaning of the word is
—Littleton. damage by accident or incidental ex
We then have averia carruca", beasts penses incurred by ship or cargo during
of the plough; and the word avers finally the voyage. Fr. grosses avaries, loss by
came to be confined to the signification tempest, shipwreck, capture, or ransom;
of cart-horses. menues avaries, expenses incurred on
* Average. I. Average is explained as entering or leaving port, harbour duties,
duty work done for the Lord of the manor tonnage, pilotage, &c. In a secondary
with the avers or draught cattle of the sense avarie is applied to the waste or
tenants. Sciendum est quod unumquod leakage of goods in keeping, the wear and
que averagium aestivale debet fieri inter tear of a machine, &c.—Gattel. Sava
Hokday et gulam Augusti.-Spelman in rier, to suffer avarie, to become dam
Duc. But probably the reference to the aged. In the Consulado del Mar of the
avers of the tenant may be a mistaken middle of the 13th century the notary is
accommodation. From Dan. hoſ, court, authorized to take pledges from every
are formed howgaard, the manor to which shipper for the value of ‘lo nolit & les
a tenant belongs; howarbeide or hoveri, avaries.” the freight and charges. Marsh
duty work to which the tenant was bound; gives other instances in Spanish and
/ozdağ, duty days on which he was Catalonian where the word is used in the
bound to service for the Lord, &c. Money sense of government duties and charges.
paid in lieu of this duty work is called “Lo receptor de les haueries de les com
Aoveri fenge, corresponding to the aver positions que fa la Regia Cort, y lo re
Aenny of our old records. ‘Aver-penny, hoc ceptor dels salaris dels Doctors de la
est quietum esse de diversis denariis pro Real Audiencia,’ &c.—Drets de Cata
averagio Domini Regis.”—Rastal in Duc. lunya, A. D. 1584. In the Genoese annals
2. In the second place average is used of the year 1413, quoted by Muratori, it
in the sense of “a contribution made by is said that the Guelphs enjoyed the
all the parties in a sea-adventure accord honours and benefices of the city, ‘se
ing to the interest of each to make good cundum ipsorum numerum, et illud quod
a specific loss incurred for the benefit of in publicis solutionibus, quae Averia:
all.”—Worcester. To average a loss dicuntur, expendunt.”
among shippers of merchandise is to Marsh is inclined to agree with Santa
distribute it among them according to Rosa in deriving the word from the
their interest, and from this mercantile Turkish avania, properly signifying aid,
sense of the term it has come in ordinary help, but used in the sense of a govern
language to signify a mean value. In ment exaction, a very frequent word in
seeking the derivation of average, with the Levant. The real origin however is
its continental representatives, Fr. azaris, Arab. "àwar, a defect or flaw, which is
avarie, It., Sp. azaria, Du. ahaverie, the technical term corresponding to Fr.
azerie, G. haſerey, haverey, averey, the avarie. Kazomirski renders it ‘vice,
first question will be whether we are to defaut,’ and adds an example of its use
look for its origin to the shores of the as applied to “marchandise qui a des
Baltic or the Mediterranean. Now ac defauts.” The primary meaning of the
cording to Mr Marsh the word does not word would thus be that which is under
occur in any of the old Scandinavian or stood by grosses avaries, charges for ac
Teutonic sea-codes, even in the chapters cidental damage, from whence it might
containing provisions for apportioning easily pass to other charges.
the loss by throwing goods overboard. To Avoid. Properly to make void or
On the other hand, it is of very old stand empty, to make of none effect. To avoid
ing in the Mediterranean, occurring in a contract, to make it void, and hence to
the Assises de Jerusalem, cxlv, Assises escape from the consequences of it. To
de la Baisse Court. “Et sachies que confess and avoid, in legal phrase, was to
celui aver qui est gete ne doit estre conte admit some fact alleged by the adversary,
fors tant com il cousta o toutes ses and then to make it of none effect by
averies.” and know that any goods that showing that it does not bear upon the
are thrown overboard shall only be Case.
reckoned at what it cost with all charges. Tell me your fayth, doe you beleeve that there
The old Venetian version gives as the is a living God that is mighty to punish his
equivalent of avaries, dazii e spese. The enemies? If you beleeve it, say unto me, can
derivation from ON. haſ, the sea, or from you devise for to avoyde hys vengeance?—Barnes
/aven, must then be given up. in R.
3
34 AVO IR-D U-POISE AWARD

Here the word may be interpreted 1315.-until he shall be acknowledged as our

either way: Can you devise to make void burgess. Recognoscendo seu profitendo ab illis
his vengeance, or to escape his vengeance, ea tanquam a superioribus se tenere seu aſ psis
eaden advocando, prout in quibusdam partibus
showing clearly the transition to the Gallicanis vulgariter dicitur advower.—Concil.
modern meaning. So in the following Lugdun. A. D. 1274. A personis laicistanquam
passage from Milton — a superioribus ea quae ab Ecclesia tenent advou
Not diffident of thee do I dissuade antes se tenere.—A. D. 1315, in Duc.
Thy absence from my sight, but to avoid Finally, with some grammatical con
The attempt itself intended by our foe. fusion, Lat. advocare, and E. avow or
To avoid was also used as Fr. vuider, avouch, came to be used in the sense of
vider la maison, Piedm. voidé na ca, to performing the part of the vouchee or
clear out from a house, to make it empty, person called on to defend the right im
to quit, to keep away from a place. pugned. Et predicti Vice-comites advo
Anno H. VII. it was enacted that all Scots cant (maintain) praedictum attachion
dwelling within England and Wales should avoid amentum justum, eo quod, &c.—— Lib.
the realm within 4o days of proclamation made. Alb. 406. To avow, to justify a thing
—Rastal, in R.
already done, to maintain or justify, to
It is singular that we should thus wit affirm resolutely or boldly, to assert.—
ness the development within the E. lan Bailey.
guage of a word agreeing so closely in I could
sound and meaning with Lat. evitare, With barefaced power sweep him from my sight,
Fr. ºvifer; but in cases of this kind it And bid my will avouch it.—Macbeth.
will, I believe, often be found that the Avowtery, Avowterer. The very
Latin word only exhibits a previous ex common change of d into v converted
ample of the same line of development Lat. adu//erium into It. avo/terio, avo/-
from one original root. I cannot but ſeria, avo//ero. Hence azºo/teratore,
believe that the radical meaning of Lat. Prov. avoutrador, OE. awowſerer, an
vitare is to give a wide ber/h ſo, to leave adulterer. A d was sometimes inserted ;
an empty space between oneself and the OFr. avouſ/re, advouſ/re, avotre, oe.
object. Fr. vuide, wide, empty, waste, advouſry, adultery.
vast, wide, free from, not cumbered or Award. The primitive sense of ward
troubled with.-Cotgr. To shoot wide of is shown in the It. guardare, Fr. re
the mark is to miss, to avoid the mark; garder, to look. Hence Rouchi es
OHG. wit, empty; with, vacuitas.-Graff. warder (answering in form to E. award),
Avoir-du-poise. The ordinary mea to inspect goods, and, incidentally, to
sure of weight. OFr. avoirs de pois, pronounce them good and marketable;
goods that sell by weight and not by eswardeur, an inspector.—Hecart.
lineasurement. An award is accordingly in the first
To Avow.—Avouch. Under the place the taking a matter into considera
feudal system, when the right of a tenant tion and pronouncing judgment upon it,
was impugned he had to call upon his but in later times the designation has
lord to come forwards and defend his been transferred exclusively to the con
right. This in the Latin of the time was sequent judgment.
called advocare, Fr. voucher d garantie, In like manner in OE. the verb fo look
to vouch or call to warrant. Then as is very often found in the sense of con
the calling on an individual as lord of sideration, deliberation, determination,
the fee to defend the right of the tenant award, decision. When William Rufus
involved the admission of all the duties was in difficulties with his brother Robert,
implied in feudal tenancy, it was an act about the partition of the Conqueror's
jealously looked after by the lords, and inheritance, he determined to go to the
advocare, or the equivalent Fr. avower, King of France to submit the matter to
to avow, came to signify the admission his award. He says (in Peter Langtoft,
by a tenant of a certain person as feudal p. 86):
superior. Therfore am I comen to wite at yow our heued
Nihil ab eo se tenere in feodo aut quoquo The londes that we have nomen to whom they
modo alio advocaäat.—Chron. A. D. 1296. Ita shall be leued,
tamen quod dictus Episcopus et successores sui And at your jugement I will stand and do
nos et successores nostros Comites Flandriae qui With thi that it be ent (ended) the strif bituen us
pro tempore fuerint, si indiguerint auxilio, advo tuo.
cačić, nec alium dominum secularem poterunt Philip said, blithely, and sent his messengers
advocare.—Charta A. D. 1250. Donec advocafus Tille Inglond to the clergy, erles, barons, ther pers,
fuerit ut burgensis noster.—Stat. Louis le Hutin. And askid if thei wild stand to ther lokyng.
 AWE AWK 35

—where looking is used exactly in the I reken, I counte by cyfers of agrym : je en

sense of the modern award. chiffre. I shall reken it syze tymes by aulgorisme,
or you can cast it ones by counters.-Palsgr.
These senses of look are well exempli
fied in a passage from R. G. p. 567. Sp. alguarismo, from Al Khowdirezm?,
To chese six wise men hii Joëede there
the surname of the Arabian algebrist, the
translation of whose work was the means
Three bishops and three barons the wisest that
there were of introducing the decimal notation into
And bot hii might accordi, that hii the legate Europe in the 12th century.
took, Awhape. To dismay; properly, to
And Sir Henry of Almaine right and law to look— take away the breath with astonishment,
Tho let tho king someni age the Tiwesday to stand in breathless astonishment.
Next before All Hallow tide as his council bisai,
Bishops and Abbots and Priors thereto, Ah my dear gossip, answered then the ape,
Erles and Barons and Knightes also, Deeply do your sad words my wits awhape.
Mother Hubbard's tale in Boucher.
That hii were at Northampton to hear and at
stonde
W. chwaff, a gust ; Lith. Awapas,
To the loking of these twelve of the state of the breath; Goth. aſhvaðjan, ON. Keſia, to
londe.
—to the award or determination of these
choke, to suffocate; Goth. aſhva/man,
twelve.
ON., Aaſna, to be choked ; Sw. quaſ,
choking, oppressive.
There it was dispeopled the edict I wis Awk.—Awkward. Perverted, per
That . the ban of Keningworth, that was lo! verse, indirect, left-handed, unskilful. To
this ;
That there ne should of high men desherited be
ring the bells awk is to ring them back
none
wards.
That had iholde age the King but the Erl of They with awkward judgment put the chief
Leicetre one ; point of godliness in outward things, as in the
Ac that all the othere had agen all hor lond, choice of meats, and neglect those things that
Other hor heirs that dede were, but that the King be of the soul.—Udal in R.
in his hand That which we in Greek call diplo repôv, that
It hulde to an term that there iſoked was, is to say, on the awk or left hand, they say in
Five year some and some four, ever up his Latin sinistrum.—Holland, Pliny in R.
trespas.
The word seems formed from ON. aſ,
Chatel forfait par agard des viscountes.— Lib. Lat. ab, E. off, o/, signifying deviation,
Albus. I. I.19. Sifut agardé qe Willame, &c.— error, the final 4 being an adjectival
Ib. IIo.
Conseillez mei, si esgardez
termination. Thus, ON. aſ-gata, iter de
Qu' en serreit al regne honorable. vium, divortium ; aſ-Årokr, diverticulum,
Benoit. Chron. Norm. 6135. a side way; 6/ugr, inversus, sinister;
o/ugºſleiri, a flat-fish with eyes on the
Awe. Fear, dread, reverence ; then left side ; Śſug-neſni, a name given from
transferred to the cause of fear, assuming antiphrasis; 6/ug-ord, verbum obliquum,
the signification of anger, discipline, chas impertinens, offensum ; 8/ga, to change,
tisement.
degenerate. Sw. aſ wig, inside out, averse,
But her fiers servant (Una's Lion)full of kingly aw disinclined, awkward, unskilful; aſ wig
And high disdaine, whenas his soveraine dame
So rudely handled by her foe he saw, /land, the back of the hand. Dan. avet,
With gaping jaws full gredy at him came. crooked, preposterous, perverse.
G. ab in composition indicates the con
AS. ge, aga, egºsa, Goth. agis, fear, trary or negation ; ačgrund, abyss, bot
dread, ogan, to fear, ogfan, to threaten, tomless pit ; abgoff, false god ; abhold,
terrify, ON. agi, discipline, agir, terrible; unkind ; abſermen, to unlearn ; aber
a gia, to be an object of wonder or fear; g/auðe, false belief; aber-faffst, aber
mer a gir, I am amazed, I am terrified ; Áonig, false pope, false king. In aben,
ºgn, terror ; Sw, dial. aga, fear; agasam, inside out.—Schmeller. In Flemish we
frightful, awsome ; Dan. ave, chastise
see the passage towards the u or w of
ment, correction, awe, fear, discipline. awk ; aue saghe, absurda narratio, sermo
At staae under eens ave, to stand in awe
of one ; at holde i straeng ave, to keep a absonus ; alte gaen, awe hanghen, &c.;
auer gheſoove, perverted belief, supersti
strict hand over. Gr. dyn, wonder, 4%do
pa, dyāºuai, to wonder at, to be angry. tion ; alter-hands, ouer-hands (as Sw.
aſwig-hand), manu aversá, praeposterå ;
Awgrim. Decimal arithmetic.
Then satte summe aver-recht, over-recht, contrarius recto,
As siphre doth in awgrym, praeposterus, sinister; auwiłs, auer-wits,
That notith a place foolish, mad.
And no thing availith. The different G. forms are very numer
Political Poems, Cam. Soc. p. 4I4. ous ; OHG. abuh, abah, aversus, perversus,
3 #
36 AWL BABE

sinister; G. dial. abich, abech, æðicht, The primitive image seems to consist
aôcchig, awech, awechi (alles ſhut er in the notion of continuance, duration,
awechi, he does everything awk/y), affg, expressed in Goth. by the root aiv. Aizºs,
affº, aſ, aſſik, and again arºsch, aftsch, time, age, the world ; us-aſ-yan, to out
e/sch, verkehrt, linkisch, link, and in last ; du aiva in aivin, for ever; ni in
Netherlandish, aves, aeſs, obliquus ; aiva, niaiv, never. Lat. arvum, ar-fas;
aafsch, ae/sch, aa/sche/yk, aversus, pre Gr. diet, det, always; ditov, an age. OHG.
posterus, contrarius.-Kil. éo, fo, G. ſe, ever, always ; AS. āva, a ,
Awl. ON. alr; G. ah/e, OHG. alansa, OSwed. ar, all, ever.
a/asma, Du. else, Fr. alesme, It. lesina. The passage from the notion of con
Awn. A scale or husk of anything, tinuance, endurance, to that of assevera
the beard of corn. ON. ogn, agnir, chaff, tion, may be exemplified by the use of
straw, mote ; Dan. avne, Gr, dxva, the G. ſe, ſa, je und ſe, for ever and
Esthon. aggan, chaff. ever; von ye her, from all time; wer hat
* Awning. A wing (sea term), a sail esſe gesehen, who has ever seen it. Das
or tarpawlin hung over any part of a ship. ist ye waſir, that is certainly true; es ist
Traced by the Rev. J. Davies to the je nicht recht, it is certainly not right;
Pl. D. havenung, from haven, a place es Kamm ja einen irren, every one may
where one is sheltered from wind and be mistaken ; thut es doch ja nicht, by
rain, shelter, as in the lee of a building no means do it. In the same way the
or bush. But it should be observed that Italian gia, non gia, certainly not. From
/avenung is not used in the sense of this use of the word to imply the un
awning, and it is more probable that it broken and universal application of a
is identical with Fr. auwent, Mid. Lat. proposition, it became adopted to stand
auvanna, a penthouse of cloth before a by itself as an affirmative answer, equiv
shop-window, &c.—Cot. alent to, certainly, even so, just so. In
Axe. AS. acase, ear, Goth. aquizi, like manner the Lat. etiam had the force
MHG. aches, G. ackes, ar, art, ON. ori, of certainly, yes indeed, yes.
Gr. ašivn, Lat. ascia for acsia. In Frisian, as in English, are two
Axiom. Gr. détoua, a proposition, forms, ae, like aye, coming nearer to the
maxim, from détów, to consider worthy, original root aiv, and ea, corresponding
to postulate. to G. ſe, fa, AS. gea, E. yea. In yes we
Axle. Lat. aris, Gr. dºwv, the centre have the remains of an affix, se or si,
on which a wheel turns or drives. Gr. which in AS. was also added to the
dyw, Lat. ago, to urge forwards. negative, giving mese, no, as well as jese,
Aye is used in two senses : Azure. It. azzurro, azzuolo; Sp.
yCS.
1. Ever, always, as in the expression
for ever and aye ; and Port. azul. From Pers. Mazur, whence
2. As an affirmative particle, synon /a/ is Zazuli, the sapphire of the ancients.
ymous with yea and yes. —Diez.

To Babble. Fr. babiller, Du. babelen, And sat softly adown

hºcleſ, confundere verba, blaterare, gar-
rire; Gr. Bağdºw.—Kil. From the syl-
Å. : ... my bedes,
They broughte me aslepe—
lables ba, ba, representing the movement On this matere I might
of the lips, with the element el or / repre- Mamelen full long.—P. P.
senting continuation or action. Fris. See Baboon.
babeſh or bobble is when children make a Babe. The simplest articulations, and
noise with their lips by sounding the those which are readiest caught by the
voice and jerking down the underlip with infant mouth, are the syllables formed by
the finger.—Outzen. The Tower of Babel the vowel a with the primary consonaº
was the tower of babblement, of confused of the labial and dental classes, especially
speech. the former ; ma, ba, fa, na, da, ta. Q."
On the same principle a verb of the of these, therefore, is very generally
same meaning with babble was formed on formed the limited vocabulary requiº
the syllable ma. at the earliest period of infant life, com
 BABOON BACKET 37

prising the names for father, mother, in plete when he rode at the head of his re
fant, breast, food. Thus in the nursery tainers assembled under his banner,
language of the Norman English papa, which was expressed by the term “lever
mamma, baba, are the father, mother, bannière.’ So long as he was unable to
and infant respectively, the two latter of take this step, either from insufficient age
which pass into mammy and babby, baby, or poverty, he would be considered only
babe, while the last, with a nasal, forms as an apprentice in chivalry, and was
the It. bambimo. called a knight bachelor, just as the outer
In Saxon English father is dada, daddy, barrister was only an apprentice at the
dad, answering to the Goth. affa, as papa law, whatever his age might be. The
to Hebrew abba. &accalarii of the south of France and north
Lat. mamma is applied to the breast, of Spain seem quite unconnected. They
the name of which, in E. pap, Lat. pa were the tenants of a larger kind of farm,
pilla, agrees with the name for father. called baccalaria, were reckoned as rus
Papa was in Latin the word with which Zici, and were bound to certain duty work
infants demanded food, whence E. pap. for their lord. There is no appearance
Baboon. The syllables ba, pa, natur in the passages cited of their having had
ally uttered in the opening of the lips, are any military character whatever. One
used to signify as well the motion of the would suspect that the word might be of
lips in talking or otherwise, as the lips Basque origin.
themselves, especially large or movable Back, 1. ON. bak; Lith. pakalā. The
lips, the lips of a beast. Thus we have part of the body opposite to the face,
G. dial. babbeln, babòern, Öapperm (San turned away from the face. The root
ders), baber/en (Schmidt), to babble, talk seems preserved in Bohem. Aaditi, to
much or imperfectly ; , E. baberlifted, twist; Pol. Aaczy& se, to warp (of wood),
having large lips; G. dial. baffe, Fris. to bend out of shape ; ws/ak, wrong,
bābāe, Mantuan babbi, babbio, the chops, backwards, inside outwards ; pakosé,
mouth, snout, lips ; Fr. baboyer, babiner, malice, spite, perversity; opak, the wrong
to move or play with the lips, babine, the way, awry, cross ; opaczny, wrong, per
lip of a beast; babion, baboin, It. baſ verted ; Russ. opako, naoſako, wrong;
&uino, a baboon, an animal with large £aki in composition, equivalent to Lat.
ugly lips when compared with those of a re, again ; faki-buffie, regeneration. So
Inan. in E. to give a thing back is to give it
Bachelor. Apparently from a Celtic again, to give it in the opposite direction
root. W., bachgen, a boy, bachgenes, a to that in which it was formerly given,
young girl, baches, a littlé darling, bach and with us too the word is frequently
tºwn, a very little thing, from bach, little. used in the moral sense of perverted,
From the foregoing we pass to the Fr. bad. A back-friend is a perverted friend,
&ace/le, bacelote, bachele, bachelette, a young one who does injury under the cover of
girl, servant, apprentice ; bace//er, to friendship ; to back-s/ide, to slide out of
make love, to serve as apprentice, to the right path, to fall into error; ON.
commence a study ; bace/erie, youth ; &ak-radiºdur, ill-counselled ; Esthon.
&ache/age, apprenticeship, art and study Aa//a-floo/, the back side, wrong side;
of chivalry. Hence by a secondary form £ahha, bad, ill-disposed; Fin. Lap. paha,
ation bacheler, bachelard, bache/ier, young bad ; OHG. abah, abuſh, aftah, affith, aver
man, aspirant to knighthood, apprentice sus, perversus, sinister; ačahon, aversari,
to arms or sciences. A bachelor of arts abominari; Goth. ib.uks, backwards.
is a young man admitted to the degree of Back, 2. A second meaning of Back
apprentice or student of arts, but not yet is a brewer's vat, or large open tub for
a master. In ordinary E. it has come to containing beer. The word is widely
signify an unmarried man. Prov. Öaca/ar, spread in the sense of a wide open vessel.
&achallier, was used of the young student, Bret. &ac, a boat; Pr. bac, a flat wide
young soldier, young unmarried man. ferry boat ; Du. back, a trough, bowl,
Then, as in the case of many other words manger, cistern, basin of a fountain, flat
signifying boy or youth, it is applied to a bottomed boat, body of a wagon, pit at
Servant or one in a subordinate condition. the theatre; Dan. bakke, a tray. Of this
Vos e mi’n fesetz per totz lauzar, the It. Öacino is the diminutive, whence
Vos cam senhere mi com bacalar: E. basin, Čason, It. bacinetto, a bacinet,
—you and I made ourselves praised among all, or bason-shaped helmet.
you as Lord, and I as servant or squire. Backet. In the N. of E. a coal-hod,
The functions of a knight were com from back, in the sense of a wide open
38 BACKGAMMON HADGER

vessel; Rouchi, bac à carbon.—Hécart. Crucem assumere dicebantur (says Ducange)

The Fr. baguet is a tub or pail. qui ad sacra bella profecturi Crucis symbolum
Backgammon. From Dan. bakke palliis suis assuehant et affigebant in signum
votivae illius expeditionis.-Franciaudientes talia
(also bakke-bord), a tray, and gamment, a eloquia protinus in dextra fecere Cruces suere
game, may doubtless be explained the scapula.
game of Back-gammon, which is con The sign of the cross, then, was in
spicuously a fray-game, a game played the first instance, “assumentum,’ a patch,
on a tray-shaped board, although the botch, or bodge ; boe/sen, interpolare,
word does not actually appear in the Dan. ornare, ang, botche, bodge.—Kil. G. batz,
dictionaries. It is exceedingly likely to &atze, botzen, a dab or lump of something
have come down to us from our Northern
soft, a coarse patch — Sanders; Bav.
ancestors, who devoted much of their fatschen, to strike with something flat, as
long winter evenings to games of tables. the hand, to dabble or paddle in the wet.
To make or leave a blot at Backgam G. batzen, to dabble, to patch. -Sanders.
mon is to uncover one of your men, to The radical notion of patch, badge, will
leave it liable to be taken, an expression thus be something fastened on, as a dab
not explicable by the E. sense of the word of mud thrown against a wall and stick
blot. But the Sw. blott, Dan. blot, is ing there. Hence we find badged used
naked, exposed ; blotte sig, to expose by Shakespeare in the sense of dabbled.
oneself; Sw, göra bloff, at Backgammon, Their hands, and faces were all badged with
to make an exposed point, to make a blot. blood.—Macbeth.
Bacon. OFr. bacon, bacy uſer, a sty The Sc. form baugie, however, does not
fed hog ; ODu. baecke, bacže, a pig;
well agree with the foregoing deriva
baecken-Zºleesch, baeck-vſeesch, pork, ba tion.
con. The term seems properly to have His schinvng scheild with his Baugie (insigne
tuke .* . V. 5o. 13. gie (insigne)
been applied to a fatted hog and his flesh
cured for keeping, ‘porcus saginatus,
ustulatus et salitus, et petaso aut perna.' Badger. This word is uscd in two
—Duc. in v. Baco. The word may ac senses, apparently distinct, viz. in that of
cordingly be derived from Bret. Žaska, a corn-dealer, or carrier, one who bought
to feed, w. Żasg, feeding or fattening, up corn in the market for the purpose of
pasg-dwrch, pasg-hwch, a fatted hog. selling it in other places; and secondly,
The s is lost in Fr. facage, pasture or as the name of the quadruped so called.
feeding-ground, Mid. Lat. Aacata, paga Now we have Fr. bladier, a corn-dealer
gium, pagnagium (Carp.), pannage or (marchand de grain qui approvisionne
pawnage, duty paid for feeding animals, les marchés a dos de mulets–Hécart),
especially hogs, in the Lord's forests. the diminutive of which (according to the
On the other hand, there is a suspici analogy of b/edier, blazer, belonging to
ous resemblance to Du. baggele, bigge, corn, blairie, terre de b/airie, corn coun
Ptg. bacoro, a young pig, Piedm. biga, atry) would be blaireau, the actual desig
Sow. nation of the quadruped badger in the
Bad. G. bāse, Du. boos, malus, pravus, same language, which would thus signify
perversus, malignus. Pers. bud, bad. a little corn-dealer, in allusion doubtless
Unconnected, I believe, with Goth. to some of the habits of that animal, with
bauths, tasteless, insipid. which the spread of cultivation has made
Badge. A distinctive mark of office us little familiar.
or service worn conspicuously on the But further, there can be little doubt
dress, often the coat of arms of the prin that E. badger, whether in the sense of a
cipal under whom the person wearing the corn-dealer or of the quadruped, is di
badge is placed. Du. busse, stadt-wapen, rectly descended from the Fr. bladier,
spinther, monile quod in humeris tabel the corrupt pronunciation of which, in
larii et caduceatores ferunt.—Kil. Bage analogy with soldier, so/ger, sodger,
or bagge of armys—banidium.—Pr. Pm. would be bladger; and though the
omission of the l in such a case is a
Perhaps the earliest introduction of a
badge would be the red cross sewed on somewhat unfamiliar change, yet many
their shoulders by the crusaders as a instances may be given of synonyms
token of their calling. differing only in the preservation (or in
But on his breast a bloody cross he wore, sertion as the case may be) or omission
The dear resemblance of his absent Lord, of an / after an initial b or p. Thus Du.
For whose sweet sake that glorious badge he &aſºn and bla/en, to bark; paveien and
wore.—F. Q. p/aveien, to pave; pattijn and flattijn, a
 BAFFLE BAGGAGE 39

skait or patten; butse and blufse, a bruise, man is openly perjured, and then they make of
him an image painted reversed with the heels
boil; E. botch, or blofch; baber-/i/ped, upward, with his name, wondering, crying and
and blabber-Zipped, having large ungainly blowing out of ſon P] him with horns in the most
lips; ſagged, tired, from ſlagged, Fr. bette despiteful manner they can. In token that he is
and blette, beets; Berri, batte de pluie, a to be exiled the company of all good creatures.
pelting shower of rain, Sc. a blado'weet; Again, in the F. Q.
Rouchi, basser, Fr. b/asser, to foment. First he his beard did shave and ſoully shent,
To Baffle, 1. To baffle, to foil or Then from him reſt his shield, and it renverst
render ineffectual the efforts of another, And blotted out his arms with falshood blent,
must be distinguished from Fr. baſouer, And himself baffuld, and his armes unherst,
And broke his sword in twayn and all his armour
OE. baffill, to treat ignominiously. Baffle, sperst.
in the former sense, is one of a series of
similar forms, baffle, faſſle, haffle, maſſle, Now the Sc. has bauch, baugh, baach
Jamble, signifying in the first instance (ch guttural), repulsive to the taste, bad,
imperfect speaking, stammering, then sorry, ineffective. A bauch tradesman, a
imperfect action of other kinds, trifling, sorry tradesman;Without estate
doing something without settled purpose A youth, though sprung from kings, looks baugh
or decisive effect. We may cite, ſaffle, and blate.—Ramsay in Jam.
to stutter, stammer, to fumble, saunter, Beauty but bounty's but bauch. Beauty
trifle ; haſſle, to stammer, falter ; maſſle, without goodness is good for nothing.
to stammer, to mumble; the term seems To bauchle, bach/e, bashle, is then, to
to be applied to any action suffering from distort, to misuse; to battehle shoon, to
impediments.-Hal. To baffle, to speak tread them awry; a bauchle, an old shoe,
thick and inarticulately, to handle clum whatever is treated with contempt or
sily.—Forby. Swiss baff:/n, maſſe/n, to derision.
chatter, talk idly; Rouchi baſlier, to One who is set up as the butt of a
slobber, stammer, talk idly.
company or a laughing-stock is said to
We pass from the notion of imperfect &e made a bauchle of; to bauchle, to treat
speech to that of imperfect, ineffectual contemptuously, to vilify.
action, when we speak of light baffling Wallace lay still quhill forty dayis was gayn
winds, changeable winds not serving the And fyve atour, bot perance saw he nayn
purpose of navigation. “For hours pre Battaill till haiff, as thair promyss was maid
viously the ill-fated ship was seen baffling He girt display again his baner braid ;
with a gale from the N.W. :’ i.e. strug Rapreiffyt Edward rycht gretlye of this thing,
gling ineffectually with it.—Times, Feb. Bawchyllyt his seyll, blew out on that fals king
As a tyrand ; turnd bak and tuk his gait.
27, 1860. “To what purpose can it be to
juggle and baffle for a time :” to trifle.— If this passage be compared with the
Barrow. extract from Hall, it will be seen that the
Finally, in a factitive sense, it signifies affront put by Wallace on the king's seal
to cause another to act in an ineffectual in token of his having broken his word,
manner, to foil his efforts. To boffe, to was an example of the practice which
Hall tells us was used in Scotland under
stammer, to change, to vary, to prevent
any one from doing a thing.—Hal. So the name of baffle/Wing, the guttural ch
to habò/e, to stammer, to speak con being represented in English by an ſ, as
fusedly, and, in a factitive sense, to reduce in many other cases. The G. has baſeſ,
to a state of perplexity. To be hab//ed, to doſeſ, poſeſ, synonymous with Sc. bauchle,
be perplexed or nonplussed, foiled in any spoiled goods, refuse, trash—Küttn. ;
undertaking.—Jam. Sup. verbaſe/n, to make a baſel of, to bauchle.
2. oe. bafflul, Fr. º to hood —Sanders.
wink, deceive, baffle, disgrace, handle Bag. Gael. bo/g, ba/g, bag, a leather
basely in terms, give reproachful words bag, wallet, scrip, the belly, a blister,
unto.—Cot. The Fr. verb may be actu bellows ; Goth. baſgs, a skin, a leather
ally borrowed from the E. baffil/, which case; G. baſg, the skin of an animal
seems to have been applied to a definite stripped off whole; Brescian baga, entire
mode of disgracing a man, indicated by skin of an animal for holding oil or wine;
Hall as in use among the Scots. the belly. See Belly, Bulge.
And furthermore the erle bad the herauld to
Baggage. Derived by Diez from
say to his master, that if he for his part kept not Sp., Cat. baga, a noose, tie, knot, rope by
which the load is fastened on a beast of
his appointment, then he was content that the
Scots should bafful him, which is a great re burden. From baga was formed OFr.
proach among the Scots, and is used when a Öaguer, to truss or tuck up (Cot.), to tie
4O BAIL IBAIT

on, to bind. ‘Ils firent trousser et agreer half was called a bailiff, bajulius or ba/-
leur trésor et richesses sur chevaulx et /ivus, from the regent of the empire (as
mules, chameoulx et dromadaires.” “Après we find in the case of Henry of Flanders :
ce qu'ils eurent bagué leurs bagues,'— ‘Principes, barones et milites exercitus
Gilion de Trasignie in Marsh. “Pour me imperii Ballivum elegerunt’) to the
veoir amener le Béarnois prisonnier en humble bailiff in husbandry who has the
triomphe, lié et bagué.”—Satire Menippée care of a farm, or the officer who executes
in Jaubert. the writs of a sheriff.
From baguer was formed bagage, the Bail, 2. Bail is also used in the sense
carriage of an army, as it was called, the of post or bar. The bai/s were the ad
collective goods carried with an army, or vanced posts set up outside the solid de
the beasts which carry them. The re fences of a town. Fr. bai//e, barrier,
semblance to bagues, goods, valuables, is advanced gate of a city, palisade, barri
merely accidental, and as baggage is cade.—Roquefort. It is probably the
manifestly taken from the French it can same word as paling or pale. Fr. baſises,
not be explained as signifying the collec finger-posts, posts stuck up in a river to
tion of bags belonging to an army. mark the passage. Baſle, barrière—
Bail.-Bailiff. The Lat. Óajulus, a Hécart. Baſe, poste, retrachement ;
bearer, was applied in later times to a revenir d ses bales, to return to one's
nurse, viz. as carrying the child about. post, at the game of puss in the corner,
Mid. Lat. bajula, It. bālia. Next it was or cricket. Hence the bails at cricket,
applied to the tutor or governor of the properly the wickets themselves, but now
children, probably in the first instance to the cross sticks at the top.
the foster-father. - Bailiwick. The limits within which
Alii bajuli, i.e. servuli, vel nutritores—quia an executive officer has jurisdiction.
consueverint nutrire filios et familias dominorum. Commonly explained as the district be
—Vitalis de Reb. Aragon. in Ducange. longing to a bailiff, Fr. bail/i. But the
When the child under the care of the word can hardly be distinct from G.
Bajulus was of royal rank, the tutor weichhild, Pl.D. wikhild, wiébolt, wic
became a man of great consequence, and &i/ethe, the district over which the muni
the puśyac BatovXoc was one of the chief cipal law of a corporate town extended,
officers of state at Constantinople. or the municipal law itself. The word
The name was also applied to the differs from E. bailiwick only in having
tutor of a woman or a minor. Thus the its two elements compounded in opposite
husband became the Bajulus uroris, order. The element wick is generally
and the name was gradually extended to recognised, as Goth. weihs, AS. wic, Lat.
any one who took care of the rights or vicus, a town, but the meaning of bi/d
person of another. In this sense is to be remains obscure. Pl.D. wikmann, a
understood the ordinary E. expression of burgher, citizen or councillor.—Brem.
giving bail, the person who gives bail Wtb.
being supposed to have the custody of Bait. The senses may all be ex
him whom he bails. From bajulus was plained from the notion of biting. ON.
formed It. bailo, baſivo (bajulivus); Fr. beita, Sw, bet, beſe, AS. bar (Ettmüller), a
dail, bail/i, E. bail, bailiff. The bai/ are bait for fish, is what the fish bites at, or
persons who constitute themselves tutors what causes him to bite. ON. befta, AS.
of the person charged, and engage to batan, to bait a hook. Du. bete, a bit, a
produce him when required. mouthful.
Tutores vel bajuli respondeant pro pupillis.-- ON. bifa, to bite, is specially applied to
Usatici Barcinonenses. Et le roi l'a reçue en the grazing of cattle, whence beif, Sw.
son hommage et le duc son baron comme bai/ &et, bete, pasture, herbage; ON. befta, Sw.
delle.—Chron. Flandr. Et mitto illum (filium)
et omnem mean terram et meum honorem et &eta, to drive to pasture. In English the
word is not confined to the food of cattle.
meos viros quae Deus mihi dedit in bajulia de
Deo et de suis sanctis, &c. Ut sint in bayo/iam Bait-poke, a bag to carry provisions in ;
Dei et de Sanctà Mariá, &c.—Testament. Regis &ait, food, pasture.—Hal.
Arragon. A. D. Io99, in Duc. Sw, beta, to bait on a journey, is to feed
Fr. bail/er, to hand over, is from baju the horses, in accordance with Fr. re
fare, in the sense of making one a bai/ faitre, to feed, to bait.
or keeper of the thing handed over, ON. beifa, Sw, beta, G. &eitzen, to hunt
giving it into his bail or control. with hawk or hare, must be understood
Finally, every one to whom power was as signifying to set on the hawk or hound
intrusted to execute not on his own be to bite the prey. ON. belta einn hundum,
 BAIZE BALDERDASH 4I

to cause one to be worried by dogs, to signified made round and smooth like a
set his dogs on one. To baif a bear or a ball. The root, however, is too widely
bull is to set the dogs on to bite it. spread for such an explanation. Finn.
The ON. beifa, Sw. beta, to harness Esthon. Aa/jas, naked, bare, bald ; Lap.
oxen to a sledge, or horses to a carriage, fuo/jas, bare of trees; Dan. baeldeſ, un
must probably be explained from AS. fledged.
barfe, N. bit, the bit of a bridle taken as Besides signifying void of hair, bald is
the type of harness in general. Ongan used in the sense of having a white mark
tha his esolas batan : he then began to on the face, as in the case of the common
saddle his asses.—Caedm. p. 173. 25. sign of the bald-faced stag, to be com
Baize. Coarse woollen cloth. For pared with Fr. cheval bel/eface, a horse
merly bayes. Du. baey, baai, Fr. baye. marked with white on its face. Bald
“Les bayes seront composées de bonne faced, white-faced.—Hal. The bald-coof
laine, non de flocon, laneton . . . ou autres is conspicuous by an excrescence of white
mauvaises ordures.”—Reglement de la skin above its beak.
draperie in Hécart. According to this The real identity of the word bald in
author it took its name from its yellow the two senses is witnessed by a wide
colour, given by “graines d'Avignon;' range of analogy. Pol. Bohem. Zysy, bald,
from baie, berry. marked with a white streak; Pol. Mysina,
To Bake. To dress or cook by dry Bohem. lysyna, a bald pate, and also a
heat; to cook in an oven. Bohem. Żek, white mark on the face. Du. blesse, a
heat ; peku, pecy, to bake, roast, &c.; blaze on the forehead, a bare forehead,
pekar, a baker; Pol. piec, a stove; fied, 6/es, bald.-Kil. Fin. Aaljas, bald, Gr.
to bake, to roast, to parch, to burn ; Ba\tóc, paxióc, bald-faced, having a white
Zieczywo, a batch, an oven-full ; piekars, streak on the face. Gael. ball, a spot or
a baker. mark ; Bret. bal, a white mark on an
ON. baka, to warm. Kongur bakade animal's face, or the animal itself, whence
sier videl/d, the King warmed himself at the common name Ball for a cart-horse
the fire.—Heimskr. E. dial. to beak, beke, in England. The connection seems to
to bask, to warm oneself; Du. zig baker lie in the shining look of the bald skin.
en, Pl.D. bāckerm, to warm oneself. G. His head was ballid and shone as any glass.
bähen, to heat; semme/n bāhen, to toast Chaucer.
bread; Kranke g/ieder bâhen, to foment a
limb. Holz bahen, to beath wood, to Lith. ballas, white ; baſti, to become
heat wood for the purpose of making it white ; balsis, a white animal. Fin.
set in a certain form. Gr. 30, calefacere. pa//aa, to burn ; falo, burning. ON.
Lat. baja, warm baths. See Bath. The Čá/, a blaze, beacon-fire, funereal pile.
root is common to the Finnish class of Balderdash. Idle, senseless talk ; to
languages. Lap. pak, paka, heat; faket, balder, to use coarse language.—Halli
to melt with heat; pakestet, to be hot, to well. ... W. baldoradi, to babble, prate,
6ask, paſſetet, to heat, make hot. or talk idly. Du. balderen, to bawl,
Balance. Lat. lanx, a dish, the scale make an outcry, to roar, said of the roar
of a balance; bilan.r, the implement for of cannon, cry of an elephant, &c.; bold
weighing, composed of two dishes or eren, bulderen, blaterare, debacchari,
scales hanging from a beam supported in minari. — Kil. ON. buldra, blaterare;
the middle. It. bilancia, Sp. balanza, Dan. billdre, to make a loud noise, as
Prov. balans, balanza, Fr. balance. thunder, the rolling of a waggon, &c.;
The change from i to a may be through also to scold, to make a disturbance. N.
the influence of the second a, or it may baldra is used of noises of the same kind
be from a false reference to the OFr. in a somewhat higher key. E. dial. to
baler, baloier, Venet, balare, to move up galder, to talk coarsely and noisily; to
and down, to see-saw. gulder, to speak with loud and dissonant
Balcony. It. balco, balcome, an out voice.—Hal. Da. dial. bialder, foolish
jutting corner of a house, by-window, talk, nonsense ; bialdre, to tattle. The
bulk or stall of a shop; falco, palcone, final syllable seems to express a continu
pa/cora, any stage or scaffold, roof, floor, ation of the phenomenon; Da. dial. dask,
or ceiling ; paſcare, to plank, stage, chatter, talk ; dov-dask, chatter fit to
scaffold.—Fl. The radical idea seems to deave one. Bav. dºtsch, noise of a blow
be what is supported on balks or beams. with the open hand ; dāţschen, to clap,
Bald. Formerly written balled, bal/id, smack, tattle; Gael. ballart, noisy boast
whence Richardson explains it as if it ing, clamour; ballartaich, balardaich, a
42 BALE BALL

loud noise, shouting, hooting. The same to heap; balka hofar, balka bunge, to
termination in like manner expresses heap up.
continuance of noise in //a/arfaich, a Twenty thousand men
continued noise of waves gently beating Balked in their blood on Holmedon's plain.
on the shore, unintelligible talk; cla/ar In the sense of a separation G. ba/Ken,
taich, a clapping or flapping of wings. Da. dial. balk, E. baſk, are applied to a
From the same analogy, which causes so narrow slip of land left unturned in
many words expressive of the plashing ploughing. Batºće of land, separaison.—
or motion of water to be applied to rapid Palsgr. A ba/#, says Ray, ‘is a piece
or confused talking, balderdash is used of land which is either casually over
to signify washy drink, weak liquor. A slipped and not turned up in plowing,
similar connection is seen in Sp. cha or industriously left untouched by the
fuzar, to paddle in water; cha/urrar, to plough for a boundary between lands.”
speak gibberish ; cham/urrar, to mix Hence to &alk is to pass over in plough
one liquid with another, to speak an un ing, or figuratively in any other proceed
connected medley of languages. ing.
Bale. I. Grief, trouble, sorrow. As. For so well no man halt the plough
&eaſo, gen. Öea/wes, torment, destruction, That it ne baſketh other while,
wickedness; Goth. &a/va-vesei, wicked Ne so well can no man afile
ness; baſveins, torment; ON. bol, ca His tonge, that som time in jape
lamity, misery; Du. bal-daed, malefac Him may some light word overscape.
Gower in R.
tum, maleficium. Pol. bol, ache, pain;
&oſed, Bohem. boleff, to ail, to ache, to The mad steel about doth fiercely fly
grieve ; bo/awy, sick, ill. W. ball, a Not sparing wight, ne leaving any baſke,
plague, a pestilence. Perhaps ON. boſa,
But making way for death at large to †:
a bubble, blister, a boil, may exhibit the
original development of the signification, Da. dial. at giðre en baſº, to omit a
a boil or blain being taken as the type of patch of land in sowing. To bau/{e the
sickness, pain, and evil in general. Russ. beaten road, to avoid it.—Sir H. Wotton.
&olyat', to be ill, to grieve ; bolyatchka, a In modern speech to ba/k is used in a
pustule. See Gall, 3. factitive sense, to cause another to miss
2. A package of goods. Sw. ba/; It. theBall.—Balloon.—Ballot.
object of his expectation.
ON. bā//r
ôalla, Fr. baſ/e, bal, a ball or pack, i. e.
goods packed up into a round or compact (gen. baſ/ar), a globe, ball, Sw. bo//, /a//,
mass, ON. 80//r, a ball ; balla, to pack Da. bold, OHG. fa//o, G. baſ/, It. bal/a
together in the form of a ball. (with the augm. ballone, a great ball, a
To Bale out water. Sw, balja, Dan. balloon, and the dim. bal/offa, a ballot),
balle, Du. baalie, Bret, bal, Gael. ballan, falla, Sp. bala, Fr. balle, Gr. traXMa
a pail or tub ; G. ba/ge, a washing-tub, (Hesych.), a ball. Fin. pallo, with the
perhaps from baſg, a skin, a water-skin dim. pal/ukka, fallikka, a ball, globule,
being the earliest vessel for holding testicle ; maan /a//i/%a, a clod of earth ;
water. Hence Dan. balle, Du. baalien, /a//oi//a, to roll. From the same root
to empty out water with a bowl or pail, probably Lat. fila, fi/u/a, a ball, a pill,
to bale out. In like manner Fr. bacqueter, which seem equally related to the fore
in the same sense, from bacqueſ, a pail. going and to the series indicated under
* Balk. The primary sense seems to be Bowl, Boll.
Ball.—Ballad.—Ballet. It. bal/are,
as in G. baſken, ON. byā/ki, OSw. ba/#er,
do/ker, Sw. bie/ke, Sw, dial. balā, a beam. to dance, from the more general notion
Fr. bau, the beam of a ship, the breadth of moving up and down. Mid.Lat. bal
from side to side ; Rouchi bau, a beam. /are, huc et illuc inclinare, vacillare.--
We have then It. fa/care, to plank, floor, Ugutio in Duc. Venet. Aaſare, to rock,
roof, stage or scaffold ; Sw. aſba/#a, to to see-saw. OFr. baler, balofer, to wave,
separate by beams, to partition off; Sw. to move, to stir.
dial. balé, a cross beam dividing the Job ne fut cokes (a kex or reed) nerosiau
stalls in a cow-house, a wooden par Qui au vent se tourne et baloie.
tition ; ON. ba/#r, bd/År, a partition, It. ballare, to shake or jog, to dance.
whether of wood or stone, as in a barn Hence, ballo, a dance, a ball. Bal/afa,
or cow-house, a separate portion, a di a dance, also a song sung in dancing
vision of the old laws, a clump of men; (perhaps in the interval of dancing), .”
vedra bif/kr, N. uveirs bo/AE, as we say, a ballad. Fr. ballet, a scene acted in
&a/AE of foul weather. Sw, dial. baſka, dancing, the ballet of the theatres.
 BALLAST BAN 43

It is probably an old Celtic word. as well as to ballast it.—Cot. Lest, like

Bret, balea, to walk, baſeſ, the act of Teutonic last, was used for a load or
walking, or movement of one who walks. definite weight of goods (Roquef.), and
Ballast. Dan. bag-lest, Du. ballast, Mid. Lat. Aastagium signified not only
Fr. lesſ, lestage, It. Zastra, Sp. /astre. ballast, but loadage, a duty on goods
The first syllable of this word has given sold in the markets, paid for the right of
a great deal of trouble. It is explained carriage.
Čačk by Adelung, because, as he says, the Balluster. Fr. bal/ustres, baſ/isſers
ballast is put in the hinder part of the (corruptly bannisters when placed as guard
ship. But the hold is never called the to a staircase), little round and short
back of the ship. A more likely origin is pillars, ranked on the outside of cloisters,
to be found in Dan. dial. bag-ſaes, the back terraces, galleries, &c.—Cotgr. Said to
load, or comparatively worthless load be from balaustia, the flower of the
one brings back from a place with an pomegranate, the calyx of which has a
empty waggon. When a ship discharges, double curvature similar to that in which
if it fails to obtain a return cargo, it is balusters are commonly made. But such
forced to take in stones or sand, to pre rows of small pillars were doubtless in
Serve equilibrium. This is the back use before that particular form was given
load, or bal/ast of a ship, and hence the to them. The Sp. barauste, from bara or
name has been extended to the addition wara, a rod, seems the original form of
of heavy materials placed at the bottom the word, of which balaustre (and thence
of an ordinary cargo to keep the balance. the Fr. ballustre) is a corruption, anal
. The whole amount carried by the canal lines ogous to what is seen in It. bertesca, baſ
in 1854 was less than 25,000 tons, and this was tresac, a battlement; Lat. urtica, Venet.
Chiefly carried as back-loading, for want of other o/friga, a nettle.
freight.-Report Pennsylv. R. 1854. Sp. baranda, railing around altars,
Mr Marsh objects to the foregoing fonts, balconies, &c.; barandado, series
derivation, in the first place, that home. of balusters, balustrade; barandilla, a
ward-bound ships do not in general sail small balustrade, small railing.
without cargo or in ballast, more fre Balm, Balsam. Fr. baume, from Lat.
Quently than outward-bound, and there ôalsamum, Gr. 36Arapov, a fragrant gum.
fore that backloading is not an appro Baltic. The Baltic sea, mare Balticun.
Priate designation for the heavy ma In OSw, called Bae//, as two of the en
terial which is employed to steady sea trances are still called the Great and
§ºing Vessels. But how appropriate Little Belt. The authorities are not
the designation would really be, may agreed as to the grounds on which the
be judged by the following illustration name is given.
from practical life. The object of the To Bam. To make fun of a person.
99"Pany is to provide the excellent ore A bam, a false tale or jeer. Bret. bamein,
of the southern counties as a ſºn to enchant, deceive, endormir par des
ºšo for the colliers of the North. By contes. Bamour, enchanter, sorcerer,
this means the colliers will ensure ań deceiver.
º Profit
which they
or willbyreceive
carrying a freight
some bal/ast To Bamboozle.—To deceive, make
fun of a person.
. LMining Journal, Sept. 1, 1860. There are a set of fellows they call banterers
And Kil. explains ôal/ast, inutilis sarcina, and bamboozlers that play such tricks.-Arbuth
nº °nus, a useless load. not in R.

Wora'. isrious objection is that the It. bambolo, bamboccio, bambocciolo, a

as it jºier Danish is always bar/ast, young babe, by met. an old dotard or
But be Ill is in Sweden and Norway. babish gull; imbambo/are, to blear or
i. Żaglast is not found in the dim one's sight, also with flatteries and
lows ...'."ºnents, it by no means fol blandishments to enveagle and make a
rent. A ... was not always locally cur child of one.—Fl. If bamboccio/are were
could nº. it is certain that barlast ever used in the same sense it might have
mere co
easy
... have passed
tº.” into bag/ast by
given rise to bamboozle.
while it would be an Sc. bumbazed, puzzled, astonished.
Aast to *. from baglast through bal To Ban. To proclaim, command,
Mr Marsh forbid, denounce, curse.
even calls in question The primitive meaning of the word
whether
a load.
the last syllable is the Du. last, seems to have been to summons to the
"t Fr. lester is to load a ship army. In the commencement of the
44 RAND
feudal times all male inhabitants were in Car j'ai de mon père congié
De faire ami et d'étre aimee.—R. R.
general required to give personal attend
ance when the king planted his banner Never maiden of high birth had such
in the field, and sent round a notice that power or freedom of loving as I have.
his subjects were summoned to join him Les saiges avait et les fols
against the enemy. Communement a son bandon.—R. R.
He askyt of the Kyng Translated by Chaucer,
Til have the vaward of his batayl,
Quhatever thai ware wald it assayle, Great loos hath Largesse and great prise,
That he and his suld have always For both the wise folk and unwise
Quhen that the king suld Banare rays. Were wholly to her bandon brought,
Wyntoun, v. 19. 15.
i.e. were brought under her power or
Now this calling out of the public force command.
was called bannire in hostem, bannire in Band, 1. That with which anything
exercitum, fo/u/um in hostem convocare, is bound. AS. band, Goth. bandº, Fr.
bannire exercitum, in Fr. bamir l'oust, hande, It. banda. From the verb to
AS. theodºscipe ut abanman. In Layamon /ind, Goth. bindan, band, bundum. Spe
we constantly find the expression, he cially applied to a narrow strip of cloth
bannede his ſerde, he assembled his host. or similar material for binding or swath
The expression seems to arise from bann ing; hence a stripe or streak of different
in the sense of standard, flag, ensign colour or material. In It. banda the
(see Banner). The raising of the King's term is applied to the strip of anything
banner marked the place of assembly, lying on the edge or shore, a coast, side,
and the primitive meaning of bannire region. G. bande, border, margin.
was to call the people to the bann or Band, 2.--To Bandy. In the next
standard. The term was then applied place Band is applied to a troop of
to summoning on any other public oc soldiers, a number of persons associated
casion, and thence to any proclamation, for some common purpose. It. Sp. banda,
whether by way of injunction or for Fr. bande. There is some doubt how
biddal. this signification has arisen. It seems
Si quis legibus in utilitatem Regissive in hoste however to have been developed in the
(to the host or army) sive in reliquam utilitatem Romance languages, and cannot be ex
banni?us ſuerit, etc.—Leg. Ripuar. Exercitum plained simply as a body of persons
in auxilium Sisenardi de toto regno Burgundiae hound together for a certain end. It has
bannire praecepit Fredegarius.-Si quis cum
armis bannitus fuerit et non venerit.—Capitul. plausibly been deduced from Mid. Lat.
Car. Mag. A. D. 813. , Se il avenist que le Roy hanmum or bandum, the standard or
chevauchat a ost ban? contre les ennemis de la banner which forms the rallying point of
Croix.-Assises de Jerusalem. Fece bandire a company of soldiers.
hoste generale per tutto 'l regno.—John Villani Bandus, says Muratori, Diss. 26, tunc (in the
in Duc.
sºup) nuncupabatur legio a bando, hoc est
In like manner we find banmire ad //acita, vexillo.
ad molendinum, &c., summoning to serve So in Swiss, fahne, a company, from
at the Lord's courts, to bring corn to be fahne, the ensign or banner. Sp. bandera
ground at his mill, &c. Thus the word is also used in both senses. Fr. enseigne,
acquired the sense of proclamation, ex the colours under which a band or com
tant in Sp. and It. bando, and in E. banns pany of footmen serve, also the band or
of marriage. In a special sense the term company itself.-Cot. But if this were
was applied to the public denunciation the true derivation it would be a singular
by ecclesiastical authority; Sw. bann, change to the feminine gender in banda.
excommunication ; bann-lysa, to excom The real course of development I believe
municate (Aysa, to publish); banna, to to be as seen in Sp. banda, side, then
reprove, to take one to task, to chide, to party, faction, those who side together
curse, E. to ban. (bande, parti, ligue–Taboada). Band
In Fr. bandon the signification was ear, to form parties, to unite with a band.
somewhat further developed, passing on It. bandare, to side or to bandy (Florio),
from proclamation to command, permis to bandy being explained in the other
sion, power, authority. A son bandon, part of the dictionary, to follow a faction;
at his own discretion. OE. bandon was To bandy, tener dá alcuno, sostener il
used in the same sense. See Abandon. partito d'alcuno.—Torriano.
OncGues Pucelle deparaige Unnumbered as the sands
Neut d'aimer tel bandon que j'ai, Of Barca or Cyrene's torrid soil,
 BANDITTI BANNER 45

Levied to side with warring winds, and poise To Banish. — Bandit. From Mid.
Their lighter wings.-Milton in R. Lat. bannire, bandire, to proclaim, de
Kings had need beware how they side them nounce, was formed the OFr. compound
selves, and make themselves as of a faction or for-bannir (bannire foras), to publicly
party, for leagues within the state are ever perni order one out of the realm, and the simple
cious to monarchy.—Bacon in R.
&amnir was used in the same sense,
Fr. bander, to join in league with others whence E. banish.
against—Cotgr., se reunir, s'associer, se From the same verb the It, participle
joindre.—Roquefort. It is in this sense *andito signifies one denounced or pro
that the word is used by Romeo. claimed, put under the ban of the law,
Draw, Benvoglio, beat down their weapons: and hence, in the same way that E. out
Gentlemen, for shame, forbear this outrage,
Tibalt, Mercutio, the Prince expressly hath /aw came to signify a robber, It. banditti
Forbidden bandying in Verona streets. acquired the like signification. Forban
mitus
The prince had forbidden faction fight sense is used in the Leg. Ripuar. in the
ing. Sp. bandear, to cabal, to foment E. so muchof a pirate.—Diez. The word is in
associated with the notion of
factions, follow a party. a band of robſers, that we are inclined
The name of bandy is given in English
to a game in which the players are di to understand it as signifying persons
vided into two sides, each of which tries &anded together.
to drive a wooden ball with bent sticks Banister. See Balluster.
Bank.-Bench. The latter form has
in opposite directions. come to us from AS. baence, the former
The zodiac is the line: the shooting stars,
Which in an eyebright evening seem to fall, from Fr. banc, a bench, bank, seat; banc
Are nothing but the balls they lose at bandy. de sable, a sand-bank. G. bank, a bench,
Brewer, Lingua. in R. stool, shoal, bank of river. Bantze, a desk.
Fr. bander, to drive the ball from side —Vocab. de Vaud. It. banco, Aanca, a
to side at tennis. Hence the expression bench, a table, a counter.
of bandying words, retorting in language But natheless I took unto our dame
like players sending the ball from side to Your wife at home the same gold again
side at bandy or tennis. Upon your bench—she wot it well certain
Banditti. See Banish. By certain tokens that I can here tell.
Bandog. A large dog kept for a Shipman's Tale.
guard, and therefore tied up, a band-dog. From a desk or counter the significa
Du. band-hond, canis vinculis assuetus, tion was extended to a merchant's count
et canis pecuarius, pastoralis.-Kil. ing-house or place of business, whence
To Bandy. See Band, 2. the mod. E. Bank applied to the place of
Bandy. Bandy legs are crooked legs. business of a dealer in money. The
Fr. bander un arc, to bend a bow, &c.; ON. distinguishes bekkr, N. benk, a bench,
bandº, bent as a bow. a long raised seat, and bakki, a bank,
Bane. Goth. banja, a blow, a wound; eminence, bank of a river, bank of
OHG. bama, death-blow ; Mid. HG. bane, clouds, back of a knife. Dan. bakke,
destruction ; AS. bama, murderer. ON. banke, bank, eminence. The back is a
bana, to slay, bana-sott, death-sickness, natural type of an elevation or raised ob
bana-săr, death-wound, &c. ject. Thus Lat. dorsum was applied to
Bang. A syllable used to represent a a sand-bank; dorsum fugi, the slope of
loud dull sound, as of an explosion or a a hill, a rising bank. The ridge of a hill
blow. The child cries bang / fire, when is AS. hri g, the back.
he wishes to represent letting off a gun. Bankrupt. Fr. banqueroute, bank
To bang the door is to shut it with a loud ruptcy, from banc, bench, counter, in the
noise. sense of place of business, and OFr. roupſ,
With many a stiff thwack, many a bang, Lat. ruptus, broken. When a man fails
Hard crabtree and old iron rang.—Hudibras. to meet his engagements his business is
ON. bang, hammering, beating, disturb broken up and his goods distributed
ance ; banga, to beat, knock, to work in among his creditors. It. banca rotta,
wood. Sw. dang, stir, tumult; dangas, banca ſa//ita, a bankrupt merchant.—Fl.
Banner. The word Ban or Band was
to make a stir; banka, to knock, Dan.
banke, to knock, beat, rap ; banke et såm used by the Lombards in the sense of
1, to hammer in a nail. The Susu, a banner, standard.
language of W. Africa, has bang-bang, to Vexillum quod Bandum appellant. — Paulus
drive in a nail. Diaconus in Duc.
46 BANNERET BARBAROUS

In the same place is quoted from the wrapped. So ON. reiffingr, a bantling,
Scoliast on Gregory Nazianzen : from reiſa, to wrap. In a similar manner
Tā KaNoüueva trapá 'Pwuatovs a tyva kai are formed yearling, an animal a year
Bávêa raúra o Attukigwu ouvtºmuata kai on old, nestling, a young bird still in the
futia ka Mei. nest, &c.
Hence It. bandiera, Fr. bannière, E. ban Baptise. Gr. 36 m rw, Barričw, to dip,
7te/". to wash.
The origin is in all probability Goth. Bar. A rod of any rigid substance.
band'vo, band'va, a sign, token, an intima It. barra, Fr. barre, and with an initial s,
tion made by bending the head or hand. It. sbarra, OHG. sparro, Sw. sparre, E.
ON. benda, to bend, to beckon ; banda, spar, a beam or long pole of wood. The
to make signs ; banda hendi, manu an meaning seems in the first instance a
nuere. The original object of a standard branch; Celtic bar, summit, top, then
is to serve as a mark or sign for the branches. Bret, barrow-gwez, branches
troop to rally round, and it was accord of a tree (gwezen, a tree). Gael. barrach,
ingly very generally known by a name branches, brushwood. Hence Fr. barrer,
having that signification. ON. merki, to bar or stop the way as with a bar, to
Lat. signum, Gr. onusiov, OHG. Aerº-Aare hinder; barrière, a barrier or stoppage;
chan, a war-beacon or war-signal; Fr. barreau, the bar at which a criminal
enseigne, a sign or token as well as an appears in a court of justice, and from
ensign or banner; Prov. senth, senthal, a which the barrister addresses the court.
sign ; senhal, senheira, banner. Barb. I. The barð of an arrow is the
According to Diez the It. bandiera is beard-like jag on the head of an arrow
derived from banda, a band or strip of directed backwards for the purpose of
cloth, and he would seem to derive Goth. hindering the weapon from being drawn
&and'va, a sign, from the same source, out of a wound. Lat. barba, Fr. barbe, a
the ensign of a troop being taken as type beard. Flesche barbelée, a bearded or
of a sign in general, which is surely in barbed arrow.—Cot.
direct opposition to the natural order of 2. Fr. Barbe, E. Barb, also signified a
the signification. Besides it must be by Barbary horse. G. Barbar, OFr. Bar
no means assumed that the earliest kind bare.—Leduchat.
of ensign would be a flag or streamer. 3. The term barb was also applied to
It is quite as likely that a sculptured the trappings of a horse, probably cor
º such as the Roman Eagle, would rupted from Fr. barde, as no correspond
first be taken for that purpose. ing term appears in other languages.
Banneret. Fr. banneret. A knight Bardé, barbed or trapped as a great horse.
banneret was a higher class of knights, —Cot.
inferior to a baron, privileged to raise Barbarous. The original import of
their own banner in the field, either in the Gr. 3dp/8apoc, Lat. barbarus, is to
virtue of the number of their retinue, or designate one whose language we do not
from having distinguished themselves in understand. Thus Ovid, speaking of
battle. himself in Pontus, says,
Qui tantae erant nobilitatis ut eorum quilibet Barbarus hic ego sum quia non intelligor ulli.
vexilli gauderet insignibus.-Life of Philip Au
gust. in Duc. Gr. Bapſ3apópovoc, speaking a foreign
They were called in the Latin of the language. Then as the Greeks and
period vexillarii, milites bannarii, banne Romans attained a higher pitch of civil
rarii, bannereti. isation than the rest of the ancient world,
Banquet. It. banchetto, dim. of banco, the word came to signify rude, uncivilised,
a bench or table ; hence a repast, a ban cruel. The origin of the word is an
imitation of the confused sound of voices
quet.
To Banter. To mock or jeer one. by a repetition of the syllable bar, bar,
in the same way in which the broken
When wit hath any mixture of raillery, it is but
calling it banter, and the work is done. This sound of waves, of wind, and even of
voices is represented by a repetition of
polite word of theirs was first borrowed from the
the analogous syllable mur, mur. We
bullies in White Friars, then fell among the foot
men, and at last retired to the pedants—but if
speak of the murmur of the waves, or of
this bantering, as they call it, be so despicable a
a crowd of people talking. It may be
thing, &c.—Swift in R.
remarked, indeed, that the noise of voices
Bantling. A child in swaddling is constantly represented by the same
clothes, from the bands in which it is word as the sound made by the move
 BARBEL BARGAIN 47

ment of water. Thus the ON. skola, as the great and warlike, and hymns to the
well as thwaet/a, are each used in the gods.
sense both of washing or splashing and Bardus Gallicé cantator appellatur quivirorum
of talking. The E. (wattle, which was fortium laudes canit.—Festus in Dict. Etym.
formerly used in the sense of tattle, as Bdipóot uév tauntai kai trounTal.—Strabo, Ib.
well as the modern twaddle, to talk much Et Bardi quidem fortia virorum illustrium
and foolishly, seem frequentative forms facta heroicis composita versibus cum dulcibus
of Sw. twaffa, to wash. G. waschen, to lyrae modulis cantitàrunt.—Lucan, Ib.
tattle. It guazzare, to plash or dabble, Hence in poetic language Bard is used
guazzolare, to prattle.—Fl. In like for poet.
manner the syllable bar or bor is used in 2. Sp. barda, horse armour covering
the formation of words intended to repre the front, back, and flanks. Applied in
sent the sound made by the movement E. also to the ornamental trappings of
of water or the indistinct noise of talk horses on occasions of state.
ing. Hindost. barbar, muttering, barðar
When immediately on the other part came in
Aarna, to gurgle. The verb borre/en the fore eight knights ready armed, their basses
signifies in Du. to bubble or spring up, and bards of their horses green satin embroidered
and in Flanders to vociferate, to make with fresh devices of bramble bushes of fine gold
an outcry; Sp. borbofar, borbollar, to boil ºy
in R.
wrought, powdered all over.---Hall
or bubble up; barðu//a, a tumultuous as
sembly; Port. boróu/har, to bubble or Fr. bardes, barbes or trappings for
boil; It. borboglio, a rumbling, uproar, horses of service or of show. Barder, to
quarrel; barðugliare, to stammer, stutter, barbe or trap horses, also to bind or tie
speak confusedly. Fr. barðeter, to grunt, across. Barde, a long saddle for an ass
mutter, murmur; barboter, to mumble or or mule, made only of coarse canvas
mutter words, also to wallow like a seeth stuffed with flocks. Bardeau, a shingle
ing pot.—Cot. The syllable bur seems or small board, such as houses are covered
in the same way to be taken as the with. Bardelle, a bardelle, the quilted
representative of sound conveying no or canvas saddle wherewith colts are
meaning, in Fr. baragouin, gibberish, backed.—Cotgr. Sp. barda, coping of
jargon, “any rude gibble-gabble or bar straw or brushwood for the protection of
barous speech.”—Cot. Mod. Gr. 3sp a mud wall; albarda, a pack-saddle,
Bepičw, to stammer; Bopſ36pvºw, to rum broad slice of bacon with which fowls
ble, boil, grumble (Lowndes, Mod. Gr. are covered when they are roasted; al
Lex.); Port. borborinha, a shouting of &ardilla, small pack-saddle, coping,
Inen. border of a garden bed. The general
Barbel. A river fish having a beard notion seems that of a covering or pro
at the corners of the mouth. Fr. barbel, tection, and if the word be from a Gothic
Barbeau.-Cot. source we should refer it to ON. bard,
Barber. Fr. barbier, one who dresses brim, skirt, border, ala, axilla. Hatf-bard,
the beard. -
the flap of a hat; skiaſ/dar-bard, the
Barberry. A shrub bearing acid edge of a shield; hºwal-bard, the layers of
berries. Fr. dial. barbe/in.—Dict. Etym. whalebone that hang from the roof of a
Barbaryn-frute, barbeum,_tree, barbaris. whale's mouth. But Sp. albarda looks
—Pr. Prm. like an Arabic derivation; Arab. al
Barbican. An outwork for the de &arda'ah, saddle-cloth.-Diez.
fence of a gate. It. barðacane, a jetty Bare. Exposed to view, open, un
or outnook in a building, loophole in a covered, unqualified. G. baar, bar, ON.
wall to shoot out at, scouthouse.—Fl. ber, G. baares ge/d, ready money. Russ.
The Pers. Aé/a-khaneh, upper chamber, ôós, Lith. bāsas, bdisus, bare ; baskojis,
is the name given to an open chamber barefooted ; Sanscr. bhasad, the naked
over the entrance to a caravanserai.- ness of a woman.
Rich. Hence it is not unlikely that the Bargain. OFr. barguigner, to chaf
name may have been transferred by re fer, bargain, or more properly (says
turned crusaders to the barðacaſ, or scout
Cotgr.) to wrangle, haggle, brabble in the
house over a castle gate from whence making of a bargain. The radical idea
arrivals might be inspected and the is the confused sound of wrangling, and
entrance defended. the word was used in OE. and Sc. in the
Bard. I. w. bardd, Bret, barg, the sense of fight, skirmish.
name of the poets of the ancient Celts, And mony tymys ische thai wald
whose office it was to sing the praises of And barºane at the barraiss hald,
48 BARGE BARON
And wound thair fayis oft and sla. harlig, barlich, the second syllable of
Barbour in Jam.which is analogous to that of garlick,
We have seen under Barbarous that /cm/ock, char/ocá, and is probably a true
the syllable bar was used in the con equivalent of the Zys in W. bar/ys. See
struction of words expressing the con Garlick.
fused noise of voices sounding indistinct Barm. I. Yeast, the slimy substance
either from the language not being un formed in the brewing of beer. As beorm,
derstood, or from distance or simultane G. &erm, Sw. berma. Dan. baerme, the
ous utterance. Hence it has acquired dregs of oil, wine, beer.
the character of a root signifying con 2. As Goth. barms, a lap, bosom ; ON.
fusion, contest, dispute, giving rise to It. ôarmer, border, edge, lap, bosom. See
Barlºffa, fray, altercation, dispute; Prov. Brim.
&ara/ha, trouble, dispute; Port. bara/har, Barn. As. berern, barn, commonly
Sp. barajar, to shuffle, entangle, put to explained from bere, barley, and ern, a
confusion, dispute, quarrel; Port. Óara place, a receptacle for barley or corn,
funda, Sp. barahunda, tumult, confusion, as &acces-ern, a baking place or oven,
disorder; Port. baraſustar, ſo strive, /ih/es-ern, a lantern. (Ihre, v. arn.)
struggle; It. baratta, strife, squabble, But probably berern is merely a misspell
dispute; barat/are, to rout, to cheat, also ing, and the word is simply the Bret.
to exchange, to chop; E. barretor, one Öern, aheap. Acervus, bern.—Gl. Cornub.
who stirs up strife. Nor is the root con Zeuss. So ON. hdadi, a heap, a stack,
fined to the Romance tongues; Lith. //ada, a barn. Du. baerm, berm, a
&arſi, to scold; barnis, strife, quarrel; heap; berm hoys, meta foeni.-Kil. Swab.
ON. baratta, strife, contest; bardagi, &aarn, barn, hay-loft, corn-shed, barn.
battle. -
Dan. dial. baaring, baaren, baarm, a
From Fr. baragouin, representing the load, so much as a man can bear or carry
confused sound of people speaking a at once. On the other hand, M.H.G. barn,
language not understood by the hearer, the rack or manger, praesepe; houbarn,
we pass to the verb barguigner, to faenile.
wrangle, chaffer, bargain. Barnacle. A conical shell fixed to
Barge.—Bark, 1. These words seem the rocks within the wash of the tide.
mere varieties of pronunciation of a term Named from the cap-like shape of the
common to all the Romance as well as shell. Manx bayrm, a cap; barnagh, a
Teutonic and Scandinavian tongues. limpet, a shell of the same conical shape
Prov. barca, barja, OFr. barge, Du. with barnacles. Gael. bairneach, bar
&arsie, OSw. bars, a boat belonging to a nacles, limpets; W. brenig, limpets.
larger ship. * Barnacles. Spectacles, also irons
Barca est quae cuncta navis commercia ad put on the noses of horses to make them
littus portat.—Isidore in Rayn. Naus en mar stand quiet.—Bailey. Of these meanings
quant a perdu sa barja.-Ibid. Sigurdr let taka the second is probably the original, the
tua skip-bata er barker ero kalladir.—Ihre.
name being given to spectacles, which
The origin may be ON. barki, the were made to hold on the nose by a
throat, then the bows or prow of a ship, spring, from comparison to a farrier's
pectus navis, and hence probably (by a barnacles. The name of barnacles is
metaphor, as in the case of Lat. Au//is) given by Joinville to a species of torture
darkr came to be applied to the entire by compression practised by the Sara
ship. So also ON. Kani, a beak, promi cens, and may therefore be an Eastern
nent part of a thing, also a boat; skułr, word. Camus, bernac.—Vocab. in Nat.
the fore or after end of a boat; skuła, a Antiq. Berniques, spectacles.—Vocab.
boat. de Berri.
Bark, 2. The outer rind of a tree; Baron. It. barone, Sp. zaron, Prov.
any hard crust growing over anything. &ar (acc. baró), O Fr. ber (acc. baron),
ON. bor&r, bark; at barka, to skin over; Fr. Aaron. Originally man, husband,
darkandi, astringent. then honoured man.
To Bark. As beorcan, from an imita Lo bar non es creat per la femna masla femna
tion of the sound. -
per lo baró. The man was not created for the
Barley. The Goth. adj. barizeins in woman, but the woman for the man.--Rayn.
dicates a noun baris, barley; AS. bere. Tam baronem quam feminam.—Leg. Ripuar.
W. bar/ys (bara, bread, and //ysiaw, Bret. Barum vel ſeminam.—Leg. Alam.
Aouzou, /ēzen, herbs, plants), bread-corn, In the Salic Law it signifies free born;
barley. The older form in E. was barlic, in the capitularies of Charles the Bald
 BARONET BARTER 49

barones are the nobles or vassals of the alquiceles y de otros cosas que de Berberia se
elevaban a Levante.
crown.

Baro, gravis et authenticus vir.—John de Gar On the other hand, G. barchenſ, bar
landiá. chet (Schmeller), calico. Bombicinus,
In our own law it was used for married Zarchanus, parchanttuech.-Vocab. A. D.
man, Baron and femme, man and wife. 1445 in Schmeller. ‘Ut nullus scarlatas
We have not much light on the pre aut barracanos vel pretiosos burellos, qui
cise formation of the word, which would Ratisboni fiunt, habeant.”—Op. S. Bern.
seem to be radically the same with Lat. ibid. MHG. barkān, barragán.
vir, Goth. vair, AS. wer, W. gºwr, Gael. Barratry.—Barrator. See Barter.
fear, a man. Barrel. It. barile, Sp. barril, barrila,
Baronet. The feudal tenants next Fr. barrigue, a wooden vessel made of
below the degree of a baron were called ãars or staves, but whether this be the
baronetti, baronuli, baronculi, baronce//, true derivation may be doubtful.
but as the same class of tenants were Barren, Bret. brechan; OFr. bre
also termed bannerets, the two names, /aigne, baraígne, Picard, breine, Du.
from their resemblance, were sometimes braeck, sterilis, semen non accipiens;
confounded, and in several instances, braeckland, uncultivated, fallow.—Kil.
where baronetti is written in the printed Barricade. Formed from Fr. barre,
copies, Spelman found bannereti in the a bar; as cavalcade, from cavallo, a
MS. rolls of Parliament. Still he shows horse; and not from Fr. barrigue, a
conclusively, by early examples, that barrel, as if it signified an impromptu
baronettus is not a mere corruption of barrier composed of barrels filled with
bannerefus, but was used in the sense of earth. It is hard to separate barricade
a lesser Baron. from Fr. barri, an obstruction, fortifi
Barunculus—a baronet.—Nominale of the cation, barrier.
Barrier. See Bar.
15th Cent. in Nat. Antiq.
Barrister. The advocate who pleads
It was not until the time of James I. that at the Bar of a court of Justice.
the baronets were established as a formal
order in the state.
Barrow, 1. An implement for carry
ing. AS. berewe, from beran, to carry.
Barrack. Fr. barague, It. baracca, It. bara, a litter, a bier or implement for
Sp. barraca, a hut, booth, shed. The carrying a dead body. G. bahre, a bar
Sp, word is explained by Minshew “a row, todtenbahre, or simply bahre, a bier.
souldiers tent or booth or suchlike thing This word introduced into Fr. became
made of the sail of a ship or suchlike bière, perhaps through Prov. bera, whence
stuff. Dicitur proprie casa illa piscatorum E. bier, alongside of barrow.
juxta mare.” Barrow, 2. A mound either of stones
The original signification was probably or earth over the graves of warriors and
a hut made of the branches of trees.
nobles, especially those killed in battle,
Gael. barrach, brushwood, branches; as the barrow at Dunmail-raise in West
harrachad, a hut or booth. Bargus or moreland. AS. bearg, bearh, a hill, mound,
barcus in the Salic laws is the branch of
rampart, heap, tomb, sepulchre, from
a tree to which a man is hanged. beorgan, OE. berwen, to shelter, cover.
Before the gates of Bari he lodged in a miser Worhton mid stanum anne steapne beorh him
able hut or barrack, composed of dry branches ofer. They made with stones a steep mound
and thatched with straw.—Gibbon. over him.—Joshua vii. 26.
It should be observed that, whenever Barrow-hog. , AS. bearg ; Bohem.
soldiers’ barracks are mentioned, the braw, a castrated hog; Russ. borov', a
word is always used in the plural number, boar.
pointing to a time when the soldiers' Barter. Barter or trafficking by ex
lodgings were a collection of huts. change of goods seems, like bargain, to
* Barragan. Sp. baragan, Fr. bara have been named from the haggling and
gant, bottracan, a kind of coarse camlet. wrangling with which the bargain is con
A passage cited by Marsh from the ducted. It is shown under Bargain how
Amante Liberal of Cervantes implies the syllable bar acquires the force of a
that barragans were of Moorish manu root signifying confused noise, squabble,
facture, and Arabic barkan or baramkan tumult. From this root were formed
is the name of a coarse, black woollen words in all the Romance languages,
garment still used in Morocco. signifying, in the first instance, noisy
La mercancia del baxel era de barraganes y contention, strife, dºute. then traffick
50 BARTIZAN BASTE

ing for profit, then cheating, over-reach Bason. It. bacino, Fr. bassin, the
ing, unrighteous gain. diminutive of the word corresponding to
Al is dai, n' is ther no night E. back, signifying a wide open vessel.
Ther n' is baret nother strif.
Hickes in Rich.
Bass. It, basso, the low part of the
scale in music.
They run like Bedlem barreters into the street. Lend me your hands, lift me above Parnassus,
—Hollinshed, ibid.
With your loud trebles help my lowly bassus.
OFr. bareter, to deceive, lie, cog, foist Sylvester's Dubartas.
in bargaining, to cheat, beguile, also to
&arter, truck, exchange.—Cotgr. M.H.G.
Bassoon. It. bassone, an augment
párát, Pl.D. baraet (from Fr.), barter, ation of basso, an instrument of a very
low note.
deceit. M.H.G. partieren, to cheat, pārā Bast.—Bass. Du. bast, bark, peel,
fierer, a deceiver. Sp. baraſar, to truck, husk; bast van Koren, bran, the thin skin
exchange; baratear, to bargain; bara which covers the grain; Dan. Swed.
teria, fraud, cheating, and especially Ger. Čast, the inner bark of the lime-tree
fraud committed by the master of a ship beaten out and made into a material for
with respect to the goods committed to mats and other coarse fabrics. Dan.
him.
&ast-maatſe, bass-matting; bast-reb, a
Baratry is when the master of a ship cheats
the owners or insurers, by imbezzling their goods bass rope. Du. basſ, a halter, rope for
or running away with the ship.–Bailey. hanging, OE. baste.
Bot ye salle take a stalworthe baste
But according to Blackstone barratry And binde my handes behind me faste.
consists in the offence of stirring up MS. Halliwell.
quarrels and suits between parties.
Bartizan. See Brattice. Dan. basſe, Sw. basſa, to bind, commonly
Barton. A court-yard, also the de joined with the word binda, of the same
mesne lands of a manor, the manor sense. Sw. at basſa og binda, to bind
house itself, the outhouses and yards.- hand and foot. Dan. /agge een i baand
Halliwell. AS. berefun, bearfun, berewic, og basſ, to put one in fetters; and it is
a court-yard, corn-farm, from &ere, barley, remarkable that the same expression is
and fun, inclosure, or wic, dwelling.— found in Turkish ; bess!, a tying, binding,
Bosworth. &ess/-tt-öendez, to bind. Lap. baste, the
Base. It. basso, Fr. bas, low, mean ; hoops of a cask.
Sp. baro, W. and Bret. Óðs, shallow, low, Bastard. Apparently of Celtic origin,
from Gael. &aos, lust, fornication. OFr.
flat. The original meaning, according Ji's de &ast, ſiſ's de óas.
to Diez, would be, pressed down, thick.
* Bassus, crassus, pinguis."—Gl. Isidore. He was begetin o bast, God it wot.
Arthur and Merlin.
‘A’assus, curtus, humilis.”—Papias. ‘Ele
a basses hanches et basses jambes.’ Sir Richard fiz le rei of wan we spake bevore
Gentilman was inow thei he were a bast ièore.
Basilisk. Gr. Baaixiacoc, from 3a R. G. 516.
ot\tic, a king. A fabulous serpent, said This man was son to John of Gaunt, descended
to kill those that look upon it. of an honorable lineage, but born in baste,
There is not one that looketh upon his eyes, more noble in blood than notable in learning.—
but he dieth presently. The like property hath Hall in Halliwell.
the basi/isk. A white spot or star it carieth on
the head and settith it out like a coronet or So Turk. chasa, fornication, chasa ogli
diadem. If he but hiss no other serpent dare (ogli = son), a bastard.—F. Newman.
come near.—Holland's Pliny in Rich. Malay anak-&audrež (child of adultery),
Late sibi submovet omne a bastard.
Vulgus et in vacuá regnat Basiliscus arenå. To Baste. 1. To stitch, to sew with
Lucan.
long stitches for the purpose of keeping
Probably from reports of the cobra capel, the pieces of a garment in shape while it
which sets up its hood when angry, as is permanently sewn. It. Sp. basta, a
the diadem of the basilisk. long stitch, preparatory stitching, the
To Bask. To heat oneself in the sun stitches of a quilt or mattrass. Sp.
or before a fire. See Bath. &astear, embastir, It. imbasſire, Fr. bāţăr,
Basket. W. basg, netting, plaiting of to baste, to stitch; Fris. Sicamb. besten,
splinters; basgèd, basgod, a basket; masg, leviter consuere.—Kil. OHG. bestan, to
a mesh, lattice-work. It is mentioned as patch, as It. imbastire, to baste on a
a British word by Martial. piece of cloth.
Barbara depictis veni hascauda Britannis, Nay, mock not, mock not : the body of your
Sed me jam mavult dicere Roma suam. discourse is sometimes guarded with fragments,
 BASTINADO BAT 51
and the guards are but slightly basted on neither.
phor from the notion of basting meat.—
—Much Ado about Nothing. To baste one's hide; to give him a sound
Derived by Diez from bast, as if that &asting.
were the substance originally used in 3. The sense of pouring dripping over
stitching, but this is hardly satisfactory. meat at roast or rubbing the meat with
It seems to me that the sense of stitch fat to prevent its burning is derived from
ing, as a preparation for the final sewing the notion of beating in the same way
of a garment, may naturally have arisen that the verb to stroke springs from the
from the notion of preparing, contriving, act of striking. Sw, strºyá, beating,
setting up, which seems to be the general blows; stry&a, to rub gently, to stroke,
sense of the verb bastire, bastir, in the to spread bread and butter. Fr. froſter,
Romance languages. to rub, is explained by Cot. also to cudgel,
Thus we have Sp. bastir, disposer, pre baste or knock soundly.
parer (Taboada); It. imbasſire, to lay the Bastinado. Sp. bastonada, a blow
cloth for dinner, to devise or begin a with a stick, Sp. Fr. baston. Fr. baston
business (Altieri). Fr. bastir, to build, made, a cudgelling, bastonner, to cudgel.
make, frame, erect, raise, set up, also to In English the term is confined to the
compose, contrive, devise. Bastir a beating on the soles of the feet with a
Quelqu'un son roulet, to teach one before stick, a favourite punishment of the Turks
hand what he shall say or do.—Cot. and Arabs. For the origin of baston see
Prov. guerra bastir, to set on foot a war; Baste, 2.
agait bastir, to lay an ambush.-Rayn. Bastion. It. bastia, bastida, bastione,
Sp. bastimento, victuals, provisions, a bastion, a sconce, a blockhouse, a bar
things prepared for future use, also the ricado.—Florio. Fr. bastille, bastilde, a
basting or preparatory stitching of a gar fortress or castle furnished with towers,
ment, stitching of a quilt or mattrass. To donjon, and ditches; bastion, the fortifi
&aste a garment would be to set it up, to cation termed a bastion or cullion-head.
put it together, and from this particular Cot. All from bastir, to build, set up,
kind of stitching the signification would Contrive.
seem to have passed on to embrace * Bat. 1. Sc. back, baſſ, bakie-bird, Sw.
.Stitching in general. mattbaka, Dan. aſtonbakke, the winged
A silver nedil forth I drowe– mammal. It wipistrello, the night-bat.
And gan this nedill threde anone, -Fl. Baże, flyinge best, vespertilio.
For out of toune me list to gone— —Pr. Prm. Mid. Lat. blatta, blacta,
With a threde basting my slevis. ôatta lucifuga, vespertilio, vledermus.-
Chaucer, R. R.
—Sitze und beste mir den ermel wider in.
Dieff. Supp. to Duc. Chaufe-soriz is
Minnesinger in Schmid.
glossed a balke (for blake 2) in Bibeles
worth (Nat. Antiq. p. 164), and blak
It is probably from the sense of stitch probably signifies a bat in the following
ing that must be explained the It. basto, passage:
imbasto, a packsaddle, pad for the head But at that yehe breyde
to carrya weight on ; Fr. basſ, bdt (whence That she furthe her synne seyde,
the E. military term of a bat-horse), bastine, Come fleyng oute at her mouthe a blak,
a pad or packsaddle, which was origin That yehe blak y dar wel telle,
ally nothing but a quilted cushion on That hyt was a fende of helle.
which to rest the load. Thus Baretti Manuel des Pecchés. 11864.
explains Sp. bastear, to pack a saddle It is true the original has corneille, which
with wool, i. e. to quilt or stitch wool was probably changed in the E. trans
into it; and Cot. has bastine, a pad, lation to a bat, as a creature peculiarly
packsaddle, the quilted saddle with which connected with devilry and witchcraft.
colts are backed. The name seems to be taken from ON.
2. To beat or bang soundly.—Bailey. ð/aka, Ö/akra, Ö/akſa, to flap, move to
This word probably preserves the form and fro in the air with a light rapid
from whence is derived the Fr. baston, motion; whence ledrb/aka, the bat; Sw.
&#on, a stick, an instrument for beating, dial. bla/Aia, matt-blakka, the night-jar or
as well as besteau, the clapper of a bell. goat-sucker, a bird which, like the owl
ON. beysta, to beat, to thrash; Dan. 66sſe, and the bat, seeks its insect prey on the
to drub, to belabour; Sw. dial. basa, wing in the evening. For the loss of the
baska, basta, to beat, to whip. Perhaps / in back, bat, compared with b/ačka,
in the use of the E. term there is usually */atta, comp. E. badger, from Fr. bladier.
an erroneous feeling of its being a meta 2. A staff, cluº. or implement for
4
 52 BATCH BATTLEMENT

striking. In some parts of England it is basa sig i solen, to bask in the sun. Da.
the ordinary word for a stick at the dial. batte sig, to warm oneself at the
present day. A Sussex woman speaks fire or in the sun.
of putting a clung bat, or a dry stick, on Perhaps the above may be radically
the fire. In Suffolk baſ/ins are loppings identical with ON. baka, E. bake, to heat,
of trees made up into faggots. Bret. baz, Slav. Aak, heat. Baka six wed el/d, to
a stick; Gael. bat, a staff, cudgel, blud warm oneself at the fire. Pl. D. sich ha
geon, and as a verb, to beat, to cudgel. Æern, E. dial. to beak, to warm oneself.
Mgy. boſ, a stick. The origin of the To Batten. To thrive, to feed, to
word is an imitation of the sound of a become fat. Goth. gabatman, to thrive,
blow by the syllable baſ, the root of E. to be profited, ON. bazna, to get better, to
&cat, It. battere, Fr. baſ/re, w. baeddu. become convalescent. Du. Öat, bet, bet
Jºaf, a blow.—Hal. The lighter sound ter, more. See Better.
of the / in fat adapts the latter syllable Batten. In carpenter's language a
to represent a gentle blow, a blow with a scantling of wooden stuff from two to
light instrument. The imitative nature four inches broad, and about an inch
of the root bat is apparent in Sp. baſa thick.-Bailey. A baſſen fence is a fence
cazo, bayuetazo, representing the noise made by nailing rods of such a nature
made by one in falling. across uprights. From bat in the sense
Batch. A batch of bread is so much of rod ; perhaps first used adjectivally,
as is baked at one time, G. gebäck, gebäcke. &af-em, made of bats, as wood-en, made of
Bate. Strife; makebaſe, a stirrer-up wood.
of strife. Batyn, or make debate. Jurgor, Batter. Eggs, flour, and milk beaten
vel seminare discordias vel discordare.— up together.
Pr. Pn. Fr. debat, strife, altercation, To Batter. — Battery. Battery, a
dispute.—Cot. beating, an arrangement for giving blows,
To Bate. 1. Fr. abaffre, to fell, beat, is a simple adoption of Fr. batterie, from
or break down, quell, allay; Sp. bazir, to hatre, to beat. From battery was pro
beat, beat down, lessen, remit, abate. bably formed to batter under the con
2. A term in falconry; to flutter with sciousness of the root bat in the sense of
the wings. Fr. battre les ailes. blow, whence to batter would be a regular
Bath.--To Bathe.—To Bask. ON. frequentative, signifying to give repeated
hada, G. baden, to bathe. The primary blows, and would thus seem to be the
meaning of the word seems to be to verb from which battery had been formed
warm, then to warm by the application of in the internal development of the English
hot water, to foment, to refresh oneself in language.
water whether warm or cold. Sw. dial. Battle.—Battalion. It. battere, Fr.
basa, bāda, badda, to heat ; solen baddar, battre, to beat; se battre, to fight, whence
the sun burns ; solbase, the heat of the It. baſſaglia, Fr. batail/e, a battle, also a
sun ; bad/ish, fishes basking in the sun; squadron, a band of armed men arranged
basa, badda, bāda vidjor, as E. dial. to for fighting. In OE. also, battle was used
beath wood, to heat it before the fire or in the latter sense,
in steam in order to make it take a
Scaffaldis, leddris and covering,
certain bend. Pikkis, howis, and with staffslyng,
Faine in the sonde to bathe her merrily To ilk lord and his batailſ,
Lieth Pertelotte, and all her sustirs by Wes ordanyt, quhar he suld assaill.
Ayenst the sunne,—Chaucer. Barbour in Jam.
Flem. betten, to foment with hot applica Hence in the augmentative form It. baſ
tions. G. bahem, to foment, to warm, taglione, a battalion, a main battle, a great
seems related to baden as Fr. frahir to It. squadron.—Florio.
tradire. Holz bathem, to beath wood ; Battledoor. The bat with which a
brot biihen, to toast bread. Hence pro shuttlecock is struck backwards and for
bably may be explained the name of wards. Sp. Öatador, a washing beetle, a
Baiae, as signifying warm baths, to which flat board with a handle for beating the
that place owed its celebrity. wet linen in washing. Baſy/doure or
It can hardly be doubted that bask is washynge betylle.—Pr. Pm.
the reflective form of the foregoing verbs, Battlement. From OFr. bastille, a
from ON. badask, to bathe oneself, as E. fortress or castle, was formed bas/i//ē,
busk, to betake oneself, from ON. budsk made like a fortress, adapted for defence,
. . for bua sik. “I baske, I bathe in water viz. in the case of a wall, by projections
or in any licoure.”—Palsgr. Sw, dial. at which sheltered the defenders while they
 BAUBLE BAWSON 53

shot through the indentures. Mur bas Swiss. bau, dung; baue, to manure the
tillé, an embattled wall, a wall with such fields. W. baw, dirt, filth, excrement.
notches and indentures or battlements. To baw, to void the bowels.-Hal. Sc.
Batylment of a wall, propugnaculum.— bauch, disgusting, Sorry, bad. — Jam.
Pr. Pn. From Baw / an interjection of disgust,
Si vey ung vergier grant et lé equivalent to Faugh being a represent
Enclos d'un hault mur bastille.—R. R. ation of the exspiration naturally resorted
to as a defence against a bad smell.
Bauble. 1. Originally an implement
Ye baw / quoth a brewere
consisting of lumps of lead hanging from I woll noght be ruled
the end of a short stick, for the purpose By Jhesu for all your janglyng
of inflicting a blow upon dogs or the like, With Spiritus Justiciae.—P. P.
then ornamented burlesquely and used by —for they beth as bokes tell us
a Fool as his emblem of office. ‘Ba Above Goddes workes.
bulle or bable—librilla, pegma,” “Librilla 'Ye baw for bokes' quod oon
dicitur instrumentum librandi—a bable Was broken out of Helle.—P. P.

or a dogge malyote.’ ‘Pegma, baculus The It. oibo A fie fie upon (Altieri), Fr.
cum massā plumbi in summitate pen bah / pooh nonsense and Sp. baſ/
dente."—Pr. Pnn., and authorities in note. expressive of disgust, must all be referred
The origin of the word is bab or bob, a to the same origin. ‘There is a choler
lump, and as a verb to move quickly up icke or disdainful interjection used in
and down or backwards and forwards.
the Irish language called Boagh Z which
Gael. bab, a tassel or hanging bunch ; E. is as much in English as Twish !’—Hol
bablyn or waveryn, librillo, vacillo.—Pr. linshed, Descript. Irel. c. 8. To this
Prm.
exactly corresponds Fr. pouac / faugh !
2. Bauble in the sense of a plaything an interjection used when anything filthy
or trifle seems a different word, from Fr. is shown or said, whence fouacre, rotten,
*abiole, a trifle, whimwham, guigaw, or filthy.—Cot. In like manner Grisons
small toy to play withal.—Cot. It. bab buah / buſh / exclamation of astonish
bolare, to play, the babby, to trifle away ment, leads to bud (in children's lan
the time as children do; babbole, child guage), nastiness, filth.
ish baubles, trifles, fooleries or fond To Bawl. Formed from baw, the
toys.-Fl. Swiss baben, to play with dolls representation of a loud shout, as Fr.
or toys. -

miauler, E. to mewl, to make the noise

Baudrick—Baldrick. Prov, baudrat, represented by the syllable miau, mew.
OFr. baudré, OHG. balder ich, a belt.— The sound of a dog barking, is repre
Diez. Baudrick in OE. is used for a
sented by bau, bow (as in our nursery
sword-belt, scarf, collar. bow-wow, a dog). Lat. baubare, Piedm.
Bavin. A brush faggot. OFr. baſe, fé bau, to bark; bau/e', to bark, to talk
ſaisceau, fagot.—Lacombe. An analogous noisily, obstrepere.—Zalli. Swiss Rom.
form with an initial g instead of a b is bouala, bouaila, to vociferate, to cry.—
seen in Fr. javelle, a gavel, or sheaf of Bridel. ON. baula, to low or bellow as
corn, also a bavin or bundle of dry an OX.
sticks,—Cot. The word may perhaps be Bawson. A name of the badger, from
derived from the above-mentioned bab or the streaks of white on his face. It. bal
bob, a lump or cluster; Gael, baban, zano, a horse with white legs. Fr. bal
babhaid, a tassel, cluster; Fr. bobine, a 2am, a horse that hath a white leg or foot,
bobbin or cluster of thread.
the white of his leg or foot, also more
Bawdekin. Cloth of gold. It. bal. generally a white spot or mark in any
dacchino, S. S., also the canopy carried part of his body.—Cotgr. Prov. čausan,
over the head of distinguished persons in OFr. baucant, a horse marked with
a procession, because made of cloth of white. Beauséent, the famous standard
gold. The original meaning of the word of the Templars, was simply a field
is Bagdad stuff, from Baldacca, Bagdad, divided between black and white. E. dial.
because cloth of gold was imported from bawsoned, having a white streak down
Bagdad. the face. From Bret. bal, a white mark
Bawdy. Filthy, lewd; in oe, dirty. on the face of animals, or the animal so
His overest slop it is not worth a mite— marked, whence the E. name of a cart
It is all bawdy, and to-tore also. —Chaucer. horse, Ball. Gael. ball, a spot, a plot of
What doth cleer perle in a bawdy boote. ground, an object. Ball-sefrc, a beauty-.
Lydgate. spot, ballach, spotted, speckled. E. pie-,
 54 BAY BE

bald, marked like a pie. Probably con &aier, to open the mouth, to stare, to be
nected with Pol. biaſo, Russ. bielo, intent on anything.
Bohem. byly, white. Serv. bije!, white, From the former verb is the It. expres
bi/yega, a mark, bi/yefiti, to mark. See sion ſentere a bada, to keep one waiting,
Bald.
to keep at a bay, to amuse; stare a bada
Bay, 1. A hollow in the line of coast. a'unto, to stand watching one.
Fr. baie, It. baja, Sp. bahia. Catalan Tal parve Anteo a me, che stava a bada di
badia, from badar, to open, to gape, vederlo chinare. Such Antaeus seemed to me,
dividere, dehiscere; badarse, to open as who stood watching him stoop. Non ti terro
a blossom, to split. From Cat. badia to converso lungo et dubbii discorsi a bada. I will
Sp. bahia, the step is the same as from not keep you waiting with a long story, &c. I
It. tradire to Fr. trahir, to betray. See Pisani si mostrarono di volergli assalire di quella
parte e comminciarono vi l'assalto per tenere i
At Bay. nemicia bada.
Bay, 2.—Bay-window. The same
fundamental idea of an opening also i. e. in order to keep the enemy in check,
bay.
gives rise to the application of the term or at
Bay (in Architecture) to ‘a space left in Ne was there man so strong but he down bore
a wall for a door, gate, or window’—(in Ne woman yet so faire but he her brought
Fortification), to ‘holes in a parapet to Unto his bay and captived her thought.—F. Q.
receive the mouth of a cannon.”—Bailey. he brought her to stand listening to him.
A barn of two bays, is one of two di So well he wooed her and so well he wrought her
visions or unbroken spaces for stowing With faire entreaty and swete blandishment
corn, &c., one on each side of the thresh That at the length unto a bay he brought her
ing-floor. So as she to his speeches was content
Earth To lend on ear and softly to relent.—F. Q.
By Nature made to till, that by the yearly birth The stag is said to stand at bay, when,
The large-bayed barn doth fill.—Drayton in R. weary of running, he turns and faces his
In great public libraries cases may be erected
pursuers, and keeps them in check for a
abutting into the apartment from the piers of the while.
windows, as they do not obstruct the light or air, As this crisis in the chase is ex
and afford pleasant bays in which to study in pressed in Fr. by the term rendre les
quiet.—Journal Soc. Arts, Feb. 25, 1859. abois, the term at bay has been supposed
A bay-window then is a window con to be derived from the Fr. aur derniers
taining in itself a bay, or recess in an abois, at his last gasp, put to his last
apartment; in modern times, when the shifts, which however, as may be seen
architectural meaning of the word was from the foregoing examples, would give
not generally understood, corrupted into but a partial explanation of the expres
Bow-window, as if to signify a window of sion.
curved outline. Fr. beſe, a hole, overture, Bayonet. Fr. baionette, a dagger.—
or opening in the wall or other part of a Cot. Said to have been invented at Bay
house, &c.—Cot. Swiss beie, baye, win onne, or to have been first used at the
dow ; bayen-stein, window-sill.—Stalder. siege of Bayonne in 1665–Diez.
Swab. bay, large window in a handsome Bay-tree. The laurus nobilis or true
house.—Schmid. laurel of the ancients, the laurel-bay, so
Bay. Lat. badius, Sp. bayo, It. bajo, called from its bearing bays, or berries.
Fr. bai. Gael. buidhe, yellow; buidhe The royal laurel is a very tall and big tree–
ruadh, buidhe-dhomm, bay. and the baſes or berries (baccae) which it bears
To Bay. To bark as a dog. It, ab are nothing biting or unpleasant in taste.—Hol
baiare, Fr. babayer, Lat. baubari, Gr. land's Pliny in R.
Baščeiv, Piedm. f. bait, from an imitation A garland of bays is commonly repre
of the sound. See Bawl. sented with berries between the leaves.
At Bay. It has been shown under The word bay, Fr. baie, a berry, is per
Abie, Abide, that from ba, representing haps not directly from Lat., bacca, which
the sound made in opening the mouth, itself seems to be from a Celtic root. W.
arose two forms of the verb, one with and hacon, berries. Gael. bagaid, a cluster of
one without the addition of a final d to
grapes or nuts. Prov, baca, baga, OSp.
the root. 1st, It. badare, having the haca, Mod. Sp. baya, the cod of peas,
primary signification of opening the husk, berry. It. baccello, the cod or husk
mouth, then of doing whatever is marked of beans or the like, especially beans.
by involuntarily opening the mouth, as * To Be. As beom; Gael. bed, alive,
.gazing, watching intently, desiring, wait living; bedthach, a beast, living thing ;
ing ; and 2ndly, Fr. daher, baer, Öder, Ir. Öioth, life, the world; Gr. Bioc, life.
 BEACH BEAR 55

It is not until a somewhat advanced court, officer in attendance on the digni

stage in the process of abstraction that taries of a university or church. Fr.
the idea of simple being is attained, and /edeau, It. bide//o. Probably an equiv
a verb with that meaning is wholly want alent of the modern waiter, an attendant,
ing in the rudest languages. The negro from AS. bidan, to wait. It will be ob
served that the word attendant has also a
who speaks imperfect English uses, in
stead the more concrete notion of living. like origin in Fr. attendre, to wait.
He says, Your hat no lib that place you Home is he brought and laid in sumptuous bed
Where many skilful leeches him abide
put him in.-Farrar, Chapters on Lang. To salve his hurts.-F. Q
p. 54. A two-year old nephew of mine i. e. wait upon him.
would say, Where it live 2 where is it? * Beagle. A small kind of hound
Now the breath is universally taken as
the type of life, and the syllable fºu or ſº tracking by scent. ‘The Frenchmen
is widely used in the most distant lan stil like good begeles following their
guages to express the notion of blowing prey.”—Hall's Chron. Commonly re
ferred to Fr. beugler, to bellow, which is,
or breathing, and thus may explain the
origin of the root fu in Lat. ſui, ſuisse, or however, not applied to the yelping of
of Sanscr. bhū, be. dogs. Moreover the name, according to
Beach. The immediate shore of the Menage, was introduced from England
into France, and therefore was not likely
sea, the part overflowed by the tide. to have a French origin.
Thence applied to the pebbles of which Beak. A form that has probably de
the shore often consists.
scended to us from a Celtic origin. Gael.
We haled our bark over a bar of beach, or
beic. “Cui Tolosae nato cognomen in
pebble stones, into a small river.—Hackluyt in R.
pueritiá Becco fuerat: id valet gallinacei
Perhaps a modification of Dan. bakke, rostrum.”—Suetonius in Diez. It. becro,
N. bakkje, Sw, backe, a hill, bank, rising Fr. bec, Bret. bek, w. Żig. It forms a
ground. In Norfolk bank is commonly branch of a very numerous class of words
used instead of beach.-Miss Gurney in clustered round a root pić, signifying a
Philolog. Trans. vol. vii. point, or any action done with a pointed
Beacon.—Beck.-Beckon. OHG. bau thing.
han, OSax. bokan, AS. beacem, a sign, a Beam.— Boom. Goth. bagms, ON.
nod ; OHG. fora-bauhan, a presage, pro badmir, G. baum, Du. boom, a tree. AS.
digy; bauhnjan, ON. bākma, AS. beacmian, àedim, a tree, stock, post, beam. The
nutu significare, to beckon. The term boom of a vessel is the beam or pole by
beacon is confined in E. to a fire or some which the sail is stretched, coming to
conspicuous object used as a signal of us, like most nautical terms, from the
danger. Netherlands or North Germany.
The origin seems preserved in E. beck, Bean. G. bohme, ON. baum. Gr.
to bow or nod ; Catalan becam, to nod ; triavoc, kūauoc, Lat. ſaba, Slavon. bob.
Gael. beic, a curtsey, perhaps from the w. ſa, beans, ſtem, a single bean, the
.."
eak.
of a bird pecking ; Gael. &eic, a addition of a final en being the usual
mark of individuality. Bret, ſº or ſaz,
Than peine I me to stretchen forth my neck, beans, or the plant which bears them ;
And East and West upon the peple I becke, faen or ſaven, a single bean, plur. ſaven
As doth a dove sitting upon a bern. mou or ſaennon, as well as ſº or ſaw.
Pardoner's Tale.
Thus the final en, signifying individuality,
He (Hardicanute) made a law that every Inglis adheres to the root, and Lat. faba is
man sal bek and discover his hed quhen he met connected through Oberdeutsch bobnt
ane Dane.—Bellenden in Jam. (Schwenck) with G. bohne, E. bean.
Esthon. možkima, to peck as a bird ; Bear. The wild beast. G. bār, ON.
nołżutoma žead, to nod the head. björn.
Bead. A ball of some ornamental To Bear. Lat. ſero, ſer-re; Gr. pipeiv;
material, pierced for hanging on a string, Goth. bairan, to carry, support, and also
and originally used for the purpose of to bear children, to produce young. The
helping the memory in reciting a certain latter sense may have been developed
tale of prayers or doxologies. AS. bead, through the notion of a tree bearing fruit,
gebed, a prayer. See To Bid. To bid or from the pregnant mother carrying
one's bedes or beads was to say one's her young. It is singular, however, that
prayers. the forms corresponding to the two sig
Beadle. AS. bydel, the messenger of a nifications should be so distinct in Latin,
56 BEARD BEDIZEN

fero, to carry, and fario, to bear children, get; ‘He got very angry,” “He became
produce, bring forth. very angry,’ are equivalent expressions,
From bear in the sense of carrying we implying that he attained the condition
have Goth. baurthei, ON. byrdi, E. bur of being very angry.
den ; from the same in the sense of bear 2. In a second sense to become is to be
ing children, Goth. gabaurths, birth. The fitting or suitable. G. beguem, convenient,
ON. burdr is used in the sense of a car fit, proper; E. come/y, pleasing, agreeable.
rying, bearing, and also in that of birth. This meaning is to be explained from
Beard. G. bart, Russ. boroda, Bo AS. becuman, to come to or upon, to
hem. brada, the beard, chin. Lat. barða, befall, to happen. He becom on sceatham,
w. barſ. Perhaps radically identical he fell among thieves. Tharm godum
with ON. bard, a lip, border, edge. See decym/h an/eald yuel, to the good hap
Halbard. pens unmixed evil.-Bosworth. Now the
Beast. Lat. bestia ; Gael. biast, an notion of being convenient, suitable, fit
animal, perhaps a living thing, bed, ting, rests on the supposition of a purpose
living ; w. byw, living, to live. to be fulfilled, or a feeling to be gratified.
Beat. AS. beatan ; It. battere, Fr. If the accidents or circumstances of the
battre; from a root bat, imitative of the case happen as we would have them, if
sound of a sharp blow, as fat imitates they fall in with what is required to satisfy
that of a more gentle one. See Bat. our taste, judgment, or special purpose,
Beauty. Fr. beauté, from beau, beſ, we call the arrangement becoming, con
It. bello, Lat. bellus, pretty, handsome, venient, proper, and we shall find that
agreeable. these and similar notions are commonly
Beaver. 1. The quadruped. G. biber, expressed by derivatives from verbs sig
Lat. ſióer, Lith. Öebrus, Slav. boðr, Fr.
nifying to happen. Thus OE. ſa// was
bièvre. Secondarily applied to a hat, constantly used in the sense of falling or
because made of the fur of the beaver. happening rightly, happening as it ought.
Perhaps from Pol. babrač, to dabble; Do no favour, I do thee pray,
bobrować, to wade through the water It fallith nothing to thy name
like a beaver. To make fair semblant where thou mayest blame.
2. The moveable part of a helmet, Chaucer, R. R.
which, when up, covered the face, and In darkness of unknowynge they gonge
when down occupied the place of a child's Without light of understandynge
Of that that ſal/eth to ryghte knowynge.
bib or slobbering cloth. Fr. bavière, Prick of Conscience.
from baver, to slobber. It. baza, Sp.
*aba, Fr. bave, slobber. The OFr. bawe i.e. of that that belongeth to right know
expressed as well the flow of the saliva ing. So in ON. ‘all-vel til Hofdingia
as the babble of the child, whence baveur, ſa//inn,” every way suited to a prince. G.
bavard, Prov. čavec, talkative.—Diez. geſa/lem, to please, to fall in with our
Beck, 1.—Beckon. A nod or sign. taste, as fall itself was sometimes used
See Beacon. in E.
Beck, 2. ON. bekkr, Dan. back, G. With shepherd sits not following flying fame,
bach, a brook. As rivus, a brook, is But ſeed his flock in fields where falls him best.
connected with ripa, a bank, while from Shep. Cal.
the latter are derived It. riviera, a bank, On the same principle, AS. limpian, to
shore, or river, and Fr. rivière, formerly a happen, to appertain, ſimplice, fitly ; ge
bank, but now a river only; and ON. /impan, to happen, ge/implic, opportune.
bekkr, signifies both bench (= bank) and AS. fiman, getiman, to happen, G. 2iemen,
brook; it is probable that here also the to become, befit, E. seemly, suitable,
name applied originally to the bank then proper; OSw, tida, to happen, tidºg, fit,
to the brook itself. See Bank. decent, decorous, E. tidy, now confined
To Become. I. To attain to a certain to the sense of orderly. In like manner
condition, to assume a certain form or Turk, dushmak, to fall, to happen, to fall
mode of being. AS. becuman, to attain to the lot of any one, to be a part of his
to, to arrive at. duty, to be incumbent upon him.
Thaet thu maege becuman to tham gesaelthan Bed. A place to lie down, to sleep on.
the ece thurhwuniath. That thou mayest attain Goth. badi, ON. bedr, G. bett.
to those goods which endure for ever.—Boeth. Bedizen. To load with ornament, to
G. Bekommen, to get, receive, obtain, dress with unbecoming richness; and to
acquire.—Küttner. It will be observed dizen out was used in the same sense.
that we often use indifferently become or Probably from OE, dize or dizen, to clothe
 BEDLAM BEETLE 57
a distaff with flax, though the metaphor Hue dronc of the beere
does not appear a striking one to our ears. To knyght and skyere.—l. 1114.
I dysyn a dystaffe, I put the flax upon it Hue fulde the horn of wyne
And dronk to that pelryne.
to spin.-Palsgr. But possibly bedizen K. Horn, 1156.
may be from Fr. badgeonner, to rough
cast, to colour with lime-wash, erroneously 2. A fi/low-beer, a pillow-case. Dan.
modified in form, by the analogy of be zaar, a cover, case, fºude-vaar, a pil
dawb, as if it were derived from a simple low case. G. A.iissen-biere. Pl.D. biºren,
verb to dizen, which latter would thus Æiłssen-bièrem, a cushion-cover ; beds
be brought into use by false etymology. &ièren, a bed-tick. Properly a cover that
The passage from a soft g to 2 is of fre may be slipped on and off. Fin. wiąrin,
quent occurrence, as in It. Arigione, Fr. I turn (a garment), Esthon. Aóðrdma, to
frison, Venet. cogionare, E. cogen, It.
cugino, E. cousin. turn, to twist; fºrma, to turn, to change;
To plaister or bedawb with ornament fadja-flººr, a pillow-case or pillow-beer
is exactly the image represented by be (paddi, a pad or cushion).
dizen. The same metaphor is seen in * Beestings. The first milk after a
Fr. crespir, to parget or rough-cast ; cow has calved, which is thick and
femme crespie de couleurs, whose face is clotty, and in Northampton called cherry
all to bedawbed or plaistered over with curds. G. biest-milch, also biens/, briest,
painting.—Cot. &riesch-miſch, AS. beost, byst. The mean
Bedlam. A madhouse, from the hos ing of the word is curdled. Fr. calle
pital of St Mary, Bethlehem, used for ãouſé, curded or beesty, as the milk of a
that purpose in London. woman that is newly delivered.—Cot.
Bedouin. Arab. bedaw?, a wandering Prov. sang vermeilh beta/2, red curdled
Arab ; an inhabitant of the desert, from blood.—Rom. de Fierabras in Diez. The
&edou (in vulgar Arab.), desert. earth was in the Middle Ages supposed
Bed-ridden. Confined to bed. AS.
to be surrounded by a sea of so thick a
bedrida, Pl.D. bedde-redir; OHG. bef substance as to render navigation im
tiriso, from risan, to fall.—Grimm. Pett possible. This was called mer beſtée in
ris, qui de lecto surgere non potest ; Fr. and lebermer in G., the loppered sea,
pettiriso, paralyticus.-Gl. in Schmeller. from Jefferen, to curdle or lopper. “La
So Gr. k\ivors ric, from rer-, fall. mars betada, sela que environna la terra.’
Bee. The honey-producing insect. As, In a passage of an Old Fr. translation
beo, ON. by-ſluga, G. biene, Bernese, cited by Diez, ‘ausi com ele (la mer) fust
beſi. Gael. beach, a bee, a wasp, a stinging ôietée, the last word corresponds to co
fly; beach-each, a horse-fly; speach, a agulatum in the original Latin. Let.
blow or thrust, also the bite or sting of a bees, thick, close together as teeth in a
venomous creature, a wasp. comb, trees in a forest; beest, to become
Beech. A tree. G. buche, ON. beyki, thick, to coagulate.
Slav. čuk, buka, bukva, Lat. Jagus, Gr. Beet. A garden-herb. Fr. bette or
ºnyóc. ôlette ; Lat, beta, bletum ; Gr. 3\irov,
Beef. Fr. ba’uſ, an ox, the meat of spinach.
the ox. It. bove, from Lat. bos, bovis, an Beetle. 1. The general name of in
OX. sects having a horny wing-cover. Pro
Beer. 1. Originally, doubtless, drink, bably named from the destructive quali
from the root pi, drink, extant in Bohem. ties of those with which we are most
fiti, to drink, imperative pi, whence familiar. AS. bitel, the biter. “Mordi
pivo, beer. The Lat. bibere is a re culus, bitela.”—Gl. AElfr. in Nat. Ant.
duplicated form of the root, which also 2. Beetle, boyfle, a wooden hammer for
appears in Gr. ºria, trival, to drink, and in driving piles, stakes, wedges, &c.— B.
Lat. foculum, a cup or implement for As. byt!, a mallet. Pl. D. befel, botel, a
drink; potus, drink. Gael. bior, water. clog for a dog; boteln, to knock, to flatten
In OE. beer seems to have had the
sods with a beater. G. beufel, a mal
sense of drink, comprehending both wine let for beating flax. Bav. bossen, to
and ale.
knock, to beat ; bossel, a washing beetle
Rymenild ros of benche or bat for striking the wet linen. Fr.
The beer al for te shenche
After mete in sale,
bate, a paviour's beetle; batail, It. bat
Bothe wyn and ale. tag/io, a clapper, the knocker of a door.
An horn hue ber an hond, But besides signifying the instrument
For that was law of lond, of beating, beetle also signified the im
 58 BEG BEGONE
plement driven by blows, a stone-cutter's go a begging. It. bertola, a wallet, such
chisel, a wedge for cleaving wood. OHG. as poor begging friars use to beg withal ;
steinboc:/, lapidicinus.-Schm. G. beis &ertola, e, to shift up and down for scraps
seſ, &eufel, Du. beifel, a chisel, a wedge. and victuals.-Florio. Dan. Aose, a bag;
—a grete oke, which he had begonne to cleve, fose-fi//e, a beggar-boy. Mod. Gr.
and as men be woned he had smeten two bete/s
9&Aaroc, a bag, a scrip; 6v\artºw, to beg.
therein, one after that other, in suche wyse that Fr. Mettre quelq'un a la besace, to re
the oke was wide open.—Caxton's Reynard the
Fox, chap. viii. duce him to beggary.
In the original To Begin. AS. aginnan, omginnan,
So had he daer twee beifels ingheslagen. beginnan. Goth. duginnan. In Luc vi.
N. & Q. Nov. 2, 1867. 25, the latter is used as an auxiliary of
When by the help of wedges and beetles an the future. “Unte gaunon jah gretan
image is cleft out of the trunk. -Stillingfleet. duginnid,' for ye shall lament and weep.
In a similar manner gam or can was fre
The G. beissel, Du. beifel, a chisel, is com quently used in OE. ‘Aboutin undern
monly, but probably erroneously, referred gan this Erle alight.”—Clerk of Oxford's
to the notion of biting. tale. He did alight, not began to alight,
To Beg. Skinner's derivation from bag, as alighting is a momentary operation.
although it appears improbable at first,
carries conviction on further examination. The tother seand the dint cum, gan provyde
To eschew swiftlie, and sone lap on syde
The Flem. beggaert (Delfortrie) probably That all his force Entellus can apply
exhibits the original form of the word, Into the are— D. V. 142. 40.
whence the E. begger, and subsequently Down duschit the beist, deid on the land can ly
the verb to beg. Beghardus, vir mendi
cans.—Vocab. ‘ex quo.” A.D. 1430, in
Spreuland and flycterand in the dede º
Deutsch. Mundart. iv. Hence the name To Scotland went he then in hy
of Bºgard given to the devotees of the And all the land gan occupy.
13th & 14th centuries, also called Bigots, Barbour, Bruce.
Lollards, &c. It must be borne in mind The verb to gin or begin appears to be
that the bag was a universal character one of that innumerable series derived
istic of the beggar, at a time when all his from a root gan, gen, Ken, in all the lan
alms were given in kind, and a beggar is guages of the Indo-Germanic stock, sig
hardly ever introduced in our older writers nifying to conceive, to bear young, to
without mention being made of his bag. know, to be able, giving in Gr. Yiyvouai,
Hit is beggares rihte vorte beren bagge on bac yivouai, Yévoc, Yiyvörkw, Yuvºorw, in Lat.
and burgeises for to beren purses.—Ancren Riwle,
168. gigno, genus, in E. can, ken, kind, &c.
Ac beggers with bagges— The fundamental meaning seems to be
Reccheth never the ryche to attain to, to acquire. To produce
Thauh such lorelles sterven.—P. P. children is to acquire, to get children ;
Bidderes and beggeres digitan in Ulphilas is always to find ; in
Faeste about yede AS. it is both to acquire and to beget, to
With hire belies & here bagger get children.
Of brede full yerammed.—P. P. To begin may be explained either from
Bagges
º and begging
ºtz'ſ he bad his folk leven.
P. P. Creed. the fundamental notion of attaining to,
And yet these bilderes wol beggen a bag full of
seizing, taking up, after the analogy of
- whete the G. amſangen, and Lat. incipere, from
Of a pure poor man.-P. P. G. ſangen and Lat. caffere, to take; or
And thus gate I begge the meaning may have passed through a
Without bagge other botel similar stage to that of Gr. Yiyvouai,
But my wombe one.-P. P. yiveral, to be born, to arise, to begin;
That maketh beggers go with bordons and yśveauc, Yeveril, origin, beginning.
bags.-Political Songs. It will be observed that get is used as
So from Gael. bag (baigean, a little an auxiliary in a manner very similar to
bag), baigeir, a beggar, which may per the OE. gan, can, above quoted; ‘to get
haps be an adoption of the E. word, but beaten; ” ON. “at geta talad, to be able
in the same language from poc, a bag or to talk; ‘abouten undern gan this earl
poke, is formed focair, a beggar; air a alight,’ about undern he got down.
Žhoc, on the tramp, begging, literally, on Begone. Gold-begone, ornamented
the bag. Lith. Æraftszas, a scrip ; su with gold, covered with gold—D. V. ;
Arapszais ap/ink eiti, to go a begging. woe-begone, oppressed with woe. Du.
From w. ysgrepan, a scrip, yºgre/anu, to &gaan, affected, touched with emotion;
 BEHAVE BEHOVE 59
- - • e - e

begaen gijn met eenighe saecke, premi tail, are formed hazamassa, behind, han
curá alicujus rei, laborare, solicitum esse. mittàº, to follow, hintyri, a follower, and
—Kil.
To Behave. as the roots of many of our words are
The notion of behaviour
preserved in the Finnish languages, it
is generally expressed by means of verbs is probable that we have in the Finnish
signifying to bear, to carry, to lead.
Ye shall dwell here at your will hintº the origin of our behind, at the
But your bearing be full ill. tail of.
K. Robert in Warton. To Behold. To look steadily upon.
It portarsi, to behave ; fortarsi da The compound seems here to preserve
Paladino, for a man to behave or carry what was the original sense of the simple
himself stoutly.—Fl. G. betragen, be verb to hold. As healdan, to regard,
haviour, from tragen, to carry. In ac observe, take heed of, to tend, to feed, to
cordance with these analogies we should keep, to hold. To hold a doctrine for
be inclined to give to the verb have in true is to regard it as true, to look upon
behave the sense of the Sw. haſwa, to it as true; to hold it a cruel act is to
lift, to carry, the equivalent of E. heave, regard it as such. The Lat. servare, to
rather than the vaguer sense of the aux keep, to hold, is also found in the sense
iliary to have, Sw. haſwa, habere. But, of looking, commonly expressed, as in
in fact, the two verbs seem radically the the case of E. behold, by the compound
observare. ‘Tuus servus servet Venerine
same, and their senses intermingle. Sw.
haſwa in sard, to carry corn into the faciat an Cupidini.” Let your slave look
whether she sacrifices to Venus or to
barn; half tig bort, take yourself off;
haſwa bort, to take away, to turn one Cupid.—Plautus. The verb to look itself
out; haſwa fram, to bring forwards. AS. is frequently found in the sense of looking
/habban, to have, haſjan, to heave; 1//- after, seeing to, taking notice or care of
/aban, us-haffan, to raise. G. gehaden, (Gloss. to R. G.). The It. guardare, to
to behave, and (as Fr. se porter) to fare look, exhibits the original meaning of
well or ill. the Fr. garder, to keep or hold, and the
E. ward, keeping.
Mid hym he had a stronge axe—So strong and
so gret that an other hit scholde hebbe unethe.— The supposition then that the notion
R. G. 17. of preserving, keeping, holding is origin
ally derived from that of looking, is sup
Behest.—Hest. Command, injunc ported by many analogies, while it seems
tion. AS. hars, command; beha’s, vow; an arbitrary ellipse to explain the sense
behat, gehat, vow, promise; behatan, ge of behold as ‘to keep or hold (sc. the eyes
Aatan, OE. behete, to vow, to promise; fixed upon any object).”—Richardson.
As. hatam, to vow, promise, command; Beholden in the sense of indebted is
Du. heeten, to command, to name, to the equivalent of Du. gehouden, G. ge
call, to be named; heetent willekem, to
bid one welcome. ON. heita, to call, to
hallen, bound, ość Aan iemand
gehouden zijn, to be obliged to one, to be
be named, to vow, exhort, invoke. Goth. beholden to him. G. zu etwas gehalten
/haitan, to call, to command. The
seyn, to be obliged to do a thing. Wohl
general meaning seems to be to speak aufeinen geha/ten seyn, to be well pleased
out, an act which may amount either to a with one's conduct.—Küttn.
promise or a command, according as the * To Behove. To be expedient, to be
subject of the announcement is what the required for the accomplishment of any
speaker undertakes to do himself, or purpose; behoof, what is so required,
what he wishes another to do ; or the hence advantage, furtherance, use. AS.
object of the speaker may be simply to &ehoſian, to be fit, right, or necessary, to
indicate a particular individual as the stand in need of; beheſe, advantage, be
person addressed, when the verb will hoof.
have the sense of calling or naming. The expression seems to be taken from
Behind. At the back of. The re
the figure of throwing at a mark. To
lations of place are most naturally ex heave a stone is used in vulgar language
pressed by means of the different mem for throwing it. N. hetya, to lift, to
bers of the body. Thus in Finnish the heave; hexºſa, hêve, to cast or throw;
name of the head is used to express what /tova, to hit the mark, to meet, adjust,
is on the top of or opposite to, the name adapt, to be suitable or becoming; hovast,
of the ear to express what is on the side to meet, to fit. Sw. hôſwa, the distance
of anything. And so from hántá, the within which one can strike an objector at
60 BELAY BELL

tain a certain end, and, met. measure, Zoven, Zaven, to believe; Du. Woven, to
bounds, moderation. Deter oftwer er Jºſ. praise, to promise, or/oven, to give leave;
wa, cela est audessus de votre portée, Dan. /ov, praise, reputation, leave; ON.
that is above your capacity; where it will /o/a, Zeyſa, to praise, to give leave; AS.
be observed that the Fr. employs the same Zeaſa, ge/caſa, belief; ge/w/an, to believe,
metaphor in the term fortée, range, dis //an, aſy/an, to give leave; G. g/auben,
tance to which a piece will carry. to believe, Zoëen, to praise, er/auben, to
In the middle voice hºſwas, to be re permit, ver/offen, to promise or engage.
The fundamental notion seems to be
quired for a certain purpose, to befit, to approve, to sanction an arrangement,
behove. Det høfdes en annan til at to deem an object in accordance with a
writta slikſ, it behoved another kind of certain standard of fitness. In this sense
man to do such things. ON. haeſa, to hit we have Goth. ga/auðs, ſiſte-ga/au/s,
the mark; haft, aim, reach, fitness, pro precious, honoured, esteemed; unga/au/,
portion. See Gain. 3. Æas, tic driutav axe ôoc, a vessel made for
To Belay. Du. be/eggen, to lay dishonour, for purposes of low estimation;
around, overspread, beset, garnish ; be Pl. D. Zaven, Du. Zoven, to fix a price
/cgsel, fringe, border, ornament. upon one's wares, to estimate them at a
All in a woodman's jacket he was clad certain rate. To believe, then, Goth.
Of Lincoln green belayed with golden lace.—F. Q. Zauðjan, ga/auðjan, is to esteem an as
sertion as good for as much as it lays
Du. De Kabel aan de feeting belºggen, claim to ; if a narration, to esteem it true
to lay the cable round the bits, to make or in accordance with the fact it professes
it fast, in nautical language, to be/ay. to describe; if a promise, to esteem it as
To Belch. AS. bea/can, bea/cc//am, in accordance with the intention of the
OF. to bolk, to boke, to throw up wind promiser.
from the stomach with a sudden noise. The sense of praising may be easily
Doubtless an imitation of the sound. deduced from the same radical notion.
Another application of the same word is To praise is essentially to prize, to put a
in Pl. D. and Du. boſken, buſken, to bel high price or value on, to extol the worth
low, to roar. of anything, to express approval, or high
Beldam. Fair sir and Fair lady, Fr. estimation. Hence to simple approbation,
beau sire and be/ dame, were civil terms satisfaction, consent, permission, is an
of address. Then, probably because a easy progress. Pl. D. to der swaren laze,
respectful form of address would be more to the approbation or satisfaction of the
frequent towards an elderly than a young sworn inspectors; mit erven laze, with
person, be/dam became appropriated to the consent of the heirs. In Mid. Lat.
signify an old woman, and finally an ugly the consent given by a lord to the alien
and decrepit old woman. ation of a tenant's fief was expressed by
Belfry. Fr. beffroi, OFr. ber/roi, beſ. the term laus, and E. aſlow, which has
froit, a watch tower, from MHG. bercurit, been shown to be derived from /audare,
berwrit, a tower for defence; ohG. frid, is used in the sense of approving, esteem
a tower, turris, locus securitatis–Schilter, ing good and valid, giving leave or per
and began, to protect. The word be mission, and sometimes in a sense closely
came singularly corrupted in foreign lan analogous to that of believe.
guages, appearing in Mid. Lat. under the The principles which all mankind allow for
forms beſ/redum, berte/redum, batteſ, e true, are innate; those that men of right reason
dum. It. betti/redo, a little shed, stand, admit are the principles allowed by all mankind.
—Locke.
or house, built upon a tower for soldiers
to stand centinel in ; also a blockhouse Bell. From As, bellan, ON. belja,
or a sconce.—Fl. In England a false boare, to resound, to sound loudly; Sw.
etymology has confined the name of 80/a, to bellow; Northamptonshire, to
&e//ry, properly belonging to the church he//, to make a loud noise, to cry out
tower, to the chamber in the upper part (Sternberg). A bell, then, QN. biaſla, is
of the tower in which the bells are hung.
To Believe. It is not obvious how to an implement for making a loud noise.
harmonise the senses of believing, prais Templorum campana boant.—Ducange.
ing, permitting or giving leave, promis oN. hylja, resonare, and E. feaſ, are other
ing, which are expressed in the different modifications of the same imitative root,
Teutonic dialects by essentially the same of which the latter is specially applied to
word or slight modifications of it; Pl.D. the sound of bells. The same imita
 BELLOWS BERAY 61

tion is found in Galla, bi/bila, bell; bi/- to exert force, se bander, to rise against
fi/-goda, to make bilbil, to ring.—Tut external force ; bandoir, a spring.
schek. To bend sails is to stretch them on the
Bellows.-Belly. The word ža/g, yards of the vessel; to bend cloth, to
bog, is used in several Celtic and Teu: stretch it on a frame, G. Tuch an einen
tonic languages to signify any inflated Rahmen spannen. See Bind.
skin or case. Gael. baſg, bo/g, a leather Beneath. See Nether.
bag, wallet, belly, blister; ba/gan-snamha, Benediction. Lat. benedictio (bene,
the swimming bladder; baſgart-tais.ge, a well, and dico, I say), a speaking well of
water-bubble; bui/ge, bags or bellows, one. Benedico, taken absolutely, means
seeds of plants. Bret, belch, bolch, polch, to use words of good omen, and with an
the bolls or husks of flax ; AS. bar/g, a accusative, to hallow, bless.
bag, pouch, cod or husk of pulse, wallet; Benefice. — Benefactor. — Benefit.
b/ast-ba/g, a bellows; G. balg, skin, Lat. benefacere, to do good to one ; bene
husk, pod, the skin of those animals that factor, one who does good; benefactum,
are stripped off whole; blase-ba/g, a blow Fr. bienfait, a good deed, a benefit. The
ing-skin, bellows. ON. belgr, an inflated Lat. beneficium, a kindness, was in Mid.
skin, leather sack, bellows, belly. Sw. Lat. applied to an estate granted by the
&ac/g, a bellows, vulgarly the belly. king or other lord to one for life, because
The original signification is probably it was held by the kindness of the lord.
a water-bubble (still preserved by the ‘Villa quam Lupus quondam per bene
Gaelic diminutive ba/gam), which affords ficium nostrum tenere visus fuit.’ ‘Simil
the most obvious type of inflation. The iter villa quam ex munificentiã nostrá
application of the term to the belly, the ipsi Caddono concessimus.’ ‘Quam fide
sack-like case of the intestines, as well as lis noster per nostrum beneficium habere
to a bellows or blowing-bag, needs no ex videtur.” The term had been previously
planation. It seems that bulga was used applied in the Roman law to estates con
for womb or belly by the Romans, as a ferred by the prince upon soldiers and
fragment of Lucilius has : others.-Ducange. The same name was
given to estates conferred upon clerical
Ita ut quisque nostrum e bulgá est matris in persons for life, for the performance of
lucem editus.
ecclesiastical services, and in modern
It is probable that Gr. 30A3h, Lat. times the name of benefice is appropriated
zo/va, vu/va, the womb, is a kindred to signify a piece of church preferment.
form, from another modification of the Benign.—Benignant. Lat. benig
word for bubble, from which is also bul nus (opposed to malignus), kind, gener
bus, a round or bubble-shaped root, or a ous, disposed to oblige.
root consisting of concentric skins. Benison. OFr. beneison, benaicon,
In E. bellows, the word, like frowsers a blessing, from benedictio. Lat. bene
and other names of things consisting of a dicere, Fr. benir, to bless.
pair of principal members, has assumed Bent. The flower-stalks of grass re
a plural form. maining uneaten in a pasture. Bav.
To Belong. Du. langen, to reach, to bimaissen, bimpsen, binssen, G. binsen,
attain; belangen, to attain to, to concern, rushes. OHG. Ainog, finug.
to belong, attingere, attinere, pertinere, To Benum. See Numb.
pervenire.—Kil. G. ge/angen, to arrive Benzoin. Gum benjamin, Ptg. ben
at, to become one's property; zum Kö joim, Fr. benjoin, from Arab. Zoubert
migreiche gelangen, to come to the crown; djawi, incense of Java. By the Arabs it
be/angen, to concern, to touch. Was das is called bakhour djówá, Javanese per
&e/angeſ, as concerning that. fume, or sometimes louëan, by itself, or
To belong is thus to reach up to, to simply djaw?–Dozy.
touch one, expressing the notion of pro To Bequeath. To direct the dispo
perty by a similar metaphor to the Lat. sition of property after one's death. As.
attimere, perfinere, to hold to one. &ecwarſhan, from cºvaethan, to say. See
Belt. ON. belti; Lat. balteus, Gael. Quoth.
balt, border, belt, welt of a shoe; w. ..To Beray. To dirty. “I beraye, I
Arwald, gwaldas, a border, hem, welt of a fyle with ashes. I araye, or fyle with
shoe. myre, J'emboue. I marre a thyng, I
Bench. See Bank. soyle it or araye it.”—Palsgr. From OFr.
To Bend. ON. benda ; AS. bendant. ray, dirt. “Hic fimus, fens; ethic limus,
Fr. bander un arc, to bend a bow; hence ray.’—Commentary on Neccham in Nat.
62 BEREAVE BETE

Antiq. p. 113. Wall. ariier, to dirty. The dry fish was so new and good as it did
Esthon. roe, Fin. royu, dirt, dung ; royu, very greatly bestead us in the whole course of our
roisſo, rubbish, sweepings, dust; royahſaa, voyage.—Drake,
to rattle down, fall with sound. So ro On the other hand, to be hard bestead
Zakła, mud, dirt; ropahtaa, to fall with is to be placed in a position which it is
noise. hard to endure.
To Bereave. As reaſian, bereaſian, To Bestow. AS. stow, a place; to
to deprive of, to strip. See Reave, Rob. &estow, to be-place, to give a place to, to
Berry. A small eatable fruit. AS. lay out, to exercise on a definite object.
&eria; Goth. basſa; Du. besje. Sanscr. To Bet. From abet, in the sense of
Ahakshya, food, from bhaksh, to eat. Hence backing, encouraging, supporting the side
on the one side Lat. bacca, a berry, and on which the wager is laid.
on the other Goth. &asya, G. Beere, E. * To Bete, Beit, Beet. To help, to
berry.—Kühn, Zeitschr, vol. vi. p. 3. supply, to mend. — Jam. To beſe his
* Berth. The proper meaning of the bale, to remedy his misfortune; to beit a
word is shelter, but it is specially applied mister, to supply a want. To beet, to
to the place boarded off in a ship for a make or feed a fire.—Gl. Grose. AS.
person to lie in, or the space kept clear &etan, to make better, improve, amend,
for a ship to ride or moor in. It is the restore; ſyr betan, properly to mend the
same word with the provincial barth, a fire, but in practice, to make it. Tha het
shelter for cattle.—-Hal. he micel fyr betan, then ordered he a
Devon. barthless, houseless. Warm great fire to be lighted. OSw. eld up
&arth under hedge is a succour to beast. bota, to light the fire; bil of pºta, to fire
—Tusser. The origin is AS. beorgan,
E. dial. berwe, burwe, to defend, pro a funeral pile ; bótesward, the guardian
tect; burrow, sheltered from the wind. of a beacon-fire; ſyrðtare, one who
The final th in barth may be either the sets fire to, an incendiary. Du. boeten,
termination significative of an abstract to amend, repair, make better; het vuur
noun, as in growth, from grow, lewth, &oetem, to kindle the fire. The sense of
shelter, from lew, stealth from steal, or, as mending the fire or supplying it with fuel
I think more probable, barth may be for might so easily pass into that of making
barſ, a form which the verb takes in or lighting it, that we can hardly doubt
Yorkshire, barſham, compared with that the use of As, betan, Sw, bºta, Du.
bargham, berwham, a horse collar, what &oeſen, in the latter sense is only a special
protects the neck of the horse from the application of the same verbs in the
hames. So too Yorkshire arſ, fearful, general sense of repairing or making
from AS. earg, earh, OE. arve. better, the origin of which is to be found
To Beseech. Formerly beseek. in ON. boſſ, reparation, making better,
His heart is hard that will not meke
When men of mekeness him beseke.
Du. baete, advantage, profit, amendment,
Chaucer, R. R. baet, bat, bet, more, better, preferably.—
Kil.
To seek something from a person, to On the other hand, it seems hard to
entreat, solicit. So Lat. Aeto, to seek, separate AS. betan, Du. boetem, to set
and also to entreat, beseech.
Besom. AS. besem, besm; Pl.D. bes fire; Sw, ſyröðfare, from It. buttafuoco,
Fr. boufeſcu, an incendiary, in the two
sen, G. besent. AS. besmas, rods. In last
Devonshire the name bºssam, or bassam of which the verbal element must
is given to the heath plant, because used certainly be It. buttare, to cast, to thrust,
for making besoms, as conversely a besom Fr. Öouſer, to thrust, put, put forth. Bou
is called broom, from being made of broom fer felt would thus be to set fire to, as
twigs. The proper meaning of the word ôouter selle, to put on the saddle. Sw.
seems twigs or rods. Du. &rem-bessen, Żófa was also used in the sense of parry
broom twigs, scopae spartiae.—Biglotton. ing or pushing aside a thrust aimed at
Best. See Better. one.-Ihre. The question then arises
Bestead. AS. stede, place, position. whether both derivations may not be
Hence stead is applied to signify the reconciled by supposing that ON. boſſ,
influences arising from relative position. reparation, and Du. baete, advantage,
To stand in stead of another is to perform amendment, may be derived from the
the offices due from him ; to stand one notion of pushing forwards. Goth. Ava
in good stead, or to bestead one, is to &oteith marinam, what does it boot, what
perform a serviceable office to him. does it better a man, might have been
 BETEEM BEWRAY 63
translated, what does it advance a man, In the original—
what does it forward him. Et il maintenant s'ebahit
Car son umbre sile tra/º it.
It is naught honest, it may not advance
For to have dealing with such base poraille. Her acquaintance is perillous
Chaucer, Friar's Prol. First soft and after noious,
She hath The trashid [trahie] without wene.
The word advantage literally signifies R. R.
furtherance, the being pushed to the Probably the unusual addition of the
front, and the same idea is involved in particle be to a verb imported from the
the word profit, from Lat. froſicere, to Fr. was caused by the accidental resem
make forwards, advance, progress. To blance of the word to Du. bedriegen, G.
boot in coursing (i.e. to give something befrigen, to deceive, to cheat, which are
over and above in an exchange) is trans from a totally different root. From It.
lated by Palsgrave, bouter davantage. tradire is traditor, Fr. traitre, a traitor;
Thus the radical meaning of better would and from Fr. trahir, trahison, treachery,
be more in advance, and to bete or repair freason.
would be to push up to its former place Better.—Best. Goth. batizo, batista;
something that had fallen back. AS. betera, betest, befst, better, best. Du.
To Beteem, to Teem. To vouchsafe, bat, bet, baet, better, more, OE. bet, better.
deign, afford, deem suitable, find in one's See To Bete.
heart. Between.—Betwixt. The AS. has
Yet could he not beteem (dignetur) tweoh, a different form of twa, two, and
The shape of other bird than eagle for to seem.
Golding's Ovid in R. thence twegen, twain. From the former
“Ah, said he, thou hast confessed and be of these are AS. betwuh, betweah, betweehs,
wrayed all, I could ſeem it to rend thee in pieces.' &etwear, betwurt, by two, in the middle
—Dialogue on Witches, Percy Soc. x. 88. of two, which may be compared as to
In a like sense ON. tima, Pl.D. taemen, form with amid, AS. amiddles, amidst, or
tamen, Ober D. zemen. ON. Tima eigi with again, against. In like manner
at lata eit, not to have the heart to give from twain is formed between, in the
middle of twain.
up a thing. Pl.D. IAE ſame mi dat nig,
I do not allow myself that. He timeſ The Ile of Man that me clepeth
By twene us and Irlonde.—R. G.
sié een good glas wien: he allows him
self a good glass of wine. Bav. Mich Bevel. Slant, sloped off, awry. Fr.
2imet, gegimet eines dinges, I approve of Öeveau, an instrument opening like a
a thing, find it good. Goth. gatiman, G. pair of compasses, for measuring angles.
ziemen, geziemen, Du. taemen, betaemen, Buzeau, a square-like instrument having
to beseem, become, be fitting or suitable. moveable and compass branches, or one
The sense of being fitting or suitable branch compass and the other straight.
springs from ON. tima, to happen, to fall Some call it a bevel.—Cot.
to one's lot, in the same way that schick Beverage. A drink. Lat. bibere, It.
Jich, suitable, springs from schicken, to bevere, to drink; whence beveraggio;
appoint, order, dispose (whence schicksal, Fr. Öeuvrage; E. beverage.
fate, lot). On the same principle ON. Bevy. It. beva, a drinking; a bevy, as
fallinn, fitting, suitable, as one would of pheasants.-Fl. Fr. bevee, a brood,
have it fall, from falla, to fall, to happen. flock, of quails, larks, roebucks, thence
To Betray. Lat. tradere, to deliver applied to a company of ladies especially.
up, then to deliver up what ought to be To Bewray, Goth. wrohjan, Fris.
kept, to deliver up in breach of trust, to wrogia, ruogia, wreia, G. rigen, to ac
betray. Hence It. tradire, Fr. trahir, cuse, i.e. to bring an offence to the notice
as envahir, from invadere. The inflec of the authorities. Sw, raja, to discover,
tions of Fr. verbs in ir with a double ss,
as trahissons, trahissais, are commonly make manifest. Dit tungomål röjer dig,
rendered in E. by a final sh. Thus from
thy speech bewrayeth thee, i. e. makes it
manifest that thou art a Galilean. Det
&ahir, &ahissais, E. abash ; from polir, e . - - -

polissais, E. polish, &c. In like manner röjer sig sjelſt, it bewrays itself, gives
from trahir we formerly had trash and Some sign of existence which attracts
notice. Now the stirring of an object is
&etrash, as from obeſir, obéissais, obeish.
In the water anon was seen the way in which it generally catches our
His nose, his mouth, his eyen sheen, attention. , Hence G. regen, to stir, is
And he thereof was all ačashed used for the last evidence of life. Regt.
His owne shadow had him betrashed.—R. R. Æein leben mehrin dir, are there no signs
64 BEZEL BICKER

of life in you? Die Ziehe reget sich bei the same sense, though such a change of
ihm, love begins to stir in him, shows the form would be very unusual.
first signs of life in him. Pl.D. wrogen, The true origin is probably from the
rogen (in Altmark royen), to stir. ‘Aſi notion of sliding or slipping. It shiago,
ramme tho handelende na/º wroginge Öhrer sófesso, bending, aslope; sóisciare, &is
conscientien : " herein to deal according cfare, shrisciare, shrissare, to creep or
to the stirring of their conscience.—Brem. crawl sideling, aslope, or in and out, as
Wtb. He roºt un bogſ się nig, he is an eel or a snake, to glide or slip as upon.
stock still. (Zºrºgen, to stir up ; beregen, ice; sóriscio, sórisso, s/iscio, oblique,
sić herºgen, to move, to stir.—Schütze. crooked, winding or crawling in and out,
The train of thought is then, to stir, to slippery, sliding; biascio, bias-wise.
give signs of life, make manifest his Bib. Fr. davon, Čaviere, haverole, a
presence, to make evident, bring under cloth to prevent a child drivelling over
notice, reveal, discover, accuse. ‘Thy its clothes. Baver, to slaver or drivel.
tongue bewrayeth thee :’ thy tongue Du. Awiſſen, to slaver; Æwij/-baſ, Azvāj/-
makes thy Galilean birth to stir as it were Zap, or A wiſ/-s/aff, a slabbering-bib. Fris.
before the eyes, le fait sauter aux yeux (a/6i, the mouth; Mantuan, Čabói, baſ
(according to the Fr. metaphor), makes bio, snout, lips.
it evident to sense, convicts thee of being To Bib.—To Bibble. Lat. bibo, to
a Galilean. drink, whence Du. bifferen, to drink much;
E. dial. rogge, rogg/e, Pl.D. wragge/n, biberer, Fr. biberon, bibaculus, a bibber,
to shake. See Wriggle. one who drinks in excess. OE. bibó/e,
Bezel.-Basil. Sp. biseſ, the basil Sc. bebø/e, to sip, to tipple. ‘An excellent
edge of a plate of looking-glass, which good biöðeler, specially in a bottle.”—
were formerly ornamented with a border Gascoigne. ‘He's aye beóðſing and
ground slanting from the general surface drinking.” – Jam. Dan. dial. 6://e, to
of the glass. When the edge of a joiner's trickle. ‘Han er saa beskjenket at
tool is ground away to an angle it is called brandevinet bibler oven ud av ham :” he
a basil (Halliwell), in Fr. taiſ/6 en biseau. is so drunk that the brandy runs out of
Aiseau, a bez/e, bez/ing or skueing.—Cot. him. Dan, fible, to purl, to well up with
The proper meaning of the word seems small bubbles and a soft sound.
to be a paring, then an edge pared or Bible. Gr. 33Aoc, a book; originally,
sliced off, a sloping edge. an Egyptian plant, the papyrus, of the
Tayllet le payn ke est parée, bark of which paper was first made.
Les &iseaux (the paringes) a l'amoyne soyt done. Bice. An inferior blue, OE. asure-bice
Bibelsworth in Nat. Ant. 172. (Early E. Misc. Hal. 78); Fr. bes-azur,
the particle Öes being often used in com
Bezoar. A stony concretion in the position to signify perversion, inferiority.
stomach of ruminants to which great Prov. čes/ei, perverted belief; bar/ume
medical virtues were formerly attached. (for bis-/ume) weak light; Piedm. bes
Pers. Žádzahr, from pād-, expelling or anca, crooked; ber-ſaifa (for bes-/ai/a),
preserving against, and zahr, poison. In Fr. petit-lait, whey ; Cat. Aescom/te, mis
Arab, the word became bādīzahr, baizahr. count; Fr. bes/emps, foul weather. Dict.
—Dozy. Wallon.
To Bezzle. To drink hard, to tipple. To Bicker.—Bickering. Toskirmish,
Probably, like guzzle, formed from an dispute, wrangle. It is especially applied
imitation of the sound made in greedy in Sc. to a fight with stones, and also sig
eating and drinking. nifies the constant motion of weapons
Yes, s' foot I wonder how the inside of a taverne and the rapid succession of strokes in a
looks now. Oh! when shall I &izzle, bizzle 2– battle or broil, or the noise occasioned by
Dekkar in R.
successive strokes, by throwing of stones,
Bi-. Lat. &is, twice, in two ways; for or by any rapid motion.—Jamieson. The
diºs, from duo, two, as beſ/um for dire//um. origin is probably the representation of
In comp. it becomes bi-, as in Bipºd, two the sound of a blow with a pointed in
footed, Bisect, to cut in two. strument by the syllable pick, whence the
Bias. . . Fr. biais, Čihais, Cat. biar, frequentative fic/er or bicker would re
Sardin. Afascia, It. sbiescio, Piedm. sbias, present a succession of such blows. To
sloped, slanting; Fr. biaiser, Sard. sbia *icker in NE. is explained to clatter, Hal
sciai, to do something aslant. The It. liwell. Du. bicke/er, a stone-hewer or
&ieco, sºcco, from obliquus, has a singular stone-picker; bicke/en, bicken, to hew
resemblance to sòiescio, used in precisely stone; bickel, bickel-steenken, a fragment
 BID BIGOT 65

of stone, a chip, explaining the Sc. bicker beidan, As, hidan, abidan, to look for. To
in the sense of throwing stones. Bicke/ent, pray is merely to make known the fact
to start out, as tears from the eyes, from that we look for or desire the object of our
the way in which a chip flies from the prayers. The Lat. peto, guaro, signifying
pick. Hence Sc. to bicker, to move in the first instance to seek or look for, are
quickly.—Jam. also used in the sense of asking for. The
Ynglis archaris that hardy war and wycht ON. Zeita is used in each sense (Threv. Leta),
Amang the Scottis bykarit with all their mycht. and the Sw. has le/a, to look for, an/eta,
Wallace in Jam.
to solicit, just as the two ideas are ex
The arrows struck upon them like blows pressed in E. by seek and beseech, for be
from a stone-cutter's pick. seek. The ON. bidi//, a suitor, from
It must be observed that the word hidja, to ask, seems essentially the same
pick (equivalent to the modern pitch) word with AS. bide/, an attendant or
was used for the cast of an arrow. beadle, from bidan, to abide or wait on.
Big. Swollen, bulky. The original
I hold you a grote I pycke as farre with an
arowe as you.-Palsgrave in Halliwell. spelling seems to be bug, which is still
To Bid. Two verbs are here con used in the N. of England for swollen,
founded, of distinct form in the other proud, swaggering.
Teutonic languages. But when her circling nearer down doth pull
-

1. To Bid in the obsolete sense of to Then gins she swell and waxen bug with horn.
More in Richardson.
pray.
For far lever he hadde wende ‘Bug as a Lord.”—Halliwell. ‘Big-swol
And biddeys mete yf he shulde in a sºng º len heart.” — Addison. ‘Big - uddered
ewes.”—Pope in R.
Bidders and beggars are used as sy The original form of the root is pro
nonymous in P. P. bably seen in the ON. bo/ga, a swelling,
For he that beggeth other biddeth but if he have do/ginn, swoln, from be/gia, to inflate; E.
need
bulge, to belly, to swell, bi/ge or bulge, the
He is false and faitour and defraudeth the neede.
belly of a ship, related to big or bug, as
In this sense the word is the correla G. and Gael. baſg, an entire skin, to E.
tive of Goth. bidjan, bidan, bath, or bad, Aag. The loss of the l gives Dan. bug,
bedum : As. biddan, bard, gebeden ; G. bit belly, bulge, bow; bugne (answering to
ten, bat, ON. bidja, or, in a reflective ON. bo/gma), to bulge, belly, bend. Com
form, beidast. pare also Sp. buyue with E. bulk. W. &og,
2. To Bid in the sense of offering, swelling, rising up.
bringing forwards, pressing on one's To Big. AS. byggan, ON. byggia, to
notice, and consequently ordering or re build, to inhabit; OSw. bygga, to pre
quiring something to be done. Goth. pare, repair, build, inhabit. A simpler
&judan in anaëyudan, ſaurójudan, to and probably a contracted form is seen
command, forbid; AS. beodan, bead, ge in ON. bud, OSw. boa, bo, to arrange,
boden ; G. bieten, to offer, verbieſen, to prepare, cultivate, inhabit; Du. bouwen,
forbid ; Du. bieden, porrigere, offerre, to cultivate, to build; G. batten to culti
praebere, praestare.—Kil. vate, to dwell, to build.
To bid the banns, G. ein Żaar ver/obſe Bigamy. From Gr. 8tc, twice, becoming
auſbieten, is to bring forwards the an in Lat. bis and in comp. bi-, and Yaušw, to
nouncement of a marriage, to offer it to marry.
public notice. Einem einen gufen tag Bight or Bought. A bend of a shore
&ieten, to bid one good day, to offer one or of a rope. ON. bugt, a flexure, biºga,
the wish of a good day. To bid one to a to bend, to curve. AS. bugan, bigan, G.
dinner is properly the same verb, to pro &iegent, to bend.
pose to one to come to dinner, although Bigot. The beginning of the 13th
it might well be understood in the sense century saw the sudden rise and maturity
of the other form of the verb, to ask, to of the mendicant orders of St Francis and
pray one to dinner. Analogous expres St Dominic. These admitted into the
sions are G. einen vor Gericht bieten, to ranks of their followers, besides the pro
summon one before a court of justice; fessed monksand nuns, a third class, called
einen zºor sich bietent lassen, to have one the tertiary order, or third order of peni
called before him. tence, consisting both of men and women,
With respect to logical pedigree, the who, without necessarily quitting their
meaning of bid, in the sense of ask for, secular avocations, bound themselves to
pray, may plausibly be derived from Goth. a strict life and works of charity. The
5
66 BIGOT

same outburst of religious feeling seems bigardo, G. bºghart, signifying bagmen or

to have led other persons, both men and heggars, a term of reproach applied to
women, to adopt a similar course of life. the same class of people. We find Boni
They wore a similar dress, and went face VIII., in the quotations of Ducange
about reading the Scriptures and practis and his continuators, speaking of them
ing Christian life, but as they subjected as “Nonnulli viri pestiferi qui vulgariter
themselves to no regular orders or vows of Fraticelli seu fratres de paupere vità, aut
obedience, they became highly obnoxious Bizochi sive Bichini vel aliis fucatis no
to the hierarchy, and underwent much minibus nuncupantur.” Matthew Paris,
obloquy and persecution. They adopted with reference to A.D. 1243, says, “Eisdem
the grey habit of the Franciscans, and temporibus quidam in Alemannia prae
were popularly confounded with the third cipue se asserentes religiosos in utroque
order of those friars under the names of sexu, sed maximé in muliebri, habitum
Peguini, Beguftar, Bizocchi, Bizzocari religionis sed levem susceperunt, conti
(in Italian Beghini, Bighini, Bighiotti), nentiam vitae privato voto profitentes,
all apparently derived from Ital. bāgio, sub nullius tamen regulá coarctati, nec
Venet. biso, grey. “Bizocco,' says an adhucullo claustro contenti.” They were
author quoted in N. and Q. vol. ix. 560, however by no means confined to Italy.
“sia quasi bigioco e bigiotſo, perché i “Istis ultimis temporibus hypocritalibus
Terziari di S. Francesco si veston di plurimi maximè in Italiá et Alemanniä et
bigio.” So in France they were called Provinciae provincià, ubi tales Bºgardi
/es pe/if's frères bis or bise/s.-Ducange. et Béguini vocantur, nolentes jugum
From higio, grey, was formed bigello, the subire verae obedientiae—nec servare re
dusky hue of a dark-coloured sheep, and gulam aliquam ab Ecclesiá approbatam
the coarse cloth made from its undyed sub manu praeceptoris et ducis legitimi,
wool, and this was probably also the vocati Fraticelli, alii de paupere vità, alii
meaning of bighino or beguino, as well as Apostolici, aliqui Begardi, qui ortum in
bizocco. “E che l’abito bigio ovver beghino Alemannia habuerunt.”—Alvarus Pela
era comune degli nomini di penitenza,' gius in Duc. “Secta quaedam pestifera
where beghino evidently implies a de illorum qui Beguini vulgariter appellan
scription of dress of a similar nature to turquise fratres pauperes de tertio ordine
that designated by the term bigio. Bi S. Francisci communiter appellabant.”—-
zocco also is mentioned in the fragment Bernardus Guidonis in vita Joh. xx.
of the history of Rome of the 14th century ‘Capellamgue seu clusam hujusmodi
in a way which shows that it must have censibus et redditibus pro septem per
signified coarse, dark-coloured cloth, such sonis religiosis, Begutti's videlicet ordinis
as is used for the dress of the inferior S. Augustini dotarint.”—Chart. A. D. 1518.
orders, probably from hiso, the other form ‘Beghardus et Beguina et Bºgutta sunt
of bigio. “Per te Tribuno,' says one of viri et mulieres tertii ordinis.”—Brevilo
the nobles to Rienzi, ‘fora piu convene quium in Duc.
vole che portassi vestimenta honeste da They are described more at large in
Aizuoco che queste pompose, translated the Acts of the Council of Treves, A.D.
by Muratori, ‘honesti plebeii amictus.’ 1310. “Item cum quidam sint laici in
It must be remarked that bizocco also civitate et provincià Trevirensi qui sub
signifies rude, clownish, rustical, ap pretextu cujusdam religionis fictae Beg
parently from the dress of rustics being hardos se appellant, cum tabardis et
composed of bicocco. In the same way Fr. tunicis longis et longis capuciis cum ocio
bureau is the colour of a brown sheep, incedentes, ac labores manuum detest
and the coarse cloth made from the un antes, conventicula inter se aliquibus
dyed wool. Hence the OE. bore/, coarse temporibus faciunt, seque fingunt coram
woollen cloth, and also unlearned com simplicibus personis expositores sa
mon men. In a similar manner from crarum scripturarum, nos vitam eorum
bigello, natural grey or sheep's russet, qui extra religionem approbatam validarn
homespun cloth, bigheſ/one, a dunce, a mendicantes discurrunt, &c.’ ‘Nonnul
blockhead.—Flor. From bºgio would lae mulieres sive sorores, Bigutta apud
naturally be formed bigotto, ºghiotto, and vulgares nuncupatae, abscue votorum re
as soon as the radical meaning of the ligionis emissione.”—Chart. A.D. 1499.
word was obscured, corruption would From the foregoing extracts it will
easily creep in, and hence the variations readily be understood how easily the
digutta, beguíſa, Čigoſła, beghino, which name, by which these secular aspirants
must not be confounded with begardo, to superior holiness of life were desig
 BILBERRY BILLOW 67
nated, might be taken to express a hypo plough-share ; Du. bille, a stonemason's
crite, false pretender to religious feeling, pick ; bi//en den mo/en-steen, to pick a
Tartuffe. Thus we find in It. bigotto, millstone.—Kil. W. &wye//, an axe, a
bizocco, a devotee, a hypocrite; Pied hatchet. Gael. bizaiſ, to strike.
montese bigot, bisoch, Fr. bigot, in the 2. The biſ/ of a bird may very likely
same sense. Sp. bāgardo, a name given be radically identical with the foregoing.
to a person of religion leading a loose The Du. bicken is used both of a bird
life, bigardia, deceit, dissimulation; G. pecking and of hewing stone with a pick;
*eghart, gleischner (Frisch), a bigot or &icken or bi/Zen den molensteen. AS. biſe,
hypocrite, a false pretender to honesty or the bill of a bird, horn of an animal. In
holiness.-Ludwig. ‘Bigin, bigot, su the same way are related Pol. dºio/, the
perstitious hypocrite.”—Speight in Rich beak of a bird, džiobad, to peck, to job,
ardson. and dºciobas, an adze; Bohem. top, a
In English the meaning has received beak, ſepati, to strike, fo/or, an axe.
a further development, and as persons Bill. 3.--Billet. A bill, in the sense
professing extraordinary zeal for religious of a writing, used in legal proceedings, as
views are apt to attribute an overweening a biſ/ of indictment, biſ/ of exchange, bi//
importance to their particular tenets, a in parliament, is properly a sealed instru
bigot has come to signify a person un ment, from Mid. Lat. bulla, a seal. See
reasonably attached to particular opin Bull. A billet is the diminutive of this, a
ions, and not having his mind open to short note, the note which appoints a
any argument in opposition. soldier his quarters. Du. buſ/eſ, biſ/et,
Bilberry. The fruit of the vaccinium inscriptum, symbolum, syngraphum.—
myrtillus, while that of vaccinium uligi Kil.
nosum is called in the N. of E. &/a-berry, Billet. 2.- Billiard. Fr. billoſ, a stick
from the dark colour. Dan. Ölaa, blue; or log of wood cut for fuel, an ingot of
Sw. 6/imand, a negro. In Danish the gold or silver. Bille, an ingot, a young
names are reversed, as the fruit of the stock of a tree to graft on–Cotgrave; a
myrtillus is called blaa-bar, that of the stick to rest on—Roquefort. Langued.
uliginosum bě//e-bar. Perhaps the name 6i/io, a stick to tighten the cord of a
may be a corruption of buſ/-berry, in ac package. Fr. bi//ard or bi//art, a short
cordance with the general custom of and thick truncheon or cudgel, hence the
naming eatable berries after some animal, cudgel in the play at trap ; and a bi//ard,
or the stick wherewith we touch the ball
as craneberry, crowberry, and the bil
berry itself was called by the Saxons at billyards. OFr. billard also signified
/art-berry. Aurelles, whortle-berries, a man who rests on a stick in walking.—
bill-berries, buſ/-berries.—Cot. Roquef. Billette, a billet of wood ; bi/.
Bilbo. A slang term for a sword, now lettes d'un espieu, the cross bars near the
obsolete. A Bilboa blade. head of a boarspear to hinder it from
Bilboes. Among mariners, a punish running too far into the animal.
ment at sea when the offender is laid in The origin of the term is probably from
irons or set in a kind of stocks. Du. doſe, the trunk of a tree, the o changing
&oeye, a shackle. Lat. boja, Prov. čoia, to an i to express diminution. A like
OFr. buie, fetters. Bojae, genus vincu change takes place in the other sense of
lorum tam ferreae quam ligneae.—Festus biſ/et from bulla, a seal.
in Diez. This leaves the first syllable Billow. Sw. bolja, Dan. 50/ge, ON.
unaccounted for. The proper meaning &y/gia, Du. bo/ghe, bulghe, fluctus maris,
of boja, however, seems to be rather the unda, procella–Kil., from OSw. bulgja,
clog to which the fetters are fastened than to swell. Du. beſghen, AS. began, affeſ
the fetter itself. NFris. bui, buoy [i. e. gan, to be angry (i.e. to swell with rage).
a floating log to mark the place of some The mariner amid the swelling seas
thing sunk], clog to a fetter.—Deutsch. Who seeth his back with many a billow beaten.
Mundart. Johansen, p. IoI. Gascoigne in R.
Bilge. The belly or swelling side of a
ship. See Bulk. “Had much ado to prevent one from
To Bilk. To defraud one of cxpected sinking, the bi/ſowe was so great’ (Hack
remuneration ; a slang term most likely luyt), where we see billow not used in
from an affected pronunciation of ba/#. the sense of an individual wave, but in
Bill. 1. An instrument for hewing. that of szue/Z.
G. &eil, an axe ; AS. bi/, a sword, axe, So in Gr. otéma 6áAaaanc, the swelling
weapon; Sw. bila, an axe, plog-bill, a of the sea, and in Lat. ‘tumidi fluctus,’
5 #
68 BIN BITTACLE

‘tumens acquor,’ and the like, are com Bio-. Gr. Bioc, life.
monplaces. See Belly. Birch. As. Airce, Sw. 873rk; Lith.
Bin-Bing. The proper meaning is her?as (z = Fr. j), Sanscr. bhūrja.
a heap. Bird. As. brid, the young of birds;
Like ants when they do spoile the *ing of corn. earnes brid, an eagle's young ; G. brut, a
Surrey in R. brood or hatch of young. See Breed.
Then as side boards or walls were We find the use of the word in this
added to confine the heap to a smaller original sense as late as Shakespeare.
space, the word was transferred to a Being fed by us you used us so
As that ungentle gull the cuckoo's bird
receptacle so constructed for storing Useth the sparrow.—H. IV., v. sc. 1.
corn, wine, &c. Sw, binge, a heap, a
The proper designation of the feathered
division in a granary, or bin. ON. bunga, creation
to swell, to bulge, bunſki, a heap. Fr. time wasis specially
in E. fowl, which in course of
applied to the galli
àigne, a bump or knob. naceous tribe as the most important kind
The grete bing was upbeilded wele of bird for domestic use, and it was
Of aik trees and fyrren schydis dry.—D. V.
perhaps this appropriation of the word
To Bind. —Bine. —Bindweed. AS. which led to the adoption of the name of
bindan, Goth. bindan, band, bundum. the young animal as the general designa
This word is I believe derived from the tion of the race. A similar transfer of
notion of a bunch or lump, expressed by meaning has taken place in the case of
Sw. bunt, Dan. bund/, G. bund, a bunch, pigeon, from Ital, fift/tone, piccione, pro
truss, bundle, the primary notion of perly a young pigeon, and of Fr. poule,
binding being thus to make a bunch of a gallinaceous bird, E. poultry, from Lat.
a thing, to fasten it together. In like Auſ/us, the young of an animal.
manner from Anot, Lat. nodus, a knob, I Birth. As. &corth, Sw, bºrd, G. ge
would derive the verb to knit, to bind *tºrſ, from AS. beran, to bear, to bring
together, as when we speak of one's limbs forth. See To Bear.
being firmly knit together. The idea Biscuit. Fr. biscuit, It. biscotto, Lat.
which is expressed in E. by the verb Amit *is-coctus (ºis and coquo, to cook), twice
or net, i.e. to form a knotted structure, is cooked, or baked.
rendered in ON. by binda, to bind ; at Bishop. Lat. episcoſus, from Gr.
Ainda mát, to knot nets for fish, to net. #Triakotroc, an overseer, overlooker. When
Lith. pinnu, pinti, to wreathe, to plait. compared with Fr. eveyite, it affords a
It seems more in accordance with the remarkable proof how utterly unlike the
development of the understanding that immediate descendants of the same word
the form with the thinner vowel and ab in different languages may become. Epis
stract signification should be derived copus, It. wescowo, Fr. evesque, evégue.
from that with the broader vowel and Bisson.— Bisom.—Bisen.—Bizened.
concrete signification, than vice versä. Blind, properly near-sighted. Du. bif
Thus I suppose the Gr. 8&nto, to build, to sien, propius videre; bij siende, bij sien
be derived from éémoc, a house, Lat. pen igh, lusciosus et myops, qui nisi propius
dere, to hang, from poſtdus, a weight, admota non videt.—Kil.
the last of these forms being identical Bit. The part of the bridle which the
with the word which we are treating as horse biſes or holds in his mouth. AS.
the root of bind, viz. bund, bundſ, bunch. bitol. ON. bitill, beitsl. Sw. befsel.
Lith. Żundas, a truss, bundle, also a stone Bitch. AS. bicce, ON. bikkia, a little
weight, a weight of 48 pounds. The dog, a bitch ; applied also to other
original meaning of poſtdus would thus animals, and especially to a small poor
be simply, a lump of some heavy ma horse. G. betze, or petze, a bitch, in
terial, doubtless a stone. Swabia, a pig; petz, a bear. Fr. biche, a
The term bine or bind is applied to hind or female stag. Something of the
the twining stem of climbing plants. same confusion is seen in G. hiridinn, a
Thus we speak of the /o/-äine for the female dog; hindinn, a female stag.
shoots of hops. The wood-öine desig Lap. Ağſſo, a bitch.
nates the honeysuckle in England, while To Bite. Goth. beifan, ON. bila, G.
#ind-wood, bin-wood, or ben-wood, is in beissent.
Scotland applied to ivy. Here we see Bittacle or Binnacle. A frame of
the root in the precise form of the Lith. timber in the steerage of a ship, where
finnu, fin-ti, to twine. the compass stands.-Bailey. Fr. Aaſhiº
Binnacle. See Bittacle. acle, Sp. biſacora. Habitacle, a habit
 BITTER BLACK 69
acle, dwelling or abiding place.—Cotgr. signify ‘a soft noise, as of a body falling
In Legrand's Fr. and Flemish dictionary into water, or water beating gently on
/abitacle is explained a little lodge the beach ; //abraich, a fluttering noise,
(logement) near the mizenmast for the a flapping, as of wings; //abarfaich, a
ilot and steersman. “Nagt huis, 't continued soft sound, as of water gently
Hºje, 't kompas huis.’ It would thus beating the shore, unintelligible talk;
seem to have signified, first, a shelter Alabair, a babbler.—Armstrong.
for the steersman, then the mere case in The introduction or omission of an /
which the compass is placed. after the labial in these imitative forms
Bitter. Goth. bai/rs, ON. beifr, bitr, makes little difference, as is seen in
apparently from its biting the tongue. sputter and splutter. So Fr. bahoyer, to
Peper aer bitter och bitar fast. &/abòer with the lips.-Cot. To b/a/ber
Pepper is bitter and bites hard.—Hist. out the tongue, to loll it out.—Hal. B/ab
Alex. Mag., quoted by Ihre. Applied in ber-lift, synonymous with baber-/ip, a
ON. to the sharpness of a weapon. “Hin large coarse lip; b/oô, parallel with Fris.
Bitrasta sverd’—the sharpest sword. &abòe, Mantuan babói, a large lip, mouth,
When an edge is blunt we say it will not chops.
bite.
Wit hung her blob, even humour seemed to
In a similar manner Gael. beum, bite, mourn.—Collins in Hal.
cut, and beum, bitter.
Bittern. A bird of the heron tribe. Gael, blob, bloëach, blubber-lipped. Bav.
It. bittore, Fr. butor, OE. bittour. Sp. b/ºff, chops, mouth, in contempt. —
Deutsch. Mund. v. 332.
bitor, a rail.
Bitts. The bit/s of the anchor, Fr. Black, Bleak. The original meaning
bites, Sp. bifas, are two strong posts of black seems to have been exactly the
reverse of the present sense, viz. shining,
standing up on the deck, round which white. It is in fact radically identical
the cable is made fast. ON. bitt, a beam
in a house or ship, a mast; Sp. Öitones,
with Fr. blanc, white, blank, from which
pins of the capstern. it differs only in the absence of the nasal.
Bivouac. The lying out of an army ON. blažki, shine, whiteness (candor sine
maculá.—Hald.). It. biacca, white lead.
in the open field without shelter. G. bei Then as white is contrasted with any
wache, an additional watch, from wachen,
to watch, corrupted in Fr. to bivouac, special colour the word came to signify
from whence we have adopted the term. pale, faded. AS. b/ac-hſeor ides, the pale
cheeked maid. Se mona mid his blacant
But we formerly had the word direct
from German in a sense nearer the leohte ; the moon with her pale light.
original. Biovac, bihovac, a night guard G. bleich, Du. bleek, Dan. Ö/eg, pale. N.
performed by the whole army when there &/a44, pale, faded, discoloured ; gulb/a44,
is apprehension of danger.—Bailey. Sp. drumſ/a4%, pale yellow, buff, pale brown;
vivac, town guard to keep order at night; Sw. black, whitish, yellowish, fallow; ON.
divouac, night guard, small guard-house. &/ei/ºr, light-coloured, whitish, pale, pale
—Neumann. yellow; NE. blake, yellow; ‘as b/ake as a
To Blab–Blabber.—Blabber-lip. To paigle (cowslip).’
blað, to talk much, indistinctly, to chatter; A fildefare ful eerly tokhir flihte,
then to talk indiscreetly, to let out what To fore my study sang with his fetheris blake.
Lydgate, Percy Soc. x. 156.
should have been concealed. I blaðer, as
a childe dothe or he can speake, Je Fieldfare, AS. ſeaſo-ſor, from ſeaſo, fallow
fawn-coloured.
gasouille.—Palsgr.
Why ºnes thou so proudly to profecie these Again, as colours fade away the aspect
things of the object becomes indistinct and ob
And . no more what thou 8/aberes? than Ba scure, and thus the idea of discolouration
laam's asse.—Halliwell.
merges in that of dim, dusky, dark, on
Dan. b/abbre, to babble, gabble. Pl.D. the one side, as in that of pale and white
&laðern, G. Z/affern, to speak quick, on the other. ON. blackr is translated
confusedly, thoughtlessly; Bohem. b/ep “glacus seu subalbus, by Gudmund;
fati, to babble, chatter; Lith. b/ebberis, a ‘fuscus, obscurus,” by Haldorsen. In like
babbler; Gael. blaðaram, a stammerer, manner E. bleak is used to signify pale
stutterer, b/ab/dach, babbling, garrulous. or light-coloured as well as livid or dark
All founded on a representation of the coloured. Fr. blesmer, to wax pale or
sound made by collision of the lips in //eaked.—Hollyband. Fr. has/er, to make
rapid talking. The Gael. A/ad is used to i ö/eak or swart a thing by displaying it in
 70 BLACKGUARD BLARE

the hot sun.-Cot. Bleak of colour, pallido, blade of a sword, or of an oar; G. b/att,
livido; to bleak in the sun, imbrunire.— leaf of a tree, sheet of paper, flap of a
Torriano. Sw, black, whitish, also tanned coat, &c.; Du. blad, a leaf, plate, board.
by the sun; mus-à/ackſ, mouse-dun. When The term is generally applied to anything
the idea of dimness or obscurity is pushed thin and flat. It is commonly connected
to its limit it becomes absolute darknesswith flat, It, piatto, Fr. plat, Du. G. pſat,
or blackness. There is nothing more Gr. ºr Maric, broad. But perhaps a more
variable than the signification of words definite origin may be found in the notion
designating colour. of foam, or a mass of bubbles, which we
Blackguard. A name originally given have above endeavoured to indicate as
in derision to the lowest class of menials the original signification of Bladder. The
or hangers-on about a court or great old Dutch form of the word is b/ader, a
household, as scullions, linkboys, and leaf, b/aderen, leaves, branches; G. blat
others engaged in dirty work. ſerig, leafy. And we have in foam a
A slave that within this twenty years rode most complete example of leafy structure.
with the Black Guard in the Duke's carriage Blain. As, b/egen, Dan. //ºgne, Du.
(i. e. with the Duke's baggage) mongst spits and */cin, Sw. dial. &/ena, a boil, pimple,
dripping-pans.—Webster. blister. Perhaps from b/ºgen, which
I am degraded from a cook, and I fear that Schwenk and Adelung give as an old
the Devil himself will entertain me but for one
of his blackguard, and he shall be sure to have
Swabian form of the G. bſahem, to blow.
his meat burnt.—O. Play in Nares. Blame.—Blaspheme. Gr. 3Aarºhueiv,
to speak impiously. Lat. &/asſ/emare, to
The word is well explained in a pro revile,
clamation of the Board of Green Cloth reproach, defame. Hence Ital.
&iasimare, Fr. biasmer, and E. &lame.
in 1683, cited in N. and Q., Jan. 7, 1854.
Et per consilium eorum ita convenienter tibi
Whereas of late a sort of vicious idle and respondebo quod cum tecum loguar non credo te
masterless boys and rogues, commonly called me inde blasphematurum.—Eadmer, Hist. Novo
the Black-guard, with divers other lewd and rum, p. 86.
loose fellows, vagabonds, vagrants, and wan Que quandje parle avec vous je ne crois pas
dering men and women, do follow the Court to que vous m'en blamiez.
the great dishonour of the same—We do strictly
charge all those so called the Blackguard as Blank.-Blanch. Fr. blanc, white;
aforesaid, with all other loose idle masterless men, &/anchir, to blanch, to make or become
boys, rogues and wanderers, who have intruded white ; blanc, &langue, a blank ticket, a
themselves into his Majesty's court and stables, white or unwritten ticket, a ticket that
that within the space of 24 hours they depart.
does not obtain the prize. Hence applied
Bladder. As. bſardre, ON. b/adra, a to an occasion on which the result hoped
bubble, blister, bladder; Sw. Aſadºra, a for has not happened. Blank verse, verse
bubble, G. bſatter, a pustule; Bav. b/aſter, void of the rhyme to which the ear is ac
bubble, blister, bladder. The radical customed. To blank, or blanch, to dis
image is the formation of foam or bubbles appoint, to omit, pass over.
by the dashing of water, and the sense is Now, Sir, concerning your travels—I suppose
carried on from a bubble to any bubble you will not blanch Paris in your way.—Reliqu.
Wott. in R. The judges of that time thought
shaped thing, a bladder or pustule. Pl. it a dangerous thing to admit if's and an's to
D. pladdern, to dabble in water, and qualify the words of treason, whereby every man
thence to babble, tattle. Dan. A/udare, might express his malice and blanch his danger.
to puddle or mix up turf and water; to —Bacon in R.
jabber; //udder, mud, slush, mire, also The original root of the word is seen in
jabber, gabble. The primitive sense of the G. blinken, to shine, to glitter, as Lat.
splashing in water is lost in ON. b/adra, candidus, white, from candere, to shine,
to jabber, Sc. &/adder, blather, b/ether, to glow. Dan. Ölank, shining, polished.
chatter, foolish talk, but it may be supplied Blanket. From being made of white
from the constant connection between woollen cloth. Fr. blancheſ, a blanket
words expressing excessive talk, and the for a bed, also white woollen cloth; blan
agitation of liquids. Besides the examples chef, whitish.-Cot.
of this connection given above, the ON. To Blare.—Blatter.—Blatant. To
sko/a and thwart/a, and G. waschen, all roar, to bellow. Du. Ö/aeren, probably
signify to wash as well as to tattle, chat contracted from bladerem, as blader,
ter. Du. borrelen, to bubble, to purl, is &/aere, a bubble, blister, or as E. smother,
identical with Flanders borden, to vocifer smore, Du. modder, moere, mud. The
ate.-Kil.See Blubber. present forms then should be classed with
Blade. ON. blad, the leaf of a tree, //ether, blaſher, bladder, the origin of
 BLAST BLAZE 71

which has been explained under Blad his vaunt hearken his vertue and worthiness.-
der. Golden Book in R.

Gael blaodhrach, b/orach, bawling, Sw, dron-blisare, a whisperer, back

clamorous, noisy; b/or, a loud noise, a biter. Perhaps the expression of blazing,
voice; Ir, bladdh, a shout. or blazening, abroad, was partly derived
A parallel form sounds the radical syl from the image of blowing a trumpet, as
lable with a f instead of d. Du. b/aeferen, when we speak of trumpeting one's vir
&laeten, blaterare, stulté logui, proflare tues. Du. ‘op een trompet blaazen,” to
fastum; blaet, blatero, ventosus, magnilo sound a trumpet.
quus. – Kil. Hence Spenser's blatan? 2. To portray armorial bearings in
beast, the noisy, boasting, ill-speaking their proper colours; whence Blazonry,
beast. “She roade at peace through his heraldry. Fr. Ö/ason, a coat of arms, also
only pains and excellent endurance, how the scutcheon or shield wherein arms are
ever envy list to b/after against him.’— painted or figured; also blazon or the b/a2
Spenser. With inversion of the liquid, ing of arms.-Cot. The origin of this ex
Sp. baladrar, to bellow, to talk much and pression has given rise to much discussion,
loud; baladron, OE. &lateroon, an empty and two theories are proposed, each of
boaster. much plausibility. First from the E. blaze,
Blast. A gust of wind. AS. blasam, b/azen, to proclaim, to trumpet forth,
to blow ; blast, a blast. To blast, to de whence the Fr. b/ason, used, among other
stroy, to cut off prematurely, as fruit or senses, in that of praise, commendation;
vegetables struck by a cold or pestilential &/ason funebre, a funeral oration; blason
blast of air. ner, to extol, to publish the praises, pro
Blatant. See Blare. claim the virtues of.-Cot. Du. b/asoen,
Blaze. I. A strong flame. AS. b/ase, thraso, gloriosus, magniloquus, also prae.
b/aese, b/ysa, a torch, a lamp ; blasere, an conium, laudes (Kil.), i. e. the matter
incendiary; ON. &/ossi, a flame; bºys, trumpeted forth or proclaimed by a herald,
Dan. b/us, a torch; Du. blose, redness ; which would ordinarily consist in the first
Sw. brasa, fire, and, as a verb, to blaze; place of the titles and honours of the party
Sp. brasa, Fr. braise, live coal; embraser, on whose behalf the herald appeared.
to set on fire. A blaze is so intimately Then, as the purport of armorial bearings
connected with a blast of wind, as to was to typify and represent the honours
render it extremely probable that the and titles of the bearer, and to make him
word blaze, a flame, is radically identical known when otherwise concealed by his
with AS. blasan, G. blasen, to blow. If armour, the term was transferred to the
the fire were named from the roaring armorial bearings themselves, or to the
sound which it produces, it is obvious shield on which they were painted.
that the designation would be equally ap The other derivation, which Diez treats
propriate for the blast of wind by which as hardly doubtful, is from AS. blase, a
the conflagration is accompanied and torch, a flame, splendour. The term
kept up, and which, indeed, is the imme would then be applied to the armorial
diate cause of the roaring sound. bearings painted in bright colours on the
2. Sw, blasa, Dan. b/is, G. blåsse, Du. shield or surcoat, in the same way as we
blesse, a blaze or white mark on the face speak of an illuminated MS.—a MS.
of an animal, a white mark on a tree made ornamented with coloured paintings; Fr.
by stripping off a portion of the bark. A/anches illuminées, coloured prints.
As Kilian, besides blesse, has also blencke, Prov. ble26, a shield, properly a shield
macula emicans, a shining spot, probably with armorial device : ‘blezós cubertz de
the signification of a white spot on a dark teins e blancs e blaus,’ shields covered
ground may arise from the notion of with tints of white and blue. Or the word
shining like a blaze or flame, Sc. bleis, might spring from the same origin by a
*/ess, bles.—Jam. G. blass, pale, light-col somewhat different train of thought. The
oured. AS. blase, b/ase, is used in the sense of
To Blaze. — Blazen. I. To blow manifestatio, declaratio.—Lye. ON. &/aser
abroad, to spread news, to publish. As. vid, visui patet, it is manifest.—Gudmund.
&/aesan, Du. blaesen, to blow. Hence the derivative b/ason, like the
synonymous cognisance in English, might
And sain, that through thy medling is ièlowe be used to signify the armorial bearings
Your bothe love, ther it was erst not knowe.
Troilus and Cressida. of an individual, as the device by which
he was known or made manifest when
But now, friend Cornelius, sith I have &lasened completely cased in armour.
 72 BLEACH 13 LEN CH
To Bleach. ON. &/eißr, light-coloured, */emysshen or öſenschyn – obſusco. I
whitish, pale; b/ei/ja, Du. blaßen, N. &/emysshe, I chaunge colour.
&/a&na, to whiten by exposure to sun and Saw you nat how he ºlemysshed at it whan
air ; AS. &/aec, pale ; blaccan, to bleach. you asked him whose dagger that was.-Palsgr.
See Black.
According to Diez the proper meaning
Bleak. In a secondary sense b/eaš is of Öſemir is to bruise or make livid with
used for cold, exposed, from the effect of blows, from ON. &/ºzni, the livid colour of
cold in making the complexion pale and a bruise, livor, sugillatio, color plumbeus;
livid. See Black.
&/ºma, to become livid. Sw, b/ema, a
Blear. 1. B/ear-eyed, having sore boil, wheal, pimple; Pol. A/ama, a stain,
inflamed eyes, like one that has long spot, blot, a blot on one's name or re
been weeping. Pl. D. &larren, to blare putation ; //amić, sp/amić, to spot; sp/a-
or roar, to cry or weep. ‘He b/arrede mié sie, to stain one's honour or reputa
sinen langen tranen,” he cried till the tears tion, to disgrace one's name. So in Sw.
ran down. Hence &/arr-age or ö/eer-oge, ſlack, a spot, blot, stain; fºck Žá e/15
a crying eye, a red watery eye.
2. The term b/ear, in the expression goda namn, a spot, a blemish in one's
reputation.
‘to blear one's eye,’ to deceive one, is Blench.-Blencher.—Blancher. To
totally different from the foregoing, and blench is sometimes used in the sense of
seems identical with b/ur, a blot or smear
concealing something that had originally blanking one, to make him feel blank, to
been distinct. discomfit, confound him. “Bejaune, a
novice, one that's easily blankt and hath
He that doeth wickedly, although he professe nought to say when he should speak.”—
God in his wordes, yet he doeth not for all that Cot.
see God truely : for he is seen with most purely
scowred eyes of faith, which are blurred with the For now if ye so shuld have answered him as I
darkness of vices.—Udal in Richardson. have shewed you, though ye shuld have some
what ºenched him therwith.-Sir J. More in
In this sense it agrees with Bav.//erren, Richardson.
a blotch ; //err, gºp/err, a mist before the
eyes. ‘Praestigiae, //er vor den augen; ’ At other times it is synonymous with
‘Der Teufel macht ihnen ein eitles //er, */in/, to wink the eye, shrink from a
vor den augen,” the devil makes a vain dazzling light, boggle at something, start
back.
b/ur before their eyes.—Schmel. So in
P. P. Loketh that ye ne bedn nout iliche the horse
that is scheoh (shy) and blencheth uor one
He blessede them with his bulles and &lered hure scheaduwe.—Ancren Rivle, 242.
eye. And thus thinkande I stonde still
By a similar metaphor Pol. fuman is a Without b/enchinge of mine eie,
cloud, as of dust or mist; fumanić, to Right as me thought that I seie
Of Paradeis the moste joie.—Gower in R.
cast a mist before the eyes, to humbug.
To Bleat. An imitative word intended And now are these but mansbond (i.e. slaves)
raskaile of refous—
to represent the sound made by sheep or For these ne shalleye blenk. —R. B. 115.
goats. Gr. 3\mxciopat, G. &/ºken, to bleat
as sheep, or to low as oxen. To blink the question is to shrink
Bleb. A drop of water, blister. See from it, to wink at it, avoid looking it in
Blab. the face. Fr. givenchir, the formal equi
Bleed. See Blood. valent of English win/, is used in a sense
Blemish. A stain in a man's reputa exactly synonymous with //ench, to start
tion, a spot, a fault, a disgrace.—Bailey. away from.
From the OFr. blesmir, tacher, souiller, And gif thou blenche from ony of tho, (faith or
creaunce)
salir, to spot, to soil. — Roquef. The Be war, from the than schal I go.
modern sense of the word bleme or blesme
In the French version—
is pale, wan, bleak, dead-coloured—
Cotgr.; b/esmissure, b/emissement, pale Et bien saches tuguenchir à creanche
ness, wanness, bleakness. As AS. b/ac Jeguenchirai a toi entel maniere.
Manuel de Pecchés, p. 419.
includes the notion of pale and dark, and
wan itself signifies not only pale but From the sense of rapid vibration
livid or dark of hue, it is probable connected with the notion of blinking,
that b/eme was applied to the dark colour &/ench came to be used for a trick, a
of lifeless flesh, and thence to a bruise, a movement executed for the purpose of
spot, or blemish. The Promptorium has engaging attention, while the agent ac
 BLEND BLINK 73

complishes a purpose he is desirous of Their burning blades about their heads do bless.
F. Q.
concealing.
Gif hundes urneth to him-ward (the fox) Tarry, thou knave, I hold thee a grote I shall
make these hands bless thee.—Camm. Gurt.
He gength wel swithe awaiward
And hoketh pathes swithe narewe Needle. III. 3.
And haveth mid him his blenches yarewe.
Owl and Nightingale, 375. For the same reason a man is said to
bless the world with his heels when he is
To Blend. A numerous class of words hanged.—Nares.
may be cited, with or without the nasal, Blight. A hurt done to corn or trees
representing the sound made by the that makes them look as if they were
agitation of liquids. Swab. &/o/gent, to blasted.—Bailey. Pl.D. verb/ekken, to
churn, to dash cream up and down with burn up. “De Sonne het dat Koorn
a plunger; Du. Alozzen, A/onsert, to fall verble&#et,' or ‘Dat Koorn is verble&#et,”
into water with a sudden noise, to plunge. from Ö/e}ken, to shine, to lighten. Per
To b/unge clay, in potters’ language, is to haps the notion originally was that it
mix it up with water to a fluid consist was blasted with lightning. OHG. blºg,
ency. Du. blanssen, to dabble in water. //ich:/iur, lightning.—Brem. Wtb. Or it
—Biglotton. Sc. to b/uiter, to make a may be from the discoloured faded ap
rumbling noise, to b/uifer up with water, pearance of the blighted corn. AS. 6/aec,
to dilute too much ; bluiſer, liquid filth; pale, livid.
to b/uther, b/udder, to make a noise with Blind. Deprived of sight. Goth.
the mouth in taking any liquid.—Jam. b/inds, ON. b/indr, G. blind. Thence ap
To b/under water, to stir or puddle, to plied to anything which does not fulfil its
make it thick and muddy.—Halliwell. apparent purpose, as a 6/ºnd entry, an
Of this latter the E. blend, AS. blendian, entry which leads to nothing; AS. b/ind
ON. blanda, to mix, seems the simple mete/, a dead nettle, or nettle which does
form, but by no means therefore a pre not sting ; G. blinde ſenster, — thiren,
vious one in the order of formation, as — faschen, false windows, doors, pockets.
will be remarked in the observations on A blind is something employed to blind
the origin of the word Blink. Sw, blanda one or prevent one from seeing, as a
vaín i win, to dash wine with water. window-blind, to prevent one looking
Afterwards applied to the notion of through the window.
mixing in general, whether the subject The origin of the word must be treated
matter is wet or dry, although in the in the next article.
latter case the consciousness of the imi Blink. A wink, a look, a gleam,
tative source of the word is wholly lost. glance, moment. AS. &/ican, to glitter,
To Bless-Bliss. As. 5/ithe, joyful, dazzle ; G. blicken, to shine, to glance, to
merry, blithe ; b/is, joy, gladness, bliss ; look; Du. b/icken, to glitter; b/ick, a
6/#!/isian, Ö/issian, to rejoice, be glad ; flash, a glance, a wink ; &/ick-ooghen, to
bleſsian, to bless, to consecrate ; b/e/- wink; b/ic/sem, lightning. With the
sung, a blessing. OHG. &/ide, glad, joy nasal, Du. blincken, to shine, to glitter ;
ful ; b/iau, joy; Paradises b/id/missil, the G. blinken, to twinkle, shine, glitter, and
joys of Paradise; 6/iden, to rejoice. A also to wink, as the result of a sudden
similar development has taken place in glitter.
the Slavonic languages. Russ. &/ago, The sound of Å before an s, as in Du.
well; b/agaya, goods, riches; //ajennii b/ic/sem, readily passes into a f, giving
(Fr. j), blessed, happy; Serv. Ö/ag, good, G. bſiſz, a flash, glitter, glimpse, lightning;
sweet; b/ago, money, riches; Pol. 6/ogi, &litzen, to flash, glitter, lighten. The in
blissful, sweet, graceful, lovely; Bohem. sertion of the nasal, as in the case of
b/age, happily, fortunately, well; //ahy //ick and blink, gives b/ingen, b/inze/n,
(obsolete), happy; b/aziţi, blahos/aviti to twinkle, wink, blink.-Küttner. Swiss
(= bene dicere), to make happy, to pro b/inge, to shut the eyes; G. &/in2/er, a
nounce happy, to bless; b/ageny, blahos blinkard ; b/inzăugig, blink-eyed, weak
º,rix.
blessed, happy; B/agena Bea eyed. Sc. b/en/, a glance; Swiss Ö/enden,
a flash of light; Dan. blende, to dazzle ;
From the action of the hand making Sw, blund, a wink, a wink of sleep ;
the sign of the cross while blessing one b/unda, to shut the eyes. The term then
self or others, the verb to b/ess is some passes on to designate the complete
times found in the singular sense of to privation of sight. Du. blindselen, caecu
brandish. tire, caccultare, to be blind, to act like a
74 BLISSOM BLOND

blind person.-Kil. G. blinzel-maus, or midus, inde humiditate tumidus. Sw.

b/inde-kuh, blindman's-buff. 6/0//isk, fish which is set to soak in water
The origin of b/ind would thus be the preparatory to cooking, cured fish.-
figure of blinking under a strong light, Ihre. When fish under this name was
and blink itself is sometimes used to
imported into England, it was naturally
express absence of vision. To blink the supposed that the signification of the
question is to shut one's eyes to it, to first element of the word had reference
make oneself wilfully blind to it. A to the process by which it was cured,
horse's b/inkers are the leather plates and hence to b/ote has been supposed to
put before his eyes to prevent his seeing. mean to smoke, to cure by smoke.
Nor ought it to startle us to find the I have more smoke in my mouth than would
simple form of the word derived from a blote a hundred herrings.-B. and F. in Nares.
frequentative, as blinzeln, b/indse/en. For You stink like so many bloat-herrings newly
this, I believe, is a much more frequent taken out of the chimney.—B. Jonson, Ibid.
phenomenon than is commonly thought, Blob.-Bleb. B/ob, a bubble, a blister;
and an instance has lately been given in a small lump of anything thick, viscid, or
the case of blend. Words aiming at the dirty ; bleſ, a drop of water, a bubble, a
direct representation of natural sounds blister, a blain.-Hal. B/o/, //ab, a small
are apt to appear in the first instance in globe or bubble of any liquid, a blister, a
the frequentative form. blot or spot, as a blað of ink-Jam.
To Blissom. Of sheep, to desire the Though both his eyes should—drop out like
male. N. blesme, ON. &/orsma, to blissom, blobbes or droppes of water.—Z. Boyd in Jam.
from blar, a ram.—Egillson.
Blister. Du. b/wyster; Lat. Austula, From b/abber, b/obber, blubber, repre
fusula, a bubble, blister, pimple. Both senting the dashing of water, the radical
the English and the Latin word are from syllable is taken to signify a separate
the notion of blowing, expressed by cog element of the complex image, a bubble
nate roots, which differ only in the in formed or a drop dashed off in the col
sertion or omission of an l after the lective agitation. So from sputter is
initial b. formed spot, a detached portion of the
The E. blister must be referred to AS. agitated liquid, or the mark which it
&larsan, to blow, whence blast, bluster, to makes. And so from squatter, to dash
blow in gusts, to puff and be noisy, Bav. liquid, is formed squad, sloppy dirt, a
&laustern, to breathe hard, while Lat. separate portion. See Blot. Gael. plub,
fustula, fusula, must be classed with noise of liquor in a half-filled cask, sound
forms like Gr. Øvräw, to blow, G. bausen, as of a stone falling suddenly in water,
&rºsten, fausten, Sw. Austa, to blow, puff, any soft unwieldy lump; plub-cheann, a
swell. lumpish head; plubach, giving a sound of
The 1, it must be observed, in imitative the foregoing nature, speaking rapidly
roots is an exceedingly movable element, and inarticulately.
Block. The stem or trunk of a tree.
and easily changes its place, or is in
serted or omitted. Thus we have blað —Bailey. A solid mass of wood, stone,
and babble, bubble and blubber, Langued. or the like. Hence, to block up the way,
to close it with a solid mass. Gael. bloc,
b/ouca and Fr. boucler, to bubble, buckle,
&/ouquette and bouclette, a little buckle, w. round, orbicular. Fr. bloc, blot, a block
or log ; en bloc, in bulk, in the lump or
&/ºg, A/isg, shells, husks, and pisg, pods, mass,
blisters. -
taken altogether. It may be formed
Blithe. Goth. b/eiths, mild, merciful; like clot, clod, blot, Sc. blad, from the
ON. b/idr, mild, gentle; OHG. b/ide, Du. sound of a small mass of something soft
&/jae, as in E. blithe, joyful. See Bless. thrown against the ground. See Blot.
To Bloat.—Bloated.—Bloater. To The primary meaning would thus be a
&/ote, to swell, also to set a smoking or small mass of anything, an unformed
drying by the fire.—Bailey. ON. b/autr, mass, as distinguished from things fa
bricated out of it, the unhewn bole of a
soft, soaked. Sw, blót, Dan. &/ºd, soft. tree, any lump or mass of things.
Sw, blóta, ligga i ö/øt, to soak, to steep. Blond. Fr. blond, light yellow, straw
Hence E. bloated, having an unsound coloured, flaxen; also (in hawks or stags)
swollen look, as if soaked in water. In bright tawny or deer-coloured.-Cotgr.
like manner the Fin. Kostua, signifying Diez suggests that the word may be a
in the first instance to soak, is also used nasalised form of on. Ölaud, Dan. 6/6d,
in the sense of swelling ; Kostia, subhu soft, weak, in the sense of a soft tint, a
 BLOOD BLOW 75

supposition which is apparently supported gush, to fall (of liquids) in abundance, to

by the use of the word blode in Austria dabble in water; platschern, to patter, to
for a weak, pale tint.—Schmid. It is fall with a plashing noise; Swiss plºdern,
probably connected with Pol. b/ady, pale, plºttern, to dabble in water, to splash, to
wan. It. biado (of which the evidence
exists in biadetto, bluish, sbiadare, to dirty, (of cattle) to dung, whence Alider,
grow pale), blue, pale; biavo, blue, straw: plºtter, kuh-fláder, cow-dung. Dan, dial.
coloured (Diez, Florio). OFr. blois, bloi, //atte, to dash down, fall down ; blat,
blue; bloi, blond, yellow, blue, white &laſte, a small portion of anything wet ;
(Roquefort). Prov. Aloí, ólou, fair, in en b/a/ vand, sæarm, a drop of water or
colour, as the skin or hair. It should be of filth ; //a4-b/aſte, a drop of ink; Áo
remarked that the Du. blond is used in &/att, Sw. Kobladde, a cow-dung. Sc. blad,
the sense of the livid colour of a bruise a heavy fall of rain (to be compared with
as well as in that of flaxen, yellowish ; G. platz-regen, a pelting shower). ‘It’s
blond en blaauw s/aan, to beat one black b/adding on o’ weet, the rain is driving
and blue; blondheid, couleur livide.— on. Blad, a dirty spot on the cheek, a
Halma. lump of anything soft ; to blad, to slap,
Blood.—Bleed. Du. bloed, G. blut. to strike with something soft or flat.
Doubtless named for the same reason as Carinthian //outschen, to dash down
Du. bloedsel, E. dial. blooth, G. blithe, a water; A/outsche, great leaf of cabbage.
flower, from the bright colour which Fin. plattità, to slap, to strike with such
these objects exhibit, from G. &/ithen, to a sound as the Germans represent by the
glow. Both blut and b/ithe are written
b/uat by Otfried, and bliſhen is used in syllable Klatsch / Plitti, a sound of such
the Swabian dialect in the sense of Öſeed. a nature, a blot or spot. Dan. A/et, a
—Schmid. Erp/oten, to be red with blot, spot; pletter i solen, spots in the
rage.—Schilter. See Blow, 2. sun. E. plot of land is a spot or small
Bloom. The bright-coloured part to portion of land. Sw. A/ot/ra, to squander,
plants which prepares the seed, a deli properly to scatter liquid ; to scribble,
cately-coloured down on fruits, the bright to blot paper; plotterwis, in scattered
colour of the cheeks. morsels, bit by bit. Wendish blodo,
The sun was brycht and schynand clere, Moto, mud.—Stalder in v. pladern. Fr.
And armouris that burnyst were &/otter, to blot; blotte, b/outre, a lump, a
Swa #/omyt with the sunnys beme clod.—Cot. Then as a drop of liquid or
That all the land was in a leme.—Barbour. lump of something soft spreads itself out
on falling to the ground, se blottir, to squat
Du. bloemen, to bloom or flower, pro or lie close.
perly to shine with bright colours; The form blotch answers to Swiss
bloeme, bloemsel, ON. 6/6mi, blomstr, a platschen, which represents the sound of
flower. A parallel form with ON. lićmr, something broad falling into the water or
E. leme, gleam. on the ground, of water dashing in a
Blossom. AS. blosa, blosma, blostma, vessel or splashing over. Ein platsch
Du. blosem, Lat. flos, a flower. Du. miſch, a gush of milk; platsch-vol/,
blosen, to be red, to blush ; blose, redness, platt-voll, platz-vol/, splashing full, full
the bright colour of the cheeks; As. to overflowing.—Stalder. Plotz, a blow,
*/ase, b/ysa, ON. &/ys, Dan. b/us, a torch ; or the sound of it; b/atz, a spot or blot.
//usse, to glow, to blaze, to flame; Pl.D. —Schwenck. E. blatch, to spot or blot.
b/iise, bleuster, a blaze, bleustern, bleistern,
If no man can like to be smutted and blatched
to glisten ; Russ, blistat', to shine; Sw. in his face, let us learn more to detest the spots
b/ust, a flower. and blots of the soul.-Harmar in R.
Parallel forms with an initial gl and /
are ON. glossi, a flame, glyssa, to sparkle; Blotch-paper, blotting-paper.—Hal.
g/ys, shine; g/arsi, splendour; E. gloss, Blot at Backgammon. See Back
glister; Sc. glose, to blaze; Ir. glus, ON. gammon.
/ios, light, E. lustre, brilliancy. See Blow. Apparently from the livid mark
Blow. produced by a blow on the body. Du.
Blot, Blotch. The G. flatsch/?atsch/ &laeuw, blue, livid; b/aeuwe ooghe, Fris.
platz / Klatsch / represent the sound of en b/au ach, a black eye; Du. b/aeuwen,
dashing liquid, of a blow with something blowen, to strike ; blauwel, a beater.—
soft or flat. From similar representa Kil. Pl. D. blåtten, blau schlagen; blaweſs,
tions of sound are formed G. Aladdern, to livid marks. Fris. blode/sa and blawelsa,
76 BLOW BLUE

wound and bruise. ‘Si quis alium ad or guggling, f/ubair, one who speaks
sanguinis effusionem vel livorem vulgo indistinctly and rapidly; Pl. D. &/uðbern,
b/awe dictum laeserit.” “Ad livorem et to make bubbles in drinking, to sputter
sanguinem, quod &/oof et blawe dicinus.’ or speak in an explosive manner; bluff
— Hamburgh Archives, A.D. 1292, in Øern, ſlubbern, to blurt out.—Deutsch.
Brem. Wtb. “Nis hir nauder blazo ni Mundart. v. 51.
blodelsa, there is here neither bruise nor To b/ubber, in E., is confined to the
wound.—Wiarda. OFr. blatt, coup, tache, broken sound made by the internal flow
meurtrissure—Roquefort, a blow, a bruise. of tears in crying. /3/u//ered cheeks are
On the other hand, OHG. bliu wan, M.H.G. cheeks bedabbled with tears. It is how
&/iuwen, G. blauen, to beat with a mallet, ever provincially used in the original
can hardly be separated from Goth. sense. ‘The water b/ubbers up' (Mrs Ba
&ſiggwan, to beat. ker), where the word may be compared
To Blow, 1. As. b/awan, to blow, to with Bohem. &/uboſtriți, to bubble up, to
breathe; G. blåhen, to puff up, to inflate, boil. And, as bubbles are formed by the
a parallel form with b/asen, to blow. In agitation of water, blubber comes to sig
like manner Lat. fla-re, to blow, corre nify bubble, foam. “Aſober upon water,
sponds with Sw, ſlasa, to puff, to breathe bouteillis.”—Palsgr.
hard. And at his mouth a blubber stode of fome.
Chaucer.
To Blow, 2. To come into flower, to
show flower. The primary sense is to In modern speech the noun is chiefly
shine, to exhibit bright colours, to glow. used for the coating of fat by which the
Du. &/oeden, b/oeyen, bloemen, florere.— whale is enveloped, consisting of a net
Kil. G. &/ithen, to shine with bright work or frothy structure of vessels filled
colours, to blossom, to flourish. From with oil.
the same root which gives the designa It does not impair the representative
tion of the blood, the red fluid of the power of the word when the final / in the
body; and closely allied with Du. }/osen, radical syllable of blubber is exchanged
to be red, and the forms mentioned under for a d in Sc. b/udder, b/uther, to make a
Blossom. Swab. b/uh, b/ut, b/ust, a noise with the mouth in taking liquid; to
flower; OHG. bluod, blót, G. &/iithe, disfigure the face with weeping.—Jam.
bloom, flower; w b/odyn, a flower. Her sweet bloderit face.—Chaucer.
Parallel forms with an initial g! are Bav. &/odern, f/odern, Pi.D. f/udern, to
ON. g/6d, E. g/ede, glowing coal ; Du. gabble, jabber, chatter. Plodern, to
gloeden, gloeyen, G. glithen, to glow. sound like water, to gush. — Deutsch.
Blowzy. Tumbled, disordered in Mund. ii. 92. P/udern, to guggle, sound
head-dress. Blowze, a fat, red-faced like water gushing out of a narrow open
bloted wench, or one whose head is ing; to flap like loose clothes.—Schmel
dressed like a slattern.-B. Pl. D. plusen, ler.
to disorder, especially with respect to the Blue. OHG. blao, blaw; It. biavo,
hair. Sik plusen is said of fowls when Prov. b/au, fem. b/ava.
they plume themselves with their beak. Notwithstanding the little apparent
Sić upp/ustern, when the feathers of a resemblance, I have little doubt in identi
bird are staring from anger or bad health; fying the foregoing with W. g/as, blue,
6/us/ig, f/usig, toused, disordered; //us green, grey, pale; Gael. glas, pale, wan.
trig, (of birds) having the feathers star The interchange of an initial g/, b/, or gr,
ing or disordered; (of men) having a &r, is very frequent. We may cite for
swollen bloated face or disordered hair. example G. g/ie/len, Ö/ithen, E. glow, blow;
—Danneil. Gr. YAñxov, 3Aixov, a herb; Gr. BáXavoc,
To Blubber. — Bludder. — Bluther. Lat. g/arts, Ir. glaodh and bladdh, a
These are closely allied forms, marking shout; g/againeachd and blagain eachd, a
some difference in application from that blast, boasting; Bret, bruk, W. grug,
of blaðber, b/e//er, b/adder, by the modi heath. We thus identify the Celtic glas
fied vowel. The radical image is the with G. &/ass, pale; OFr. b/oes, b/ois, bloi,
sound made by the dashing of water, blue; blazir, to make blue, and thence,
whence the expression is extended to to fade, to spot, to bruise – Roquef. ;
noises made by the mouth in crying, in Langued. blazi, faded, withered, bruised;
rapid or indistinct utterance. The radi Prov. &/ezir, to fade, grow pale, dirty.—
cal sense is shown in Gael. A/uðraich, Raynouard. The usual interchange of a
//ubartaich, a paddling in water, a con final g and d connects these with Pol.
tinued noise of agitated water, a gurgling &/ady, pale, wan, Ö/edºniać, to fade; It.
 BLUFF BLUNDERBUSS 77
biado, blue, pale, the evidence of which monious preparations; a shore abruptly
is seen in biadetto, bluish, and sôiadare, rising, or an abrupt manner.
to become pale or wan.—Flor. Hence In like manner from an imitation of
we pass to Prov. bſahir, to become pale the same sound by the syllable plom/,
or livid, in the same way as from It. Du. fºomſ, abrupt, rustic, blunt. See
tradire to Fr. trahir. The change from Blunt.
a medial d to v is still more familiar.
Blunder. The original meaning of
We find accordingly It. sbiaware, as well 6/under seems to be to dabble in water,
as sbiadare, to become pale, and biavo from an imitation of the sound. It is a
(Diez), as well as biado, blue. The nasal form of such words as b/other,
Romance blaze is moreover, like the ôlutter, bluiſer, all representing the
Celtic glas, applied to green as well as agitation of liquids, and then generally
blue. Blavoyer, verdoyer, devenir vert; idle talk. Dan. //udder, earth and water
&lavoie, verdure, herbe.—Roquefort. mixed together, puddle, idle talk; //ud
Hence we may explain the origin of the dre, to dabble in the mud, to puddle, mix
It. biada, biava, corn, originally growing up turf and water. Then with the nasal,
corn, from the brilliant green of the young E. dial to 4/under water, to stir or pud
corn in the spring, contrasted with the dle, to make water thick and muddy;
brown tint of the uncultivated country. and metaphorically, b/under, confusion,
‘Biada, tutte le semente ancora in erba.” trouble.—Hal. I blonder, je perturbe.—
—Altieri. Bladum, blandum, in plur. Palsgr.
segetes virentes. – Dief. Supp. The To shuffle and digress so as by any means
gradual change of colour in the growing whatever to blunder an adversary.—Ditton in R.
plant from a bright green to the yellow ON. glundr, sloppy drink; glundra, to
tint of the reaped corn (still designated disturb, to confound.
by the term biada) may perhaps explain Analogous forms are Du. }/anssen, in
the singular vacillation in the meaning of ’t water dobbelen, to dabble—Biglotton;
the It. biazo, which is rendered by Florio, E. to 6/unge clay, to mix it up with water.
pale straw-coloured. It is remarkable —Hal.
however that the E. Blaže (identical with To b/under is then, for the same rea
AS. blac, G. bleich, pale) is provincially son as the synonymous dabble, used for
used in the sense of yellow. the work of an unskilful performer.
The Du. blond is also applied to the B/underer or blunt worker, hebeſactor.
livid colour of a bruise, as well as the —Pr. Pn.
yellowish colour of the hair. OFr. bloi, What 8/underer is yonder that playeth diddil,
blond, jaune, bleu et blanc.—Roquefort. He findeth false measures out of his fond fiddil.
Thus it becomes difficult to separate Mid. Skelton in R.
Lat. blazus, blue, from the Lat. flavus, Hence a blunder, an ill-done job, a
yellow, Bohem. flawy, yellowish red, Pol. mistake.
f/owy, pale yellow, discoloured (//owiea, Like drunken sots about the street we roam :
to grow yellow, to lose colour, to fade), Well knows the sot he has a certain home,
G. ſaſh, and E. ſallow, fawn-coloured, Yet knows not how to find the uncertain place,
reddish yellow. - And blunders on and staggers every pace.
Dryden in R.
Bluff. Du. blaſ, planus, aequus et
amplus, superficie planã, non rotunda; The word is here synonymous with
b/af aensight facies plana et ampla, a flounder, the original meaning of which
bluff countenance; b/af van voorhooſt, is, like Du. ſlodderen (Weiland), to work
fronto, having a bluff forehead, a fore in mud or water. To b/under out a
head not sloping but rising straight up.– speech, to bring it out hastily with a
Kil. So a bluff shore is opposed to a spluttering noise. G. heral/s/o/tern or
sloping shore. B/affºrt, a plain coin Jeral/s/ſatzen, to blurt or blunder out
without image or superscription. —Kil. something.—Küttner.
A bluff manner, a plain unornamented See Blurt, Blunt, Bodge.
Imanner. Blunderbuss. Pl.D. buller-bak, buſ
The word is probably derived in the /er-jaan, Sw, buller-bas, a blustering fel
first instance from the sound of some low; G. poſter-hans, one who performs
thing falling flat upon the ground. Du. his business with much noise, bawling,
f/offºn, to fall suddenly on the ground, and bustle ; fo/fferer, a blunderbuss,
to plump into the water.—Halma. It blunderhead, a boisterous violent man.--
then signifies something done at once, Küttner. From G. bullern, poſtern, to
and not introduced by degrees or cere make a noise. The Du. has donder-bus,
 78 BLUN KET BLUNT
a blunderbuss, from the loud report; bus, A blunt manner is an unpolished, un
a fire-arm.—Halma.
ceremonious manner, exactly correspond
Blunket. A light blue colour. Pol. ing to the G. Aſumſ. Plump mit ºfwas
blekit, azure, blue. Probably radically lºnge/en, to handle a thing blunt/y,
identical with E. &/eaž, pale, wan, as the awkwardly, rudely.—Küttner.
senses of paleness and blue colour very It is from this notion of suddenness,
generally run into each other. absence of preparation, that the sense of
Blunt. Before attempting to explain bare, naked, seems to be derived. To
the formation of the word, it will be well speak &/ºn//y is to tell the naked truth,
to point out a sense, so different from Sw, "ſofta sanningen. The syllables //o/,
that in which it is ordinarily used, that it &/unt, //umſ, and the like, represent the
is not easy to discover the connection. sound not only of a thing falling into the
Bare and blunt, naked, void. water, but of something soft thrown on
It chaunst a sort of merchants which were wont the ground, as Sw, f/ump, a blot, Dan.
To skim those coasts for bondmen there to buy— A/udie, to plump down, Dan. dial. blatte,
Arrived in this isle though bare and 6/unt
To inquire for slaves.—F. Q to fall down, fling down; //aſ, a portion
The large plains— of something wet, as cow-dung.—Mol
Stude A/unt of beistis and of treis bare. —D. V. bech. Then as a wet lump lies where it
A modification of the same root, without is thrown, it is taken as the type of every
the nasal, appears with the same mean thing inactive, dull, heavy, insensible, and
these qualities are expressed by both
ing in Swiss bluff, naked, bare, unfledged; modifications of the root, with or with
Sw. b/off, G. bloss, It. biotto, biosso, naked, out the nasal, as in E. &/unt, Sc. b/ait,
poor; Sc. &/out, Ö/ai/. dull, sheepish.
Woddis, forestis, with naked bewis A/out
Then cometh indevotion, through which a man
Stude strippit of thare wede in every hout.—D.V.
is so blonſ, and hath swiche languor in his soul,
The blait body, the naked body.— that he may neither rede ne sing in holy chirche.
Jamieson. The two senses are also Chaucer, in Richardson.
united in Gael. maol, bald, without horns, We Phenicianis nane sablait breistis has. D. V.
blunt, edgeless, pointless, bare, without Non obtusa adeo gestamus pectora Paeni.
Sc. B/aitie-bum, a simpleton, stupid
foliage, foolish, silly. A/aolaich, to make
bare or blunt. fellow, and in the same sense, a //unzie.
Du. &/uſ/en, homo stolidus, obtusus, ina
Now the Swiss b/untsch, b/umsch, is nis.-Kil.
used to represent the sound which is
imitated in English and other languages ‘A blade reason’ is used by Piers
by the syllable //umſ, viz. the sound of a Plowman for a pointless, ineffectual rea
round heavy body falling into the water; son. Thus we are brought to what is now
#/untschen, to make a noise of such a the most ordinary meaning of the word
the absence of sharpness, the
nature, to plump into the water.—Stalder. */unt, viz.connection of which with the
A similar sound is represented by the natural
syllables plotz, ž/u/2–Küttner; whence qualities above mentioned is shown by
Latin obtusus in the fore
Du. plotsen, flonsen, plompen, to fall into the use of the
the water; G. f/a/2-regen, a pelting going passages. An active intelligent
shower of rain. We have then the ex lad is said to be sharp, and it is the con
pressions, mit et was heraus-flatzen, or verse of this metaphor when we speak of
a blunt
heraus plumpen, to blunt a thing out, to a knife which will not cut as
blurt, blunder, or blab out a thing— knife. The word dull, it will be observed,
Küttner; to bring it suddenly out, like a is used in both senses, of a knife which
thing thrown down with a noise, such as will not cut, and an unintelligent, inactive
that represented by the syllables bluntsch, person. Swiss b/untschi, a thick and
flota, plumſ, to plump out with it. plump person.—Stalder.
Swab. platzen, to throw a thing violently It will be seen that the G. plump, re
down. specting the origin of which we cannot
Peradventure it were good rather to keep in doubt, is used in most of the senses for
good silence thyself than blunt forth rudely.— which we have above been attempting
Sir T. More in Richardson. to account. Plump, rough, unwrought,
The term blunt is then applied to things heavy, clumsy, massive, thick, and,
done suddenly, without preparation. figuratively, clownish, raw, unpolished,
Fathers are rude, heavy, dull, blockish, awkward.
Won by degrees, not bluntly as our masters –Küttner. Plomp, hebes, obtusus, stu
Or wronged friends are.—Ford in R. pidus, plumbeus, ang, blunt.—Kil.
 BLUR BOB 79

In like manner from the sound of a Boar. AS. bar, Du. beer. As the As.
lump thrown on the ground, imitated by has also eafor, and Du. ever-swin, it is
...the syllable bot, is formed Du, bot, botte, probable that boar has no radical identity
a blow; bot-voet, a club foot; bot, plump, with G. eber, Lat. after.
sudden, blunt, dull, stupid, rude, flat. Board. Du. berd, G. brett, a board or
Bot zeggen, to say bluntly.—Halma. plank. AS. bord, an edge, table, margin.
To Blur. To blur, to render indis Du. boord, a margin, edge, border. Fr.
tinct, to smear; blur, a smear, a blot. &ord, edge, margin. ON. bord, a border,
Bav.//err, gºp/err, a mist before the eyes; outward edge, board, table, whence bord
plerren, a blotch, discoloured spot on the vidr, literally edge-wood, i. e. planks or
boards.
skin.
The word is probably a parallel form Med endilöngum baenum varumbuiz Ahúsum
with Sp. borrar, to blur, blot, and E. bºr, uppi, reistrupp bord-vidrautanverdom thaukom
a mistiness, representing in the first in sva sem viggyrdlat vaeri.-Sverris Saga, c. 156.
stance an indistinct sound, then applied —along the town preparations were made up on
the houses, planks raised up outside the roofs,
to indistinct vision; but it may arise like the parapets (wiggyrdil, war-girdle) raised
from the notion of dabbling in the wet. on board a ship in a naval engagement.
Sc. b/udder, bluther, b/ubber, to make a
noise with the mouth, to disfigure with * Boast. Explained by Jam. to
crying. E. dial. b/uſer, to blubber, to threaten, to endeavour to terrify.
blot, to dirty; to blore, to roar.—Hal. Scho wald nocht tell for bost nor yeit reward.
Wallace.
Swiss b/odern, to sound like water boil Turnus thare duke reulis the middiloist,
ing, to rumble; Bav. Øſtudern, to make a With glaive in hand maid awful ſere and boist.
noise in boiling; pludern, to guggle; D. V. 274. 29.
b/odern, plodern, to chatter, gabble. Dan. The radical meaning of the word seems
p/uddre, to dabble, to jabber, gabble; to be a crack or loud sound, and when
Sw. dial. blurra, burra, to talk quick and applied to vaunting language, it implies
indistinctly; bladara, b/arra, to blurt out, that it is empty sound. To brag and
to chatter. The elision of the d is very to crack, both used in the sense of boast
common, as in Du. blader, blaere, a blad ing, primarily signify loud noise. ‘Heard
der; ader, aere, an ear of corn, &c. For you the crack that that gave P’ Sc. pro
the parallelism of blur and burr comp. E. verb spoken when we hear an empty
&/otch and botch, splurt and spirº, Du. boast.—Kelly. Boost is used for the
b/affºn and baffºn, to bark, G. blasen and crack made by bursting open.
bausen, to blow. See Burr, Slur. And whether be lighter to breke,
To Blurt. To bring out suddenly with And lasse boost makith,
an explosive sound of the mouth. Sc. a A beggeris bagge
b/irt of greeting, a burst of tears.-Jam. Than an yren bounde cofre?
Related to blutter, b/udder, as splurt to P. P. l. 9396, Wright's ed.
splutter. To splirt, to spurt out.-Hal. From this root are formed Sc. bustuous,
It. boccheggiare, to make mouths, or OE. boistous, violent, strong, large, coarse,
b/urt with one's mouth; chicchere, a rude, and boisterous, properly noisy, vio
flurt with one's fingers, or blurt with one's lent; G. pausten, pusten, pustern, to puff.
mouth.-Fl. Comp. G. ſtaffen, to give a crack, to puff.
Blush. Du. blose, blosken, the red Du. poſ, the sound of a blow; poffºn, to
colour of the cheeks; Dan. blus, a torch; puff, to bounce, to brag ; grande loqui,
b/usse, to blaze, to glow; b/usse i ansigſet, voce intonare.—Kil. See Boisterous.
to blush. Pl.D. b/iise, bleuster, a blaze, Boat. AS. bāţ, Du. boot, It. baſello,
beacon fire. De bakke bleustern, the Fr. bateau, ON. bāţr, W. bād, Gael. bāſa.
cheeks glow.—Brem. Wtb. See Blossom. To Bob.-Bobbin. To move quickly
Bluster. To blow in puffs, blow vio up and down, or backwards and forwards,
lently, swagger. An augmentative from to dangle; whence bob, a dangling object,
blast. Bav. blasten, b/austern, to snuff, a small lump, a short thick body, an end
to be out of temper.—Schmeller. or stump. Gael. babag, a tassel, fringe,
Boa. A large snake. It. boa, bora, cluster; baban, a tassel, short pieces of
any filthy mud, mire, puddle, or bog; also thread. From the last must be explained
a certain venomous serpent that lives in Fr. bobine, E. bobbin, a ball of thread
the mud, and swimmeth very well, and wrapped round a little piece of wood, a
grows to a great bigness.-Fl. Boa, little knob hanging by a piece of thread.
stellio, lacerta, cocodrillus; lindwurm.— “Pull the bobbin, my dear, and the latch
Dief. Supp. will fly up.’—Red Riding-hood.
8o BOB BOGGLE

To Bob, 2. To mock. trunk and G. rumff signify a hollow case

So bourdfully takyng Goddis byddynge or as well as the body of an animal. We
wordis or werkis is scorning of hym as dyden the
speak of the barre/ of a horse, meaning
Jewis that boºden Crist. — Sermon against the round part of his body. The Sp.
Miracle-plays, Reliq. Antiq. 2, 45.
&arriga, the belly, is identical with Fr.
In this sense from the syllables ba ba re &arriyue, a cask.
presenting the movement of the lips, The signification of the root bot, of
whence Fr. baboyer, to blabber with the which the E. body and G. &offich are de
lips; faire la badou, to bob, to make a rivatives, is a lump, the thick part of any
mow at.—Cot. See Baber-lipped. thing, anything protuberant, swelling, hol
To Bode. To portend good or bad. low. W. hot, a round body; both, the boss
AS. bod, gºod, a command, precept, mes of a buckler, nave of a wheel, bothog,
sage; boda, a messenger; bodian, to de round, rounded; Wall. bodé, rabode', thick
liver a message, to make an announce set, stumpy; bodene, belly, calf of the leg.
ment. See Bid. —Grandg.
To Bodge. To make bad work, to fail. The primary sense of body is then the
With this we charged again ; but out alas ! thick round part of the living frame, as
We hodged again, as I have seen a swan distinguished from the limbs or lesser di
With bootless labour swim against the tide, visions; then the whole material frame,
And spend her strength with over-matching
waves.—H. VI. as distinguished from the sentient prin
ciple by which it is animated. In like
The sound of a blow with a wet or flat
manner from bo/, signifying anything
body is represented in G. by the syllable spherical or round, arise E. boſe, the stem
fatsch, whence fatschen, to smack, to of a tree; ON. bo/r, the trunk of the animal
dabble or paddle; paſsche, a puddle, body, or stem of a tree, body of a shirt;
mire, mud. Now unskilful action is con
stantly represented by the idea of dab Lap. bol/, /ă//, /ă//g, the body.
Bog. The word has probably been
A/ing, einen fatsch thun, to commit a introduced
blunder, to fail, to bodge. Hast scho' from Ireland, where bogs form
wide’ paíscht 2 Have you failed again 2 so large a feature in the country. Gael.
Z/was aus/afschen, to blurt a thing out. &og (equivalent to E. gog in gog-mire,
—Schmel. See To Botch. Shakespear quagmire), bob, move, agitate; bogadaich,
has badged with blood, daubed or dab waving, shaking; then from the yielding,
bled with blood. unsteady nature of a soft substance, bog,
Bodice. A woman's stays; formerly soft, moist; bogan, anything soft, a quag
bodies, from fitting close to the body, as mire. Ir. bogadh, to stir, shake, toss;
Fr. corset from corps. “A woman's bo dogach, a bog or morass.
dies, or a pair of bodies, corset, corpset.” * To Boggle. Commonly explained
—Sherwood's Dict. as if from Sc. bogle, a ghost; to start
back as from a bugbear. “We start and
Thy bodies bolstred out with bumbast and with doggle at every unusual appearance, and
bagges.—Gascoigne in R.
cannot endure the sight of the bugbear.’
i. e. thy bodice stuffed out with cotton. —Glanville in Todd. But the radical
Bodkin. Gael. biodag, a dagger; idea in boggling is hesitation or waver
&iodcachan, an awl. Lith. &adyfi, to ing, and the word is well explained by
stick, thrust with something pointed, as Bailey, to be uncertain what to do, to
a horn, needle, bayonet; Bohem. Öod, a waver, to scruple. It is applied to bodily
prick, stitch; boda/, a prickle, point, vacillation in the Sc. expression hogg/in
bayonet; boditu, busti, to prick. Russ. an bogg/in, unsteady, moving backwards
&ode/2, a spur, bodi/o, a sting; bodaſ, to and forwards.-Jam. Supp. ‘The grun
butt, strike with the horns. French a’ bogg/t fin we geed on it.” Bogglie,
boufer, to thrust, and E. buff, to push quaking, unsteady-Banff. Gl.
with the horns, exhibit another modifi The radical image is probably a series
cation of the root. of broken efforts or broken movements,
Body. As bodig, Gael. bodhag. It as in stammering or staggering, repre
seems the same word with the G. botfich, sented by the abruptly sounding syl
a cask, the two being spelt without ma lables gag, gog, or bag, bog. Thus from
terial difference in the authorities quoted gog or gag we have Bret. gag, Ptg. gago,
by Schmeller; botfig, poſig, fºotacha, a stuttering ; Bret. gagei, gagoula, Ptg.
cask; bot/ich, bodi, the body of a shift; gagueſar, to stammer, stutter; E.gogmire,
fºotahha, fºotacha, bodies, corpses; fºot a quagmire, goggle, toroll, to be unsteady;
tich, &otic/, a body. In like manner E. Gael, gogach, nodding, wavering, fickle;
 BOIL BOLT 8I

and in like manner from the parallel forms Sw. 84/d, proud, haughty, warlike. As.
bag or bog are derived Piedm. bagajé, &alder, bealder, hero, prince. Fr. baud,
Fr. bºgayer, Wall. (of Mons) bºguer, OG. bold, insolent; baude, merry, cheerful.—
bochken (titubare, stameln vel bochken. Cot.
—Vocab. A.D. 1430 in Deutsch. Mund. Bole. The round stem of a tree. This
iv. 3O4). Magy. Čakogſti, to stammer, is probably a modification of boll, a
&akaziâni, to stumble; Gael. bog, wag, globular body, treated under Bowl. The
bob, shake, E. bog, a quaking mire, and throat-bo// is the convexity of the throat.
foggle, to waver or hesitate. ‘He could From the notion of a thick round mass
not get on with his speech, he made poor the term is applied to the body of an
Boggling work.’—Mrs Baker. animal as distinguished from the limbs,
In the same way Sc. tartle, to boggle to the trunk of a tree as distinguished
as a horse, to hesitate from doubt, scruple, from the branches, to the belly as the
or dislike, may be identified with It. tar rounded part of the body. ON. bulr, bo/r,
tag/fare, Sp. tartajear, to stammer, stut Sw. bal, Da. bul, the body of a man or of
ter, tarfalear, to stagger, to be at a loss
in speaking. a shirt, trunk of a tree; Lap. boll, fall,
To Boil.-Boil. Lat. buſ/ire, Fr. bolti/- Žá//g, the body; w. bol, bola, boly, the
ſir, ON. bulla, to boil, properly represent belly. See Bulk.
the sound of water boiling, whence buſ/a, Boll. The round heads or seed-ves
Du. bo//en (Kil.), to tattle, chatter. Sc. sels of flax, poppy (Bailey), or the like.
du//er, the gurgling sound of water rush Du. bol, bol/e, a head; bolleken, capi
ing into a cavity. Westerwald Öo//ern, tulum, capitellum.— Kil. Bret. bolc’h,
to give a hollow sound. polc'h, belc’h, w, bul, flax-boll. See
Then as boiling consists in the sending Bowl.
up of bubbles, Lat. bulla, a bubble, boss, * Bolster. OHG. bolstar, As. bolster,
stud, lump of lead on which a seal was a cushion, pillow. The term applies in
impressed ; It. bo//a, a bubble, round the first instance to the materials with
glass phial, also a blister, pustule, pimple; which the cushion is stuffed. Du. bo/ster,
ON. bola, a bubble, blister, boil; Sw. the husk of nuts, chaff of corn; siliqua,
bula, a bump, swelling, dint in a metal gluma, folliculus grani, tomentum, fur
vessel; Du. buile, puiſe, G. beule, a boil or fures, stramenta.-Kil. If the primary
swelling; Du. builen, puiſen, to be pro meaning of the word is stuffing, from Du.
minent, to swell. &o/, swelling, hollow, we must suppose
* Boisterous.-Boistous.-Bustuous. that it was first used with respect to the
Properly noisy, then violent, strong, huge, chaff of corn, the most obvious materials
coarse, rough. for stuffing a cushion, and then applied
In winter whan the weather was out of to other husks, as those of nuts, which
measure &oistous and the wyld wind Boreas are not used for a similar purpose. ON.
maketh the wawes of the ocean so to arise.—
66/str, a cushion, a swelling in ice. Swab.
Chaucer, Test. Love.
Öo/ster (aufgeblasen–Schmidt), puffed
Drances tells Latinus that Turnus' boist uld.

cows the people from speaking, but that "Holt—to Bolter. I. G. bols, bo/gen,
he will speak out. E. bolt, is a blunt-headed arrow for a cross
All thocht with braik and boist or wappinnis he bow, a broad-headed peg to fasten one
Me doth awate, and manace for to de. object to another, a fastening for a door.
He then exhorts the king— Du. bout is explained by Kil., obex, pessu
lus, repagulum; bout, bout/i//, sagitta
lat neuir demyt be capitata, pilum catapultarium ; bout van
The bustuousness (violentia) of ony man dant
the.—D. V. 374. 45. Vief schouderó/ad, caput scapulae. The
essential meaning of the word would thus
Boysłous, styffe or rude; boysłousnesse, appear to be a knob or projection, the
roydeur, impetuosité-Pr. Pm. notes. &oſt of a door being provided with a knob
For host or boist in the sense of crack, by which it is moved to and fro. A
noise, see Boast. G. pausten, Austen, thunderbo/t is considered as a fiery mis
Austereſt, to puff, blow. sile hurled in a clap of thunder. G. bo/2-
Bold. Daring, courageous. Goth. gerade signifies straight to the mark, as
Öa///a, OHG. baſa, free, confident, bold. the bolt shot by a crossbow; but it is also
G. bald, quick. ON. baſ/dr, strong, brave, used, as E. bolt upright, in the sense of
handsome ; /a//r, strong, courageous. perpendicular.—Stalder. Chaucer seems
Dan. bold, intrepid, excellent, beautiful ; to use bolt upright in the Reve's tale in
6
82 BOLT

the sense of right on end, one after the or clump; Pl.D. buſt, huſten, protuberance,
other. Small heap, mole-hill, tuft, clump; gras
The radical sense of a knob or thick buſten, a clump of turf, a sod (Schütze).
ending is exemplified in E. /o//-foot or ‘Daar ligt idt up enen buſten : " it lies all
bo/t-foot, as Fr. fied bot, a club-foot. Sir of a heap.–Brem. Wtb. Du. buſt, a
Walter Scott in his autobiography speaks bunch, hump, boss, knob, bulk or quantity;
of his ancestor Willy with the bolt-foot. biºlºg, hump-backed (to be compared
A bolt head is a retort, a round glass with E. bo//-foot, G. bo/zauget); Sp. bu/to,
vessel with narrow opening. The ulti protuberance, swelling, hulch, bulk.
mate origin of the word may be best 2. In the next place, to bolſ or boſſer is
illustrated by forms like G. holfer fo/fer, to sift meal by shaking it to and fro
Pl.D. hu/fer de buſter, representing a rat through a cloth of loose texture. - Fr.
tling or crashing noise. ‘Hoſter poſter / ôteſ/er, b/uſer, he/uſer, Mid. Lat. buſeſare,
ein fürchterlicher getöse !” “Ging es to bolt; buſe/e//um, Fr. bulete/, beluteau,
/o/ter und fo/ſer dass die wagenräder //uſeau, a bolter or implement for bolting.
âchzten :’ it went helter-skelter so that I bott/ſe meale in a bow/ter, je bulte.—
the wheels groaned.—Sanders. Hence Palsgr. 1)u. buideln, to bo/ter.—Bomhoff.
G. poſtern, Pl.D. bullern, to do anything Here the radical image is the violent
accompanied by a rattling noise; buſ/er agitation of the meal in the bolter, ex
wagen, a rattling carriage; die treppe pressed, as above explained, by the repre
hinunter fo//ern, to come rattling down sentation of a racketing sound, by which
stairs; poſtern, to make a knocking, indeed the operation of bolting was com
hammering, or the like, to throw things monly accompanied in a very marked
about. Then from the analogy between manner. On this account Mid. Lat. tara
a rattling noise and a jolting motion, Pl. D.
fanfara, representing a loud broken noise
&u//rig, buſs/rig, bitſ/g, jolting, uneven, as of a trumpet, was applied to a bolter
rugged, lumpy. “De weg is hu/frig un or mill-clack. Bulte-pook or bulstar,
du//rig,' the way is rugged and jolting. tara/art/arum.—Pr. Pn. Zarafanfari
Dan. bullred, uneven, rugged.—Schütze. 2are, budeln daz mele ; faratarrum,
From the same source must be explained stablein an der ka auff dem mulstein das
Northampton bolter, properly to jog into der lautet tarr tare 1: the mill-clack or
projections, to coagulate, to form lumps, staff which sounds far, far.—Dief. Supp.
as snow balling on a horse's foot, or ill On the same principle, the name of boſſer
mixed flour and water. Blood-boltered seems to have been given to the imple
Banquo signifies clotted with blood. The ment and the operation, from G. poſtern,
Z is transposed in Fr. b/outre, a clod, and to crash, hammer, racket; gefölter, ge
in Sw. Ż/offer, a small portion. *d/der, a crashing or racketing noise.
For the connection between jolting and The name would probably first be given
collecting in lumps compare Du. A ſoferen, to the implement which kept up such an
properly to rattle or clatter (A/otersfaen importunate racket, and when the radical
crepitaculum—Kil.), then to knock, to significance of the term was overlooked,
hammer, also to curdle, to become lumpy. the syllable boſſ or fo/f would be regarded
—Kil. So also we pass from Lat. cro as the essential element signifying the
talum, a rattle, Prov. croſlar, OFr. crod nature of the operation.
Zer, cro/er, to shake, to E. cruddle, curdle, From a different representation of a
to collect in lumps. rattling noise may be derived a series of
When we analyse the notion of a rattling forms in which an r seems to take the
or jolting movement or a rugged uneven place of the l in bolt and the related
surface, we see that the one consists of a words.
series of jolts or abrupt impulses, and the Thus from Sc. braſſle, crash, clattering
other of a series of projections or emi noise (braſſ/e of thunner, a clap of thun
nences. Hence, on the one hand, we der—Brocket), we pass to Du. borte/en,
have Lat. Zulfare, Sw. Özz/fa, to knock, bullire, aestuare, tumultuari, agitari (Kil.);
E. /o/, a thump or blow, MHG. bo/zen, Lang. ôarufeſa, barufa, to clack, to talk
/tºſzen, to start out; Bav. Öo/2a1gen, loud and fast, to bolt meal; barute!, a mill
fo//zet augen, projecting eyes; fi(/- clack, a bolter; Prov. čarutela, to agitate,
zen, to spring forth; E. boſſ, to start with palpitate, to bolt meal; barute!, Dauphiny
a sudden movement, as a rabbit from its &arite/, OFr. burete/, Champagne burteau,
hole, or a racer from the course. a bolter. OFr. buretter (Cot.), It. barufare,
Passing from the sense of movement durattare, to bolt flour; burato, bolting
to that of form, we have Du. ft/ſ/, a clod cloth. And as the agitation of cream in
 BOMB BONFIRE 83
a churn is closely analogous to that of Bombast.—Bombasine. Gr. 36pſ3vé,
the meal in a bolter, It. bartºto/a (Fl.), the silk-worm, raw silk. It. bombice, a
Castrais barato, Fr. barate, are applied to silk-worm, bombicina, stuff, tiffany, bom
a churn for butter. - basine.—Altieri. The material called by
It must be observed that Diez' deriva this name, however, has repeatedly varied,
tion of Fr. buſter from It. burato, bolt and it is now applied to a worsted stuff.
ing-cloth, and that from Fr. bure, bureau, When cotton was introduced it was
coarse, undyed cloth of the wool of brown confounded with silk, and called in Mid.
sheep, accounts only for the sense of bolt and Mod. Greek 3apſ3ártov, Mid. Lat.
ing meal; and we must suppose that the bambacium, It. bambagio, whence It.
name was extended by analogy to the act bambagino, Fr. bombasin, basin, cotton
of churning and the idea of agitation in stuff. E. bombase, bombast, cotton.
general. But it is extremely unlikely that a Need you any ink and bombase.—Hollyband in R.
designation having no reference to the re As cotton was used for padding clothes,
semblance between the operations of bolt bombast came to signify inflated lan
ing and churning should have been trans guage.
ferred ſrom the former operation to the Lette none outlandish tailor take disport
latter, while nothing would be more na To stuffe thy doublet full of such bumbast.
tural than the application of a term sig Gascoigne in R.
nifying violent agitation to each of those When the name passed into the lan
operations, of which it expresses so guages of Northern Europe, the tendency
marked a characteristic. Moreover, the to give meaning to the elements of a
Fr. bureau, OE. borel, signifies the coarse word introduced from abroad, which has
cloth in which peasants were dressed, a given rise to so many false etymologies,
material quite unfit for bolting meal, produced the Pl.D. baum-bast, G. baum
which requires stuff of a thin open tex wolle, as if made from the bast or inner
ture. bark of a tree; and Kilian explains it
Our derivation, again, is supported by boom-basym, gossipium, lana lignea, sive
the analogy of G. beufeln, Du. buidelen, de arbore; vulgo bombasium, q. d. boom
builen, to bolt meal, the radical sense of sye, i.e. sericum arboreum, from boom,
which is shown in Bav. beuteln, beil'n, to tree, and siſde, sife, silk.
shake (as to shake the head, to shake Bond. AS. bindam, band, bunden, to
down fruit from a tree, &c.); butteln, bind ; G. band, an implement of binding,
buttern, to shake, to cast to and fro. a string, tie, band a pl. bande, bonds, ties.
Butterglas, a bottle for shaking up salad ODu. bond, a ligature, tie, agreement.—
sauce; butte/ trueb (of liquids), thick from Kil. In legal language, a bond is an in
shaking. Pollitriduare, bitteln.—Schm. strument by which a person binds himself
From builen, the contracted form of under a penalty to perform some act.
Du. buide/en, to boult meal, must be ex Bone. G. bein, the leg, bone of the
plained Fr. boulenger, a baker, properly leg, the shank; achsel bein, brust-bein,
a boulter of meal. the shoulder-bone, breast-bone. Du. been,
E de fine farine (mele) vent la flour, a bone in general, and also the leg. Now
Parla bolenge (bulting-clot) le pestour. the office of a bone is to act as a support
Per bolenger (bultingge) est cevére to the human frame, and this is especially
La flur, e le ſurfre (of bren) demoré.
the function of the leg bone, to which the
Bibelesworth in Nat. Antiq. 155.
term is appropriated in G. and Du.
Bomb.-Bombard. Fr. bombe, It. We may therefore fairly identify bone
bomba, an iron shell to be exploded with with the W. bān, a stem or base, a stock,
gunpowder. From an imitation of the stump, or trunk; and in fact we find the
noise of the explosion. It. rimbombare, word in W. as in G. and Du. assuming the
to resound. In E. we speak of a gun special signification of leg : W. bonog,
booming over the water. Du. bommen, having a stem or stalk, also ii.º.
to resound, to beat a drum, whence ed; bongam, crook-shanked ; bondew,
bomme, a drum ; bombammen, to ring bonfras, thick-legged, from teu, bras, thick.
bells. Dan. bommer, a thundering noise; Bonfire. A large fire lit in the open
bomre, to thunder, to thump ; w. bºwm air on occasion of public rejoicing.
bwr, a hollow sound, bambwr y mor, the Named from the beacon-fires formerly in
murmuring of the sea. It. bombdira, any use to raise an alarm over a wide extent
riot or hurly-burly with a clamorous of country. Dan. baun, a beacon, a word
noise; bombarda, any kind of gun or of which we have traces in several Eng
piece of ordnance.—Fl. lish names, as Banbury, Banstead. Near
6 #
84 BON NET BOOT

the last of these a field is still called the To Boom. To sound loud and dull
Beacon field, and near Banbury is a lofty like a gun. Du. bommen. See Bomb.
hill called Crouch Hill, where a cross (or Boon. A favour, a good turn or re
crouch) probably served to mark the quest.—Bailey. The latter is the original
place of the former beacon. The origin meaning. AS. ben, bene, petition, prayer.
of the word is probably the w. bān, high, Thin ben is ge/yred, Luke i. 13. ON.
lofty, tall, whence ban-ſ/ag/, a lofty blaze, &eidºte, barn, bºn, desire, prayer, petition,
a bonfire. Many lofty hills are called from beida (E. bid), to ask.
Beacons in E. and Ban in W.; as the Boor. A peasant, countryman, clown.
Brecknockshire Banns, or Wanns, in W. Du. boer, G. bauer, from Du. bouwen, to
Bānau Brychyniog, also called Breck till, cultivate, build, G. bauen, to cultivate,
nock Beacons. Perhaps, however, the inhabit, build, ON. &ua, to prepare, set
word may signify merely a fire of buns, in order, dress, till, inhabit.
or dry stalks for making a roaring blaze. From the sense of inhabiting we have
Bonneſyre, feu de behourdis. – Palsgr. neighbour, G. machbar, one who dwells
Mrs Baker explains bun, the stubble of nigh.
beans, often cut for burning and lighting From the participle present, ON. huana'i,
fires. Burt, a dry stalk.-Hal. boamdi, comes bondi, the cultivator, the
Bonnet. Fr. bonnet, Gael. bomaid, a possessor of the farm, master of the
head-dress. The word seems of Scan house, hus-band.
dinavian origin. From bo, boa, bud, to See Bown, Busk, Build.
dress, to set in order, bonad, reparation, * Boose. A stall for cattle. — Hal.
dress. Hufvud-àonad, head-dress; wagg Boos, bose, netis stall.—Pr. Pm. As. bosig,
&omad, wall hangings, tapestry. But hosg, bosih, ON. bās, a stall. Perhaps
bonad does not appear to have been used from Ow. bouzig, literally cow-house. Ow.
by itself for head-dress. &outig, stabulum.—Ox. Gl. in Phil. Trans.
Booby. The character of folly is 1860, p. 232, w, ty. Gael. tigh, house.
generally represented by the image of But more likely from Sw. dial. bis, which
one gaping and staring about, wondering signifies not only straw, litter, but stall,
at everything. Thus from the syllable ba,
representing the opening of the mouth, as a lying-place for cattle. Båsa, to strew
are formed Fr. baier, beer, to gape, and with straw, to litter; bosu, busu, hund'.
thence Rouchi baia, the mouth, and fig. busa, swinbusa, a lying-place for dogs or
one who stands staring with open mouth; swine, dog-kennel, pig-sty. N. bos, rem
babaie, babin, Wall. baber, babau, boubair, nants of hay or straw, chaff.
Boubić, It. babóéo, a simpleton, booby, Boot. Fr. botte. Du. bote, boten-shoezi,
blockhead. Ir. bobo º interj. of wonder; pero, calceus rusticus e crudo corio.—
Sp. bobo, foolish. On the same principle Kil. Swab. bossen, short boots.-Schm.
from badare, to gape, Fr. Öadaua, a fool, It would appear that in Kilian's time the
dolt, ass, gaping hoyden–Cot. ; from Du. bote was similar to the Irish brogue
gafe, E. dial. gaſy, a silly fellow, gaping and Indian mocassin, a bag of skin or
about with vacant stare—Mrs Baker, and leather, enveloping the foot and laced on
from AS. ganian, to yawn, E. gawney, a the instep. It is commonly explained as
simpleton.—Mrs Baker. identical with It. botta, Sp. Prov, bota,
Book. AS. boc. Goth. boka, letter, Fr. botte, a hollow skin, a vessel for hold
writing ; bokos, the scriptures; bokareis, ing liquids. See Butt.
a scribe; G. bitch-stab, a letter; OSlav. To Boot.—Bootless. To boof, to aid,
6iºuj, a letter; Russ. &#7'a, bukváry, help, succour.—Bailey. Boot of bale,
the alphabet. Diefenbach suggests that remedy of evil, relief from sorrow. To
the origin is biºi, signifying beech, the give a thing to boot is to give it into the
name of the letter b, the first consonant bargain, to give it to improve the condi
tions already proposed or agreed on.
of the alphabet, although in the OG. and Clement the cobeler cast off hus cloke
Gael. alphabet that letter is named from And to the
the birch instead of the beech. nywe fayre nempned it to selle;
Hick the hakeneyeman hitte hus hod after—
Boom. In nautical language, which There were chapmenychose the chaffare to preise
is mostly derived from the Low German That '. that hadde the hod sholde nat habbe the
and Scandinavian dialects, a boom is a cloke,

beam or pole used in keeping the sails in The betere thing by arbitours sholde &ote the
werse.—P. P.
position, or a large beam stretched across
the mouth of a harbour for defence. i.e. should contribute something to make
Du. boomt, a tree, pole, beam, bolt.—Kil. the bargain equal. Bootless, without ad
 BOOTH BORE 85
vantage, not contributing to further the ON. bāra, a wave, N. baara, wave, swell ;
end we have in view. Du. boeſe, baete, &acra, Ávit-bara, to surge, to foam.
aid, remedy, amendment ; boe/en, to To Bore, 1. – Burin. G. bohren, ON.
mend, and hence to fine, to expiate ; bora, Lat. forare, Magy. furni, to bore,
Boeten den dorst, to quench one's thirst ; ſuró, a borer; Fin. Auras, a chisel, tere
boeten het vier, AS. betan ſyr, to bete the bra sculptoria; purastoa, scalpo, terebro,
fire, properly to mend the fire, but used sculpo ; Ostiak. Zor, far, a borer, piercer.
in the sense of laying or lighting it, The Fin. Aurra, to bite, leaves little
struere ignem, admovere titiones.—Kil. doubt as to the primitive image from
ON. 66t, pl. bae?r, amendment, reparation, whence the expression is taken, the
recovery ; wſtrööt, making good again ; action of gnawing affording the most
bata, to make better, to repair, to patch, obvious analogy from whence to name
to cure ; Sw. bāta, to boot, to profit; the operation of a cutting instrument, or
Goth. botjan, to profit, to be of advan the gradual working a hole in anything.
tage ; aſtragaboffan, to restore, repair. The ON. bit is used to signify the point
See To Bete. or edge of a knife ; bitr, sharp, pointed.
Booth. This word is widely spread We speak in E. of an edge that will not
in the sense of a slight erection, a shelter bite, and it is doubtless in the sense of
of branches, boards, &c. Gael. both, ON. bit that the term centre-bit is applied
bothag, botham, a bothy, cottage, hut, to an instrument for boring. The cor
tent, bower. Bohem. bauda, budka, a responding forms in Lap. are Žárret, to
hut, a shop ; budowati, to build; Pol. bite, and thence to eat ; and parrets, an
buda, a booth or shed, budować, to build. awl, a borer.
ON. bud, a hut or tent, a shed, a shop. The analogy between the operation of
OSw. saedes-bod, a granary; mat-bod, a a cutting instrument and the act of gnaw
cupboard. Du. boede, boeye, a hut, cup ing or biting leads to the application of
board, barn, cellar. Fin. Auru, Esthon. Aurro, to anything
Neither G. bauen, to build, nor E. abode, comminuted by either kind of action, as
afford a satisfactory explanation. In the Fin. puru, chewed food for infants, sahan
Slavonic languages the word signifying puru, Esthon. pit furro (saha = saw ;
to build seems a derivative rather than a
root. See Bower. pu = wood), OHG. u2boro, urboro, saw
dust, the gnawings as it were of the saw
Booty. It is admitted that Fr. butin, or borer.
It. bottino, are derived from G. bewte. Another derivation from Fin, furra, to
The Sw. byte points to the verb byta, to bite, is purin, dens mordens vel caninus,
exchange or divide, as the origin of the the equivalent of the It. borino, boſino, a
word, the primary signification of which graver's small pounce, a sharp chisel for
would thus be the division of the spoil. cutting stone with—Flor. ; Fr. and E.
Halfva bytning af alt that rof. durin, an engraver's chisel, the tool with
A half share of all that spoil. which he bites into his copper plate.
Hist. Alexand. Mag. in Ihre. Compare Manx birrag, a sharp-pointed
Fr. butin is explained by Palsgr. p. 266, tooth, or anything pointed, Gael. biorag,
schare of a man of a prise in warre time. a tusk, which are probably from the same
And so in ON. the booty taken in war is root. Fin. puras, a chisel, differs only
called grif-deild; and hlut-skipti, from in termination.
deiſa and ski/ta, to divide. * To Bore, 2. To bore in the meta
Borachio. A wine-skin, and meta phorical sense may have acquired its
phorically a drunkard. Sp. borracha, a meaning in the same way as G. drillen,
leather bag or bottle for wine. Gael. to pierce, also to harass with work or
borracha, a bladder, from borra, to swell. perpetual requests, to importune. But
See Burgeon. probably the E. use of the word would be
Border. Fr. bordure, a border, welt, better explained on the supposition that
hem or gard of a garment, from bord, it was originally bur. It. Zaffolone, a
edge, margin. ON. bord, limbus, Ora, great bur, an importunate fellow that
extremitas; bordi, fimbria, limbus. will stick as close as a bur to one ; lappo
Bore. The flow of the tide in a single /are, to stick unto as a bur.—Fl.
large wave up certain estuaries. I could not tell how to rid myself better of the
Tumbling from the Gallic coast the victorious troublesome bur, than by getting him into the
wave shall ride like the bore over all the discourse of Hunting.—Return from Parnassus
rest.-Burke in R. in R.
86 BOREAL BOTANY
Waldemar knew the old diplomatist's impor each man was answerable for his neigh
tunity and weariness by report, but he had not bour.
yet learned the art of being blandly insolent, and
thus could not shake off the old burr.—Walde 'Ic wille that aelc man ºy under Borge ge bin
mar Krone (1867), i. 106. nan burgum ge butan burgum.' I will that
every man be under bail, both within towns and
Lang. Aegou, one who sticks to you like without.—Laws of Edgar in Bosworth.
pitch, a bore, from pego, pitch. Hence ‘borhes ealdor,’ the chief of the
Boreal. Lat. Boreas, the North Wind, ‘borh, or system of bail, corrupted, when
borealis, northern. Russ. borei, the N. that system was forgotten, into bors
wind ; burya, tempest, storm. /older, borough-holder, or head-borough,
Boroug A word spread over all the as if from the verb to hold, and borough
Teutonic and Romance languages. AS. in the sense of a town.
burg, burh, hyrig, a city; whence the Bosh. A word lately introduced from
frequent occurrence of the termination our intercourse with the East, signifying
bury in the names of English towns, nonsense. Turk. bosh, empty, vain, use
Canterbury, Newbury, &c. Goth. baurgs, less, agreeing in a singular manner with
ON. borg, It. borgo, Fr. bourg. Gr. Sc. boss, hollow, empty, poor.
Trêoyoc, a tower, is probably radically Boss. 1. Fr. bosse, a bunch or hump,
connected. “Cas' cllum parvum quem bur any round swelling, a wen, botch, knob,
gum vocant.”—Vegetius in Diez. Hence knot, knur.—Cot. Du. bosse, busse, the
must have arisen burgensis, a citizen, boss or knob of a buckler; bos, bussel, a
giving rise to It. borgese, Fr. bourgeois, bunch, tuft, bundle.
E. burgess, a citizen. Words signifying a lump or protuber
The origin seems to be the Goth. ance have commonly also the sense of
bairgan, AS. beargan, to protect, to keep, striking, knocking, whether from the fact
preserve; G. bergen, to save, to conceal, that a blow is apt to produce a swelling
withhold ; Dan. bierge, to save; Sw. in the body struck, or because a blow
&erga, to save, to take in, to contain. can only be given by a body of a certain
Soſen bergas, the sun sets. The primi mass, as we speak of a thumping potato,
tive idea seems to bring under cover. a bouncing baby; or perhaps it may be
See Bury, Borrow. that the protuberance is considered as a
Borrel. A plain rude fellow, a boor. projection, a pushing or striking out. The
—Bailey. Frequently applied to laymen Gael. cnoc, an eminence, agrees with E.
in contradistinction to the more polished Anock, while Gael. cnag signifies both a
clergy. knock and a knob; cmap, a knob, a boss,
But wele I wot as nice fresche and gay a little blow. E. cob, a blow, and also a
Som of hem ben as bore/folkis ben, lump or piece.—Hal. A bump is used in
And that unsittynge is to here degre. both senses of a blow and a protuberance.
Occleve in Halliwell.
Bunch, which now signifies a knob, was
The origin of the term is the OFr. formerly used in the sense of knocking.
bore/, bure/, coarse cloth made of the Du. butsen, botsen, to strike; butse, botse,
undyed wool of brown sheep, the ordinary a swelling, bump, botch.
dress of the lower orders, as it still is in The origin of boss may accordingly be
parts of Savoy and Switzerland. See found in Bav. buschen, to strike so as to
Bureau. In like manner It. bizocco (from make a hollow sound, to give a hollow
bizo, grey), primarily signifying coarse sound ; boschen, bossen, Du. bossen, It.
brown cloth, is used in the sense of bussare, Swiss Rom. boussi, bussi, bussa
coarse, clownish, unpolished, rustic, rude. (Bridel), to knock or strike.
-Altieri. So Du. tº graauw, the popu Then from the peculiar resonance of a
lace, from their grey clothing. blow on a hollow object, or perhaps also
To Borrow. Properly to obtain money from looking at the projection from with
on security, from AS. borg, borh, a surety, in instead of without, the Sc. boss, bos,
pledge, loan. “Gif thu feoh to borh Bois is used in the sense of hollow, empty,
gesylle, if thou give money on loan. G. poor, destitute. A boss sound, that which
&iºge, a surety, bail; biºgen, to becomeis emitted by a hollow body.—Jam. Bos
a surety, to give bail or answer for an Aucklers, hollow bucklers.-D. V. The
other. AS. bedrgan, to protect, secure. &oss of the side, the hollow between the
Borsholder.—Borowholder. A head ribs and the side.—Jam.
borough or chief constable. By the Botany. Gr. Bordvn, a herb, plant,
Saxon laws there was a general system Boravičw, to pick or cull plants, Boravuköc,
of bail throughout the country, by which of or belonging to plants, # 3oravisº
 BOTCH BOTTOM 87
(réxvn understood), the science or know brigðoſam, i.e. burgi vel pontis refectio
ledge of plants. nem, &c.—Leg. Canut. AS. boſſ, repara
Botch. It seems that botch is a mere tion. See To Bete.
dialectic variation of boss, as Fr. bosse be Both. Boa two.—Ancren Riwle, 212.
comes in the Northern dialects boche.— As. Butu, butwo, batwa, OSax. befhia,
Decorde, Hécart. Bochu, bossu, a hump &éde, ON. bādar, gen. beggia, Goth. ba,
back.-Dec. Du. botsen, butsen, to knock, baioths; Sanscr.u%hau; Lith, abºu, abºu
to strike; botse, butse, a knock, contusion; du ; Lett. abbi, abói-dºwſ, Slavon. oba,
butse, a bump or swelling, a plague-boil— oba-dwa; Lat. ambo.—Dief. Lith. Mudu,
Kil. ; boſs, buts, a boil or swelling—Hal Wedu, we two, judu, judwi, you two,
ma. A boil, pimple, blister, was called a jºidwi, they two.
push; what pushes outwards.-Hal. And * To Bother. To confuse with noise,
so we speak of an eruption, of boils break from pudder, pother, noise, disturbance.
ing out. With the din of which tube my head you so
On the other hand, It. boccia, a bubble, bother
by met. any round ball or bowl to play That I scarce can distinguish my right ear from
withal, the bud of a flower; any kind of t’ other.—Swift in R.
plain round vial or cupping glass—Fl.;
tozza, a pock, blain, botch, bile, or plague Du. builderem, to rage, bluster, make a
sore; any plain round viol glass ; bozzo, disturbance; G. Aoſtern, to make a noise,
empty or hollow, as a push or windgall. to do anything with noise and bustle;
—Fl. Dan. bulder, noise, turmoil, hurly-burly.
Here the radical image seems a bubble, N. potra, putra, to simmer, whisper, mut
ter.
from the dashing of water. Parmesan
foccia, a slop, mess, puddle, It, pozzo, Bott. A belly-worm, especially in
Aozzamghera, a plash or slough or pitful horses. Gael. botus, a bott; boileag, a
of standing waters.-Fl. E. dial. to podge, maggot. Bouds, maggots in barley.—
to stir and mix together; podge, a pit, a Bailey.
cesspool; poss, to dash about ; a water Bottle. 1. It. bottiglia, Fr. bouteille,
fall.—Hal. dim. of botta, botte, boute, a vessel for
To Botch. The origin of the word is holding liquids.--Diez. Gael. buideal, a
somewhat puzzling. On the one hand cask, a bottle. See Butt. Boufeille,
however, is also a bubble, and E. boſſ/e is
we have Swiss batschen, bitschen, to provincially used in the same sense. Pl.D.
smack, to give a sounding blow, to fall &udde/n, to froth as beer; budd/, a bottle.
with a sound : bitsch, a lump of some —Danneil. Prov, botola, a tumour. A
thing soft ; batsch, a patch ; batschen, bubble is often taken as the type of any
fatschen, to botch or patch, to put on a thing round and hollow. -

patch.-Stalder. 2. From Fr. botte, a bunch, bundle, is

On the other hand, corresponding to the dim. boſſel, boteau, a wisp, bunch.
ON. baeta, to make better, to mend, to Bret, botel foenn, a bottle of hay. Gael.
patch, we have OHG. &uazen, giffuozan, boiteal, boitean, a bundle of straw or hay.
to mend, scuohôuzere, a botcher of shoes, Du. boſ, botte, knock, stroke, blow.—Kil.
a cobbler; G. biissen, to mend (kettles, See Boss.
shoes, nets, &c.); Aessel-biisser, a tinker; Bottom, AS. botm, the lowest part,
schuhbiisser, schuhbosser, bosser, būsser, a depth. ‘Fyre to botme;’ to the fiery
cobbler. abyss.-Caedm. Du. bodem, G. boden ;
Again, the notion of unskilful work is ON. boſn, Dan. bund, Lat. fundus. The
commonly expressed by the figure of Gr. 3v0óg, Bévéoç, a depth, and dBwagoc,
dabbling in the wet, and thus to botch in an abyss or bottomless pit, seem develop
the sense of clumsy working seems con ments of the same root, another modifi
nected with Mantuan foccia, a slop, mess, cation of which may be preserved in
puddle ; pocciar, to dip in liquid (to Gael. bun, a root, stock, stump, bottom,
dabble), to work without order or know foundation; W. &ón, stem or base, stock,
ledge ; It. bozza, an imperfect and bun butt end. See Bound.
gling piece of work, the first rough draught 2. A bottom is also used in the sense
of any work.-Fl. Podge, a pit, a cess of a ball of thread, whence the name of
pool; to podge, to stir and mix together. the weaver in Midsummer Night's Dream.
—Hal. See To Bodge. The word bottom or bothum was also used
Bote. House-bote, fire-bote, signify a in OE. for a bud. Both applications are
supply of wood to repair the house, to from the root bot, both, in the sense of
mend the fire. Si quis burgãoſam sive projection, round lump, boss. A bottom
88 BOUGH BOUND

of thread, like bobbin, signifies a short gest the notion of the continual knock
thick mass. The W. has bot, a round ing to which they must have been sub
body; both, boss of a buckler, nave of a jected.
wheel; bothel, fºothel, a blister, pimple— To Boult. See To Bolt, 2.
Richards; bothog, round, boſwim, a boss, To Bounce. Primarily to strike, then
a button; Fr. boufon, a bud. For the to do anything in a violent startling way,
connection between the sense of a lump to jump, to spring. Bunche, tundo, trudo:
or projection and that of striking or —he buncheſh me and beateth me—he
thrusting, see Boss. came home with his face all to-bounced,
Bough. The branch of a tree. AS. contusá.—Pr. Pnn.
bog, boh, from bugan, to bow, bend. The sound of a blow is imitated in
Bough-flof, or /šow-pot, a jar to set Pl.D. by Bums or Buns, whence bumsen,
boughs in for ornament, as a nosegay. &amsen, bunsen, to strike against a thing
‘Take care my house be handsome, so as to give a dull sound; an de dor
And the new stools set out, and boughs and &unsen, to knock at the door.
rushes
Yet still he bet and bounst upon the dore
And flowers for the windows, and the Turkey And thundered strokes thereon so hideously
carpet."— That all the pece he shaked from the flore
‘Why would you venture so fondly on the And filled all the house with fear and great up
strowings, roar.—F. Q
There's mighty matter in them, I assure you,
And in the spreading of a bough-pot.’ An de dor an//offen daf idt bunseſ,
B. and F. Coxcomb, iv. 3. to knock till it sounds again. He ſuſt
Bought. — Bout. — Bight. The dat et bunsede, he fell so that it sounded.
boughts of a rope are the separate folds Hence bunsk in the sense of the E. bounc
when coiled in a circle, from AS. bugan, ing, thumping, strapping, as the vulgar
to bow or bend; and as the coils come whapper, bumper, for anything large of
round and round in similar circles, a bout, its kind. ‘Een bunsken appel, jungen,”
with a slight difference of spelling, is ap a bouncing apple, baby.-Brem. Wtb.
plied to the turns of things that succeed Du. bons, a blow, bonzen, to knock
one another at certain intervals, as a bout Halma. See Bunch.
of fair or foul weather. So It. volta, a To Bound. Fr. bondir, to spring, to
turn or time, an occasion, from volgere, leap. The original meaning is probably
to turn. simply to strike, as that of E. bounce,
A bight is merely another pronunciation which is frequently used in the same
of the same word, signifying in nautical sense with bound. The origin seems an
language a coil of rope, the hollow of a imitation of the sounding blow of an
bay. The Bight of Benin, the bay of elastic body, the verb bondir in O Fr. and
Benin. Dan. bugſ, bend, turn, winding, Prov., and the equivalent bomir in Cata
gulf, bay. lan, being used in the sense of resound
-

* Boulder.—Boulderstone. Bowlder, ing.

a large stone rounded by the action of No i ausiratz parlar, nimotz brugir,
water, a large pebble.—Webster. Sw. Nigacha frestelar, nicor bondir.
dial. bullers/en, the larger kind of pebbles, You will not hear talking nor a word murmur,
Nor a centinel whistle, nor horn sound.
in contrast to Alappersten, the smaller Raynouard.
ones. From Sw. buſ/ra, E. dial. bolder,
to make a loud noise, to thunder. A Langued. boundouneſha, to hum; boun
thundering big one is a common exag dina, to hum, to resound.
Bound.—Boundary. Fr. borne, bone,
geration. But as AE/a//ersten for the
smaller pebbles is undoubtedly from the a bound, limit, mere, march.-Cot. Mid.
rattle they make when thrown together, Lat. bodina, buſina, bunda, bonna.
probably buſ/er or bolder may represent “Multi ibi limites quos illi bonnas vocant,
the deeper sound made by the larger suorum recognoverunt agrorum.” “Alo
dus sic est circumcinctus et divisus per
stones when rolling in a stream.
&odinas fixas et loca designata.”—Charter
It was an awful sight to see the Visp roaring of K. Robert to a monastery in Poitou.-
under one of the bridges that remained, and to
hear the groans and heavy thuds of the boulders Ducange. Bodinare, debodinare, to set
that were being hurried on and dashed against out by metes and bounds. Probably from
each other by the torrent.—Bonny, Alpine Re the Celtic root hon, bun, a stock, bottom,
gions, p. 136. root (see Bottom). Bret. men-bonn, a
Even in the absence of actual experience boundary stone (men = stone); bonneirº,
of such sounds as the foregoing, the to set bounds, to fix limits. The entire
rounded shape of the stones would sug value of such bounds depends upon their
 BOUND BOW 89
fixedness. Gael. &unai/each, steady, firm, buzzing of bees.—Cot. Sp. bordon, the
fixed. It is remarkable that we find very bass of a stringed instrument, or of an
nearly the same variation in the mode of organ. Gael. burdan, a humming noise,
spelling the word for bound, as was for the imitative character of which is sup
merly shown in the case of bottom, which ported by the use of durdan in the same
was also referred to the same Celtic root. sense; durd, to hum as a bee, to mutter.
Bound. — Bown. The meaning of Bourdon.—Borden. Fr. bourdon, a
bound, when we speak of a ship bound pilgrim's staff, the big end of a club, a
for New York, is, prepared for, ready to pike or spear; bourdon d'un moulin a
go to, addressed to. vent, a mill-post.—Cot. Prov. bordo, a
He of adventure happed hire to mete staff, crutch, cudgel, lance; It. bordone,
Amid the toun right in the quikkest strete a staff, a prop.
As she was boun to go the way forth right Bourn. I. A limit. Fr. borne, a cor
Toward the garden.—Chaucer in R. ruption of bonne, identical with E. bound,
It is the participle past buinn, pre which see.
pared, ready, of the ON. verb bud, to pre 2. Sc. burn, a brook; Goth. brunna, a
pare, set out, address. spring, Du. borne, a well, spring, spring
Bounty. Fr. bonté, Lat. bonifas, from water; Gael. burn, fresh water. See
bonus, good. Burgeon.
Bourd. A jest, sport, game. Imme * To Bouse. Du. buizen, Swiss
diately from Fr. bourde in the same sense, &ausen, to take deep draughts, drink deep,
and that probably from a Celtic root. to tope. G. &ausen, fausen, pausten, to
Bret. bourd, deceit, trick, joke; Gael. swell, puff out. Sw, pusta, to take breath.
burd, burt, mockery, ridicule; buirte, a Perhaps the radical meaning of the word
jibe, taunt, repartee. As the Gael. has may be, like quaff, to draw a deep breath.
also buirleadh, language of folly or ridi So Sc. souch, souſ, to draw a deep breath,
cule, it is probable that the It. burlare, G. saltſen, to drink deep.
to banter or laugh at, must be referred to The foregoing derivation seems, on the
the same root, according to the well whole, more probable than the one for
known interchange of d and /. merly given from Du. buyse, a flagon,
The notion of deceiving or making a whence buysen, to drink deep, to indulge
fool of one is often expressed by reference in his cups; buys, drunken.
to some artifice employed for diverting We shule preye the hayward hom to our hous–
his attention, whether by sound or gesti Drink to him dearly of full good bows.
culation. Thus we speak of humming Man in the Moon.
one for deceiving him, and in the same Comp. Du. Kroes, a cup; Aroesen, to tope;
way to bam is to make fun of one; a W. pot, a pot, poſio, to tipple.
bam, a false tale or jeer—Hal.; from Du.
Bow. G. bug, curvature, bending,
bommen, to hum. Now we shall see in bending of a joint; Anie-bug, schenke/-
the next article that the meaning of the
bug, schulter-bug. When used alone it
root bourd is to hum. Gael. burdan, acommonly signifies the shoulder-joint,
humming noise—Macleod; a sing-song, explaining Sw. bog, Dan. bov, shoulder
a jibe-Shaw; bururus, warbling, purl of a quadruped ; bovblad, shoulder-blade.
ing, gurgling. Bav. burren, brummen, It is probably through this latter signifi
sausen, brausen, to hum, buzz, grumble; cation, and not in the sense of curvature
Sw. Żurra, to take one in, to trick, to in general, that ON. bogr, Sw, bog, Dan.
cheat. *ov, are applied to the bow of a ship, in
Bourdon. — Burden. Bourdon, the Fr. Épaule du vaisseau, the shoulder of
drone of a bagpipe, hence musical ac the vessel.
companiment, repetition of sounds with or A different modification gives ON. bāgi,
without sense at the end of stated divi
sions of a song, analogous to Fr. tinton, Sw, bºge, Dan, bue, G. bogen, an arch,
the ting of a bell, the burden of a song. bending, bow to shoot with. W. &wa,
—Cot. Gael. bogha, a bow.
Corresponding verbal forms are Goth.
And there in mourning spend their time
With wailful tunes, while wolves do howl and &fugan, ON. buga, beygja, AS. bugan,
barke ôeogan, Du. buigen, G. biºgen, to bow,
And seem to bear a bourdon to their plaint. bend ; Sw, buga, to bow or incline the
Spenser in R. head; on. bogna, bugna, Sw. bāgna,
Fr. bourdon, a drone of a bagpipe, a &lºgna, Dan. bovne, bugne, to bulge, bend,
drone or dor-bee, also the humming or belly out.
90 BOWELS BOX

It would seem that the notion of a a round vessel for drink. Sp. bola, a ball,
bent or rounded object must be attained bowl.
antecedent to the more abstract concep The sense of a globular form is pro
tion of the act of bending. The foregoing bably taken from the type of a bubble as
forms may accordingly be derived with in other cases. Thus we have Esthon.
much plausibility from the figure of a ful, a bubble ; Fin. /u//o, a drop of
bubble, signified by forms like Gael. water ; puſ/istaa, to puff up ; pullakka,
do/g, Pol. buſka, or, with inversion of the round, swollen ; pulli, a round glass or
liquid, Fr. boucle, Sw, dial. bogla, w. bog flask; Lat. buſ/a, a bubble, a thing of
Ayn, largely illustrated under Bulk, Buckle. similar shape, a stud, boss, knob ; It.
From the former modification we have dolla, a bubble, blister, round glass phial,
ON. bo/gna, to puff up, swell, passing on stud, boss; ON. bola,a bubble; bol/l, a cup;
the one hand by the loss of the g into Pl. D. bol, globular, spherical ; Du. bol,
Dan. bulne, OE. bo/ne, to swell, and on swollen, puffy, hollow, convex, a ball, a
the other by the loss of the 2 into ON. globe or spherical body, the head, the
bogna, bugna, to bulge, bow, give in to, crown of a hat, bulb of an onion ; bo//e-
yield. From the other form are G. buckel, Æen, the boll or round seed-vessel of flax ;
a protuberance, a hump on the back ; Bav. čollen, globular body, round bead,
sich auſbuckeln (Schm.), to raise the back boll of flax ; rossboſ/en, horsedung ;
like a cat; then by the loss of the 1, Bav. mausbø//e/ein, mousedung ; OHG. bol/a,
&ucken, to bend down, to bow ; buck, a po//a, bulla in aqua, folliculus; hirmi
bending, prominence, hill. G. bucken, po//a, MH G. hirnbo//a, the skull or brain
Sw. bucka, bocka, Dan. bukke, to stoop, pan ; bol/e, a bud, a wine-can ; AS. bolla,
bow, make obeisance. Du. zich onder a pot, bowl ; heaſod bo//a, the head.
jemand buigen, to yield to one, to buckle A similar series of designations from
under to him. G. bucke/g gehen, to stoop the image of a bubble may be seen in
in walking ; buck/ing, a bow. The l Fin. AEu//o, a bubble, boil, tumour; &up
appears in a different position in ODu. tula, kuppelo, a ball ; Aupu, the crop of a
bulcken, inclinare se (Kil.), as in E. bulk bird, belly, head of a cabbage, wisp of
compared with Sw. buA, Dan. bug, con straw ; kupukka, anything globular. See
vexity, belly, or in E. bulge, compared Bulk.
with Fr. bouge, belly of a cask. W. bog, Box. A hollow wooden case, as well
a swelling or rising up. Sanscr. b/iu/, as the name of a shrub whose wood is
to bend, to make crooked ; (in pass.) to peculiarly adapted for turning boxes and
incline oneself; bhugma, bent, crooked. similar objects. AS. bor in both senses.
The same line of derivation seems re Gr. trāšoc, the box-tree, tróšic, a box; Lat.
peated in Magy. bugy, representing the burus, the box-tree and articles made of
sound of bubbling or guggling ; bugyni, it ; G. bitchse, a box, the barrel of a gun,
&ugyani, to bubble up, stream forth ; buchsbaum, the box-tree; It. bosso, box
&ugyogni, to guggle, bubble, spring as tree, bosso/a, a box, hollow place; Fr.
water; bugya, a boil, tumour, lump ; &uis, Bret, beuz, Bohem. Ausspan, box
buga, bugyoſa, a knot, a bundle. tree ; pusska, a box.
* Bowels. It. bude/lo, bue//o, OFr.
Du. busse, a box, bussken, a little box;
boel, gut, bowel; Bret. bouze/lou, bouellou, Pl.D. bisse, bitske.
Hence, with an in
bowels. Lat. botulus, a sausage. version of the s and Æ, as in AS. acsian, E.
Fr. boudin, a black pudding, the bowel ask, we arrive at the E. bor, without the
of an animal stuffed with blood and need of resorting to an immediate deriva
grits. tion from the Latin.
The word may probably be identical The bor of a coach is commonly ex
with Fris. budel, Du. buide/, G. beuſe/, a plained as if it had formerly been an ac
sack, purse, pocket. See Boil. tual box, containing the implements for
Bower. NE. boor, a parlour.—Hal. keeping the coach in order. It is more
ON. bur, a separate apartment; utibur, an probably from the G. bock, signifying in
outhouse; AS. bur, a chamber; sweſnbur, the first instance a buck or he-goat, then
a sleeping-room ; cumena-bur, guest applied in general to a trestle or support
chamber; fata-bur, a wardrobe; Sw. upon which anything rests, and to a coach
hönse-bur, a hen-coop ; W. &wr, an in box in particular. See Crab, Cable. In
closure, intrenchment, bºwra, a croft by a like manner the Pol. Koziel, a buck, is
house. applied to a coach-box, while the plural
Bowl.—Boll. Fr. boule, a bowl, in both Kozly is used in the sense of a sawing
senses, of a wooden ball to play with and block, trestle, painter's easel, &c.
 BOX BRACKET 9I
To Box. To fight with the fists. From You may find time in eternity,
the Dan. bask, a sounding blow, baske, Deceit and violence in heavenly justice—
Ere stain or brack in her sweet reputation.
to slap, thwack, flap, by the same in B. and F.
version of s and Æ, as noticed under Box.
It is plainly an imitative word, parallel G. brechen, to break (sometimes also
with OE. Aash, to strike. Swiss batschen, used in the sense of failing, as die Augen
to smack the hand; baitschen, to give a brechen ihm, his eyes are failing him),
loud smack, to fall with a noise. Heligo gebrechen, to want, to be wanting; want,
land batsken, to box the ears. Lett. need, fault, defect; Du. braecke, ghebreck,
&auksch represents the sound of a blow ; breach, want, defect.— Kil. AS. brec,
&auáscheht, to give a sounding blow ; Pl.D. brek, want, need, fault ; ON. brek,
àuksteht, to give a blow with the fists. defect. On the same principle from the
Boy. G. bube, Swiss bub, bue, Swab. ON. Öresta, to crack, to break, to burst,
buah, a grown youth ; Cimbr. pube, boy, is derived brestr, a crack, flaw, defect,
youth, unmarried man ; Swiss Rom. moral or physical.
Brack.-Brackish. Water rendered
&oubo, bouébo, boy; bouba, bouéða, little
i. Lat. Aupus, a boy ; pupa, a girl, a unpalatable by a mixture of salt. One
of the numerous cases in which we have
doll.
to halt between two derivations.
To Brabble. A variation of babble,
representing the confused sound of simul Gael. bracha, suppuration, putrefaction;
taneous talking. In like manner the It. brach shuileach, blear-eyed; Prov. brac,
has bulicame and bru/icame, a bubbling pus, matter, mud, filth; el brac e la or
motion ; Fr. boussole, Sp. bruarula, a com dura del mun, the filth and ordure of the
pass; Fr. boiste, Prov. brosłia, a box. world—Rayn.; It. braco, brago, a bog or
Du. &rabòelen, to stammer, jabber, con puddle; OFr. brac, braic, bray, mud;
fuse, disturb, quarrel; Bohem. Öreptati, Rouchi breuque, mud, clay.—Hécart.
to stutter, murmur, babble. Then as an adj., Prov. brac, bragos, OFr.
Brace. The different meanings of the &rageur, foul, dirty. “La ville ou y avait
word brace may all be reduced to the idea eaues et sourses moult brageuses.”—Mon
strelet in Rayn. Thus brack, which sig
of straining, compressing, confining, bind nifies in the first instance water contami
ing together, from a root brak, which has
many representatives in the other Europe nated by dirt, might easily be applied to
an languages. See Brake. water spoilt for drinking by other means,
To brace is to draw together, whence a as by a mixture of sea water.
bracing air, one which draws up the But upon the whole I am inclined to
think that the application to water con
springs of life; a pair of braces, the bands taminated with salt is derived from the
which hold up the trowsers. A brace on
board a ship, It. braca, is a rope holding G. and Du. brack, wrack, refuse, damaged;
up a weight or resisting a strain. A brace dicitur de mercibus quibusdam minus
is also a pair of things united together in probis.--Kil. Brak-goed, merces sub
the first instance bya physical tie, and then mersæ, salo sive aquà marină corruptae.
merely in our mode of considering them. —Kil. Pl.D. brakke grund, land spoilt
Bracelet. Bracelet, an ornamental by an overflow of sea water; Du. brakke
band round the wrist; bracer, a guard to torſ, turf made offensive by a mixture of
protect the arm of an archer from the sulphur (where the meaning would well
string of his bow. Fr. brasselet, a brace agree with the sense of the Gael. and
let, wristband, or bracer—Cot.; OFr. Prov. root); wrack, brack, acidus, salsus.
—Kil. See Broker.
&rassard, Sp. bracil, armour for the arm, From the sense of water unfit for drink
from bras, the arm.
Brach. Prov. brac, bracon, braquet, Fr. ing from a mixture of salt, the word
&rague, brachet, Sp. Ptg. braco, It. bracco, passed on to signify salt water in general,
a setter, spaniel, beagle, dog that hunts by and the diminutive brackish was appro
scent. MHG. bracke, s. s., dog in general; priated to the original sense.
The entrellis eik far in the fludis brake
ON. rakki, dog; Sw. rakka, bitch ; Du. I sal slyng.—D. V. in R.
rakke, whelp ; AS. raece, OE. ratch, rach,
scenting dog, odorinsecus.-Pr. Pm. Bracket. A bracket is properly a
Brac A breach, flaw, or defect, cramp-iron holding things together; then
from break. Fr. briche, a brack or breach a stand cramped to a wall. Brackets in
in a wall, &c.—Cot. printing are claws holding together an
Floods drown no fields before they find a brack. isolated part of the text. Fr. brague, a
Mirror for Mag. in R. mortise for holding things together—-
92 BRAG BRAKE

Cot.; Piedm. braga, an iron for holding Hire mouth was sweet as braket or the meth.
Chaucer.
or binding anything together. – Zalli.
From brake in the sense of constraining. From w. brag, malt, and that from
See Brace, Brake. bragio, to sprout; i.e. sprouted corn.
To Brag.—Brave. Primarily to crack, To Braid. See Bray.
to make a noise, to thrust oneself on Brail.--To Brail. From Fr. braies,
people's notice by noise, swagger, boast breeches, drawers, was formed brave/e,
ing, or by gaudy dress and show. Fr. &rayete, the bridge or part of the breeches
&raguer, to flaunt, brave, brag or jet it ; joining the two legs. A slight modifica
&raguard, gay, gallant, flaunting, also tion of this was brayeu/, the feathers
braggard, bragging.—Cot. ON. braća, about the hawk's fundament, called by our
Dan. brag, crack, crash ; ON. braža, to falconers the bray/e in a short-winged,
crash, to crack, also insolenter se gerere— and the pannel in a long-winged hawk.-
Haldorsen; Gael. bragh, a burst, explosion; Cot. From brayel, or from braie itself, is
&ragaineachd, empty pride, vain glory, also derived Fr. destrailler, to unbrace or
boasting ; Bret. braga, se pavaner, let down the breeches, the opposite of
marcher d'une manière fière, se donner which, brai//er (though it does not appear
trop de licence, separer de beaux habits. in the dictionaries), would be to brace, to
Langued. bragá, to strut, to make osten tie up. Rouchi &reſler, to cord a bale of
tation of his equipage, riches, &c. Swiss goods, to fasten the load of a waggon
Rom. braga, vanter une chose.—Vocab. with ropes.—Hécart.
de Vaud. Lith. braszkófi, to rattle, be Hence E. brails, the thongs of leather
noisy; Fris. braske, to shout, cry, make a by which the pen-feathers of a hawk's
noise ; Dan. braske, to boast or brag. wing were tied up ; to brai/ up a sail, to
In like manner to crack is used for tie it up like the wing of a hawk, in order
boasting, noisy ostentation. to prevent its catching the wind.
But thereof set the miller not a tare Brain. As. braggen, Du. breghe,
He cracked bost and swore it nas nat so.breghen, Öreyne.
Chaucer.Brake.—Bray. The meanings of
brake are very numerous, and the deriva
Brag was then used in the sense of tion entangled with influences from differ
brisk, proud, smart.
Seest thou thilk same hawthorn stud ent sources. A brake is,
How bragły it begins to bud.—Shepherd's Cal. I. A bit for horses; a wooden frame in
which the feet of vicious horses are con
Equivalent forms are Gael. breagh, fine, fined in shoeing ; an old instrument of
well-dressed, splendid, beautiful, Sc. bra’, torture ; an inclosure for cattle ; a car
braw, Bret. &rao, brav, gayly dressed, riage for breaking in horses; an instru
handsome, fine. ment for checking the motion of a wheel;
Thus we are brought to the OE. brave, a mortar ; a baker's kneading trough; an
finely dressed, showy ; bravery, finery. instrument for dressing flax or hemp ; a
From royal court I lately came (said he] harrow.—Hal.
Where all the braverie that eye may see— 2. A bushy spot, a bottom overgrown
Is to be found.—Spenser in R.
with thick tangled brushwood.
The sense of courageous comes imme 3. The plant ſerm.
diately from the notion of bragging and The meanings included under the first
boasting. Gael. brabhadair, a noisy talk head are all reducible to the notion of
ative fellow, blusterer, bully ; braðhdadh, constraining, confining, compressing, sub
idle talk, bravado, Fr. bravache, a roist duing, and it is very likely that the root
erer, swaggerer, bravacherie, boasting, &rak, by which this idea is conveyed, is
vaunting, bragging of his own valour.— identical with Gael. brac, W. braich, Lat.
Cot. It. bravare and Fr. braver, to swag &rachium, the arm, as the type of exertion
ger, affront, flaunt in fine clothes; Sp. and strength. It is certain that the word
bravo, bullying, hectoring, brave, valiant; for arm is, in numerous dialects, used in
sumptuous, expensive, excellent, fine. Fr. the sense of force, power, strength. Thus
brave, brave, gay, fine, gorgeous, gallant Bret. breach, Sp. brazo, Walloon bress,
(in apparel); also proud, stately, brag Wallachian braſsou, Turk bazu are used
gard ; also valiant, stout, courageous, in both senses.
that will carry no coals. Faire /e brave, It will be found in the foregoing ex
to stand upon terms, to boast of his own amples that brake is used almost exactly
worth.-Cot. in the sense of the Lat. subigere, express
Bragget. Sweet wort. ing any kind of action by which some
 BRAKE 93
thing is subjected to external force, el arco, to bend a bow, Fr. braguer un
brought under control, reduced to a con canon, to bend or direct a cannon. The
dition in which it is serviceable to our same name is given to the handle of a
wants, or the instrument by which the ship's pump, the member by which the
action is exerted. force of the machine is exerted. It. braca,
ON. braća, subigere, to subdue. In a brace on board a ship.
this sense must be explained the expres Brake. 2. In the sense of a thicket,
sion of breaking in horses, properly brak cluster of bushes, bush, there is consider
ing or subduing them. To the same able difficulty in the derivation. The
head must be referred brake, a horse's equivalent word in the other Teutonic
bit, It. braca, a horse's twitch. AS. bracan, dialects is frequently made to signify a
to pound, to knead or mix up in a mortar, marsh or swamp. Du. broeck, Pl.D.
to rub, farinam in mortario subigere; Sp. &rook, a fen, marsh, low wet land ; G.
&regar, to exert force in different ways, bruch, a marsh, or a wood in a marshy
to bend a bow, to row, to stiffen against place ; brook, grassy place in a heath—
difficulties (se raidir contre—Taboada), Overyssel Almanach; NE. brog, a swampy
to knead; Prov. Örega, Corrèze bredgea, or bushy place–Hal. ; Mid.Lat. bro
bredza, to rub (as in washing linen— gi/um, brot/ium, bro/ium, nemus, sylva
Beronie), Fr. broyer, to bray in a mortar. aut saltus in quo ferarum venatio exer
The Fr. broyer is also used for the dress cetur.—Duc. OFr. brogille, bregiſle,
ing of flax or hemp, passing it through a ôroi/, broil/et, breuil, copse-wood, cover
&rake or frame consisting of boards loosely for game, brambles, brushwood. G. dial.
locking into each other, by means of gebräge, gebrüche, a brake, thicket.
which the fibre is stripped from the stalk Inquirers have thus been led in two di
or core, and brought into a serviceable rections, the notion of wetness leading
condition. As there is so much of actual some to connect the word with E. brook,
breaking in the operation, it is not sur a stream, Gr. 39éxw, to moisten, and Lat.
prising that the word has here, as in the riguus, watered, while others have con
case of horse-breaking, been confounded sidered the fundamental signification to
with the verb break, to fracture. We be broken ground, with the bushes and
have thus Du. &raecken het vlasch, fran tangled growth of such places.
gere linum.—Biglotton. Fr. briser, con The latter supposition has a remark
casser, le lin. So in G. ſlachs brechen, able confirmation in the Finnish lan
while in other dialects the words are kept guages, where from Esthon. murdma, to
distinct. Pl.D. braken, Dan. brage, to break, is formed murd, gebüsch, gebröge,
break flax; Pl.D. bracken, Dan. braºke, to a thicket, brake, bush, pasture, quarry;
break or fracture. It is remarkable that from Fin. murran, murtaa, to break,
the term for braking flax in Lith. is murrokko, sylva ubi arbores sunt vento
&raukti, signifying to sweep, to brush, to diffractae et transversim collapsae, multi
strip. The ON. brak is a frame in which tudo arborum vel nemorum diffractorum
skins are worked backwards and forwards et collapsorum. And this probably was
through a small opening, for the purpose the original meaning of G. bruch, ge
of incorporating them with the grease &rièche, gebräge, E. brog or brake. A
employed as a dressing. Swiss Rom. break of such a kind, or overthrow of
brºgo, a spinning-wheel.-Voc. de Vaud. trees by the wind, is most likely to take
In like manner Lat. subigere is used for place in low wet ground where their
any kind of dressing. roots have less hold, and when once
Sive rudem primos lanam glomerabat in usus thrown down, in northern climates, they
Seu digitis subigebat opus.-Ovid. stop the flow of water and cause the
growth of peat and moss. Thus the
In the case of the NE. brake, Gael. word, which originally designated a
*raca, a harrow, Dan. brage, to harrow broken mass of wood, might come to
(Lat: {{e}as subigere, segetes subigere ara signify a swamp, as in Du. and G., as
tris), the notion of breaking down the well as in the case of the E. brog above
clods again comes to perplex our deriva mentioned. A brake is explained in
tion.
Palmer's Devonshire Glossary as “a bot
In other cases the idea of straining or tom overgrown with thick tangled brush
exerting force is more distinctly preserved. wood.' It. fratto, broken ; fratta, any
Thus, the term brake was applied to the thicket of brakes, brambles, bushes, or
handle of a cross-bow, the lever by which briers.-Fl.
the string was drawn up, as in Sp. Öregar Brake.—Bracken. 3. It may be sus
94 BRAMBLE BRAND

pected that brake, in the sense of fern, is growth, as AS. brarmbel-affel, the thorn
a secondary application of the word in apple or stramonium, a plant bearing a
the sense last described, that is to say, fruit covered with spiky thorns, and in
that it may be so named as the natural Chaucer it is used of the rose.
growth of brakes and bushy places. It And swete as is the bramble flower
is certain that we find closely-resembling That beareth the red hepe.-Sir Topaz.
forms applied to several kinds of plants AS. Thornas and breme/as, thorns and
the natural growth of waste places and briars. Gen. iii. 18.
such as are designated by the term Bran. Bret. brenn, w. bran, It. brenna,
&rake, bruch, &c. Thus we have w. Arenda, Fr. bran. The fundamental sig
&ruß, heath ; ON. brok, sedge; bur&mi, nification seems preserved in Fr. bren,
Dan. bregme, bracken or fern; Port. excrement, ordure; Rouchi Ören d'orºſe,
&rejo, sweet broom, heath, or ling, also a ear-wax ; bermeua, snotty ; Russ. bren,
marshy low ground or fen ; Grisons mud, dirt; Bret. brenn hesken, the refuse
bruch, heath. or droppings of the saw, sawdust. Bran
It may be however that the relationship is the draff or excrement of the corn,
runs in the opposite direction, and E. what is cast out as worthless.
&rake, brog, G. bruch, gebröge, gebriºche, Ils ressemblent le buretel
&c., may be so called in analogy with Selonc l'Ecriture Divine
Bret. &rugek, a heath, from brug, bruk, Quigiete la blanche farine
heath, or with It. brughera, thick brakes Fors de lui et retient le bren.—Ducange.
of high-grown ferns (Flor.), as places So Swiss gaggi, chaff, from gaggi,
overgrown with brakes or fern, heath cack. Gael. brein, Öreun, stink; breanan,
(Bret. bruk, Örug), broom, or other plants a dunghill, W. brºwn!, nasty.
of a like nature. The relation of brake Branch. — Brank. We have seen
to bracken may originally have been that under Brace and Brake many instances
of the Bret. brug, heath, to brugen, a of the use of the root brak in the sense
single plant of heath. See Brush. of strain, constrain, compress. The na
Bramble.—Broom. As, bremel, Pl.D. salisation of this root gives a form braná
brummel, Du. braeme, breme ; Sw.G. in the same sense. Hence the Sc. brank,
brom, bramble; Du. brem, brom, broem, a bridle or bit; to brané, to bridle, to
Pl.D. braam, G. bram, also Afriemkraut, restrain. The witches' branks was an
f/riemen, broom, the leafless plant of iron bit for torture; Gael. brang, brancas,
which besoms are made. a halter. The same form becomes in It.
It will be found that shrubs, bushes, &ranca, branchia, the fang or claw of a
brambles, and waste growths, are looked beast; brancaglie, all manner of gripings
on in the first instance as a collection of and clinchings; among masons and car
twigs or shoots, and are commonly de penters, all sorts of fastening together of
signated from the word signifying a twig. stonework or timber with braces of lead
Thus in Lat. from virga, a rod or twig, or iron.—Florio. Bramcare, to gripe, to
virgulum, a shrub ; from Servian prut, clutch. Then by comparison with claws
a rod, fruſye, a shrub ; from Bret. brous, or arms, Bret. braná, It. branco, Fr.
a bud, and thence a shoot, brousãoad, &ranche, the branch of a tree.
&rus&oad, brushwood, wood composed of Brand. I. A mark made by burning.
twigs. Bav. Öross, brosst, a shoot, Serv. G. brandmurk, brandmahl, from brand,
&rst, young sprouts, Bret. broust, hallier, burning; brennen, to burn. , 2. As ON.
buisson fort epais, a thick bush, ground &randr, G. brand, a burning fragment of
full of briers, thicket of brambles–Cot.; wood. A sword is called a brand because
Fr. broussaille, a briery plot. In like it glitters when waved about like a flam
manner the word bramble is from Swiss ing torch. The Cid's sword on the same
brom, a bud, young twig (brom-beisser, principle was named tied, from Lat.
the bull-finch, E. bud-biter or bud-bird— titio, a firebrand.—Diez.
Halliwell); Grisons brumbe/, a bud; It. The derivation from brennen, to burn,
bromboli, broccoli, cabbage sprouts—Fl.; would leave nothing to be desired if the
Piedm. &/ombo, a vine twig; Bav. Aſroftſ, foregoing meanings stood alone. But we
a shoot or twig. find It. brano, brande/lo, a piece or bit;
The pointed shape of a young shoot Arandone, a large piece of anything, a
led to the use of the G. Afriem in the torch or firebrand; Fr. brin, a small
sense of an awl, and the word bramble piece of anything; brin & brin (as It.
itself was applied in a much wider sense Żrano a brano), bit by bit, piecemeal;
than it is at present to any thorny brindelles, the twigs of a besom ; ON.
 BRANDISH BRASE 95

brandr, N. brand, a stick, stake, billet, as Thus was this usurper's faction brangled, then
well as the blade of a sword. Thus the bound up again, and afterward divided again by
want of worth in Baliol their head.—Hume in
brand in ON. eldibrandr, E. ſirebrand, Jam.
might signify merely a piece of wood or
billet, and in the sense of a sword-blade To embrangle, to confuse, perplex, con
might be explained from its likeness to a found. The sense of a quarrel may be
stick. The corresponding form in Gael. is derived from the idea of confusion, or in
bruan, a fragment, morsel, splinter, which that sense brangle may be a direct imita
with an initial s becomes spruan, brush tion of the noise of persons quarrelling,
wood, fire-wood. Sc. brane-wood, fire as a nasalised form of the Piedm. bragale,
wood, not, as Jamieson explains it, from to vociferate, make an outcry.
Brase.—Braser.—Brasil. To brase
As. bryne, incendium, but from the fore
going brano, brin, bruan. meat is to pass it over hot coals; a
Quhyn thay had beinit lyk baitit bullis, braser, a pan of hot coals. It. bracea,
And brane-wod brynt in bailis. bracia, bragia, Fr. braise, Port. braza,
To Brandish.-Brandle. To brand live coals, glowing embers; brazeiro, a
pan of coals.
ish, to make shine with shaking, to shake The word brēsiſ, brasil, was in use
to and fro in the hand.-Bailey. Fr. before the discovery of America in the
brandir, to hurl with great force, to make sense of a bright red dye, the colour of
a thing shake by the force it is cast with, braise or hot coals, and the name of
to shine or glister with a gentle shaking ; Brazil was given because a dyewood,
brandi//er, to brandle, shake, totter, also supplying a more convenient source of
to glisten or flash-Cot. the colour than hitherto known, was
Commonly explained from the notion found there. ‘A qual—agora se chama
of waving a brand or sword. But this is do Brasil por caso do pao vermilho que
too confined an origin for so widely-spread della ven:” which at present is called
a word. Manx bramsey, to dash, Rouchi Brasil on account of the red wood which
braner, Bret. bransella, Fr. bransler, comes from thence.—De Goes, Chron.
branler, to shake. de Don Emanuel in Marsh. The name
Brandy. Formerly brandy-wine, Du. of Santa Cruz having been originally
brand-wijn, brandende wiftn, aqua ardens, given to the country, De Barros considers
vinum ardens.—Kil. The inflammable
it an eminent triumph of the devil that
spirit distilled from wine. Du. brandigh, the name of that holy wood should have
flagrans, urens.—Kil. G. branntwein , been superseded by the name of a wood
i.e. gebrannter wein, distilled wine, from used in dyeing cloths.
brennen, to burn, to distil ; weinbrenner, In the Catalonian tarifs of the 13th
distiller.—Marsh.
century the word is very common in the
Brangle. This word has two senses, forms brasil, brazil, bresil.
apparently very distinct from each other, La ai-jou molt garance et waide
though it is not always easy to draw an Et bresil et alun et graine
undoubted line between them. Ist, to Dont jou gaaing mes dras et laine.
scold, to quarrel, to bicker—Bailey, and Michel. Chron. du Roi Guill. d’Angl. in Marsh.
2nd, as Fr. brandiller, to brandle or Diez seems to put the cart before the
brandish. The It. brando/are is ex
horse in deriving the word from ON.
plained by Florio, to brangle, to shake, brasa, to braze or lute, to solder iron. It
to shog, to totter. is more likely derived from the roaring
The tre brangillis, boisting to the fall, sound of flame. G. brausen, prasselm, to
With top trimbling, and branchis shakand all. roar, to crackle; AS. brastlian, to brustle,
D. V. 59.50.
crackle, burn.-Lye. Sw. brasca, faire
In this application the word seems fracas, to make display ; Milan. brascó,
direct from the Fr. branler, the spelling to kindle, set on fire.—Diez. Gris. brasca,
with ng (instead of the nd in brandle) sparks. Sw, brasa, to blaze, also as a
being an attempt to represent the nasal noun, a roaring fire. Fr. embraser, to
sound of the Fr. m. In the same way the set on fire; Wallon. bruzi, braise, hot
Fr. bransle, a round dance, became ashes ; Pied. brusé, It. bruciare, Fr.
brangle or brawl in E. ; It. branla, a brusler, brûler, to burn. E. brustle, to
French brawl or brangle.—Fl. crackle, to make a noise like straw or
From the sense of shaking probably small wood in burning, to rustle.—Halli
arose that of throwing into disorder, put well. Fr. bruire, to murmur, make a
ting to confusion. noise, and bruir, brouir, to burn. —
96 BRASS BRAY

Roquefort. “E tut son corps arder et rampire on board a ship.–Sverris Saga,

Bruir.’—Rayn. 275.
Brass.-Bronze. AS. brars, from being Then as parapets and battlements
used in the brazing or soldering of iron. naturally took the shape of projections on
ON. bras, solder, especially that used in the top of a building, the term bretesche
the working of iron ; at brasa, ferrumi was applied to projecting turrets or the
nare, to solder. The verb is probably like beyond the face of the wall.
derived from the brase, or glowing coals Un possesseur d'un heritage—ne peut faire
over which the soldering is done; Fr. *refesques, boutures, saillies, ni autres choses sur
&raser ſargent, le repasser un peu sur la la rue au prejudice de ses voisins.—Duc.
Araise.—Cot. The same correspondence Now this is precisely the ordinary
is seen between It. bronze, burning coals, sense of the E. bartisan, “the small over
bronzacchiare, to carbonado, as rashers hanging turrets which project from the
upon quick burning coals, bronzare, to angles or the parapet on the top of a
braze, to copper, and bronzo, brass, pan tower.’—Hal.
metal.–Florio. That the town colours be put upon the ber
Brat. A rag, a contemptuous name tisene of the steeple.—Jam.
for a young child.-Bailey. AS. brat, a The word is also used in the sense of
cloak, a clout. W. braſ, a rag. Gael. a fence of stone or wood. Jam. Sup. It
brat, a mantle, apron, cloth; brafach, a may accordingly be explained as a cor
banner. A brat is commonly used for a ruption of bratticing, brettysing, bartising,
child's pinafore in many parts of Eng equivalent to the Du. borderinge, coas
land. Pl. D. slakker-bortchen, a slabber satio, contignatio.—Kil.
ing-bib. For the application to a child Brave. See Brag.
compare Bret. trul, pil, a rag ; trulen or Brawl. I. A kind of dance. Fr.
fi/en (in the feminine form), a contempt bransle, branle, from branler, to shake.
uous name for a woman, a slut. So also See Brandish, Brangle.
Lap. sliðro, a rag ; neita sliðro (neita, 2. A dispute or squabble. Certainly
girl), a little girl. from the confused noise, whether con
Brattice.—Bartizan. A braffice is a tracted from brabble, as scrawl from
fence of boards in a mine or round dan scrab//e, or whether it be from Fr. braiſler,
gerous machinery, from Sc. bred, G. brett, frequentative of braire, to cry, as criai//er
Du. berd, a plank or board, as Zaffice, a of crier. Swiss bradle, deblaterare, brad
frame of laths, from Fr. latte, a lath. /ete, strepitus linguarum. – Deutsch.
A bretise or öretage is then a parapet, Mundart. 2. 368. Dan. bralle, to talk
in the first instance of boards, and in a much and high; at bra/ſe off, to scold
latinised shape it is applied to any boarded and make a disturbance; wraale, to
structure of defence, a wooden tower, a bawl, squall, roar. Gael. &raodhlach,
parapet, a testudo or temporary roof to brawling, noise, discord; braoiſich, a
cover an attack, &c. Sc. brettys, a forti loud noise. The term brawl is also ap
fication.—Jam. Betrar of a walle (bre plied to the noise of broken water, as a
tasce, brezays), propugnaculum.— Pr. Pn. &rawling brook. See Bray.
It. bertesca, bal/resca, a kind of rampart Brawn. The muscular part of the
or fence of war made upon towers; a body. It. brano, brandi//o, brandone,
block-house.—Altieri. Fr. Öreſegue, bre any piece, cob, luncheon, or collop of
fesgue, bretesche, a portal of defence in the flesh violently pulled away from the
rampire of a town.—Cot. whole.—Fl. OHG. brai/o (acc. bratón), Fris.
Duae testudines quas Gallice brutesches appel braede, &raeye, a lump of flesh, flesh of a
lant.—Math. Paris. A.D. 1224. Circumeunt ci leg of pork, calf of the leg.—Diez. Kil.
vitatem castellis et turribus ligneis et àerteschiis. Prov. bradon, brazon, Öraon, OFr. braion,
Hist. Pisana in Mur. A.D. 1156. Lorraine bravon, a lump of flesh, the
A wooden defence of the foregoing de buttocks, muscular parts of the body;
scription round the deck of a ship, or on Wall. breyon, a lump, breyon d'chater,
the top of a wall, was called by the bribe de viande, bas morceau de viande
Norsemen wig-gyrdi//, a battle-girdle. fraiche, breyon de gamões, the calf of the
‘Med endilöngum baenom var umbuiz a leg.—Remacle. Westphal. bran, Cologne
husum uppi, reistrupp bord-vidr a utan &roden, calf of the leg, buttock; Sc. brand,
verdom thaukom sva sem viggyrdlat calf of the leg; Sp. braſion for bradon, a
vaeri.” Along the town things were pre patch of cloth. OFr. es&raoner, It.
pared up on the houses, boarding being söranare, to tear piecemeal. See Brand.
raised up out on the roofs like the battle To Bray.—Braid. Many kinds of
 BRAY BREAM 97

loud harsh noise are represented by the On syde he bradis for to eschew the dint.—
D. V. in Jam.
syllable bra, bru, with or without a final
d', g, Æ, ch, y. ON. bregda, to braid the hair, weave
Fr. braire, to bray like an ass, bawl, nets, &c. The ON. bragd is also applied
yell, or cry out loudly; bruire, to rumble, to the gestures by which an individual
rustle, crash, to sound very loud and is characterised, and hence also to the
lineaments of his countenance, explain
very harshly; brugier, to bellow, yell,
roar, and make a hideous noise.—Cot. ing a very obscure application of the E.
Prov. bruzir, to roar or bellow. &raid. Bread, appearance—Bailey; to
Gr. 3páxw, to crash, roar, rattle, re braid, to pretend, to resemble.—Hal.
sound; Boixo, to roar. ON. brać, crash, To pretend is to assume the appearance
and manners of another. “Ye braid of
noise ; vapna-brak, the clash of arms;
Dan. brage, to crash, crackle; E. bray, the miller's dog,' you have the manners
applied to loud harsh noises of many of the miller's dog. To braid of one's
kinds, as the voice of the ass, the sound father, to have the lineaments of one's
of arms, &c. father, to resemble him. ON. bragr,
Heard ye the din of battle bray f gestus, mos; at braga eſtir einum, to
With a terminal d we have Prov. imitate or resemble one. N. braa, kind,
soft; braa, to resemble.
&raidir, braidar, to cry; Port. bradar, to On the same principle may be explain
cry out, to bawl, to roar as the sea. OE. ed a passage of Shakespeare, which has
to braid, abraid, upbraid, to cry out, given much trouble to commentators.
make a disturbance, to scold. Since Frenchmen are so braid,
Quoth Beryn to the serjauntes, That ye me Marry who will, I'll live and die a maid.
hondith so
Or what have I offendit, or what have I seide? The meaning is simply, “since such are
Trewlich quoth the serjauntis it waylith not to the manners of Frenchmen, &c.’
breide (there is no use crying out) To Bray. 2. To rub or grind down
With us ye must awhile whether ye woll or no. in a mortar. Sp. bregar, to work up
Chaucer.
paste or dough, to knead; Prov. Cat.
Then as things done on a sudden or bregar, to rub; Fr. broyer, Bret, braea, to
with violence are accompanied by noise, bray in a mortar. W. brettan, a mill, a
we find the verb to bray or braid used to brake for hemp or flax. See Brake.
express any kind of sudden or violent Breach. AS. brice, Fr. breche, a breach
action, to rush, to start, to snatch. or brack in a wall, &c.—Cot. From the
Ane blusterand bub out fra the North braying verb to break.
Gan oer the foreschip in the baksail ding.—D. V. Bread. ON. braud. G. brof.
Syne stikkis dry to kyndill there about laid is, To Break. Goth. brikan, braž, G.
Quhill all in flame the bleis of fyre upbradis. brechen, Lat. frangere, fractus ; Gr.
D. V.
Đàyvvut, to break, 64koç, a rag; Fin. rić
i.e. starts crackling up. Æoa, to break, to tear; Bret, regi, rogi, to
The cup was uncoverid, the sword was out break, to tear; rog, a rent.
yörayid.—Beryn. The origin is doubtless a representation
A forgyt knyff but baid he bradis out.—Wal of the noise made by a hard thing break
lace IX. 145. ing. In like manner the word crack is
But when as I did out of slepe abray.—F. Q. used both to represent the noise of a
The miller is a per'lous man he seide fracture, and to signify the fracture itself,
And if that he out of his slepe abreide or the permanent effects of it. The same
He might don us both a villany.—Chaucer.
relation is seen between Lat. fragor, a
The ON, bragd is explained motus loud noise, and frangere, to break; Fr.
guilibet ce/erior, at bragdi, instantane fracas, a crash, disturbance, and fracas
ously, at once, as OE. at a braid. ser, to break. The Lat. crepo and E.
His bow he hadden taken right crash are used to signify both the noise
made in breaking and the fracture itself.
And at a braid he gun it bende.—R. R.
ON. augmaðragd, a wink, twinkling of The Swiss has brätschen, to smack or
the eye. Then, as the notion of turning crack, braſsche, a brack, breach, or
is often connected with swiftness of mo wound.
tion, to braid acquires the sense of bend, Bream. A broad-shaped fresh-water
turn, twist, plait. fish, cyprinus latus. Fr. brame, Du.
. And with a braid I turnyt me about.—Dunbar ôraessent. Swiss Örafschig, ill-favouredly
in Jam. broad.
7
98 BREAST BREW

Breast. As, breast, Goth. brusts, Du. The origin is the imitation of a rust
horst. Perhaps the original meaning ling noise, as by the Sc. brissle, properly
may be a chest. Prov. brut, bruc, brusc, to crackle, then to broil, to fry; Swiss
the bust, body; brosłia, brusſia, a box. Rom. brire, to rattle (as hail), simmer,
Breath. AS. brarth, an odour, scent, murmur—Vocab. de Vaud. ; brisoſer, bre
breath. Originally probably the word soler, to roast, to fry; / os qui breso/e, the
signified steam, vapour, as the G. brodem, singing bone.-Gl. Génév. Then from a
&rodel, broden. simmering, twittering sound the term is
The caller wine in cave is sought applied to shivering, trembling, as in the
Mens brothing breists to cule.—Hume in Jam. case of twiſter, which signifies in the
first instance a continuous broken sound,
See Broth. and is then used in the sense of tremb
Breeches. Lat. bracaº, braceae; Bret. ling. We have thus It. brisciare, brez
bragez; on. brok, brakur, It. brache, zare, to shiver for cold. Compare OE.
Prov. braga, braia, OFr. bragues, braies. grill, chilly, with It. grillare, to simmer,
The origin is the root brak in the sense Fr. griſſer, to crackle, broil, Du. grillen,
of straining, binding, fastening; the ori to shiver.—Halma.
ginal breeches being (as it must be sup Breeze.—Briss, Brist. The ashes
posed) a bandage wrapped round the hips, and cinders sold by the London dustmen
and brought beneath between the legs. for brickmaking are known by the name
Hence the Lat. sub/gar, suð/gaculum, other of England the
from ligare, to § Piedm. braga, of breeze. In brist parts for dust, rub
term briss or is in use
&raca, a cramp-iron for holding things bish. Briss and buttons, sheep's drop
together, a horse's twitch; Fr. braie, pings; bruss, the dry spines of furze
&raies, a twitch for a horse, bandage or broken off.-Dev. Gl. Piedm. brossé, orts,
truss for a rupture, clout for a child, the offal of hay and straw in feeding
drawers. Bracha, a girdle.—Gl. Isidore cattle; Sp. broza, remains of leaves, bark
and Tatian.
of trees, and other rubbish ; Fr. bris,
The Breech (Prov.” braguier, braia) débris, rubbish; bris de charbon, coal
may be explained as the part covered by dust; bresi//es, brezi//es, little bits of wood
the breeches, but more probably the E. —Berri; briser, to break, burst, crush,
term designates the part on which a boy bruise; Bret. bruzum, a crum, morsel; G.
is breeched or flogged, a word formed brosame, a crum; Du. brijsen, brijselen,
from the sound of a loud smack. Swiss
to bray, to crush; Gael. bris, brisd, brist,
brätsch, a smack, the sound of a blow to break; Dan. briste, to burst, break,
with the flat hand, or the blow itself; fail. See Brick, Bruise.
&ráfschen, to smack; braſscher, an in Breeze. — Brize. G. breme, bremse,
strument for smacking, a fly-flap, &c. AS. brimsa, briosa, a gadfly, from the
G. dial. (Westerwald) fritschen, britschen, buzzing or bizzing (as it is pronounced in
to lay one on a bench and strike him the N. of E.) sound with which the gadfly
with a flat board; Du. bridsen, de bridse heralds his attack.
geven, met de bridse slaan, xyligogio A fierce loud buzzing breeze, their stings draw
castigare.—Biglotton. Pl.D. bridge, an OOCI,
instrument of laths for smacking on the And drive the cattle gadding through the wood.
breech; einem de britze geven, to strike Dryden.
one on the breech so that it smacks As AS. brimsa, G. bremse, point to G.
(klatschet). *rummen, Fris. brimme, to hum, so AS.
In like manner it is not improbable Ariosa, E. breeze, are related to Prov.
that Fr. ſesses, the breech or buttocks, bruzir, to murmur, to resound, Swiss
instead of being derived from Lat. fissus, Rom. brison, Öreson, noise, murmur,
cloven, as commonly explained, may be Russ. briosat’, to buzz.
from the verb ſesser, to breech, to scourge To Brew. The origin of the word is
on the buttocks (Cot.), corresponding to shown by the Mid. Lat. forms, brasiare,
G. ſizen, feifschen, and E. to ſeize or *raciare, bra.rare, Fr. brasser, to brew,
feaze, to whip, forms analogous to E. from brace, brasium, OFr. bras, braur,
switch, representing the sound of a blow. breiz, Gael. braich, w, brag, sprouted corn,
Breeze. Fr. Örise, a cool wind. It. malt. So ON. brugga, Sw. brygga, to
Brezza, chillness or shivering, a cold and brew, from AS. brug, malt; ‘brug, po
windy mist or frost; brezzare, to be lenta.”—Gl. AS. in Schilter.
misty and cold, windy withal, also to The Teutonic verbs, G. brauen, Du.
chill and shiver with cold. &rouwen, E. brew, are in like manner
 BREWIS BRIGADE 99

from a form similar to Wall. brå, brau, to the dead; from the last of which, E.
Walach. brahé, malt. dial. arval, funeral.
If the foregoing were not so clear, a Bridge.—As. brigge; G. bricke, OSw.
satisfactory origin might have been found Öro, brygga, as so, sugga, a sow, bo, bygga,
in w. berwi, to boil, the equivalent of to prepare, gno, gnugga, to rub. The Sw.
Lat. ſervere, whence berw, berwedd, a bro is applied not only to a bridge, but to a
boiling, and berweddie, to brew. Gael. paved road, beaten way; Dan. bro, bridge,
*ruith, to boil, and ODu. Örieden, to pier, jetty, pavement; bro/egge, to pave.
brew.—Kil. “Han laet broa twa rastin af Tiwede,' he
It is remarkable that the Gr. 3pdºw, made two leagues of road through the
Bodaaw, to boil, would correspond in like forest of Tiwede.—Ihre. At Hamburg a
manner to the Fr. brasser, which however paviour is called steen-brygger. Pol. bruk,
is undoubtedly from brace, malt. pavement ; Lith. brukkas, pavement,
Brewis. See Broth. stone-bridge; bružkoti, to pave; brukkfi,
Bribe. Fr. bribe de pain, a lump of to press; ibruk&fi, to press in, imprint.
bread; briber, to beg one's bread, collect The original sense thus seems to be to
bits of food. Hence OE. bribour, a beg ram, to stamp.
gar, a rogue; It. birčante, birãome, a Bridle. As, bride/, ohG. britti/, Aritiſ;
cheat, a rogue, with transposition of Fr. bride. Perhaps this may be one of
the r. the cases in which the derivation of the
A bribe is now only used in the meta word has been obscured by the insertion
phorical sense of a sop to stop the mouth of an r. ON. bifi//, Dan. bidsel, a bridle,
of some one, a gift for the purpose of ob from bit, the part which the horse bites or
taining an undue compliance. holds in his mouth.
The origin of the word is the w. briwo, So It. bretonica, befonica, betony; bru
to break; briw, broken, a fragment; /icame, bulicame, boiling up ; broco/iere,
&ara briw, broken bread. Rouchi briſe, E. buckler, ON. brus&r and busár, a
a lump of bread.—Hécart. bush; Du. broosekens, E. buskins, E.
Brick. A piece of burnt clay.—Thom groom, AS. guma.
son. The radical meaning is simply a Brief. From Lat. breve or brevis, a
bit, a fragment, being one of the numer summary or any short writing. Applied
ous words derived from break. Lang. especially to a letter or command, to the
&rico, or brizo, a crum; bricou, a little king's writs. In the G. briefit has been
bit; bricouneſha, to break to pieces; appropriated to the sense of an epistle
&rica/io, a crum, little bit, corresponding or letter. In E. it is applied to the letter
to OE. brocaly, broken victuals. As, brice, of the Archbishop or similar official
fracture, fragment, hlaſes brice, a bit of authorising a collection for any purpose;
bread. In some parts of France brigue to the summary of instructions given to a
is still used in this sense, brigue de pain, barrister for the defence of his client.
a lump of bread.—Diez. Brigue, frag Dictante legationis suae brevem.—Ducange.
ment of anything broken.—Gl. Génév. Brier. As. brar, brere, but probably
Aricoſeau, a quoit of stone.—Cot. It. from the Normans. In the patois of
&riccia, any jot or crum, a collop or slice Normandy the word briere is still pre
of something.—Fl. served (Patois de Bray). Fr. bruyere, a
Bride.—Bridal. Goth. bruths, daugh heath, from Bret. brug, bruk, w. grug,
ter-in-law; OHG. briºt, sponsa, conjux, Gael. /raoch, Grisons bruch, brutg, heath.
nurus; G. braut, bride. W. priod, ap It. brughiera, a heath ; brughera, thick
propriate, fit, appropriated, owned; also brakes of high-grown ferns.—Flor. Mid.
married, a married man or woman; Lat. &ruarium, a heath, barren land
Żriodas, a wedding; priodºfab, a bride rough with brambles and bushes.—Duc.
groom (mab=son); priod-ſerch, a bride Brig. A two-masted vessel. Pro
(merch=maid). Priodi, to appropriate; bably contracted from brigantine. Sp.
Żriodor, a proprietor. Diefenbach com dergantino, a brig or brigantine, two
pares Lat. Arivus, one's own, prizatus, masted vessel.-Neumann.
appropriate, peculiar. Brigade. A division of an army, from
Bridegroom, AS. bryd-guma, the newly Fr. brigade, and that from It. brigata, a
married man; guma, a man. Brida/, company, troop, crew, brood. Trovar
for bride-ale, AS. bryd-eale, the marriage si in brigata, to meet together.
feast, then the marriage itself. So in The Prov. has briguer, in the sense of
OSw, fastningar-ø/, graſ-3/, arſ-ºl, the Fr. frayer, to circulate, consort with.
feast of espousals, of burial, of succession “Mes se a servir als+ valens homes e a
IOO BRIGAND BRIGHT

briguar ab lor.’ He set himself to serve general notion of exertion of force. See
men of merit, and to associate with them. Brake. In the same way to strive is, in
The primary meaning of Sp. bregar, It. the first instance, to exert one's force in
&rgare, seems to be to exert force; bre the attempt to do something, and, second
gar el arco, to bend a bow; It. brigare, arily, to contend with another.
to strive for, to shift for with care, labour, Bright.—Brilliant. Goth. /air//s,
and diligence, briga, necessary business. clear, manifest: ON. ºfartr, As. bear//,
—Florio. Brigata, then, would be a set bright; bearhtm, brachtm, bºyhºm, a glit
of people engaged in a common occupa tering, twinkling, moment. Bav. bracht,
tion. clang, sound, noise.—Schmeller, ohG.
Brigand. — Brigantine. — Brigan fºra/i/, Aracht, clear sound, outcry, tumult,
dine. It. briga, strife, Mid. Lat. briga, and, at a later period, splendour. The E.
jurgia, rixa, pugna.-Duc. It brigare, &right itself was formerly applied to
to strive, brawl, combat. Probably then sounds.
it was in the sense of skirmishers that Heo–song so schille and so brihte
the name of brigand was given to certain That far and ner me hit iherde.—
light-armed foot-soldiers, frequently men Owl and Nightingale, 1654.
tioned by Froissart and his contempora AS. beerhſian, strepere. — Beowulf,
ries. A Latin glossary quoted by Du 2315.
cange has “Veles, brigant, c'est une Leod was asungen
manière de gens d'armes courant et apert Gleomannes gyd,
a pié.’ “Cum 4 millibus peditum arma Gamen aeft aestab
torum, duobus millibus brigantum et Beorhtode benc sweg.
ducentis equitibus.”—Chron. A.D. 1351, The lay was sung, the gleeman's song, the
in Duc. They were also called brigancii sport grew high, the bench-notes resounded.
or brigantini. “Briganciis et balestra In like manner the G. fºrahlen signifies
riis Anglicis custodiam castri muniendi in the first instance to speak with a loud
reservavit.” voice, to cry, and secondly, to glitter, to
The passage from the sense of a light shine.—Adelung. The origin of both
armed soldier to that of a man pillaging these words is the imitative root brag,
on his own account, is easily understood. Arak, representing a sudden noise. Swab.
In the time of the bataile (of Agincourt) the &ragen, brägen, briegen, to cry—Schmid;
brigauntis of the Frensch took the kyngis car OE. bray, braid.
riage and ied it away.—Capgrave, 312. The phenomena from whence all repre
It. brigante, a pirate, rover either by sea sentative words are immediately taken
or land.-Flor. A similar change has must of course belong to the class which
taken place in the meaning of the It. addresses itself to the ear, and we find
ma/andrini, in later times a robber or accordingly that the words expressing
highway-man, but classed by Thomas of attributes of light are commonly derived
Walsingham with the Brigands as a from those of sound. So G. he//, clear,
species of horse-soldier. transparent, from haſ!, a sound, clangour.
Reductus est ergo et coram consilio demon The Ir. g/ðr, a noise, voice, speech,
stratus Brigan/inorum more semivestitus gestans g/öram, to sound, show the origin of Lat.
sagittas breves qualiter utuntur equites illarum c/arus, clear, with respect either to sound
partium qui Malandrini dicuntur.—Duc. or colour, and the E. tinkle, that of Fr.
From brigante, in the sense of a rob efince//e, a spark. From ON. g/amme,
ber, It. brigandare, to rob, to rove, to g/amr, tinnitus, g/amra, to resound, may
play the pirate or thief at sea, and hence be explained g/ampi, glitter, splendour,
a brigantine, a small light pinnace pro g/ampa, to shine, corresponding to the
per for giving chase or fighting—Bailey; Gr. Aduwa, Aapºrpác. Du. schaferent,
a vessel employed for the purpose of scheferen, to make a loud noise, to
piracy. shriek with laughter, schifferen, to shine,
A brigandine was a kind of scale to glisten. In Fin. there are many
armour, also called briganders, from examples of the same transfer of sig
being worn by the light troops called nification from the phenomena of the
Brigands. A Breton glossary quoted by one sense to those of the other; Kilia,
Ducange has “Arºgandiziott, Gall, brigan clare tinniens, clare lucens, splendens ;
dine, Lat. squamma; inde squammatus, --- e - -

Ailistia, tinnitum clarum moveo, splen

orné de brigandine.’
The sense of strife or combat express dorem clarum reflecto. Wi/isſº, to ring,
ed by briga is a particular case of the as glass; wil/a/a, wiſe//a, wiſahſaa, to
 BRIM BRIND LED IOI

flash, to glitter; Kajata, to resound, re Öreme/, a border, lap, fringe; ON. barmr,
echo, also to reflect, shine, appear at a the edge, border, lip of a vessel, lap of a
distance; Kimista, to sound clear (equiva garment; hence the bosom, originally
lent to the E. chime), Kiming, Sonus acutus,
the lap folding over the breast. E. barm,
the lap or bosom; barm-cloth or barm
clangor tinniens, Aimma/taa, kiimotſaa, skin, an apron.
to shine, to glitter; Áommaſa, Komista, The E. ryme, which seems identical
to sound deep or hollow; Æomottaa, to with rim, is used for the surface of the
shine, to shimmer. sea (Hawkins' Voyage). In the same
In like manner in Galla the sound of a
way Sw. brym is used in the sense both
bell is imitated by the word Óiſ/i/, whence of border or edge and surface, vaſtu
hi/hi/-goda (literally, to make biſhi/), to &ryn, the ryme of the water; tıgne-bryn,
ring, to glitter, beam, glisten.—Tutschek. the eye-brow. Dan. Özyn, brow of a hill,
The meaning of the Fr. bri//er, to surface of the ocean.
shine, seems to have been attained on a To Brim. Said of swine when in
principle exactly similar. We must pre heat. “Subo, to brymme as a boore doth
mise that an initial brand gr, as well as whan he geteth pigges.”—Elyot in Way.
&/ and g/, frequently interchange, as in The expression is now confined to the
Langued. breziſ, Fr. grºzil, small gravel, sow, as is the case also with Pl.D. brum
It. bru//o, gru//o, parched, broiled.— men : de sãge brummet, the sow is brim
Flor. We have then in Fr. the verbs
ming.—Brem. Wtb. G. brumſ, brunſ,
grisser, to creak, crackle; gresi//er, gris the heat of animals. Closely connected
Zer, to make a crackling noise, as of meat is OE. breme, brim, fierce, furious, vigor
in broiling ; griller, to creak, crackle, ous.-Hal.
broil; and corresponding to these, with Tancred went his way and Richard wek full brim.
an initial brinstead of gr, Sc. briss/e, Langtoft, 154.
Swiss Rom. briso/er, breso/er (Gloss. The highest condition of ungratified
Génév.), to broil, to parch, identical with passion, whether of desire or anger, finds
the Fr. breziller, bri//er, to twinkle, glit its vent in cries and roaring. Thus Lat.
ter, sparkle. Here it cannot be doubted fremo, to roar, is used of raging, excited,
that the original meaning of the Sc. or violent action. It. &ramire, to roar as
Ariss/e was derived from the crackling a lion, bray as an ass; &ramire, a long
noise made by meat in broiling, as in ing or earnest desire ; &ramare, earnestly
AS. brasſlian, to crackle, to burn. In Fr. to wish or covet.—Fl. Prov. &ramar,
&reziller, briller (related to each other as OFr. bramer, to utter cries.
&resiſler, gril/er), the meaning is trans L'amour, que epoinçonne
ferred from the domain of the ear to that Toute creature a s'aimer,
of the eye, from the analogous effect pro Les fait de rut si fort &ramer
duced on the sensitive frame by a crack Que le bois d'autour en resonne.—Rayn.
ling noise and a sparkling light. So Fr. Sp. bramar, to roar, to storm, to fret ;
A&iſſer, to crackle, to sparkle, to shake, &rama, rut, the heat of animals. Du.
to long for a thing. àremmen, rugire, sonitum edere; bremen,
The verb bri//er itself seems to have ardere desiderio.—Kil. Rugere, rugire
the sense of shaking or trembling in the (cervorum, leonum), brommen, Öremmen,
expression bri//er après, greedily to covet &rimmen, Örummem.—Dief. Supp.
—Cot.; properly to tremble with impa Brimstone. ON. brennistein, Sw.
tlence. dial. brånſisten, burning stone. In Ge
Instead of briller in this application nesis and Exodus, l. 754, we have brim
the Swiss Rom. uses óreso/er (il Öreso/e ſir, and l. I 164, brin/ize, for the burning
d'être maríe ; os qui Öreso/e, the singing of Sodom : ‘the brinyire's stinken smoke.”
bone), strongly confirming the contraction AS. bryne, burning. ON. (poet.) brimi,
of briller from brezi//er, and the cor fire.
respondence of the pair with gri//er, gre Brindled.—Brinded. Streaked, co
si/Zer, griller d’impatience.--Dict. Tre loured in stripes. ON. bröndoſ/r, s. s. ;
VOux. &rand-AErossoſ/r, cross-barred in colour,
It. brillare, to quaver with the voice. from brandr, a stick, post, bar. A
Örindled cow is in Normandy called
Brim.—Rim. G. brame, brame, Lith. vache brange'e, from bringe, a rod. Hence
bremas, border, margin, edge; Pol. bram, with an initial s, Sc. spraing, a streak,
border, brim; Magy. Aerem, fºrem, a bor s/rainged, striped or streaked.
der, fringe (Lat. Jimbria); Du. Wremie, The identity of ON. &randr and Fr.
I O2 BRINE BRO CADE

bringe is traced through the It. brano, emotions which produce it, is to erect the
&randello, a bit ; Fr. brin, a morsel, a hair, to birst/e, briss/e might properly be
slip or sprig of an herb; Berri, bringwe, used in the sense of startling, ruffling,
a crum, a morsel; bringe, a rod or twig, setting the hair on end, whence may be
#rindc//es de balai, the twigs of a besom. explained the Sc. expression, to set up
See Brand. one's birse, to put one in a rage; birssy,
Brine. As. bryne, Du. brijn (Kil.), Sc. hot-tempered, to be compared with the
&rim, brime. Liquamen vel garum, fisc It riórezzoso, angry. A cold bleak day
dryne.-Gl. Alfr. Brym, brim (poet.), the is called a birssy day, because it makes
sea; brymſlod, a deluge. In Dorset sea us shivery and goose-skinned, setting the
sand is called brim...and.—Hal. Salte hair on end ; compare It. brezza, a cold
water, saulmeure, or bryme.—Palsgr. and windy mist or frost.
The name seems to be taken from the Brittle.—Brickle. Formerly written
roaring of the waves; ON. brim, the surf, brotiſ, apt to break, from AS. brytan, ON.
breaking of the waves; brim sior, a stormy briofa, Ptg. brifar, to break. Dan. bryde,
sea ; brimh/iod, roar of the sea; brim to break, broaden, brittle. In the N. of
sa/ſr, very salt; brimli, flame. Gr. 3ptuw, E. and Sc. brickle, brock/e, bruckle, are
Fris. brimme, to roar. See To Brim. Da. used in the sense of brittle, from break.
&randing, the surf, from brande, to burn, The Pl.D. bros, brittle, is the equivalent
can only come from comparison of the derivative from the Gael. form bris, Fr.
noise of the breakers to the roar of briser. Bret. &resk, brusk, fragile.
flames. Broach. — Abroach. — Brooch. To
Brisk. Fr. brusque, lively, quick, rash, broach a cask is to pierce it for the pur
fierce, rude, harsh ; win brusque, wine of pose of drawing off the liquor, and hence,
a sharp, smart taste. It. brusco, eager, metaphorically, to broach a business, to
sharp, brisk in taste, as unripe fruits, sour, begin upon it, to set it a going. w. procio,
grim, crabbed. to thrust, to stab; Gael. brog, to goad, to
Brisket. Fr. brichet, the brisket or spur, and, as a noun, an awl. Prov.
breast-piece of meat; Norm. bruchet, broca, Fr. broche, a spit, a stitch; brocher,
Adam's apple in a man's throat, breast to spit, stitch, spur; Prov, brocar, It.
bone of birds; Bret. &ruched (Fr. ch.) the broccare, brocciare, to stick, to spur. Sp.
breast, chest, craw of a bird. “Pectus &roca, a brad or tack, a button; broche,
culum, brusketſ.”—Nat. Antiq. p. 222. a clasp, a brooch, i. e. an ornamented pin
Russ. briocho, Bohem. brich, bricho (with to hold the parts of dress together.
the diminutives, Russ. by ioshko, Boh. Lat. &rocchus, bronchus, a projecting
brissko), a belly. tooth ; It. brocco, a stump or dry branch
Bristle. As byrst; Sw, borst, Du. of a tree so that it prick a bud, a peg ;
borsſel, Sc. birs, birse, NE. brust. A thick sørocco, sprocco, a skewer, sprout, shoot.
elastic hair, strong enough to stand up of It is probable that there is a funda
itself. Corn. Öros, aculeus. – Zeuss. mental connection with the verb to break,
Walach. borzos (struppig), bristly; Swiss the notion of a sharp point being obtain
borzen, to stand out; Fr. d rebours, ed either from the image of a broken
against the grain ; rebrousser, to turn up stick (brocco, Stecco rotto in modo che
the point of anything.—Cot. Mid. Lat. punga—Altieri), or from that of a splinter
reburrus, rebursus, sticking up ; ‘In suá or small fragment, which in the case of
primaeva aetate habebat capillos crispos wood or similar material naturally takes
et rigidos et ut ita dicam rebursos ad the form of a prick, or finally from the
modum pini ramorum qui semper ten pointed form of a bud or shoot, breaking
dunt Sursum.'—Vita abbatum S. Crispini out into growth. It. brocco, a bud, broc
in Duc. co/i, sprouts. Compare also E. prick
The It. brisciare, brezzare, to shiver with Sw. Spricka, to crack, to shoot, to
for cold as in a fit of an ague, has under bud.
Breeze been connected with the Sc. A similar relation may be observed
brissle, birs/e, birstle, to broil, to scorch, between Sp. brote, a bud, a fragment,
originally merely to crackle or simmer. Prov. brot, a shoot or sprig, and forms
Hence ribreggare, to shiver for cold or like the ON. briofa, Port. britar, to break.
for fear, to astonish or affright with sud Broad. AS. braid, Goth. braids, ON.
den fear; ribrezzoso, startling, trembling, breidr, G. breit. See Spread.
full of astonishment, humorous, fantas Brocade. It. broccaſa, a sort of cloth
tical, suddenly angry. wrought with gold and silver. Commonly
Then as the effect of shivering, or the explained as from Fr. drocher, to stitch,
 BROCK BROKER IO3

in the sense of embroidered. But Mura Broil. Disturbance, trouble, a falling

tori shows that, though from the same out, a quarrel.—B. The sense has been
fundamental origin, the line of develop somewhat modified in later times by a
ment has been something different. It. confusion with brawl.
&rocco, a peg, stump, or Snag, is also But that thou wilt in winter ships prepare
applied to a knot or bunch in silk or And trie the seas in broile of whirling windes.
thread, whence broccare, to boss, to stud Surrey in R.
—Fl.; broccoso, broccuto, knotty, knobby;
and broccato was used to signify stuff The proper sense is that of Fr. brouil
ornamented with a raised pile, forming
ler (from whence it immediately comes),
knots or loops, or stuff embossed with
to jumble, trouble, shuffle, confound, to
make a hurly-burly.—Cot. It. broglio.
gold and silver. Ptg. /roco, a flock or Gael. broigh/ich, noise, bawling, confu
little tuft of silk or wool, a flake of snow;
frocadura, tufted ornaments, embroidery.
sion, tumult; brožgh/each, bustling, noisy,
tumultuous. From a direct imitation of
Brock. A badger, from the white a confused sound. Fr. brouhaha, brou
streaked face of the animal. Gael. broice,
a mole, a freckle, brutach, spotted, frec hour, storms, blusters, hurly-burlies.
See Brawl.
kled; breac, speckled, piebald ; broc, a
badger; brocach, Sc. broukit, brooked, B. To Contracted
Broil. To roast upon hot coals.-
from Fr. brasi//er, to
streaked or speckled in the face. Dan. roast on the braise, or glowing coals; or
&roged, parti-coloured, broc, a badger.
W. brech, brych, brindled, freckled, bry perhaps we should rather say formed like
Fr. brasiller, brusler, bruler, or It. bras
chau, motes, spots, atoms; Bret bric'h, ciare, brasciuolare, brasolare, brusciare,
briz, speckled, parti-coloured, streaked, àruci/are, brusuo/are (the last to be ar
brizen, a freckle. For the same reason
gued from brasciuole, brasuo/e, brusuale,
the badger is also called Bawson, q.v. fried or boiled steaks), bru//are, to burn,
Brocket. A hart of two years old.
Fr. brocart, because the animal at that parch, scorch, broil.—Florio. Sc. birs/e,
&rissle, to parch or broil. In all these
age has a single sharp broche or snag to words the imitative character of the de
his antler. The fallow-deer of the same
signation from the crackling sound of
age was termed a pricket.—Cot. flame and burning grease is felt in a
To Broider. Fr. broder, Sp. bordar,
to ornament with needle-work. Here lively manner. Compare G. Arasse/n, to
crackle, rustle, and AS. brast/iant, to
two distinct images seem to have coal crackle, to burn, Grisons brasc/a, sparks;
esced in a common signification. The E. brustle, to crackle, make a noise like
Bret. brouda, to embroider, to prick, to straw or small wood in burning.—Hal.
spur, and W. &rodio, to embroider, to
darn, point to an origin in Bret. broud, a When he is falle in such a dreme—
prick, sting, Gael. brod, E. brod, prod, to He routeth with a slepie noyse
prick. On the other hand the Sp. bor And broustleth as a monkes froyse (pancake)
When it is throwe into the panne.—Gower in R.
dar seems derived from borde, bordo, a
border, because a border of needle-work It. brusſolare, to scorch, broil, carbonado.
was the earliest mode of ornamenting a With an initial grinstead of brthe Fr.
garment. Ihre has gull-fford, a border has grisser, to crackle, creak, gresſ/ſer,
ornamented with gold, silkes-borda, a to crackle as a shell in the fire, or salted
border ornamented with silk. So from fish on coals, grislement, a crackling
Pol. bram, a border, bramowanie, em noise as of meat in broiling ; griſler, to
broidering. broil, precisely analogous to the Sc.
It may happen here, as will often be brissle and E. broil. The Italian has
found to be the case in other instances the double form brullo, grullo, parched,
where the derivation seems to halt be broiled.—Fl.
tween two roots, that these are them Broker. The custom of employing a
selves modifications of a common original. broker in the purchase of goods arises
Thus brod, a point, and bord' or òred, an
from the advantage of having a skilled
edge, agree in being the extremity of a
intermediary, capable from long practice
thing. The ON. brydda is both to sharpen
of forming a critical judgment of the
or furnish with a point, and also to sew
goods in question, of pointing out their
on a border or fringe to a garment. Com
latent defects, and rejecting whatever
pare also. AS. brera, breard, a brim, rim,
falls below the degree of excellence called
margin, with Sc. braird, the shoot of for by the circumstances of the case. To
corn, AS. onbºyrdan, to instigate. find fault is accordingly recognised in
IO4 BRONZE BROOD

Piers Plowman as the specific duty of a If we advance another step in the in

broker :- quiry and seek the origin of the term
Among burgeises have I be &rack, wrak, in the sense of rejection, we
Dwellyng at London, shall probably find the original image in
And gart Backbiting be a brocour, the act of spitting, as the liveliest expres
To blame men's ware.
sion of disgust and contempt for the re
On this principle the G. designation is jected object. G. brechen, Du. bracken,
maſſier, from make/, a blur, stain, fault ; to vomit ; E. dial. why cake, tussis,
make/n, to criticise, censure, find fault screatio – Junius ; wreak, a cough —
with, [and thence] to follow the business Hal. : ON. Araki, spittle ; hrak, any re
of a broker, buy and sell by commission. fuse matter. Fr. rayuer, racher, cracher,
—Küttner. For the same reason the to spit; racaiſ/e, refuse ; Prov. raca, an
OFr. term was correctour, couraſier, Lat. old worthless horse, analogous to Bohem.
corrector, correctarius, whence the mo *rakyne, an outcast or rejected sheep.
dern courtier, a broker. Per manus et The Langued. brumo, phlegm, spittle,
mediationem quorundam J. S. et A. G. has exactly the force of G. brack in the
&rocariorum et correctariorum ejusdem expression brumos de boufºgo, merchan
barganei.-Lib. Alb. 396. Vous jurrez dises de rebut ; G. brack-guſ, refuse
que vous ne marchandirez dez nullez wares. See Wreak.
marchaundisez queux vous ſerez correc In the sense of blot or stain there is a
tage. — Sacramentum Abrocariorum in singular confusion with brack, a breach
Lib. Alb. To correct an exercise is to or flaw, from break.
point out the faults. - Bronze. It. bronzo, Sp. bronce, pan
Now in most of the Teutonic (espe metal.-Fl. This word shows the same
cially the Pl.D.) and Slavonic dialects is relation to It. bronze, glowing coals,
found the root brak; or wrak in the sense which E. brass does to Sp. brasa, embers.
of rejection, refuse, vile, damaged, faulty, Bronzare, to braze, to copper. ON. &rasa,
giving rise to a verb signifying to inspect, to braze or solder iron with a lute of
make selection, sort, try out, reject, cast brass. It would appear then that the use
out. Lith. brožas, a fault, weak place, of the metal in soldering, an operation
matter of blame ; brokoti, to blame, to performed over hot coals, is the origin of
criticise (mäkeln). Russ. brak, refuse ; the designation both of bronze and brass.
braćovat, to pick and choose, to sort ; It may be compared with It. bronze, Sc.
&ražovanie, inspection, rejection ; Pol. &runds, brands, embers; to brund, to
trak, want, lack, refuse ; braćować, to emit sparks. – Jam. Grisons brinz/a,
garble, to pick, to be wanting. In the &rasc/a, a spark, shring/ar, to sparkle.
Teutonic class : Du. brack, rejected, The use of the word bronzed in the
damaged; braeck goed, goods damaged sense of tanned, sunburnt, is probably
by ...Ҽff Pl.D. brakem, to not originally derived from comparison
garble, inspect, try ; wražen, to pro with the colour of the metal bronze, but
nounce unsound, to reject; Dan. 7/rage, from the primary sense of the It. bronze,
to reject, find fault with, to sort goods; embers. Abbronzare, abbronzanchiare, to
s/aae wrag paa, to throw blame upon, roast on the embers, to scorch, tan, or
find fault with. G. brack-gut (Sanders), sunburn.—Fl.
Pl.D. wrack-good, refuse goods. Prov. Brood.—Breed. As, brod, a brood ;
brac, refuse, filth, mud, ordure, and as an brid, the young of any animal ; bredazz,
adj. vile, dirty, abject. Fr. bric-a-brac, to nourish, cherish, keep warm. Du.
trumpery, brokers’ goods. See Brackish. &roeden, to sit on eggs, to hatch ; G. brief,
The name broker seems to have come the spawn of fishes, progeny of birds, in
to us from the shores of the Baltic, with sects, and fishes ; britten, to hatch, bring
which much of our early commerce was eggs and spawn into active life. Pl. D.
carried on. In those countries the term &rod, brot, fish-spawn; bröden, Öröen, to
braker, bracker, or wracker is used to hatch, bridae, a chicken. Commonly re
signify public inspectors, appointed to ferred to the notion of warming, in which
classify goods according to their quality, sense the OHG. bruoton is used by Not
and to reject the damaged and unsound. ker : ‘also unsih diu uuolla bruoteſ unde
—Adelung. In Petersburgh the price of uuider froste skirmet, as wool warms us
tallow is quoted with or without brack, and protects us against frost. Bret.
the term brack signifying the official in broud, hot, burning, fermenting. W. &rway,
spection of sworn brackers or sorters.- hot, warm ; brydio, to be hot. ODu.
Tooke's Catherine, I. 38. &rieden, to brew. See Broth.
 BROOK BROWSE IOS

Brook. As, broca, a brook; W. &ritcheſt, The diminutive bordeau, bordel, was
the bubbling or springing up of water, a originally used in the innocent sense of
spring, a source; Gael. bruich, to boil, a little cottage.
seethe, simmer ; from the murmuring Ne laissent en Chartrain ne en Dive borde/,
noise. Gr. 3pixw, to roar, 3ptºw, to spring ; Ne maison en estant qui soit fors du chastel.
Duc.
Bohem. bruceti, to murmur. The mean
Domunculum circumdedit cum familia. So
ing of the word brook in the low G. dia
lects is very different, signifying low wet rengus vero expergefactus de bordello exiit et
ſugiens in vivariam exire voluit.-Duc.
land (Brem. Wtb.); a grassy place in a
heath.-Overyssel Almanack. Brother. A term widely spread through
It is possible that brook in the E. sense the branches of the Indo-Germanic stock.
may be connected with Russ. &reg; Gael. Sanscr. bhratr; Zend. Öröta, Gael. bra
bruach, Manx broogh, brink, verge, bank, thair, W. brawd; Slavon. bratr; Lat.
as Fr. rivière, a river, It. riviera, a shore, frater.
from riffa, bank. Brow. The ridge surrounding and
To Brook. To digest, to bear patiently. protecting the eye. AS. braew, brºgh,
AS. brucan, to use, eat, enjoy; Goth. Pol. brew, Russ. brow, brow. Bohem.
&ružjan, to use ; brużs, useful; G. brau &rauðiti, to border. Du. brauwe, eye-lid,
chem, to use. Lat. frui, /ructus. eye-brow, and also border, margin, fur
Broom. A shrub with leafless pointed edging.—Kil. ON. &rd, eye-lid, eye-lash ;
branches. G. Afriemkraut, awl-plant. brun, eye-brow, edge, eminence ; Dan.
See Bramble. bryn, eye-brow, brow of a hill, surface of
Broth. It. brodo, Fr. brouet, broth ; the ocean ; Sw. bryn, edge, border, sur
Du. broºye, brue, OHG. brod, G. brithe, face. W. bryn, a hill. G. augen-braune,
Pl.D. broi, properly boiling water; brilhen, eye-brow.
&roien, to scald, pour boiling water over. The AS. forms appear related to the
Ir. bruiſhim, to boil; bruithe, sodden, Russ. breg, Bohem. breh, Gael. Öruach, a
boiled; bruithean, heat, warmth ; bruth brink, bank, shore ; Serv. Öreg, a hill,
ch'an, broth; brothaire, a caldron. Gael. bank, shore.
&rwich, bruith, to boil, brothas, broth ; Brown. Ger. braun, ON. brun, It.
Manx broie, to boil, broit, broth. Bret. Aruno, Fr. brun, perhaps burnt colour,
&roud, W. brºwd, hot. G. brodem, Öroden, the colour of things burnt, from Goth.
steam from heated bodies, in which brinnan, G. brennen, to burn.
sense the Sc. broth is sometimes used ; a Browse. Fr. brouter, brouser, brouster,
person is said to be in a broth of sweat to knap or nibble off the sprigs, buds,
who is steaming with sweat. Du. broem bark, &c. of plants ; broust, a sprig,
(for brodem), spuma, sordes seu strigmata young branch, or shoot. — Cot. Bret.
rerum decoctarum. The origin is a re brows, brous, a bud; brous-Åoad, brush
presentation of the simmering of boiling
wood ; browskaol, broccoli, cabbage
water. Limousin broudi, brudi, to make sprouts; brous-gwezen, a shrub ; brousſ,
a confused noise of winds, waves, &c. briar, thick bush ; brousta, to browse, to
Pl.D. brudde/n, to bubble up with noise. grow into a bush. Prov. Örotar, to shoot,
The softening down of the consonant bud, grow ; brossa, OFr. broces, brosses,
(which is barely pronounced in Gael. Catalan brossa, Sp. broza, thicket, brush
&rothas) gives the OE. browys, Örewis, wood ; brofar, to sprout, bud, break out
Brewet, pottage, broth, and Sc. brose. as small-pox, &c.; Gris. &raussa, low
The AS. has brºw, infusion, ceaſes briw, shrubs, as rhododendrons, juniper, &c.
kail brose, cabbage soup ; Sc. &roo, bree, Prov. bruts, heath. Fr. brogues, Örosses,
pottage made by pouring boiling water on &rousses, brouches, brouic, bruc, bushes,
meal, infusion; the barley bree, juice of briars, heath.-Roquef. Mid. Lat. &rus
malt, ale; Gael. brigh, juice of meat, sap, cia, brozia, dumetum. ‘Tam de terrá
pith, vigour, strength ; Ir. bruth, strength, *ruscosá quam de arabili.”—Duc. Serv.
vigour, rage, heat; explaining the Prov. &rst, sprouts; brstiți, to browse. OHG. &ros,
briu, and It. &rio, mettle, spirit. sprout. Bav. Öross, brosst, a bud, a sprout.
Brothel. Sp. borda, a hut or cottage; It. brocco, sprocco, broccoſo, shoot, sprout.
Fr. borde, a little house or cottage of Here we find throughout the Romance,
timber, hut, hovel. — Cot. Commonly Teutonic, Celtic, and Slavonic families, a
derived from the boards, of which the variety of forms, broc, bros, brost, sproc,
fabric consists. But the Walach. bor s/ross, sprot, signifying twigs, shoots,
defou is an underground hut as well as a sprouts, or bushes and scrubby growths,
house of ill fame. plants composed of twigs, or broken up
106 BRUISE BRUSH

into a multitude of points. There can be *rocar, to cleanse, broza, a brush ; Gael.
little doubt that they are all derived from &ritis (in the pl.), shivers, splinters, frag
the notion of breaking out, which we find ments, bruis (sing.), a brush; E. bris, brist,
expressed by similar modifications in the dust, rubbish. Piedm. bruscia, brustia, a
termination of the root, brić, bris, brist, horse-brush, wool-card, brustie, to brush,
prit, to break or burst. See next article, Lang. brousſia, a flax comb, G. borsſe,
and also Brush, Broach. &irste, Sw. borste, a brush.
Bruise. As. Arysan, OE. brise, to crush. In E. also the word brush had formerly
And he that schal falle on this stone schall be the sense of dust or flue.
broken, but on whom it schall falle, it schall al
to brisen him.—Wicliff. (Agea) said, Sir by your speche now right well I
h ere
-

Fr. briser, to break, crush, bruise ex That if ye list ye may do the thing that I most
tremely. — Cot. O Fr. bruiser. — Diez. desire,
Prov. brisar, desbrisar, to break to bits ; And best
that is, this your heritage there you liked
Gael. bris, brisa, brist, Port. &ritar, to That ye might give: and ever among, the brush
break. away she pikid
A modification of the same root which From her clothes here and there, and sighid
gives the E. break, the interchange of the therewithal.-Chaucer, Beryn.
final consonants being clearly shown in
the derivatives, Prov, brico or brizo, a While cajoling her husband, she kept
crum ; briketo, brizeto, bricalio, a little picking the dust or bits of flue from her
bit ; briga/, dust, fragments; briza/ de clothes to hide her embarrassment. To
carbon, du bris de charbon de terre, coal &rush then would be to dust, to clear
dust. See Breeze. away the brush or dust and rubbish.
Bruit. Fr. bruit, It. bruito, Pr. brºit, On the other hand, the derivation is
a noise, a rumbling, Fr. and It. bruire. equally satisfactory from the twigs or
Pr. brugir, bruzir, to make a rumbling. bristles of which the brush is composed.
* Brunt. Brunt, insultus, impetus; The Lat. scopa signifies in the first in
styrtyn' or brunton', or sodenly comyn' stance twigs, and in the second place a
agen an enmy, insilio, irruo. — Pr. Pm. besom, while the word besom itself pro
Prunt of a daunger, escousse, effort.— perly signifies twigs, rods. The same re
Palsgr. The brunt of an engagement is lation holds good between G. borste, Sw.
the shock of battle when the two armies &orst, a bristle, and G. borsfe, birste, Sw.
actually come in collision. /orste, a brush ; NE. brust, a bristle, and
That in all haste he would join battayle even Piedm. brustia, a brush, wool-card. Bav.
with the bront or brest of the vangarde.—Hall in bross, àross/, a bud or sprout; Bret. &rous,
R. The fore rydars put themselves in prese with a bud, shoot ; brous/oad, brushwood,
their longe lances to win the first brunte of the wood composed of twigs. . Prov. Örtze,
field.-Fabyan. &rus, brusc (Dict. Castr.), heath, quasi
OE. brunt, a blow. twigs, a shrub composed of small twigs;
Bot baysment gef myn herte a brunt. Lang. brousso, a tuft of heath ; Fr. brosse,
Allit. Poems, E. E. Text Soc. A. 174. a bush, bushy ground, also a head-brush,
All that was bitten of the beste was at a brunt
wool-card, flax-comb ; brosseſſes, small
dede.—K. Alexander, p. 134. heath whereof head-brushes are made.—
of burt, to butt.—Pr. Pm. Prov, burs, Cot. Brusshe, to make brusshes on,
shock, blow; burcar, abroncan, Fr. bron bruyère.— Palsgr. 201. It. brusca, ling or
cher, to strike the foot against an obstacle, heath for brushes.—Fl. ON. brus&r, a
to stumble. bush of hair, tuft of grass or hay, a brush.
Brush. An implement made of bristles Perhaps the explanation of the double
or elastic twigs for whisking away small origin is to be found in the fact that the
extraneous matters from a surface. It is words signifying mote, dust, rubbish, and
singular that the word may be derived those signifying a sprig, twig, bush, are
with equal propriety from the dust or both derived from modifications of the
rubbish it is used to remove, or from the multiform root signifying break, appear
materials of which it is itself composed. ing in Goth. brikan, Gael. bris, brist, Fr.
Cat. &rossa, quisquiliae, sordes, faex ; bros Ariser, Port. brifar. The Bav. Öross,
sar, detergere; Gael, brusg, a crum, It. &rosst, Bret, brous, OFr. broust, a bud,
&rusco, bruscolo, a mote, fescue ; brusca, twig, or shoot, seems named from burst
a brush ; Swiss bruske, Piedm. brosse, ing (ON. brisſa) or breaking out ; or the .
remnants of hay or fodder, orts, brossa, a separate twigs or bristles may be con
brush ; Sp. broza, chips, dust, rubbish, sidered as splinters, as It. brusco, bruscoſo,
 BU BBLE BUCK Io/
&ruschetta, a little piece of wood or straw, open lath-work, which is also used in a great
fescue, mote. But see Bristle. portion of the ends and sides of the main building,
Bubble. It. bubbola. From an imita to allow a free current of air.—Illust. News,
March 28, 1857.
tion of the sound made by the bubbling
liquid. Bohem. bub/afi, to murmur, bub Buck. The male goat, also applied
Zirta, a bubble; Pol. 6 ºffel, a bubble, a to the male deer, and then to other wild
tumour; Lith. buffs, ti, to bubble, boil; animals, as a buck rabbit. W. &wch,
&lt&auſi, to bellow as a bull; bubenfi, to Gael. boc, Fr. bouc. Probably named
thunder gently; bubiti, to beat ; bub/eti, from the tendency of the animal to butt
to bump as a bittern. Sc. bub, a blast or strike with the forehead. Fin. pußata,
of wind. to butt ; Esthon. pokkama, to butt, to
A bubble and a lump or swelling are kick; Magy. Óðſºni, to stick, to butt. Pol.
very, generally designated by the same Attº, knock, rap, tap ; Gael. &oc, a knock
word, either because a bubble is taken as or blow ; Fr. buyuer, bucquer, to knock
the type of anything round and swelling, at a door, to butt or jurr; Dan. bukke, to
or because the same articulation is used ram down a gun. It becro is a radically
to represent the pop of a bubble bursting, different form, from bek / bef / represent
and the sound of a blow, from which the ing the bleating of a goat.
designation of a knob, hump, or projec To Buck. Formerly, when soap was
tion is commonly taken. Fr. buffe, a push, not so plentiful a commodity, the first
wheal, blister, watery bud, hunch or operation in washing was to set the linen
bump. — Cot. “Burble in the water— to soak in a solution of wood ashes. This
&udette."—Palsgr. Magy. Óoð, buð, pup, a was called bucking the linen, and the
bunch, hump, tuft, top, buðorek, a bubble. ashes used for that purpose were called
To Bubble. See Dupe. duck-ashes. The word was very generally
Buccanier. A set of pirates in the spread. In G. it is beuchen, bauchen,
17th century, who resorted to the islands &eichen, buchen, bitchen, bliżen ; Sw. Ayka,
and uninhabited places in the West Dan. Ayge; Fr. buyuer, Öuer, It. buca
Indies, and exercised their cruelties prin tare; Bret. bugdi. Sp. Özgada, lye. The
cipally on the Spaniards. The name, ac derivation has been much discussed. The
cording to Olivier Oexmelin, who wrote a more plausible are :—
history of adventurers in the Indies, is 1. Dan. bog-aske, the ashes of beech
derived from the language of the Caribs. wood, chiefly employed in making potash;
It was the custom of those savages when but the practice of bucking would have
they took prisoners to cook their flesh on arisen long before people resorted to any
a kind of grate, called barbacoa (whence particular kind of wood for the supply of
the term barðecue, a barbecued hog, a ashes.
hog dressed whole). The place of such a 2. It. bucata, buck-ashes, supposed to
feast was called boucan (or according to be so called from buca, a hole, because
Cotgrave the wooden gridiron itself), and the ashes are strained through a pierced
this mode of dressing, in which the flesh dish, in the same way that the term is in
was cooked and smoked at the same time, Sp. colada, lye, bucking, the linen at buck,
was called in Fr. boucaner. from colar, to strain, to filter, to buck,
The natives of Florida, says Laudon lessiver, faire la lessive. But the analogy
nière (Hist, de la Floride, Préſ. A.D. 1586, does not hold, because bucare does not
in Marsh), “mangent toutes leurs viandes appear ever to have been used in the
rosties sur les charbons et boucanºes, c'est sense of straining or filtering.
a dire quasi cuictes à la fumée.” In Hack The true derivation is seen in Gael.
luyt's translation ‘dressed in the smooke dog, moist, soft, tender, and as a verb, to
which in their language they call hou steep or soak. Bret. bouzº, soft, tender,
camed.' Hence those who established them &oukaat, to soften. The ideas of wet and
selves in the islands for the purpose of soft commonly coalesce, as G. erweichen,
smoking meat were called buccaniers. to soak, from weich, soft ; It. mol/e, soft,
Dict: Etym...The term bocan is still ap wet; Lat. mollire, to soften, and Fr.
plied in the W. I. to a place used for the mouiſ/ir, to wet; Pol. mokry, wet; miekki,
drying of produce. soft ; micknað, to soak, to soften ; moczyd,
to soak foul linen before washing. Bohem.
Qur next illustration represents the Bocan, or
building used for drying and preparing cocoa moć, a steep for flax. To buck then
and coffee. The building is regularly constructed would originally be to set the linen to
with two floors, the upper for coffee, the lower soak in lye, and as m and b so often in
for cocoa. They are divided by partitions of terchange (comp. W. madan and Čačan,
Io3 BUCK-BEAN BUDGET

a baby), the word is probably identical Buckram. It. bucherame, Fr. bow
with mok, the root of the Slavonic words gran, boucaram, Mid. Lat. bogue, annus.
above mentioned, and of the Lat. macero, It is explained by Müller (MHG. Wtb.) as
to soak. In Lat. imbuere, the guttural if the stuff was made of goat's hair. It
termination is lost, as in Fr. bude for is commonly mentioned as a precious
diſquée. In the dialect of the Setti Cem stuff, and the reference to It. bucherare,
mani, where the G. w in the beginning of to pierce holes, is doubtless fallacious.
words is converted into b, G. weich, soft, “Una coltre di bucherame Cipriana bian
becomes àoch, boach, and weichen, ein chissima.”—Boccaccio.
weichen, to soak, become bochen, boa Bucolic. Lat. bucolicus, from Gr.
chen, inboachen, arguing (as Marsh sug BouxoMkoc, belonging to the calling of the
gests) an original connection between herdsman; Bovkó\oc, agreeing with Gael.
Gael. bog and G. weich. &uachai//e, a cowherd, from bo, cattle,
Buck-bean. A water-plant with leaves and g//e, a boy, a servant. W. caiſ, a
like a bean. Dan. buáže-blad, goat-leaf; fold; ceilio, to pen cattle.
N. &/ei/-k/auv, goat's hoof. * Bud. The knob or projection form
* Bucket. Hardly identical with Fr. ed by the swelling germ of leaves or
bayiteſ (dim. of bac, a trough), a pail or flowers. The entire train of thought is
bucket, a small shallow and open tub.- seen in Hesse boſz, potz, crack, loud
Cot. NE. bouk is a pail; and with the dim. noise ; butzen (Du. boſzen, butzen—K.), to
&ucket is probably an equivalent of It. knock, to butt; butzen, clump, bunch,
do/gia, bo/getta, a budget, also a leather tuft; Bav. botzen, butzen, lump, knob ;
bucket—Fl.; Fr. bouge, a wallet, male or &otzen, bud; “Autzen, turgere; buczendig,
case of leather; bouge/fe, a little coffer or turgidus.”—Schm. Swab. butz, stroke,
trunk of wood covered with leather. Mid. blow, prick in a target, rump of fowls;
Lat. buſga, pulga, OHG. fu/ga, Bav. bul anything short of its kind, a dumpy
gin, a leathern sack. See Bulk. child. Du. butze, a bump, swelling,
* Buckle. A buckle or fastening for botch.-K. Bret. bād, boden, a tuft,
a leather strap probably takes its name clump, bunch ; explaining Fr. rabode,
from the convex shape or from the boss short and thick of stature. Fr. bouter,
with which it was ornamented. Prov.to thrust, put, push forwards, to bud or
docſa, b/oca, OFr. bocle, boss of a shield, put forth as a tree in the spring (Cot.);
ornamental stud. Fr. boucler, to swell, ôouton, a bud, a pustule ; bout, the end or
rise or bear out in the middle.—Cot. To thrusting part of a long body, a stump;
duck/e 1/, of a surface, is to shrivel up, to wn bout d'homme, a stumpy man. So
throw itself into prominences and hollows. W. pºwtio, to poke, thrust, butt ; pºwf o
Fr. boucſe, a curl, a ring. The word is a dayn, a short thick man. Du. Aote, foot,
mere transposition of the elements found Dan. Aode, a shoot, scion, set of a plant;
in bit/#, and as in the case of the latter Hesse potten, to graft or bud trees, to
word, the radical image seems to be a set plants.
bubble taken as the type of a rounded * Bud, Bus. Behoves. “I bus goe tyll
prominence. It. boccuſa, Fr. boucſe, Sw. bedde.” “And this sacrament bus have
dial. Óog/a, Pol. buſka, a bubble; It. three thyngis."—Hal. This expression
dog//re, boſ/ire, to boil. W. &og/yn, bub may probably be explained by N. bod, bo,
ble, boss, knob ; dwſryn bog/yºu, water message, call ; bo, need. “Du ha inkje
a bubbling ; boge/, a navel, nave of a bo te gjera da :’ you have no need, no
wheel; bogeilio, to boss or swell out; G. call, no business to do that.
buckel, protuberance, excrescence, hump, Budge. The dressed fur of lambs, a
boss, bullion, stud, clasp of a book. Dan. material no doubt early supplied by the
&ugle, a boss, bump, swelling, dint; big. pastoral nations of Slavonic race, with
Aeſ, having a boss, dinted. whom it is still much in use. Russ. Arts/º',
Buckler. The Fr. boucle, Prov. Bocſa, fur, skins; pushit’, to line with fur.
&/oca, a buckle or protuberance, were To Budge. Bret. bordſ, movement;
specially applied to the boss of a shield. bouljein, Fr. bouger, to move, stir, budge,
Il l’a feru desor l'escu, probably from the notion of bubbling,
Dusqu’en la boc/e l'a fendu. boiling. Port. buſir, to budge. Nao vos
Partonopeus de Blois in Rayn. bu/ais d'aqui, don't stir from hence, don't
Hence bouclier, Prov. bloguier, Sp. bro budge. Pied. shoge, to stir. ON. bulla,
gueſ. It. brocchiere, a buckler or shield to boil; bullf, motus creber.
with a central boss. So ON. bugnir, a Budget. Fr. bougette, dim. of bouge,
shield, from blºgy, convexity. a budget, wallet, great pouch, or male of
 BUFF . BU G Io9

leather serving to carry things behind a From thence it has been transferred in
man on horseback.-Cot. It. bo/gia, E. to the sideboard on which the drink
bo/getta, a budget, leathern bucket. From ables are placed at meals, and in Fr. to
&u/ga, a skin. the office in a department where other
Buff. A buff sound is a toneless sound kind of business is carried on, while in
as of a blow. Magy. bºſogni, to give a Sp. it has passed on to signify simply a
dull sound; Pl.D. duff, dull, of colours, desk or writing-table.
sounds, tastes, smells; een du/ent tooſt, a Buffoon. Fr. bouffon, a jester, from
deadened tone; eene duffe couleur, a dull It. buffa, a puff, a blast or a blurt with
colour. the mouth made at one in scorn; buffare,
Buff.-Buffle.—Buffalo. Lat. bºtha
to jest or sport.—Fl.
/us, Russ. buivol, Fr. buffle, the buffe, A puff with the mouth is probably in
buffle, bugle, or wild ox, also the skin or dicative of contempt, as emblematically
neck of a buffe.—Cot. The term was making light of an object. “And who
then applied to the skin of the buffalo minds Dick P Dick's nobody Whoo !
dressed soft, buff leather, and then to the He blew a slight contemptuºus breath
yellowish colour of leather so dressed. as if he blew himself away.”—David Cop
It. buffalo, a buffle or a bugle, by meta perfield. A Staffordshire artisan giving
phor, a block-headed noddy.—Fl. Hence an account of one who had been slighted
the E. buffle-headed, confused, stupid. said, “They rether puffed at him.’
The name of the beast seems taken from Bug.—Bugbear.—Boggart.—Bogle.
a representation of his voice. Lith. bu God's boast seemed to him but bugges, things
&enſi, to bellow ; Magy. biºſogni, to give made to feare children.—Z. Boyd in Jam.
a hollow sound.
The meaning of Bug is simply an object
Buff—Buffet. A blow. From buff/ of terror, from the cry Bo A Boo / Boh /
an imitation of the sound of a blow.
made by a person, often covering his
Pl.D. buffºn, to strike; E. rebuff, to re face to represent the unknown, to frighten
pulse; It. buffare, Fr. bouffer, to puff, to children. The use of the exclamation
blow ; It. biſ/e/ſo, a cuff or buffet, also a for this purpose is very widely spread.
blurt or puff with one's mouth. G. puff, Gael. bo Z an interj. to excite terror in
a clap, buffet, cuff; Lith. buðiti, to beat. children.—Macleod. W. Özv / It. bait /
In other cases, as Diez remarks, the ‘Far bau / bale Z-far paura a' bambini
word for a stroke is connected with a
coprendosi la volta.”—La Crusca. Alter
verb signifying to blow; Fr. souffle!, a nately covering the face in this manner
buffet, from souffler, to blow; souffleſ,', to form an object of sportive terror, and
often blown upon, boxed on the ear; and then peeping over the covering to relieve
the word blow itself is used in both
the infant from his terror, constitutes the
Senses.
game of Bo-peep, Sc. Teet-bo.
Buffet. Fr. buffet, a side-board. Fr. The two children—were playing in an oppo
buffºr, bouffer, to puff, to blow. The site corner, Lillo covering his head with his skirt,
primary sense of buffeter seems to have and roaring at Ninna to frighten her, then peep
been to take out the vent peg of a cask, ing out again to see how she bore it.—Romola,
and let in the air necessary for drawing iii. 265.
out liquor, as from Lith. dausa, air, The cry made to excite terror is then
breath, dausin fi, to give air to a cask in used, either alone or with various termin
order to let the beer run. ations, to signify an indefinite object of
Si vos chartiers—amenant pour la provision terror, such as that conjured up by child
de vos maisons certain nombre de tonneaux de ren in the dark.
vin les avaient º et beus à demi, le reste L'apparer del giorno
emplissant d'eau, &c.—Rabelais. Che scaccia l' Ombre, il Bau e le Befane
Biºff-ſer, to marre a vessel of wine by —the peep of day which scatters spectres, bugs,
often tasting it; buffeté, deadened, as and hobgoblins.—La Crusca.
wine that hath taken wind, or hath been Swiss baui, bauwi, mumming, bugbear,
mingled with water. — Cot. Mid. Lat. scarecrow; G. baubau, wauwau, Esthon.
&zºſºſarius, Fr. buff-feur, tabernarius, popo, Magy. bubus, Sc. boo, bukow (kow,
caupo. Buſeſarium, the duty paid for a goblin), buman, E. dial boman, Pl.D.
retailing wine in taverns. The verb bumann, Limousin bobal, boëaow, W. &w,
&zz/ºzer may thus be translated to tap, bwg, bubach, a bugbear, a hobgoblin.
&zz//~/ier, a tapster. Thus buffet would Far barabao is explained in Patriarchi's
signify the tap of a public-house or tavern, Venetian dict. far bait / bau / to cry boh!
the place whence the wine was drawn. and il brutto barabao is interpreted il
 i io ISU C .. BUGLE
Tentennimo, iſ brutfo Demonio, the black a maggot. It. baco, a silk-worm, also a
bug, the buggaboo ; W. &wgar, a bugbear boa-peep or vain bug-bear; baco-baco,
(Spurrell), E. dial. bugar, the Devil.-Hal. boa-peep.-Fl. Limousin boëaou, bo/a/,
W. &w / is used as an interjection of a bug-bear, is also used as the generic
threatening, and signifies also terror as name of an insect.—Béronie. So in Al
well as the terrific object. Manx boa, boo, banian bouffe, a bug-bear, and in child's
fear, affright. language any kind of insect. Magy.
The repetition of the radical syllable *us, bug-bear, Serv. Auba, vermin. ſt.
with more or less modification represents (au, bug-bear, Grisons bau, insect, beetle;
the continuance of the terrific sound. *au d'ureig/ia, earwig; /au da grascha,
The final guttural of w. bag and E. bug dung-beetle. Sw, tro//, a goblin, monster,
is found in Illyrian bukati, Magy. bogii, provincially an insect. In Norse applied
to bellow, biºgni, to roar; Swiss 8%ggen, especially to beetles or winged insects.
to bellow like an angry bull when he –Aasen. Illyr. gad, disgust, insect. Lap.
paws the ground; bºgg, bºgº, 8%, a rååme, an insect, worm, any disgusting
mask or disguise (from being originally animal, also a bug-bear, ghost. Sp. coco,
adopted with the intention of striking a worm, also a bug-bear.
terror), a misshapen person. The name mºus
19.
8. I. Swelling, protuberant. See
of bugabo was given, according to Coles,
to an "ugly wide-mouthed picture’ carried * 2. The word has a totally different
about at May games. Lith. &auginſ, to origin in the expression bugs words, fierce,
terrify ; bugti, to take fright, to take bug, high-sounding words. ‘Cheval de from
as it is provincially expressed in England. Aet/e, one whom no big nor bugs words can
—Hal. To take buggart or boggart is terrify.'-Cot. Parolone, high, big, roar
used in the same sense, and a boggarty ing, swollen, long, great or bug words.-
horse is one apt to start, to take fright. Fl. ‘Big as a lord.” In my time at
With a different termination we have Rugby school bug was the regular term
w. &wgw/, threatening, terrifying ; Sc. for conceited, proud. Bogge, bold, for
Bogil, bogle, bogi/ bo (E. buggaboo), a ward, saucy—Grose.
spectre, bugbear, scarecrow ; Lesachthal, In this sense of the word it seems to
póggile, fogg!, a bugbear for children, rest, on the notion of frightening with a
and thence an owl from its nightly hoot loud noise, blustering, threatening, and is
ing. — Deutsch. Mundart. iv. 493. Lett. thus connected with bug, bug-bear. Swiss
&aig/is, an object of terror. Russ. Augat, &daggen, to bellow like an angry bull;
pujat', to frighten ; fugalo, pujalo, a bºgg, *g/, a proud overbearing man—
Scarecrow.
Stalder ; bog, larva (a bug-bear, hobgob
In bug-bear or bear-bug, the word is lin); %gge, superbire.—Schmidt. Idioti
joined with the name of the beast taken Con Bernense.
as an object of dread.
Bugle. I. Same as buffle, a buffalo.
The humour of melancholye
Causith many a man in slepe to cry,
These are the beasts which ye shall eat of:
For ſere of bert's or of fo/is blake, 9xen, shepe and gootes, hert, roo, and bugle.—
Bible, 1551. Deut. xiv.
Or ellis that blake buggy's wol him take.
Chaucer.
Hence bugle-horn, properly a buffalo
where we find imaginary bulls and bears horn, then a horn for drinking, or on
classed with bugs as objects of nightly which notes are played in hunting.
terror. Janus sits by the fire with double berd
Bug. 2. The name of bug is given in And drinketh of his bugle horn the wine.
Chaucer.
a secondary sense to insects considered
as an object of disgust and horror, and in Lat. bucula, a heifer. Mid. Lat. buculus,
modern English is appropriated to the OFr. bugle, buffle, boeuf sauvage.—Ro
noisome inhabitants of our beds, but in Quef. Probably, as Buffalo, from the cry of
America is used as the general appella
tion of the beetle tribe. They speak of a the animal; Serv. bukati, Magy. Öºgni,
tumble-bug, rose-bug. A similar applica Fr. bugler, beugler, to bellow.
tion of the word signifying an object of 2. An ornament of female dress con
dread, to creeping things, is very common. sisting of fragments of very fine glass
Russ. bukashka, a beetle, is the dim. of pipes sewn on. “Et dictae dominae nunc
*uka, a bug-bear. The w. bºwcai signifies portant bugo/os qui sic nominantur, quos
what produces dread or disgust, and also cooperiunt capillis capitis earum ligatis
 BUILD - BULK I I I

supra dictos bugolos.”—De moribus civi vessel. ‘Bossé, knobby, bulked or bump
ed out.'—Cot.
um Placentiae.—A.D. 1388. Muratori.
To Build. From ON. bud, OSw, boa, The radical sense is shown in Russ.
bo, G. bauen, to till, cultivate, inhabit, were &ulkal', to bubble up; Pol. bulka, a bub
formed bol, a farm, byli, a habitation, ble ; Gael. &alg, bog, bubble (balgan
OSw. bo/, bø/e, byli, domicilium, sedes, wisge, a water-bubble), blister, bag, wal
villa, habitaculum, whence by/ja, to raise let, boss of shield, belly, womb, bellows;
a habitation, to build, or, as it was for &ui/gean, bubble, bladder, pimple, pouch;
merly written in English to byl/e. &ui/geadh, bubbling up, as water begin
That city took Josue and destroyed it and ning to boil; bo/g, buſ.g., belly, anything
cursed it and alle hem that bylled it again.—Sir prominent, a lump or mass, the hold of a
Jno. Mandeville. ship ; bo!g (as verb), blow, swell, puff,
blister; Manx bo/g, bolgan, bubble, blis
Bulb. Lat. bulbus, Gr. 30XBöc, a tuber ter, belly, boss, knob, globule; bo/g-/hu
ous or bulbous root ; Lith. buſhe, bulwis,
£ngey, the bilge or hold of a ship; bo/gey,
the potato; G. bol/e, bulle, bulbe, a bulb ; to blow, swell, blister. W. &w/g, a round
Du. bol, bolle, a globe, ball, head ; bo/, bulky body; bºw/gan, a straw corn-vessel.
bolleken van loock, the head of an onion. ‘Bu/gas Galli sacculos scorteos vocant.”
Gr. 30Å3a, Lat. vulva, the womb. —Festus.
From the image of a bubble taken as Passing to the Scandinavian and Teu
the type of anything round, swollen, hol tonic dialects we have Goth. balgs, skin
low. In the representation of natural bag; G. ba/g, skin of an animal, husk,
sounds, the position of liquids in the word pod ; ON. be/gr, skin flayed whole, leather
is very variable. In English, as well as sack, belly; be/gſa, bolgma, Dan. bulne,
bubble, we have blob or bleå and blubber to swell, to puff up ; bo/ginn, swollen ;
in the same sense. The Walach. has
OE. bo/nyn, tumeo, turgeo; bo/nyd, tumi
bulbuk, a bubble, and bulbuká, to bubble dus.-Pr. Prm. “See how this tode bo/-
up, to spring, swell, be protuberant. See neth.’—Palsgr. MHG. bilge, balc, bulgen,
next article.
gebolgen, to swell. The addition of a dim.
Bulch. A bunch or projection. NE. or feminine termination gives Bav. bulgen,
bulse, a bunch.-Hal. ‘Bourser, to gather, It. bo/gia, bo/getta, a leather sack or bud
make bulch, or bear out as a full purse, get ; Fr. boulge, bouge, a leathern sack or
to bunt or leave a bunt in a sail.’—Cot.
portmanteau, a strouting or standing out
Ptg. bolso, pocket, also the bunt or hollow in a flat piece of work, boss of a buckler,
of a sail.
belly, outleaning in the middle of a wall
Bulge. See Bulk. (Cot.), bulge or convex part of a cask.
Bulk. 1. Bu/4, in Sc. and N. of E. Hence E. bulge or bilge, the belly or con
boué, the carcase, chest, trunk, body of vex part of a ship; to bit/ge, to belly out,
an animal, mass, principal portion. “My to throw out a convexity. With these
liver leapt within my bulk.’—Turberville. must probably be classed ON. bulki, the
Bav. bit/ken, the body; Du. bulcke, contents of the hold, or cargo of a ship,
thorax; buick, beuck, trunk of the body, consisting of a heap of sacks bound down
belly;-van de kerche, nave or body of and covered with skins. Bolée or hepe,
the church;-van 't schip, hold or bilge cumulus, acervus.-Pr. Pn. ON. at riufa
of a ship.–Kil. ON. &uár, trunk, body, bulkann, to undo the cargo, to break
belly; Sw, bu/, Dan. bug, G. bauch, belly; &u/AE. Lett. Zulks, Lith. pulkas, a heap,
Cat. buc, the belly, bed of a river, bulk crowd, herd, swarm; pulké, in bulk, in
or capacity of anything, body of a ship ; InaSS.
Sp. Özgue, the capacity or burden of a 2. A bulé is a partition of boards, the
ship, hull of a ship. stall or projecting framework for the dis
The comparison of the Celtic dialects play of goods before a shop.
leads strongly to the conviction that the Here stand behind this bulk, straight will he
radical image is the boiling or bubbling conne :

up of water, whence we pass to the notion Wear thy good rapier bare, and put it home.
of anything swelling or strouting out, of Othello.
an inflated skin, stuffed bag, or of what ‘He found a country fellow dead drunk,
is shaped like a bubble, a prominence, snorting on a bulk.’—Anat. Melancholy.
knob, boss, lump. For the latter sense In this latter sense the word is identical
compare Da. bulk, a projection, lump, with It. balco, balcone, a projection before
unevenness; Sw, dial. buſ/ka, a protu a window; ‘also the bulk or stall of a
berance, knot in thread, a dint in a metal shop.’—Fl. Palco, a stage or scaffold;
 i i2 BULL BULLION

pa/chetto, a box or boarded inclosure at a As an instance of the arbitrary way in

theatre. The original sense seems to be which words acquire their precise mean
a framework of /a/As, beams or boards, ing, it may be observed that a bullet in
as It. assiſo, a beam or rafter, also a par E. is applied to the ball of a gun or
tition of deals instead of a wall.—Fl. musket, while the projectile of a cannon
Dan. dial. buſ/, /t/ke, boarded partition is called a ball. In Fr., on the contrary,
in a barn. A bulk-head is a boarded par it is bottſet de canon, balle de fusil.
tition in a ship. Bullhead. — Bullrush. — Bullfrog.
Bull. I. The male of the ox kind. Bit//head is the name of the miller's
W. Awla, Lith. bul/us, ON. bo//i, bau/i, a thumb, a little fish nearly all head, also
bull, bau/a, a cow, from haula, N. Fris. of the tadpole or young frog. Biel/rus/
#oſ/i, to bellow. G. buſ/e, bu//ochs, a bull; is a large kind of rush. The element bit//
Swiss bullen, to bellow. is probably not taken from the quadruped
2. A papal rescript, from Lat. buſ/a, of that name, but is more probably iden
the seal affixed to the document. The
tical with Sw, ºil, bole or trunk of a tree,
primary signification of buſ/a is a bubble, bulk of a thing, large, coarse, thick, blunt,
from the noise, whence buſ/ire, to bubble,
to boil. Thence the term was applied to large of its kind, as geting, a wasp, ºil
many protuberant objects, as the orna geting, a hornet. W. Awſ, blunt, pen/w/,
mental heads of nails, the hollow orna a blockhead, a tadpole ; Gael. Alo//ach,
ment of gold hung round the neck of the lumpish, stupid ; fo//-cheannach, lump
young nobility of Rome; in subsequent headed ; fo//-cheannan, a tadpole. The
times applied to the seal hanging by a bullfrog, however, is said to make a loud
band to a legal instrument. It. bol/a, a bellowing noise, which may probably be
seal, stamp, round glass phial, boss, stud, theBullion.
origin of the name.
This word is used in several
bubble, blister, pimple. See Billet.
Bullace. The wild plum. Bret. bolos senses. 1. A boss or stud, any embossed
or poſos, w. bºw/as. Fr. beſ/ocier, a bul work. Sp. bo//ar, to emboss ; bolſon,
lace tree. It. bulloi, bit/los, sloes.—Fl. stud, brass-headed nail ; bo/ſos de relieve,
Bullbeggar. Terriculamentum, a embossed work. Fr. Öouiſ/on, a stud,
scare-bug, a bul-begger, a sight that fray any great-headed or studded nail.-Cot.
eth and frighteth.-Higins in Pr. Prm. Elyot translates bulla “a buſ/iou set on
the cover of a book or other thynge.”
And they have so fraid us with bull-beggers, ‘Auſ/yon in a woman's girdle—clow.’—
spirits, witches, urchens, elves, &c., and such
Palsgr. “Pu//ions and ornaments of
other bugs that we are afraid of our own shadows.
--Scot's Desc. of Witchcr. in N. plate engraven, a buſ/ion of copper set on
bridles or poitrels for an ornament.”—
The word is of a class with Pl. D. Baret's Alveary in Hal. Here the notion
bu//erbak, bit/ſerbrook, a noisy violent of swelling or embossment is derived
fellow, W. &wóach, Du. bulle&ak, a hob from the bubbling of boiling water.
goblin, bugbear, scarecrow, where the 2. Bullion is applied to a particular
former element signifies the roaring kind of gold and silver lace, from Fr.
noise made to terrify the child by the £ouiſ/on, explained by Chambaud as
person who represents the hobgoblin. being made of a very fine sheet of gold
Pl.D. buſ/ern, Du. Aulderen, G. fo//ern, or silver twisted. Doubtless from bouiſ
to make a loud noise; Du. buſderghees /on in the sense of a puff or bunch, from
ten, lemures nocturni nigri.-Kil. G. fo/- the puffy texture of this kind of lace.
tergeist, a hobgoblin. The final element 3. Gold or silver uncoined. Consider
in the forms above cited seems a corrupt able difficulty has been felt in accounting
repetition of the syllable bug, signifying for the word in this sense, from the use of
roaring, and thence terror, as in E. 67/g- the equivalent terms, biſſon in Fr. and
gaboo, G. butzibau, Du. Wieſebau. The veſ/on in Sp., in the sense of base metal,
connection between the ideas of loud silver mixed with a large alloy of cop
noise and terror is well illustrated by the pcr.
The original meaning of the word bit/-
use of Pl. D. buſ/er in addressing children
to signify something terrible : “Gae du Zion, boilſon, billon, was the mint or office
nig bi dat buſ/er-water,’ do not go by the where the precious metals were reduced
dangerous water, as a mill-dam or the to the proper alloy and converted into
like. See Bug, Bully. stamped money, from the Lat. bulla, a
Bullet. Fr. boulet, dim. of boule, a seal, whence Mod. Gr. 3ov\Aóvo, to seal,
bowl. See Bowl. to stamp ; BovX\wriptov, the matrix or die
 BULLY BUM-BAILIFF II 3

with which coins were stamped. — Dict. bu//ion is translated in Torriano's diction
Etym. ary (A.D. 1687), “lega, legaggio di me
In this sense the word appears in our tallo,' and traces of the same application
early statutes. The Stat. 9 E. III. st. 2, are preserved in the Spanish reckoning
c. 2, provides, that all persons ‘puissent in ‘reals vellon,' reals of standard cur
sauvement porter a les eschanges ou rency. From metal of standard fineness
du//ion et ne mie ailleurs argent en plate, the signification has naturally passed in
vessel d'argent et toutz maners d'argent modern times to all gold and silver de
sauve faux monoie et l'esterling counter signed for the purpose of coinage.
fait,” for the purpose of exchange. Bully.—Bully-rook. A violent over
In the English version these words are bearing person. Du. &ulderem, bo/dereſt,
erroneously translated ‘that all people blaterare, debacchari, intonare, minari;
may safely bring to the exchanges bullion veröu/deren, perturbare saevis dictis.-
or silver in plate, &c.,’ which has led to Kil. G. poſtern, to make a noise; Sw.
the assertion that “bullion' in the old buller, noise, clamour, bustle, buller-bas,
statutes is used in the modern application a blusterer; Pl.D. buller-jaan (bully
of uncoined gold or silver. The 27 Ed. John), buller-bak, buller-brook, a noisy
III. st. 2, c. 14, provides, ‘que toutz mar blustering fellow, from the last of which
chauntz — puissent savement porter — is doubtless our bully-rock or bully-rook,
plate d'argent, billettes d'or et tut autre a hectoring, boisterous fellow.—Bailey.
maner d'or et toutz moneys d'or et d'ar Au//y-rock, un faux brave. — Miege in
gent a nostre bullione ou a nous es Hal. The Sw. buller-bas, on the other
changes que nous ferons ordeiner a nous hand, agrees with E. &/under-buss, a
dites estaples et ailleurs pernant illoeqs clumsy fellow who does things with noise
money de notre coigne convenablement and violence. G. polferer, a blunder
à la value.’ Again, 4 Hen. IV. c. 10, head, blunder-buss, a boisterous, violent,
‘que la tierce partie de tout la monoie furious man.—Küttner. To bully is to
d'argent que sera porte à la boil/ion sera bluster, to terrify by noise and clamour,
faite es mayles et ferlynges”—shall be to behave tyrannically or imperiously.
coined into halfpence and farthings. Bulwark. A defence originally made
In these and other statutes all traffick of the boles or trunks of trees, then in
ing in coin was forbidden, except at the general a rampart, bastion, or work of
6:///ion or exchanges of the king ; and defence. Du. boſ-werck, b/ock-werck,
similar restrictions were enforced in propugnaculum, agger, vallum.—Kil. Fr.
France, where the tampering with the by corruption boulevart, boulevard, pri
coin was carried to a much greater ex marily the ramparts of a town, then ap
tent than in England, insomuch as to plied to the walks and roads on the inside
earn for Philippe le Bel the title of le ſaur of the ramparts, and now at Paris to a
momnoyeur. Hence among the French broad street surrounding what was form
the carrying to the bi//on their decried erly the body, but now is the central part
money became a familiar operation of of the town. It. baluarte.
daily life, and ‘porter au billon,’ ‘mettre Bum. For bottom. Fris. 56m, ground,
au billon, are metaphorically applied to bottom, from boden, bodem, ON. bottn, As.
things that require remaking. &oſm. Fris. ferd-boeyme, ierd-beame, the
The decried coin brought to be melted soil. Hence bom and bān, a floor. D.
up was termed ‘monnaie de billon,' and &ltene, boene, G. biihne, a stage, scaffold.
hence billon and the equivalent Spanish To Bum. — Boom.—Bump.–Bum
ve/lon were very early used to signify the ble. To bum, to hum, to make a droning
base mixture of which such coin was sound.—Hal. Du. bommen, resonare, to
made, or generally a mixture of copper beat a drum ; bombam men, to ring the
and silver. “Ne quis aurum, argentum bells. Lat. bombiſare, to bumble or make
vel billionem extra regnum nostrum de a humming noise; bombi/us, Du. bom
ferre praesumat.”—Stat. Philip le Bel in meſe, hommele, a bumble-, or a humble
Duc. A.D. 1305. ôee. The cry of the bittern, which he is
In England the fortunes of the word supposed to make by fixing his bill in a
have been different, and the Mint being reed or in the mud, is called bumping or
regarded chiefly as the authority which bumbling.
determined the standard of the coin, the Bum-bailiff. From the notion of a
name of bullion has been given to the humming, droning, or dunning noise the
alloy or composition of the current coin term bum is applied to dunning a person
permitted by the Bullion or mint. Thus for a debt. To bum, to dun.—Hal. Hence
8
I 14 BUM BOAT BUNCH

Aum-haiſ'ſ, a person employed to dun Bun, 2. —Bunny. Bun, a dry stalk;

one for a debt, the bailiff employed to bumme/, a dried hemp-stalk.-Hal. ‘Kyx
arrest for debt. The ordinary explana or bunne, or dry weed (bunne of dry weed,
tion of bound-bailiff is a mere guess. No H.S.P.), calamus.” – Pr. Prm. Bun, the
one ever saw the word in that shape. stubble of beans.—Mrs Baker. Sc. bune
Moreover the bum-bailiff is not the per or boon, the useless core of flax or hemp
son who gives security to the sheriff, nor from which the fibre is separated. Bune
would it concern the public if he did. wand, a hemp-stalk.
But his special office is to dun or bum for The word is probably to be explained
debts, and this is the point of view from from Gael. bun, root, stock, stump, bot
which he would be regarded by the class tom ; bun ſeoir, hay stubble; bunan,
who have most occasion to speak of him. stubble; Manx bun, stump, stalk, root,
Bumboat. A boat in which provisions foundation ; W. bon, stem or base, stock,
are brought for sale alongside a ship. trunk, butt end. The buns are the dried
Du. bum-boot, a very wide boat used by stalks of various kinds of plants left after
fishers in S. Holland and Flanders, also the foliage has withered away. Gael.
for taking a pilot to a ship.–Roding, Øun eich, an old stump of a horse. Bun
Marine Dict. Probably for bun-hoof, a ſeaman (stump-tail), a tail (Macleod),
boat fitted with a bun or receptacle for should probably be a short tail, explain
keeping fish alive. ing E. bunny, a rabbit, whose short tail
Bump. Pl. D. bums / an interjection in running is very conspicuous. Bun, a
imitating the sound of a blow. Bums / rabbit, the tail of a hare.-Hal. Dan.
ge/roffen, Bang! it's hit. Bumsen, bam ôund, bottom, seems to unite Gael. bun
sen, to strike so as to give a dull sound. with ON. botn, E. bottom.
To dam, to pummel, to beat.—Hal. W. Bunch. — Bunk. — Bung. Bunch, a
Awmfio, to thump, to bang. Lang. hump, cluster, round mass of anything.
foºmfi, to knock ; poum/ido, noise, To bunch was formerly and still is pro
knocking. Then, as in other cases, the vincially used in the sense of striking.
word representing the sound of the blow 101/nchyn or bunchyn, tundo.—Pr. Pm.
is applied to the lump raised by the blow, “He buncheſh me and beateth me, il me
or to the mass by which it is given, and pousse. Thou bunchest me so that I
signifies consequently a mass, protuber cannot sit by thee."—Palsgr. Related on
ance, lump. See Boss. Thus E. bump, the one side to Pi.D. bunsen, bumsen, to
a swelling, W. Awm/, a round mass ; knock. “An de dor bunsen, oder anklop
fwn!//, a knob, a boss; Lith. Żum/a, a pen dat idt bunset,'—to knock at the
button, fum/urras, a bud. Fr. Zom/effe, door till it sounds again. Daal bunsen,
a fumpſe or pimple on the skin–Cot. ; to bang down, throw down with a bang.
£omfort, a pumpion or gourd, a large “He ſult dat et bunsede,’ he fell with a
round fruit.
bang. Du. bons, a knock. See Bounce.
Bumpkin. A clumsy, awkward clown. On the other hand bunch is connected
Probably from bump, signifying one who with a series of words founded on forms
does things in a thumping, abrupt man similar to the ON. banga, Dan. banke,
ner. Pl. D. buns-wise, inconsiderately, OSw. bunga, to beat, to bang ; on. bunkt,
from bunsen, to strike; E. dial. bunger a heap ; OSw, bunke, a heap, a knob;
some, clumsy, lungeous, awkward.-Hal. and related with ON. bunga, to swell out ;
Suffolk &onn/a, large, strapping, applied E. dial. bung, a heap or cluster, a pocket;
to young persons, especially girls.-Moor. Sw. binge, a heap ; Wall. bonge, bongie,
Manx bon/an, a clown. a bunch ; Magy. bunka, a knob, a boil
Bun, 1.-Bunnion. Fr. &igne, a bump, (bum/os boſ, a knotty stick); Sw, bunke,
knob rising after a knock; hignet, bugnet, a bowl ; Pl. D. bunken, the large promi
little round loaves or lumps made of fine nent bones of an animal (as G. Knochen,
meal, &c., buns, lenten loaves.—Cot. It. E. Knuckles, from Knock); It. bugno, bug
dugno, bugſtone, any round knob or bunch, mone, any round knob or bunch, a boil or
a boil or blain.-Fl. Hence E. bunnion, blain.-Fl.
a lump on the foot ; bunny, a swelling Again, as we have seen E. bulk passing
from a blow.—Forby, Bony, or grete into Sp. /*/to, and E. buſt, a bag or sack,
knobbe, gibbus, gibber, callus.-Pr. Pn. while buſch was traced through Gris.
Sc. annock, bonnock, Gael. bonnach, Ir. &lt;/scha, a wallet, E. buſse, a bunch—Hal.;
&oineag, a cake, are dim. forms. Radi Sp. boſsa, a purse; so the form bunk, a
cally identical with Dan. bunke, a heap. knob or heap, passes into Dan. bund'ſ,
See Bunch.
Sw. bunt, a bunch, bundle, truss ; E.
 BUNDLE BURGEON II 5

bunt of a sail, the middle part of it, impulse by which the meal is driven
which is purposely formed into a kind of backwards and forwards. Bret. bounta,
bag to catch the wind.—B. - bunta, to push, knock, shove; E. dial.
Bundle. AS. àyndel, Du. bond, bon punt, to shove, to push with the head
del, bundel, something bound together; (Mrs Baker), to kick. To bunt, to push
Aſhebondte, ghebundle, colligatio, fascis, with the head. Pl.D. bunsen, to knock.
et contignatio, coassatio ; bondel-loos, * Buoy. Du. boei, Sw. boy, G. boie,
loosed from bonds.-Kil. ON. bindini, a boye, Fr. bouée, Sp. boya, the float of an
bundle. anchor or of a net ; boyar, to float. Lat.
Bung. The stopper for the hole in a &oia, Fr. buie, a clog or heavy fetters for
barrel. From the hollow sound made in the neck or feet. It. bove, buove, fetters,
driving in the bung. OG. bunge, a drum ; shackles, gyves, clogs, stocks or such
OSw. bungande, the noise of drums.- punishments for prisoners.-Fl. The
Ihre. Magy. bongani, to hum. So Du. most usual form would be a heavy clo
&ommen, to hum, and bomme, or bonde fastened by a chain to the limb, an
van tº vat, the bung of a barrel; Lim. hence the name would seem to have been
boundica, to hum, Prov. bondir, Cat. transferred to the wooden log which
&onir, to resound, and Du. bonde, Fr. would be the earliest float for an anchor,
&onde, bondon, a bung. It is possible, N.Fris. bui, the heavy clog of a foot
however, that the primitive meaning of shackle; an anchor buoy.-Johansen, p.
&ung may be a bunch of something thrust IOO.
in to stop the hole. Bung of a tonne or Burble. A bubble. Sp. borbollar, to
pype, bondel, bundell, bondeau.-Palsgr. boil or bubble up. Lith. burboloti, to
2O2. The Fr. bouchon, a cork, boucher, guggle as water, rumble as the bowels.
to stop, are from bousche, bouche, a bunch Burbulas, a water bubble made by rain.
or tuft, and the Sw. tapp (whence tappa, See Barbarous.
to stop, and E. tap, the stopper of a cask), Burden. A load. AS. byrthen, G.
is originally a wisp or bunch ; h6-tapp, birde, from beran, to bear.
Aalm-tapp, a wisp of hay or straw. Burden, of a song. See Bourdon.
To Bungle. To do anything awk Bureau. The Italian buio, dark, was
wardly, to cobble, to botch.-B. From formerly pronounced buro, as it still is in
the superfluous banging and hammering Modena and Bologna.-Muratori. Russ.
made by an unskilful worker. ON. bang, buruit, brown ; burjat, to become brown
or russet. “Burrhum antiqui quod nunc
knocking, racket, working in wood (especi dicinus rufum.’—Festus in Diez. OFr.
ally with an axe), banga, to knock, to work
at carpentry; bangan, būngun, knocking, bure, burel, Sp. buriel, Prov. burel
unskilful working, especially in wood reddish brown, russet, specially applied
to the colour of a brown sheep, then to
work; banghagr, a bungler. Sw, báng, the coarse woollen cloth made of the
noise, racket;dangla, to gingle. Sw. fleeces of such sheep without dyeing.
dial. Bangla, to work ineffectually.—Rietz. So in Pol. bury, dark grey; bura, a rain
Compare G. klempern, Alimpern, to cloak of felt. Then as the table in a
gingle, tinkle, tinker; to strum or play court of audience was covered with such
unskilfully on an instrument; stiimpeln, a cloth, the term bureau was applied to
stiimpern, to strum on an instrument, the table or the court itself, whence in
to bungle, do a thing bunglingly. Banff. modern Fr. it is used to signify an office
&lammle, to strum on an instrument, to where any business is transacted. In
sing or play in a blundering manner; English the designation has passed from
&lemmle, a botch, clumsy performance. a writing-table to a cabinet containing a
Bunny. See Bun. writing-table, or used as a receptacle for
Bunt. The belly or hollow of a sail, papers. See Borel.
the middle part of a sail formed into a urganet. OFr. bourguignote, Sp.
kind of bag to receive the wind.— Hal. borgonota, a sort of helmet, properly a
Dan. bundt, a bunch, bundle. Burgundian helmet. A la Borgonota, in
To Bunt.—Bunting. To bunt in Burgundian fashion.
Somerset is to sift, to bolt meal, whence Burgeon.—Burly. To burgeon, to
bunting, bolting-cloth, the loose open grow big about or gross, to bud forth.-
cloth used for siſting flour, and now more Bailey. Fr. bourgeon, bourjon, the young
generally known as the material of which bud, sprig, or putting forth of a vine, also
flags are made. a pimple in the face.—Cot. The word is
The radical import is probably the variously written in OE. burion, bourion,
8*
I 16 BURGESS BURNISH

burjown. Sp. borujon, protuberance, Gael. hurd, burl, mockery, ridicule, joking;
knob. Lang, boure, bourou, a bud, boura, #uirte, a jibe, taunt, repartee; buiz?ead/,
bouronna, to bud; Fr. abourioner, to language of folly or ridicule.
bud or sprout forth.-Cot. Burryn, to Burly. See Burgeon.
bud.—Pr. Pn. To Burn. Probably, as Diefenbach
The primary origin of the word, as of suggests, from the roaring sound of flame.
so many others signifying swelling, is an Thus G. brimmen or brennen was formerly
imitation of the sound of bubbling water, used in the sense of to roar. Also ein
preserved in Gael. bururus, a purling /wwe brennen.—Dief. Supp. Herumge
sound, a gurgling ; Fin. purrafa, cum hen wie ein brinnenden lew, sicut leo
sonitu bullio ut aqua ad proram navis, rugiens. Premmen, fremere.—Notk. Ps. 56.
strideo ut spuma vel aqua ex terrá ex 5. in Schm. Swiss Rom. brinna, to roar
pressa; puret, a bubble ; Du. barre/en, like the wind in trees.—Bridel. Hence
to spring as water; borrel, a bubble. G. brandung, the roaring surge of the
From the notion of a bubble we pass to sea. In the same way ON. brimi, fire, is
the Gael. borr, to swell, become big and connected with brim, surge or dashing of
proud, explaining the E. burgen. ‘Bouffer, the sea ; brima, to surge, and OG. &rim
to puff, blow, swell up or strout out, to men, bremmen, to roar (as lions, bears,
Burgen or wax big.”—Cot. The Gael. has &c.). So also Sw, brasa, a blaze, Fr. emi
also borr, borra, a knob, bunch, swelling ; &raser, to set on fire, compared with G.
horr-shuiſ, a prominent eye; borracha, a brausen, to roar, and Dan. brase, to fry.
bladder, explaining Sp. borracha, a wine It is probable indeed that Fr. brûler,
skin. Sw. dial. purra, to puff up ; borrº which has given much trouble to etymol
- -

uf sa, to swell oneself out as birds; borrás, ogists, must be explained on the same
-

to swell with pride. From the same root principle from G. brillen or brillen (Dief.
E. burly, big, occupying much space. Supp.), to roar, the s in OFr. brusler
being a faulty spelling, as in cousteau.
Elpes arn in Inderiche Compare also Piedm. brusé, to burn,
On bodi borlic berges ilike.
Bestiary. Nat. Antiq. I. 122.
Prov. bruzir, to roar, with Dan. bruse, to
roar, to effervesce. Han bruser of, he
Burgess.-Burgher. OE. burgeise, fires up. E. brustle, to rustle, crackle
OFr. burgeois, from Lat. burgensis. like straw or small wood in burning—
Burgh. See Borough. Hal. ; It. brustolare, to burn, toast, broil,
Burglar. A legal term from the Lat. singe or scorch with fire.—Fl.
burgi latro, through the Burgundian Burn. A brook. Goth. brunna, ON.
form /áre (Vocab. de Vaud.), OFr. Jerre, brunnr, G. born, brunnen, a well, a spring;
a robber. It grancelli, roguing beggars, Gael. burn, water, spring-water; burnach,
bourglairs.-Fl. Bret. laer, robber. watery. Swiss Rom. borní, a fountain.-
Omnes burgatores domorum vel fractores Vocab. de Vaud. As we have seen the
Ecclesiarum vel murorum vel portarum civitatis noise of water bubbling up represented
regis vel burgorum intrantes malitiosé et felonicé by the syllable bor, pur (see Burgeon),
condemnentur morti...—Officium Coronatoris in
the final m in burn may be merely a sub
Duc.
sidiary element, as the l in purl, and the
Burin. See under Bore. word would thus signify water springing
To Burl.—Burler. In the manu or bubbling up. Bav. burren, to hum, to
facturing of cloths the process of clearing buzz; Gael. bururus, warbling, purling,
it of the knots, ends of thread, and the gurgling. Walach. sbornoſ, to murmur.
like, with little iron nippers called burling Burnish. Fr. brunir, to polish. Sw.
irons, is termed burling.—Todd. A burl bryna, to sharpen, to give an edge to,
er is a dresser of cloth. Lang. bouri/, &rymstem, a whetstone, from bryn, the
Castrais hourri/, the flocks, ends of thread, brim or edge of anything, N. brun, an
&c., which disfigure cloth and have to be edge or point. Then as sharpening a
plucked off. Bourri/ de neou, flock of weapon would be the most familiar ex
snow. OE. burſe of cloth, tumentum.—Pr. ample of polishing metal, the word seems
Pm. From Fr. bourre, flocks. See Burr. to have acquired the sense of polishing.
Burlesque. It. burlare, to make a So from Fin. tahko, an edge, a margin,
jest of, to ridicule. Probably a modifica latus rei angulatae; tahkoinen, angular ;
tion of the root which gave the OE.bourd, tahkoa, to sharpen on a whetstone, thence,
a jest. Limousin borºrdo, a lie, a jest, to rub, to polish. Bav. sch/eiffºn, to
bourda, to ridicule, to tell lies. The in sharpen, to grind on a whetstone, haubert
terchange of d and i is clearly seen in the schleiffºn, to polish helmets.-Schm.
 BURR BURY 117

The As. brºn seems to have been used casting bullets. A burr-pump is one
in the sense of an edge. used in a ship “into which a staff seven
Geata dryhten or eight feet long is put having a burr or
knob of wood at the end.”—Harris in
Gryre-fahne sloh
Incge lafe, Todd. In a met. sense a burr round
Thaet sid ecg gewäc, the moon is the padding of hazy light by
Brun on bane.-Beowulf, 5150. which it seems to be encircled when it
Translated by Kemble, shines through a light mist.
• The Lord of the Geats struck the terribly And burred moons foretell great storms at
coloured with the legacy of Incg so that the night.—Clare.
edge grew weak, brown upon the bone,'
3. When the hop begins to blossom it is
but it would both make better sense and said to be in burr. See Burgeon.
be more in accordance with AS. idiom if 4. Fris. borre, burre, Dan. borre, Sw.
brun were understood as a synonym of Åardhorre, Karborre, a bur, the hooked
capitulum of the arctium lappa. Sw, dial.
*śurr. 1. The whirring sound made by &orre is also a fircone.
some people in pronouncing the letter r, Burrow. Shelter, a place of defence,
as in Northumberland. This word seems safety, shelter Provincially applied to
formed from the sound.—Jam. “Hearing shelter from the wind ; “the burrow side
the old hall clock—strike 12 with a dis of the hedge;’ “a very burrow place for
mal, shuffling, brokenharpstringed-like cattle.” The same word with burgh,
whirr and burr.’—Matrimonial Vanity borough, borrow, from AS. beargan, to
Fair, iii. 225. Burr is related to buzz as protect, shelter, fortify, save. Du. ber
whirr to whizz. With a slightly different ghen, to hide, cover, keep, preserve, and
spelling, birr signifies the whizzing sound thence bergh, a port, a barn or cupboard.
of a body hurled through the air, whence —Kil. G. bergen, verbergen, to hide ; ON.
birr, force, impetus, any rapid whirling biarga, to save, preserve. A rabbit bur
motion.—Hal. The noise of partridges row is the hole which the animal digs for
when they spring is called birring. G. its own protection. So in W. caer is a
burren, purren, to buzz, whirr, coo, purr, castle or fortress, cºvning-gaer, the fortress
Swiss burren, to mutter; Sw, dial. borra, of a coney or rabbit, a rabbit burrow.
to buzz like a beetle; burra, blurra, to Burse. — Burser. -burse. Burse,
chatter, talk fast and indistinctly. Fr. bourse, Du. beurs, an exchange, from
2. Burr or Bur is used in several Fr. bourse, It. borsa, a purse. Bursar, the
senses, ultimately resting on the Gael. officer who bears the purse, makes the
root borr, signifying protrude, swell, men disbursements of the college.
tioned under Burgeon. Hence Fr. bourre, Borsa is derived by Diez from Gr.
stuffing, whatever is used to make a tex Búpora, Mid. Lat. byrsa, skin, leather, but
ture swell or strout out, and thence flocks it is more probably a development of It.
'of wool, hair, &c., also “any such trash do/gia, bo/za, Grisons buſscha, buscha, a
as chaff, shales, husks, &c.’– Cot. It. wallet or scrip, from whence we pass
borra, any kind of quilting or stuffing, through Sp. bolsa to It. borsia, borza,
shearing of cloth, also all such stuff as &orsa, a purse, as from Sp. peluca to Fr.
hay, moss, straw, chips or anything else Aerrugue. See Bulge.
that birds make their nests with.-Fl. To Burst. In OE. brest, brast. G.
Fr. bourrer, to stuff; bourreleſ, bourlet, a
berstem, As. berstan, hyrstan, OHG. &res
pad, a stuffed wreath used for different tam, bristen, Sw. brista, ON. bryota, Fr.
briser, Port. britar, to break. Gael.
purposes, as for the protection of a child's
head, or for supporting a pail of water &ris, brisd, break; brisdeach, bris/each,
carried upon the head, a horse-collar brittle. The root appears under the
(whence bourrelier, a harness or collar forms brić, bris, brist, brit. Lang. brico,
maker); and met. an annular swelling, briso, briketo, brizeto, a morsel, fragment;
as the swelling above the grafted part of E. brist, small fragments. Compare also
the stem of a tree, the thickened rim at OE. broki! and broti/; brittle, and, as it
the mouth of a cannon. Hence must be is still pronounced in N. of England,
explained E. bur, the rough annular ex &rickle. Serv. Arsnuti, to burst.
crescence at the root of a deer's horn, the To Bury.—Burial. As. Ayrgan, bir
ridge or excrescence made by a tool in gan, birigean, to bury; byrºgen, byrºge/s,
turning or cutting metal, the superfluous &yrige/s, a sepulchre, tomb, burial place.
metal left in the neck of the mould in OHG. buzgºsſi, a sepulchre; chreoburgium
I 18 BUSH BUSKIN

(chreo, As. hreaw, a corpse), a monument Busk. The bone in a woman's stays.
or erection over the dead. — Gloss. See Bust.
Malberg. The radical idea is seen in To Busk. To prepare, make ready,
Goth. baingam, AS. beorgan, to keep, to dress, to direct one's course towards.
preserve, protect ; whence beorg, bearh, a They busked and maked them boun.
rampart, defence, mount, a heap of stones, Sir Tristram.
burial mound. ‘Worhton mid stanum Jamieson thinks it probable that it may
anne steapne bearh him of r:” they be traced to the ON. bud, to prepare, to
raised a steep mound of stones over him. dress, at bud sig, induere vestes; and it
Thence byrigean, to bury, apparently a is singular that having come so near the
secondary verb, signifying to entomb, to mark he fails to observe that busk is a
sepulchre, and not directly (as Du. ber simple adoption of the deponent form of
ghen, borghen, condere, abdere, occultare the ON. verb, at buast, for at buasc, con
—K.) to hide in the ground. tracted from the very expression quoted
Bush.-Bushel. The bush of a wheel by him, “at bud sik.” The primitive
is the metal lining of the nave or hollow meaning of bud is simply to bend, whence
box in which the axle works. Du. busse, at bud sić, to bend one's steps, to betake
a box, busken, a little box; Dan. bºsse, oneself, to bow, in OE. “Haralldur kon
a box, a gun ; G. bitchse, a box, rad gur biºst austurum Eydascog.” Harold
biichse, Sw. hyul-bosse, the bush of a the king busks eastwards through the
wheel; Sc. bush, box wood ; to bush, to forest of Eyda. “Epter thetta byr sik
sheath, to enclose in a case or box. The jarl sem skyndilegast ur landi.' After
Gr. ºrićic, -ičoc, a box, gave Lat. Þyris as that the earl busks with all haste out of
well as buris, -idis, and thence Mid. Lat. the land. Compare the meaning of busé
burida, bossida, burta, borta, bosta, Prov. in the following passage :-
boistia, boissa, OFr. boiste, with the Many of the Danes privily were left
And busked westwards for to robbe eft.
diminutives, Mid. Lat. burula, bustula, R. Brunne.
bustellus, bussellus, OFr. boistel, boisteau, It is certain that budst must once have
Fr. boisseau, a box for measuring corn, a
bushel. See Box. been written buasc, and we actually find
Bush.-Busk. truasc, fiasc, in the För Skirnis ; barsc in
Heimskringla, which would later have
Sibriht that I of told, that the lond had lorn been written truast, fast, barst. The
That a swineherd slouh under a busk of thorn.
R. Brunne. frequency with which to busk is used, as
synonymous with to make one boun, is
The foregoing modes of spelling the thus accounted for, as boun is simply
word indicate a double origin, from the buinn, the past participle of the same verb
oN. buskr, a tuft of hair, bush, thicket bua, the deponent form of which is re
(buski, a bunch of twigs, besom), and presented by the E. busk.
from the Fr. bousche, bouche, a wisp, To bow was used in a similar manner
tuft, whence bouchon, a tavern bush, for to bend one's steps, to turn. “Boweth
toucher, to stop, to thrust in a bouche or forth by a brook : ” proceed by a brook.
tuft of hemp, tow, or the like. Bouchet, —P. P.
a bush, bramble. It has been shown Forth heo gunnen bugen
In to Bruttaine
under Boss that words signifying clump, And her ful sone
tuft, cluster, are commonly derived from To AErthure comen.—Layamon, 2.410.
the idea of knocking. So from Fr. bous
ser, It. bussare, Du. bossen, buysschen, to In the other copy—
knock, we have Fr. bosse, bousse, a hump, Forth hii gonne bouwe
In to Brutaine.
hunch ; Du. bos, a bunch, knot, bundle ;
bosch (a diminutive 2), a tuft, then a tuft * Buskin. Sp. borcegui, Ptg. borze
of trees, a grove ; bosch van haer, a tuft guim, Fr. brodiguin. The primary sense
of hair; –van wiftnbesien, a bunch of seems to have been a kind of leather,
grapes. Fris. bosc, a troop, lump, clus probably Morocco leather. Thus Frois
ter; qualster-boschen, a clot of phlegm sart, “Le roy Richard mort, il fut couché
(Epkema). Du. bussel, a bundle; It. sur une litière, dedans un char couvert de
&ussome, a bush, brake, thicket of thorns; brodeguin tout noir.’ The buskin is said
Bret. bouch (Fr. ch), a tuft, wisp. G. by Cobarruvias to have been a fashion of
Bausch, projection, bulk, bunch, bundle, the Moors and of Morocco, and he cites
wisp ; bauschen, bausen, to swell, bulge, from an old romance “Borzeguies Mar
bunch out. roquies.' The word is explained by
 BUSS BUSY 1 10

Dozy from Arab. Xergui, or Cherqui, a 2. With respect to bust, ON. buſr, a
precious kind of leather made from log; Mid. Lat. busta, arbor ramis trun
sheepskins in the North of Africa. cata—Gloss. Lindenbr. in Diez ; Gris.
Edrisi, speaking of the costume of the *ist, bist, trunk of a tree, body of a man,
King of Gana, says, “he wears sandals of body of a woman's dress; It. busſo, a
cherzui.’ It is true that from hence to bulk or trunk without a head, a sleeveless
&orcegui is a long step, but Dozy cites truss or doublet, also a busk.-Fl.
the ğp. forms morsegui//, moseguin, The Prov. inserts an r after the initial
and supposes that the common Arab. b, bruc, brut, brusc, bust, body, as in
prefix mit or mo has been erroneously ON. bruséras well as busſºr, a bush, tuft,
added, as in moharra from harbe, the wisp, Prov. Örosſia as well as bosſia, a
point of a lance, mogangas from gonſ, box. The form brust, corresponding to
love gestures, moheda from geidha, forest. ôruf as brusc to bruc, would explain the
Thus we should have mochergui, and by G. brust, the breast, the trunk, box, or
transposition morchegui, morsegui, bor chest in which the vitals are contained.
cegui. The ultimate origin may be found in the
Buss. 1. A vessel employed in the parallel forms buk, &tſ, representing a
herring fishery. Du. buyse, a vessel with blow. Pol. puzº, knock, crack ; Fr. blºguer,
a wide hull and blunt prow, also a flagon. Namur busquer (Sigart), Lang. buſa, to
ON. bussa, a ship of some size. Prov. knock. Swab. busch, a blow, a bunch of
&us, a boat or small vessel ; Cat. buc, flowers; bit/3, a blow, a projection, stump,
bulk, ship ; Sp. bucha, a large chest or lump. From the figure of striking against
box, a fishing vessel. A particular appli we pass to the notion of a projection,
cation of the many-formed word signifying stump, thick end, stem.
bulk, trunk, body, chest. See Boss, Box, Bustard. A large bird of the gallin
Bulch, Bust. aceous order. Fr. outard. A great slug
2. A kiss. Sp. bug, a kiss of reverence. gish fowl.-B. Sp. abutarda, or avutarda;
Sw. ſº putta, Bav. bussen, Swiss Champagne bistarde, Prov. austarda,
&utschen, to kiss (from the sound— Fr. outarde, It. olfarda.
Stalder); butschen, putschen, to knock ; Named from its slowness of flight.
windºutsch, a stroke of wind. Comp. “Proximae is sunt quas Hispania aves
smack, a kiss, and also a sounding blow. tardas appellat.”—Plin. Io. 22. Hence
On the other hand, Gael. bus, a mouth, probably au-farda, otarda, utarda, and
lip, snout ; Walach. buză, lip ; Pol. bu then with avis again prefixed, as in av
2ia, mouth, lips, also a kiss. So Wes estrug (= avis struthio), an ostrich, avu
terwald munds, mons, a kiss, from mund, tarda.-Diez. Port. abofarda, befarda.
mouth. Lat. basium, It. bacio, Sp. beso, To Bustle. To hurry or make a great
Fr. baiser, a kiss. The two derivations stir.—B. Also written busk/e.
would be reconciled if Gael. bus and Pol. It is like the smouldering fire of Mount Chim
buzia were themselves taken from the aera, which boiling long time with great &uskling
smacking sound of the lips. in the bowels of the earth doth at length burst
Bust.—Busk. These seem to be mo forth with violent rage.—A.D. 1555–Hal.
difications of the same word, originally Here we see the word applied to the
signifying trunk of a tree, then trunk of bubbling up of a boiling liquid, from
the body, body without arms and legs, which it is metaphorically applied in or
body of garment, especially of a woman's dinary usage to action accompanied with
dress, and finally (in the case of busA) “a great stir.’ ON. bust/a, to make a
the whalebone or steel support with splash in the water, to bustle. So in
which the front of a woman's bodice is Fin. AEupata, kiſſista, to rustle (parum
made stiff. strepo); Käyn Áupajan crepansito, I go
1. With respect to busk we have ON. clattering about, inde discurro et operosus
bużr, trunk, body; Fr. busche, a log, a sum, I bustle.
backstock, a great billet–Cot.; Rouchi, Busy. — Business. AS. biseg, bisg,
&resch, a bust, statue of the upper part of &isegung, bisgung, occupation, employ
the body without arms; Fr. buc, busy, ment; disgan, bysgian, Fris. Öysgye, to
&usque, a busk, plated body or other occupy; Du. Öezig, Öeezig, busy, occupied ;
quilted thing, worn to make the body &ezigent, to make use of. Business can
straight ; buc, busc, bust, the long, small, hardly be distinct from Fr. besoigne, be
or sharp-pointed and hard-quilted body songne, work, business, an affair.—Cot.
of a doublet.—Cot. Wall. buc, trunk of The proceedings of Parliament, A.D. 1372,
a tree, of the human body (Grandg). speak of lawyers “pursuant busoignes en
i 2d BUT BUTT

la Court du Roi.” Perhaps besogne may “All the brethren

are entertained
be from a G. equivalent of AS. bisgung. bountifully, but Benjamin has a five-fold
But. As a conjunction but is in every portion.” Here the but indicates that Ben
case the compound be-out, Tooke's dis jamin, by the mode in which he is treated,
tinction between but, be out, and bot, is put in a class by himself, outside that
moreover, to-boot, being wholly unten in which his brethren are included.
able. Butcher. Fr. boucher, Prov. čochier,
AS. butan, buta, bute, without, except, Lang. ôogizier, from doc, a goat (and not
besides; butan ar, without law, an outlaw; from bouche, the mouth), properly a
&ufan wife, without punishment ; butan slaughterer of goats; ‘que en carieras
wi/um and ci/dum, besides women and publicas li boyuiers el sanc dels bocs no
children. Pl. D. bitten, bitten door, out jhiêton, ni avéisson los bocs en las
of doors; bitten dat, besides that ; Du. plassas’—that the butchers shall not cast
&uiten, without ; butten-man, a stranger; the blood of the goats into the public
&uiten-gorgh, without care. ways, nor slaughter the goats in the
The cases in which Tooke would ex streets.-Coutume d’Alost in Dict. Lang.
plain the conjunction as signifying boot, So in Italian from becro, a goat, becºaro,
add, in addition, moreover, are those in &eccato, a butcher; becraria, a butchery,
which the word corresponds to the Fr. slaughter-house. But It. boccino, young
mais, and may all be reduced to the beef or veal flesh ; bocciero, a butcher.
original sense of without, beyond the Piedm. (children) boc, bocin, ox, calf.
bounds of. Whatever is in addition to Butler. Fr. boufeil/ier, as if from hou
something else is beyond the bounds of feiſſe, a bottle, the servant in charge of
the original object. the bottles, of the wine and drink. But
In Sc. we find ben, from AS. binman, the name must have arisen before the
within, the precise correlative of but, principal part of the drinkables would be
without ; but and ben, without the house kept in bottles, and the real origin of the
and within ; then applied to the outer and word is probably from buttery. Butler,
inner rooms of a house consisting of two the officer in charge of the buttery or
apartments. collection of casks, as Pantler, the officer
The rent of a room and a kitchen, or what in in charge of the pantry. Buttery, from
the language of the place is styled a but and a &ut/, a barrel; Sp. Öoteria, the store of
ben, gives at least two pounds sterling.—Account barrels or wine skins in a ship.
of Stirlingshire in Jamieson. Butt. A large barrel. It. Fr. botte,
Ben-house, the principal apartment. a cask. OFr. bous, bouz, bout, Sp. boſa,
The elliptical expression of buſ for only a wine skin, a wooden cask. Sp. Öofija,
is well explained by Tooke. Where at an earthen jar ; bott/la, a small wine bag,
the present day we should say, ‘There is leathern bottle.
&ut one thing to be done,' there is really The immediate origin of the term is
a negation to be supplied, the full expres probably butt in the sense of trunk or
sion being, ‘there is nothing to be done round stem of a tree, then hollow trunk,
but one thing,” or ‘there is not but one body of a man, belly, bag made of the
thing to be done.” Thus Chaucer says, entire skin of an animal, wooden recept
I n'am but a leude compilatour.— acle for liquors. A similar development
of meaning is seen in the case of E. trunk,
If that ye vouchsafe that in this place— the body of a tree or of a man, also a
That I may have not but my meat and drinke, hollow vessel ; G. rumpſ, the body of an
where now we should write, “I am but a animal, hollow case, hull of a ship. The
compiler,’ ‘that I may have but my E. bulA was formerly applied to the trunk
meat and drink.’ or body, and it is essentially the same
As an instance of what is called the word with Lat. bu/ga, belly, skin-bag, and
adversative use of but, viz. that which with It. bo/gia, a leathern bag, a budget.
would be translated by Fr. mais, sup A similar train of thought is seen in ON.
pose a person in whom we have little bo/r, the trunk or body of an animal, bole
trust has been promising to pay a debt, of a tree, body of a shirt ; W. boſ, boſa,
we say, “But when will you pay it º' the belly, rotundity of the body, bag.
Here the but implies the existence of an The Sp. barriga, the belly, is doubtless
other point not included among those to connected with bar, iſ, a barrel, earthen
which the debtor has adverted, viz. the jug; and in E. we speak of the barrel of
time of payment. ‘Besides all that, when a horse to signify the round part of the
will you pay f' body. Wall. bodine, belly, calf of the
 BUTT BUXOM 12.I

leg ; bodé, rabode, courtaud, trapu.- grease produced by churning, i.e. butter,
Grandg. Bav. boding, a barrel. – as distinguished from gelassene schmalz,
Schmell. From Grisons butt, a cask, dripping, grease that sets by merely
is formed the augmentative buttatsch, the standing.—Schmell.
stomach of cattle, a large belly. The Butter-fly. So called from the excre
word body itself seems identical with G. ment being supposed to resemble butter.
hottich, a tub. The Bavarian potig, Du. boter-schijſe, boter-vliege, boter-vogel.
—Kil.
Alofacha, bottig, signify a cask, or tub,
while bottich, bodi", are used in the sense Buttery. Sp. boleria, the store of
of body. wine in ships kept in bota's or leather
To Butt. To strike with the head bags. So the buttery is the collection of
like a goat or a ram.From the noise of drinkables in a house, what is kept in
a blow. To come full butt against a &uffs. See Butler.
thing is to come upon it suddenly, so as Buttock. The large muscles of the
to make a sounding blow. Du. bot, tout seat or breech.
a coup; bot blijven staan, s'arrêter tout From Du. bout, a bolt, or spike with a
a coup.–Halma. Du. botten, to thrust, large head, then the thigh or leg of an
to push ; It. botto, a blow, a stroke; di animal, from the large knobbed head of
botto, suddenly ; botta, a thrust ; It. but the thigh-bone. Bout van het schouder
fare, to cast, to throw ; Lang. ôuta, to blad, caput scapulae : bout van tº been,
strike, to thrust; Fr. bouter, to thrust, to femur, coxa, clunis.-Kil. Bouffe, a little
push ; W. Awfīaw, to butt, poke, thrust. gigot, the thigh of a goose, fowl, &c.
The butt or butt end of a thing is the Alamele-bout, lams-bout, a leg of mutton,
striking end, the thick end. A butt, ON. leg of lamb. A buttock of beef is called
butr, the trunk, stump of a tree; Fr. bout, a but in the W. of E.-Hal.
end ; W. Awf, any short thick thing, Button. Fr. bouton, a button, bud,
stump. G. butt, butz, a short thick thing pimple, any small projection, from boufer,
or person—Schmeller; Fr. botte, a bun to push, thrust forwards, as rejeton, a
dle ; Du. Fr. bot, thick, clumsy; pied rejected thing, from rejeter, mourrisson, a
&ot, a stump or club foot.—Cot. Gris. nursling, from nourrir, mourrissons, -ez,
bott, a hill, hillock ; botta, a blow, a boil, &c. So in English pimples were for
a clod. Fr. butte, a mound, a heap of merly called pushes. Gael. Aut, to push
earth ; butter un arbre, to heap up earth or thrust, Żutan, a button. It is remark
round the roots of a tree; butterle céleris, able that Chaucer, who in general comes
to earth up celery; butter un mur, to so close to the Fr., always translates
support a wall beginning to bulge; butte, &outon, the rosebud, in the R. R. by bo
E. butt, a mound of turf in a field to sup thum and not button. W. both, a boss, a
port a target for the purpose of shooting nave; bothog, having a rotundity; botwm,
alt. a boss, a button.
Fr. but, the prick in the middle of a Buttress. An erection built up as a
target, a scope, aim ; whence to make a support to a wall. Fr. bouter, to thrust;
butt of a person, to make him a mark for arc-boutant, a flying buttress, an arch
the jests of the company. built outside to support the side thrust of
Fr. bufer, to touch at the end, to abut a stone roof. Mur-buttant, a wall but
or butt on, as in G. from stos.sen, to strike, tress, a short thick wall built to rest
to thrust ; an efwas ansfossen, to be con against another which needs support ;
tiguous to, to abut on. butter, to raise a mound of earth around
Hence the butts in a ploughed field the roots of a tree. Boutant, a buttress
are the strips at the edges of the field, or or shore post.—Cot.
headlands upon which the furrows abut ; Buttrice. A farrier's tool for paring
but-land's, waste ground, butta/s, a corner horses' hoofs, used by resting the head
of ground.—Hal. against the farrier's chest and pushing
Butter. Lat. butyrum, Gr. 30%rvpov, the edge forwards. Perhaps corrupted
as if from Boic, an ox, but this is probably from Fr. boutis, the rooting of a wild
a mere adaptation, and the true derivation boar, the tool working forwards like the
seems preserved in the provincial German snout of a swine. Fr. bouter, to thrust,
of the present day. Bav. butterm, butte/n, &outoir, a buttrice.
to shake backwards and forwards, to boult * Buxom. AS. bocsam, buhsom, obe
flour. Butter-glass, a ribbed glass for dient, from bugan, to bow, give way,
shaking up salad sauce. Butte/-trib, submit; Fris. boog sum, Du. geboogsacm.
thick from shaking. Butter-schmalz, flexible, obedient, humble.—Kil.
I22 BUY CABAL

For holy church hoteth all manere puple Goth. bugfan, bauhta, to buy; ſrabug
Under obedience to be and burum to the lawe.
P. P. jan, to sell.
To Buzz. To make a humming noise
Buhsomenesse or bough someness. Pli like bees. A direct imitation. Then
ableness or bowsomeness, to wit, humbly applied to speaking low, indistinctly, con
stooping or bowing down in sign of obe fusedly. It. buzzicare, to whisper, to
dience.—Werstegan in R. buzz.
The sense of burom, used in com Buzzard. A kind of hawk of little
mendation of women, depends upon a esteem in falconry. Lat. buteo, Fr. buso,
train of thought which has become obso &usard, Prov. buzac, buzang, It. bozzago,
lete. To bow down the ear is to listen bogzagro, abozzago, a buzzard or puttock.
favourably to a petition. Hence bowing The name is also given to a beetle, from
or bending was understood as symbolical the buzzing sound of its flight, and it is
of good will, and a bowed or crooked to be thus understood in the expression
coin or other object was presented in */ind buzzard. We also say, as blind as
order to typify the good will of the sender, a beetle, as Fr. &tourdi comme un han
or to conciliate that of the person to meton, as heedless as a cock-chafer, from
whom it was addressed. the blind way in which they fly against
He sent to him his servant secretly the night One.
before his departure for Newbury with a bowed By. Goth. bi, As. bi, big, G. bei, Du.
groat in token of his good heart towards him.— bij, Sanscrit abhi (Dief.). Too used a
Foxes Martyrs, iii. 519. Also when she had
bowed a piece of silver to a saint for the health of word to leave any expectation of an ety
her child.—Ib. ii. 21. in N. & Q. Many good mological explanation, but the senses
old people—of meere kindness gave me bowd may generally be reduced to the notion
sixpences and groats, blessing me with their of side.
harty prayers and God speedes.—Kempe's nine To stand by is to stand aside; to stand
days' wonder, p. 3.
by one, to stand at his side ; a by-path is
Bowable or bowsome (buxom) thus a side path ; to pass by, to pass at the
came to signify well inclined to, favour side of. To swear by God is to swear
able, gracious. in the sight of God, to swear with him
Thow which barist the Lord make the pa by ; to adjure one by any inducement is
troun—for to be to us inclineable or bowable or to adjure him with that in view. When
redi to heere us.-Pecock Repressor, 200. it indicates the agent it is because the
Mercy high that mayde, a meke thynge with agent is considered as standing by his
alle, work.
A ful benygne buirde, and Borome of speche.
By-law. Originally the law of a par
—gracious of speech.-P. P. xviii. 116.
ticular town. Sw, bylag, from by, a
A buxom dame or lass is then aborough, town having separate jurisdic
gracious, good-humoured one, and when tion. ON. byar-lóg, Dan. Öyſoze, leges
the derivation of the word was forgotten urbanae; ON. byar-refºr, jus municipii.
it drew with it the sense of good health Subsequently applied to the separate
and spirits so naturally connected with laws of any association.
good humour. Byre. A cow-house, stall. The ON.
To Buy. AS. byggan, bohte, OK. bygge, byr, bar, a town, village, farm, does not
to purchase for money. ‘Sellers and appear ever to have been used in the
biggers.”—Wicliff. The two pronuncia sense of a stall. The final r moreover is
tions were both current in the time of only the sign of the nominative, and
Chaucer, who makes abigg, to abie, would have been lost in E. as in Da, Sw
rhyme with rigg. See Abie. by.

Cabal. The Jews believed that Moses son, and in which mysterious and magi
received in Sinai not only the law, but cal powers were supposed to reside.—
also certain unwritten principles of inter Dict. Etym.
pretation, called Cabala or Tradition, Hence the name of caballing was
which were handed down from father to applied to any secret machinations for
 CABBAGE CACKLE I23

the ON. form kadal, a rope or cable. It

effecting a purpose; and a cabal is a con is
clave ofpersons, secretly plotting together remarkable that the Esthon. has kabbel,
for their own ends. a rope, string, band, and the Arab, hab/,
Cabbage. From It. caffo, OSp. cabo, a rope, would correspond to cable, as
head, come the Fr. caboche, a head Turk. ‘havyar to caviare. -

(whence cabochard, heady, wilful), cabus, The Sp. and Ptg. cabo, a rope, is pro
headed, round or great headed. Chour bably unconnected, signifying properly a
cabus, a headed cole or cabbage; lattite rope's end, as the part by which the rope
cabusse, lactuca capitata, headed or cab is commonly handled.
bage lettuce.—Cot. It cabuccio, capuccio, The name of the engine, cadabula, or
a cabbage; Du. cabuyskoole, brassica cadable, as it must have stood in French,
capitata.--Kil. seems a further corruption of calabre (and
o Cabbage. To steal or pocket. not vice versä, as Diez supposes), the
Fr. cabas, Du. Kabas, Sp. cabacho, a frail, Prov, name of the projectile engine, for
or rush basket, whence Fr. cabasser, to the origin of which see Carabine, Capstan.
É. or pack up in a frail, to keep or We see an example of the opposite change
oard together.—Cot. Du. Kabassen, in Champagne calabre for cadavre, a car
convasare, surripere, suffurari, manticu case.—Tarbe.
lari–Kil. ; precisely in the sense of the Cablish. Brushwood—B., properly
E. cabbage. windfalls, wood broken and thrown down
Larron cabasseur de pecune.—Dict. Etym. by the wind, in which sense are explained
the OFr. caables, cables, cablis. The
Cabin.-Cabinet. W. cab, caban, a origin is the OFr. chaable, caable, an
booth or hut. It capanna, Fr. cabane, a engine for casting stones, Mid. Lat. cha
shed, hovel, hut. Tugurium, parva casa dabula, cadabulum, whence Lang, chabla,
est quam faciunt sibi custodes vinearum to crush, overwhelm (Dict. Castr.), Fr.
ad tegimen sui. Hoc rustici capannam accabler, to hurl down, overwhelm, OFr.
vocant.—Isidore in Diez. Item habeat caable (in legal language), serious injury
archimacherus capanam (parvam came from violence without blood, Mid. Lat.
ram) in coquiná ubi species aromaticas, cadabalum, prostratio ad terram.-Duc.
&c., deponat: a store closet.—Neckam In like manner It. traboccare, to hurl
in Nat. Antiq. Cappa in OSp. signifies down, from trabocco, an engine for casting
a mantle as well as a hut, and as we find stones; Mid. Lat. manganare, It. maga
the same radical syllable in Bohem. Æabat, gnare, OFr. mºhaigner, E. maim, main,
a tunic, Æabane, a jacket ; Fr. Aſaban, It. from manganum.
cabarino, E. gº a cloak of felt or Cack. Very generally used, especially
shepherd's frock, it would seem funda in children's language, for discharging
mentally to signify shelter, covering. the bowels, or as an interjection of dis
Mod.Gr. karráku, a covering.
Cable. Ptg. calabre, cabre, Sp. cabre, gust to hinder a child from touching any
thing dirty. Lang. cacai / fi! c'est du
cable, Fr. cdble, OFr. caable, chaable.
The double a in the OFr. forms indi caca. Du. Eack / phil respuendi par
ticula.-Kil. Common to Lat. and Gr,
cates the loss of the d extant in the Mid.
the Slavonian, Celtic, and Finnish lan
Lat. cadabalum, cadabola, originally an
engine of war for hurling large stones; guages. Gael, ceach / exclamation of
disgust; cac, dung, dirt ; caca, nasty,
and the Fr. chaable, Mid. Lat. cabulus,
dirty, vile. The origin is the exclamation
had the same signification ; “une grande ach'ſ ach / made while straining at stool.
perière que l’on claime chaable.”—Duc.
Sed mox ingentia saxa
Finn, akista, to strain in such a manner;
Emittit cabulus.-Ibid. àah / like Fr. caca/vox puerilis detes
From the sense of a projectile engine tandi immundum; ankká, stercus, sordes;
the designation was early |...} to 4%atā, cacare. Swiss aa, agga, agge;
the strong rope by which the strain of dirty, disgusting; agge machen (in nurses'
such an engine was exerted. language), cacare; gaggi, gaggele, aeggi,
Concesserint—descarkagium sexaginta dolio stercus; gaitsch, filth. Gadge / is pro
rum suis instrumentis, scilicet caablis et windasio vincially used in E. as an expression of
tantum.—Duc. Didot.
disgust. Gr. Karác, bad.
. Examples of the fuller form of cadable To Cackle.—Gaggle. Imitative of
in the sense of cable are not given in the the cry of hens, geese, &c., Sw. Aakla,
dictionaries, but it would seem to explain Fr. caqueter, Lith. Kakaloti, to chatter,
124 CADAVERO US CALIBRE

prattle; Turk. Kaku//a, to cackle; Du. auvöv kaxaudpº, a sea inkstand, cuttle-fish.
Kaecke/ent, Gr. Kakkačew. Calamity. Lat. calamitas, loss, mis
Cadaverous. Lat. cadaver, a corpse, fortune. Perhaps from w. coſ/, loss,
dead body. whence Lat. inco/umis, without loss, safe.
... Caddy. Tea-caddy, a tea-chest, from Calash.-Caloch. An open travelling
the Chinese catty, the weight of the small chariot.—B. A hooded carriage, whence
packets in which tea is made up. ca/ash, a hood stiffened with whalebone
* Cade. A pet lamb, one that is brought for protecting a head-dress.
up by hand ; a petted child, one unduly Fr. calèche, It. ca/essa, Sp. calesa.
indulged by, and troublesomely attached Originally from a Slavonic source. Serv.
to, its mother.—Mrs B. The designation Koſo, a wheel, the pl. of which, kola, sig
seems taken from the troublesome bold nifies a waggon. Pol. Æolo, a circle, a
ness and want of respect for man of the wheel; #o/asa, a common cart, an ugly
petted animal. ON. Aditr, joyous ; Sw. waggon ; Koſaska, a calash ; Russ. Koło,
dial. Æit, frisky, unruly; Dan. Kaad, Æoſes), a wheel; Æolesnitza, a waggon;
wanton, frolicsome ; Kaad mund, a flip Áo/vaska, Æo/vasochka, a calesh. In the
pant tongue; kaad dreng, a mischievous same way Fin. ratas, a wheel; pl. rat
boy.—Atkinson. taat (wheels), a car.
Cadence. It. cadenza, a falling, a ca c-. Lat. ca/r, calcis, limestone,
dence, a low note.—Flo. Fr. cadence, a lime; whence calcareous, of the nature of
just falling, a proportionable time or even lime ; to calcine, to treat like lime, to
burn in a kiln.
measure in any action or sound.—Cot.
A chacume cadence, ever and anon. It Calculate. Lat. calculo, to compute,
seems to be used in the sense of a certainfrom calculus, a small stone, a counter
mode of falling from one note to another, used in casting accounts.
hence musical rhythm. Lat. cadere, to Caldron.— Cauldron. Lat. ca/idus,
fall. hot ; ca/darius, caldaria, Fr. chaudière,
Cadet. Fr. cadet, Gascon ca/det, the It. (in the augm. form) calderone, Fr.
younger son of a family; said to be from chaudron,
Water.
cauldron, a vessel for heating
capitetum, little chief. Sp. cabdillo, lord,
master.—Duc. Calendar. Lat. calendarium, from
Cadger. See Kiddier. calendae, the first day of the month in
Cage. Lat. cavea, a hollow place, Roman reckoning.
hence a den, coop, cage. Sp. gavia, It. To Calender.—Fr. calendrer, to sleek
gabbia, gaggia, Fr. cage. Du. Atauwe, or smooth linen cloth, &c.—Cot. Calam
Æevie, G. Kaſich. dre, a roller, from Gr. riºuvèpoc, Lat. cy
Caitiff. It cattivo (from Lat. cap /indrus, a cylinder, roller.
Calenture. A disease of sailors from
tivus), captive, a wretch, bad ; Fr. chefſ,
poor, wretched. desire of land, when they are said to
To Cajole. Fr. cageo/er, cañoler, to throw themselves into the sea, taking it
prattle or jangle like a jay (in a cage), for green fields. Sp. calentura, a fever,
to prate much to little purpose. Cajo/- warmth ; calentar, to heat. Lat. calidus,
hot.
Aerie, jangling, babbling, chattering.—
Cot. The reference to the word cage Calf. The young of oxen and similar
animals. G. Kalö.
hinted at by Cot. is probably delusive.
It is more likely a word formed like Calf of the Leg. ON. Kalfi, Sw. ben
cackle, gaggle, gabble, directly represent Áalſ, Gael. ca/pa, calba, or colpa na coise,
ing the chattering cries of birds. As Du. the calf of the leg. The primary mean
Agabòerent is identical with E. jabber, so ing of the word seems simply a lump.
gabble corresponds with Fr. ſavio/er, to Ca/6 is riadh, principal and interest, the
gabble, prate, or prattle.—Cot. From lump and the increase. It is another
hence to cageoler is nearly the same step form of the E. collop, a lump or large
as from It. gabóia, to cage. piece, especially of something soft. . The
Cake. Sw. Æała, a cake or loaf. En
calf of the leg is the collop of flesh be
longing to that member. The Lat. ana
Kaka bröd, a loaf of bread. Dan. Aage, logue is pulpa, pulpa cruris, the fleshy
Du. Koeck, G. kuchen, N. Au/je, cake. part of the leg; fulfa ligni, Du. Kaſſ van
Calamary. A cuttle-fish, from the Jout, the pith or soft part of wood. Dan.
ink-bag which it contains. Lat. ca/amus, dial. Æa//, calf of leg, marrow, pith.
Turk. Arab. Aalem, a reed, reed-pen, pen; * Calibre.—Calliper. Fr. calibre, It.
Mod. Gr. KaNapiápt, an inkstand ; 9aWaa calibro, colièro, the bore of a cannon.
 CALICO CALM 125

Ca/lifter-compasses, compasses contrived to press or stuff. Prov, calca, ca/gua, Fr.

to measure the diameter of the bore. Sp. caique, a tent or piece of lint placed in
calibre, diameter of a ball, of a column, the orifice of a wound, as the caulking in
of the bore of a firearm ; met. quality. the cracks of a ship. Gael. calc, to calk,
Ser debuen Ö mal calibre, to be of a good ram, drive, push violently; caſcaich, to
or bad quality. cram, calk, harden by pressure.
Derived by some from Arab. 7d/ab, To Call. Gr. ra)\{w. ON. Kalla, to call,
Adlib, a last, form, or mould, which does to say, to affirm. Du. Kal, prattle, chat
not give a very satisfactory explanation ter; Áal/en, to prattle, chatter. Lat. ca
either of the form or meaning of the word. /are, to proclaim, to call. Probably from
Mahn derives it from Lat. Quá librá, of the sound of one hallooting, hol/aing.
what weight 2 a guess which should be Fin. Æallottaa, alta voce ploro, ululo;
supported by some evidence of the use of Turk. Áal, word of mouth ; ki/-u-kal,
fibra in the sense of weight. According people's remarks, tittle-tattle. Heb. kol,
to Jal (Gl. nautique), the Fr. form in the voice, sound.
16th century was €7ualibre. * Callet. A depreciatory term for a
Calico. Fr. calicot, cotton cloth, from woman, a drab, trull, scold. ‘A calat of
Calicut in the E. Indies, whence it was leude demeaning.’—Chaucer. “A callet
first brought. of boundless tongue.”—Winter's Tale. Fr.
Caliph. The successors of Mahomet caillette, femme frivole et babillarde.—
in the command of the empire. Turk. Dict. Lang. Probably an unmeasured
Ahaliſ, a successor. use of the tongue is the leading idea.
* Caliver. A harquebus or handgun. NE. to callet, to rail or scold ; calleting,
The old etymologers supported their pert, saucy, gossiping. ‘They snap and
theories by very bold assertions, in which cal/it like a couple of cur dogs.”—Whitby
it is dangerous to place implicit faith. Gl. To ca/, to abuse ; a good calling, a
Sir John Smith in Grose, Mil. Antiq. i. round of abuse.—Ibid.
156 (quoted by Marsh), thus accounts for Callous. Hard, brawny, having a thick
the origin of the word : ‘It is supposed skin.-B. Lat. callus, callum, skin hard
by many that the weapon called a caliver ened by labour, the hard surface of the
is another thing than a harquebuse, ground. Fin. AEa/lo, the scalp or skull,
whereas in troth it is not, but is only a
harquebuse, saving that it is of greater jáh-Kallo, a crust of ice over the roads
circuite or bullet than the other is; where (jää = ice).
fore the Frenchman doth call it a pièce de Callow. Unfledged, not covered with
calibre, which is as much as to say, a feathers. Lat. calvus, AS. calo, caluw,
piece of bigger circuite.” But it is hard Du. Kael, Kaluwe, bald.
to suppose that E. caliver, or caliever, can Calm. It. Sp. calma, Fr. calme, ab
be distinct from ODu. Koluvre, Álover, sence of wind, quiet. The primitive
colubrina bombarda, sclopus.-Kil. Ca meaning of the word, however, seems to
tapulta, donderbuchs— donrebusse vel be heat. Sp. dial. ca/ma, the heat of
c/over.— Dief. Sup. Now these Du. the day.—Diez. Ptg. calma, heat, cal
forms are undoubtedly from Lat. coluber, moso, hot. The origin is Gr. kaijua, heat,
Fr. couleuvre, an adder, whence couleuv from ratw, to burn. Mid. Lat. cauma, the
rine, coulevrine, and E. culverin, a kind heat of the sun. “Dum ex nimio caumate
of cannon, and sometimes a handgun. lassus ad quandam declinaret umbram.’
.S/ange, serpens, coluber; also, bombarda Cauma—incendium, calor, aestus.-Duc.
longior, vulgo serpentina, colubrina, The word was also written cawme in OE.
colubrum.—Kil. Coluºrine, licht stuk The change from a u to an 1 in such a
geschut, colubraria canna, fistula.-Bi position is much less common than the
glotton. The adder or poisonous serpent converse, but many examples may be
was considered as a fire-spitting animal, given. So It. oldire from audire, to hear,
and therefore it lent its name to several palmento for paumento from pavimen
kinds of firearms. Among these were the tum, Sc. chalmer for chawmer from
draže (Bailey), and dragon, the latter of chamber.
which has its memory preserved in Du. The reference to heat is preserved in
dragonder, E. dragoon, a soldier who the It. sca/mato, faint, overheated, over
originally carried that kind of arm. done with heat—Alt. ; sca/maccio, a sul
To Calk. To drive tow or oakham, try, faint, moist, or languishing drought
&c., into the seams of vessels to make and heat.—Fl. Thus the word came to
them water-tight. Lat. caſcare, to tread, be used mainly with a reference to the
126 CALOYER CANN

oppressive effects of heat, and gave rise or rather perhaps a surprise of the
to the Lang. cdouma, chaouma, to avoid enemy in their shirts.
the heat, to take rest in the heat of the Camlet. Fr. camelot. A stuff made
day, whence the Fr. chommer, to abstain of camel's or goat's hair. It was distin
from work. The Grisons cauma, a shady guished by a wavy or watered surface.
spot for cattle, a spot in which they take Camelot a ondes, water chamlet ; camelot
refuge from the heat of the day, would f/enter, unwater chamelot ; se cameloter,
lead us to suppose that in expressing ab to grow rugged or full of wrinkles, to be
sence of wind the notion of shelter may come waved like chamlet.—Cot.
have been transferred from the sun's rays Camp. — Campaign. — Champaign.
to the force of the wind. Or the word Lat. campus, It campo, Fr. champ, a
may have acquired that signification from plain, field ; It campo, Fr. camp, a camp
the oppressiveness of the sun being or temporary residence in the open field.
mainly felt in the absence of wind. From campus was formed Lat. campa
Caloyer. A Greek monk. Mod.Gr. nia, It. campagna, Fr. champagne, a field
ra\óyspoc, raxóympoc, monk, properly good country, open and level ground, E. cham
old man, from kaxoc, good, and yépwy, paign.
aged. In a different application It. campagna,
Calumny. Lat. calumnia, a slander, Fr. campagne, E. campaign, the space of
false imputation. time every year that an army continues
Calvered Salmon. Properly calver in the field during a war.—B.
salmon, the fish dressed as soon as it is Canal.—Channel. Lat. canalis, a
caught, when its substance appears inter conduit-pipe, the bed of a stream, the
spersed with white flakes like curd. From fluting, or furrow in a column ; canna, a
Sc. callour, cal/ar, fresh. Calver of cane, the type of a hollow pipe.
samon, escume de Saumon. — Palsgr. Cancel. Lat. cancello, to make like a
‘Take calwar samon and seeth it in lattice, cross out by scoring across and
lewe water.”—Forme of Cury in Way. across ; cancelli, a lattice.
‘Quhen the salmondis faillis thair loup, Cancer. See Canker.
thay fall cal/our in the said caldrounis Candid.—Candidate. Lat. candidus,
and are than maist delitious to the mouth.” white, fair, plain-dealing, frank and sin
—Bellenden in Jam. cere : candidatus, clothed in white,
Calyx. Lat. calir, a cup, a goblet ; whence the noun signifying an applicant,
ca/yr, the bud, cup, or hollow of a aspirant, because those aspiring to any
flower. principal office of State presented them
Cambering.—Cambrel. A ship's deck selves in a white toga while soliciting the
is said to lie cambering when it does not votes of the citizens.
lie level, but is higher in the middle than Candle.—Chandelier. Lat. candela,
at the ends.-B. Fr. cambrer, to bow, Fr. chandelle, from candere, to glow.
crook, arch; cambre, cambré, crooked, Candy. Sugar in a state of crystallis
arched. Sp. combar, to bend, to warp, ation. Pers. Arab. Turk. Áand, sugar.
to jut. Bret. Kamm, arched, crooked, Sanscr. Æhanda, a piece, sugar in pieces or
lame. Gr. eduºrrºw, to bend, rauröAoc, lumps; Æhand, to break.
crooked, hooked. E. camber-nosed, having Canibal. An eater of human flesh.
an aquiline nose.—Jam. Cambrel, cam From the Cannibals, or Caribs, or Gali
bren, W. campren, crooked-stick, a crook bis, the original inhabitants of the W.
ed stick with notches in it on which India Islands, the name being differently
butchers hang their meat.—B. pronounced by different sections of the
Cambric. A sort of fine linen cloth nation, some of whom, like the Chinese,
brought from Cambrai in Flanders.-B. had no r in their language. Peter Martyr,
Fr. Cambray, or toile de Cambray—Cam who died in 1526, calls them Cannibals
bric.—Cot. or Caribees.
Camel. Gr, káunkoç, Lat. came/us. The Caribes I learned to be men-eaters or
Cameo. It cammeo, Fr. camée, ca cannibals, and great enemies to the inhabitants
zmaietº, Sp. Ptg. camaſeo, Mid. Lat. cama of Trinidad.—Hackluyt in R.
/ie/us, camahutus. Canine. Lat. canis, a dog.
Camisade. Sp. camisa, It. camiscia, Canister. Lat. canistrum, a basket.
a shirt, whence Fr. camisade, It. camis Canker. Fr. chancre, an eating, spread
ciota, a night attack upon the enemies' ing sore. Lat. cancer, a crab, also an
camp, the shirt being worn over the eating sore.
clothes to distinguish the attacking party, Cann. ON. Kanna, a large drinking
 CANNEL CAPARISON 127

vessel. Perhaps from w. cammu, to con Canter. A slow gallop, formerly called
tain, as rummer, a drinking glass, from a Canterbury gallop. If the word had
Dan. rumme, to contain. But it may be been from cantherius, a gelding, it would
from a different source. Prov, cane, a have been found in the continental lan
recd, cane, also a measure. Fr. cane, a guages, which is not the case.
measure for cloth, being a yard or there Cantle. . A piece of anything, as a
abouts; also a can or such-like measure cantle of bread, cheese, &c.—B. Fr.
for wine.—Cot. A joint of a hollow stalk chantel, chanteau, Picard. canteau, a
would be one of the earliest vessels for corner-piece or piece broken off the cor
holding liquids, as a reed would afford ner, and hence a gobbet, lump, or cantell
the readiest measure of length. of bread, &c.—Cot. Du. Kandt-broodts,
Cannel Coal. Coal burning with a hunch of bread.—Kil, on. Æantr, a
much bright flame, like a torch or candle. side, border; Dan. Kant, edge, border,
N. Ayndel, Aynnel, a torch. region, quarter; . It canto, side, part,
Cannon. It cannone, properly a large quarter, corner. A cantle then is a corner
pipe, from canna, a reed, a tube, Prov. of a thing, the part easiest broken off.
canon, a pipe. Fin, Aanta, the heel, thence anything pro
Canoe. An Indian boat made of the jecting or cornered ; AEuun-kanta, a horn
hollowed trunk of a tree. Sp. canoa, from of the moon ; leiwan kanta, margo panis
the native term. Yet it is remarkable diffracta, a cantle of bread. Esthon. Æan,
that the G. has Kahn, a boat. OFr. cane, Æand, the heel.
a ship; canof, a small boat.—Diez. Canton. Fr. canton, It. cantone, a di
Canon.—To Canonise. From Gr.vision of a country. Probably only the
rávn, kávva, a cane, was formed ravöv, a augmentative of canto, a corner, although
straight rod, a ruler, and met. a rule or it has been supposed to be the equivalent
standard of excellence. Hence Lat. carton of the E. territorial hundred, w. cantreſ,
was used by the ecclesiastical writers for cantred, from cant, a hundred, and treſ,
a tried or authorised list or roll. The hamlet.
canon of scriptures is the tried roll of Canvas. From Lat. cannabis, hemp,
sacred writers. To canonise, to put upon It cannevo, camapa, hemp, cannevaccia,
the tried list of saints. canapaccia, coarse hemp, coarse hempen
Again we have Lat. canonicus, regular, cloth; Fr. camevas, canvas. To canvas
canonici, the canons or regular clergy of a matter is a metaphor taken from sifting
a cathedral. a substance through canvas, and the verb
Canopy. Mod. Gr. kuvursiov, a mos sift itself is used in like manner for ex
quito curtain, bed curtain, from kww.tºp, a amining a matter thoroughly to the very
gnat. grounds.
Cant. Cant is properly the language * Cap—Cape.—Cope. As cappe, a
spoken by thieves and beggars among cap, cape, cope, hood. Sp. capa, a cloak,
themselves, when they do not wish to be coat, cover ; It. cappa, Fr. chape. Words
understood by bystanders. It therefore beginning with pl or clare frequently ac
cannot be derived from the sing-song or companied by synonymous forms in which
whining tone in which they demand alms. the l is omitted, and probably the origin
The word seems to be taken from Gael. of the present words may be found in the
cainnt, speech, language, applied in the notion of a piece of something flat clapped
first instance to the special language of on another surface like the flap of a gar
rogues and beggars, and subsequently to ment turned back upon itself. Flappe of
the peculiar terms used by any other pro a gowne, cappe.—Palsgr. See Chape.
fession or community. Swab. sch/ap/, hirmschlafple, a scull
The Doctor here, cap. Gugel, capello Italis, Germanis
When he discourseth of dissection, £appen, Alamannis, sch/appen.—Goldast
Of vena cava and of vena porta, in Schmid. Schwäb. Wtb.
The meseraeum and the mesentericum,
What does he else but cant P or if he run The root cap, signifying cover, is found
To his judicial astrology, in languages of very different stocks.
And trowl the trine, #. quartile, and the sex Mod.Gr. carráxi, a cover; Turk. Kapa
tile, &c. mak, to shut, close, cover ; kapi, a door ;
Does he not cant f who here can understand him?
Aafut, a cloak ; Æapali, shut, covered.
B. Jonson. Capable.—Capacious. It capevole,
Gael. can, to sing, say, name, call. capace, Lat. capar, able to receive, con
Canteen. It. cantina, a wine-cellar or tain, or hold. See Capt-.
vault. Caparison. Sp. caparazon, carcase
128 CAPE CAPRICE

of a fowl, cover of a saddle, of a coach, a rustling, twittering, crackling sound

or other things. gives rise to Sc. brissle, birs/e, to broil, to
Cape. A headland. It capo, a head. parch, Lang. ôreziſła, to twitter as birds,
See Chief. Genevese èreso/er, brisoler, to broil, to
Caper. To caper or cut capers is to tingle ("os Qui &reso/e, the singing bone),
make leaps like a kid or goat. It cafro, It. &risciare, to shiver for cold, and with
a buck, from Lat. cafer, ca/rio, caprio/a, an initial gr instead of br, Fr. gregiſler,
a capriol, a chevret, a young kid ; met. a to crackle, wriggle, frizzle, grisser, to
capriol or caper in dancing, a leap that crackle, It. gricciare, to chill and chatter
cunning riders teach their horses.—Fl. with one's teeth, aggricciare, to astonish
Fr. caprio/e, a caper in dancing, also the and affright and make one's hair stand on
capriole, sault, or goat's leap (done by a end. In Lat. ericius, a hedge-hog, It.
horse).-Cot. riccio, hedge-hog, prickly husk of chest
Capers. A shrub. Lat. ca//aris, Fr. nut, curl, Fr. risso/er, to fry, herisser, It.
cd/re, Sp. alca/arra, Arab. algadºr. arricciarsi, the hair to stand on end, the
Capillary. Lat. ca/iſſus, initial mute of forms like Gr. ºpičoc, It.
Hair-like.
a hair. &risciare, gricciare, is either wholly lost,
Capital. Lat. capitalis, belonging to or represented by the syllable e, he', as in
the head, principal, chief. From caput, Lat. erica, compared with Bret, brug, w.
the head. Hence capita/is the sum lent, grug, heath, or Lat. eruca compared with
the principal part of the debt, as distin It. bruco, a caterpillar.
guished from the interest accruing upon We then find the symptoms of shiver
it. Then funds or store of wealth viewed ing, chattering of the teeth, roughening
as the means of earning profit. of the skin, hair standing on end, em
To Capitulate. Lat. capitulare, to ployed to express a passionate longing for
treat upon terms; from capitulum, a little a thing, as in Sophocles' ºppº Fourt, I have
head, a separate division of a matter. shivered with love. ‘A tumult of delight
Capon. A castrated cock. Sp. caffar, invaded his soul, and his body brist/ed
to castrate. Mod.Gr. atrokémrw, to cut with joy’—Vikram, p. 75, where Burton
off, abridge; atrákotoc, cut, castrated. adds in a note, Unexpected pleasure, ac
Caprice. It cappriccio, explained by cording to the Hindoos, gives a bristly
Diez from capra, a goat, for which he elevation to the down of the body.
cites the Comask mucia, a kid, and nucc, The effect of eager expectation in pro
caprice ; It. ticchio, caprice, and OHG. ducing such a bodily affection may fre
ziki, kid. The true derivation lies in a quently be observed in a dog waiting for
different direction. The connection be a morsel of what his master is eating.
tween sound and the movement of the So we speak of thrilling with emotion or
sonorous medium is so apparent, that the desire, and this symptomatic shuddering
terms expressing modifications of the one seems the primary meaning of earn or
are frequently transferred to the other yearn, to desire earnestly. To earne
subject. Thus we speak of sound vibrat within is translated by Sherwood by
ing in the ears; of a tremulous sound, frissonner; to yearne, sherisser, frisson
for one in which there is a quick succes ner; a yearning through sudden fear,
sion of varying impressions on the ear. hérissonnement, horripilation. And simi
The words by which we represent a sound larly to yearn, arricciarsi.-Torriano.
of such a nature are then applied to signify Many words signifying originally to
trembling or shivering action. To twiſter crackle or rustle, then to shiver or shud
is used in the first instance of the chirping der, are in like manner used metaphori
of birds, and then of nervous tremulous cally in the sense of eager desire, as Fr.
ness of the bodily frame. To chitter is grisser, grezi//er, griller, briso/er, ‘Elles
both to chirp and to shiver.—Hal. It is grissoient d'ardeur de le voir, they longed
probable that Gr. ºpidate originally signi extremely to see it.”—Cot. ‘Griller d’im
fied to rustle, as Fr. /risser ( /rissement patience.”—Trev. “Il bresole (Gl. Gé
d’un trait, the whizzing of an arrow— név.)—grezille (Supp. Acad.) d'être
Cot.), then to be in a state of vibration, marić.’
to ruffle the surface of water, or, as Fr. The It. brisciare, to shiver, gives rise
frissoner, to shudder, the hair to stand on to brezza, shivering, riórezzo, a chillness,
end. ‘bottoc, bristling, curling, because shivering, horror, and also a skittish or
the same condition of the nerves which humorous toy, ribrezzoso, humorous, fan
produces shivering also causes the hair tastical, suddenly angry.—Fl. So from
to stand on end. The same imitation of Sw. Arus, bristling, curly, Årus-huſwud
 CAPRIOLE CARABINE I29

(bristly-head), one odd, fantastic, hard -ceive in receive, conceive, perceive, de

to please.—Nordfoss. Du. Aru/, a ca ceive. .
price, fancy. The exact counterpart The participial form of the root in com
to this is It. arriccia-capo (Fl.), or the pound verbs, -cept, did not suffer the same
synonymous capriccio (capo-riccio), a corruption in French, and has thus de
shivering fit (Altieri), and tropically, a scended unaltered to English, where it
sudden fear apprehended, a fantastical forms a very large class of compounds,
humour, a humorous conceit making one's accept, erce//, /recepſ, intercept, deception,
hair to stand on end.—Fl. Fr. caprice, a conception, &c. In cases, however, where
sudden will, desire, or purpose to do a the -cept was final or was only followed
thing for which one has no apparent by an e mute, the p was commonly not
reason.—Cot. pronounced in French, as in OFr. concept,
Capriole. See Caper. recepte, deceffe, and has accordingly been
Capstan.—Capstern.-Crab. Sp. ca lost in E. conceit, deceit, while it still keeps
brestante, cabestrante, Fr. cabestan. The its ground in the writing of receipt although
name of the goat was given in many lan wholly unpronounced.
guages (probably for the reason explained Captain. It capitano, a head man,
under Carabine) to an engine for throw commander, from Lat. caput, capitis,
ing stones, and was subsequently applied head.
to a machine for raising heavy weights or Capuchin. It capuccio, cappuccio, a
exerting a heavy pull. OSp. cabra, ca hood (dim, of cappa, a cloke); capuccino,
&reia, an engine for throwing stones. It. a hooded friar, a capuchin.
capra, a skid or such engine to raise or Car.—Cart.—Carry. Lat. carrus, It.
mount great ordnance withal ; also tres carro, Fr. char. In all probability from
sels, also a kind of rack.-Fl. G. bock, a the creaking of the wheels. ON. Æarra,
trestle, a windlass, a crab or instrument Du. Karren, Áerren, to creak, also to carry
to wind up weights, a kind of torture.— on a car; Aarrende waegen, a creaking
Küttner. Fr. chevre, a machine for rais waggon. Fin. Aarisła, strideo, crepo. Sp.
ing heavy weights. In the S. of France chirriar, to creak, chirrion, a tumbrel or
the transposition of the r converts capra strong dung-cart which creaks very loudly.
into crabo, a she-goat, also a windlass for —Neumann. Derivatives are Fr. char
raising heavy weights (explaining the pier, to carry; It caricare, Fr. charger, to
origin of E. crab º a sawing-block or load; It carretta, Fr. charret, a cart.
trestles.—Dict. Castr. Carabine.—Carbine. The It. cala
The meaning of the Sp. cabrestamfe brino, Fr. calabrin, carabin, was a kind
(whence E. capstern or capstan) now be of horse soldier, latterly, at least, a horse
comes apparent. It is a standing crab, a man armed with a carbine or arquebus.
windlass set upright for the purpose of Carabin, a carbine or curbeeme, an arque
enabling a large number of men to work buzier armed with a murrian and breast
at it, in opposition to the ordinary modi plate and serving on horseback.-Cot.
fication of the machine, where it is more Les carabins sont des arquebusiers à cheval
convenient to make the axis horizontal. qui vont devant les compagnies des gens de guerre
Capsule. Lat. capsula, dim. of capsa, comme pour reconnaitre les ennemis et les escar
a coffer, box, case. . moucher.—Caseneuve in Dict. Etym.
Capt-. -cept. -ceive. Lat. capio, As the soldiers would naturally be
captus, to take, seize, hold, contain, named from their peculiar armament, it
whence capture, captive, captivate, &c. is inferred by Diez with great probability
The a of capio changes to an i in com that the term calabre, originally signifying
position, and of captus to an e, as in a catapult or machine for casting stones,
accipio, acceptus, to take to, to accept; was transferred on the invention of gun
recipio, receptus, to take back, to receive ; powder to a firelock, and that the cala
receptio, a taking back, a reception. But brims or carabins were named from
in passing into Spanish the radical sylla carrying a weapon of that designation, as
ble -ciſ- of these compound verbs, re the dragoons (Du. dragonder) from carry
ci/ere, concipere, &c., was converted into ing the gun called a dragon. It was
-ceò- or -cib-, and in French into -cev-, as natural that the names of the old siege
in Sp. recióir, concebir, Fr. recevoir, conce machines for casting stones should be
voir. Passing on into E., which has re transferred to the more efficient kinds of
ceived by far the greater part of its Latin ordnance brought into use on the dis
derivatives through the French, the -cev covery of gunpowder. Thus the musket,
of the Fr. verbs gives rise to the element It moschetta, was originally a missile
9
I 30 CARACOL CARD

discharged from some kind of spring ma garded as internal burning. Comp.

chine. Ptg. espin garda, a firelock, is the OHG. eit, fire; eitar, matter, poison ;
ancient springa/a, a machine for casting eiz, an ulcer.
large darts, and catapu/ta, properly a Carboy. A large glass bottle cased in
siege machine, is the word used in mo wicker for holding vitriol. Derived in
dern Lat. for a gun. the first edition from Mod.Gr, rapaumāya
The term calabre as the name of a pro (caraboyia), vitriol, copperas. But Mr
jectile engine is probably a corruption of Marsh points out that the Gr. word is
cabre from cabra, a goat, in the same way only an adoption of the Turk. Áard boyá,
that the Sp. ca/ambre has been formed black dye, and is applied exclusively to
from the same source with the synon copperas or green vitriol, a solid body
ymous E. cramp. Ptg. cabre and ca/abre which could never have been packed in
are both used in the sense of a cable, an bottles, and so could not have given its
instrument for exerting a heavy strain. name to the carboy. There is no doubt
The reason why the name of the goat that the name comes from the East.
is used to designate a machine for cast Thus Kaempfer (Amaen. Exot. p. 379) de
ing stones is probably that the term was scribes vessels for containing wine made
first applied to a battering-ram (G. bock, a at Shiraz, ‘Vasa vitrea, alia sunt majora,
he-goat, a battering-ram), a machine ampullacea et circumdato scirpo tunicata,
named by the most obvious analogy after quae vocant Karabá.” From the same
the goat and ram, whose mode of attack Source are Sicil. carabòa, a bottle with
is to rush violently with their heads big belly and narrow neck; It caraffa,
against their opponent. From the bat Sp. gara/a, Fr. cara/e, decanter, wine
tering-ram, the earliest instrument of bottle.
mural attack, the name might naturally Carcase. Mod. Gr. rapráoi, a quiver,
be transferred to the more complicated carcase ;-row aveowrivov atºmaroc, the
military engines made for hurling stones, skeleton ;-ric Xextovac, the shell of a tor
from whence it seems to have descended toise. It carcasso, a quiver, the core of
to the harmless crabs and cranes of our fruit ; carcame, a dead carcase, skeleton,
mercantile times, designated in the case carcanet. Fr. carguasse, the dead body
of G. hock and Fr. chevre by the name of of any creature, a pelt or dead bird to
the goat. Sp. cabra, cabreia, cabrita, an take down a hawk withal; carquois, a
engine for hurling stones, a crane.—Neu quiver; caryuan, a collar or chain for the
mann. neck-Cot. Sp. carcar, a quiver ; car
Caracol. The half turn which a horsecasa, a skeleton. Cat. carcanada, the
man makes to the right or left; also a carcase of a fowl. The radical meaning
winding staircase. Sp. caracol, a snail, seems to be something holding together,
a winding staircase, turn of a horse. confining, constraining; shell, case, or
Gael. car, a twist, bend, winding ; carach, framework. W. carch, restraint ; Gael.
winding, turning. AS. cerran, to turn. carcair, a coffer, a prison. Bohem. Årciti,
Carat. Gr. repártov, Venet. carate, to draw in, contract.
seed of carob. Arab. Āiraſ, Sp. 7uilato, The word is explained by Diez from
a small weight. Fr. siſique, the husk or carnis capsa, the case of the flesh. It.
cod of beans, &c., and particularly the cassa, a case or chest; casso, the trunk or
carob or carob bean-cod ; also a poise chest of the body; Parmesan cassiron,
among physicians, &c., coming to four skeleton.
grains. Carroë, the carob bean, also a Card. 1. An implement for dressing
small weight, among mint-men and gold wool. Lat. carere, carminare, to comb
smiths making the 24th of an ounce.— wool; carduus, a thistle, It. cardo, a this
Cot. tle, teasel for dressing woollen cloth.
Caravan. Pers. Kerwan. Lith. Karszti, to ripple flax, to strip off the
Caravel. It caravela, a kind of ship. heads by drawing the flax through a
Mod. Gr. kapāś, Gael. carðh, a ship. Fr. comb, to card wool, to curry horses;
carabe, a corracle or skiff of osier covered Æarsztu was, a ripple for flax, wool card,
with skin.-Cot. See Carpenter. curry-comb. Gael. card, to card wool,
Carbonaceous. – Carbuncle. Lat. &c., carlag, a lock of wool; carla, a wool
carbo, a burning coal, charcoal ; carðurt card. The fundamental idea is the no
culus (dim. of carbo), a gem resembling a tion of scraping or scratching, and the
live coal, also (as Gr. div6oaš, of the same expression arises from an imitation of the
primary meaning) a malignant ulcer, the noise. ON. Karra, to creak, to hiss (as
suppuration of which seems to be re geese), to comb; Karri, a card or comb ;
 CARD CARNAVAL I3I

Karr-Kambar, wool cards. G. scharren, quatuor viae. OFr. carreſourg, quarre

to scrape; kratzen, to scratch. four, the part of a town where four streets
Card, 2.--Cartel.-Chart.—Charter. meet at a head.—Cot.
Lat. charta (Gr. xaprºc), paper, paper A l'entree de Luxembourg
written on or the writing itself, whence Lieu n'y avoit ni carreſourg
Dont l'en n'eust veuvenir les gens.
the several meanings of the words above : Rom. de Parthenay.
Fr. carte, a card, charte, chartre, a deed, Translated in MS. Trin. Coll.,
record.
Cardinal. From. Lat. cardo, cardinis, No place there had, neither carſoukes none
a hinge, that on which the matter hinges, But peple shold se ther come many one.
W. W. Skeat, in N. & Q., Sept. 8, 1866.
principal, fundamental. Gael. car, a turn, ‘Thei enbusshed hem agein a carſowgh of six
winding. weyes.'—Merlin, p. 273.
Care. As. Cearian, carian, to take
heed, care, be anxious. Goth. Kara, Cargo. Sp. cargo, the load of a ship.
care; unkarja, careless; gakaran, to It. caricare, carcare, Sp. cargar, Ptg. car
take care of. regar, Fr. charger, to load. From carrus,
whence carricare, to load, in St Jerome.
Probably the origin of the word is the —Duc.
act of moaning, murmuring, or grumbling
* . e
- - -

Caricature. It caricatura, an over

at what is felt as grievous. Fin. Karista, loaded representation of anything, from
raucá voce loquor vel ravum Sonum edo, caricare, to load.
strideo, morosus sum, murren, zanken ; Cark. AS. cearig, sollicitus; OSax.
Äärry, asper, morosus, rixosus. A like mod-carag, maestus. OHG. charag, charg,
connection may be seen between Fin. sur carch, astutus. G. kang, Dan. AEarrig,
rata, stridere, to whirr (schnurren), and stingy, niggardly; ON. Kangr, tenax, piger,
suru, sorrow, care; ON. Kumra, to growl, ignarus. W. carcus, solicitous.
mutter, and G. kummer, grief, Sorrow, Carl. A clown or churl. AS. ceorl,
distress; Fin. murista, murahſaa, to ON. Karl, a man, male person.
growl, and murhet, aegritudo animi, moe Carlings.--Carled peas. Peas steep
ror, cura intenta. The Lat. cura may be ed and fried, G. krol/-eröser. Fr. gra/ler,
compared with Fin. Kurista, voce strepo to parch, grolle, parched or carled, as
stridente, inde murmuro vel aegre fero, peas, beans, &c.—Cot. Groler, to fry or
quirito ut infans. broil.—Roquef. Champ. guer/ir, to fry,
To Careen. To refit a ship by bring from the crackling .# Fr. croller,
ing her down on one side and supporting to murmur—Roquef.; crosler, to shake,
her while she is repaired on the other. tremble, quaver; Bois crolant d'un ladre,
Properly, to clean the bottom of the ship. a lazar's clack, E. crawl, crowl, to rumble.
It. carena, the keel, bottom, or whole Carminative. A medical term from
bulk of a ship ; dare la carena alle navi, the old theory of humours. The object
to tallow or calk the bottom of a ship. of carminatives is to expel wind, but the
Carenare, Fr. carener, from Lat. carina, theory is that they dilute and relax the
the keel of a vessel. Venet. carena, the gross humours from whence the wind
hull of a ship, from the keel to the water arises, combing them out like the knots
line ; essere in carena, to lie on its side. in wool. It carminare, to card wool,
—Boerio. also by medicines to make gross humours
Career. It carriera, Fr. carrière, a fine and thin.-Fl.
Highway, road, or street, also a career on For the root of carminare, see Garble,
horseback, place for exercise on horse and compare Bret. Kribina, to comb flax
back.-Cot. Properly a car-road, from or hemp, as carminare, to comb wool.
carrus.-Diez. Carnage.—Carnal.—Charnel. Lat.
Caress. Fr. caresse, It. caregza, an caro, carnis, the flesh of animals; carna
endearment. W. caru, Bret. Aarouf, to ſis, appertaining to the flesh. Fr. charnel,
love. Bret. Karantez, love, affection, ca carnal, sensual, charneur, fleshy; charn
ress. Mid. Lat. caritia, from carus, dear. age, the time during which it is lawful
Et quum Punzilupus intrasset domum ubies to Rom. Cath. to eat flesh.
Carnaval. The period of festivities
sent ha-retici, videntibus omnibus fecit magnas
caritias et ostendit magnam amicitiam et famili
indulged in in Catholic countries, imme
aritatem dictis haereticis.-Mur. in Carp.diately before the long fast of Lent. It.
Carfax. A place where four roads carnavale, carnovale, carnasciaſe, Fare
meet. Mid. Lat. quadrifurcu m from 7ua well flesh, that is to say, Shrove tide.—
tuor furcae (Burguy), as quadrivium from Fl. This howeve; is one of those ac
I 32 CAROL CARPET

commodations so frequently modifying the narr schüttet sein herz gar aus:” a fool
form of words. The true derivation is empties his heart completely out. “Some
seen in Mid. Lat. carmelevamen or carnis of our captaines garoused of his wine till
/evamen, i. e. the solace of the flesh or of they were reasonably pliant–And are
the bodily appetite, permitted in anticipa themselves at their meetings and feasts
tion of the long fast. In a M.S. descrip the greatest garousers and drunkards in
tion of the Carnival of the beginning of existence.”— Raleigh, Discov. of Guiana,
the 13th century, quoted by Carpentier, cited by Marsh.
it is spoken of as “delectatio nostri cor The derivation is made completely
poris.’ The name then appears under certain by the use of a// out in the same
the corrupted forms of Carne/evarium, sense. I quaught, I drink all out, Je bois
Carne/evale, Carnevale. ‘In Dominica d'autant.—Palsgr. A//uz (G. all aus), all
in caput Quadragesimae quae dicitur out, or a carouse fully drunk up.–Cot.
Carne/evale.”—Ordo Eccles. Mediol. A.D. Rabelais uses boire carrous et aſſuz.
1130, in Carp. Other names of the sea Why give's some wine then, this will fit us all :
son were Carnica/ium, Shrove Tuesday, Here's to you still my captains friend. All out !
and Carnem laware (It carme/ascia), B. and F. Beggars Bush.
whence the form carnasciaſe, differing To Carp. 1. Carºyn or talkyn, fabulor,
about as much from its parent carnelascia confabulor, garrulo.—Pr. Pm.
as carnaval from carne/evamen.
So gone they forthe, carpende fast
Carol. Properly a round dance, Fr. On this, on that.—Gower in Way.
carole, gueroſe. Bret. Koroll, a dance, W.
coroſi, to reel, to dance. Bohem. Arapati, garrire, to chatter;
Tho mightist thou karollis sene Aºapanj, tattle, chatter. ON. skraſ, dis
And folke daunce and merie ben, course, chatter ; skraſa, to rustle, to talk.
And made many a faire tourning Analogous to E. chirp.
Upon the grene grasse springing.—R. R. 760. 2. Lat. carpo, to gather, pluck, pluck
Chanson de caroſe, a song accompany at, to find fault with.
ing a dance; then, as Fr. balade from It. Carpenter. Lat. carpentum, a car;
&al/are, to dance, applied to the song it carpentarius, a wheelwright, maker of
self. Diez suggests choru/us from chorus waggons; It. carpentiere, a wheelwright,
as the origin. But we have no occasion worker in timber; Fr. charpentier, as E.
carpenter only in the latter sense. Mid.
to invent a diminutive, as the Lat. corol/a
from corona gives the exact sense re Lat. carpenta, zimmer, tymmer, zimmer
quired. Robert of Brunne calls the cir span.-Dief. Sup. The word seems of
cuit of Druidical stones a caro/. Celtic origin. Gael. carðh, a plank, ship,
This Bretons renged about the felde
The Karole of the stones behelde,
chariot; carbad, OIr, carpal §.
a chariot, litter, bier.
Many tyme yede than about, Carpet. From Lat. carpere, to pluck,
Biheld within, biheld without.—Pref. cxciv.
to pull asunder, was formed Mid. Lat.
Carouse. The derivation from Kroes, carpia, carpita, linteum carptum quod
a drinking cup, is erroneous, and there is vulneribus inditur. Fr. charpie, lint.
no doubt that the old explanation from Mid. Lat. carpet, ir, a carder.—Nomin. in
G. gar aus / all out ! is correct. “The Nat. Ant. 216. The term was with equal
custom,’ says Motley (United Neth, 2. propriety applied to flocks of wool, used
94), “was then prevalent at banquets for for stuffing mattresses, or loose as a couch
the revellers to pledge each other in rota without further preparation. “Carpitam
tion, each draining a great cup and ex habeat in lecto, qui sacco, culcitra, vel
acting the same feat from his neighbour, coopertorio carebit.”—Reg. Templariorum
who then emptied his goblet as a chal in Duc.
lenge to his next comrade.” When the It seems then to have signified any
goblet was emptied it probably would be quilted fabric, a patchwork table-cover
turned upside down with the exclamation with a lining of coarse cloth—La Crusca,
gar aus / This was what was called or the cloak of the Carmelites made of
drinking carouse. like materials; a woman's petticoat, pro
The tippling sots, at midnight which perly doubtless a quilted petticoat. Car
To yudſ carouse do use, feta, gonna, gonnella.-Patriarchi. “Qui
Will hate thee if at any time libet frater habeat saccum in quo dormit,
To pledge them thou refuse.—Drant in R.
carpetam (a quilt f), linteamen.”—Stat.
Sp. caráuz, cardos, act of drinking a full Eq. Teut. in Duc. On the other hand
bumper to one's health.-Neum. “Ein we find the signification transferred from
 CARRIAGE CASSOCK I33
the flocks with which the bed was stuffed Fr. casuel, Fr. casuiste, one who reasons
to the sacking which contained them. on cases put.
Rouchi carpete, coarse loose fabric of Case. It cassa, Sp. cara, Fr. caisse,
wool and hemp, packing cloth. “Eune a chest, coffer, case, from Lat. caſsa
tapisserie d'carpete, des rideaux d'carpete.” (Diez), and that apparently from capio,
—Hecart. to hold.
Carriage. The carrying of anything, Case-mate. Fr. case-mate, Sp. casa
also a conveyance with springs for con mata, It. casa-matta. Originally a loop
veying passengers. In the latter sense holed gallery excavated in a bastion,
the word is a corruption of the OE. ca from whence the garrison could do exe
roche, caroach, from It. carroccio, carroc cution upon an enemy who had obtained
cºa, carrozza, Rouchi caroche, Fr. car possession of the ditch, without risk of
rosse, augmentatives of carro, a car. loss to themselves. Hence the designa
It carreaggio, carriaggio, all manner tion from Sp. casa, house, and matar, to
of carts or carriage by carts, also the car slay, corresponding to the G. mord-keller,
riage, luggage, bag and baggage of a mord-grube, and the OE. slaughter-house.
camp.–Fl. ‘Casa-matta, a canonry or slaughter
Carrion. It carogna, Fr. charogne, house, which is a place built low under
Rouchi carone, an augmentative from Lat. the walls of a bulwark, not reaching to the
Ca/O. height of the ditch, and serveth to annoy
Carrot. Lat. carota. the enemy when he entereth the ditch to
To Carry. Fr. charrier, Rouchi carier, scale the wall.’—Fl. “Casemate, a loop
properly to convey in a car. Walach. hole in a fortified wall.’—Cot. “A vault
card, to convey in a cart, to bear or carry. of mason's work in the flank of a bastion
Cart. AS. Arat. It carretto, carretta. next the curtain, to fire on the enemy.”
Fr. charrette, dim. of carro, a car. —Bailey. As defence from shells became
Cartel. It cartella, pasteboard, a more important, the term was subse
piece of pasteboard with some inscription quently applied to a bomb-proof vault in
on it, hung up in some place and to be a fortress, for the security of the defend
removed. — Flor. Hence a challenge ers, without reference to the annoyance
openly hung up, afterwards any written of the enemy.
challenge. See Card. Cash. Ready money. A word intro
Cartilage. Lat. cartilago, gristle, duced from the language of book-keeping,
tendon. Probably, like all the names of where Fr. caisse, the money chest, is the
gristle, from the sound it makes when head under which money actually paid in
bitten. Alban. Aertse/ig I cranch with is entered. It was formerly used in the
the teeth. See Gristle. sense of a counter in a shop or place of
Cartoon. Preparatory drawing of a business. It cassa, Fr. caisse, a mer
subject for a picture. It cartone, augm. chant's cash or counter.—Fl. Cot.
of carta, paper. To Cashier.—To Quash. Du. Kasse
Cartouch. — Cartoose. — Cartridge. ren.— Kil. Fr. casser, Quasser, to break,
Fr. cartouche. It cartoccio, a paper case, also to casse, cassere, discharge, turn
coffin of paper for groceries, paper cap for out of service, annul, cancel, abrogate.
criminals ignominiously exposed. — Fl. —Cot. To quash an indictment, to an
The paper case containing the charge of nul the proceeding. Lat. cassus, empty,
a gun. hollow, void ; cassare, to annul, discharge;
To Carve. AS. ceorfan, Du. Afterwen, It. casso, made void, cancelled, cashiered,
to cut or carve; G. Aerben, to notch. blotted out.—Fl.
Lith. Æerpu, Airpti, to shear, cut with Cask — Casket.—Casque. The Sp.
Scissors. casco signifies a skull, crown of a hat,
Cascade. It cascata, Fr. cascade, a helmet, cask or wooden vessel for holding
fall of water, from It. cascare, to fall. The liquids, hull of a ship, shell or carcase of
radical sense of the word seems to be to a house. It seems generally to signify
come down with a squash. Sp. cascar, case or hollow receptacle. See Case.
to crack, crush, break to pieces. OE. Hence casket, Fr. cassette, a coffer or
quash, to dash. small case for jewels.
Case.—Casual.—Casuist. Lat. casus, Cassock. Gael. casag, a long coat.
a fall, an act of falling, a chance or acci It. casacca, Fr. casuque, long man's gown
dent, something that actually occurs, a with a close body, from casa, a hut, the
form into which a noun ſa//s in the pro notion of covering or sheltering being
cess of declension ; casuaſis, fortuitous, common to a house and a garment, as we
I34 CAST CATCH

have before seen under Cape and Cabin. Catacomb. Grottoes or subterraneous
So also from It. casi/o/a, casupola, a little places for the burial of the dead. The
house or hut, Fr. chasuble, a garment for Dict. Etym. says that the name is given
performing the mass in, Sp. casu//a, OFr. in Italy to the tombs of the martyrs
casuſe, Mid. Lat. casula, quasi minor casa which people go to visit by way of devo
eo quod totum hominem tegat.— Isidore tion. This would tend to support Diez's
in Diez. explanation from Sp. catar, to look at,
To Cast. ON. Kasta. Essentially the and tomba, a tomb (as the word is also
same word with Sp. cascar, to crack, spelt cataſomba and catatumba), or comba,
break, burst; Fr. casser, to break, crush ; a vault, which, however, is not satisfac
It. cascare, to fall. The fundamental tory, as a shew is not the primary point
image is the sound of a violent collision, of view in which the tombs of the martyrs
represented by the syllable quash, squash, were likely to have been considered in
cash, cast. It accasciare, accastiare, to early times. Moreover the name was
squash, dash, or bruise together.—Fl. apparently confined to certain old quar
The E. dash with a like imitative origin ries used as burial-places near Rome.
is used with a like variety of signification. Others explain it from cará, down, and
We speak of dashing a thing down, dash rtuboc, a cavity.
ing it to pieces, dashing it out of the Catalogue. Gr. caráAoyoc, an enumer
window. To cast accounts was properly ating, a list.
to reckon by counters which were bodily Cataract. Gr. karaoãrrmc, karaśārrmc,
transferred from one place to another. from karaññágow, to hurl down, to fall as
See Awgrim. water does over a precipice. ‘Págaw,
Castanets. Snappers which dancers ãpáraw, to dash.
of sarabands tie about their fingers.-B. Catastrophe. Gr. orptºo, to turn ;
Sp. castaña, a chesnut ; castañetazo, a raraorpéºw, to overturn, to bring to an
sound or crack of a chesnut which bursts end, to close.
in the fire, crack given by the joints. To Catch.-Chase. The words catch
Hence castañeta, the snapping of the and chase are different versions of the
fingers in a Spanish dance ; castañeta, same word, coming to us through differ
castanuela, the castanets or implement ent dialects of French. In the dialect of
for making a louder snapping; castañet Picardy, from which much of the French
ear, to crackle, to clack. in our language was introduced, a hard c
Caste. The artificial divisions of so commonly corresponds to the soft ch of
ciety in India, first made known to us by ordinary Fr., and a final ch in Picard to
the Portuguese, and described by them the hards of ordinary Fr. Thus we have
by the term casta, signifying breed, race, Pic. or Rouchi cat, Fr. chat, a cat; Rou
kind, which has been retained in E. under chi caleur, Fr. chaleur, heat; Rouchi
the supposition that it was the native Jorche, Fr. force ; Rouchi equerwiche, Fr.
name. ecrevisse, Rouchi écaches, Fr. chasses,
Castle. It castello, Lat. castellum, stilts. In like manner Rouchi cacher,
dim. of castrum (castra), a fortified place. Fr. chasser, to hunt, from the first of
Castrate. Lat. castro, perhaps from which we have E. catch, and from the
castus, to make clean or chaste. second chase, the earlier sense of catch,
Cat. G. Katze, Gael. cat, ON. Köſtr, like that of It. cacciare, Fr. chasser, being
Fin. Aasi, kissa, probably from an imita to drive out, drive away.
tion of the sound made by a cat spitting. Mald thorgh the Lundreis fro London is Kafched.
Cass / a word to drive away a cat.—Hal. R. Brunne, 12o.
Lang. cassa / cry for the same purpose. ‘Catchyn away—abigo.” ‘’Catchyn or
The Fin. Autis / is used to drive them drive forth bestis, mino.”—Pr. Pm. Fr.
away, while kiss / Pol. Æic / AEici/ are used chasser, to drive away, follow after, pur
as E. puss / for calling them. sue.—Cot. It. cacciare fuora, to drive
Cat o' nine tails. Pol. Æat, execu out ; cacciare per terra, to cast or beat to
tioner ; Kafować, to lash, rack, torture. the ground ; cacciuolo, a thump, punch,
Lith. Æofas, the stalk of plants, shaft of a push.-Fl.
lance, handle of an axe, &c.; bot-hotis, The origin is the imitation of the sound
the handle of a scourge ; Kotas, the exe of a smart blow by the syllable clatch A
cutioner; Áoſawoti, to scourge, to torture. passing on the one hand into catch and
Russ. Koshka, a cat ; Koshki, a whip on the other into latch, by the loss of
with several pitched cords, cat-o'-nine the Z or c respectively. N. Aſa/Aia, Kakáa,
tails.
to strike a resounding object as a board
 CATCH CATES I35

—Aasen. Fr. claguer, Wal. caker, to cache. As Sc. chak expresses “the sharp
clap hands, to chatter with the teeth; sound made by any iron substance when
cake, clap with the hand.—Grandg. G. entering its socket, as of the latch of a
Ålatsch / thwick-thwack a word to imi door when it is shut, to click;" and to
tate the sound made by striking with the chak is “to shut with a sharp sound'
hand against a partition wall; Ælatsch, (Jam.); the representation of a like sound
such a sound or the stroke which pro by the syllable latch gives its designation
duces it, a clap, flap ; klafsche, a whip or to the Zatch of a door, formerly called
lash.-Küttner. Du. AE/etsen, resono ictu c/ikeſ, from shutting with a click. And
verberare; Ælets, klefse, ictus resonans, on the same principle on which we have
fragor; AE/etsoore, ketsoore, a whip; Rou above explained the actual use of the
chi cachoire, ecachoire, a whip, properly word catch, the OE. Watch was commonly
the lash or knotted piece of whipcord used in the sense of seizing, snatching,
added for the purpose of giving sharpness obtaining possession of.
to the crack.-Hécart. Norm. cache, s.s. And if ye latche Lucre let hym not ascapie.
—Pat. de Bray. Fr. chassoire, a carter's P. P.
whip.–Cot. Galla catchiza, to crack Catch-poll. A bailiff, one employed
with a whip, catchi, a whip.–Tutschek. to apprehend a person. From poll, the
Du. Kaetse, a smack, clap, blow, and spe head. On the same principle he was
cially the stroke of a ball at tennis.-Kil. called in Fr. happe-chair, catch-flesh.
Fr. chasse, E. chase, the distance to which Fr. chacºpol, an officer of taxes.
the ball is struck. Arbalète de courte Catechism. Elementary instruction
chasse, a cross-bow that carries but a in the principles of religion by question
little way. and answer. Properly a system of oral
In the sense of seizing an object the instruction, from Gr. Karnxičw, karmyśw, to
term catch is to be explained as clapping sound, resound, to sound in the ears of
one's hand upon it, snatching it with a any one, to teach by oral instruction,
smack, in the same way that we speak of teach the elements of any science. Kari
catching one a box on the ear. In the xmaic, the act of stunning by loud sound
sense of a sudden snatch the Sc. has both or of charming by sound, instruction in
forms, with and without an / after the c. the elements of a science. "HXà, sound.
Claucht, snatched, laid hold of eagerly Category. Gr. karmyopia (carmyopéw,
and suddenly; a catch or seizure of any from card and dyopéw, to harangue, speak
thing in a sudden and forcible way. in order), an accusing, but specially an
When one lays hold of what is falling it order of ideas, predicament.
is said that he “got a claucht of it.”—Jam. * Caterpillar. In Guernsey the name
And claucht anone the courser by the rene. of catte pelaeure seems to be given to
caterpillars, weevils, woodlice, mille
Gael. glac, to take, seize, catch. pedes.—Metivier. Chate peleuse, a corn
In the s. s. caucht. devouring mite or weevil.-Cot. As the
Turnus at this time waxis bauld and blythe weevil is not hairy probably the element
Wenyng to caucht ane stound his strenth to kythe. pe/euse is a corruption. Metivier explains
D.V. the word from the habit of all these in
i. e. to catch an opportunity to show his sects of rolling themselves up like a pill;
strength. Guernsey pilleure, OFr. pillouëre (Ro
Galla catchamza, to snap, to snatch quefort), a pill. Why a grub should be
(said of dogs). For the equivalence of called dog or cat is not apparent.
similar forms with and without an / after Guernsey catte, the larva of the cock
a c or g, compare G. Klatschen, to chat, chafer. Swiss teuſe/skatz, Lombard
chatter, clatter.—Küttner. G. Klafscherei, affa, gattola, Fr. chemille (canicula, a
Sp. chachara, chatter; Du. A linke, E. ittle dog), a caterpillar; Milanese cant,
think—Kil, Gael, gliong, E. gingle. cagnon (a dog), silkworm.—Diez. Ptg.
Rouchi clincailleur, Fr. Quincailler, a #icho, bichano (pussy), children's name
tinnan. -
for cat; bicho, worm, insect, wild-beast.
On the other hand the loss of the initial * Cates.—Caterer. Cates, dainty vic
c gives rise to a form lash, latch, with tuals. – B. The word is rendered by
similar meanings to those belonging to Sherwood by frigaleries, companaige, i. e.
words of the form clatch, catch, above dainties, or any kind of relishing food
explained. (including meat) eaten with bread. In
Thus we have the lash of a whip cor all probability the suggestion of Skinner
responding to the G. Klatsche and Norm. that it is curtailed from delicates, which
 136 CATHARTIC CAVE

was used substantively in the same sense, Caul. The omentum or fatty network
is correct. Delycates, deyntie meates.— in which the bowels are wrapped. It.
Palsgr. rete, reticel/a, rete de/ ſºato, the caul of
Richly she feeds, and at the rich man's cost– the liver. A cau/ is also a small net to
By sea, by land, of delicates the most confine the hair, and hence a skull-cap,
Her cater seeks, and spareth for no perell.also the membrane covering the face of
Wyatt in R.
All kind of daintyes and delicates sweete
some infants at their birth. The proper
meaning of the word seems to be a net,
Was brought for the banquett.—Bessie of Bednall.
whence it is provincially used in the
The catery was the storeroom where sense of a spider's web.—Hal. Rete, any
provisions were kept, and the caterer or net or caul-work.-Fl.
cater the person who provided them. On Her head with ringlets of her hair is crowned,
the other hand, the officer whose business And in a golden caul the curls are bound.
it was to make purchases for a household Dryden in R
was called acatour or achatour, from Fr. caſe, a kind of little cap ; calotte, a
Prov. acaffar, Fr. acheſter, acheter (Lat. skull-cap.
adcaſtare, Mid. Lat. accapitare — Diez), The primitive meaning is a shale or
Rouchi acater, to buy, It accattare, to ac peel, what is shaled or picked off. Fr.
quire. caſe, challe de noix, the green husk of a
A gentil manciple was ther of a temple, walnut ; calon, walnut with the husk on ;
Of which achateurs mighten take ensemple cha//er, to shale or peel.-Jaubert.
For to ben wise in bying of vitaille. The word is otherwise written Æe//.
For whether that he paide or toke by taille
Algate he waited so in his achate, Cauldron. . Fr. chauderon, chaudron,
That he was ay before in his estate. chaudière, a kettle for heating water.
Prologue, Manciple's Tale. Chaud, It. caldo, Lat. calidus, hot.
Coempcyon is to saie comen achate or buying Cauliflower. Fr. chouffeur (chou,
together [joint buying].-Chaucer, Boethius, B. cabbage), the cabbage whose eatable part
2. Pr. 4. consists of the abnormally developed
Hence achates or acates signified pur flower-buds. Lat. cau/is, a stalk, cab
chases, and the nicer kind of food being bage-stalk, cabbage.
commonly purchased abroad the word Cause. Lat. causa.
became confounded with cates. “One that Causeway. Fr. chaussée, a paved
never made a good meal in his sleep, but road. Mid. Lat. calceata, calceta, a road ;
sells the acates that are sent him.”—B. ca/ceaſa, shod or protected from the tread
Jonson in R. ing of the horses by a coating of wood or
Provider, acater, despencier.—Palsgr. stone. Fr. chausser, to shoe ; Port. ca/-
Cathartic. Gr. kaSaprikác, having the car, to shoe, also to pave ; ca/Cada, a
property of cleansing, from kaSaipw, to pavement, the stones of a street. Du.
purge, make clean. Æautsije, Čaussijde, Æassije, via strata.-
Cathedral. Gr. kaśćpa, a seat, chair, Kil.
specially the seat of office of a master or Caustic.—Cauterise. Gr. ravartröc,
professor in science, &c., a pulpit, whence apt to burn ; Kavrijp, kavriiptov, a branding
cathedra/is, applied to a church contain iron, from kaiw, to burn.
ing a bishop's seat. Caution. Lat. cautis, from caveo (p.p.
Catkin. It is probably not so much cauſus), to beware.
from the resemblance to a cat's tail as Cavalier.—Cavalry.—Cavalcade. It.
from a cat being taken as the type of cavaliere, Fr. chevalier, a horseman. It.
what is furry or downy that the name of cavallo, Fr. cheval, a horse, Lat. caba//us,
catkin, Fr. catoms, Du. Katte, Æaffeken, G. Gr. Kağa), Ang, OE. caple. “Caballus, a
Åatzchen, little cat, is given to the downy horse; yet in some parts of England
or feathery flowers of the willow, hazel, they do call an horse a cable.”—Elyot in
&c. Thus Bav. mudel, puss, is used in Way, w. ceſſy/, a horse; Gael. capul/,
Pol. Kobyła, Russ. Kobuil", a mare.
the sense of cat-skin, fur in general, flock,
flue, catkin ; miſz, muł2, puss, fur, cat Cave.—Cavern.-Cavity. Lat. cavus,
kin; Magy. macska, cat; maczoka, kitten, hollow. The origin of the word seems a
lamb, catkin ; Pol. Æocie, kitten ; Koſki, representation of the sound made by
Æocianki, catkins; Fr. minon, puss, cat knocking against a hollow body. Fin.
kin. Æopista, dumpf tonen, klopfend knallen,
Cattle. See Chattel. to sound like a blow; Kofano, caudex
Caudle. A warm comforting drink. arboris cavus pulsu resonans ; Kofaro,
Fr. chaudeau, from chaud, hot. Æo/aret, a receptacle for small things,
 CAVESON CEILING 137
coffer, pit; kopera or kowera, hollow, The kynge to souper is set, served in halle
curved, crooked ; Kopio, empty, sounding Under a siller of silk, dayntily dight.
Sir Gawaine & Sir Gol.
as an empty vessel ; koppa, anything hol
lowed or vaulted; Kante/een koppa, the Cellar for a bedde, ciel de lit.—Palsgr.
box or sounding-board of the harp ; pil “A celler to hange in the chamber.’—
fun koppa, the bowl of a pipe ; Koppa Ordinances and Reg. in Hal.
mato, a beetle or crustaceous insect ; As the canopy or covering of a bed or
Æoppa mokka, an aquiline nose, &c.; Áop tent would not only be stretched overhead,
fell, a hut, little house. but hang around at the sides, it was natu
So from Fin. Kommata, komista, to ral that the same name should be given
sound deep or hollow as an empty vessel, both to the roof and the side hangings.
Æomo, hollow, giving a hollow sound ; Thus silyng is found in the sense of ta
komo jià, hollow ice ; wuoren komo, a pestry. -

cavern in a mountain (wuora, a moun “The French kyng caused the lorde of
tain). Countay to stande secretly behynde a
Caveson. A kind of bridle put upon si/yng or a hangyng in his chamber.’—
the nose of a horse in order to break and Hall, E. IV. p. 43. And as tapestry and
manage him.—B. Fr. caveſon, Sp. cabe wainscoting served the same purpose of
£on, It. cavezzone, augm. of cavezza, a hiding the bareness of the walls and shut
halter, and that from Sp. cabeça, a head. ting out the draught, it was an easy step
A false accommodation produced G. to the sense of wainscoting, which is still
Æapp-gaum, as if from kappen, to cut, known by the name of ceiling in Craven.
and zaum, bridle, a severe bridle. To seele a room, lambrisser une chambre;
Cavil. Lat. cavillor, to argue cap see/ing, lambris, menuiserie.—Sherwood.
tiously, quibble. The sense of roofing, and all conscious
Cease.-Cessation. Lat. cesso, to reference to the notion of the heaven or
cease. sky being now completely lost, and the
-cease.-Decease. Lat. decessus, de main object of the wainscoting being to
parture, Fr. décès, departure from this shut out draughts, it is probable that the
life, death. See -cede. - word was confounded with sealing in the
Cede, -cede, -ceed, -cess. Lat. cedo, sense of closing, and it was even applied
cessum, to go forth, step away, give place, to the planking of the floor. “Plancher,
yield. Hence concede, exceed, proceed, to plank or floor with planks, to seeſe or
recede, succeed, &c., with their substan close with boards; plancher, a boarded
tives concession, excess, &c. floor, also a seeling of boards.”—Cot.
Ceiling. The It. cielo, Fr. ciel, heaven, The ceiling was called the upper ceiling,
sky, were met. applied to a canopy, the Fr. sus-lambris, to distinguish it from the
testern of a bed, the inner roof of a room wainscot or seeling of the walls.
of state.—Cot. In the same way G. him The line of descent from Fr. ciel is so
mel, heaven, is applied to a canopy, the unbroken, that, unless we separate the
roof of a coach, or of a bed. The import sense of canopy or hangings from that of
ation of Fr. ciel into English without wainscoting, the ground is cut away from
translation gave cele, seele, a canopy. “In
Aufrecht's derivation from AS. thiſ, theſ,
this wise the King shall ride opyn heded theſiſ, a log, beam, rafter, plank, board ;
undre a seeſe of cloth of gold baudekyn thiling, a planking or boarding ; thiſian,
with four staves gilt.”—Rutland papers, to plank; ON. thiſ, thiſi, thiſja, a board,
Cam. Soc. pp. 5, 7, &c. “The chammer plank, wainscot; thiſjar (in pl.), the deck
was hanged of red and of blew, and in it of a ship ; at thiſja, to panel or wainscot ;
was a cy/l of state of cloth of gold, but MHG. dil, di//e, a plank, wall, ceiling,
the Kyng was not under for that sam flooring ; E. deal, a fir-plank. In the
day.”—Marriage of James IV. in Jam. Walser dialect of the Grisons, obardi/ is
The name was extended to the seat of the boarded ceiling of a room. Aufrecht
dignity with its canopy over. “And seik identifies with the foregoing, AS. syl, a
to your soverane, semely on syll.”—Gawan log, post, column ; E. sil/ in window-sill,
and Gol. in Jam. From the noun was door-sill; Sc. sill, a log, sy/e, a beam.
formed the verb to cele or sile, to canopy; And it is certainly possible that syling in
siled, canopied, hung, ‘All the tente within the sense of planking or ceiling may have
was syled wyth clothe of gold and blew come from this source. ‘The oldesy/ing
velvet'— Hall, H. VIII. p. 32 ; sylure, that was once faste joyned together with
se/ure, selar, cellar, cyling (W. Worc, in nailes will begin to cling, and then to
Hall), a canopy, tester of a bed, ceiling. gape.”—Z. Boyd in Jam. In the N. of E
 138 -CEIVE CHAFE
thiſ?, a shaft, is in some places called siſ/, is burnt in sacrifices, incense, and thence
a thiſ/ horse and a siſ/horse, a shaft horse. censer, a vessel in which incense was
To see/ or close the eyes, Sc. sile, sy//, burnt.
to blindfold, and thence to conceal, is Cenotaph. Gr. revoráptov (revöc, empty,
totally distinct from the foregoing, being and ráðoc, a tomb, from Sárro, to bury),
taken from Fr. cil/er, cil/ier, siller les a monument erected for one buried else
yeur, to seele or sew up the eyelids; (and where.
thence also) to hoodwink, blind, keep in Census.-Censor. — Censure. Lat.
darkness.-Cot. It cigliare, to twinkle census, a valuation of every man's estate,
with the eyes, to seal a pigeon's eye, or a registration of one's self, age, family,
any bird's.-Fl. Fr. cil, It. ciglio, Lat. possessions, &c., from censeo, to think,
ci/ium, an eyelash, eyelid. The term judge, estimate. Censor, the officer ap
properly signifies the sewing up the eyelid pointed to take such returns; censura, his
of a hawk for the purpose of taming it. office, also grave opinion, criticism.
“And he must take wyth hym nedyll and Centre. Gr. revršo, to prick, goad,
threde, to ensile the haukes that ben taken. sting; kávrpov, a prick, point, the point
—Take the nedyll and threde, and put round which a circle is drawn.
it through the over eyelydde, and so of Centurion.—Century. Lat. centum,
that other, and make them faste und the a hundred ; centuria, a hundred of what
becke that she se not, and then she is soever persons or objects; centurio, the
ensiſed as she ought to be.”—Book of captain over a hundred foot-soldiers.
St Albans, in Marsh. Cereal. . Lat. cereaſis, of or pertaining
-ceive, -cept, -ceit. Lat. capio, cap to Ceres the goddess of corn and the
fum, in comp. -cipio, -ceptum, to take. harvest, thence belonging to or connected
Prov. caber, to take, in comp. -cebre (con with corn.
cebre, decebre); It. (com).cºffere, -ceptre, Ceremony. Lat. caeremonia, ceremo
-cé/cre, OFr. -cifer, -civer (conciver— nia, a religious observance, a solemnity,
Roquef.), -çoivre, Fr. -cevoir. sacred show.
The A of the participle -ceptus is seen -cern.-Certain. Gr. rptvw, to sepa
in OE. conceipt, deceipt, receipt, but was rate, pick out, decide, judge ; Lat. cerno,
gradually lost in conceit, deceit, &c., as in crevi, creſum, to separate, sift, distin
It concetto. guish, observe, see, judge, contend. In
Celebrate.—Celebrity. Lat. celeber certus, sure, we have a modified form of
(of a place), much frequented, thronged ; the participle creſus, with transposition
hence (of a day), festive, solemn; (of per of the r, a form which also gives rise to
sons) renowned, as entering largely into the derivative certo, to contend.
the talk of men, in accordance with the Fr. concerner, to concern, appertain, or
expression of Ennius, ‘volito vivus per belong unto (Cot.), is the opposite of dis
ora virtim.’ Celebrifas, a numerous con cern, to distinguish. Lat. concernor, to
course of people, abundance, renown ; be embodied with, to be regarded as one
celebro, to visit in numbers, to attend on object with.
a solemnity, to celebrate. -cess. See Cede.
Celerity.—Accelerate. Lat. celer, Cess. A tax. For sess from assess,
swift. but spelt with a c from the influence of
Celestial. Caelum, heaven, the hollow the Lat. census, the rating of Roman citi
vault of heaven ; Gr. Kötkoc, hollow. zens according to their property. See
Celibacy. Lat. caelebs, unmarried. Fr. Assize, Assess. Fr. cencer, to rate, assess,
cº/ihat, single or unwedded life. tax, value.—Cot.
Cell.—Cellar. Lat. cella, a storehouse Chafe, 1.—Chafing-dish. To chaſe is
for wine, oil, provisions generally ; also to heat by rubbing, to rub for the purpose
a hut, cot, quarters for slaves. of heating, then to rub without reference
Cement. Lat. caementum, stones to the production of heat. Lat. caleſacere,
rough from the quarry, rubble, materials It. ca/e/are, Fr. chauffer, échauffer, to heat,
for building, mortar. to warm, to chafe. Fr. chaufferette, a
Cemetery. Gr. roup.mriptov (from rot chafing-dish or pan of hot coals for warm
páouai, to sleep), the place where the de ing a room where there is not fire.
parted sleep. Chafe, 2. In the sense of chaſing with
-cend, -cense, Censer.—To Incense. anger two distinct words are probably
Lat. camdeo, to glow, to burn ; incendo, confounded ; Ist from It. riscaldarsi, to
-sum, to set on fire, and met. to incense, become heated with anger, Fr. eschauſſer,
make angry. Incensum, Fr. encerts, what to set in a chafe.—-Sherwood.
 CHAFER CHAMBER I39
For certes the herte of manne by eschaufng or rough substance called shagreen, Fr.
and moving of his blode waxeth so troubled that Žeau de chagrin, which from being used
it is out of all manere judgement of reson.—
Parson's tale. De Irā. as a rasp for polishing wood was taken
as a type of the gnawing of care or grief.
But to chaſe has often a much more Genoese sagrind, to gnaw, sagrindise, to
precise sense than this, and signifies to consume with anger. Piedm. sagri, sha
snort, fume, breathe hard. It sºonſare, green ; sagrin, care, grief. In like man
to huff, snuff, or puff with snorting, to ner It. Zimare, to file, metaphorically to
chaſe and fret with rage and anger; fret—Fl.; far lima-lima, to fret inward
tronſo, tron/io, puffed or ruffled with ly.—Altieri.
chaſing.—FI. Bouffard, , often puffing, Chain. Lat. catena, Prov. cadema,
much blowing, swelling with anger, in a cana, OFr. chaene, Fr. chaine, ON. Kedja,
great chaſe, in a monstrous fume.--Cot. a chain.
In this application it is the correlative Chair.—Chaise. Gr. raóščpa, from
of the G. Keuchen, to puff and blow, breathe ka9&opal, to sit. Lat. cathedra, Fr. chaire,
thick and short, to pant, Bav. AEauchen, to a seat, a pulpit. As the loss of a d in
breathe, puff. cadena gives chain, a double operation
* Chafer. — Cheffern. Cock-chaſer ; of the same nature reduces cathedra
fern-chaſer. G. käſer, AS., ceaſer, Du. (ca'e'ra) to chair. Prov. cadieira, cadera,
Žever, any insect of the beetle kind, hav OFr. chayére. Chayere, cathedra.-Pr.
ing a hard case to their wings. Perhaps Prm.
from Swiss Kafeln, Ad/e/en, to gnaw. The conversion of the r into s gives
Chaff. As ceaſ, G. kaff. Pers. Æhah. Fr. chaise, a pulpit—Cot., now a chair.
—Adelung. Fin. Æahista, leviter crepo Then, as a carriage is a moveable seat,
vel susurro, movendo parum strideo ut the word has acquired in E. the sense of
gramen sub pedibus euntis vel arundo a carriage, pleasure carriage.
vento agitata (to rustle); whence Kahina, Chalice. Fr. calice, Lat. calºr, a gob
a rustling ; Kahu, kahuja, hordeum vel let, cup.
avena vilior, taubes korn oder hafer, light Chalk. Fr. chau/r, lime ; Lat. cala,
rustling corn, consisting chiefly of husks; limestone, lime.
Au/iata, Kuhista, to buzz, hiss, rustle ; Challenge. Fr. chalanger, to claim,
Auſtina, a rustling noise, rustling motion challenge, make title unto; also to accuse
as of ants, &c.; Æuhu-ohrat (ohn af, bar of, charge with, call in question for an
ley), refuse barley; Álzhuja, quisquiliae offence.—Cot. Hence to challenge one
vel paleae quae motae leviter susurrant, to fight is to call on him to decide the
chaff.
matter by combat. From the forensic
To Chaff. In vulgar language, to Latin ca/umniare, to institute an action,
rally one, to chatter or talk lightly. From to go to law.—Duc. So from dominio,
a representation of the inarticulate sounds dominio, dongio, E. dungeon, from som
made by different kinds of animals utter mium, Fr. songe. Prov. calonja, dispute;
ing rapidly repeated cries. Du. Áeffºrt, to ca/umpnjamen, contestation, difficulty;
yap, to bark, also to prattle, chatter, tattle. calonſar, to dispute, refuse.
—Halma. Wall. chawe, a chough, jack The sacramentum de calumnić was an
daw ; chaweter, to caw ; chawer, to oath on the part of the person bringing
cheep, to cry; chaſeter, to babble, tattle ; an action of the justice of his ground of
Fr. cauzette, a jackdaw, a prattling wo action, and as this was the beginning of
man.-Pat. de Brai. G. Kaff, idle words, the suit it is probably from thence that
impertinence.—Küttn. calumniari in the sense of bringing an
* To Chaffer. To buy and sell, to action arose. “Can hom ven al plaiz et
bargain, haggle. OE. chaſ/are, chaffare, fa sagramen de calompnia.’ ‘Sagrament
properly the subject of a chap or bargain. de calompnia o de vertat per launa part
Lenere corteys (courteous lender), that leneth e per l'autra.”—Rayn. Lat. calumnia,
without chap/are makiinde.—Ayenbite, p. 35. false accusation, chicane.
There were chapmen yehose the chaffare to Chamade. A signal by drum or
preise.—P. P. vis. II. trumpet given by an enemy when they
Chaft. The jaw; chaſty, talkative.— have a mind to parley.—B. From Port.
Hal. ON. Aiaſtr, jaw, muzzle, chaps; chamar, Lat. clamare, to call.
Æiaſta, Æiamţa, to move the jaws, to Chamber. Fr. chambre. Lat. camera,
tattle. See Cheek. Gr. rapidºpa, a vault or arched roof, place
Chagrin. Fr. chagrin, care, grief. with an arched roof. Probably from
According to Diez, from the shark-skin, cam, crooked. Camera, gewölb. Came
I4o CHAMBERLAIN CHANCEL

rare, krümmen; cameratus, gekrümmt, masterly; Sp. cam/ear, cam/ar, to be

gebogen, gewölbt.— Dief. Sup. eminent, to excel. The word is preserved
Chamberlain. Fr. chambellan ; It. in E. dial. camp, a game at football.
camer/engo, ciamber/arto, cfamõeſ/ano. ‘Campar, or player at football, pedilusor.”
To Chamfer. To hollow out in chan —Pr. Pn.
nels, to flute as a column, to bevel. Ptg. Get campers a ball
chanſrar, to hollow out, to slope. Sp. To camp therewithal.—Tusser.
chaſidin, Fr. chamfrain, chan/rein, the E. dial. to cample, to talk, contend or
slope of a bevelled angle, a hollow argue; G. Kampe/n, to debate, dispute;
groove ; chanſreiner, chan/reindre, to E. dial. champ, a scuffle.—Hal. The
bevel off a right angle, to slope out the origin may perhaps be found in the notion
top of a borehole. of fastening on one in the act of wrest
Chamfron.—Chamfrain.-Charfron. ling.
Fr. chanſrein, the front piece of a horse's Lith. Kabin fi, to hang; Kabinſis, to
head armour. fasten oneself on to another; Kabe, ka
To Chamm.—Champ. E. dial. to &:/e, Æab/ys, a hook; Kimbu, AEiðti, to
cham, champ, chamble, to chew.—Hal. fasten on, to stick to, to hold ; sukihti, to
Properly to chew so as to make the fasten oneself to another; Fin. Aim/ºu
snapping of the jaws be heard. Magy. (Lap. Kippo, Kafſo), a bundle, and thence
1sammogni, tsamtsogni, to make a noise the laying hold of each other by wrestlers;
with the teeth in chewing. Gall, djam Aim/rºste//a, to wrestle. Esthon. Æimº,
djam-goda (to make djam-d/am), to bundle, pinch, difficulty; Æimp/ima, to
smack the lips in eating, as swine, to quarrel (comp. G. Kampe/n, E. camp/e).
champ, move the jaws.-Tutschek. The Du. Kimpen, to wrestle, luctare, certare.
G. schmatzen s. s. differs only in the — Kil.
transposition of the letter m. ON. Kampa, To cope or contend with, which seems
to chew ; Kiammi, a jaw ; Kiamsa, to another form of the root, is explained by
champ, to move the jaws; Æiamſ, champ Torriano “serrarsi, attaccarsi l'un con
1ng. l'altro ; ’ ‘se harper l'un a l'autre.”—Sher
The sound of striking the ground with wood.
the foot is sometimes represented in the Chance. The happening of things
same manner, as in It. 2ampe/fare, to governed by laws of which we are more
}. the ground; E. dial. champ, to tread or less ignorant. Fr. chance, O Fr.
eavily.—Hal. chéance, act of falling, from cheoir, Lat.
Champaign. See Camp. cadere, Prov. cager, Sp. caer, Ptg. cahir,
Champarty. Partnership. Fr. champ to fall. Prov. escazemza, accident, chance.
parti, Lat. campus partitus, as jeopardy, It will be observed that accident is the
from Fr. jeu parti, Lat. focus partitus, same word direct from the Lat. accidere,
divided game. to happen (ad and cadere, to fall).
Champion. Commonly derived from Chance-medley. Fr. chaude mes/,'e,
campus, a field of battle, fighting place. from chaud, hot, and mesſee, fray, bicker
And no doubt the word might have early ing, fight; an accidental conflict in hot
been introduced from Latin into the Teu blood. “Mellée qui etait meue chaleu
tonic and Scandinavian languages, giving reusement et sans aguet.' M.Lat. ca/ida
rise to the AS. camp, fight, cem/a, ON. me//cia, calidameya. A/e/eare, mesſefare,
Aemifa, a warrior, champion; Du. Aamp, to quarrel, broil.-Carpentier. When the
combat, contest; Æampen, Kempen, to element chaud lost its meaning to ordi
fight in single combat; Æamper, &empe, nary English ears, it was replaced by
an athlete, prize-fighter. chance in accordance with the meaning
It must be observed however that the of the compound.
Scandinavian Äaff appears a more an Chancel. — Chancellor. — Chancery.
cient form than the nasalised camp. ON. The part of the church in which the altar
Æapp, contention ; #affi, athlete, hero; is placed is called chancel, from being
Sw, dricka i Åaff, to drink for a wager; railed off or separated from the rest of
Æapp-ridande, a horse-race. So in E. the church by lattice-work, Lat. cance//i.
boys speak of capping verses, i.e. con The cancellarii seem to have been the
tending in the citation of verses; to ca/ officers of a court of justice, who stood ad
one at leaping is to beat one at a contest cancellos, at the railings, received the
in leaping. Hence (with the nasal) w. petitions of the suitors, and acted as in
camp, a feat, game ; campio, to strive at termediaries between them and the judge.
games; campus, excellent, surpassing, To them naturally fell the office of keep
 CHANDLER CHAPEL I4 I

ing the seal of the court, the distinctive hard bodies. Sc. chap, to strike, as to
feature of the chancellors of modern chaft hands, to chap at a door.—Jam.
time. It is also used in the sense of the E. chop,
From chancellor, are Fr. chancellerie, E. to strike with a sharp edge, to cut up into
chancery. small pieces, to cut off; Du. Kappen, to
Chandler. Fr. chandelier, a dealer in cut, prune, hack; Lith. Æapoti, to peck,
candles; then, as if the essential mean to hack, to cut, to paw like a horse; W.
ing of the word had been simply dealer, cobio, to strike, to peck.
extended to other trades, as corn-chand Again as a hard body in breaking gives
Aer. Chandry, the place where candles a sharp sound like the knocking of hard
are kept, from chandler, as chancery things together, a chap is a crack or fis
from chancellor. sure, properly in a hard body, but ex
To Change. Prov. cambiar, camjar, tended to bodies which give no sound in
It cambiare, cangiare, Fr. changer. Bret. breaking, as skin; chapped hands. Com
Æemma, to truck, exchange. Cambiare pare chark, to creak, and also to chap or
seems the nasalised form of E. chop, chap, crack—Hal. The use of crack in the
to swap, exchange, ON. Kaupa, to deal, as sense of fissure is to be explained in the
Chaucer's champmen for cha/men. same manner. Lang. escapa, to split
In Surrey whilome dwelt a company wood, to break; escapo, a chip.
Of champmen rich and therto sad and true, The thinner vowel in chip expresses
That wide were sentin their spicery, the sharper sound made by the separation
Their chaffare was so thrifty and so new.
Man of Law's Tale, 140. of a very small fragment of a hard body,
and the term is also applied to the small
In like manner Walach. schimbé, to piece separated from the block.
change, to put on fresh clothes, may be Chape. A plate of metal at the point
compared with ON. skipta, E. shift, of a scabbard. Hence the white tip of a
Walach. schimbu, cambium, exchange; fox's tail.—Hal. The fundamental mean
schimóatoriu, a money-changer. See ing is something clapt on, from clap, the
Chop. representation of the sound made by two
Channel. Lat. canalis, a pipe, water flat surfaces striking together. Hence It.
conduit, from canna, a reed. The word chiaffa, a patch of lead claſt unto a
appears in English under a triple form : ship that is shot; a piece of lead to cover
channel, any hollow for conveying water, the touch-hole of a gun, also a clap, and
Æennel, the gutter that runs along a street, anything that may be taken hold of.-Fl.
and the modern canal.
Sp. chapa, a small plate of flat metal,
Chant.—Chantry. Lat. cantare, Fr. leather, or the like ; chapar, to plate, to
chanter, to sing. Hence chantry, a chapel coat; chapeta, chapilla, a small metal
endowed for a priest to sing mass for the plate ; Port. chapear, to plate, to apply
soul of the founders.
one flat thing to another. Sp. chapelete
Chap. 1. Chaps or chops, the loose de una bomba, Fr. clapet, the clapper or
flesh of the cheeks, lips of an animal. sucker of a ship's pump ; Sp. chapeletas
AS. ceaplas, ceaſias, the chaps ; Da. de imãormales, the clappers of the scupper
gab, the mouth, throat of an animal. See holes. Russ. Alepam, a strip of metal
Cheek.
plate, as those on a trunk.
Chap. 2. A fellow. Probably from Chapel. Commonly derived from ca
chap, cheek, jaw. Da. Åfaſt, jaw, muz pella, the cape or little cloke of St Mar
zle, chaps, is vulgarly used in the sense of tin, which was preserved in the Palace of
individual.—Molbech. And N. Kiaſt as the kings of the Franks, and used as the
well as Ājažje, a jaw, is used in the same most binding relic on which an oath
sense; Ævar Ajaften, every man Jack; could be taken.
inkje ein Ajaſt,-Éyaakaa, not a soul.— Tunc in Palatio nostro super Capellam domini
Aasen. In Lincoln cheek is used in the Martini, ubi reliqua sacramenta percurrant, de
same way for person or fellow. beant conjurare.—Marculfus in Duc.
Chap.–Chip.–Chop. These areforms Hence it is supposed the name of ca
having a common origin in the attempt to pella was given to the apartment of the
represent the sound made by the knock Palace in which the relics of the saints
ing of two hard bodies, or the cracking were kept, and thence extended to similar
of one, the thinner vowel i being used to repositories where priests were commonly
represent the high note of a crack, while appointed to celebrate divine services.
the broader vowels a and o are used for Rex sanctas sibi de capella sua reliquias deferri
the flatter sound made by the collision of praecepit.—Ordericus Vitalis.
I42 CHAPLET CHARM
But we have no occasion to resort to Choliers that cavreden col come there biside,
so hypothetical a derivation. The canopy And other wises that were wont wode for to
ſecche :
or covering of an altar where mass was
celebrated was called cafe//a, a hood. i.e. colliers that charred coal, that turned
Mid. Lat. ca/c//are, tegere, decken, be wood to coal, charcoal burners.
decken ; cape//a, ein himeltz, gehymels The G. equivalent kehren is used in a
(eucharistie, &c.), the canopy over the similar manner in the sense of changing
sacred elements ; eine kleine Kirche.— the nature of a thing. ‘Als sich Lucifer
Dief. Sup. And it can hardly be doubted in eine schlange Aehrt.” as Lucifer turns
that the name of the canopy was extended himself into a snake.
to the recess in a church in which an Chare. A chare is a turn of work;
altar was placed, forming the cafe//a or chare-woman, one who is engaged for an
chapel of the saint to whom the altar was occasional turn. Swiss, es ist mi cheer,
dedicated. it is my turn; cher um cher, in turns,
Chaplet. A wreath for the head. Fr. turn about.—Deutsch. Mundart. 2. 370.
chapeleſ, dim. of chapeſ, from ca/a, a AS. Cyre, a turn ; cerran, Du. Keeren, to
cape or cope. The OFr. chapel, from turn ; Gael. car, turn, twist.
signifying a hat or covering for the head, Charge. It caricare, Ptg. carregar,
came to be used in the sense of a wreath Fr. charger, to load ; properly to place
or garland. “Caſ/e//o, ghirlanda se in a car. Lat. carricare, from carrus.
condo il volgar francese.”—Boccaccio in To charge an enemy is to lay on.
Diez. Hence applied to a circular string Lay on, Macduff,
of praying beads, called in Sp. for the And damned be he who first cries Hold, enough.
same reason rosario, a garland of roses, Charity. Lat. caritas, charitas, dear
and in It. corona. ness (in both senses), affection. Lat.
Chapman. AS. ceaf-man, a merchant. carus, dear, beloved. W. caru, Bret.
See Cheap. Áarout, to love.
Chapter. Fr. chaffitre, from capitu Chark.-Chirk. AS. cearcian, to creak,
Mum, a head or division of a book. The crash, gnash. Lith. Kirkfi, to cry as a
Chapter of a cathedral is the assembly child, creak, cluck; kirk/ys, a cricket;
of the governing body. It capito/o, Sp. Æarkti (schnarren, schreien, krāchzen), to
capitulo, cabildo, Prov, capitol, Fr. cha whirr as a beetle, cluck, gaggle; Æurkti,
pitre. to croak as a frog; kurke/is, the turtle
Character. Gr. xaparrºp (xapágow, to dove ; czurksfi, to chirp as sparrows,
grave or make incised marks on an ob cgirksfi, to chirp, twitter.
ject), a mark made on a thing, a mark of Charlatan.—Charade. Fr. charlatan,
distinction. a mountebank, prattling quacksalver, bab
Charade. See Charlatan. bler, tattler.—Cot. It ciar/afore, from
* Charcoal.—To Char. Charcoal was ciar/are, to tattle, chatter. Sp. Charlar,
rightly explained by Tooke from AS. chirlar, to prattle, jabber, clack, chat.
cerran, OE. char, to turn, as being wood An imitative word representing the in
turned to coal. articulate chattering or chirping of birds.
Then Nestor broiled them on the code-turn’d
Sp. chirriar, to chirp, chirk, creak, hiss
wood.—Chapman.
Lith. czurliwoti, to sing or chirp as birds,
cgirófi, to prattle, chatter.
To char is now only used in the special From Norm. charer, Lang. chara, to
application of turning to coal, burning converse, seems to be derived charade, a
without consuming the substance. kind of riddle by way of social amuse
ment, as Pol. gadža, a riddle, from gadać,
His profession—did put him upon finding a to talk; Boh. hadža, a dispute; fohadka,
way of charring sea coal, wherein it is in about a riddle, charade. W. siarad (pronounced
three hours or less without pots or vesselsbrought
to charcoal.—Boyle in R. sharad), babbling, talking.
Charlock. A weed among corn; also
It is extraordinary that so plausible an called Áedlock. AS. cede/eac.
explanation should have failed to produce Charm. An enchantment. Fr. charme;
conviction, but the following quotation It carme, carmo, a charm, a spell, a
from William and the Werewolf will pro verse, a rhyme.—Fl. From Lat. carmen,
bably be found conclusive. In that work which was used in the sense of magic
the verb is written caire, and occurs fre incantation. ‘Venefici qui magicis su
quently in the sense of turn one's steps, surris seu carminibus homines occidunt.
return, go, and at line 2520 it runs— —Justin. Inst. Hence carminare, to
 CHARNEL-HOUSE CHATS I43

enchant; incarminatriar, an enchantress. fit for fuel.—Bailey. Yorkshire chaí, a

From carmen was formed It. carme and twig ; Suffolk chaits, fragments or leav
Fr. charmer, as from momen It. nome and ings of food, as turnip-chaits, scraps of
Fr. nommer, to name.—Diez. offal; blackthorn-chats, the young shoots
The root of the Lat. carmen is pre or suckers on rough borders, occasionally
served in AS. cyrm, noise, shout ; OE. cut and faggoted.—Forby. To chit, to
charm, a hum or low murmuring noise, germinate; chits, the first sprouts of any
the noise of birds, whence a charm of thing.—Hal.
40/d/inches, a flock of those birds. The primary import of the syllable
I cherme as byrdes do when they make a noise chat, chit, chick, chip, is to represent the
a great number together.—Palsgrave. sharp sound of a crack, then the crack
Charnel-house. Fr. charmier, a ing of the hard case or shell in which
churchyard , or charnel-house, a place something is contained, and the peeping
where dead bodies are laid or their or shooting forth of the imprisoned life
bones kept.—Cot. Lat. caro, carnis, within; or on the other hand it may be
Fr. chair, flesh. applied sinply to designate the frag
Chart.—Charter. See Card. ments of the broken object. In the
Chary. AS. cearig (from cearian, to latter sense chat may be compared with
care), careful, chary. Du. Karigh, sor the Fr. eclaſs, shivers, splinters, frag
didus, parcus, tenax.-Kil. G. Karg, ments, from the sound of a body bursting
niggardly. or cracking, to which it bears the same
To Chase. I. To work or emboss relation as chaſe, a plate of metal, to
plate as silversmiths do.—B. Fr. chasse c/a/.
(another form of caisse ; see Case), a It must be observed that the letters ż,
shrine for a relic, also that thing or part AE, t, are used with great indifference at
of a thing wherein another is enchased ; the end of syllables imitative of natural
1a chasse d'un rasoir, the handle of a Sounds, as in the E. clap, clack, clatter;
razor; la chasse d'une rose, the calix of a G. Knappen, knacken, Anaſtern, to crack,
rose.—Cot. It cassa s. s. Fr. enchasser, crackle. We accordingly find the sylla
It. incassare, to set a jewel, to enchase bles chat or chit, chick, chip, or equivalent
it; and as the setting was commonly of forms, used to represent a sharp note, as
ornamental work the E. chasing has come that made by the crack of a hard sub
to signify embossed jeweller's work. stance, or the cry of a bird or the like.
To Chase. 2. See Catch. To chitter or chipper, to chirp as a bird;
Chasm. Gr. xágua, a yawning, a gap, to cheeſ, to cry as a chicken ; chip, the
from xáiv, xaiva, to gape, be wide open. cry of the bat.—Hal.
Chaste. Lat. castus, pure. Pol. czysty, To chiff is then to crack, to separate in
clean, pure, chaste. Russ. chist’, clean, morsels, to break open and burst forth as
pure, clear, limpid. The origin seems a blossom out of the bud, or a bird out of
preserved in the Fin. Kastaa, to wet, to the egg.
baptize, whence the notion of cleanliness The rois knoppis tetand furth thare hede
as the consequence of washing. See Gan chyp and kythe their vernal lippis red.
Cistern. D. V. in Jam.
To Chasten.—Chastise. Fr. chátier, The egg is chipped, the bird is flown.—Jam.
Lat castigare, from castus, clean, chaste, Du. Kippen, cudere, ferire, also to
pure, as purgare from purus. hatch.-Kil. It schioppare, to crack,
Chat.—Chatter. To talk, converse, snap, or pop, to burst open.—Fl. In like
make a noise as birds do, prattle. An manner Russ. chikatº, OE. chy##yn (Pr.
imitative word. It gazzolare, gazzo Prm.), to cheep or peep as a young bird;
Altare, gazzerare, gazzettare, to chat or then chick (Hal.), a crack or a flaw; also
chatter as a piot or a jay, to chirp, warble, to germinate or spring forth. And thus
prate.-Fl. Fr. gazouiller, to chirp, probably has arisen the sense of germin
warble, whistle. Magy, csatora (Magy. ation belonging to chat or chit. Chit in
cs = E. ch.), noise, racket; csatorázni, to the sense of a child is metaphorically
make a noise, chatter, talk much ; c.sa taken from the figure of a shoot, as we
cºgni, to chatter or prattle ; c.sacsogany, speak of olive branches, or a sprig of
a chatter-box, magpie, jackdaw ; Pól. nobility for a young aristocrat. So in
gadác, to talk, gadu-gadº, chit-chat, tit Gael. gallan or ogan, a branch, also a
tle-tattle. Malay, kata, a word, speak; youth, a young man; geºg, a branch
Æata-kata, discourse, talk. and a young female.
Chats.-Chit. Chat-wood, little sticks Parallel with E. chit in the latter sense
I44 CHATTELS CHEEK

the It. has cito, cita, cite//o, zitella, a colloquial E. choff, to choſ, and change,
young boy or girl. to swap goods; to coff–Hal., Sc. to coup
Chattels.-Cattle. Fr. chatel, OFr. S. s. ; horse-couper, a dealer in horses.
chapte/, a piece of moveable property, See Chop.
from Lat. capita/e, whence ca//a/e, cata/- Chear. Prov. Sp. cara, OFr. chiere,
Jum, the principal sum in a loan, as dis It. cera, the countenance; Fr. chère, the
tinguished from the interest due upon it. face, visage, countenance, favour, look,
“Semper renovabantur cartae et usura aspect of a man. Faire bonne chere, to
quae excrevit vertebatur in cata//um.’— entertain kindly, welcome heartily, make
Cronica Jocelini. Cam. Soc. Then, in good chear unto ; /aire mauvaise chere,
the same way as we speak at the present to frown, lower, hold down the head;
day of a man of large capital for a man Öe/ſe chère et ca'ur arrière, a willing look
of large possessions, catal/um came to and unwilling heart.—Cot. Then as a
be used in the sense of goods in general, kind reception is naturally joined with
with the exception of land, and was liberal entertainment, faire bonne or mau
specially applied to cattle as the principal vaise chère acquired the signification of
wealth of the country in an early stage of good living or the reverse, and hence the
society. E. chear in the sense of victuals, enter
tainment.
Juxta facultates suas et juxta catalla sua.-
Laws of Edward the Confessor. Cum decimis Cheat. Cheat in the old canting lan
omnium terrarum ac bonorum aliorum sive ca guage of beggars and rogues was a thing
tallorum.-Ingulphus. Rustici curtillum debet of any kind. Thus grunting-chete was a
esse clausum aestate simulet hieme. Si disclau
pig ; crashing-chefes, teeth ; prattling
sum sit et introeat alicujus vicini sui captale per chete, the tongue, &c., and, from the fre
suum apertum.—Brompton in Duc.
quency probably with which the word
It should be observed that there is the occurred, a cheater was equivalent to cant
same double meaning in AS. ceaſ, goods, er, a rogue or person who used the cant
cattle, which is the word in the laws of ing language. Hence to cheat, to act as
Ina translated captaſe in the foregoing a rogue.-Modern Slang. It truffa, any
passage; and this may perhaps be the cheating, canting or crossbiting trick;
reason why the Lat. equivalent captale truffatore, a cheater, cozener, a canting
was applied to beasts of the farm with knave.—Fl.
us, while it never acquired that meaning Check. Fr. &chec, a repulse, a meta
in Fr. Bret. chatal, cattle. phor taken from the game of chess,
Chawl.—Chowl.—Chole. As ceaſ, where the action of a player is brought
snout, ceaſias, jaws, cheeks, lead to oe. to a sudden stop by receiving check to
chaºy/bone or chaw/bone, mandibula.- his king.
Pr. Pm. NE. chouſe, jaw. The strap of To check an account, in the sense of
the bridle under the jaw is called the ascertaining its correctness, is an ex
chottſband.—Hal. See Cheek, Chew. pression derived from the practice of the
Cheap. The modern sense of low in King's Court of Exchequer, where ac
price is an ellipse for good cheap, equiva counts were taken by means of counters
lent to Fr. bon marché, from AS. ceap, upon a checked cloth. See Chess.
price, Sale, goods, cattle. Goth. Kaupon, Cheek.-Choke.—Chaps. The gut
to deal; ON. Kauffa, to negotiate, buy ; tural sounds made by impeded exertions
Du. Koopen, G. Kauſen, to buy; Kaitſ: of the throat in coughing, retching, hawk
mann, E. chapman, a dealer. Slav. AEu ing, stuttering, laughing, are represented
Žiti, Bohem. Æau/ifi, to buy. Gr. rātrn Noc, in widely separated languages by the
Lat., caupo, a tavern-keeper, tradesman. syllables gag, gig, kak, kek, kik, £ok, with
—Dief. a frequent change of the initial k into ch.
Ihre shows satisfactorily that the mo We may cite Fin. Kakaista, to vomit,
dern sense of buying is not the original Lapºikot, to nauseate (toretch), kakkaseſ,
force of the word, which is used in the to stutter, Fin. Aikottaa, Lat. cachinzari,
sense of bargaining, agreeing upon, ex AS. ceahhetan, to laugh, Bav. gagłern,
changing, giving or taking in exchange, gagáezen, to cluck like a hen, to cough
and hence either buying or selling. ‘Ek dry and hard, to stutter ; gigken, gig
villdi Kaupa skipinu vid yokur braedur.’ Áezen, to make inarticulate sounds in
I will exchange ships with you two broretching, stuttering, giggling, Du. Kichen,
thers. ‘Kopa jord i jord, to exchange to gasp, cough, sob; E. Keck, to fetch the
farm for farm. Thus we are brought to breath with difficulty, to clear the throat;
the notion of changing expressed by the chuckle, to make inarticulate sounds in
 CHEEP CHEVRON 145
the throat from suppressed laughter or this manner. ON. Kars, Æðs subliqui
the like; Sw. Æikna, to gasp, Aikma af dorum coacervatio, mollium congeries,
sératt, to choke with laughter. The Sw. veluti piscium, carnium, &c. Hence
Aikma is identical with OE. cheken, to Æasa, to heap up such things for the pur
choke. “Chekenyd or querkenyd, suffo pose of acidifying them ; Æasadr, Æasull
catus.”—Pr. Prm. Thus we are brought dim, subacidus, veteris casei sapore—An
to w. cegio, AS. ceocian, E. to choke, ON. dersen; Æaestr, incaseatus, made rancid
Aoka, quoka, to swallow. by laying up in a covered heap, used
Again the root representing the sounds especially of seals' flesh, which is not
made by impeded guttural action passes otherwise considered eatable.—Haldor
on to signify the parts of the bodily Sen.
frame by which the exertion is made, the The use of the word kaesir, rennet,
throat, gullet, chops, jaws, cheeks. Sc. shows that the Icelanders recognise the
chouks, the throat, jaws; ON. Kok, Quok, identity of the process going on in viands
the throat; W. ceg, throat, mouth ; Sw. subjected to this process with that which
Aek, kāke, N. Ajakje, jaw; Du. Kaecke, takes place in the formation of cheese,
cheek, jaw, gill of fish; AS. ceac, E. cheek. though it is remarkable that they use a
The frequentative Keckle, to make a noise different word, ost, for cheese itself, which
in the throat by reason of difficulty of seems also derived from a Finnish source.
breathing (Bailey) leads on to Pl.D. Chemistry. See Alchemy.
Ääkel, the mouth, Fris. gaghel, the palate Chequer. See Chess.
(Kil.), Lith. Æaklas, the neck, AS. geag/, Cherish. Fr. cherir, to hold dear, to
treat with affection. Cher, Lat. carus,
.geah!, geaft, Fr. giffle, fouſſle, jaw, jowl,
chops. dear. W. caru, to love.
In these latter forms we see the trans Cherry. Lat. cerasus. It cireggia,
ition from a guttural to a labial termin cirieggia, Fr. cerise; G. Kirsche.
ation, which in the case of cough has Chesnut. Lat. castaneus, Fr. chas
taken place in pronunciation although tagne, châtaigne. Du. Kastamie, G. Kesten,
the final guttural is retained in writing. E. chesten. — Kil. Hence chesten-nut,
The imitative origin is witnessed by Galla chestnut.
cuff, to belch, cough, clear the throat, Chess. It. scacco, Sp. arague, Fr. &chec,
rattle in the throat.—Tutschek. Analo G. schach, from the cry of check / (Pers.
gous forms are G. kopen, Koppen, to belch, schach, king), when the king is put in the
to gasp-Schmeller; E. to kep, to boken, condition of being taken. As the board
i. e. when the breath is stopped being in this game is divided into a number of
ready to vomit—B. ; Pl.D. gapen, kapen, equal squares of opposite colours, things
Da. gabe, to gape; gab, the mouth or so marked are called chequered. Pro
throat of an animal; Sw. gap, the throat; bably at one time the game was called
AS. ceaplas, ceaſias, E. chaps, the loose the game of checks, subsequently cor
flesh about the jaws; Da. Ajabe, Ajave, rupted into chess. It is sometimes written
the jaw; Wall. chiffe, cheek. chests in OE.
To Cheep. To make a shrill noise Chest. AS. cist, G. kasten, Kiste, Lat.
like a young chicken, squeak as a mouse, cista. See Case.
creak as shoes.—Jam. An imitative word, Chevaux de frise. The name of
like{. in the same sense. Lith. czypti, Vriesse ruyters (Frisian horsemen) was
to cheep like a chicken or squeak like a given in Dutch to long beams stuck
mouse, whence cºypulas, a chicken. Sc. round with spikes and placed in the road
cheiffer, a cricket. to prevent the attack of cavalry. It would
Cheese. AS. cese, cyse, OHG. chasi, G. seem to have been a device of the Frisian
Aáse, W. caws, Lat. caseus. The word peasants to supply the want of cavalry in
may perhaps be explained from a Fin their struggle for independence.
nish source. Fin. Aasa, a heap, whence Chevisance. Achievement, acquisition,
Æasa-leifa, old bread, bread kept for a gain or profit in trade. Fr. chevir, to
year. The Lapps prepare much of their compass, prevail with, make an end,
food, as meat and butter, by laying it in come to an agreement with. Cheſ, pro
a heap till it becomes rancid or half de perly head, then end, accomplishment;
cayed, acquiring a flavour of old cheese. achever, to bring to an end, to accom
This they call härsk. From them the plish. -

practice seems to have been communi Chevron. The representation of two

cated to their Scandinavian neighbours, rafters in heraldry. Fr. chevron, Prov.
who treat their fish and coarser flesh in cabrion, cabiron, Sp. cabrio, a rafter ; ca
10
146 CHEW CHIME

bria/, a beam, cabriones, wedges of wood the radical form is unusual. It reappears
to support the breech of a cannon. Wal however in the derivatives capitano, chief
ach. caſeru, caprioru, beam, rafter. W. tain, captain. The curtailed form agrees
ceòr, Bret. Aºr, raſter; Gael. cabar, deer's in a singular way with G. kopſ, Du. Aop,
horn, antler, stake, pole, rafter ; cabar a cup, a head.
Beinne, mountain top ; cabarach, branchy. Child. As. cild, G. kind. A similar
It is remarkable that the rafters are also interchange of n and l is seen in E.
called corni /a casa, horns of the house, Æi/derkin, Du. Kindeken, a small cask;
in Walach., while the Magy. term is szaru OFr. amer, Fr. al/er, to go. It is remark
fu, horn wood. able that the anomalous plural children
To Chew.—Chaw. It is shown under agrees with the Du. Kinderen.
Cheek that the names of the gullet, mouth, Chill. The meaning is properly to
jaw, chaps, are taken from the representa shiver or cause to shiver.
tion of the sounds made by guttural exer The ape that earst did nought but chill and
tions. Among these the G. kauchen, quake
Æeichen, lead through the synonymous E. Now gan some courage untoMother
him to take.
Hubbard.
Æaw, to gasp for breath (Hal), to Du.
Æauwe, Kouwe, AEuwe, the throat, cheek, Brezza, chillness or shivering.—Fl.
jaw, chin, gills of a fish.-Kil. E. chaw Chilly weather is what causes one to
&ome, machouere.—Palsgr. And hence, shiver : to feel chilly is to feel shivery.
and not vice versá, are formed Du. Kaau Now the notion of shivering or trembling
wen, G. Kauen, E. chew or chaw, to use is most naturally expressed by a vibrating,
the jaws. E. chave/, chouſe, a jaw, chol, quivering sound which passes, when the
vibrations become very rapid, into a con
the jole, head, jaws; chazel, to chew.— tinuous
Hal. shrill sound. The usual sense of
* Chicane. Fr. chicaner, to pettifog, twiſter is to warble like a bird, but it is
to contest, captiously taking every possi explained by Bailey to quake or shiver
ble advantage without regard to substan with cold. To chatter represents the
tial justice; chicoter, to contest about rapid shaking of the teeth with cold, or
trifles.—Gattel. Probably from Fr. chic, the broken noise of birds, or of people
chiqueſ, a little bit. De chic en chic, talking rapidly. To chifter, to chirp or
from little to little.—Cot. Payer chiquet twitter as birds—Hal., then as G. zittern,
d chiyueſ, by driblets.-Gattel. Chigue, Du. citferen, to tremble with cold. To
a lump, a quid of tobacco. It. cica cica, fitter is a modification of the same word
the least imaginable jot.—Fl. For the applied to the broken sounds of repressed
laughter, while didder is to shiver or
ultimate origin of the word see Doit, tremble.
Mite.
Chick. Du. Kiełen, a chicken. The From the tingling sound of a little
shrill cry of the young bird is represented bell (Fr. gre/ot), gre!oter is to shiver for
by the syllable chef, Žeef, or chick, from cold. On the same principle I regard
the first of which is Lith. cºypuſas, a the Ptg. chil/rar, to twitter, Sp. chil/ar,
chicken, from the second Lat. pipio, a Wall. chiſer, to crackle, creak, twitter,
young bird, and from the third E. chicken. hiss as meat on the gridiron, as pointing
Chikāyn as hennys byrdys, pipio, pululo. out the origin of the E. chill, signifying
—Pr. Pn. Russ. Chikat', to cheep or properly shivering, then cold. See Chim
peep as a young bird; chiff (Fr. /), a mer, Chitter. The Pl.D. Killen, to smart,
finch. Magy. Ziff, the cry of young has probably the same origin. “De finger
birds; fifte, a chicken, gosling. Fin. Ai//et mi for kälte, my finger tingles with
tiltážata, fin/ºua, to chirp or peep like a cold. Du. Killen, tintelen van koude:-
chicken, tiukka, the chirping of a spar Halm.
row ; Magy. tyuk, a hen, doubtless ori Chimb. Du. Kimme, the rim or edge
of a vase, or as E. chimb, the projecting
ginally a chicken ; Lap. (iuá, the young ends of the staves above the i. of a
of animals in general.
To Chide. AS. cidan, to scold, from cask. Pl.D. Kimm s. s., also the horizon.
the notion of speaking loud and shrill. w. cih, a cup ; cihaw, to raise the rim,
Swiss Áiden, to resound as a bell. Fin. knit the brow ; cib-led, of expanded rim;
Æidata, Áifista, strideo, crepo, queror, hyd-y-gið,
Chime.
to the brim. Fin. Kippa, a Cup.
Imitative of a loud clear
knarren, knirschen, klagend tònen.
Chief. Fr. cheſ, Prov. cap, It caffo, sound. Chymyn or chenkyn with bellys.
Walach. capu, pl. cafete, Lat. caput, the Tintillo.—Pr. Pm. Da. Aime, to chime.
head. The loss of the syllable it in Fin. Kimia, acute, sonorous, kimista"
 CHIMERA CHITTERLING I47
- - - - e

acuté tinnio ; Aimina, Sonus acutus, ter. Magy. tsengeni, ºstingeni, tinnire.
- . . e. Then, in the same way that the word
clangor tinniens; kummata, Álamista, to crack, originally representing the sound
sound, as a large bell; Kumina, reson made by the fracture of a hard body, is
ance; komia, sounding deep, as a bell ; applied to the separation of the broken
Áommata, komistã, to sound deep or parts, so also we find chink applied to
hollow. the fissure arising from the fracture of a
Chimera. Gr. xiplatoa, a goat, then hard body, then to any narrow crack or
the name of a fabulous monster part fissure. AS. ciman, to gape, to chink.
goat, part lion, killed by Bellerophon. The same sound is represented in E. in
To Chimmer. Chymerynge, or chy differently by the syllable clink or chiné,
verynge or dyderinge. Frigutus.-Pr. and the Du. AE/incken, to clink or sound
Prm. This word affords a good illustra sharp, gives rise in like manner to the
tion of the mode in which the ideas of substantive Alincke, a chink or fissure.
tremulous motion, sound, and light, are In like manner E. chick, representing
connected together. We have the radical in the first instance a sharp sound, is pro
application to a tremulous sound in Pol. vincially used in the sense of a crack, a
szemrad, to murmur, rustle; E. simmer, flaw—Hal. ; and from a similar sound
to boil gently, to make a tremulous represented by the syllable schrick, Bav.
sound on beginning to boil. The desig schricken, to crack as glass or earthen
nation passes on to phenomena of sight ware ; schrick, a chap, cleft, chink
and bodily movement in shimmer, a Küttn.
twinkling light, and chimmer, to tremble, Chintz. Hindost. chits, chhint.
which differ from each other only as Chip. See Chap, Chat.
shiver and the chyver of Pr. Pm. Com Chirk. See Chark.
pare also Walach. cafferá, to simmer, To Chirp. A parallel form with chirk,
vibrate, sparkle. See Bright, Chitter. representing the shrill noise of birds or
Chimney. Fr. chemineſe. It cam insects, all these imitative terms being
minata, a hall; Mid. Lat. caminata, an liable to great variation in the final con
apartment with a fire-place, from Lat. sonants. Lith. czirszkti, to chirp, twitter;
caminus, a fire-place. Caminatum, fyr cziròti, to prattle ; czirpti, to creak, hiss ;
hus.-AElf. Gloss. G. giròen, zirken, tschirpen, to chirp ; Sp.
Chin. AS. cinme, Du. Kinne. A imme chirriar, to creak, chirp, hiss ; chirlar, It.
backe, the jaw, cheek. Gr. Yévvc, the jaw, ciarlare, to prattle; Valentian charrar;
chin ; yévetov, the chin ; Lat. genta, the Norman charer, to tattle, chatter ; E. dial.
cheek. Bret. gen, the cheek (jaw); genou to chirre, to chirp. In the same sense,
(pl.), the mouth (jaws); gemawi, to open to chirm ; ‘chirming tongues of birds.”—
the mouth. Phaer's Virg. Chyrme or chur, as birds
Chin-cough. — Chink-cough. Sw. do.—Huloet. in Hal.
Æiž hosta, G. Keich husten, Du. Kieck hoest, Chisel. Fr. ciseau (for cisel), a sur
Aimé ſhoest, the whooping cough, from the geon's lancet, also a chisel or graving
sharp chinking sound by which it is ac iron.—Cot. It. cisello, Sp. cincel, Ptg.
companied. To chink with laughter, to size/. Fr. cisaille, clipping of coin. Sp.
lose one's breath with laughter and make chischas, clashing of weapons.
a crowing sound in recovering breath. Chit. See Chats.
Chine. Fr. eschine, the chine, back To Chitter. To chirp or twitter.
bone ; eschinée (de porc), a chine (of But she withal no worde may soune,
pork); eschiner, to chine, to divide or But chitre as a bird jargowne.—Gower in Hal.
break the back of—Cot. It schiena, Du. schetteren, stridere, crepare, dis
schena, schina, Sp. esquerta, Prov, esquina, plodere, et garrine ; schetteringe, sonus
the backbone; Lat. spina, a thorn, also vibrans, quavering of the voice.—Kil.
the spine or backbone from its pointed From signifying a twittering sound chit
processes. The change from the sound ter is applied to tremulous motion. Chyº
of sp to sá is singular, as the p is preserved fering, quivering or shakyng for colde.—
in lt. spina, Fr. epime, a thorn. Diez de Huloet in Hal. It. squittire, to squeak
rives from OHG. skina, a needle; but or cry as a parrot, to hop or skip nimbly
skina applied to a bone signified the shin, up and down.
and it is most unlikely that it would also Chitterling. 1. A frill to a shirt.
have been used to designate the spine. We make of a French ruff an English chitterling.
Chink. Primarily a shrill sound, as Gascoigne in Todd.
the chink of money, to chiné with laugh 2. The small entrails of a hog, from
10 *
148 CHIVALRY CHOP

their wrinkled appearance. G. Krös, To Choke.- See Cheek.

ge&rose, a ruff or frill, also the mesentery Choleric.—Cholera. Gr. xo) ºpa, a
or membrane which covers the bowels, malady the symptoms of which are con
from Araus, curly; Kalb's gekröse, a calf's nected with the bile, from x0xx}, i. bile, 2.
pluck or chaldron ; ganse gekróse, a anger, wrath, whence choleric, of an angry
goose's giblets, called chiffers in the N. disposition.
of E. Fr. freze, a ruff, a calf's chaldern ; * To Choose.—Choice. As.ceosan, Du,
fresure, the inwards of an animal, pluck, Aiezen, Æeuren, koren, Goth. Æiusan, kaus
haslets, &c. jan, G. Kiesen, Kohren, Prov. causin, Fr.
The origin of the word in the sense of choisir, to choose. The primary mean
a frill or wrinkled structure is chitter, to ing is doubtless to taste, then to try,
chirp or twitter, then to shiver, the ridges prove, approve, select. ‘Thaiize ni kaus
of a wrinkled surface being represented fand dauthaus,' who shall not taste death.
by the vibrations of sound or motion. —Mark ix. 1. ‘Gagga kausjan thans’
In the same way the synonym /ri// is re —I go to prove them.—Luc. xiv. 19. The
lated to Fr. friller, to shiver, chatter, or original meaning is preserved in G. wein
didder for cold, and w. ſºrill, a twittering, Aºieser, a wine taster, and in Kosten, to
chattering. Compare also Pol. Kruszyd, taste, to experience, to try. OHG. Aiusan,
to shiver ; Aruszki, ruffs, also calf's, to prove, to try ; arkiusan, to choose ;
lamb's pluck or gather, chawdron, &c. Aordn, to taste, try, prove. Swiss Aust,
Walach. ca/erd, to palpitate; Lat. cape gust, taste, gusten, Austigen, to taste, to
rare, to wrinkle. try, lead us on to Lat. gustare, Gr. Yivu,
Chivalry. The manners and senti yèvow, to taste. Equivalents in the Sla
ments of the knightly class. Fr. che vonic languages are Pol. Æusic, to tempt,
valerie, from chevalier, a knight. See try, Boh. oºwsyti, to taste, try, experience;
Cavalry. Russ. wºu sit", prikushat’, to taste ; Serv.
Chives. The fine threads of flowers, Kushati, to taste, to try. As kushnuti,
or the little knobs which grow on the tops AEushevati, in the same language, signify
of those threads; chive/s, the small parts to kiss, in analogy with the use of smack
of the roots of plants, by which they are in the sense of kiss as well as taste, it is
propagated.—B. Fr. chippe, chiffe, a rag, probable that the root Æus of the fore
jag ; E. chiſe, a fragment, chimp, a young going terms represents the smack of the
shoot ; chióðle, to break off in small lips in kissing or tasting. -

pieces; shive, a small slice or slip of Choice is probably direct from Fr. choir.
anything ; shiver, a scale or fragment; To Chop. The syllable chap or choff
Pl.D. scheve, the shives or broken frag represents the sound of a sudden blow;
ments of stalk that fall off in dressing Sc. chap hands, to strike hands; to chap
flax or hemp ; schevel-steen, G. schieſer, at a door; to chap, to hack, cut up into
stone which splits off in shives or shivers, small pieces. Chap, chauff, choppe, a
slate ; ON. ski/a, to cleave ;-all seem blow.—Jam. Hence to chop is to do any
developments of the same radical image. thing suddenly, as with a blow, to turn.
See Chats. A greyhound chops up a hare when it
* Chives are also a kind of small onion, catches it unawares; to chop up in prison,
the eatable part of which consists of the to clap up—Hal.; the wind chops round
young fine leaves, and in this sense the when it makes a sudden turn to a differ
word is more likely to be from Lat. cepa, ent quarter.
an onion. Fr. cive, civette, a chive, Scal From the notion of turning round the
lion or unset leek.-Cot. Verte comme word chop passes to the sense of exchang.
chives, as green as leeks.-Body and Soul. ing, an exchange being the transfer of
Chock-full. — Chuck-full. Swab. something with the return of an equiva
schoch, a heap, g’schochet voll, full to lent on the other side. Thus we speak
overflowing, heaped measure, chock full. of chopping and changing ; to choff horses
—Schmid. In the same dialect schof with one, to exchange horses. The Sc.
pen is to stuff, to stop ; geschoºl vo//, and N. of E. coup, Warwickshire coff, ON.
crammed full. Æaup, key/a, are used in the same sense.
Choir.—Chorus. Gr. xàpoc, a com ‘Sidast bid hann at Holmithviat hann
pany of singers or dancers, specially with Æei/fi vid Holmstarra bacdi löndom oc
an application to theatrical performances, konom oc lausa fe àllo.’ At last he dwelt
whence Lat. chorus, and It. coro, Fr. at Holm because he and Holmstarra had
chaeur, the quire or part of the church choſ/cd both lands and wives and all
appropriated to the singers. their moveables. ‘Enn Sigridur Sem
 CHOP CHUCK I49

hann átti Adur hengdi sig i hofino thviat
hun villdi eigi manna-kaupin.” But Sig
rid whom he before had to wife hanged
herself in the temple, because she would
not endure this husband chopping.—
Landnamabok, p. 49.
Thus chop is connected with G. kaufen,
E. cheap, chapman, &c. In Sc. coup the
original sense of turning is combined with
that of trafficking, dealing. To coup, to
overturn, overset.—Jam.
“The whirling stream will make our boat to
coup, i.e. to turn over.’ ‘They are forebuyers
of quheit, bear and aits, copers and turners there
ey and Persia merchants in a way that
obtained much notoriety at the time.
Hence to chiaus became a slang word
for to defraud.—Gifford's Ben Jonson, 4.
27. In the Alchemist, which was written
in 1610, we find the following passage :
Dap. And will I tell then? by this hand of flesh
Would it might never write good court-hand more
If I discover. What do you think of me,
That I am a chiatus P
Face. What's that P
Dap. The Turk was here
As one should say, Doe you think I am a Turk?—
Face. come. noble Doctor, pray thee let's pre
wall—

of in merchandise.'—Jam. You deal now with a noble gentleman,

Aorse-couper, cow-couper, one who One that will thank you richly, and he is no
chiatus—
buys and sells horses or cows; soul-coup Slight, I bring you
er, a trafficker in souls. To turn a penny No cheating Clim o' the Cloughs.-Alchemist.
is a common expression for making a We are in a fair way to be ridiculous. What
penny by traffic. think you, Madam, chiaus'd by a scholar?—Shir
The nasalisation of chap or chop in the ley in Gifford.
sense of exchanging would give rise to Chrism.—Chrisom. Fr. chrisme, Gr.
the It. cambiare, cangiare, and we act xpioua, consecrated oil to be used in bap
ually find champman for chapman, a tism ; Fr. cresmeau, the crisome where
merchant, in Chaucer. See Change. with a child is anointed, or more properly
To Chop logick. Du. Kappen (to the cloth or christening cap that was put
chop) in thieves' language signified to on the head of the child as soon as it had
speak. Borgoens Äappen, to cant, to been anointed.—Cot.
speak thieves' slang.—P. Marin. -chron-. — Chronicle. Gr. xpóvoc,
Chopino. Sp. chapin, high clog, slip time ; rà Xpovikā, Fr. chroniques, E.
per ; chapineria, shop where clogs and chronicles, journals of events in refer
pattens are sold. From the sound of a ence to the times in which they hap
blow represented by the syllable chap, pened.
chop, as Du. Alompe, Álopper, clogs, from Anachronism, an offence against the
Æ/offen, to knock, because in clogs or fitness of times.
wooden shoes one goes clumping along, Chrysalis. Lat. chrysalis (Plin.), Gr.
where it will be observed that the initial Xpvaa\ic, doubtless from some connection
AE/of Kloppen corresponds to ch of chopino, with xpvoróg, gold.
as in the examples mentioned under Chub.-Chevin. A fish with a thick
Chape. snout and head. Fr. chewane, chewiniau.
Chord. Gr. xop3), the string of a music Confounded with the bullhead, a small fish
al instrument; originally, the intestine of with a large head. Mid. Lat. capito, ca
an animal, of which such strings are made. pitanus, caphaſemus, cavena, whence the
Chough. A jackdaw ; AS. ceo; OE. Fr. chewane, E. chevin. G. forms are
Æowe, monedula.-Nominale in Nat. Ant. Æaulhaupt (club-head, whence E. gul/;
Du. Kauwe, Æae, Lith. Æowe, Sax. capitone, a bullhead, gull, or miller's
Æaycée , Picard. cauc, cauvette ; Fr. thumb–Fl), Kolbe (club), Kobe, Koppe,
choucas, chouguette, chouette, whence E. whence apparently the E. chuò.—Dief.
chuet.
Sup. Quabbe, guappe, gobio capitatus,
Peace, chuet, peace.—Shakespeare. capito.—Kil.
This latter is the same word with the Chubby. E. dial. cob, a lump or
It. civetta, applied to an owl in that piece; chump, a thick piece. ON. Kuöðr,
language. The origin of all these words Sw, dial. Kubb, a stump, short piece ;
is an imitation of the cry of the bird, equi Æubbug, fat, plump, thick-set.
valent to the E. kaw. See Chaff. Chuck.-Chuckstone. A sharp sound
To Chouse. From the Turkish Chiaus, like the knocking of two hard substances
a messenger or envoy. In 1609 Sir together is imitated by the syllables
Robert Shirley, who was about to come clack, chack, cak, clat, chat, as in Fr.
to England with a mission from the Grand claquer, to clack, chatter; Wall. caker,
Seignor and the King of Persia, sent be to strike in the hand, the teeth to chat
fore him a Chiaus, who took in the Turk ter; Fr. caqueter, to chatter, prattle ; E.
I 50 CHUCKLE CINDER
clatter, &c. N. Kałka, Klakka, to strike tity of the two words, because we do not
a resounding object, as a board.—Aasen. know how the Greek name came to be
In Sc. we have to chack, to make a noise employed instead of the Latin equivalent
like two stones knocking together. dominicum, whence Ir. domhnach, a
Some 's teeth for cold did chack and chatter. church.
Cleland in Jam. Churl. As. ceorl, a man, countryman,
Hence the name of the wheatear or husbandman. ON. Karl, a man, male
stone-chat (a bird making a noise of that person, an old man. Du. Kaerle, a man,
description), in Sc. chacá or stame-chacker. a husband, a rustic; G. ker/, a fellow.
This imitation of the noise of pebbles Churn. ON. Ajarni, G. Kern, the kernel,
knocking together has very generally pith, marrow, flower, or choice part of a
given rise to the designation of a pebble thing ; whence ON. Airma, Fris. Kernſen,
or small stone, as in E. chack-stone, Sc. to churn, i.e. to separate the kernel of
chuckie-stame. The Turkish has chagh the milk, or, as Epkema explains it, to
Mamak, to make a rippling noise, as water cause the milk to grain, to form grains of
running over rocks or stones, chakil, a butter. Da. dial. Æiórne, to separate the
pebble; Gr. kax\aivo, to move with a grains of barley from the chaff. Somer
rattling noise like pebbles rolled on the set Kern, to turn from blossom to fruit.—
beach ; káxAnč, xá\té, Lat. ca/r, calculus, Jennings.
a pebble. -cid-, -cis-. Lat. cado, casum (in comp.
To chuck one under the chin is to give -cid-), to fall; accido, to fall at or on, to
him a sudden blow, so as to make the happen ; incido, to fall upon ; decido, to
jaw chack or snap. To chuck in the fall from, whence deciduous (of trees),
sense of throwing may be from the notion whose leaves fall from them.
of a sudden jerk. -cide-, -cise. Lat. caedo, capsum (in
To Chuckle. See Cheek. comp. -cido, -cisum), to cut ; decido, to
Chuff—Chuffy. Chuff, churlish, surly, cut off, to determine; incision, a cutting
an old chuff, a miser. Probably from It. in ; circumcision, a cutting round, &c.
ciuffo, ceffo, the snout of an animal, and Cider. Fr. cidre, from Lat. sicera, Gr.
thence an ugly face; far ceffo, to make a airspa, as Fr. ladre from Lazare. Sicera
wry face; ce/afa, ceffore, a douse on the fores, i.e. qui cervisiam vel pomarium
chops. Wall. chiſe, choſe (Grandgagnage), sive piratiam facere sciant.—Charta A.D.
OFr. giffe, giffle, cheek, blow on the I 106 in Mur. Diss. 24.
cheeks; Wall. choſu, Fr. Joffic, joufflu, Cieling. See Ceiling.
chuffy, fat-cheeked, swollen or puffed up Cincture. Lat. cinctura (cingo, pp.
in the face.—Cot. AS. cea//as, ceaſlas, cinctus, to gird, tie about), a girding on,
geaſas, chaps, jaws. See Cheek. thence a belt.
Chump.–Chunk. A log of wood, * Cinder. The spelling of cinder has
the thick end of anything, a lump. See arisen from the erroneous supposition
Cob. that the word is an adoption of Fr. cenare,
Church. The derivation from ruptaków, from Lat. cini's, -eris, dust, ashes, with
the Lord's house, has been impugned which it has really no connection. It
because it is not understood how a Greek should be written sinder, corresponding
term should have made its way among to G. sinter, Du. sindel, sintel, ON. sindr,
Gothic nations. It is certain, however, that signifying in the first place the brilliant
ruptaków was used in the sense of church. sparks which are driven off when white
The canon of the sixth Council prescribes, hot iron is beaten on the anvil, then the
—‘ort of Čsi èv roic kupiakoic, ) w raic ºxk}\m- black scales to which they turn when
oriaic ràc Asyouévac dyatrác troutiv.’ And cold, and the slag or dross of iron of
Zonaras in commenting on the passage which they are composed, and from
says that the name of ruptaków is fre analogy is applied to the unconsumed
quently found in the sense of a church, residue of burnt coals. Du. sinde/ is
although only this canon directly dis rendered by Kil. scoria, spuma metalli,
tinguishes {rx}\maia and ruptaków, “but I but according to Weiland sintel (as it is
think,’ he adds, “that the j is not there now pronounced) is used as E. cinders
used disjunctively, but by way of explan for the residue of stone coal. The origin
ation.”—Quoted by Max Müller in Times of the word is . seen in ON. sindra, to
Newsp. As AS. cyrice is confessedly the sparkle, to throw out sparks, a parallel
very form to which the Greek would form with tyndra, Sw. findra, to sparkle.
have given rise, it is carrying scruples to In Germany zinder is used as a synonym
an extravagant length to doubt the iden with sinter for smiths' scales or cinder.
 CION CLAM I5 I
See Tinder. ON. sindri, a flint for City.—Civil. Lat. civis, a citizen ;
striking fire. civilis, belonging to cities or social life ;
Cion.—Scion. Fr. scion, cion, a young civitas, It. città, Fr. cité, a city.
and tender plant, a shoot, sprig, twig.— To Clack. The syllables clap, clack,
Cot. The proper sense is a sucker, as claſſ, are imitative of the noise made
in Sp. chupon, a sucker or young twig by two hard things knocking together.
shooting from the stock, from chupar, to Hence they give rise to verbs expressing
suck. The radical identity of the Fr. action accompanied by such kinds of
and Sp. forms is traced by Gr, aiºwy, a noise. Fr. claquer, to clack, clap, clat
tube or hollow reed (from the root sup, ter, crash, crack, creak—Cot. ; claquer
siſ, suck), also a waterspout (sucking up les dents, to gnash the teeth, to chatter;
the water of the sea), compared with It. claquet de moulin, the clapper or clack of
sione, a kind of pipe, gutter, or quill to a mill hopper. E. clack-dish, or clap-dish,
draw water through—Fl.; a whirlwind. a kind of rattle, formerly used by beggars
—Alt. In Fr. cion, Sp. Chupon, and E. to extort attention from the by-passers;
scion or sucker, the young shoot is con clack, clack-bor, claſ, c/apper, the tongue.
ceived as sucking up the juices of the —Hal. ON. Alak, clangor avium ; Du.
parent plant. Ælacken, to strike, or split with noise,
* Cipher. Fr. chiffre, It. cifra, Arab. Smack, lash ; Álack, a split, crack, sound
siſr. Originally the name of the figure ing blow, sound of blow, clapping of
marking a blank in decimal arithmetic. hands; Ælacke, a whip, a rattle ; Fr. cla
Then transferred to the other numeral quer, to clap at a theatre. Du. Alap,
figures. From Arab. sifr, empty (Dozy); crack, sound, chatter; Ála/pe, a rattle ;
sayira, to be empty.—Golius. Alappen, to chatter, prattle. Bohem.
Circle.—Circuit. Gr. kpikoç, riproc, a Alekotati, to cluck, rattle, babble; Alepati,
ring, circle, clasp. Lat. circa, around, Alofati, to knock, to chatter, prattle. Du.
circulus, a circle. The Gr. spiroc differs Ælateren, to clatter, rattle; Ælater-busse,
only in the absence of the nasal from ON. Ælacke-busse, a pop-gun.
Æringr, hringr, a circle, a ring. In the To Claim. Fr. clamer, to call, cry,
latter language Aring is used in composi claim. Lat. clamare, to call. From the
tion as Lat. circum. ON. Kring/a, a circle. imitation of a loud outcry by the syllable
See Crankle. clam. To clam a peal of bells is to strike
Circum-. Lat. circa, circum, about, them all at once. ON. glamm, tinnitus;
around. See Circle. Dan. Alemte, to toll; Gael. glām, to bawl,
-cis-. See -cid-. cry out ; glambar, clambar, Dan. Alam
* Cistern. Lat. cisterna, a reservoir mer, Gael. clamras, uproar, outcry,
for water. Probably from Lat. cista, a vociferation. A parallel root is slam,
chest, as caverna from cavus. Comp. with an initial s instead of c, as in slash
G. wasserkastem (water chest), a cistern. compared with clash. Lap. slam, a loud
On the other hand a more characteristic noise ; uksa slamäe/i, the door was
explanation might be found in Bohem. slammed, slamtem, ruin, fall.
Žiste, clean (the equivalent of the Lat. Clam.—Clamp. —Clump. The idea
v. - - -
of a lump or thick mass of anything is
castus), whence cistiți, to cleanse, and often expressed by a syllable representing
listerna, a cleansing place, a cistern. So the noise made by the fall of a heavy
Lat. lucerna, the place of a light. AS. body. We may cite W. clob, a knob, a
arrn, erm, a place ; domern, a judgment boss; clobyn, a lump; Lat. globus, a ball,
place; hiddern, a hiding-place, &c. See sphere ; gleba, a clod ; Russ. Álub', a
Chaste. ball; Pol. Æſqb, a ball, lump, mass ; G.
Citadel. It, cittadella, dim. of città, Æloben, a lump, bunch ; Sw. Aſabó, Alubb,
cittade, a city. A fort built close to a a block, log, trunk, lump of wood ; or
city, either for the purpose of defence or with the nasal, Sw. Alamp, AE/ump, AE/imp,
of control. a block, lump, clot; ON. Álambr, k/umbr,
Cite. -cite. Lat. cieo, citum, and, in a lump ; Du. Alompe, a clod, clog, lump;
the frequentative form, cito, to make to E. clump, W. clamp, a mass, bunch, lump.
go, stimulate, excite, to set in motion by The notion of a lump, mass, cluster,
means of the voice, to call by name, to naturally leads to that of a number of
summon or call on, to appeal, to mention, things sticking together, and hence to the
to cry out. Gr. kiw, to go. principle of connection between the ele
Hence Incite, Excite, Recite. ments of which the mass is composed.
Citron. Lat. citrus, a lemon tree. We accordingly find the roots clad, clamp,
 I 52 CLAM BER CLAPPER
clam and their immediate modifications ing regularly to Gael. c.), offspring, chil
applied to express the ideas of cohesion, dren. The same word is probably
compression, contraction. Thus we have exhibited in the Lat. clientes, who occu
G. Kloben, a vice or instrument for holding pied a position with respect to their
fast, the staple of a door ; Aleben, to Aatronus, closely analogous to that of the
cleave, stick, cling, take hold of; Du. Scottish clansmen towards their chief.
Ælobber-saen, coagulated cream, cream Manx cloan, children, descendants; clien
run to lumps; Ælebber, Ælibber, klubber, mey, of the children.
birdlime, gum, substances of a sticky Clandestine. Lat. clandestimus, from
nature; E. dial. clibby, sticky—Hal. ; Sw. clam, privately, and that from celo, to
Alibó, viscosity; 4/ibba, to glue, to stick conceal. The root which gives rise to
to. Lat. celo produces Fin. salata, to hide,
The E. clamp designates anything used conceal, whence sala, anything hidden,
for the purpose of holding things together; of which the locative case, salaam, is used
Du. A/ampen, to hook things together, in the sense of secretly, in a hidden place,
hold with a hook or buckle, hold, seize, as the Lat. clam. Salainen, clandestine.
apprehend ; Alampe, &lamme, hook, claw, Clang.—Clank.-Clink. These are
cramp, buckle ; Alamp, &lam, tenacious, imitations of a loud, clear sound, adopted
sticky, and hence moist, clammy. To in many languages. Lat, clangor, the
clame, to stick or glue.—B. E. dial. to sound of the trumpet; G. Klang, a sound,
clam, c/em, to pinch, and hence to pinch tone, resonance; Æſingen, to gingle, clink,
with hunger, to starve, also to clog up, to tingle, tinkle, sound. E. clang, a loud
glue, to daub—Hal. ; Du. Klemmen, to sound ; clank, a sound made by a lighter
pinch, compress, strain; &lem-vogel, or object ; clink, a sound made by a still
Ælamp-vogel, a bird of prey, a hawk. AS. smaller thing; the clank of irons, clink
c/am, bandage, bond, clasp, prison. G. of money; Du. Atlank, sound, accent,
Ælamm, pinching, strait, narrow, pressed rumour.—Halma. Gael. g/iong, tingle,
close or hard together, solid, massy, ring as metal, clang.
viscous, clammy ; Klammer, a cramp, Clap. An imitation of the sound
brace, cramp-iron, holdfast. made by the collision of hard or flat
To Clamber.—Climb. These words things, as the clapping of hands. Dan.
are closely connected with clamp. To A:/appre, to chatter (as the teeth with
clamber is properly to clutch oneself up, cold); G. &/appen, to do anything with a
to mount up by catching hold with the c/a/ ; Alofſen, to knock, to beat. Du.
hands or claws. G. &lammern, to fasten AE/appen, Aleppen, to clap, rattle, chatter,
with cramp-irons, to hold fast with the beat, sound ; Aleppe, Ælippe, a rattle ;
hands or claws ; Dan. Álamre, to clamp, AE/effe, a whip, a trap, a noose; klepel,
to grasp. A:/uppel, a stick, club ; Bohem. Ålepati,
In like manner Du. Klemmen, to hold to knock, tattle, chatter, tremble ; Russ.
tight, to pinch, &lemmen, klimmen, to Ælepanie, beating, knocking.
climb. OE. cliver, E. dial. claver, a claw ; To clap in E. is used in the sense of
Dan. Álavre, to claw oneself up, to climb. doing anything suddenly, to clap on,
G. kleben, to cleave or stick, Swiss &labern, clap up.
Ælebern, to climb; Bav. Alatten, a claw, Clapper. A clapper of conies, a place
G. A lette, a burr, Swiss A letten, G. A lettern, underground where rabbits breed.—B.
to climb, clamber. Dan. Alynge, to cling, Fr. clapier, a heap of stones, &c., where
cluster, crowd; Atlynge sig of, to clutch unto they retire themselves, or (as our
or cling oneself up, to climb. The Fr. clapper) a court walled about and full of
grimper, to climb, is a nasalised form of nests of boards and stones, for tame
&ripper, to seize, gripe, grasp. conies.—Cot.
Clamour. The equivalent of Lat. Lang. clap, a stone; clapas, clapié, a
clamor, but perhaps not directly from it, heap of stones or other things piled up
as the word is common to the Celtic and without order. “Pourta las péiros as
Gothic races. Sw. Ælammer, Gael. clam clapas, to take coals to Newcastle.
ras, clambar, glambar, uproar, brawl. Hence the Fr. clapier, originally a heap
See Claim. of large stones, the cavities of which
Clamp. See Clam. afforded rabbits a secure breeding place,
Clan. A small tribe subject to a single then applied to any artificial breeding
chief. From Gael. clann, children, de place for rabbits. -

scendants, i. e. descendants of a common The proper meaning of the foregoing

ancestor. W. Alant (the W. A correspond clap is simply a lump, from the W. clap,
 CLARET CLAW I 53

clamp, a lump, mass, the primary origin sound of a knock by the syllable claſ,
of which is preserved in Lang. cla/a, equivalent to clack or clap. Du. Ala
c/opa, to knock. Prov. clap, a heap, teren, to rattle ; #laterbusse, as G. Klatsch
mass.-Rayn. biichse, a pop-gun.
Claret. Fr. vin clairet, win claret, Clause. Lat. clausula, an ending,
claret wine.—Cot. Commonly made, he thence a definite head of an edict or law,
tells us, of white and red grapes mingled a complete sentence. From claudo, clau
together. From clairet, somewhat clear, sum, to shut, to end.
i. e. with a reddish tint, but not the full Clavicle. The collar-bone, from the
red of ordinary red wine. Eau clairette, resemblance to a key, Lat. clavis, as
a water made of aquavitae, cinnamon, Mod.Gr. k\siói, a key ; k\sióid row oriºuaroc,
and old red rose-water. Du. Alaeret, the collar-bone.
vinum helvolum, subrubidum, rubellum. Claw.—Clew. The origin of both
It. chiarello.—Kil. these words seems to be a form of the
Clarion.—Clarinet. Sp. clarin, trum same class with w. clob, a lump ; Russ.
pet, stop of an organ. It chiarino, a club', a ball, pellet ; Lat. globus, a sphere;
clairon of a trumpet—Fr. clairon, a cla gleba, a clod. The b readily passes into
rion, a kind of small, straight-mouthed, an m on the one hand, and through v
and shrill-sounding, trumpet. Fr. clair, into a w or u on the other. Thus from
It. chiaro clear. Sp. clarinado, applied Lat. globus we have glomus in the re
to animals having bells in their harness. stricted sense of a ball of thread, and the
Clash. Imitative of the sound of wea same modification of meaning is expressed
pons striking together. Du. Aleſse, ictus by the Du. Klauw, klouwe (Kil.), E. clew.
resonans, fragor ; Lang. clas, the sound We have explained under Clamp the
of bells rung in a volley to give notice of way in which the notion of a mass or
the passage of a corpse; souna de classes, solid lump is connected with those of co
to ring in such a manner for the dead. hesion, compression, contraction. Thus
In E. it is called clamming. Fr. glas, from clamp, climp, clump, in the sense of
noise, crying, bawling, also a knell for the
a mass or lump, we pass to the E. clamp,
dead. G. klatschen, an imitation of the to fasten together ; Du. Álampe, Álamme,
sound made by striking with the hand a buckle, hook, nail, claw (what fastens
against a partition, wall, &c. If such a together, pulls, seizes); Ælampvoghel, a
blow sound finer or clearer it is called hawk, a bird with powerful talons.
Ælitsch, klitsch-Alatsch / pitsch-patsch / In the same way must be explained the
—thwick-thwack. — Küttner. A latsch use of the Du. Klauwe, Ælouwe, in the
&üchse, a pop-gun ; &latsche, a lash, flap, sense both of a ball and also of a claw.
clap ; Álatschen, to do anything with a The form clew, which signifies a ball in
sound of the foregoing description, to E., is used in Sc. in the sense of a claw.
patter, chatter, clatter, blab. Pol. Alask / To clew up a sail is to fasten it up, to
p/ask / thwick, thwack; Alaskač, to clap; draw it up into a bunch. To clew, to
Alask bicza, the cracking of a whip. It chi cleave, to fasten. — Jam. Analogous
asso, fracas, uproar; Sp. chasguear, tocrack forms are the Du. Kleeven, AE/ijven, Aleuen,
a whip, &c. Gr. KAdºw, to clash as arms. whence Æleuer, ivy, from clinging to the
Clasp. Related to clip as grasp to tree which supports it. In the same way
grip or griée. But clasp or clapse, as it is formed the OE. cliver, a claw.
is written by Chaucer, is probably by Ich habbe bile stif and stronge
direct imitation from the sound of a And gode clivers sharp and longe.
metal fastening, as we speak of the snap Owl and Nightingale, 269.
of a bracelet for a fastening that shuts A cliver or claw is that by which we
with a snapping sound, or as G. schmalle, cleave to, clew or fasten upon a thing.
a clasp, buckle, locket of a door, from With mys he wes swa wnnbesete—
schnallen, to snap. Du. gaspe, ghespe, He mycht na way get sawfte,
fibula, ansa. Na with stavis, na with stanis,
Class. Lat. classis, a distribution of Than thai wald clew upon his banis.
things into groups. Originally clasis. Wyntoun in Jam.
Identical with ON. Klasi, Sw. Dan. Álase, The root appears in Lat. under three
a bunch, assembly, cluster. Eya-klasi, modifications; clava, a club or massy
insularum nexus ; skeria-Alasi, syrtium stick, clavus, a nail, from its use in fast
junctura. Du. Alos, klot, globus, sphaera. ening things together, and clavis, a key,
—Kil. originally a crooked nail. So Pol. Klucz,
Clatter. From the imitation of the a key, Kluczka, a little hook; Serv.
I 54 CLAY CLEPE

AE/utsch, a key, hook, bend in a stream, of a number of separate objects in one,

identical in sound and nearly so in mean or by the division of a single lump or
ing with the E. clutch, a claw or talon. block into a number of separate parts.
Clay. —Clag. —Claggy. AS. clarg, Thus from G. &/offen, a mass, lump, or
sticky earth, clay ; E. dial. to clag or clog, bundle (ein #/o/en ſlachs, a bunch of
to stick or adhere; clasgy, cloggy, c/edgy, flax), kloben, AE/ieben, to cleave. When
sticky; clags, bogs; Da. A/ag, Āſeg, vis an object is simply clºſt, the two parts of
cous, sticky; &lag, Āſa.g., &leg, mud, loam. it cleave together. Du. Aloue, a cleft,
See Clog. Alouen, chaps in the skin, &/ouen, Alieuen,
Clean. The proper meaning of the to chink, cleave, split.--Kil. The Dan.
word is shining, polished, as Lat. mitidus, uses &/aºbe in the sense of adhering, Ælove
clean, from miſere, to shine. ON. g'an, in that of splitting. The Dan. A lov, a
shine, polish ; Gael. glan, radiant, bright, tongs, bears nearly the same relation to
clear, clean, pure ; W. gian, clean, pure. both senses. Sw. Alºftwa, G. kloben, a
The word is fundamentally connected vice, a billet of wood cleft at one end.
with forms like the ON. g/itta, Sc. gleif, The designation may either be derived
to shine; ON. glitnir, splendid; G. g/aft, from the instrument being used in pinch
polished, sleek, smooth, pretty, neat. ing, holding together, or from being di
The introduction of the nasal gives rise vided into two parts. Sc. cloſſ, a fissure,
to forms like Sc. g/inſ, glent, a flash, the fork of the body, or of a tree.
glance; Da. glindse, glandse, to glitter, The same opposition of meanings is
shine; whence it is an easy step to forms found in other cases, as the Du. A ſincke,
ending in a simple nasal, as ON. and a cleft or fissure, and Dan. A linke, to
Celtic glan. rivet or fasten together the parts of a
Clear. Lat. clarus, ON. A lar, clear, cracked dish ; Du. A linken, to fasten
clean, pure. This is probably one of the together ; E. clench. Compare also Fr.
words applicable to the phenomena of river, to fasten, to clench, E. riveſ, and
sight, that are primarily derived from E. rive, to tear or cleave asunder, rift, a
those of hearing, as explained under cleft.
Brilliant. G. Klirren, Dan. Álirre, to Cleft. Du. Kluft, Sw. Alºft, a fissure
clink, gingle, clash, give a shrill sound ; or division; G. kluſtholz, cloven wood.
Ir, g/ðr, a noise, voice, speech ; g/öram, See Cleave.
to sound or make a noise; glor-mhor, Clement.—Clemency. Lat. clemens,
glorious, famous, celebrated ; #ſor, clear, calm, gentle, merciful.
neat, clean. To Clench.-Clinch. Sw. Æſinka, G.
Cleat. A piece of wood fastened on Klinken, to clinch; OHG. gaklankjan, con
the yard-arm of a ship, to keep the ropes serere; ant&lamājan, to unloose (the strap
from slipping off the yard; also pieces of of one's shoe); Bav. Flank, klänkelein,
wood to fasten anything to.—B. A piece a noose, loop ; Du. A linken, to fasten.
of iron worn on shoes by country people. ‘Andromeda was aan rots ge&/onken,”
Probably a modification of the word was nailed to a rock. Omk/inken, to
clout. Du. &/uit, kluyte, a lump, pellet. clinch a nail.—Halma. Da. Klinke, a
AS. cleaf, clut, a plate, clout. A clate is rivet.
the thin plate of iron worn as a shoe by The word may be explained from the
racers. The cleafs of the yard-arms are original &/inken, to clink or sound, in
probably so named from a similar piece two ways, viz.: as signifying something
of iron at the extremity of an axletree, done by the stroke of a hammer. Du.
provincially termed clout. The clout of &link, a blow ; dat was en bewys van
iron nailed on the end of an axletree.— #link, that was a striking proof, that was
Torriano. A.refree clouts.-Wilbraham. a clincher. Die zaak is algekłonken, the
To Cleave. This word is used in two business is finished off, is fast and sure.
opposite senses, viz. I. to adhere or cling Or the notion of fastening may be at
to, and, 2. to separate into parts. In the tained indirectly through the figure of a
former sense we have G. Klečen, Du. door-latch. G. Klinke, Fr. clanche, clinguet
Aſeeven, kājº'en, to stick to, to fasten ; E. (Cot.), the latch of a door, seem formed
dial. cličºv, Du. Kleezig, &leverig, sticky. from the clinking of the latch, as Fr.
From cloë, a lump, a mass. See Clam. cliquet, a latch, from cliguer, cliqueter, to
2. The double signification of the word clack or rattle. And the latch of a door
seems to arise from the two opposite affords a very natural type of the act of
ways in which we may conceive a cluster fastening.
to be composed, either by the coherence To Ciepe. To call. From clap, the
 CLERK CLIN CH I55

sound of a blow. Du. Aleft/en, crepare, ginally from cloë (extant in W. cloë, a
crepitare, pulsare, sonare. De Alok &left hump, Lat. globus, a sphere, &c.), a lump.
pen, to sound an alarm ; #/a/pen, to Hence Lat. g/omus, a ball of twine, Du.
clap, crack, crackle, to talk as a parrot, Ä/ouwe, a ball of yarn, a clew. See
to tattle, chat, chatter, to confess : G. Claw, Clam.
AE/affºn, to prate, chatter, babble, to tell Click.-Clicket. Click represents a
tales. As. cleoſian, c/ypian, to cry, call, thinner sound than clack, as a click with
speak, say. Sc. clef, to tattle, chatter, the tongue, the click of a latch or a
prattle, call, name. trigger. It is then applied to such a
Ne every appel that is faire at iye short quick movement as produces a
Ne is not gode, what so men clappe or crie. click or a snap, or an object character
Chaucer.
ized by a movement of such a nature.
Clerk. — Clerical. — Clergy. Lat. Du. A ſix&lakken, to clack, click; Kſiężer,
clerus, the clergy; clericus, Sp. clerigo, a mill-clack; kſięet, Klinket, a wicket or
one of the clergy, a clerk; clerecia, the little door easily moving to and fro; Fr.
clergy, which in Mid. Lat. would have c/i/iter, to clack, clap, clatter, click it,
been clericia, whence Fr. clergé, as from c/iquette, a clicket or clapper, a child's
clericio, one admitted to the tonsure, Fr. rattle, or clack ; c.'iyuet, the knocker of a
clericon, clerjon. The origin is the Gr. door, a lazar's clicket or clapper.—Cot.
k\ipoc, a lot, from the way in which Mat Rouchi cliche, a latch; clichet, a tumbril,
thias was elected by lot to the apostle cart that tilts over, and (with the nasal)
ship. In I Peter v. 3, the elders are ex c/incher, to move, to stir, corresponding
horted to feed the flock of God, “not as to Fr. cligner, to wink. Boh. Aſika, a
being lords over God's heritage,’ uné’ &c. latch, a trigger, G. A./inke, Æſinge, a latch.
rararupieuwrec ruv r\igwy, “neither as We have the notion of a short quick
having lordship in the clergie.’—Wiclif movement in E. dial. click, clink, a smart
in R. blow (Mrs Baker); cleke, click, to snatch,
Clever. Commonly derived from de catch, seize (Hal); Norm. clicher, frap
Iiver, which is used in Scotch and N. E. per rudement une personne.—Vocab. de
in the sense of active, nimble. The Brai.
sound of an initial d/ and g/ or c/ are Client. See Clan.
easily confounded. But the Dan. dial. Cliff AS. cliſ, clyſ, littus, ripa, rupes;
has #/over, Ælever, in precisely the same scoren cliſ, abrupta rupes; clioſ, c/iſ
sense as the E. clever. Det er en Klöver stanas, cautes, precipices, from cliſian,
Aerl, that is a clever fellow. A lover i c/ioſian, to cleave. ON. Aſiſ, a cleft in a
munden, ready of speech. The word is rock ; hamraž/i/; syn. with hamarskard,
probably derived from the notion of a cleft or rift in a (hamarr) high rock,
seizing, as Lat. rapidus from rapio, or Sc. precipice. ON. skard, it must be ob
g/eg, quick of perception, clever, quick served, is NE. scar, a cliff Bav. stein
in motion, expeditious, from Gael glac, Alufften, cleft in a rock. Du. Aleppe,
to seize, to catch. The Sc. has also A:///e, rock, cliff, cave; Da. AE/iffe, rock.
c/eiß, c/ek, cleuck, c/uke, clook (identical Sw. dial. Álaiv, &lev, Aliv, as Sc. cleugh,
with E. clutch), a hook, a hold, claw or a precipice, rugged ascent, narrow hollow
talon ; to cle/ or c/eik, to catch, snatch, between precipitous banks; OE. clough, a
and hence cleik, c/euch, lively, agile, kind of breach down the side of a hill
clever, dexterous, light-fingered. One is (Verstegan), rima quaedam vel fissura ad
said to be cleuch of his fingers who lifts montis clivum vel declivum.—Somner.
a thing so cleverly that bystanders do Du. A/oof, cleft, ravine, cleft of a hill.
not observe it.—Jam. Now the OE. had Climate. Lat. clima, climate, region;
a form, c/iver, a claw or clutch, exactly Gr, k\iua, -toc (from r\ivio, to bend, sink,
corresponding to the Sc. cleik, c/uić, verge), an inclination, declivity, slope; a
whence perhaps the adjective clever in region or tract of country considered
the sense of snatching, catching, in the with respect to its inclination towards
same way as the Sc. cleik, cleuch, above the pole, and hence climate, temperature.
mentioned. Climax. Gr. KXiuaš, a ladder, a figure
The bissart (buzzard) bissy but rebuik in rhetoric, implying an advance or in
Scho was so cleverus of her cluik, crease in force or interest in each suc
His legs he might not longer bruik, cessive member of a discourse until the
Scho held them at ane hint.
highest is attained.
Dunbar in Jam. Climb. See Clamber.
Clew.—Clue. A ball of thread; ori To Clinch. See Clench.
156 -CLINE CLOD

-cline. Gr. k\ivo, to slope or make pinch. In a similar way Swiss AE/uben,
slant, incline, bend; Lat. clino, -atum, to
to snap ; 4/uben, 4/upen, to pinch; 4/upe,
incline, bow. AS. hi'inian, OHG. hilinen, tongs, claw, clutch, pinch, difficulty ; G.
to lean. Decline, to bend downwards ; A ſuffe, a clip or split piece of wood for
recline, to lean backwards, &c. pinching the testicles of a sheep or a
To Cling. To stick to, to form one dog's tail, met. pinch, straits, difficulty.
mass with, also to form a compact mass, Sw. dial. 4/ipa, to pinch, nip, compress;
A:/a/p, a clog or fetter for a beast; Du.
and so to contract, to shrink up, to wither.
AS. clingan, to wither. A Sussex peasant “éſ.
A://ºpe, kniffe, a snare, fetter.
speaks of a ‘clung bat,’ for a dry stick. ique. Fr. clique, G. &/icke, a faction,
‘Till famine cling thee.”—Shaks. Pl.D. party, gang. ‘I)as volk hat sich in split
Ælingen, &lunge/n, verk/unge/m, to shrink ten, klubben und &/icken auſgelöset.”
up. From Pl.D. Álak, Klik, Aſiks, a separate
"we have often observed that in verbs portion, especially of something soft or
like cling, clung, where the present has clammy. Een 4/iks botter, a lump of
a thin vowel, the participial form is the butter. Bi &/i4 un Āſak, by bits.
nearer to the original root. In the pre -cliv-. Lat. clivus, a rising ground,
sent case the origin must be sought in a hill; declivis, sloping downwards ; ac
form like MHG. A./unge, Ælunge/in, Swiss clºvis, sloping upwards; proc/ivis, sloping
Æ/unge/e, a ball of thread ; “g/unge/in, forwards, disposed to a thing.
globulus’ (Gl. in Schmeller); Sw, dial. Cloak. Flem. Ålocke, toga, pallium,
Ælunk, a lump; G. Klunker, a lump, tuft, toga muliebris.-Kil. Bohem. Ålok, a wo
clot, whence E. clinker, a lump of half man's mantle ; kukla, a hood. Walach.
fused matter which clogs up the bars of g/uga, a hood, hooded cloak. W. cochl,
a furnace. Da. AE/ynge, a cluster, knot; a mantle. See Cowl.
A:/ynge, to cluster, to crowd together; Clock. Fr. cloche, G. glocke, Du.
Æ/ynge sig ved, to cling to a thing. E. Ælocke, a bell. Before the use of clocks
dial. to clunge, to crowd or squeeze; it was the custom to make known the
clungy, sticky-Hal. hour by striking on a bell, whence the
Clink. The noise of a blow that gives hour of the day was designated as three,
a sound of a high note. G., Du. 4/inken, four of the bell, as we now say three or
Sw. A linka, to sound sharp, to ring. See four o'clock. It is probable then that
Clang. In imitative words the same idea clocks were introduced into England from
is frequently expressed by a syllable with the Low Countries, where this species of
an initial cl, and a similar syllable with mechanism seems to have inherited the
out the l. Thus chink is also used for a name of the bell which previously per
shrill sound. So we have clatter and formed the same office. Sw. &locka, a
chatter in the same sense; Gael, gliong, bell, a clock.
and E. ging/e; Fr. Quincailler, Norman clin The word clock is a variation of clack,
cailler, a tinman. The E. clink was for being derived from a representation of
merly used like chink in the sense of a the sound made by a blow, at first proba
crack, because things in cracking utter a bly on a wooden board, which is still used
sharp sound. Du. A/incke, rima, parva for the purpose of calling to service in the
ruptura, fissura, Ang, clinke.—Kil. Greek church. Serv. Alepalo, the board
To Clip. 1. To cut with shears, from used for the foregoing purpose in the
the clapping or snapping sound made by Servian churches, G. brett-glocke, from
the collision of the blades, as to snip in Alepati, to clap or clack, to beat on the
the same sense from snap. G. klippen, board. Esthon. Æolkma (with transposi
to clink; auſ-und 2wk-lippen, to open and tion of the vowel, related to clock, as G.
shut with a snap ; &lippehen, knifpchen, Æolbe to E. club), to strike, to beat, Æol
a fillip or rap with the fingers; knippen, Æima, to make a loud noise, kolki-laud, a
schnippen, to snap or fillip; schnippen, to board on which one beats for the purpose
snip. ON., Sw. A liffa, to clip, Sw. Alippa, of calling the family to meals. Bohem.
also to wink; ON. Alippur, E. dial. clips, h/uk, noise, outcry, hluteti, to resound.
shears. 4.
ON. Klaka, clangere. Gael. clag, Ir, cla
2. The collision of two sharp edges gain, to make a noise, ring ; clag, clog,
leads to the notion not always of complete a bell. Swiss Alokken, Áloggen, to knock.
separation, but sometimesmerely of pinch * Clod.—Clot. The notion of a loose
ing or compression. Thus to nip is either moveable substance, as thick or curdled
to separate a small portion or merely to liquids, or bagging clothes, is often ex
pinch. G. knifflen, to snap ; kneißen, to pressed by forms representing the sounds
 CLOG CLOTH 157

made in the agitation or dashing of such analogous plan to clod or club, from the
bodies. Thus from Swab. lappern, to dashing off of a separate portion of a
paddle or dabble in the wet, or loppern, to liquid or sloppy material. G. Klack A
rattle or shake to and fro, we pass to lap Aleck / represents the sound made by the
Aerig, watery, ſofferig, loose, shaky, and fall of something soft or liquid (Sanders),
E. loppered (of milk), curdled, wabbling ; whence &lack, Aleck, Pl.D. Álaké, a blot,
from Du. lobberen, to flounder in the wet, a portion of something soft and adhesive,
to lobberig, gelatinous, lobbig, hanging a trowelful of mortar, lump of butter,
loose and full, E. loblolly, thick spoon &c.; Alakken, beflakken, to bedaub, be
meat; from Du. slabberen, slobberen, to spatter. A lak also, like G. Kleck or lack,
sup up liquid food, to flap as loose clothes, or Sc. lag, is a blot on one's character, an
or E. slobber, slop, to spill liquids, we pass imputation, aspersion.
to E. dial. slab, slob, loose mud, and Du. He was a man without a clag,
slobbe, loose trowsers, slops; from Du. His heart was frank without a flaw.
slodderen, G. schlottern, to wabble, dangle, MHG. maise noch Alac, neither spot nor
hang loose, Bav. schlattern, to rattle, stain. Manx claggerey, a babbler, indi
schlettern, to slop or spill liquids, we pass cates the use of clag to represent the
to schlotter, schlott, mud, dirt, schlotter, dashing of water, the figure from which
thick sour milk, Swiss schlott, geschlotter the idea of tattling is commonly expressed.
(as E. slofs), wide bagging clothes. Russ. Alokotat, to bubble, boil. Then
Then as the parts of a loose substance with the loss of the initial c (as in lump,
in a state of agitation are thrown in dif Junch, compared with clump, clunch), Sc.
ferent directions, and thus seem endowed /aggery, miry; laggerit, bemired, en
with separate existence, the radical sylla cumbered ; OE. laggyn, or drablyn;
ble of the word signifying agitation of Maggyd or bedrabelyd, paludosus.-Pr.
such a body is applied to a portion or Prm. A clog would thus in the first in
separate part, in the first instance of a stance be a lump of something soft, then
liquid or loose substance, but subsequently a lump or unformed mass in general.
of a body of any kind. Clog, truncus.-Pr. Pm. A Pule-clog,
Thus from Bav. lopperm above men a Christmas log.
tioned may be explained Fr. loppe, lopin, A clog in the sense of a wooden sole
a lump; from Du. lobberen, E. lob, a large may be considered as a block of wood, in
lump. The origin of clod and clot is to accordance with It. 20cco, a log, zoccoli,
be found in forms like Du. A lateren, to clogs, pattens ; G. Klotz, a block, log,
rattle, to dash like heavy rain, Áloterspaen, Klotzschuh, a clog or wooden shoe; Mod.
a rattle, kloteren, tuditare, pulsare crebro Gr, rökov, a log, rºëkapov, a clog. Or
ictu (Kil.), and thence to clot or curdle as the name may be taken from the resem
milk. Klottermelck, clotted milk; Ælotte, blance of a wooden clog to the lumps of
a clod. “I clodde, figer, congeler. I clod earth which clog the feet of one walking
der like whey or blode whan it is colde. in soft ground, in accordance with Pl.D.
I clodde, I go into heapes or peces as Ælunkern, lumps of butter, fat, dirt, klön
the yerthe doth, je amoncele.”—Palsgr. Æen, clogs for the feet; Ælakk, lump of
Again we have Swiss Alotten, klottern, to something soft ; Fr. claque, clog or over
rattle, Æloten, Aloden, to dabble, tramp in shoe.
wet or mire, klot, Élod, Du. Aladde, a blot, Cloister. G. kloster, Fr. cloitre, a
splash, spot of dirt, lump of mud on the monastery. Lat. claustrum, from claudo,
clothes; Dan. Álat, a spot, blot, clot, clausum, to shut.
lump, dab. Close. -close. -clus-. Lat. claudo,
In the same way Dan. Aludre, to paddle clausum, in comp.-cludo, -clusum, to shut,
in the wet, is connected with pludder, shut up, terminate, end. It. chiudere,
mire, Fr. bloutre, and Gael. plod, a clod ; chiuso, Fr. clorre, clos, to shut up, close,
Swab. motzen, to dabble, paddle, with inclose, finish ; clos, a field inclosed;
Fr. motte, a clod. clos, closed, shut up.
To Clog. To hinder by the adhesion Hence inclose, to shut in ; foreclose,
of something clammy or heavy. Sc. from Fr. fors, without, to close against
c/aggy, unctuous, bespotted with mire; One.

claggock, a dirty wench ; E. dial. clag, to Closhe. The game called ninepins,
stick or adhere ; claggy, sticky ; clag forbidden by 17 Ed. IV. Du. Alos, a ball,
docks, clotted locks; cle gger, to cling; bowl ; &/os-bane, a skittle-ground ; Álos
Dan. Álag, mud; Alag, clammy loam. sen, to play at bowls.
The word is probably formed on an Cloth.-Clothe. AS. clath, cloth, cla
158 CLOUID CLU CK

thas, clothes; G. Kleid, ON. AE/zdī, a gar an awkward rustic. Du. A/onſe, a clot or
ment. Properly that which covers and clod: A/oen, a ball of twine; Dan. A/unds,
keeps one warm. W. cAyd, warm, shel E. dial. cºunch, N. Fris. A ſonne, a clown,
tered ; //e clyd, a warm place; di//ad bumkin.
c/ydion, warm clothes (di//ad, clothes). As the initial c is easily lost from many
Bret. A/et, sheltered; Ir, c/udaim, to cover of these words beginning with c/ (com
up warm, to cherish, nourish ; cludadh, a pare clog, Zog, c/ump, lump, clunch,
cover or coverture; Gael. clumhar, cluth /unch), it can hardly be doubted that
mhor, warm, sheltered ; cluthaich, cluth c/own is identical with lown, and clout
eudaich, clothe, make warm. with /out. -

Cloud. Correctly explained by Som This loutish clown is such that you never saw
ner as clodded vapours, vapours drawn so ill-favored a vizor.—Sidney in R.
into clods or separate masses. To Cloy. From clog, a thick mass.
Vapours which now themselves consort
Fr. enclover (to stop with a clog or plug),
to cloy, choke or stop up.–Cot. A piece
In several parts, and closely do conspire,
of ordnance is said to be cloyed, when
Clumpered in balls of clouds.-More in R.
something has got into the touch-hole.
ODu. clot, a clod, cloſe, a cloud ; “eene The same consonantal change is seen in
vurige cloſe,' a fiery cloud.—Delfortrie. c/ag, c/aggy, sticky, and clay, a sticky,
it. 20//a, clod, lump of earth ; 20//a del/? clammy earth.
aria, the thick and scattered clouds in The sense of stopping up is frequently
the air.—Fl. expressed by the word for a lump or
So also from Fr. maſſe, motte, a clod bunch, as Fr. boucher, to stop, from OFr.
or clot, ciel mafton&, a curdled sky, a sky bottsche, a bunch, tuft. Sw. A ſump, a
full of small curdled clouds.-Cot. Clow lump, and ſaff, a bunch, wisp, are also
dys, clods.-Coventry Mysteries in Hal. used in the sense of a stopper.
Clout. As. cAut, a patch. The pri Club.-Clump. ON. A./ubba, Ä/umha,
mary sense is a blow, as when we speak a club or knobbed stick. Sw. dial. A ſubă,
of a clout on the head. Du. Alofsen, to a lump, knob, clump ; #/ump, a lump,
strike. Then applied to a lump of mate clod, clot; 4//m/ſoſ, a clubfoot; Aſabó,
rial clapped on or hastily applied to mend a log. W. cloë, cloëyn, a boss, knob,
a breach. In the same way E. botch, to lump : Pol. Æ/gó, a ball, lump, mass,
mend clumsily, from Du. boſsen, to strike; Aſebek, a bobbin, ball of thread ; Russ.
E. cobble, in the same sense, from W. codio, A/ub', a ball, clue.
E. cob, to strike. The radical sense seems to be an un
Clove. 1. A kind of spice resembling formed lump or thick mass, and the word
little nails. Du. ſtageſ, Arrºyd-maege/ to be of analogous formation with clod,
(kruyd = spice); G. mage/ein, meſºe (dim. clot, clog, signifying in the first instance a
of mage/, a nail); It chiodo di giroſano, separate portion thrown off in the dashing
Fr. clou de giroſłe, Sp. clavo di especias,
of sloppy materials. Fr. clabosser, to be
from Lat. clavus, a nail. dash (Cot.), escačoſer (Roquef.), ec/abous
2. A division of a root of garlick. Du. ser, to splash, c/iboſer, to tramp in the
Åſuyve, AE/uſ/Xen loocks; Pl. D. Álove, mud (Pat. de Champ.), Rouchi clapofer,
AE/aven ; een Álaven ÆruffooA, G. eine to slop. Gael. clabaire, a blabber, indi
spalle Amob/auch, a clove of garlick, from cates the application of the root clab to
Du. AE/ievem, Pl. D. Klöven, to cleave or the splashing of water, the terms express
split, Du. Álove, a fissure. It chiodo d" ive of tattling being mostly taken from
agſio. that figure. C/dbar, mire, puddle, dirt.
Clover. A plant with trifid leaves. Du. Alobbersaen, clotted milk or cream,
AS. claſer; Du. A/aver; Pl.D. Álever, milk run to lumps. So Fr. caiſ/eboſſes,
from AE/öven, to cleave. lumps of curd, probably from claſofer,
Clown. The significations of a clod but confounded with cailler, to curdle.
or lump, of thumping clumsy action, and G. AE/uðbe, AE/u//e, a bunch, clump, clus
of a rustic unpolished person, are often ter, group of people ; Sw, dial. Æſitóð, a
connected. Du. Á/oeſe, a ball, a lump, knot of people. “Das volk hat sich in
block, stock, also homo obtusus, hebes splitten, A/uðffen und klicken auſgelöset.’
(Kil.), whence the name of Spenser's —Sanders. A social club was originally
shepherd Colin Clout. G. A./o/2, a log, a group of people meeting at set times for
Ælotzig, blockish, loggish, coarse, unpol society. To club one's contributions is to
ished, rustic.—Küttner. E. clod is used throw them into a common mass.
in both senses; of a lump of earth and To Cluck. Imitative of the note of a
 -CLUDE COAL I59

hen calling her chickens. Du. Klocken, c/umpish, awkward, unwieldy; E.E.
Fr. g/ousser, Lat. glocire, Sp. cloquear, c/unchy, thick and clumsy.—Hal. But
It. coccolare. the word is more probably connected
-clude. -clus-. Lat. claudo, clausum, with OE. clumpse, benumbed with cold.
in comp. -cludo, -clusum, to shut, close, —Cot. in v. havi. Clumsyd, eviratus.-
finish. Cath. Ang. ‘Thou clomsest for cold.’—
Hence conclude, conclusion, exclude, P.P. “Comfort ye clumsia, ether come/ia
include, inclusive, reclusion, &c. See hondis, and make ye strong feeble knees.’
-close. —Wycliff, Isaiah. Lincolns. clumps, idle,
* Clump.–To Clumper. Clumſ, a lazy, unhandy.—Ray. Sw. dial. Alumm
lump or compact mass, a nasalised form sen, Alummshandſ, AE/ummerhándt, Che
of club, as clumper, to collect in lumps, to shire, clussomed (Wilbraham), having the
curdle, of Du. A lobber in klobbersaen, hands stiff with cold. Pl. D. Álamen,
clotted cream. AE/omen, Du. verk/omen, verkomme/en,
Vapours—clumpered in balls of clouds.-More. Fris. Alomje, fork/omme (Outzen), to be
numb with cold. OE. acome/yd for could
In the same way Du. Alonte, a clod or ac/ommyde, eviratus, enervatus.-Pr.
or lump, and Ålontereſt, to curdle, are Prm. “Men bethe combered and clommed
the nasalised forms of Ælotte, a clod or with cold.”—Vegecius in Way. Bek/um
clot, and Ælotteren, to curdle. The no men van Kelde, algidus, gelidus.-Teu
tion of a detached mass may arise either tonista.
from the dashing off of a portion of the The signification would seem to be
wet material, or from the shaking into cramped or contracted with cold, from
protuberances of the liquid surface; and ON. Klemma, G. Klemmen, to pinch, to
the idea of multifarious agitation may be squeeze. OHG. AEichlemmit, obstructum.
expressed, not so much by direct imita —Graffin Klamjan. MHG. ‘wen uns diu
tion of the actual noise, as metaphorically wangen sin gerumpfen, ricke und arm
by the figure of a broken sound. MHG. und bein gek/umſ/en.”—Benecke. Pl.D.
Alumpern, G. AE/impern, to gingle, strum &ek/ummen, G. be/ſommen, pinched, tight;
on an instrument. When a frequentative eene bek/ummeme tied, a pinching time.
form is thus used to signify multifarious -clus-. See -clude.
agitation or broken movement the radical Cluster. A group, bunch. From the
syllable naturally expresses a single ele notion of sticking together. Du. AE/os, a
ment of the complex action. Hence a ball ; Álisse, Ælette, a ball, a clot; Ælissen,
frequent connection between words sig to stick together; Ælister, kluster, paste,
nifying a blow and the dashing of liquids. viscous material, also a cluster, a clove
Compare Pl.D. pladdern, to paddle or of garlick. Sw. Ælase, a bunch, cluster.
dabble, with E. plad or plod, to tread Clutch. Sc. cleik, clek, E. dial. clerhe,
heavily. Fr. clabosser, esclaboter, to to snatch, seize, properly to do anything
splash ; Champ. cliboter, to tramp. Fr. with a quick, smart motion, producing a
clopin-clopan represents the heavy tread of noise such as that represented by the
one hobbling along ; cloſer, clofiner, to syllable click. Hence cleik, clek, cleuſſ,
limp, differing only in the absence of the c/uik, cluke, clook, an instrument for
nasal form E. clump, to tramp. Hence snatching, a claw, clutch, hand ; to cleuk,
clumpers, Du. Klompen, wooden shoes, to grip, lay hold of, clutch. ‘Uorte (for
clogs. Sw, dial. Álamp, a clog for an to) huden hire vrom his kene clokes.”—
animal, wooden sole, lump of soft mate Ancr. Riwle, 130. Boh. AE/i4a/y, crooked
rial, ball of snow on horse's foot; Ælampa, inwards; Ælikonosy, hooknosed. Hesse,
to clump or tramp with heavy shoes, to A lotz, claw. Compare Swiss A:/upe, claws,
ball as snow. Analogous forms with a tongs, fingers (familiar), from AE/upen, to
final mt instead of mp are Pl.D. Álunt, clip or pinch.
Du. Alonte, a clod or lump, E. dial. clunt Clutter. Variation of clatter, a noise.
er, a clod ; clunter, clointer, Pl. D. &/unt Clyster. Fr. clystere, Gr. KAvario,
sent, Aſunsen, to tramp or tread heavily. from r\tºw, to wash, to rinse, as Fr. lave
* Clumsy. The sense of awkward, ment, from lazer, to wash.
unhandy, might be reached from clumſ, Coach. The Fr. coucher became in
a lump, through the senses of lumpish, Du. Koetsen, to lie, whence koefse, Æoet
blockish, unfashioned, ill-made ; as from seken, a couch, and Æoetse, Koeſsie, Æoets
Da. Alont, AE/ods, a block, log, Ælontet, wagen, a litter, carriage in which you
A/odset, unhandy, awkward, or from Sw. may recline, a coach.
£/ump, a lump, klumpig, clumsy. N.E. Coal. ON. Kol, G. Kohle, Hindust.
16o COALESCE COCHINEAL

Æoelá. The primary sense is doubtless on in lumps. Cobber, a thumper, a great

glowing embers, from a root signifying falsehood.
to glow or burn. Traces of such a de Cobbles in the N. of E. are round stones
rivation are found in Sw. dial. Aylla, or round coals of small size. In the E. of
Æð//a, Æð/na, to kindle or cause to burn ; E. the stone or kernel of fruit is called coo
ON. Koljarn, a firesteel ; Lat. caleo, to be or cobble. Cobyl/stone or chery-stone,
hot, to glow ; culina or colina, a kitchen, petrilla.-Pr. Pm. To cobble, to pelt with
the place where a fire is made. “Colina,' stones or dirt.—Cleveland Gl.
says Varro, “dicta ab eo quod ibi colebant * To Cobble.—Cobbler. The senses
ignem.’ And colo, to worship, may per of stammering or imperfect speech, stag
haps have originally signified to kindle a gering or halting, and imperfect or un
fire for a burnt-offering, while the sense skilful action, are often connected. We
of dwelling may be a figure from lighting may cite Fr. bredouiller, to stutter, and
up the domestic hearth, universally taken Du. broadelen, to bungle; Du. hakkelen,
as the symbol of a dwelling-place. Sanscr. to stammer, and E. dial. haggle, to bungle;
jval, to burn, blaze, glow ; ſvalaya, to Sc. habble, to stutter, to speak or act
kindle ; ſvála, flame. Lett. Qué/et, to confusedly, and hobble, to cobble shoes.
glow, to be inflamed; gueſe, burning, in —“all graith that gains to hobbill schone.'
flammation.
Coalesce.—Coalition. Lat. coalesco, Thus from E. dial. cobble, to hobble
to grow together, to form an union with (Hal), or walk clumsily, the designation
another; coalitus, grown together, united. may have been transferred to the unskilful
Coarse. Formerly written course, or mending of shoes.
dinary; as in the expression of course, A plausible origin, however, may be
according to the ordinary run of events. found in Sw. dial. Alabba, properly to
A woman is said to be very ordinary, daub, then to work unskilfully; Alabbare,
meaning that she is plain and coarse. AE/abòsmed, a bungler. The l in these
Coast. Lat. costa, a rib, side; Fr. imitative forms is very moveable, as
coste, s. s., also a coast. shown in cloë and cob, tempered clay for
Coat. Fr. cotte, a coat or frock, It. building, and a change very similar to
cotta, any kind of coat, frock, or upper that from clobber to cobler may be seen
garment. See Cot. 3. in Du. verklomen, verkommelen, to be
Coax. The OE. cokes was a simpleton, numb, OE. acome/yd or acłommyd.—
gull, probably from the Fr. cocasse, one Pr. Prm.
who says or does laughable or ridiculous Cobweb. A spider's web. E. atter-kop,
things.-Trevoux. Cocasse, plaisant, ridi a spider. Flem. Æof, Æo/pe, a spider,
cule ; cocosse, niais, imbecille.—Hécart. Æoffen-gesfin, spinne-webbe, a cobweb.
To cokes or coar one then is to make a W. Aryſ-co/ftyn, a spider (prºf-grub,
cokes or fool of him, to wheedle or gull vermin). The form attercop seems to
him into doing something. give the full meaning of the word, poison
The original meaning of the word is bag or poison-pock. The Fris. Aof, is
preserved in the provincial , kakasch bubble, pustule, pock, that is, a pellicle
(dialect of Aix—Grandg. v. caca), a nest inflated with air or liquid. Tº waerkopet,
cock or nescock, unfledged bird, a crea the water boils.-Outzen. Dan. Kopper
ture commonly taken as the type of im (pl.), small pox (pocks); Æof-ar, E. pock
becility and liability to imposition, as in arr, a pock mark. Fin. Kuppa, a bubble,
E. gull, Fr. miais, beffaune. boil, pustule.
AWescock itself is used in a similar According to Ihre, the bee was known
sense; “a wanton fondling that has never by the name of koºp in OSw., probably
left his home.’—Nares. It cucco (in for the same reason as the spider, viz.
nursery lang.), an egg, a darling, and fig. from bearing a bag, only of honey instead
an imbecile; vecchio cucco, an old idiot. of poison. The contrast between the bee
* Cob.—Cobble. w. cob, a knock, and the spider as collectors, the one of
thump, a tuft, top ; cobio, to knock, sweets and the other of poisons, is one of
thump, to peck as a hen; cobyn, a bunch, long standing.
tuft, cluster. E. dial. to cob, to strike, to Cochineal. Sp. cochinilla, a wood
throw ; cob, a blow, and thence a lump ; louse, dim. of cochina, a sow, from some
coönut, a large round nut ; cobstones, fancied resemblance. The wood-louse is
large stones; cobcoals, large coals. A still called sow in parts of England; in
cob is a dumpy horse. Cob for walls is Essex sowbug.—Atkinson. When the
clay mixed with straw, from being laid Spaniards came to America they trans

//
 COCK COCKLE 161

ferred the name to the animal producing Cockahoop. Elated in spirits.

A
the scarlet dye, which somewhat resem metaphor taken from the sport of cock
bles a wood-louse in shape. throwing used on festive occasions, when
Cock. I. The male of the domestic a cock was set on an eminence to be
fowl. From the cry represented by the thrown at by the guests.
Fr. coquelicoſ’, coyuericot, Lang. cou Now I am a frisker, all men on me look,
couricou. Bohem. Æokrati, to crow, Kokot, What should I do but set cock on the hoop f
Camden in Todd.
a cock. Serv. AEokot, the clucking of a
hen, kokosch, a hen. Lith. Æukti, to cry, ‘I have good cause to set the cocke on the
to howl; Kukauti, to cry as the cuckoo /ope and make gaudye chere.” “We may
or the owl. Magy. Kakas, Esth. Kuk, a make our tryumphe, i.e. kepe our gaudyes,
cock. Gr. kokko(36ac 5pwic (Soph. in Eus or let us sette the cocke on the hope and
tath.), the bird which cries cock ', the make good chere within doores.”—Palsgr.
cock. Acolastus in Hal. Du. hoop, heap.
To Cock, applied to the eye, hat, tail, Cockatoo. According to Crawfurd call
&c., signifies to stick abruptly up. Gael. ed in Malay Kakatuwah, which in that
coc-shrom, a cocked nose. The origin is language signifies a vice, a gripe. But is
the sound of a quick sudden motion it not more likely that the implement was
imitated by the syllable cock. It. coccare, so named from its resemblance to the
to clack, snap, click, crack; coccarla a powerful beak of the bird P
Qualcuno, to play a trick, put a jest upon Cockatrice. A fabulous animal, sup
one.—Fl. Hence cock of a gun (misun posed to be hatched by a cock from the
derstood when translated by G. haſin), the eggs of a viper, represented heraldically
part which snaps or clicks. by a cock with a dragon's tail. Sp. coca
To cock is then to start up with a sud triz, cocadriz, cocodrillo, a crocodile.
den action, to cause suddenly to project, Cocatryse, basiliscus, cocodrillus. – Pr.
to stick up. And as rapid snapping Pm. A manifest corruption of the name
action is almost necessarily of a recipro of the crocodile.
cating nature, the word is used to express To Cocker. See Cockney.
zigzag movement or shape, and hence Cocket.—Cocksy. Fr. coquart, fool
either prominent teeth or indentations. ishly proud, cocket, malapert. From the
The cock of a balance is the needle which strutting pride of a cock. Coylteter, to
vibrates to and fro between the cheeks. chuck as a cock among hens; to swagger
The cog of a wheel is a projecting tooth, or strowt it as a cock on his own dung
hill.—Cot.
while the It. cocca, Fr. coche, is the notch
or indentation of an arrow. Cockle. 1. A weed among corn. Fr.
2. A cock of hay. Probably from the coquiole, Lith. Kukalas, Pol. Æakol, Ágæol
notion of cocking or sticking up. Fin. nica, Gael. cogal.
Æolºko, a coniform heap, a hut, beacon. 2. A shell, shell-fish ; cocklesnail, a
A small heap of reaped corn. Dan. Aok, snail with a shell as distinguished from
a heap, a pile. a slug or snail without shell. Snail
3. A boat; cock-swain, the foreman of shells are called in Northamptons. cocks,
a boat's crew. It cocca, cucca, a cock in Lincolns. gogs, Oxfords. guggles or
boat.—Fl. Dan. Áog, kogge, ON. &uggi, guggleshells, Herts conſºs, and E. of E.
s. s. The Fin. has kokka, the prow of a conkers. Tirol.gagkele, an egg.—Deutsch.
vessel, perhaps the part which cocks or Mund. 5. 341. Lat. coch/ea, concha,
sticks up, and hence the name may have Gr. Káx\oc, snail, snailshell, shellfish.
passed to the entire vessel, as in the case The original sense is probably an egg
of Lat. Auppis, properly the poop or after shell, which to a people in possession of
part of the ship, or of bark, a ship, from poultry would offer a type of a shell pecu
ON. barki, throat, then the prow or front liarly easy of designation. Thus the
of a ship. Swab. gacken, to cluck as a hen, gives
Cockade. Fr. coquarde, a Spanish rise in nursery language to gackele, an
cap, also any cap worn proudly or peartly egg—Schmidt, in Swiss gaggi, gäggi, to
on the one side (Cot.), i. e. a cocked-hat, which our own country affords a parallel
consisting originally of a hat with the in the Craven goggy, an egg. . . In like
broad flap looped up on one side. Then manner Basque kokorate, clucking of a
applied to the knot of ribbon with which hen ; Kožo (in nursery language), an egg;
the loop was ornamented. In Walloon Magy. Kukoritni, to crow, kuko (nursery),
the r is lost as in English; cockád, a an egg; It coccolare, to cluck; cocco,
cockade.—Remacle. cucco (nursery), an egg; Fr. coqueter. to
11
162 COCKLE CODDLE
cackle, to chuck; coyue, an eggshell, less an accidental resemblance. The Fr.
shell, cockle, with the dim. coquiſſe, the
coyucſºner, to dandle, cocker, fedle, pam
shell of an egg, nut, snail, fish-Cot. per, make a wanton of a child, leads us
To Cockle. Properly, like cogg/e, in the right direction. This word is pre
cisely of the same form and significance
goggle, jogg/e, shogg/e, to shake or jerk
up and down, then applied to a surface with dode/inter, to dandle, loll, lull, fedle,
thrown into hollows and projections by cocker, hug fondly, make a wanton of,
partial shaking, by unequal contraction, [but primarily] to rock or jog up and
&c. Du. Kožeſen, to juggle, to deceive down ; dode/ineur, the rocker of a cradle ;
the eye by rapid movements of the hands. donde/iner de la tête, to wag the head ;
E. dial. coggle, to be shaky : cock/ety, un dode/incur (the same as cogue/ineur),
steady.—Hal. A cock/ing sea is one fantastical, giddy-headed. The primitive
jerked up into short waves by contrary meaning of cocker then is simply to rock
currents. the cradle, and hence to cherish an infant.
It made such a short coºling sea as if it had See Cockle, Cock.
been in a race where two tides meet, for it ran Cocoa-nut. Called coco by the Portu
every way—and the ship was tossed about like an guese in India on account of the monkey
eggshell, so that I never felt such uncertain jerks like face at the base of the nut, from coco,
in my life.—Dampier in R. a bugbear, an ugly mask to frighten chil
The ultimate origin, as in all these dren.—De Barros, Asia, Dec. III. Bk.
cases, is the representation of a broken III. c. vii.
sound, by forms like cack/e, gagg/e, &c., -coct. Lat. coquo, coc/um, to prepare
then applied to signify a broken move by fire, to cook, bake, boil.
ment, and finally a configuration of anal Hence concoguo, to boil together, to
ogous character. digest, and fig. to contrive, to plan, F. to
As in E, we represent a broken sound concoct. Decoctio, a decoction, what is
by the forms cacA:/e and crackſe, so in Fr. boiled away from anything.
we find recogniſ/er and recro/i/f//er, to Cod. A husk or shell, cushion. ON.
wriggle, writhe, turn inward on itself like Kodai, a cushion, Sw. Æudde, a sack, bag,
a worm or a gold or silver thread when it pod. Bret. Æðd, göd", gödel, a pocket. W.
is broken ; recoguiſer un livre, to rumple cód, cºvd, a bag or pouch. G. schofe, pod,
or turn up the leaves of a book.-Cot. If husk. It seems the same word with Fr.
recoquíſ/er stood by itself the common ex cosse, gousse, a husk, cod, or pod, whence
planation from coquíſ/e, a shell, as if it coussin, It coscino, a cushion, a case
signified to throw into spirals, would be stuffed with something to make it bulge
quite satisfactory, but it cannot be adopt Out.
ed without throwing over the analogy Perhaps the original sense is simply
with the English forms above mentioned, something bulging, a knob or bump, an
while it leaves the parallel form recro idea commonly derived from a word sig
Qui//er unaccounted for. nifying to knock. Now we have Fr.
Cockney. — Cocker. The original cosser, It, cozzare, to butt as a ram. Du.
meaning of cockney is a child too ten Æodde, Kodse, a club.
derly or delicately nurtured, one kept in As in words with an initial cl the 1 is
the house and not hardened by out-of very movable, we may perhaps identify
doors life ; hence applied to citizens, as the Fr. cosse, a husk, with Bret. Æſos,
opposed to the hardier inhabitants of the Álosen, a box or any envelope in general ;
country, and in modern times confined to Ä/osen-gisten, the husk of a chesnut.
the citizens of London. Thus we are brought round to the Du.
‘Cokmay, carifotus, delicius, mammo Æloss, a ball or sphere, and the E. cºof,
trophus.’ ‘To bring up like a cockmaye cloa, and as the latter appears in Gaelic
—mignofer.’ “Delicias facere—to play in the double form of clod or flod, we find
the cockney.’ ‘Dodeliner—to bring up the same change of initial in the E. coa,
wantonly as a cockney.”—Pr. Pm., and fºod, Dan. /ude, a pillow.
authorities cited in notes. “Puer in de To Coddle. 1.-Codling. To codd/e,
liciis matris nutritus, Anglice a cokenay.” (in Suffolk quodd/e,) to boil gently, whence
—Hal. Cockney, niais, mignot.—Sher cod/in, a young apple fit for boiling, green
wood. peas.-Hal. Cod/yng, frute, pomme
The Du. Kokelen, Keukelen, to pamper cuite. — Palsgr. A gºod/ing, pomum
(the equivalent of E. cocker), is explained coctile.—Coles. The word in the first
by Kilian, “nutrire sive fovere culina,’ as instance represents the agitation of the
if from Aoken, to cook, but this is doubt boiling water. ON, quotla, abluo vel
 CODDLE COGNISAN CE 163
lavito, aquas tractito (Gudm.), to dabble moved.—Wilbraham. joggly, unsteady,
or paddle; Swab. Quatteln, to wabble ; shaky ; to jogger, joggle, to shake, to jog.
Bav. Kudern, to guggle. A continued broken sound is represented
To Coddle, 2. To pamper or treat by forms like cackle, gaggle, and thence
delicately. Fr. cadel, a castling, starve cock/e, goggle are made to signify inter
ling, whence cadeler (to treat as a weakly rupted or alternating movement. Esthon.
child), to cocker, pamper, fedle, make AoA:40/tama, Koggalema, to stammer. The
much of.-Cot. Lat. catulus, It. catello, radical syllable cock, cog, gog, &c., is
Prov, cadeſ, Bohem. Åote, a whelp; Kotiti, itself used to signify the same kind of
to whelp, bring forth young (of sheep, action, or a single element of the kind
dogs, cats, &c.). of which the action in question is com
Code.—Codicil. Lat. coder, log, trunk posed, that is to say, a short, abrupt move
of a tree, a book, book of accounts, ment (often accompanied by a click or
the Romans writing on wooden tablets snap), and hence a projection or indenta
covered with wax. Codiciſ/us, a small tion. We may cite Gael. gogach, nod
trunk of a tree; codicilli, writing tablets, ding, wavering, reeling ; E. gogmire, a
a letter, memorial, written composition. quagmire ; to jock, to jolt ; jocky, uneven,
Cod-fish. From its large club-shaped rough ; Fr. choc, a shock, or movement
head. Flem. Åodde, a club.-Kil. In the brought to a sudden stop ; It. coccare, to
same way It. mazzo, a bunch, a codfish, snap, to move with a snap, and thence
mazza, a club. One of the names of the cocca, an indentation or notch, as E. cog
fish is It. testuto, Fr. testu, from teste, (Sw. Æugge), a projection or individual
head.—Cot. prominence on the circumference of a
toothed wheel.
Codger. A term of abuse for an in
firm old man. G. Kotzen, to spit, Koſzer, With the addition of an initial s, E.
a spitting or spawling man or woman, shog, to jolt, and shoggle, an icicle or pro
also an old caugher.— Küttner. So from jection of ice ; ON. skaga, to project ;
Lith. Kraukti, to croak, to breathe with skagi, a promontory.
ain, sukraukelis, a croaker, an old man. To cog in the sense of cheating is from
ind. Kahba, a cough, an old woman. the image of deceiving by rapid sleight
Coemetery. Gr. kotunriptov, a place of hand. Du. Koke/en, to juggle; It. coc
for sleeping in, then applied to the place carſa ad uno, to put a trick upon one;
of final rest, a burial-place, from kopičw, coccare, to laugh at, mock, scoff. Sp.
to set to sleep. cocar, to mock, make mocking or ridicul
Coerce. Lat. coerceo, to encompass, ous gestures, to cajole, wheedle. E. cog,
keep in, restrain ; arceo, to inclose, con gabber, flatter—Sherwood; lusingare, lis
fine ; arctus, close, narrow, confined. ciar il pelo.—Torriano.
Coeval. Lat. coaczus (con and avum, Cogent. Lat. cogo (pcpl. cogens), to
duration of time, an age, era), of the same impel, constrain, force.
age or era. Cogitation. Lat. cogito, to ponder,
turn over in the mind.
Coffee. Arab. cahwa or cahzzº, coffee,
formerly one of the names for wine. Cognisance.—Recognisance.— Re
Texeira, who wrote in 1610, writes it connoitre. From Lat. cognosco, cog
Æaodh.-Dozy. nitum, to know, arose Fr. cognoitre,
connaitre, to know, OFr. cognoisance,
Coffer.—Coffin. Gr. köpivoc, Lat. coph cognisance,
inus, a basket. It coſano, cofaro, any tice, a badgeconnusance, knowledge, no
or heraldic device by which
coffin, coffer, chest, hutch, or trunk. Fr. one might be known.
coffre, a chest or coffer, the bulk or chest
Connaissance in a legal sense is the
of the body. Bret. Æðſ, 467, the belly; right of a tribunal to take notice or cog
AS. cof, a cave, cove, receptacle. Swab. misance of certain causes.
Áober, a basket. It coffa, a gabion or Again OFr. recognoitre, to take know
wicker basket. Fr. coſin, a coffin, a great ledge of, to acknowledge, gives our legal
candle case or any such close and great recognisance, or acknowledgment that
basket of wicker.—Cot. Fin. Kopp, a one is bound in a certain penalty to the
hollow case. See Cave.
crown if he fails to perform a certain act.
Cog.—Coggle. To coggle is to be A'econnaitre, in the military sense, to re
shaky, to rock; cogly, unsteady, rock connoitre, is to take knowledge of the
ing ; cockersome, unsteady in position, conditions of an object, to observe it with
threatening to tumble over.—Jam. E. reference to the way in which it affects
dial. coggle, kºggle, kickle, tickle, easily the observer.
11 *
164 COIF COLLATION

Coif. A cap for the head. Fr. coiff, apple or an ulcer. The coke is the hole
It cuffia, Mod. Gr. oxotºpia. Apparently guarded by metal in the middle of a
from the East. Arab. Auſyah, a head sheave through which the pin goes.—
kerchief. Webster. Du. Ko/4, a pit, hollow whirl
Coil. To coil a cable, to wind it round pool. The term colº or coke then appears
in the form of a ring, each fold of rope to signify a hollow, then the empty rem
being called a coil. Fr. cueil/ir un cord nant of a thing when the virtue is taken
age, Ptg. collier hum cabo, to coil a cable; out of it. It may possibly be explained
co/her, Fr. cueil/ir, Sp. coger, Lat. coſ/i- from the Gael. caoch, empty, blind, hol
gere, to gather. Sp. coger la ropa, to fold low ; cacchag, a deaf nut, nut without a
linen. kernel, the coke of a nut.
Coil. Noise, disturbance. Gael. coil Col-. See Con-.
eid, a stir, movement, or noise; perhaps Colander. — Cullender. Sp. colada,
from goi/, boiling, vapour, fume, battle, lie of ashes for bucking clothes; coladero,
a colander or sieve through which the lie
rage, fury; goi/eam, prating, vain tattle.
The words signifying noise and disturb was strained, a strainer ; collar, Lat. colo,
ance are commonly taken from the agita to strain liquids.
tion of water. Cold.—Cool. Goth. Kala's, cold. ON.
Coin. To coin money is to stamp Æa/a, to blow cold, to suffer from cold ;
money, from Lat. cuneus, Fr. coin, Quin, Æa//da, fever. Dan. A uſe (of the wind),
the steel die with which money is stamped, to freshen, to begin to blow. G. Kalf, cold,
originally doubtless from the stamping £iſh/, cool. Lap. Kilot, to freeze, kilom,
having been effected by means of a cold, frost.
wedge (Lat. cuneus, Fr. coin). Coin in In Lith. sza//as, cold, sci/fas, warm,
OFr. was frequently used for the right of the opposite sensations are distinguished
coining money. Sp. cuña, a wedge; by a modification of the vowel, while in
cuño, a die for coining, impression on Lat. gelidus, cold, calidus, hot, a similar
the coin. Muratori endeavours to show
relation in meaning is marked by a modi
that the word is really derived from the fication of the initial consonant.
Gr, sixtów, an image, whence the Lat. The original image seems the disagree
iconiare, in the sense of coining money. able effect produced on the nerves by a
So from W. bath, a likeness, arian bath, harsh sound, whence the expression is
coined money, bathu, to make a likeness, extended to a similar effect on the other
to coin.
organs. Fin. AEolia, sounding harshly as
Coit.—Quoit. To coif, to toss, to a rattle, rough, uneven, cold; kolia ilma,
throw. Of a conceited girl it is said, She a cold air ; Æolian-lainen, roughish, cool;
coits up her head above her betters.- Áo/isſua, to become cold as the air, or
Forby. To coit a stone.—Hal. The rough as a road ; Ko/istus, making a
game of coits or 7ttoiſ's consists in tossing crash, shattering. Esthon. Æol/isema, to
a metal disc (originally doubtless a stone) rattle, make a harsh noise; kollin, a rack
at a mark. The quoit according to Hal. et ; Koſle, noisy, frightful, ghastly ; kollo
is sometimes called a coiting stone. Coyte, maſs, a bugbear. The effects of fear and
treluda ; coylyn, petriludo.— Pr. Pm. cold closely resemble each other in de
u. de Áaeye schieten, certare disco, saxeo, pressing the spirits and producing trem
ferreo, aut plumbeo.—Kil. bling. The Manuel des Pecchés says of
Coke. The carbonaceous cinder of
Belshazzar when he saw the handwriting
coals left when the bituminous or gaseous on the wall :
blazing portion has been driven off by As he thys hande began to holde (behold)
heat. Coaks, cinders; a grind/e-coke, a Hys herte bygan to tremle and colde.
remnant of an old worn-down grindstone.
Co/ke, the core of an apple. Fin. Kołłka, sounding loud as a bell,
All erthe may well likened be then causing trembling or terror, ghastly ;
To a rounde appul on a tre, —ilma, a cold, raw day; —mies, a harsh,
That even amydde hath a colke : severe man; — Korpi, a desolate wood.
And so it may to an egges yolke, Compare ON. Kala-ſyndr, harsh, severe
For as a dalk (hollow) is amydward
The yolke of the egge when hit is hard, in disposition ; Kallada-gaman, bitter
So is helle put (pit) as clerkus telles sport; Æald-ambr, distressing labour.
Amºs erthe and nowher elles.—Hal. v.
alk.
Collar. Lat. collare (from collum, the
neck), a band for the neck.
Wall, chauke, germe de l'oeuf-Grandg. Collation. An entertainment. Fr.
Clevel. golk, yolk of egg, core of an collation, a repast after supper. It cola
 COLLEAGUE COMBER 165
tione, coleftione, coletto, an intermeal, a principal members of a sentence, and
refection between regular meals; break the briefest divisions of which it was
fast. composed. Jerome, in his preface to the
Colleague.—College. Lat. collega, Prophets, says, “Nemo cum prophetas
supposed to be from lego, to choose, one versibus viderit esse descriptos metro eos
chosen at the same time with one, a com existimet apud Hebraeos ligari — ; sed
rade. The radical part of the word however quod in Demosthene et in Tullio solet
would be more satisfactorily explained if fieri, ut per cola scribantur et commata.”
it could be regarded as the equivalent —N. & Q. Decr. 19, 1868. The name
of the ON. lag, society, companionship, is now given not to the divisions of the
whence sam-lag, companionship, part sentence, but to the marks by which
nership ; ſelagi, a money companion or divisions of the kind in question are
partner, a fellow ; brod-lagi, ſisk-lagi, a separated in writing.
partner at meals, in fishing, &c. Colle * Colonel. Fr. colonel, Sp. coronel.
gium, a college, Society, corporation, Properly the captain of the leading com
guild, the relationship of one colleague to pany of a regiment, the company at the
another. head of the column. “La compagnie
To Collect.—Collect. Lat. Mego, lec colonelle, ou la colonelle est la première
tum, to pick, to gather ; colligo, -ectum, compagnie d'un regiment d'infanterie.”
to bring together, to collect, assemble. —Trevoux.
Collect, a prayer gathered out of Scripture. Colossal. Lat. colossus, a statue of
Collision. Lat. collisio (collido, -isum, enormous magnitude. Such was the
to dash or strike together), the act of statue in honour of the sun erected at
striking together. Rhodes.
Collop. A lump or slice of meat. Colour. Lat. color, a hue, tint, ap
From clop or colp, representing the sound pearance.
of a lump of something soft thrown on a Colt. A young horse. Dan. dial. Álod,
flat surface. Du. Aloff, It. colpo, a blow. Áloit, a colt. Sw. Ault, a young boar, a
Co/A, a blow, also a bit of anything.— Stout boy.
Bailey. The two significations are very Column.-Colonnade. Lat. columna,
commonly expressed by the same term. Fr. colonne, a pillar.
Sp. goſpe, a blow, also a flap, as the loose Comatose. Gr. kāpia, heavy slumber,
piece of cloth covering a pocket. In like oppressive drowsiness.
manner we have dab, a blow, and a lump Com-. See Con-.
of something soft ; a £at with the hand, Comb. ON. Kambr, G. kamm.
and a £at of butter; G. Klitsch, a clap, Combe. A narrow valley. w. cwm.
rap, tap, and a lump of something soft; * Comber.—Cumber. G. Kummer,
Sc. to blad, to slap, to strike, and blad, arrest, seizure, attachment of one's goods
blaud, a lump or slice ; to dad, to dash, or person, rubbish, ruins, dirt of streets,
to throw down, and dad, dawd, a lunch trouble, distress; Du. Kommer, komber,
or large piece, especially of something trouble, distress. Mid. Lat. combri, ob
eatable. See Calf. struction of the ways made by felling
Collow. — Colly. Smut, soot. To trees in a forest; combri, combra, a weir
colowe, make black with a cole, char or dam for obstructing the current of a
bonner.—Palsgr. in Way. Colled, be river.—Duc. Fr. encombrer, It. ingom
colled, smutted, blackened.— K. Horn. brare, to hinder, trouble, encumber; des
N. Kola, to black or smut with coal ; combres, what has to be cleared away,
Áolut, smutted.—Aasen. Sw, dial. Æolna, rubbish, ruins. The radical sense is im
to become black. pediment, hindrance. I comber, I let or
Colly. A shepherd's dog, from having hynder.—Palsgr. Gael. cumraig, cum
its tail cropped. Sw. Æul/ug, Æollig, with raich, impede, incommode. Manx cumr,
out horns, wanting some member that cumree, to hinder, deter, delay; cumrail,
ought to be there.—Rietz. Sc. to coll, to hindrance, stoppage. The question is
poll the hair, to snuff the candle. ... In whether the sense of rubbish is derived
Hesse a shepherd's dog is often called from rubbish being considered as a hin
Mutz, from muta, a stump; Æullmuts, drance or whether the development of
Æullarsch, a tailless hen. See Poll. thought does not lie in the opposite direc
Colon.—Comma. Colon (Gr. rôAov, tion. It is derived by Diez from Lat.
a limb or member) and comma (Gr. cumulus, Prov. comol, a heap, Ptg. comero,
répua, a piece or chop, from kórrw, I combro, a mound, heap of earth, corre
cut) were applied respectively to the sponding to which we have ON. Kumbl,
166 COMBINE COMPATIBLE

Awmh, a cairn, tumulus, barrow, Sw. fºczar. Sardin. incumbenzai, frºm in

Æumme/, a heap of stones set up for a com-initiaze; Sp. empezar, from in-ini
mark, ruins, rubbish. Again, a parallel ſiare.—Diez. Menage.
form with cumber may be found in ON. Comment. Lat. comminiscor, -mentus
Æum/a, to disable. ‘Var Aron sárr ok sum, commentor, to imagine, devise, to
Aum/adr miók,” Aaron was wounded and meditate, consider, remark upon.
much disabled. Hialmr Kum/adr, a bat Commerce. See Merchant.
tered helmet. E. cumö/ed with cold, Commodious. – Commodity. Lat.
cramped, stiffened ; come/yd, acome/yd, commodus, convenient, suitable, advan
acomyrd, acombra, for colde, eviratus, tageous.
enervatus. – Pr. Pn. Combered and Commodore. Fr. commandeur, a go
clommed with colde.—MS. cited by Way. vernor or commander ; Port. commenda
Du. verkomme/en, to be stiff with cold. dór, from whence the term seems to have
See Clumsy. -
COme to us.
Combine. Lat. bini, two together ; Common. — Commonalty. — Com
combino, to join together or unite. mune.—Communicate. Lat. communis,
Combustion. — Combustible. Lat. common, general, Fr. communitas, the
wro, ustum, to burn ; comburo (con-uro), having of things in common, fellowship,
to burn up. Fr. communauté, the common people;
To Come.—Comely. Goth. cwiman, Lat. communico, to impart, give a share
As. cwiman, cumam, G. Kommen, Du. of, hold intercourse with.
Áomen, to come. The Biglotton also Compact. Lat. com/actus, thickset,
explains the Du. Komen, cadere, conve firm, from com/ ingo, -actum, to put or
nire, decere, quadrare. Daf comt weſ, join together; pango, factum, to drive in,
bene cadit, convenit, decet, quadrat. In fasten.
the same way to fall was used in OE. Compact. An agreement; com/acis
cor, compactus, to agree with ; faciscor, to
It nothing falls to thee
To make fair semblant where thou mayest blame. stipulate, engage, make a bargain.
Chaucer, R. R. Company.—Companion. It com/a-
gno, compagnia. Mid. Lat. companium,
G. geſa/lem, to fall to a person's mind, association, formed from con and fami's,
to please. In this sense the verb come bread, in analogy with the OHG. gi-mazo
must be understood in the E. come/y and or gi-/ei/, board-fellow, from mazo, meat,
the Du. Kome/ick, conveniens, congruens, or /ei/, bread. Goth. gah/aiha, fellow
commodus, aptus.-Kil. See Become. disciple, Joh. xi. 16, from hlaiòs, bread.
This application is marked by a slight Com/ain, one who eats the same bread
modification of form in the AS. cweman, with one.—Jaubert. Gloss. du Milieu de
becºveman, to please, delight, satisfy, G. la Fr.
&equem, convenient, commodious, easy. Compare. Lat. comparare, to couple
Comedy. — Comic. Gr. coupéia, a things together for judgment, from com
dramatic poem intended to take off or Aar, equal, and that from con and far,
caricature personal or popular peculiar like, equal, a pair. But the meaning
ities; kwuikóc, relating to comedy. might equally be derived from the original
Comfit. Fr. com/ire, conſiſ (Lat. con sense of the verb parare, which seems to
ficere, conſectum, to prepare), to preserve, be to push forwards. Thus the simple
confect, soak or steep in ; com/itures, farare is to push forwards, to get ready ;
comfits, junkets, all kind of sweetmeats. se-parare, to push apart, to separate ;
—Cot. com-farare, to push together, to bring
Comfort. Fr. comforfer (Lat. forffs, into comparison, or to prepare, to accu
strong), to solace, encourage, strengthen. mulate.
—Cot. Compass. Fr. com/as, a compass, a
Comfrey. A plant formerly in repute circle, a round ; compasser, to compass,
as a strengthener, whence it was called encircle, begird, to turn round.—Cot. To
Amitāacā (Cot. in v. oreille d'âne), and in go about, from con and fassus, a step.
Lat. consolida, confirma, or conserva. – A pair of compasses is an instrument for
Dief. Sup. E. com/rey seems a corruption describing circles. The mariner's com
of the second of these. pass is so called because it goes through
Comma. See Colon. the whole circle of possible variations of
Commence. It cominefare, Fr. com direction. To compass an object is to go
mencer. From con and initiare, Milanese about it or to contrive it.
inză, to begin. OSp. com/enzar, com Compatible. It com/atire, Fr. com
 COMPENDIOUS CONCERT 167
Aafir, to sympathise, suffer with. See ber, tent, cabin.—Cot. Then applied to
Passion. one of the company, a chamber-fellow.
Compendious. Lat. compendium, a From It. camera, a chamber. Sp. came
saving, sparing, shortening, short cut. rada in both senses.
The word seems to be formed in opposi Con-, col-, com-, cor-. The Lat.
tion to dispendium, a spending, by the prep. citml, with, corresponding to Gr.
contrast between the particles coſt, to avy, £vy, takes in composition the fore
gether, and dis, apart : an abstinence going forms in accordance with the or
from spending. Pendo, pensiºn, to weigh, ganic nature of the following consonant.
to pay. It signifies in general union or united
ompensate. Lat. compensare, to action, and may be illustrated by Fin.
weigh together or one against the other. Aoko, gen. Ko'on, a heap, the locative
Pendo, pensum, to weigh. cases of which are used in the sense of
Compete. — Competent. Lat. Aeſo, the Lat. con, or E. together. Pane
to seek, to aim at, to go to a place ; comi AoA'oon or Æo'o//a, literally, put in a heap,
peto, to seek together for a thing, to com collect ; fuſewat Kokoon or Æo'oſſe, they
pete ; also to come or meet together, to come together.
be suitable, to have requisite strength. To Con. To learn, to study, to take
Compile. Lat. compi/o (con and fi/o, notice of A/e-conner, an inspector of
to pillage : See Pill, Pillage), to spoil, ales. To con one thanks, Fr. savoir graſ,
plunder, to bring together from different to feel thankful and to make the feeling
Sources. known to the object of it.
Complacent. — Complaisant. Lat. AS. cunnan, to know, cunnian, to in
complace0, Fr. com//aire, -p/aisant, to quire, search into, try. Gecunnian hwy/c
please, delight, be obsequious to. heora swiftosí hors haſde, to try which of
Complexion. Lat. com//e:rio, a com them had the swiftest horse. He cunnode
bination, connection, physical constitu tha mid his handa, he felt them with his
tion, applied in modern E. to the colour hand. Goth. Kunnan, to know ; ana
of the skin, as marking a healthy or un Auſtrian, to read ; gakunnan, to observe,
healthy constitution. Fr. com/ſerion, theto read ; Kazunjan, to make known. Sw.
making, temper, constitution of the body,Kunna, to be able ; Kumnig, , known,
also the disposition, affection, humours knowing, skilful, cunning; Aduna, to
of the mind.—Cot. know, to feel, to be sensible.
Complicity. — Accomplice. Lat. Conceal. Lat. ce/o, Goth. huljan, OE.
complico, to fold or plait together; com to he/e, hiſ/, to cover, hide.
pler, Fr. complice, one bound up with, a Concert. Agreement. According to
partner in crime. See -plic. Diez from concertare, to contend with,
To Comply.—Compliment. To com but the explanation of Calvera, which he
mentions, is more satisfactory. The Lat.
fly is properly to fulfil, to act in accord
ance with the wishes of another, from has serere, to join together, interweave
Lat. com/ſere, as siſ///y, Fr. suff//čer, (whence serfum, a wreath of flowers), and
from supp/ere. The It. has compiere, tropically to combine, compose, contrive.
complire, compire, to accomplish, com The compound conserere is used much in
plete, also to use compliments, ceremo the same sense, to unite together in ac
nies, or kind offices and offers.-Fl. The tion ; conserere sermonem, to join in
E. comply also was formerly used in the speech ; consertio, a joining together.
latter sense, as by Hamlet speaking of Hence It. conserto, duly wrought and
the ceremonious Osric. “He did comply joined together, a harmonious consort, an
with his dug before he sucked it.’ The agreement; conser/are, to concert or in
addition of the preposition with is alsoterlace with proportion, to agree and
an It. idiom : compire con unto, to per accord together, to sing, to tune or play
form one's duty by one ;-col suo dovere, in consort.—Fl. When the word conserto
to do one's duty ; alla promessa, to per was thus applied to the accord of musical
form one's promise. Mon posso com/ºre instruments, it agreed so closely both in
con futti alla volta, I cannot serve all at sense and sound with concento, Lat. cont
a time.—Altieri. Hence com/imenti, centus (cantus, melody, song), harmony,
complimenti, obliging speeches, compli harmonious music, that the two seem to
mentS. have been confounded together, and con
Comprehend. See -prehend. serto, borrowing the c of concento, became
Comrade. Fr. camerade, a chamber concerto, whence the Fr. and E. concert,
ful, a company that belongs to one cham In English again the word was con
168 CONCILIATE CONSTABLE

founded with consort, from Lat. consors, -ſessum, to acknowledge, avow, confess,
-sor/is, partaking, sharing, a colleague, to manifest.
partner, comrade. Congeal. Lat. ge/u, frost, severe cold;
Right hard it was for wight which did it hear congºlo, to become solidified by the action
To read what manner musick that mote be ; of cold.
For all that pleasing was to living ear Conglomerate. Lat. globus (corre
Was there consorted in one harmonee, sponding to E. club), a ball, thick round
Birds, voices, instruments, winds, waters, all
agree.—F. Q. in R. body; glomus, a ball of thread; glomero,
conglomero, to roll or heap up into a
Muta di violoni, a set or consort of viols. Ina SS.
—Fl. Congruity.—Incongruous. Lat. con
Conciliate.—Reconcile. Lat. con gruo, to come together, to happen at the
cilio, to full or thicken woollen cloth, same time, to accord; congruus, suitable,
thence to bring together, to conjoin, to agreeing, fit.
procure. It seems to be the equivalent Conjugal. Lat. conjur, -jugs, a con
of Gr. ovur Möw, to felt, from triXoc, wool, sort, husband or wife, properly perhaps
felt, as in so many other instances where a yoke-fellow, from jugum, a yoke; but
p and c or k replace each other. “ ultimately from jungo, to join.
Conclave. Lat. clavis, key ; conclave, Conjure. Lat. jurare, to swear; con
an apartment under lock and key ; hence jurare, to combine together by an oath,
a party or council meeting and deliberat but in the E. application to bind by
ing in such an apartment, or in guarded an oath, to call upon some one by the
privacy. most binding sanctions, hence (with the
Concord. Lat. cor, cordis, heart; con accent on the first syllable) to conjure, to
cordia, union of hearts, agreement, and use enchantments to exorcise the super
fig. agreement of notes, harmony. natural powers, and ultimately to use
Concubine. Lat. concubina, from juggling tricks or sleight of hand.
concumbo, to lie down together. Cf. Gr. Connive. Lat. commived, -niri, to
trapárotruc, Clevel. Maybeside. wink with the eyes, to take no notice of;
Condign-. Lat. dignus, condignus, micto, to wink; micere manu, to beckon
fitting, worthy. with the hand. G. nicken, Du. Knicken,
Condiment. Lat. condio,-ire, to season to nod, to wink. For the relation between
meat. mico or micro and niveo comp. mia, nivis,
Condition. Lat. condo, comditum, to snow. The ultimate root is the repre
set together, to lay up in store, to arrange, sentation of the sound of a snap or crack
dispose, establish ; conditio, the putting by the syllable #nick, kniff. G. Knicken,
together, the nature, condition or cir Du. Anippen, to snap, crack. The term
cumstances of a thing. is then applied to any short sharp move
Conduit. Fr. conduire, -duit, to con ment. Met de oogen Aniſºpen, knipoogen,
duct, lead ; conduit, a watercourse, a to wink or twinkle with the eyes.
gutter or trench whereby water is led to Conqueror. Lat. Quarrere, to seek,
a place. See -duce. conquirere, to seek for, to seek out, obtain
Cone. Lat. conus. Gr. Kövoc, a cone, by seeking. Fr. conquerir, to get, pur
a spinning top, fir-cone, pine-tree, pitch. chase, acquire, and hence to get the vic
Coney. Lat. cuniculus, It. coniglio, tory, to subdue, overcome.
Fr. comil, connin, Du. Komijn, G. Aungele, Consider. Lat. considere, to observe,
Æunele (Kil), kumigel, AEumiglin (Dief.), consider, reflect; a figure, according to
ON. Kuningr, W. cwning. The name is Festus, from the observation of (Lat.
said by Pliny and other writers to be sidera) the stars.
originally Spanish, and through the Latin Constable. The Master of the Horse,
it seems to have spread to the Germanic or great officer of the empire who had
and Celtic stocks. In several of the charge of the horses, was called comes
forms above cited the name seems to stabuli, the count of the stable, comesta
signify king or little king, and thus was biſis, comestabilis, &c. To this officer, in
translated into Boh. Kraljk, a prince or the kingdoms which sprang up out of the
little king, also a rabbit or coney. See ruins of the empire, fell the command of
Dief. Orig. Eur. 308. the army and the cognisance of military
Confection. Lat. conſcio, -ſectum, to matters. “Regalium praepositus equo
get together, compose, prepare, work; rum, quem vulgo Comistabilem vocant.”
conſectio, a preparation. —Armoin in Duc. “Comitem stabuli
Confess. Lat. ſateor, fassum, conſteor, sui quem corrupte constabulum appella
 CONSTANT CONVEY 169
mus.”—Greg. Turon. in Duc. ‘Coram Contrive. Fr. trouver, to find, invent,
comite Herefordiensi, qui secundum anti light on, meet with, get, devise ; con
quum jus constabularius esse dignoscitur trouver, to forge, devise, invent out of
regii exercitàs.”—Math. Westm. in Duc. his own brain.—Cot.
The term was then applied to the com Thre ſals men togidere
mander of a fortress or any detached Thisement— thre ageyn Edward made a compasse
body of troops, and in this sense the title Of that ſals controueyng gaf thei jugement.
still remains in the Constable of the
R. Bruune 255.
Tower, the Constable of Chester Castle.
The Constable then became the officer It. trovare, to find, invent, or seek
who commanded in any district on behalf out. According to Diez from turbare,
of the king. ‘In villis vero vel urbibus to disturb, to turn over in searching
vel castellis quae regis subsunt dominio, through, supporting his theory by the
in quibus constabularii ad tempus sta OPtg. trovare = turbare ; Neap. stru
tuuntur.’—Concil. Turon. A. D. 1163 in vare = disturbare ; controvare = contur
Duc. bare. But the G. treffºn, to hit, to reach,
Thus in England the term finally set to come to, comes very near the notion
tled down as the designation of the petty of lighting on. Jemanden fre/en, to
officer who had the charge of the king's meet with or find one. Compare Sw.
peace in a separate parish or hamlet. hitta, to hit on, find, discover, contrive.
Constant. Lat. consto, to stand to Ne's eschacent ne's emoevent
Mais od les branz nuz s'entretrovent.
gether, stand firmly, to remain, endure.
Consternation. Lat. sterno, stratum, Benoit. Chron. Norm. 2. 5335.
to scatter, strew, throw to the ground ; —they strike each other with naked blades.
consterno, to throw down, and fig. to Control. Fr. contrerolle, the copy of
terrify. a roll of accounts, &c. Contreroller, to
Constipation. Lat. constipatio (con keep a copy of a roll of accounts.-Cot.
and stipo, to cram, pack closely, Gr. Hence to check the accounts of an
orsića), a crowding or pressing together. officer, to overlook, superintend, regulate.
Construe.—Construct. See Structure. Controversy. — Controvert. Lat.
Consult. Lat. consulo, -sulfum, to de verto, versum, to turn ; verso, to turn
liberate, take advice. about ; versor, to be occupied about a
Contact.—Contagion.—Contiguous. thing ; controversor, to litigate, contend,
—Contingent. See Tact, -tag. dispute.
Contaminate. Lat. contamino, to Contumacy. Lat. confumar, obstinate,
make foul, pollute, stain. unyielding.
Contemn. —Contempt. Lat. temno, Contumely. Lat. contumelia, mis
contemno, to despise. usage, insult, affront. Supposed to be
Contemplate. Lat. contemplor (perf. connected with temno, to despise.
p. contemplatus), to survey, behold or Convent. —Conventicle. Lat. cont
gaze at steadily. ventus, a coming together, meeting, as
Contest. Lat. testis, a witness; con sembly. See -vene. In M.Lat. the term
festor, to call to witness; contestart litem, was applied to the church or meeting
It contestare una lite, to bring a cause place of the faithful, while the contempt
before the judge for his decision on the uous name of conventiculum was given
evidence, to commence the pleading ; to the assemblies of heretics. Conventus
thence It. contestare, to wrangle. Thus was also applied to the council-chamber
the verb to contest is older than the noun. or meeting-place in a monastery, or to
Contra-.—Contrary.—Counter. Lat. the college or body of monks.
contra, Fr. contre, against, in opposition Ut greges dutim Coenobiorum permitterent
to. Passing through Fr. into E. the word adunari Deique ad laudem sub uno Abbate
unum conventum effici.-Ord. Vital. in Duc.
became counter, frequently used in com
position. Hence Fr. encontrer, reneon The term has finally come to signify a
trer, to meet, to encounter. Rencontre, a house of nuns.
meeting, a rencounter. Convex. Lat. converus, vaulted,
Contrast. Fr. contraste, withstand arched over, also hollow. From veho,
ing, strife, contention.—Cot. It con vex um, to carry; but how the sense is
trastare, to stand opposite, to withstand, attained is not well made out.
contest, wrangle; contrasto, contrastanza, Convey.—Convoy. The tendency to
an opposing, contention. From contra, a thin or a broad pronunciation of the
against, and stare, to stand. vowels prevailing in different dialects of
17o CONVIVIAL COP

Fr. converted Lat. via into veie (Chron. bind casks. To coof is to pen or confine
Norm. ; L. des Rois), or voie, way ; and in a narrow space. The OE. cuč, to con
the same variation is found in enveier, fine, seems a different form of the same
envoyer, It. in viare, to set in the right root.
way, to send unto—Fl., and in conveier, Art thou of Bethlehem's noble college free
convoyer, It. conviare, to make way with, Stark staring mad that thou wouldst tempt the
to conduct. “Del ciel enveiad.’ ‘Tutli Sea

poples de Juda out li rei conveied.”—L. Cuðbed in a cabin, on a mattress laid.

des Rois. From the thin Norman pro Dryden in R.
nunciation was formed E. convey, while Pl.D. behubbelf is used in the same
convoy has been borrowed from a more sense, confined, pressed for room. Sp.
recent state of the Fr. language. encubar, to put a criminal into a tub by
No doubt a reference to Lat. convehere way of punishment. W. Cwb, a hut, pen
has affected some applications of convey, or cote; cºwb-iar, a hen-coop ; czvē-ci, a
as when a carriage is called a convey dog-kennel; cºwb-colomen, a dove-cote.
an CC. Dan. Auðe, a hive; Áove, a hut, hovel ;
Convivial. Lat. vivo, to live : con forwe-kube, for e-Åove, a turf-shed. AS.
vivo, to eat or live with ; conviva, a coſa, Sw. Áo/wa, a chamber. Holstein
guest, convivium, a feast. Autºve, a bed of poor people, a cot; Pl. D.
Coo. Imitative of the noise of doves, Æave, Æaven, a small enclosed place, a
formerly written croo, Du. Korren, kir pen, Kalver-Kaven, swiene-kaven, a calf
ren, ON. Kurra, Fr. roucouler, to crooor swine-pen. G. Koben, a hollow re
like a dove.—Cot. To croo, crook, or pository, a chamber ; schweins-Koben, a
mourn as a dove.—Fl. Mod. Gr. kovkov hog-stye ; Koče/, a cote, cot ; tauðen
Bakićw. #obeſ, a dove-cote; siech-kobel, a hovel
Cook. Lat. coquus, a cook; coquere, for lepers. Probably cabin must be
to cook, to prepare by fire. The primi reckoned in the same class of words.
tive sense seems, however, to be to boil, The radical idea seems that of bending
from an imitation of the noise of boil round. Gael. cºb, crouch, stoop, shrink,
ing water. G. kochen, to boil; das b/u? cºach, bent, hollowed; cºa, a bed; ciró,
kocht in seinen adern, the blood boils in a bending of the body, a pannier. As the
his veins. Fin. Æuo/lua, Kizo/a/a, to foam, liquid is exceedingly movable in words
bubble, boil, swell; Kuohina, the boiling beginning with cr; cl, cr; &c., it is pro
as of a cataract or of the waves. Mod. bable that the Gael. cºb must be con
Gr. cox\áčw, to boil, boil with a noise, nected with crºſº, to squat, crouch, crºë,
bubble. Esthon. Æoh/hisema, rauschen, a claw, crºach, a hook, a crooked
brausen, to murmur, roar. Galla Aoka, woman, criſp, to contract, shrink, crouch,
to boil, to cook.--Tutschek. The sound &c. Thus “cubbed in a cabin' would
of tattling is constantly represented by be radically identical with Shakespeare's
the same syllables as the noise of agitated ‘cribbed, cabined, and confined.’
water. Hence we may compare Pl. D. Coot. A water-fowl, called also a
Æakeln, to chatter or cackle, or kiſſe//a/e// moor-hen.—B. The two are often con
for the sound of chatter, with Æa/en, to founded, and in the moor-hen the short
boil. white tail bobbing up and down, with a
Cool. ON. Ku!, Kula, a cold blast ; motion like that of the tail of a rabbit, is
Æula, to blow, to be cold ; Ku!!ord, the a very conspicuous object. Now as the
windward side of the ship ; Auſ/a'i, cold ; latter animal is from this cause called
at #ala, to blow cold, to suffer from cold; bunny, from Gael. &un, a stump, it is
AEaldi, cold. OHG. chuo/i, G. Kiihl. See probable that the name of the coot is
Cold. also taken from the tail.
Coomb. A half quarter, or measure w. cwt, a little piece, a short tail ;
of four bushels. r. comble, heaped cwta, cºv/og, bobtailed, cºv/-far (iar =
measure. Or is it from the Du. Atom, a hen), bobtailed hen, a coot or water-hen.
trough, a chest, deep dish P Cop. w. coff, coffa, the top of any
Coop.–Cooper.—Cub. Lat. cufa, Sp. thing, crown of the head; coffog, crested;
cuba, Fr. cuve, Du. Kuyffe, a tub, cask. co//yn, a small tuft or crest. Du. Aof,
Sp. cubero, a cooper. The Sp. cuba is the head. Wall. coffett, top.
also a hen-coop. It cuba, a couch, bed, The expression for a knob, bunch, or
coop or pen for poultry. Du. Kuype der projection, is very often taken from the
stad, the circuit of the town, the space designation of a blow (see Boss), and the
confined within the walls; Auy/en, to two senses are often united in the root
 COPE CORK 171

Æoff. Magy. Kop, sonus pulsu editus ; Coquette. Fr. coqueffer, a cock to call
Æopogni, to stamp or clatter with the his hens, or to cluck as a cock among
feet; Æophal (hal = fish), gobio, the bull hens; to swagger or strowt it as a cock
head, a fish with a large head; Fin. AoA among hens; coguette, one who lays her
fata, to tap ; Koſºsia, to knock, beat, self out for the admiration of the male
smack; Áopina, the noise of a blow ; w. sex, as the cock does for the female.
coèio, to thump; coö, a thump, also a top Cor-. See Con-.
or tuft ; cobyn, a tuft, bunch, cluster ; Corbel.—Corbet. A shouldering piece
Cat. cop, a blow ; Sp. cofa, the boss of a or jutting out in walls to bear up a post,
bridle ; copo, bunch of flax on a distaff; summer, &c.—B. From being made in
coffete, tuft, top, summit. the shape of a basket. Fr. corõeate, It.
Cope. It cappa, Sp. capa, Fr. chdiffe, corva, corbella, a corbel, and also a
basket.
Sw, Aapa, G. Kaffe, a cape, cloak, cope
or priest's vestment. In a met, sense, the Cord. Lat. chorda, Gr. xopčh, gut,
cope of heaven. It la cappa del cielo, Fr. then the string of a musical instrument,
Za chaffe du ciel, Du. hu//e or kappe des because made of gut. In E. applied to
/*emels (hulle, capitium, velamen mulie strings made of any other material.
bre), is the arch or vault of heaven. Du. -cord.—Cordial. Hearty, good for
Æaff, Aappe, a cap, hood, summit of a the heart. Lat. cor, cordis, the heart.
building. G. kappe also is specially ap From the heart taken as the seat of
plied to the vault of an oven, the roof of the affections and the mind are Lat. cont
a gallery in mining. Sp. coffa, crown of cordia, discordia, concord, discord ; M.
a hat, roof or vault of an oven. The Lat. accordare, to accord or cause to be
coping of a wall is a layer of tiles project of one mind. Fr. recorder, to call to mind,
ing over the top and sheltering the wall. to remember.
To cope, jut or lean out, forfecter.—Sher Cordovan.—Cordwainer. Fr. cordo
wood. van, originally leather from Cordova.
To Cope. To encounter, meet in bat Cordouamier (a worker in Cordovan
tle, strive for the mastery. leather), a shoemaker.—Cot.
So kene thei acuntred at the coupyng togadre.
William & Werwolf, 3602.
Core. The core of an º Fr.

Ageyn hym came Johan, sone of the Duke of

carur, heart, also the core of fruit.—Cot.
Brennes, and coped togyder so fyersly that they Sp. corazon, the heart; corazon de una
brake theyr speres.—Paris and Vienna (Rox Aera, manzana, the core of a pear, apple.
burgh Lib.), p. 18. So Esthon. sidda, the heart, the core of
OFr. colò, cop, a blow; choffer, to strike an apple. Fin. sydän, the heart, what
or knock against. ever is in the middle, the wick of a can
Copesman.—Copesmate. To cope, dle, pith of a tree, kernel of a nut, &c.
to barter or truck. —B. Copeman, a Cork. Sp. corcho, from Lat. corter,
customer; copesmate, a partner in mer as Sp. pancho, paunch, from Aanter. It
chandise, companion. Du. Koop, chaffer, is possible however that the word may
exchange; Æoop-man, a merchant. See be connected with Lat. corter, and yet
Chop. not be direct from a Lat. Source. The
Copious. Lat. copia, plenty. root cor is widely spread in the Slavonic
Copper. Lat. cuprum. G. KuAſer. and Fin. class of languages in the sense
Copperas. Fr. couperose, It. copparosa, of rind, skin, shell, uniting the Lat.
from Lat. cupri rosa, Gr. x&\kav6ov, the corium, skin, with corter, bark. Fin.
flower of copper; rose for flower. Auori, bark, shell, crust, cream ; Lap.
Coppice.—Copse. OFr. § coffeau, Åarr, bark, shell, Karra, hard, rough ;
wood newly cut; coppuis, right of cutting Esthon. Æoor, rind, shell, bark, cream ;
the waste branches of trees.—Roquef. Áorik, crust. Magy. Kereg, rind, crust,
From couper, to cut. What we call cop bark; #ereg-dugº (dºgó = stopper), a
fice or copse is in Fr. bois tail/is. Gr. stopper of bark, a cork ; Áeregº/a, a cork
rotračec, arbores caeduae—Hesychius in
Junius, from córrw, to cut. tree, kêrges, barky, hard. Bohem. Aºra,
Copy. Lat. copia, abundance, and Airka, bark, crust; Pol. Kora, bark of a
tropically, means, opportunity of doing tree; korek, Koreczek, cork, korek-2-kory
anything. Copiam exscribendi facere, to (a stopper of bark), a cork; —drewniany,
give the means of writing out a docu a stopper of wood, s2k/anny, of glass;
ment, of taking a copy, whence copia Russ. Æorka, the rind of fruits, crust of
came to be used in the sense of copy. bread, cork. - -
172 CORMORANT CORSNED

Cormorant. Fr. cormorant, corbeau ratio, an assumption of body; corpulenſus,

de mer, It. corvo marino, agreeing with gross or bulky of body.
Bret. morwran, from mor, sea, and bran, Corps.-Corpse.—Corse.—Corset.—
a CrOW. Corselet. Lat. corpus, It. corpo, Fr.
Corn. Goth. Kaurn, corn ; Kaurno, a corps, OFr. cors, body. Hence corps, a
. OHG. Kerno, MG. kerne, ON. body of troops ; corpse, corse, a dead
‘iarni, Du. Keerne, a grain, kernel. body; It corpice//o, corpare/lo (Fl.), Fr.
Bohem. zrno, Pol. 2iarno, a grain. corset, a little body, also a pair of bodies
Cornelian. Fr. cornaline, It. corna for a woman ; It corsaletto, corsetto, a
Aino. A flesh-coloured stone easy to be corselet, or armour for the body. So G.
engraved upon.—Cot. From cornu, horn, Zeið, body; leiðchen, little body, a woman's
because of the colour of the finger-nail. bodice.
For the same reason it is in Gr. called Corridor. Fr. corridor, a passage, It.
&vv8, the nail-Diez. Others derive it corridore, a runner, a long gallery, ter
from carments, because flesh-coloured. race, walk, upper deck of a ship.–Fl.
But the true derivation is probably from See Courier.
the semi-transparency of the stone resem Corrody. Money or provisions due to
bling horn. G. hornstein, cornelian, the king as founder from a religious
chalcedony, agate. house, for the maintenance of one that he
Corner. Lat. cornu, Fr. corne, a horn, appoints for that purpose. Mid. Lat. con
whence cornière, a corner. Comp. ON. redium, corredum, comradium, corrodium,
/horn, signifying both horn and corner. &c. “Quicquid ad alimentum ad men
L'une des corneres leva sam datur; praebenda monachi vel ca
Et l'autre a sa fille bailla. nonici.”—Duc. It corredare, to fit out,
Fab. et Contes, 2, 85. furnish, set forth. See Array.
Cornet. A musical instrument. Fr.
Corsair. It corsaro, corsale, a pirate.
From Sp. corsa, corso, a cruise or course
cornet, from corne, horn. Also the stand at sea ; Lat. cursus.--Diez. But the
ard of a troop of horse, or the officer who Mod. Gr. has kövpoov, currency, rô kövorov
bore it, corresponding to an ensign of rów Łx6pºv, prey ; kovpatºw, to plunder,
foot. It cornetta, that ensign which is rob, act the pirate ; roupoépnç, roupoevrijc,
carried by lancers on horseback.-Fl. a robber, pirate.
Fr. cornette, a cornet of horse, and the Corselet. See Corps.
ensign of a horse company.—Cot. Corsned. A piece of ordeal bread, by
Cornice. It cornice, Fr. corniche, eating which a person accused of crime
Wal. coronise. Gr. kopºvn, ropww.ic, a was allowed to clear himself in certain
summit, finish, or completion of any cases. A prayer was uttered over the
thing ; ropwwiða tririðéval, to put the morsel to be eaten that it might choke
finishing stroke to a thing. The Gr. the person accused if guilty, and the
ropww.ic and Lat. corona (and in all proba curse was solemnised by marking the
bility also coronis) were also used in the corsned with the sign of the cross. Thus
sense of a cornice, or projection at the the word may be explained from AS. snard,
top of the wall of a building, ré réAévraiov bit, morsel, ON. smad, food, as signifying
rig oikočouñc triëspa.-Hesych. As the either the morsel of the curse or execra
Gr. kopówm also signified a crown, the tion, or as the crossed morsel. Da. Korse,
sense of a summit or completion may to mark with the sign of the cross. A
arise from the notion of crowning, as we curse is an imprecation sanctioned by the
say ‘a crowning grace,” or as in the ex sign of the cross. When Earl Godwin
pression Fini's coronat opus. was suspected of the murder of the king's
Coroner.—Coronet. Lat. corona, a brother he proposed to clear himself by
crown. Coronator, the Coroner, was the the corsned, and is represented by Phi
official whose special duty was to look lippe Mouskes as saying to the king—
after the rights of the crown in a district.
Bien sai que vous me mescrées
‘Judex coronae, qui vulgo dicitur Coroner.’ De vo frere ki fu tués,
—Will. Thorn in Duc. A.D. 1367. Mais trestout aussi voirement
Corporal. It capo, head ; caporale, Puisse jou manger sainement
caporano, a corporal of a band of men, a Cest morsel de pain que je tieng,
chief man or commander—Fl.; Fr. capo Que par efort, ne par engien
N'eue coupe en la mort vo frere—
ral, Rouchi coporal, corporal, a corporal. Zors saina li rois le morsiel.
Corporal. — Corporation. — Corpu
lent. Lat. corpus, poris, body; corpo After Godwin's imprecation the king
 CORVETTE COT 173

signed the cross on the morsel, and the Cot.—Cottage. Fin. Kofi, a dwelling
guilty Godwin was accordingly place, house; Kota, a poor house, cottage,
choked.
In the account of the same transaction in kitchen ; Kofi-ma (ma = land), country.
the Roman de Rou the signing of the Esthon. Æoddo, house.
cross on the corsned is also specially Cot, 2.-Cote. Probably cote, a pen
mentioned. or shelter for animals, may be identical
with cot in the last sense. We have
—je sai bien qu'il s'estrangla sheep-cote, dove-cote, Du. duive-kot, hoent
D'un morsel que le Roi seigna,
A Odihan ou il manja. Áot, honde-Åot, a dove-, hen-, dog-cote. In
this language Aot is widely used in the
In a Gl. of the time of Edw. III. corsned is sense of hollow receptacle ; Kot, tugu
rendered panis conjuratus, the bread of rium, cavum, latibulum, caverna, locula
exorcism or execration. mentum, locus excavatus. “De leden wt
The word is explained by Grimm as de Áote doen, to put limbs out of joint.—
the morsel of trial or of judgment, from Kil. w. cwt, a cot, hovel, sty. Cwtt, a
OHG. kiusan, to try, discern, judge, cottage, cºwtt moch, a hog-sty.—Richards.
whence koron, koren, to try, kuri, M.H.G. Cot, 3. The primary sense of the
Air, AS. cyre, trial, judgment, choice. nearly obsolete cot is a matted lock. G.
Fris. Korbita, corsned. 20te, a cot, a lock of hair or wool clung
Corvette. Lat. corbita, a large ship together.—Ludwig. Cot-gare, refuse wool
for traffic, Sp. corbeta, Pg. corveta, Fr. so clotted together that it cannot well be
corzieffe. pulled asunder; cottum, cat or dog-wool
Cosmetic. — Cosmogony. — Cosmo (properly cot or dag-wool) of which cott's
politan. Gr. korumrixóc, skilled in the or coarse blankets were formerly made.—
art of adornment, from roquëw, to array, Bailey. Cotted, cottered, cotty, matted,
decorate, adorn. Köopoc, order, arrange entangled.—Hal. Lang. coutou, flock
ment, the universe ; roapoyovia, the world's (bourre), wool, cotton; coutis, matted;
origin; roapotroAirnc, a citizen of the coutisses, dag-locks, the tail-wool of sheep.
world. —Cousinié.
Cosset. A lamb brought up by hand, The term is then applied to a fleece,
a pet. It casiccio, a tame lamb bred by mat, rug of shaggy materials, to a cover
hand—Fl., from casa, house, as in Suffolk, ing or loose garment made of such mate
cot-lamb. Wal. cosset, a sucking pig, is rials, to an inartificial sleeping-place,
probably unconnected. where a rug or mat may be laid down for
Cost. Lat. constare, Fr. couster, couter, that purpose.
to stand one in, to cost. Wall. cote, sheepskin, fleece; E. dial.
Costive. Fr. constipe, constipated, cot, a fleece of wool matted together in
bound in the belly; Lat. constipare, from its growth, a door-mat made of a cotted
stipare, to cram, to stuff. It costigativo, fleece.—Baker. G. Kotze, a rough, shaggy
having a tendency to constipate, whence covering, a shaggy overcoat worn by pea
by contraction costive. sants; Æotzet, cotted, shaggy.—Adelung.
Costume. See Custom. Fin. Kaatu, a rough coverlet of sheep
Cosy.—To Cose. Cosie, snug, warm, skins. The Mid. Lat. cottus, cotta, cottum
comfortable; cosh, quiet, snug, intimate. were used in both senses, of a rug or
They are sitting very cosh: i.e. close to coarse woollen mat used by the monks as
each other.—Jam. To cose, to converse bedding, and of the single garment, made
with familiarity.—Hal. A cose in fami of similar material, covering the whole
liar speech is a private and sociable body. ‘Accipit incola cellae ad lectum
conversation. G. Kosen, to chat, talk con paleam, filtrum, si possit haberi, sin au
fidentially. “So Kosten sie die nacht tem (but if not), pro eo pannum grossum
entlang.’ Gekose, Æoserei, chat, tattle. simplicem non duplicatum, pulvinar,
The primary signification of the word cotum vel coopertorium de grossis ovium
seems to be the sound of whispering, and pellibus et panno grosso coopertum.”—
it is applied in MHG. to the murmuring Stat. Cartus. in Duc. Rugs of the fore
of water. Horte man dà kosen diu waz. going description were either to lie on or
zer unde runen.—Benecke. Sc. cush/e- to serve as coverings. “Nec jaceant
mushle, low whispering conversation, super cotos.’ “Super cotos in lecto quies
muttering—Jam. Couster, which is cere.’ ‘Tunc, ait, ille es qui sub cotto
sometimes used in the sense of chat or quotidie completorium insusurras?’—
cose, may be compared with whister, Duc.
whisper. See Cuddle. A cot, a sleeping-place in a ship, is
174 COTERIE COUNTERPANE

properly a mat, then the place where a That lying cut is lost.—Gammer Gurton, v. 2.
mat is laid for sleeping. In cofºucan the element signifying wo
The Mid. Lat. cotta, cottus, explained man is repeated, as so often happens
by Ducange, tunica clericis propria, cor when the original form of the word has
responds to G. kutte, the cowl or hood, the lost its significance.
distinctive part of a friar's dress. It is Cotton. Sp. algodon, Arab. go’ſon,
probable that the derivation of the word algo ton. The meaning would exactly
coat, in which all reference to the nature agree with that of E. cof, a lock or flock.
of the material is lost, must be traced to Lang. coufou, wool, flock, cotton. Noppe
the same origin. We have above seen of wool or cloth, coton de tapis-Palsgr.
the same word (AEoſse) applied to a rough Couch. Fr. coucher, OFr. culcher, to
overcoat. And it is probable that the lay down; It colcare, from Lat. collocare,
Mid. Lat. focus, floccus, /roccus, the frock con and locare, to lay. Soſe co//ocato, au
of the monk, is in like manner derived soleil couché. — Lex Salica. Menage.
from floccus, a flock of wool, referring to Cowchyn, or leyne things together, col
the shaggy material of which the frock loco.—Pr. Pn.
was made. So also from Fin. takku, To Cough. Imitative of the noise.
villus animalium defluus, maxime impli Du. Kuch, a cough ; kuchen, to pant, to
catus vel concretus, a cot or dag (whence cough-Kil. Fin. Köhkia, Køhlia, to
tak&uinen, cotted, matted, takku-willa, hawk, to cough, rauce tussio, screo.
dag-wool), comes takki, an overcoat, per
haps explaining the origin of the Roman Esthon. Æðhhima, to cough ; Æðhhatama,
toga. Áºggisema, to hawk up phlegm.
In the original signification of a matted Coulter. Lat. culter, a ploughshare,
lock cot is related on the one side to clot, a knife. Fr. couſtre, a coulter. Lat, cul
and on the other to the Sc. tot, fait, G. te//us, a knife. This would look as if to
zote, Fin. tutti, Sw. totte, a bunch of cut were the primary meaning of Kočere,
flax, wool, or fibrous material. We have to till.
seen under Catch examples of the equiva Council. Lat. concilium, an assembly
lence of forms beginning with cl and a or meeting of persons, explained as origin
simple c respectively. And the Fr. motte, ally signifying a pressing together, from
matte, a clot or clod, is identical with E. the source indicated under Conciliate.
mat, an entangled mass of fibre, the Corpora sunt porro partim primordia rerum,
primitive idea being simply a lump. The Partim concilio quae constant principiorum.
Lucret.
Lap. tuogge, a tangled mat of hair, is
also applied to the lumps of paste in soup —by the pressing together of elements.
or gruel. Counsel. Lat. consilium, Fr. consei?
It should be observed that the Sc.
(probably from consulo, to deliberate, take
fo/ſis is used, like G. Kotze, for a coarse advice), advice, deliberation.
shaggy material. Count. Fr. comte, from comes, comitis,
Na dentie geir the Doctor seiks a companion ; the name given to the
Of tottis russet his riding breiks.-Jam. great officers of state under the Frankish
kings.
Coterie. From Lat. guotus, what in To Count. Fr. compter, to reckon,
number, how many, are formed, It. Quota, calculate. Lat. computare, con and Au
Pr. cofa, Fr. cote, a quota or contribu fare, to think.
tion ; cotiser, to assess the contribution of Countenance. Fr. contenance, the
one ; cofferie, an assembly, properly a club behaviour, carriage, presence, or composi
where each pays his part. tion of the whole body.—Cot. Lat. cont
Cotguean.—Quotguean. An effemi timere, to hold together.
nate man, man interfering in women's Counter-. See Contra-.
concerns. Du. Kutte, Fin. Auffa, kuttu, Counter. Fr. comptoir, a counter, or
the distinctive feature of a woman, thence table to cast accounts.-Cot.
as a term of abuse for a feeble, womanly Counterpane.— Quilt. W. cylch, a
man. In like manner Bav. ſud, of the hoop, circle; cylched, a bound, circum
same original sense, is used in vulgar lan ference, rampart, what goes round about
guage for a woman, and contemptuously, or enwraps, bed-clothes, curtains. Gwely
as Gr. Yvvvic, for a womanish man. E. a' i gy/chedau, a bed and its furniture.
coſ, cote, a man that busies himself in the Gael. coice, a bed, bed-clothes; coilce
affairs of the kitchen.—Bailey. Cut was adha, bed materials, as feathers, straw,
also a term of abuse for a woman. heath. Bret, golched, a feather-bed,
 COUNTRY COVE 175

chaff-bed. Hence the Lat. cit/cita, ori dine faciant.—Varro in Ihre, v, gºrd.
ginally probably a wadded wrapper, but Allied with a numerous class of words
applied in Lat. to a mattress, and avow signifying enclosure. Russ, gorod, a
edly borrowed from the Gauls. town, gorod"nya, a palisade, gorod"ba, an
Sicut in culcitris praecipuam gloriam Cadurci enclosure. Pol. grod, a town, grodz, en
obtinent, Galliarum hoc et tomenta pariter in closure, grodzki, belonging to a court;
ventum.–Pliny. Bohem. hrad, a fortress, castle; hradha,
The Du. Kulcăț, Sp. colcedra, colcha, enclosure; hraditi, to enclose, fortify.
It. coltre, Fr. coul/re, coulte, mark the Lat. Hortus; Sw: gärd, a yard, court,
passage to the E. Quiſt. estate, house; E. yard. Magy. Kert, a
When the stitches of the quilt came to garden, Kerſe/mi, Keritni, to enclose ; Æe
be arranged in patterns for ornament it riteå, Kerſe/e/, a hedge. Fin: Āarfano, a
was called culcita puncta. court, yard, farm. ..
Estgue toral lecto quod supra ponitur alto Cousin. Fr. cousin, It. cusſino;
Ornatus causã, quod dicunt culcita Aunºſa. Lat. consobrinus, whence Grisons cusdrin,
Duc. cusrin, Sp. sobrino.—Diez.
Nullus ferat secum in vià punctam culcitram Cove. A nook, a sheltered harbour.
ad jacendum nisi is cui in capitulo concessum In secretis recessibus is translated by
fuerit.—Ibid. Holland, in secret coves or nooks.-Rich.
The relations of this word lead us in such
This in Fr. became couſte-pointe, couſe a variety of directions that it is exceed
£ointe, courte-pointe, and with that in ingly difficult to make up our minds as to
stinctive striving after meaning, which is the original source of the signification.
so often the source of corruption in lan Lat. cavits, hollow, Sp. cueva, a cave or
guage, contre-pointe, as if from the op grot, cellar, den of wild beasts, &c. Ptg.
posite pits made by the stitches on either coza, a hole, ditch, pit ; – dos olhos, eye
side of the quilt or mattress. Větu d'une hole ; – ma barba, a dimple ; covil, a den
robe contrepoint,'e comme un malade.— of wild beasts, a lurking-hole, covo, a coop
Rev. des Deux Mondes, Feb. 15, 1860. for chickens. It covare, to squat, brood,
Hence finally the E. counterpane. sit upon eggs, cova, cowo, a den, covale,
Country. Fr. contrée, It contrada covaccio, a hatching nest, squatting form,
(contra-ata), the district which lies oppo lurking-hole; covile, covig/io, a kennel,
site you, as G. gegend', a situation, Mid.G. sty, lurking-place, covig/fare, to lurk or
gegenote, from gegen, opposite.— Diez. get into some secret place for shelter.
Muratori suggests the Lat. conſerraneus, Looking at the latter forms we should be
a person of the same country, for which inclined to refer the word to the Lat.
in Mid. Lat. was used conferratus. Occi
sus est Michael sub castello Mutulae ab cubare, to lie, Gael. cº, to crouch, stoop,
bend, lie down, whence cºa, a bed, cºa
ipsis conferratis.-Chron. A.D. 1040. Et chwil, Lat. cubiculum, a bed-chamber,
omnes conferraſi dispersi sunt ; id est cubile, a resting-place, a lair of animals,
(says Muratori) cives ejusdem terrae. identical with the It. coviſe, coviglia.
Couple. Lat. copuſa, a tie, a rope; The idea of cooping or confining may
copulo, to tie or join together. It ca/Aio, be united with that of lying down, if we
a noose, snare, halter.
Courage. Fr. courage, It. coraggio, suppose that the primitive imageexpressed
by the Lat. cubare, to lie down, is the act
from Lat. cor, the heart.
Courier.—Course. — -course. Lat. of curling oneself up for warmth in going
to sleep. Compare Lap. Arukahet, to lie
curro, cursum, It. correre, Fr. courir, to down on the ground without a bed, with
run ; It. corriere, Fr. courier, a runner, E. crook. Gael. cº, a bending of the
one sent on messages. Lat. cursies, a
body, cºach, bent, hollowed. Lat. cubi
running, journey, course. Discurro, to fum, the elbow or bending of the arm.
run to and fro, to speak of a thing ; dis In the Finnish and Slavonic languages
cursus, conversation, discourse ; concur
sus, a running together, concourse. In we have Lap. AºA/e, Æðe, hollow, a ca
other cases the Lat. vowel remains un vern, ditch ; Ad//eſ, to hollow out ; Russ.
altered, as in Incursion, Excursion. Æo/aſ, to dig, to hollow ; Fin. Kofio,
Court. Fr. cour, It. corte, Lat. cohors, sounding as an empty vessel, empty,
chors, cors, cortis, a cattle-yard, enclosed hollow ; Koppa, anything hollow or vault
place. Corſes sunt villarum intra mace ed; Kofano, a hollow trunk of a tree ;
riem spatia.-Nonius. Portant secum Æo/ero, Áopareſ, a receptacle for small
crates et retia quibus cohortes in solitu things, trench for keeping turnips ; ko
176 COVENANT COWL

fera, Kowera, hollowed, concave, curved, which was familiarly termed couard, the
crooked. bobtailed. ‘If eny [of your hounds]
If the whole of these words are radi fynde of hym [the hare], where he hath
cally connected, the train of thought ben, Rycher or Bemond, ye shall say,
must begin with the sound characteristic oiez à Bemond le vayllaunt, que quide
of a hollow object, whence the idea of trovere /e coward, ou /e court cow.’—Le
empty, hollow, concave, crooked, making Venery de Twety in Reliquiae Antiquae, p.
crooked, curling oneself up, lying down. I 53. A tºwaerd, lepus, vulgo Cuardus ;
Covenant. Lat. conventus, conventio ignavus, imbellis, timidus.-Kil. The
(from convenire, to come together, to timidity of the hare is proverbial :
agree), an assembly, compact, covenant. Myd word he threteneth muche, and lute dethe
Fr. convenir, to assemble, befit, accord in dede,
with ; convenant, fit, comely, agreeing Hys mouth ys as a leon, hys herte arne as an
with, and as a subst, an agreement, con Aare.—R.G. 457.
tract. The n has been lost in E. cove If some such desperate hackster shall devise
mant, as in OE. covent for convent; Co To rouse thy hare's heart from her cowardice.
Bp. Hall in R.
vent-garden.
Cover. Fr. couvrir, It. coprize, Lat. Some have thought that the name is
cooperire, con and opertre, to cover. taken from the figure of a terrified dog
Coverlet. Fr. couz're-lit, a bed-cover. with his tail between his legs, as in
Covet. Fr. convoiter, by a false ety Heraldry a lion so depicted was termed a
mology, as if compounded with the pre Zion couard. But it does not appear that
position con. The real derivation is the putting his tail between his legs is a sign
Lat. cupidus, whence Prov. cobeiſos, cubi of fear in the case of a lion.
tos, cobes, covetous ; cupiditat, coffeifat, In the original text I was led to explain
covetousness; cobeitar, cubitar, to covet. the word as signifying a tailer, one who
—Diez. draws to the rear, shrinks backward :
Covey. A brood of partridges. Fr. Quand de Narcissus me souvint
couvée, from couver, It covare, to hatch, A qui mallement mesadvint,
brood, covey, squat or sit upon ; covata, Ly commençay a couarder.—R. R. 1525.
a brood or covey.—Fl. Lat. cubo, to lie, In Chaucer's translation,
incubo, to hatch. Igan anon withdrawe me.
Covin. A deceitful agreement between
two to the prejudice of a third.—B. Lat. Lap. murdet, to go backwards, to be
convenire, to agree. Lang. couvinen, timid, to fear.
covimen, convention, agreement, plot; To Cower. G. kauern, kauren, to
far covimens, to concert, to plot. See squat, sit close to the ground; ON. Aura,
Covenant. to roost, to sit like a roosting bird; N.
Cow. Sanscr. g6, gu, G. Kuh. The AEura, to droop the head, to rest, lie still,
bellowing of an ox may be imitated as sleep in a bent posture. W. cwr, corner,
well with an initial g as a b. Thus the nook ; czwrian, to cower. The funda
ON. has gaula as well as baula, to bellow mental image seems, making a hunch of
(to cry gau / bau A as Fr. miauler, to cry oneself, crooking oneself together. The
miau / to mew); gault as well as bauli, N. has kus, a crook or hump in the back,
a bull. The Sanscr. g6 preserves the Æusa seg, synonymous with Aura seg, to
first of these forms, as the Gr. 305c and w. crook oneself, bow down. Fin. Kaare,
bu, It. bue, the second. bow, curvature ; Kaarittaa, to bow, to
* To Cow. ON. Auga, Sw. Żuſua, Dan. curve, to go round; Lap, kärjot, to lie
Żue, to coerce, subdue, keep under. A curled up like a dog.
parallel form with Dan. Anuge, to squeeze, Cowl. Lat. cucullus, Sp. cogulſa, OFr.
press down. Compare N. &ntiffe and cuouſe — Chr. Norm. ; AS. cuffle, cuffe,
Æippe, a bundle; Anubb and Aubb, a cuſtle, W. cwſ, Gael. cubhal, a monk's
block; Anart and kart, a lump, unripe hood, cowl. Originally from the figure of
fruit; knoll and koll, a round top, crown a cock's comb. Illyr. Kukman, kukmitza,
of the head. Aukljitza, a cock's comb, tuft on a bird's
Coward. There is no doubt that the head, a hood; Kukulj, a cowl; Bohem.
word comes from It. coda, OFr. coue, chochol, crest on a bird's head, Kukla, a
Wall. cow, a tail, but the precise course hood ; Bav. gogkel, a cock, thence the
of the metaphor has been much disputed. cock's comb :-Es Steigt einem der j.
It appears to me certain that the sense of Åel, giickel, his crest rises, he is enraged;
timidity is taken from the figure of a hare, gugel, kugel, a cape, cowl
 COWL-STAFF CRAM BE 177

Cowl-staff. A staff for carrying a tub Crabbed. Crabbed writing is scratchy

that has two ears. Essex cowſ, a tub.- writing, difficult to read, and met. a
Ray. Soo, or cowſ, vessel : tina ; cow/e craſh/cd style is a style hard to under
fre, or soo tre: vectatorium.—Pr. Pm. stand. Du. Arabócſºn, to scratch, to scrib
Cowl itself is from Fr. cºveau (cºve/), ble or scrawl ; &ra/Öeſschrift, a scrawl,
crewe, Lat. cuffa, Mid. Lat. ciſ/c//a, G. ill-written piece; Arabòeſig, badly writ
A:iióel, a tub. ten, scrawled, crabbed.
Coxcomb. A fop, from the hood worn Crack. Imitative of the sound made
by a fool or jester which was made in the by a hard substance in splitting, the col
shape of a cock's comb. lision of hard bodies, &c. In Gaelic ex
Coy. Fr. coi, It. chefo, Sp. Qizedo, pressed by the syllable chac, identical
quiet, noiseless, easy, gentle; Lat. grºſſe/us. with E. Aztocá or Anacé. Gael. czac,
Cozen. It cog/ione, a cullion, a fool, a crack, break, crash, the crack of a whip,
scoundrel, properly a dupe. See Cully. &c.; cytag, crack, snap, knock, rap,
It cog/ionare, to deceive, make a dupe of. thump.
Rouchi couſionner, railler, plaisanter, to Cradle. See Crate.
banter. Coule / interjection imputing a Craft. G. Kraſz, strength, power; As.
lie ; a lie. Couleţer, to tell lies. crºſſ, strength, faculty, art, skill, know
In the Venet. dialect cog/ionare be ledge. The origin is seen in the notion
comes cogionare, as vogia for zºog/ia, of seizing, expressed by the It. graffare.
fogia for fog/ia. Cogion/lare, ingannare, W. craff, a hook, brace, holdfast, creſyn,
corbellare. — Patriarchi. Hence E. to a brace, Bret. AE, aſa, to seize. The term
cozen, as It...fregio, frieze; clºgizio, cousin; is then applied to seizing with the mind,
Arigione, prison. as in the Lat. terms apprehend, com/re
Crab. ON. Arabãi, G. Arcós, Bret. Arab. hend, from Arehendere, to seize in a ma
There is little doubt that the animal is terial way. W. craffit, to seize with the
named from its great claws. W. craſangc, understanding, to perceive : dym craff, a
a claw, talon, a crab-fish. OE. craft/e, man of quick comprehension ; crº/?, a
Bret. Kraban, a claw. trade.
The ultimate origin is a representation Crag. 1. The neck, throat.—Jam. Du.
of the sound of scraping or scratching, Aračg/le, the throat. Pol. Æark, the nape,
the primary office of claws, although those crag, neck. Bohem. Æ, Å, the neck; ON.
of the crab are not used for that purpose. Árage, Dan. Arave, the collar of a coat.
w. craſu, Bret. Arabisa, to scratch ; Du. The origin is an imitation of the noise
Arabben, to scratch or scrape; Sp. car/ºr made by clearing the throat. Bohem.
(with inversion of the liquid), to tear, Arkati, to belch, Árca/i, to vomit; Pol.
scrape, scratch. Ärzºad, to hem, to hawk. The same
Crab. 2. A windlass for raising root gives rise to the Fr. cracher, to spit,
weights. and It. recere, to vomit; E. reach, to
The G. bock, a buck or he-goat, is used strain in vomiting ; ON. hraki, spittle ;
for a frame of wood to support weights or AS. /iraca, cough, phlegm, the throat,
similar purposes. It signifies a battering jaws; G. rachen, the jaws.
ram, coach-box, starlings or posts to At other times the guttural sound is
break the ice above a bridge, the dogs inimitated without the r, as in E. hawk.
a fire grate, trestles to saw wood on, a and Keck, and hence are formed W. ceg,
painter's easel or ass. In a similar man the throat, mouth, E. choke and ON. Kok,
ner the Sp. cabra, a goat, was used as the quo/, the throat.
designation of a machine for throwing 2. A rock. Gael. creag, a rock; W.
stones ; cabria, a crane. Fr. chevre, a careg, a stone; caregos, pebbles.
goat, and also a machine for raising Cram. AS. crammam, to stuff, to cram.
weights. In the Romance of the depart Da. Åramme, to squeeze, press, strain ;
ment of the Tarn the place of the r is ON. Kremya, Sw. Arama, to press, crush,
transposed, and the word for a goat is squeeze. Du. Kramme, a cramp-iron,
cy abo, crabit, a kid ; and both these terms Årammen, to clamp or cramp together.
are used to designate the machine for MHG. Arimmen, Aram, Krummert, to press,
raising weights, which we term in E. a seize with the claws. See Cramp.
crab, as well as trestles, or, like the G. Crambe.—Crambo. A repetition of
dock, a bagpipe. — Dict. Romano-Cas words, or saying the same thing over
trais. For the reason why the name of again. From the Gr, proverb éic rpáußn
the goat was applied to a machine for 0ávarov, cabbage twice boiled is death ;
raising weights, see Cable. Lat. cramäe re/e/i/a, a tedious repetition.
12
17 CRAMP CRAN KY

Hence probably crambo, a play in rhym gru//o, gra//o, a bunch, knot. Then
ing, in which he that repeats a word in the sense of drawing into a lump,
that was said before forfeits something. Gael. criº, to crouch, cringe, squat ; Fr.
croºr, to crouch, bow, stoop, go double;
Then call me curtal, change my name of Miles ON. Kroſna, to draw together, to crook.
To Guiles, Wiles, Piles, Biles, or - the foulest E. dial. czoo//acº, a humpback or crook
name you can devise back. Sw, dial. Ærø//, crooked. The
To craméo with for ale.
final / is first nasalised (as in crumſ)
B. Jonson, Tale of a Tub, A. 4, sc. 1.
and then lost, being only represented by
Cramp.–Crimp.–Crump. Fr. cram/e, the nasalising liquid as in G. Krumm or
Du. Aram/e, G. Aram/ſ, spasm, cramp ; E. crawl. The passage from crºſºft to
Fr. crampon, Du. Kram/e, Æramme, Aram cºm/ is shown in G. Arizºn/en, Arimºen,
meſſen, a cramp-iron, hook, clasp. A rim to shrink.
fen, to contract, draw in, shrink; Arim/- Crane. G. Aramich. w. garam, a crane,
neusen, to draw up the nose; Krimfinge, and also a shank, from gar, a leg ; ga
Arim/se/, Arim/e, contraction, spasm, ranawg, longshanked. The name how
cramp; ºrim/sc/ in den buyck, G. grim ever is very widely spread, and is found
men, Krimmen, the gripes. MHG. Krimmen, in some of the languages in the extremity
Åram, Krummert, to clutch with the talons, of Siberia.
to tear, to climb, showing the origin of Crank. — Crankle. — Crinkle. To
Fr. grim/er, properly to clutch oneself crankſe or crink/e, to go in and out, to
up. A rimmende 7'og/ie/, a hawk.-Kil. run in folds or wrinkles—B. Du. Aront
Sw. dial. Kramm, Da. dial. A ram, tight, Æe/en, to curl, twist, bend ; F. crank, an
scanty, close. ON. Krajºr, tight, narrow, arm bent at right angles for turning a
crooked ; Arcſ/a, to press together, to windlass; Lap. Arénéeſ, to crook, to bend;
contract, crook ; Ary//a, a hump on the
back ; Are///endr, having a crooked Arinkem, the bending of the knee; Wall.
head. E. dial. crumſ, crooked ; crumſ/- cranki, to twist, to fork ; Rouchi crangite,
shouldered, crum/ſoofed, humped or the cramp : Bret. A razº, It. granchio, a
crooked in those members; crºft, the crab, as the pinching animal : E. dial.
cramp : crum, to stuff or cram ; Sw. cring/e-crang/e, zigzag – Hal.; ON. Kring r,
dial. Krum/en, stiffened with cold ; a ring or circle, Æring/o//r, round ; Dan.
Aramſ, crooked, saddle-bow; G. Kriº Arºngeſ,
round.
crooked, kring (in composition),
en, Arim/en, to shrink; Arumm, Gael.
crown, Bret. A roºm, crooked. As the notion of a crumpled surface is
The foregoing can hardly be separated often expressed by reference to a crackling
from each other, but the stock branches noise (whether from the sound actually
out in a perplexing variety of directions, given in the crumpling up of textures of
leading us to forms whose meaning seems different kinds, especially under the in
radically to spring from totally distinct fluence of heat, or on the principle ex
images. We may observe, however, that plained under Crisp, Cockle, &c.), pro
the foregoing forms beginning with gr bably craft/We may be regarded as a
or Ar and others related to them exactly nasalised form of crackle. Lith. A ran ºff,
correspond to a parallel series in which to make harsh noises of different kinds,
the r is replaced by /. Thus we have to snort, croak, hawk; E. crunkle, to cry
grasſ, and c/asſ, grife or griſ, and c/º, like a crane ; graná, to groan, or mur
mur.—Hal.
crawl/-iron and c/a/-iron. Cruz/-
footed corresponds to ON. AE/umbuſotr; Crank. 2. Crank in nautical language
Gael. crub, a lame foot, to E. cºyooſ, is applied to vessels inclined to heel over.
Fr. grim/her to E. c/i/t/ ; scramble to ON. Kranga, Da. dial. Kramg/e, to stagger,
c/amber, ON. Kramr, to the synonymous to go zigzagging. Comp. Dan. slingre,
E. c/ammy, Du. Arawwen to E. to cſaw. to reel or stagger, also to roll as a ship.
And as in the 1 series it was argued Sw, Kränga, Du. Arengen, to press down
(under Clamp) that the radical image a vessel on its side, to heel over.
was a lump or round mass, from which * Cranky. Poorly. E. dial. crazºs,
the notion of sticking together, contract pains, aches. When a man begins to
ing, compressing, were derived, we may feel the infirmities of age it is said in
trace the origin of the r series to a form Rouchi “ qu'il a scs crançºes.' ... Cran
like W. croë, crwó, a round hunch, Gael. quieur, cranyu'ſieur, maladif.-Hécart.
crub, the nave of a wheel, Fr. crouſe, Crankle, weak, shattered. — Hal. G.
crope, the top or knap of a hill, It. gro/po, A rank, sick. From the complaining tone
 CRANNY CRAVEN 179

of a poorly person. Pl. D. Krönken, to case made of rods of wood wattled to

whimper. E. dial. graná, to groan, to gether. Lat. craſes, wicker or hurdle
murmur, granáy, complaining.—Hal. work ; craficius, wattled, composed of
Cranny. Cramie, craine or cleft.— lattice work. It craze, a harrow, hurdle,
Minsheu. Rouchi crin (pronounced grate ; graticcia, a hurdle, lattice. Dan.
crain), a cleft or notch, s'Creſter, to chap. Áraſ, copse; Araţ-skov, copse-wood. Gael.
Fr. creſt, crenne, cran, a breach or snip crea/hach, underwood, brushwood ; crea
in a knife, &c., a notch, nib of a pen, jagtha//, AS. crado/, a cradle (from being
about the edge of a leaf.-Cot. Bav. made of wicker). Gael. creaf/a// is also
Arin men, Bret. cran, a notch, G. Arinzie, a grate. Ir, creafach, a hurdle of wat
a rent, cleft, channel. From Ir, crimim, tled rods. Walach. crafariº, clathri,
crainim, creinim, to bite, to gnaw, Bret. cancelli, lattice.
Æriña, to gnaw. The metaphor may be Parallel with the foregoing are found
illustrated by Cotgrave's explanation of a series of forms with similar meaning,
Fr. caſe, “a bay or creek of the sea enter with an initial cl instead of cr. Lat.
ing or eaſing into the land.’ c/athri, lattice ; Ir, c/a/h, a harrow,
On the other hand, it would be more in wattled hurdle, the darning of a stocking
analogy with the other words signifying a mended crosswise like lattice work. Gael.
crack or fissure, if it could be derived cleath, wattled work, a harrow, hurdle,
from a syllable crin, imitative of a sharp gate; Fr. clave, a hurdle or lattice of
sound, while the Fr. crimon, a cricket, twigs, a wattled gate ; Gael, c/ea/hach,
looks as if the chirp of that animal had ribbed, c/iaſ/lag, the chine or spine (G.
been so represented. I should be in ric/graf).
clined to refer the W. crimm, dry, to the The origin of both series seems to be
same root, signifying in the first instance the word which appears under the forms
shrunk, as in Sussex a clung bat is a dry of Gr. r\4éoc, Manx claſ, Gael, s/af, w.
stick. To crime, to shrink, to pine.— //aſh, E. /a/h, properly a shoot, twig,
Hal. A piece of wood in drying shrinks rod. The Dan. Áraſſ-skov would then be
and cracks. G. schrizzla', a chink. a wood of shoots or rods, as opposed to
Crape. Fr. crée, a tissue of fine silk timber of large growth.
twisted so as to form a series of minute Crater. Gr. ºpar)o, a goblet, the basin
wrinkles. Cresſe, curled, frizzled, crisp. or hollow whence the smoke and lava
—Cot. See Crisp. issue on Mount Etna.
Crash. An imitation of the noise made Cravat. Formerly written crabat, and
by a number of things breaking. A spoken of by Skinner (who died in 1667)
variety of clash, which is used in nearly as a fashion lately introduced by travel
the same sense. To crash or dash in lers and soldiers. The fashion is said by
pieces, sfracassare, spezzare.—Torriano. Menage to have been brought in 1636
A word of the same class with crace, from the war, and to have been named
crush, &c. - from the Crabats or Cravats, as the Croa
Cratch. Fr. creiche, cresche, a cratch, tians (and after them a kind of light
rack, ox-stall, or crib. La sainte crèche, cavalry) were then called. The French
the manger in which our Lord was laid. had a regiment de Roya/-Cravate.” Pl. D.
Diez would derive it from the It. grº/ia, Arabafen, Arava/en, Croatians.
Prov, crepia, crºcha (as Mid. Lat, aft/ro Crave. AS. craſian, to ask. ON. Arºſa,
fiare, Prov. afroſºfar, afroſchar, Fr. to demand, require; Araft, need, necessity.
a//rocher), O Fr. crede, greche, a crib. W. creſ, a cry, a scream ; creſiſ, to cry, to
“En la creſia lo pauseron.” “L’enfant desire, to beg earnestly.—Spurrell.
envolupaten draps epausat en la crºſſa.’ Craven. Craven, cravant, a coward.
—Rayn. “And she baar her firste borun Also anciently a term of disgrace, when
some and whappide him in clothes and the party that was overcome in a single
leyde him in a cracche.”—Wicliff. See combat yielded and cried cravant.—B.
Crib. But the It. craficia (from Lat. If the term had originally been crazen,
crates, craſitius), a hurdle, lattice, sheep signifying one who had begged his life, it
pen or fold, offers a simpler derivation. could hardly have passed into the more
Hence the elision of the t would imme definite form cravant. The E. dial. cra
diately give rise to the Fr. creiche, in the damſ, Sc. crawdon, a coward, seem the
same way as it produces the Fr. creſ/, a same word. To set cradants is to propose
hurdle (Roquefort), from the It. gratico/a, feats for the purpose of seeing who will
cratico/a, a grating. first give in-Wilbr. Craddantly, cow
Crate.-Cradle. A crate is an open ardly.—Hal.
12 *
18O CRAW CRAYON

The essence of the cry was an admis Craw. G. Krogen, the neck, throat,
sion that the party begging his life was and in vulgar language the belly, guts.
overcome. In the combat between Ga Du. A raeye, jugulus, ingluvies, Ang.
wain and Ywain, when they become craeye-Kil. Sw. Arºftwa, Dan. Aro, a
known to each other, each tries to give craw. See Crag.
the other the honour of victory. Crawfish. Disguised by a false ety
Sir King, he said, withowten fail mology, as if it were the designation of a
I am overcumven in this batayl.
Nay series, said Gawain, bot am I. certain kind of fish. The corruption how
Thus now ther wald have the maistri ; ever is comparatively modern. ‘Crewers,
Before the king gan aither grant ſysshe—polypus.”—Pr. Prm. Written also
That himself was recreant.—v. 3710. crewish. — Trench. From the Fr. & re
In another combat, when the defeated zºsse, Du. A revisse, Årevºse–Kil, ohG.
champion has begged his life : Arebiz, G. Arcºs, a crab, from the grab
Sir Ywain said I grant it the bing or clutching action of the animal. Sp.
If that thou wil thiselven say escarðar, to scrabble; escarabajo, Lang.
That thou art overcomen this day. escarabaſ, a beetle (an animal in which
He said, I grant withouten fail the claw is nearly as conspicuous a fea
I am overcºmen in batail,
For pur ataynt and recreamt.—v. 328o.
ture as in the crab), escaraóisse, a craw
fish.
This acknowledgment of being over * To Crawl. To stir, to move feebly
come was expressed by It. ricredere, and and irregularly, to be in confused and
the beaten party was termed ricredenfe, multifarious movement like ants or mag
Fr. recreamſ, a term of opprobrium ex gots. “I craw/e, I styrre with my lymmes
actly equivalent to the E. crazen. An as a yonge chylde, or any beest that styr
other word by which a combatant gave reth and can not move the body: je
up his cause was Fr. créanſer, also a de crosſe. It is a strange sight to se a
rivation from Lat. credo, which was itself chycken how it cra/e//, first out of the
in Mid. Lat. used in the sense of grant or shell —comment il crosſe premièrement
confess. See Grant. hors de l'escale.”—Palsgr. Zo crawl, to
Sire, dist il, tenez m'espée, abound.—Hal.
Labataille avez affinée, The radical image is a multitudinous,
Bien vos creamt et reconnois
Que clerc sont vaillant et cortois (the ques
confused sound, the expression of which
tion in dispute)— is applied to movement of similar charac
Etainsi m'espée vos rent. ter, to indistinct multifarious motion, to a
Fab. et Contes, iv. 364. mass of moving things. The It, gorgog/i-
Hence E. creant in the sense of recreamţ are signifies in the first instance to gurg/e
or cyaº'ezz. or sound like water in violent agitation,
Thai said, Syr knight, thou most nede
to rattle in the throat or quaver in sing
Do the lioun out of this place— ing, and then (explaining the origin of
Or yelde the to us als creamſ. Lat. curciº/io) “to breed or become ver
Ywaine and Gawaine, 317o. mine, wormlets or such creepers, mites or
See also P. P. xii. 193. weevils as breed in pulse or corn.”—Fl.
The d of E. cradazzº (changing to 7 in Fr. grougou ſer, to rumble or croak like
cravant, craven) and in Sc. crawdown, a the guts; grou!/er, growiſſer, to rumble,
craven, seems to be the original d in Lat. to move, stir, scrall, to swarm, abound,
credo, It. ricredenſe, which is elided in break forth confusedly in great numbers.
Fr. creamfer (credentiare), recreamſ. It –Cot. Illyrian Aruſeſi, to rumble in the
must be confessed that this want of agree bowels. Fr. cro//er, to murmur.—Roquef.
ment between the Fr. and E. forms throws E. crawſ, cro/ſ, croo/, to rumble, mutter.
considerable difficulty in the way of the My guts they yawl, crawl, and all my belly
rumbleth.-Gammer Gurton, ii. r.
proposed derivation, which I nevertheless
believe to be the true one. In outward Then, as in previous instances, ſo crawl,
form cravant comes much nearer Prov. to stir. In the same way we pass from
cravantar, OFr. crazenter, to oppress, Du. schro//en, to mutter, grumble, to E.
beat down, overthrow. Że sits four cra scra/, to swarm or abound ; from Pl. D.
ventſ, accable de fatigue.—H cart. The graa/, a confused noise, grö/ent, to vocife
cry of cravanſ. A then, would be an ad rate, N. gry/a, to grumble, to Dan. ºry/e,
mission of being thoroughly beaten, but Du. gric/en, Årie/en, to crall or swarm, to
we find no traces of the expression having stir about.
ever been so used in a judicial combat. Crayon. Fr. crayon, a piece of draw
 CRAZE CREEK 18 I

ing chalk, from craſſer, to chalk : craſe, with cr; the equivalents of the E. cream
Lat. cre/a, chalk, Gael. cread/, clay. are accompanied by a parallel series be
To Craze. — Crazy. To craze, to ginning with a simple r. AS. and Sc.
crack, to render inefficient. ream, ON. riomi, Du. room, G. rahm,
And some said the pot was crazed. Creann.
Can. Yeoman's Tale. —Or quaff pure element, ah me !
Earthenware at the present day is said to Without ream, sugar, or bohea.—Ramsay in Jam.
be crazed when the glaze is disfigured A'eaming liquor, frothing liquor.
with a network of small cracks. Fr. ac -crease.—Increase.—Decrease. Lat.
crazer, to break, burst, craze, bruise, cresco, cre/um, Fr. crois/re, croſſ/re (crois
crush ; escrasº, squasht down, crushed in sons, croissois, croissant), to grow.
pieces.—Cot. From a representation of Crease. Bret. Ariz, a wrinkle, pleat,
the noise of crashing a hard substance. tuck in a garment. The designation of a
Dan. Árase, Anase, to crackle ; s/aae i wrinkle seems often taken from a repre
Aras, to break to pieces. Sw. Árasſig, sentation of the sound of snarling, as a
Swiss chrache/g, crazy, feeble, decrepit, dog in snarling wrinkles up the face.
poorly. The E. crazy, applied to the Du. grijsen, grijnsen, ringere, os distor
mind, is equivalent to cracked, cracky, quere, depravare, nares crispare, fremere,
crack-brained. frendere, flere puerorum more— Kil. ;
Creak. Imitative of a more acute grijnzen, montrer son chagrin en se
sound than that represented by crack. ridant le front, en fronçant le sourcil, en
Fr. criyuer, to creak, rattle, crackle ; cri gringant les dents, ou par d'autres gri
caille, chinks, coin. — Cot. It criccare, maces.—Halma. Fr. grisser, to crackle,
cricchiare, to crick, creak, or squeak, as crisser, grincer les dents, to grind, grate,
a door or a cartwheel, also to rattle. or gnash the teeth together for anger.—
Cricco, cricchio, that creaking noise of ice Cot. It gricciare, to chill or chatter
or glass when it breaks. Du. Krick, &rack, with the teeth ; grinciare, grinzare, to
strepitus, fragor.—Kil. Then, as things grin or gnash with the teeth, to wrinkle ;
in splitting make a sharp sound, we have grincia, grinza, a wrinkle. From It.
creak of day for the narrow crack of light grizza we readily pass to G. runzel, a
on the horizon, which is the first appear wrinkle, analogous to E. crumpſe and
ance of dawn. Du. Kriecke, Áriec/e/inge, rum/ſe.
Aurora rutilans, primum diluculum.—Kil. We see the same relation between grin
Cream. In Fr. crémie two words seem ning or snarling and wrinkling in Du.
confounded, the one signifying cream, grimmen, furere, fremere, frendere, hir
which ought to be written without the rire, ringere, ducere vultus, contrahere
circumflex, and the other signifying rugas—Kil. ; It grizztaccie, grimazze,
chrism, O Fr. cresme, Gr. xpiapia, the concrabbed looks, wry mouths ; grimare,
secrated oil used in baptism. In Italian grimmare, to wrinkle through age ; grimo,
the two are kept distinct, crema, cream, grimſno, wrinkled, withered. Grignare,
and cresima, chrism. The primary mean to grin or snarl as a dog.—Fl. Fr. gri
ing of the word is, I believe, simmering, gner, to grin ; grºgne, wrinkled.—Cot.
and thence foam, froth. Create. — Creature. Lat. creo, to be
Créme—spuma lactis pinguior.—Dict. get, give birth to, give rise to, produce.
Trev. Champagne crémant, sparkling or Creed.—Credit. — Credential. — Cre
mantling champagne. ON. af Krauſſia, dulous. Lat. credo, to believe, trust.
lente coqui, to simmer ; Araumr, Arizz/r, Mid. Lat. credentia, It credenza, trust,
Araum, the lowest stage of boiling, sim confidence, also a pledge of trust and
mering, also the juice or cream of a thing, credence, thence the essay or taste of a
cremor, flos rei. It crewlore, the creen prince's meat and drink which was taken
ing or simpering of milk when it begin by the proper officer before it was set on
nith to seethe ; also yeast, barm ; used the table. The term was then applied to
also for a shivering fever.—Fl. It must be the sideboard on which the dishes were
remembered that one of the readiest ways placed before they were set on the table,
of raising cream is by scalding the milk whence the credence-fač/e of our churches
till it just begins to simmer. The forms on which the elements were placed pre
creatore and crema in Italian correspond paratory to being used in the sacrament.
to the ON. Krauſſur, Áral/mt. Grisons Creek. 1. Fr. criyºte, Du. Áreek, a
gro/n/ſta, gramma, cream, sgarmar, little bay, a nook in a harbour; Sw. dial.
sgarmer, sgrammer, to skim the milk. As ArtA, a bending, nook, corner, little inlet
is often the case with words beginning of the sea ; arºukrić, bending of the arm,
182 CREEP CRIMINI

elbow ; on. Āryāi, crook, nook. Crick, Properly a ball of worsted. G. &mdueſ,
like click or Æſtică, probably represents in Pl. D. A ſeve/, a ball of thread. The in
the first instance a sharp sudden sound, terchange of liquids in this class of words
and is then transferred to a sudden turn is very common. Compare w. cob, croſ,
or movement. Comp. nick, a notch, a E. Avroſ, a round lump or hunch.
slight indenture. Crib. A cratch or manger for cattle.
2. Creek in America is the common Du. Krºe, G. Križe, Pl. D. Arubbe, It.
word for a brook. Cryke of water, scatera. grºia, gru/Aia, Prov, crepia, crºpſha,
—Pr. Pm. Du. Aveke (Kil), AS. crecca, Fr. Creiche.
crepido, a bank. The proper meaning of the word seems
To Creep. AS. creofan, Du. Arupeſt, to be a grating, a receptacle made of rods
G. Kriechen. The radical sense is to or parallel bars like the teeth of a comb
crouch or draw oneself together, to cringe, or rake, from W. criò, a comb, cribin, a
to move in a crouching attitude or, like a rake. G. Križ/e signifies also a hurdle or
serpent, by contractions of the body. ON. wattle, wattlework of stakes and rods to
Arjupa (Āry/, Aro/ºff), to creep, to bend strengthen the bank of a river.
the knees, to crouch ; A. undir skriptina, On the same principle G. raiſe is a rip
to bow under reproof; bathir factr varu ple or large comb for plucking off the
upp Aroºnir, both feet were crooked up. seeds of flax, as well as a crib or rack for
Aro/na, to contract ; Ary//a, a hump. hay. Bret, raste/, a hay-rack, is Lat.
Gael. cru/, crouch, bend, contract, shrink; raste//wwn, a rake, and the word rack
crieſ, sit, squat, crouch ; crºan, a crouch itself is radically identical with rake.
ing attitude ; crº/ain, creep, crouch, Crick. Czyże, sekeness, crampe,
cringe, shrug. See Cramp. spasmus, tetanus.-Pr. Pm. From repre
Creole. A native of the Spanish senting a short sharp sound the term
American colonies, or of the W. Indies, of seems transferred to a sharp sudden pain,
European descent. Sp. Criar, to create, as a crick in the neck.
to breed ; crio//o, a creole ; Ptg. crioleſo, Cricket. 1. An insect making a sharp
a slave born in his master's house, a creaking sound. Du. AEricken, to chirp,
European born in America. Ariek, a cricket.—Halma. Compare also
Creosote. Gr. ºpéac, flesh, and awri
pioc, preservative. Bohem. cwrºek, a cricket, cwrkati, to
Crescent. The figure of the growing chirp; Fr. g77//on, greciſ/on, a cricket, and
moon, of the moon in an early stage of griſſer, to creak, grezi//er, to crackle.— .
Cot.
growth. Fr. croissanſ, Lat. crescents,
growing. -
2. A stool. N. Kºrać, Krakā, Pl. D.
Cress. An herb eaten raw. AS. caerse, Ariºstoo/, a three-legged stool.
Du. Kersse, Sw. Árasse. Fr. cresson, the * 3. Fr. Jeu de crosse, the game of
lierb termed kars or cresses ; cresson cricket. Croce or crosse is explained by
d'eau, water karres.—Cot. It crescione, Cot. the crooked staff where with boys
cres some, Mid. Lat. crissonium. Perhaps play at cricket. It was doubtless origin
from the crunching sound of eating the ally a stick with a crook at the end for
striking the ball, like that used in the
crisp green herb. Fr. crisser, to grind
the teeth. game of hockey. Fr. croce is the equiva
Cresset. See Crock. lent of E. crook, of which probably cric/ef
Crest. Lat. crista, Fr. creste, créfe. is a derivative. Du. AEricæ, a staff or
crutch.-Kil.
-crete. Lat. cresco, cretum, to grow ;
concresco, to grow together, to grow into Crime. Gr. Koivo, to judge, ºpiua,
a whole, whence concrete in logic applied judgment, condemnation, Lat. crimen, a
to the union of an attribute with its sub fault, offence.
ject. Thence by the opposition of words Crimini. O Crimini : interjection of
compounded with con and dis, discrete, surprise, seems to have come to us from
separate, distinct, disjunctive. an Italian source. Mod. Gr. ºpiua, a
Crevice. Fr. crevasse, crevure, a chink, crime, fault, sin, pity, misfortune. Q ri
rift, from crewer, to burst, chink, rive, or rotua / 'Q ri utyáNov kotua / O what a pity!
chawne.—Cot. Lat. crºfare, to creak, what a sin or fault Adopted into Italian
crack, break. the expression would be O che crimine /
Crew. AS. cread, a company, crew ; It seems probable indeed that the E.
cread-eyearr, a ship with its crew. Lith. pity, in the exclamation what a fity, is a
&ruwê a heap, as of stones or of people. direct adoption of the OFr. Aechie, sin,
Crewel. Two-twisted worsted.—B. used exactly as It, crimine.
 CRIMIP CRISP 183
Dex quel pechid, quand od sespée from koivo, to judge, decide ; spiriptov, a
A la meschine decollée.-Rom. de Rou. I. 288. means or medium of judging ; rpurukóc,
Crimp. — Crimple. Cramſ, crimſ, qualified or expert in judging, Lat. crº
crump are all used in the sense of con ticus. See Crime.
traction. To crimſ, frills is to lay them Crisp. Lat. cris/res, Fr. cres/e, OE.
in pleats; crimiſed cod is cod in which criffs, curled.
the fibre has been allowed to contract by
Her hair that owndie (wavy) was and crips.
means of parallel cuts through the mus Chaucer in R.
cle of the fish. To crimu//e is to wrinkle;
crymſºy//e or zymay//e, ruga.-Pr. Prm. The latter form might lead us to connect
See Cramp. the word with Gael. cru/), contract, cru
The addition of an initial s gives E. Aag, a wrinkle. On the other hand, the AS.
scrimſ, to contract, cut short, AS. scrimi ci/sian, to crisp or curl, compared with
man, to dry up, wither, G. schrºmiſſen, to E. chirò, reminds us that Fr. cres/her is
crumple, shrivel, wrinkle. On the other both to frizzle or curl, and to crackle or
hand, the reduction of the initial cr to a creak, as new shoes or dry sticks laid on
simple r gives E. rim/ſe as well as or the fire.—Cot. And the sense of a curly
wrinkled structure is in other cases
ru///e, a wrinkle, crease, pucker ; Du.
ri/e, rim/e/, rompe/, a wrinkle,_Kil. expressed by words representing in the
G. riºt/ſºn, to screw up the mouth and first instance a crackling or creaking
nose, make wry faces. In the latter sense sound. It griſ/are (and sometimes Fr.
Kil. has Ariſt/fueltsen, wrim/hen, wreſ/ent, gräſer--Cot.) signifies to creak or chirp
os distorquere, corrugare nares. The as a cricket, while grºſſer is explained to
analogous E. term is /ru/m/, to frizzle up sit rumpled or in plaits, to snarl as over
the nose as in derision — B., whence twisted thread ; grezi//er, to crackle, also
to curl, twirl, frizzle hair. To ſrizz/e is
/ru//e, a wrinkle–Pr. Pm.
Crimp. 2. A kidnapper of sailors, used both of the crackling sound of fat in
one who entraps sailors and keeps them the fire, and in the sense of curling up.
like fish in a stew till he can dispose of The train of thought proceeds from a
them to skippers. Du. Arim/e, a stew quivering sound to a vibratory motion, and
thence to a surface thrown into a succession
or confined place where fish are kept till
they are wanted ; from Arim/en, to con of ridges or involutions. Thus the Latin
tract. has son its /uscimiaº vibrants for the ring
Crimson. Fr. craſnoisi, It. cremasi, ing notes of the nightingale, while the
cremesino. Turk. Kirmic: ; Sp. carºnesi, passage from the idea of vibration to that
from Aermes, the name of the insect with of a wrinkled or curly structure may be
which it is dyed. Sanscr. Árimli, a worm. illustrated by the designation of a chi!/ex
Comp. vermi/ion from zerºſis. //ng and the synonymous shºrt-/ri//,
To Cringe. To go bowing, behave in from E. chizzer, and Fr. /r//er, to shiver.
a submissive manner. From AS. crumſ, Vibra!? crimes are curly locks, and con
versely cris/ſ/s is applied to the rapid
crymbig, crooked, a verb cry/i/śgeant, vibration
crymäſſan (not in the dictionaries) would of a serpent's tongue. Linguae
be to crook or bend, corresponding to E. bisulcae
Forcell.
jactu cris/o fulgere.—Pacuv. in
cringe, as It. camóżare to E. change. G.
Artſ/ml, crooked ; sic/, Ariºn/teſt und' The sense of rigid and brittle might
biºen, to stoop and cringe. — Küttn. well be a special application of the former
one, because the unevennesses of a rigid
Dan. Anyóe, to creep, grovel, AEzy&e /or surface obtrude themselves on our notice.
een, to cringe to one. But on the other hand it seems to arise
Crinkle. See Crank.
from direct imitation of the sound of
Cripple. Properly a crookback or
humpback, one who goes crooked. ON. crushing something crisp. Fr. cresper,
Āry//a, a hump, curvature, coil ; Āryā to crashe as a thynge dothe that is cryspe
Alſ/, a humpbacked or a lame man. Du. or britell betweene one's teeth.-Palsgr.
Are/e/, Arctºſe/, Aro/c/, a cripple. Dan. Pl. D. Áras/e/n, to rustle.—Danneil. In
Ary/e, Kroſ, to creep, Aröööe/, //º/ing, a like manner crum/ is used for the sound
cripple, a stunted object ; Gael. crud, of crunching, and also for crisp or the
cru/, to crouch, shrink, creep (go in a quality of things that crunch between the
teeth. -

crooked or crouching manner), crubach,

crit/ach, a cripple, lame person. Tib's teeth the sugar-plums did crump.–
Crisis.-Criterion.—Critic. Gr. rpiaic, Farls baked wi' butter
judgment or the decision in a legal trial, Fu' crump that day.-Burns in Jam.
184 CROCK CROP

Crum/y, short, brittle.—Hal. It is re Crocus. The yellow flower from

markable that here also is the same con whence saffron is made. Lat. crocus,
nection with the sense of a crum!//cd or Gr. ºpókoç. Gael. croch, W. coch, red.
curly and wrinkled structure, as in the Hence the surname Croker, a cultivator
case of cris/. of saffron. ‘The crokers or saffron men
Crock. – Cruise.--Cruet. – Cresset. do use an observation a little before the
—Crucible. Lith. Aragi's, Gael. A rog, coming up of the flower.’—Hollinshed in
G. Arzºg, w. Crºgen, E. crocº, Dan. Arºe,
Du. Arraycºe, an earthen vessel, pitcher, Croft. An inclosure adjoining a house.
jar. The Lith. Arugas (3 = Fr. 7), Fr. AS. croſº, praediolum. —Somner. Gael.
cruche, unite the foregoing with forms croff, a hump, hunch, a croft or small
having a finals, ON. & G. Krus, Du. Aroes, piece of arable land ; croſłeir, a croſter,
Arlayse, a cup, E. cruse, a jar. Diminu one holding a croft of land.
tives of the latter class are Fr. creaseſ, Crone. I. An old woman. 2. An old
croiseſ, a crucible, cruzet or cruet, a little sheep, beginning to lose its teeth.
earthen pot wherein Goldsmiths melt * In the former application it may per
their silver, &c.—Cot.; Rouchi craché, haps signify one shrunk from age. Sc.
crassé, E. cresseſ, a hanging lamp. Mid. crime, to shrink, shrivel; one who is
Lat. crasseſſiºn, Picard craceſ, a crucible. shrivelled by age is said to be crynit in.
—Dief. Supp. The loss of the 2 in crit —Jam. Comp. NE. scranny, thin ; scran
zeł gives criteſ, corrupted to creweſ, creweſ, ſte/, a lean person.
a narrow-mouthed glass to hold oil or In the second application it is the It.
vinegar, a melting-pot.— B. carogna, Fr. charogne, Du. Aaronie,
Other forms of diminutive are Fr. Aronie, a carcase, carrion, then applied
crew settſ, croisse/, Du. A rityseſ, Krose!, a to an old sheep, ovis vetula rejicula—
hanging lamp; Ir, cruisgºn, a small pot Kil., ein faul Thier—Dief. Supp., in cada
or pitcher (cruisgin oli, Lith. aſyw/ºragi's, zer. Perhaps indeed the application to
G. 67%rug, a cruse of oil); Gael. cruisgin, an old woman has the same origin. “An
an oil-lamp, a cruse; Fr. creuseyitán, a old carrion.’
drinking-vessel; E. cruskin, crus&e, cup * Crook.-Crooked. ON. Króżr, Du.
of earth.-Pr. Pnn. The Gr. dim. termin Azog, a crook, bending, corner, hook; Du.
ation trouxo gives cruciboſum, a night Aroſe, a bending, fold, curl, crumple,
lamp, melting-pot. ‘Crewseu/, croisso/, wrinkle (Kil.); Gael. crocan, a hook,
lumière de nuit.”—Gloss. in Duc. “De crook; W. crwca, croca, crooked ; Fr.
noctu proferenti saepius extinguebat can croc, crocheſ, a hook; crochre, hooked,
delam, cruciboſum, et oleum effundebat.” bent upon itself; Pol. Arº, a hook,
—l bid. “Crució0/us, kruse, kruselin, crook. We have seen under Crisp sever
krug, becher.”—Dief. Supp. al instances where a broken, crumpled,
The common idea is an earthen vessel, wrinkled, curly form is expressed by the
and the origin is seen in Bret. Arag, hard figure of a broken sound. And in this
granular stone, earthenware; Zur Żód way I believe it is that we pass from
Arag, an earthen pot. The Bret. Arag forms like Bret. graga/a, to chatter like a
corresponds to Fr. graſs, grez, gºs. (.71 jay, or E. crack/e, to Fr. recroquiſ/er, to
Aot de grès, an earthen pot. Hence OFr. crook, wriggle, pucker, cockle, and Du.
grasaſ, Lang. grazaſ, greza/, Cat. gresa/, Åretſke/en, Åreußen, Kroken, to rumple,
an earthen bowl or dish, greso/, an crumple, wrinkle, of which the radical
earthen lamp, a crucible. N. gryot, stone; syllable Arez/A or croſſ conveys the notion
37 yſe, a pot. of something bent or hooked. See Crank.
In favour of the correspondence of Crop. AS. croſº, top, bunch, craw of a
Årag and grès (graz), it must be observed bird. OE. croſºfte of an erbe or tree, cima,
that a final 2 in one dialect of Breton coma, capillamentum.— Pr. Prm. The
corresponds to a guttural cºh in the other, fundamental meaning is probably exhibit
as in Å, a2 or Årac'h, dry. And compare ed in the Gael. craft, cºa/, a knob, knot,
Bret. graga/a, to chatter as a jay, and boss, a little hill; W. crob, crivá, a round
Prov grazi//ar, to crackle, twitter. If hunch; crub, a swelling out ; It gro/ſo,
Arag and grès are fundamentally distinct a knot, knob, bunch.-Fl. The word is
there must be the sanie separation be then applied to different things of a
tween the series crag, Ārzºg, &c., and rounded or protuberant form, the top of
cruse, &c. See Grail. a hill or of a plant, the crop or projecting
Crocodile. Gr. Kpokáčeixog, Lat. croco stomach of a bird, &c.
di/its. Fr. croſe, crow/e, the top or knap of a
 CROSIER CROTTLES 185
hill; la croupe du dos, the ridge of the From crur are many derivatives : crit
back, and thence croupe, It gro//a, the cfare, to torture; crusade, Mid. Lat. crit
rump or rounded haunches of an animal ; ciata, Du. Aruys-vaert, an expedition
E. croup, the craw, the belly, also the from religious motives, in which the
buttock or haunch–Hal. ; Sw. Aro//, the soldiers took the badge of the cross;
top of anything, the solid mass of the cruci/y, &c.
animal frame or body; AroA/ug, gibbous, Crotchet. — Crocket. Fr. crochef,
humped. Du. croſº, the knob of the dim. of croc, a little hook, and hence a
throat, the throat itself, ‘dat steeckt my note in music, from the hook-like symbol
in den crop,' that sticks in my throat; by which they were marked. Fr. crocheſ,
crop, a swelling in the throat, goitre, the crochite, a quaver in music. Then as a
craw of a bird, stomach ; croſºften, to person playing music appears to carry in
cram, to thrust food into the throat (Bi his brain the type of what he is playing,
glotton), whence the E. cro/-ſu//, cram a croſchet is a fixed imagination. “I/ a
full. G. Aropſ, the craw of a bird, goitre, des crochites dans la teſe, his head is full
wen ; the head of vegetables, as Æo/i/- of crotches.”—Cot.
Æropſ, salaſ-Kroftſ; Æroſſ-sa//aſ, Du. Aroſ, As a good harper stricken far in years
van salaeſ, cabbage-lettuce. Into whose cunning hands the gout does fall,
All his old crotchefs in his brain he bears,
The crop of a vegetable is the top, and But on his harp plays ill or not at all.
thence the whole part above ground. The Davies in R.
crop and root, or croſ, and more, are freA croſchef or crockef is also an orna
quently contrasted with each other in OE.
Hence to crop is to bite or gather the mental excrescence in Gothic architecture
foliage or fruit. A croſſ of corn is the like a twisted tress of hair, from Du.
whole annual growth, and the sense being Ároke, a curl.
thus generalised the term is equally ap And bellyche yeorven
With croſchefs on corners.-P. P. crede.
plied to the growth of roots, when that is
the important part of the vegetables; a Crottles. Croſſles, cruffles, crumbs,
crop of turnips or of carrots as well as of broken pieces—Brocket ; croſ/ſing, fri
grass or fruit. able ; croſſles, Fr. croſſes, croſſins, the
It is remarkable that parallel with dung of sheep, goats, hares, &c., that falls
many of the foregoing forms, with an in pellets or little lumps ; croſſes, dirt,
initial Air, are a series of similar meaning mire, dagling stuff (Cot.); Flanders
with a simple Æ. Thus we have in E. Aroffe, mud sticking to one's clothes.—
the crop or coff of a hill ; Bav. Aoff Kil. E. Aroſe, a clod of earth.-Hal.
pen, the crop or bushy part of a tree, Æo/- The analogy between sound and move
Żen, to crop or cut off the crop or cop of ment frequently leads to the application
a tree; G. Koh/-koſºſ, Kopſ-sa/ſat as AEroſſof a rattling sound to express jolting or
sa//a/ above cited. shaking movement, and thence an uneven
Crosier. It croccia, a crutch ; Fr. rugged surface, the prominences into
croce, crosse, a bishop's staff (the repre which it is thrown, or the lumps which
sentative of a shepherd's crook), the are dashed off when the substance is of a
crooked staff with which boys play at liquid or semi-liquid nature.
cricket. Hence OE. crocer or crosier was We have Gr. Kpotèw, to clap, rattle,
properly the bearer of the bishop's staff, but clatter, knock, hammer; rporaNov, a rat
the term was subsequently applied to the tle ; kpóroc, clapping, rattling ; Prov.
staff itself. See Crook, Crutch. Hol croſſar, OFr. crod/er, croſer, to shake;
linshed speaks of the canon law as ad escrowſer, to shake, totter, shog (Cot.);
mitting the crosier to bear the crosse be crouſer, sºscrowſer, to fall in ruins, E.
fore his archbishop in another province. crud/e, to shudder, shake, shiver; critaſ/y,
—Descr. Ireland, an. 131 i. crºw///ing, crumbling, friable; cru///e, to
Cross. Fr. croix, It. croce, Sp. Kruz, fall.—Hal. The form crºad/e, to co
ON. Kross, G. Kreuz, Du. Arrºys. All from agulate or form lumps, and crud, curd,
the Lat. crur, a cross for the punishment the lumpy part of milk, belong to the
of malefactors; and that not directly same class. Cru///e, to curdle.—Hal.
from crook, to curve, but through the in Sometimes perhaps the sense of lumps
termediation of the notion of hanging; or bits may arise directly from the patter
Gael. crocan, a hook, croch, hang ; Ir. ing sound of the fragments falling to the
crochain, to hang, and croch, as Lat. ground, and this may be the case with
crur, a gallows, an erection for hanging croſſ/es, the pellet-shaped dung of sheep,
a Inan Orl.
&c., which are also called traffles or
186 CRO U CH CROWI)

tread/es, to be compared with Banff. ling ; the croup. But perhaps the idea
tru//e, to trickle or drip; E. /ra///e (pro of contraction, expressed by the syllable
perly to rattle), to prattle.—Hal. But crup, is derived from the harsh sound of
sometimes the sense of fragments seems struggling for breath through a contracted
to arise from the idea of shaking or dash windpipe, and not vice versä, so that the
ing to pieces, as when we use shivers or name of the disease would be direct from
sh iders in that sense. When the sub an imitation of the sound produced.
stance is of a loose or liquid nature it is Sc. roſt/?, hoarseness, the croup ; to
the more liable to have portions dashed roup (Goth. Aro/yan, ON. Arofa), to cry;
off by shaking or jogging. Thus Swiss E. dial. to croiſſº, to croak.-Hal. Bohem.
hoſtern, to shake, to jog, explains Du. chra/ati, chriftafi, to snort; chrapawy,
/o/, hotte, curds; Sc. hat/i/ cream, clot hoarse, chºo/o/, snorting, hoarseness,
ted cream. In like manner Swab. ſoft chroffiti (rocheln), to struggle for breath,
Žern, Westerwald /ă//ern, to be loose, to to sob.
wabble, are connected with E. /o//cred Croup.–Crupper. Croup, belly, craw,
or coagulated milk, and Fr. Zo//e, /o/ān, haunch, ridge of the back.-Hal. Fr.
a lump, morsel, piece. The elementary cro/e, crow/e, the top of a hill, rump of
sounds of croſſ/e are merely transposed an animal. La croupe du dos, the ridge
in E. coffer, to coagulate ; Du. A loſer of the back ; porter en crouſe, to carry
me/ck, curdled milk, from the verb A/of. behind one on horseback. Hence croup
erem (properly to clatter ; //oſers/aen, ière, the crupper or strap passing over
a rattle), tuditare, pultare, pulsare crebro the rump of the horse. See Crop.
ictu.—Kil. Here the connection between Crow.—Crouk. A direct imitation of
AE/offerent and #ſof, Æſo/ſe, gleba, massa the cry of different birds. G. Arahea, to
(Kil.), E. clod, c/o/, is the same as between crow like a cock; Arachgen, to croak;
Gr. Kporéw and E. croſe, a clod, Fr. croſſe, Du. A raeyen, to crow or to croak or caw ;
a lump of dirt. The semi-liquid ma Lat. crocire, It. croccio/are, Fr. croasser,
terial seems conceived as dashed about Gr. ºptºw, Bohem. Arokati, to croak.
in separate portions, explaining Du. Piedm. /r/agiza, Ital. cracra, imitation of
A:/o/erg/ic/a, small expenses.— Kil. In the cawing of rooks or crows.-Zalli.
the same way with a labial initial in From Du. Araeyen is formed Áraeye, a
stead of a guttural, G. foſtern, to rattle, crow. In like manner the ON. has Ārakr,
racket, knock; E. boſſer, to clotter, to a raven, Araží, a crow, corresponding to E.
collect in lumps; Sw, f/ot/ra (properly croak, Lith. Arau/fi, to croak, Arauð/ys,
to dash about liquids), to scatter in small NE. crowſ, a crow.
portions, to squander ; //o//erwis, in Crowd.—Crowder. The crowd or
small portions; //oſter-penningar, small fiddle was recognised by the Romans as
expenses; Fr. &/outre, Gael. A ſod, a clod. a British instrument.
Crouch. A cross, as in cruſched friars, Romanuscue lyrā plaudat tibi, Barbarus harpå,
the crossed friars, or friars who wore a Graecus Achilliacá ; crotta Britanna placet.
Fortunatus in Duc.
cross ; crouch mass, a festival in honour
of the holy cross. To crouch, to mark Named from the hollow sounding-board.
with the sign of the cross. W. crwth, a hollow protuberance, bulge,
And said his orisons as is usage, belly, fiddle ; croſſ, a bulge, a womb,
And crouchid hem and bade God shuld hem croſhi, to bulge. Gael, croff, a hump,
bless. cruiſ, a harp, fiddle ; Ir, cruit, a hunch,
Walach. crouche, a cross. also a crowd or fiddle.
To Crouch. To stoop, to bow the Crowd. 2. AS. cruſh, a crowd or press
body together. ON. Krokinn, crooked, of people. Du. Arrºyden, ºrityen, trudere,
bowed down, Krokºta, to be contracted protrudere, propellere.—Kil. Crowdyn
or stiffened with cold ; at sitta t eirne or showyn (shove) impello.—Pr. Pn. To
Aruku, to crouch down on one's heels. crowd' is still used in Suffolk in the sense
W. crwcaſt, to bow, to curve; crwciwa, a of driving in a crowd-barrow or wheel
round squat, a person crouched together. barrow (Du. Army-wagen).-Forby. In
E. dial. cruc//e, to bend, to stoop.–Hal. Amis and Amilown a crowd-wain.
See Crook. Then Amoraunt crud Sir Amiloun
Croup. A disease in the throat of Through many a cuntre up and down.—Way.
young children, in which the throat is Perhaps the radical image may be a
contracted and a harsh screaming cough ball or lump, from whence the notion of
produced. Gael. crºſſ, contract, shrink; pressing may be derived. Pol. grada,
cru/adh, contraction, shrinking, shrivel Boh. /r/da, a clod, snowball ; ſiruden,
 CROWN CRUST 187
the intercalary month, the month that is crymie, to bend, crook, stoop ; Sc.
thrust in. crummy, a cow with a crumpled horn.
Crown. Lat. corona. W. crºwn, round, The fundamental image, in accordance
circular ; crymſaen, a pebble, a round with the views explained under Cramp,
stone ; cryptoi, to collect together, to draw should be a lump, round mass, or projec
to a mass, crynyn, a globule; Ir, cruin, tion, from whence the ideas of contraction,
round, cruinne, the globe of the earth ; bending, crookedness, readily follow.
cruimmighim, to collect ; Gael. crºwt, the Now in the former sense we have W. crwd,
boss of a shield, a crown, garland ; cruinn, a hump, E. croof-ſack, a hump-back, and
round, globular ; critinne, the globe, with the nasal, crump, the projection of
cruinneachan, any round heap. the haunches, rump.–Hal.
Crucial. Applied to a trial of the Crumpet. Bret. Aram/oez (2 syll.), w.
utmost rigour; a met. from the torture of crammwyth, a pancake.
the cross. Crumple. It is shown under Rumple
Crucible. See Crock. that the representation of a rumbling
Crucify. Lat. crucifigere, to fix to the sound is used to express, first a jolting or
croSS. irregular movement, then a disturbed,
Crude.—Cruel. Lat. crudus, bloody, disordered surface, thrown into irregu
raw, unripe, unfeeling ; crude/is, hard, larities and projections. It is probable
cruel, severe ; cruenſus, bloody, cruel; that the same development of signifi
cruor, blood. Russ. Árow', Bohem. Årew, cation has taken place in the case of
w. craw, Ir. cru, Lith. Araujas, blood. crump/e, proceeding from a form like that
Bret. Ariz, raw, cruel. assumed as the origin of crumble, which
Cruet. See Crock. would not essentially differ from G. gram
Cruise. ... To sail to and fro. Du. me/n, gromme/n, grumme/m, or E. grum
AEruissen, from Áruis, Fr. croſser, from //e. To rumble and grumó/e are used
croſſr; Dan. Arya'se, from Kryds, a cross. indifferently in many cases, as for the
Crum. — Crumble. G. Krume, Du. sound of thunder or of wind in the bowels,
A ruime, crum ; Arizimielen, Pl. D. Árömen, while the two corresponding forms, rum
Mºrómelen, to crumble. Central Fr. gre A/e and crumple, arising from the use of
mi//er, to crumble; gremiſſe, gremi//on, spirants instead of sonants, are applied
groumilſon, crum, little lump; grume, to the disturbance of a surface or texture.
.grime, single grain of a bunch. Fr. grit Analogous to crum!//e, as compared with
zneau, a clot, lump. rumple, or grumó/e with rumble, stands
It is probable that the notion of a crum Let. grub/a/, broken fragments of walls,
or small bit arises from that of crumb as compared with E. rub//e, rubbish.
Zing away, and not vice versä, although Let. grumbá, to wrinkle, crumple.
the former word is the more simple in To Crunk or Crunkle. To cry like a
form. The idea of falling to pieces is crane or heron. Lith. Ærankti, to make
easily expressed by a representation of a harsh noise, to snort, croak ; Arunkin/i,
the rattling sound of the falling fragments. Árankinti, to croak.
Thus Sw. ram/a, to rattle, signifies also, Crupper. See Croup.
as E. rammel, to fall in ruins, to moulder To Crush. From a representation of
in pieces; while Sw. rammel, rattle, clat the noise of crushing a hard or brittle
ter, is identical with E. rammel, rubble, body. Fr. croissir, to crack or crash or
rubbish. In the same way it is pro crackle as wood that is ready to break.-
bable that Fr. gremiſſer and E. crumble Cot. It crosciare, croscere, to squash,
are essentially the same with gromme/er, crash, crush, squeeze, but properly to fall
to mutter or grumble. So also we pass violently as a sudden storm of rain or hail
through Fr. grezi//er, to crackle, gresi//er, upon the tiles, and therewithal to make a
to hail, to drizzle, G. griese/n, to fall into clattering loud noise; to crick as green
small bits and pieces, to break into small wood ; croscio d'acque, a sudden shower.
pieces, to gries, chips of stone, gravel, —Fl. Lith. Æruszti, to crush, to grind ;
grains, Lesachthal griesel, a morsel, a Árusza, hail, sleet ; Krusztinate (graupe),
grain of sand. — D. M. ii. 348. See meal, grots ; nu/ruszti, to grind off the
Dredge. - husks of corn, especially barley (It crºsca,
Crump. Crump-back, hump-back; bran 2). Hanover. Ærøsse/n, to crush,
crumſ/ or crumſ/e-footed, club-footed ; break to bits.
Sw. Ærum/en, shrunk, contracted, numbed. Crust. Lat. crusta, the hard outward
As. 477tmö, crump, crymbig, bowed, bent; coat of anything. In all probability
G. &rumm, w, crom, crwm, crooked, j from the sound of crunching a crust of
 188 CRUTCH CUDD LE

bread. Bohem. chran, staff, to crunch ; crouching attitude of a person at stool,

chrasſa, the crust of a wound ; chrasſeſ, and ultimately from the clucking of a
the corncrake ; chrausſ, a beetle, insect brooding hen. The term for squatting or
with a crusty covering ; chrus/acka, crouching is connected with the clucking
gristle. See Gristle. Bret., with an in of a hen in languages widely separated
version of the consonants, trousáen, crust from each other. It chiocco, a brood or
of a wound, scab ; rus/4, bark ; Gael. cluck-hen, by met. squatting or cowering
rusg, rind, skin, husk, bark ; E. rºsé, a down ; cocco, cucco (in nursery language),
hard crust, crust baked crisp. an egg : coccoſa, e, to cluck; accocco/aze,
Crutch. G. Kritc/e, Du. A ruck, Lith. to cower; coccolone, squattingly on the
Åruže, It. Croccia, gruccia, a crutch, i. e. ground, as women on their heels.-Fl.
a staff with a crook or cross-bar at the Magy. gigg, an egg (Dankovsky), also
top to rest the arm on. crouching or cowering down; Basque Álz
To Cry. Imitative of a shrill sudden Åoratº, crowing of a cock; Aitkovića, to
exertion of the voice. It gridare, Fr. cower, crouch. Magy. Aºkorº, the
crier, G. schreien. Du. schrey, clamor et crowing of a cock; Kukoritni, to crow ;
fletus, ejulatus. As a shrill cry is the Álzkorognº, to cower down. And proba
natural expression of a high degree of bly W. cwre, squatting, may belong to the
pain, the word passes on to signify the same class of words.
shedding of tears, the most general ex Cuckold. Cuckolled, treated in the
pression of pain of any kind. In like way that the cuckow (Lat. cuculus) serves
manner the verb to wee/ connes from AS. other birds, viz. by laying an egg in their
wo/, the primary meaning of which is ncSt.
simply outcry. Cuckow. G. Kuckuck, Lat. cuculus,
Crypt. It crºſa, a hollow vault, a Sc. gow/, Du. Alºycážuck, Åock-kock.--
church under-ground, a lurking den or Kil. From the cry. -

secret sink under-ground.—Fl. Doubt Cucumber. Fr. concombre, coucomáre.

less from rpūrrw, to hide, being primarily –Cot. Lat. cucumás, -nieris, a cucum
used for performing in safety the religiousber ; It. coconiero.
services of the early Christians. ‘Ac per Cud.—Quid. As. cud, rumen (the
cry//as et latibula cum paucis Christianis stomach).--Sommer. To chew the cud is
per eum conversis mysterium solennitatis to chew the contents of the stomach,
diei dominici clanculo celebrabat.”—Greg. which in ruminating animals are thrown
of Tours in Duc. “In qua Basilica est up into the mouth again for that purpose.
cry//a abditissima.”—Ibid. It is called guid in Surrey, whence a guid"
Crystal. Gr. rpáoc, cold, frost; rpāq of tobacco is a small piece of tobacco
Tax\oc, ice, and thence crystal. kept in the mouth like the cud of a rumi
Cub. The young of animals of certain nating cow. Goth. Quizhei, the womb ;
kinds, as of dogs, bears, foxes. Du. ON. guidr, the womb, paunch, maw ; at
Æaôe, Ācāſe, Æeóðežem, a little pig; Aadºc missa guidiºn, Dan. misfe maven, in
Zen, to produce young. Surrey to Zose //e guid', a disease in cattle
Cube. Gr. kiſłoc, Lat. cubus. equivalent to Bailey’s cud/ost. In like
Cubit. Lat. cubiſits, cuſ iſºm, the manner in Lat. rumino, to chew cud, from
elbow or bending of the arm. From a rumen, the paunch. “Ego rumorem par
root cuff, signifying crook or bend, seen vifacio dum sit rumien Qui im/ſeam, so
in Gael, cub, crouch, stoop, shrink, cºach, long as I am able to fill my belly. ON. af
bent, hollowed, in Gr. kūtra), to stoop, Lat. guida, to fill one's belly, guidadr, satis
cuðare, to lie down, properly, to bow down. fied, full. Fin. Kohtu, the womb, maw,
Lith. Ætºm/as, crooked. especially of ruminating animals; Esthon.
Cucking-stool. A chair on which Æð//, the belly. Sc. Ayſe, the stomach,
females for certain offences were fastened belly.
and ducked in a pond. ‘The chair was * To Cuddle. To fondle, to lie close
sometimes in the form of a close-stool together. The G. Kosen, signifying origin
[which] contributed to increase the degra ally to chat or talk familiarly with each
dation.”—Hal. Manx cus/t, excrement in other, is applied in a secondary sense to
children's language. ON. Au%a, cacare. caresses or gestures expressive of affec
‘Similiter malam cervisiam faciens, aut tion ; /ic//ºosen, to caress. In the same
in cathedrā ponebatur stercoris, aut iiij. way the radical signification of cudaſe
sol. dabat prepositis.”—Domesday B. in seems to be whisper, chat, confidential
Way. communication, then embracing, lying
The name is probably taken from the close. Cudaſ/e is a parallel form with
 CUDGEL CULVERT 189
crash/e in Sc. cush/e-mush/e, low whisper Ancren Riwle speaks of the cull of an
ing conversation, which in Banffshire be axeCullender.—C
for the blow of an axe.
ullis. A cullender or
comes cuddle-muddle, speaking in a low
muttering voice. ‘A got thim cuda/e- colander is a strainer, from Lat. collare,
muddlin' winne anither at the back o’ a to strain ; Fr. couſer, to run (of liquids),
dyke.” To cuddle, to speak in a low tone to flow. Sp. collar, to strain or filter;
of voice, mostly of lovers, to coax, to en co/ada, lye, strained ashes for washing ;
tice ; cuda/e, conversation in a low tone ; co/adera, a colander or strainer. So from
a very close intimacy. “They hive an scavage, scavenger, from A'assage, Aas
unco cuddle thegeethir.’ senger, &c.
In the same way N.E. cuffer, to whisper, ºtſ/s. Fr. coulis, strained juice of
to speak low, to coo; also to fondle.— meat, &c. -

Hal. Swiss Mºdern, Aider/en, to talk Cully. Properly the entertainer or

together like lovers, to fondle. Sw. companion of a courtesan. A leacher
7:/ff/ra, to chirp, to whisper. Du. Áouf, whom a courtesan or jilt calls her cully.
chat, familiar conversation. —B. From Fr. couiſ/e. Thence a fool,
Cudgel. Du. Æodse, Æted'se, a club, a soft-headed fellow, one who may be
knobbed stick; Anoa'se, Knudse, a knotted easily led by the nose or put upon.—B.
stick, knodsen, Anudsen, tundere, contun To cully one, to make a tool of, impose
dere, batuere.--Kil. The origin is pro upon, or jilt him.—B.
bably a form like It. cozzare, to knock. Tricks to cully fools.-Pomfret in R.
Cue. The last words of the preceding See Cozen.
speech, prefixed to the speech of an Culm. This term is now applied to
actor in order to let him know when he is
the kind of coal found not in solid lumps
to come on the stage. but in a loose powdery condition. The
From the letter Q by which it was proper meaning is smuſ, and the latter
marked. ‘Q, a note of entrance for act name is given in Pembrokeshire to a
ors, because it is the first letter of 7uando, superficial layer of coal in a still more
when, showing when to enter and speak.’ imperfect condition than
—C. Butler, Eng. Gram., 1634, in N. and of smeke—-fuligo.”—Pr. culm. “Cu/me
Prm.
Q., Aug. 5, 1865. Minsheu explains it
somewhat differently. ‘A Qu, a term Thanne Pacience perceyved of pointes of this
used among stage-players, a Lat. Quaſis, Thatcote were colomty thorugh coveitise and unkynde
i. e. at what manner of word the actors
desiryng.—P. P.
are to begin to speak, one after another
hath done his speech.” Co/mie, black, foul, dirty; beco/med,
blackened.—King Horn. Probably con
Buckingham. Had you not come upon your Q, nected with coſ/ow or coſ/y, smut, soot.
my lord, Culminate. Lat. culmen, a top, a peak.
William Lord Hastings had pronounced your
part.—Rich. III. Culpable. Lat., cuſ/a, a fault, cuſ/o,
to find fault with, blame.
The Fr. term is ref/izze. Culprit. The name by which a
Cuff. Hamburg Krºffm, to box the prisoner on his trial is addressed when
ears ; Sw, dial. Alºffa, to strike; skiffl, he has pleaded not guilty. Probably a
to push, to jog ; It schiaffo, a cuff, slap corruption of cuſ/at for cuſ/afiºs, the
or clap on the cheek. The cuff of a sleeve term for a person accused in the old
is the part that is doubled back and flaps Law Latin.
against the sleeve. Sw. A/a/, a flap, as Cultivate.—Culture. Lat. colo (p.p.
of a hat or glove, the cuff of a coat. Sp. cle//us), to till or dress the ground, to
Agoſ/e, a blow, also the flap of a pocket. bestow labour or pains upon.
Cuirass. Fr. cuirasse, It. corazza, Culverin. Fr. couleuvrine (from cou
quasi coriacea, made of leather, from Lat. Zeuz're, Lat. coſuber, a snake), a cannon,
corium, a skin.—Diez. So Lat. Morica, a or sometimes a handgun. See Caliver.
cuirass, from ſorum, a strap. OFr. cuirie, Culvert. A covered passage for water
Port coura, a leather jerkin; couraça, a under a road. The Fr. coltzierz is not
cuirass ; contro, a hide, skin. used in this sense, nor is it easy to see
To Cull. To pick out. Cu//ers are how the l could have been introduced on
the worst of a flock culled out for dis the supposition of a derivation from that
Posal. Fr. cueiſ/ir, Lat. coſ/gere, to source. The E. counties' name is oo/ve,
gather. To cuſ/was also, like It. Cog/fºre, hoo/ve, hiſ/ve, or wit/ve, doubtless from
used in the sense of to strike.” The ///ve (Hal.) or whe/ve, to cover over,
190 CUMBER CURFEW

and possibly crºſzert may be a corruption the dome was a favourite form of archi
from this source.—Atkinson. tecture.
Cumber.—Encumber. See Comber. An open cupola had been erected by former
-cumula-.—Cumulative. Lat. cumu generations over the source. Order was given
in consequence to destroy the cupola and the
/us, a heap, cumu/o, to pile or heap up. baths. The imperial decree was executed, and
Accumu/aſe, to heap together. the remains of the Azzºuh or dome, &c.–Pals
Cunning. See Con. grave, Central Arabia, ii. 14o.
Cup. Fr. coupe, It. coffa, Du. Koſº, Ar. Azzóðaf, Auða', a dome or cupola.-
I}ret géſ, 46%, s/º. The notion of a Catafogo.
round projection and of something hol * Cur. A snarling dog; currish, snarl
low are often expressed by the same word, ing, malignant. Du. Korre, a housedog.
which is often taken from the sound of a –K. From ON. Kurra, G. Kurren.gurren,
blow, and especially a blow on a hollow to grumble, mutter. Gurrige ehehalfte, a
body. Thus we have seen boss, a lump jangling wife.—Musäus. Compare G. Aur
or projection, and boss, hollow. The G. re, OE. curre/sh (Cot. in v. cocu), Da. Amur
maſſ, Lang. ma/, a bowl or porrenger, is fisk, a gurnard, from its muttering sounds.
-cur. — Current. — Curricle. Lat.
a slight variation of Aztoff, a knob or
knop, and both meanings are united in curro, cursum, to run; currents, running,
W. craftem, a knob, a bowl, while the passing along ; curricit/htm, a light car;
origin of the word seems a representation concurro, to run along with, to coincide in
of the sound of a blow or a thing break thought or feeling. To Incur, Recur.
Curate. — Curator.— Curious. Lat.
ing ; E. Ánaf, to snap, to strike.—Hal.
Now the G. Koſº/ signifies both cup and curator, one who takes care, from curo,
cop, or top, knob, head ; Kofſchen, a tea to care for, look to, curiosus, inquiring,
cup, AEo//, a cupping-glass. The develop employing care in inquiry.
ment of the meaning is well illustrated in Curb.-Curve.—Curvet. Fr. courber,
the Fin. Kofºsſa, to resound from a blow; to crook, bow, arch ; courbette, a small
Åof ina, the sound of a blow ; Kofio, crooked raſter, the curvetting of a horse.
empty, sounding as an empty vessel; Lat. curvus, crooked. Gael. cruſ), con
Žo/fa, anything concave or hollow, as tract, crouch, shrink; crub, crouch, sit,
the box of a harp, the cup of a pipe. On squat ; crubadh, bending ; Manx criò,
the other hand, as in the case of bo// and curb, contract, shrink ; w. crºwb, a round
Auckle, we are led to the image of a bub hunch ; crºwbach, a hook, crook; cryöwch,
ble, as the type of anything round and shrunk, crinkled. The insertion of the
prominent, swollen, hollow. Fin. AEu//o, nasal gives AS. crumb, crumſ, cºymbig,
-a, -u, a bubble, boil, tumour; Kiſſia, crooked ; G. Krumm, crooked ; Gael.
swelling, puffed ; Aºtº, the crop of birds, crom, bend, bow, stoop.
head of a cabbage ; 41%lºa, anything Curd.—Curdle. To curdle, to become
globular ; A*//7, a cup, A'iſ//aſa, to bleed lumpy; curds, the lumpy part of milk.
by cupping. Formerly more correctly written cruda'ſe,
Cupboard. Originally a board or shelf crud, w. crwd, a round lump (Spurrell);
for cups, as Du. g/ascribera' (bezaſ, board), crwt, a dumpy person ; Pol. gruda, grud
a receptacle for glasses.—Kil. Åa, Boh. hruºda, h, udºa, a clod, lump,
ball, clot. For the origin of the word
Cupel. Fr. coºpe//e, a coppell, the see Crottles.
little ashen pot or vessel wherein gold Cure. Lat. cura, care; originally pro
Smiths melt or fine their metals.-Cot.
bably sorrow, lamentation, as we see that
From coupe, a cup. the E. sorrow is the equivalent of G. sorge,
Cupidity.—Concupiscence. Lat. cu diligence, care, sorrow ; so, gen, to take
fidiſas, desire, avidity, covetousness, care of. The origin is preserved in Fin.
from cupio, I wish, desire, long for. See Azerisſa, voce strepo stridente, inde mur
Covet. muro vel aegré fero, quirito ut infans. It
* Cupola. It cupola, a round vaulted must thus be considered a relation of Lat.
chapel behind the chancel; some use it gueror, to complain. Fin. Azarina, stridor,
for any round arch or vault of a church murmur, Kunja, wretched, sad, miserable.
or copped steeple.— F1. Plausibly con ON. Aurºr, murmur, complaint, grating ;
nected with Fr. coupeau, the top or head źrra, to coo as a dove, to murmur.
of a thing, coupeau de Za Zéze, the crown Curfew. Fr. couvreſeu, courºſcil, Lat.
of the head : or with It. cºpo, deep, hol ignizegium, the notice for covering or
low, high. But probably the word may putting out lights at a certain hour in the
be an importation from the East, where evening.
 CURL CURRY 191

Item quod nullus tabernariusseu braciator tene seen in E. dial. crule, Ditmarsh Kruſe
at tabernam suam apertam post horam is niſºgiº. (Outzen), to shiver, shudder, is also ex
—Lib. Alb. 1. 251. emplified in G. graus, shuddering, horror,
Curl. Formerly written crit//, crouſe, compared with Araus, Sw, Ariºs, curly,
cro//, in accordance with Du. Aroſ, Aro//e, from whence again we are brought to G.
N. Arieſ/. The sense of a vibratory or Árafisc/n, to curl.
rolling movement, and thence of a spiral Curlew. Fr. cour/is, OFr. cordieu.-
or twisted form, is commonly expressed Cot. Berri, guer/u. Probably from the
by forms representing in the first instance shrill cry of the bird. Russ. Aurſuićat',
a rattling or rumbling sound. Thus It. to cry like a crane.
roto/are, to roll along, is essentially the Curmudgeon. A corn-mudgin was a
same with E. ra///e. G. Ko//ern, to rumble, dealer in corn, a most unpopular class of
is also used in the sense of rolling along, persons in times of scarcity, as they were
and the word ro// itself is equally familiar always supposed to be keeping up the
in both senses. We speak of the ro/Z of price of corn by their avarice.
a drum, the ro/Wing of thunder, as well as The aediles curule hung up 12 brazen shields
the ro/Wing of a carriage or a ro/Z of made of the fines that certain corn-mud'sſins paid
paper. It seems certain that when the for hourding up their grain.—Holland's Livy
in R.
form ro/ appears in the Romance lan
guages it is a contraction from a fuller The origin of the element mudgin
form, like It. roſo/are, equivalent to our would seem to be G. mausche, mausche/,
razz/e, but in other cases the syllable a contemptuous name for a Jew, and
may have been framed as it stands to re thence a huckster, from a jeering imita
present a rumbling or murmuring sound, tion of their way of pronouncing the name
as in Illyrian ru/i/i, to bellow, Swiss Moses. A orn-jude, Æorn-mausche, a
zo//en, for the rushing sound of a brook. corn-mudgin. Swab. mauschen, to huck
In like manner the form cro/ or crouſ, or deal in small matters.
expressing vibratory sound, and thence Currant. In Liber Cure Cocorum
vibratory movement, may be a contraction called raysyms of corowns, Fr. raisins de
from forms like Gr. kpóra Mov, a rattle, as Corint/le, the dried small grapes of the
in Prov, croſ/ar, cro//ar, Fr. crod/ºr, cros Greek islands. Then applied to our own
Zer, croſer, to shake, E. dial. crud/e, crºſe, sour fruit of somewhat similar appear
to shudder, shiver; or in other cases the an CC. -

root may have been framed as it stands * To Curry.—Currier. The etymology

as a direct representation of the sound it of these words has been much confused
is intended to express, as in Illyr. Kriºſiti, by the coalescence of two forms of wholly
to growl, to rumble (like the bowels); G. different origin. From Lat. corium, a
gro//en, to rumble like thunder ; Fr. hide, coriarius was used in Mid. Lat. for
a maker of or worker in leather, a tanner,
grougouler, grozzi/ſer, to rumble ; E. dial.
croo/, to mutter, murmur ; crawl, crow/, shoemaker, beltmaker. Coriarius, cor
cro//, to grumble, rumble like the bowels. rarius, coreator, leder-maker, —zouwer,
For the connection between quivering —gerber, lederer, schuochmacher.—Dief.
and curling compare Lat. vibrazi crimes, Supp. Coriarius, seu calcianentorum
curled hair. Again, from the crackling sutor.”—Vita S. Emmer. in Carp. At
sound of things frying we have Fr. gra//er, the same time from Lat. corriga, Fr.
gr://er, grosſer, gro//er, G. Kro//en (in courroie, a strap, was formed corrigiarius,
Aro//-erósen, carlings or parched peas), to Fr. courroier, a maker of straps or girdles,
parch or fry; from whence we pass to which seems to have been confounded
the sense of curſing, on the same prin with corter from coriarius. We find at
ciple on which E. /rizzle signifies both to least in the Statuta Coriariorum of the
fry in grease and also to curl. Fr. grezi/- city of Abbeville a provision, “Que nulz
Zer, to crackle as salted flesh on coals, Coriers faice coroles estoffées de plonc
also to curl, twirl, frizzle hair.—Cot. Each d’estain sur l'amende de la ville.” In a
separate element of the crackling sound record of A. D. 1365 mention is made
represents to the mind an abrupt move ‘comme Willemet Cotenchi corfer eust
ment of some element of the crackling plusieurs chozes et hostiz (outils) de son
body, which is brought into a contorted mestier de correrie, qui par justice avoient
shape by the aggregate action of its €té mises en garde a Hesdin.” “Jehan
separate parts. le Doys sainturier et courroier.”—Rec.
The radical connection between the A. D. 1456 in Carp. From corfer was
ideas of shivering and curling which is formed E. coriour, a tanner, the term by
192 CU RSE CURTSY

which Wickliff describes the trade of general. “Dun is in the mire.’ ‘Who so
Simon in Acts, ix. x., answering to cort bold as blind Bayard f'
arius in the Vulgate. Coryowre, coriarius, The knyght or squier on that other side
cerdo.—Pr. Pn. Or the man that hath in pees or in werre
On the other hand, we hardly doubt The Dispent with his lorde his bloode, but he hide
trouthe, and cory ſave/ſe, he not the ner is
that the verb to curry or dress leather is His lordes grace.—Occleve, De regimine princi
from Fr. corroyer, conroyer, or with the pum, p. 189.
close vowel of the Norman dialect con When the meaning of Favel in the
riſer, signifying generally to dress or pre proverb was no longer understood, the
pare materials, to set in order for Sonne sense was made up by the substitution of
particular application, and specially to favour.
dress leather, corium subigere, polire ; Curse. Sw. Kors (cross)' interjection,
comroyeur, corroyeur, a currier or leather
as Fr. mon dieu / bon dieu º AS. corsian,
dresser, artisan qui donne aux cuirs la to execrate by the sign of the cross. E.
dernière preparation.—Trev. Piaus de Fris. Ariliis, the cross; Ariliisken, Kritié
moutons que l'on appele piaus de Damas, zigºn, to curse.—Stürenberg. In Fr. we
comrées en alum : dressed with alum.-- find sacrer used both in the senses of
Joinville cited by Marsh. I curry leather: consecrating or execrating. An appeal
je courroie.—Palsgr. - to the Deity is made in both cases, but
Other applications mentioned in Tre in the one case he is called on to execute
voux are to puddling clay for holding water, vengeance on the devoted object, in the
dressing of timber, forging of iron. OFr. other it is offered to his gracious accept
corroſ, dressing of leather, order of battle. ance. So ON. blota, to consecrate and to
Sp. conrear, to dress wool. It corrédare, curse.
to rig or furnish a ship, to trim a bride. Curst. Ill-tempered, cross-grained.
The ultimate origin is the figure of setting * Kate the curst.’ OE. crus, wrathful.—
in order from the root rad', row, line, Havelok, 1966. The familiar crusty, ill
whence Du. roof, and E. row, order, rank. tempered, may perhaps be a metaphor
See Ready, Array. from the rugged surface of crust, but it
It is a strong proof that the verb to is by no means certain that it is not an
curry is from Fr. corroyer and not from offshoot from the stem to which belong
the of coriour, in that it is not confined OE. crus, curst, Fr. courrour, It. corruc
to the sense of dressing leather, but like cio, curcºio, wrath. In a passage of the
the Fr. verb is used for dressing the coat treatise called “Deadly Sins, cited by
of a horse.
Dr R. Morris, the earlier version, the
Li vilains son roncin atorne, Cursor Mundi, has crusſ/ul, which is
Et frote et con roſe et estrille. replaced by ire/w/ in the later version.
Fab. et Contes, 3. 198. * Curt. Lat. curfus, short, stumpy.
Receurent les destrers e les forz mulz amblanz
Curtain. Mid. Lat. cortina, a small
A les osteus les meinent comreer gentement.
inclosed court or yard, ‘Domuncula mi
Travels of Charlemagne cited by Marsh.
nor cum cortiné, vinea, &c.’ Hence the
In the latter example the verb is used in name seems to have been given to the
the general sense of taking care of. curtains or hangings by which a small in
A currycomb is a comb for dressing closure was made round an altar or
the coats of horses. chapel in a church or a bed in a cham
To curry favour is a proverbial ex ber. “Cortina est ornamentum Ecclesia
pression corrupted from ‘curry Favel,’ rum vel tabernaculorum, sicut vela depic
Fr. eſri//er Falzweau, to curry the chest ta, quae in lateribus altarium suspenduntur
nut horse. ‘Tel étrille Fauveau que puis ne sacerdos aspectu circumstantium con
le mord, the ungrateful jade bites him fundatur:-Breviloquium in Duc.
that does him good.—Cot. G. den Fallben Curtal. — Curtail. From Fr. courſ,
streichen, den /a/hen Hengst streichen short, with a modification of the termina
(literally to rub down the chestnut), to tion ard' (seen in Bayard, dastard, drunk
flatter, cajole.—Küttn. Curry-ſave//, a ard), is formed cour/au//, courtaut, Mid.
flatterer : estrille-fauveau. — Palsgr. It Lat. curfałdus, E. curtal, having a docked
was usual to make a proper name of the tail. To curtai/ is a different word, from
colour of a horse, and to speak of the court fai//er, to cut short.
animal as Bayard, Dun, Lyard (Fr. Wiart, Curtsy. Fr. courtiser, to court, enter
grey), Ball (whitefaced), Favel (Fr. Fau tain with all compliments or offices of
veau, from ſauve, fallow), and any of respect and observance; courtoisie, cour
these was taken proverbially for horse in tesy, civility.—Cot. But I am inclined to
 CURVE CYN IC 193

believe that the word fundamentally sig cut, a gobbet ; cºwſ, a short tail; cºv//ogi,
nifies to cross oneself, put oneself into the to curtail, abridge. Turk. Kat', a cutting,
reverent position of those who make the Áaſeſ, to cut ; #ifa, a piece, a segment.
sign of the cross. It is commonly pro 2. A term of abuse for a woman. See
nounced curchy, and in Pembrokeshire a Cotguean.
girl is told to make her crutch or curch. Cuticle. Lat. cuffs, the skin.
I croutche, I make humble reverence.— Cutlas.-Curtal-axe. It coſ/e//o and
Palsgr. It. ſar croce, star colle braccia the augmentative co//eſ/accio become in
in croce, to cross the arms on the breast the Venetian dialect cortelo, a knife, and
(often joined with bowing or kneeling), as corte/azo, a pruning-knife or bill. Hence
an attitude of reverence—La Crusca ; the OE. courſe/as, and with that striving
riverenca, a curtsy or bending to another after meaning, which is so frequent a
with the knee.—Fl. Faire reverence à, cause of corruption, curfa/-are. Fr.
to arise, give place, make courtesie, vaile couſe/as, a cuſſelas or courteſas, or short
bonnet unto ; to solicit with cap and sword.—Cot.
knee.—Cot. ºCutler. Fr. couſe/ier, a maker of
Curve. See Curb. knives, from couſeau, formerly written
Curvet. Fr. couréeſſe, the prancings cousſeau, couſſeau, It. coſteſ/o, Venet. cor
of a managed horse, in which he bends fe/o, a knife, the r of which last has per
his body together and springs out. haps passed into the s of colºsſeau. But
-cuse. Lat. causa, matter in question, this is not necessary, as an example of
suit at law, something laid to the charge the same change in the opposite direction
of one. Hence accuso, to bring a charge is seen in the OFr. coul/re, for cous/re, a
against one ; eacuso, to relieve one from sexton, from cus/os.
a charge ; reciºso, to refuse, to say no to Lat. cuſter, cuſ/e//us, W. cy//e/, a knife.
the matter in question. Cutlet. Fr. coſe/eſ/e, dim. from cºte,
Cushion. Fr. coussin. It coscino, rib, side, coast, from Lat. cosſa, a rib.
cuscino. G. Kiissen, ON. Koda'i, a cushion. Cuttle-fish. Fr. cornet, a sea-cut or
See Cod. cuffle-fish.-Cot. Du. see-A affe, W. mor
-cuss-. Lat. 7uatio, Quassum, in comp. gy//e//, the sea-knife, from the knife or
-cutio, -cussum, to shake, strike, shatter. feather-shaped bone contained in its body.
Hence concussion, percussion. In some parts of France it is called cous
Custard. A corruption of the obsolete teau de mer. Cousſeau, the principal
crustade, a dish which appears in the bills feather in a hawk's wing, termed by our
of fare of the 14th century, and was com falconers cut or claſſie.—Cot.
posed of some kind of stew served up in Cycle. A periodic space of time. Gr.
a raised crust. In a bill of fare of a cen kūk\oc, a circle.
tury later mention is made of a 6/aunche Cyclopaedia. Gr. rvk\ota&sia (kärºoc,
custade. — Wright, Hist. of Domestic a circle, ratēsia, instruction), a complete
Manners, 355. “Custade costable when round of information.
eggs and crayme be geason.”— Babees Cygnet. Lat. cygnus, cycnus, Fr.
Book, 170. cygne, a Swan.
Custody. Lat. custodia, custos, a Cylinder. Lat. cylindrus, Gr. KöMyèpoc,
guard, keeper. from rv\ivěo, to roll.
Custom. It costume, Fr. coustume, Cymbal. Gr. ripſ3axov, a cymbal;
coufume. Sp. costumbre, from conside/rado, rtuſBoc, a cavity, hollow vessel, goblet.
From an imitation of the sound of strik
consuetudinis, through the medium, as
Diez supposes, of a softened formeon site/u- ing a hollow object. Compare Gr. routréal,
men. So from mansitetudo, Sp. mansed to clank; Fin. Kofina, the sound of a
untôre, Port. mansedume. blow, Kopano, a hollow tree, sounding hol
Cut. I. Sw, dial. Kāta, to cut small, low when struck. Lat. campana, a bell ;
Alb. Kembone, a cattle-bell.
to work in wood, to whittle, Kåta ur, to Cynic. Lat. cynicus, from Gr, küov,
hollow out ; on. Kufa, to cut ; N. Kutte, rvyóc, a dog; kvviköc, like a dog, belong
to cut off; Sw, dial. Kuta, Ayſſi, a knife ; ing to a dog.
Æutts, a bit; W. cwtſ, catſ, a little piece, a

13
194 IDAIB BLE DADE

- D

To Dabble. —Dab. Dabbſe, dadai/e, Dad, 2.—Dawd. This is a word pre

daggſ, and waſ ſºle, wada/e, wagg/e, are
parallel series formed on a similar plan,
and all apparently representing in the
first instance the agitation or dashing of
liquid matters. The sense is then extend
ed to the dashing of wet or even solid
things, and thence to a separate portion
of a substance more or less coherent, so
much as is thrown down at once. ODu.
d'aff/e/en, Norm. databer (Hericher), to
tramp in the mire; dačeſen, da/en, to
bemire.—Bigl. Sc. du/, a puddle. In
the sense of dashing or giving a smart
push–
He gart the loon's held cry dah amo' the yird.
He dºff the loon's nose amo the dubs.
your hend doon.—Banſf. Gl.
cisely analogous to daff. It is used in the
first instance to represent the sound of a
blow. Dad!, a blow, a thump-Hal.;
dad', d'aud, to thrash, dash, drive forcibly.
—Jam. “He d'added to the door, slam
med it to. “He fell with a dad.” Also,
to throw mire so as to bespatter, to dawb.
Hence dad', d'awd (as dab, daffäe/, above),
a large piece, a lump, lunch. Swiss diſsch,
smack, sound of a blow ; da/sch, dotsch,
smack, blow with something broad, broad
lump of something soft. See Daddle.
10addock, dadick, rotten wood, is the
dim. of the above. It signifies wood in
a state in which you can pick it bit from
Dab bit. Hence d'adac{y, decayed, tasteless.
-

Daddle. In low language, the hand.

Norm. dalaher, to bang. “La porte d'arthe.' Tip us your daddles, shake hands. Hesse,
A daff of dirt is a lump of dirt thrown da/sche, a paw or hand, in a contemptuous
and sticking where it falls. The word is sense; Westerwald, ſafschgen, /a/schgen,
specially applied to a lump of something a hand (in children's lang.), from days
moist or soft, and hence to daff, to touch che/n, ſafschen, fūţsche/n, to paddle with
with something moist. See Daddle, Dad, 2. the hands, to handle improperly. Tafsch
The notion of a smart push is some hand (Sanders), Pl. D. paſsche, fatsch
times specialised to a prick or thrust with /hand, the hand, to children. The radical
a pointed instrument. meaning of dada/e, of G. da/sche/n, faſs
He keepit a daščan o't doon intil a hole. che/it, as well as the synonymous paddle,
Banff. Gl. paſsche/n, is to dabble in the wet.
Sc.
To dał or dazº, to prick, to peck as birds. dadd/e, daid/e, to draggle, bedabble one's
—Jam. To dać in some parts of England clothes, do work in a slovenly way. To
is used, as dióð/e in others, for making daddle and drink, to be continually tip
holes in a furrow with a pointed instru pling, as to paddle in Devon to take too
ment for the planting of seed. The notion much drink.-Hal. Then, perhaps from
of striking is more general in Fr. dauber, the wavering of an agitated liquid, to
to beat, drub, thresh, and in E. dać-hand, dadai/e is to walk unsteadily like a child,
one who does a thing off hand, at a single to waddle.—Grose. In the same way to
blow. So Lang. ta/a, to strike, to do a d'ada/e, to walk with difficulty, like a
thing skilfully and quickly.—Dict. Castr. child or an old person.—Atkinson. Hess.
Dabchick.-Dobchick. Fr. Alongeon, da//e/n, dadde/n, dotte/n, doddeſh, to tod
Norm. dauffe (Héricher), the lesser grebe, dle, to walk unsteadily, to stagger.
takes the foregoing names from its habit To Dade.—Dading-strings. To dade
of constantly dabbing or bobbing under is applied to the first vacillating steps of
Water. a child. To dade a child, to teach him
to walk; dading-strings, NE. paddling
The diving dośchick here among the rest you see, strings, strings by which he is held up
Now up, now down again, that hard it is to prove
Whether under water most it liveth or above. while beginning to dade or paddle ; lead
Drayton. ing-strings.
Which nourished and brought up at her most
Norm. dauber, to dive. Dan. dobbe, Du. plenteous pap,
dobber, a float; doëfferen, to rise and fall No sooner brought to dade, but from her mo
with the wave.—Halma. ther trips—
Dad... w. fad, Lap. dadda (in child But easly from her source as Isis gently dades.
Drayton.
ren's language), father. Almost as uni
versally spread as Baba or Papa. We have seen that the primary sense
 DAFF ODIL DAIRY I95

of daddle is to dabble or paddle in the ment seems as follows. W. ſºv//, Bret.

wet, then to waddle or walk imperfectly foul/, a hole, cavity; Pol. do/, a pit. Then
like a child. And as wade is related to a hollow where water collects, a sink,
wadd/e, so is dade to daddle. gully, drain, gutter, spout.
Daffodil. Corrupted from Lat. asſ/lo Swiss doſe, a pit, hollow, sink, drain ;
de/us. Fr. asſ/lodile, aphrodiſſe, the OHG. doſa, cloaca, fistula ; Fr. da//e, a
daffodill, affodill, or asphodill flower.— sewer or pit whereinto the washings and
Cot. other such ordure of houses are conveyed
Dag.—Dagger. The syllable dag or —Cot. ; in Normandy a spout or channel
dig, like dab or dih, represents a sudden to void water by.—Roquefort. Sp. da/a,
thrust, then the instrument with which the pump-dale of a ship. ON. dºc/, a de
the thrust is given, or anything of simi pression, daeda, a bucket for drawing
lar form. Bret. dagi, to stab; OE. dag, water from a well, a sea-pump.
to pierce. Dainty. W. danſ, a tooth ; dam/aſad
Derfe dyntys they dalte with daggande sperys. (as E. toothsome), dainty, delicate. Bav.
Morte Arthure in Hal. dºintsch, a delicacy, dan/schºg, dainty,
Fr. dague, It. daga, E. dagger, a short nice in eating ; NE. davich, S. S. O.E.
stabbing weapon. OE. dag, a small pro daunch, donch, fastidious, over-nice.—
Hal.
jecting stump of a tree, a sharp sudden
pain.—Hal. Dag is then a projecting Dairy.—Dey. The day was a servant
point, a jag, and specially the jags or in husbandry, mostly a female, whose
slashing with which garments were orna duty was to make cheese and butter,
mented. attend to the calves and poultry and other
So much dagging of sheres with the super odds and ends of the farm. The dery,
fluity in lengthe of the foresaide gounes.— deyry, or dairy, was the department as
Chaucer. signed to her. “A dewe, androchius,
Dagge of cloth, fractillus.-Pr. Pm. Da androchea (for androgynus, either man or
Aron, a slice. “A dagon of your blanket, woman), genatarius, genetharia ; a denye,
leve dame.’ — Ch. Dag/eſs, icicles, or androchiarium, bestiarium, genetheum
jags of ice. Dag-ſocks, clotted locks (for gynecaeum, the woman's apartment,
hanging in dags or jags at a sheep's tail. place where the weaving was done).’—
Fin. tak/u, a shaggy fleece, fa/ºut-wiſ/a, Cath. Ang. in Way. “Caseale, a day
dag-wool, takkızineſt, matted, shaggy, /ouse where cheese is made.’—Elyot in
dagged. OE. dag-swain, a bed-covering Hal. In Gloucestershire a dairy is still
of shaggy material. so called. In the 37 Edw. III., A.D.
Some dogswaynes have long thrumys (fractil 1363, are classed together ‘bovers, vach
los) and jags on bothe sydys, some but on one.— ers, porchers, dºyes et touz autres gar
Horman in Way. deirez des bestes,’ the word deves being
To Daggle. To trail in the dirt, to translated in the English version deyars
run like a child; dagg/y, wet, showery. or dairy-ment, and in 12 Rich. II. dºye
—Hal. To dagg, to sprinkle with water; and dayrie, woman.
dagged, wet, bedaggled.—Atkinson. Sw. The duties of the dey are mentioned by
dial. dagg, a sup or small portion of liquid; Neccham.
Da. dugge, bedrºgge, to bedev ; Devon. Assit et androgia que gallinis ova supponat et
dugged, dugged Zealed, daggletailed. anseribus acera substernat ; que agnellos morbi
Formed on a plan analogous to dabble dos in suá teneritate lace foveat alieno, Vitulos
autem et subrumos ablactatos inclusos teneat in
or daddle, and signifying in the first in pargulo juxta fenile, &c.
stance working in something wet. The
place of the liquid is transposed in Bav. The milking of the cows and feeding
da/Ken, to work in wet or pasty mate the weanlings by hand would naturally
rials, to work unskilfully ; verda/Ken, to fall to the same attendant, and hence the
besmear, bedaggle ; da/Act, doughy, origin of the name as rightly pointed out
clammy, awkward ; Hesse da/gen, to by Jamieson. Dan. dagge, to feed with
handle improperly, to paw. A like trans foreign milk; daggebarn, a nurse child ;
position is seen in dabble and da//o/, daggehorn, a feeding-bottle. -

wabò/e and waſ/off, in G. schwaffe/n, to Sw. daggya, dia, to give suck; deſa, a
splash, and Swiss schwaſhen, to sway to dairy-maid. N. defa, deigjo, generally sig
and fro, and many other cases. nifies a maidservant; budeia (bu, ..
Dail.—Dale. A trough in which the one who looks after the cattle, milkmaid;
water runs from the pump over the decks ražsfadeie, woman engaged to rake hay,
of a ship.–B. The course of develop haymaker; reiddia, housemaid, woman
13
196 IDAIS IDAM
whose business is to look after and set da//en 2'-Sanders. “Die tunge lallt und
the house to rights. ON. deigja, a maid (a/ſ/.”—Deutsch. Mund. 4. 188. “Alte
servant, female slave, a concubine. Pol. leute muss manda/en lassen.”—Schmeller.
doñº, to milk cows, &c., dojka, a dairy G. dial. da/en, to speak or act childishly,
maid, dojarnica, a dairy ; Bohem. doſſi, to trifle, toy, dawdle—D. M. 3. 418 ; do/-
to milk or give milk; dog?a, a wet-nurse, /en, fūſen, to play, work without earnest
nurse-maid. ness.-4. 188. To dwaſſee or dwauſe, to
Dais. Fr. Dais or daiz, a cloth of talk incoherently. — Exmoor Scolding.
estate, canopy or heaven that stands over Da/ſyn or talkyn, fabulor, colloquor;
the heads of Princes’ thrones ; also the da/yaunce, confabulacio.—Pr. Prm. Pl. D.
whole state or seat of estate.—Cot. OFr. diva/en, to jest, sport, act irrationally ;
dais, deis, a table, from discus. “A curt dwaſse, a simpleton.
esterras, e a mun deis tuz jurs mangeras.’ The word seems to arise from a mock
—L. des Rois. “Un jor seeit al maistre ing imitation of senseless chatter by syl
deis.” one day he (the king) sat at the lables without meaning, like fal-lal-la
principal table or high dease.—Chron. ta-la-la tilly vally or tilly fally dilly
Norm. The name was then transferred dally G. lari fari ! Fr. tarare Lang.
to the raised step on which the high table ta-ta-ta interjections intimating one's
was placed, or the canopy over it. contempt for what is said. In parts of
Daisy. Day's eye. AS. dºges edge. Germany childish behaviour in a grown
That well by reason men it call may person is jeered by a rigmarole beginning
The deisie or els the eye of the day. with fi//um tal/um, fiſ/ faſ/e, or fa//-/a//.
Chaucer in R.
–D. M. 3. 414. Bav. diſſed elſe, delle
Dale.—Dell. W. tw//, a hole, pit, me//e, a simpleton.
dimple, –mwn, a mine-shaft; Bret. Zouſ/, Dam.—Dame. Lat. domina, It. dama,
a hole or cavity; Pol. dol, bottom, pit ; Fr. dame, a lady. From being used as a
do/ek, a little pit or hole, socket of the respectful address to women it was ap
eye, dimple ; dolina, valley; Bohem. plied, kar' toxily, to signify a mother, as
dº/, a pit, shaft in a mine, du/e/, a de sire to a father.
pression, pock-mark, do/izza, a valley. Enfant qui craint ni pere ni mere
Goth. da/, a valley, gulf, pit ; G. f/a/, a Nepeut que bien ne le comperre.
valley. Dan. da/, a valley, darl, a de For who that dredith sire ne dame
pression ; E. da/e, a valley, de//, a depres Shall it abie in bodie or name.—R. R. 5887.
sion in a hill-side. The E. had also a —And ſykel tonge hure syre
Amendes was hure dame.—P. P. in R.
diminutive corresponding to the Slavonic
do/eA : ‘da/#e, vallis.”—Pr. Pim. /), /ć, a Faithlesse, forsworn, ne goddesse was thy dam,
small cavity in the body or in the soil.- Nor Dardanus beginner of thy race.—Surry in R.
Forby. “Le fosset oue col, da/ke in the Subsequently these terms were confined
neck.’—Bibelsworth in Way. to the male and female parents of ani
Dallop. To da//o/, to paw, toss or mals, especially of horses.
tumble about carelessly; da/ſoft, a slat Dam. A word of far-spread connec
tern, a trollop (Forby), a clumsy and tions with much modification of form and
shapeless mass.-Hal. N. do/ſ), a lump, sense. The fundamental signification is
a hanging bob. W. fa//, a lump. the notion of stopping up, preventing the
The sense of a shapeless lump is often flow of a liquid. Goth. ſaur-dammyan,
connected with that of paddling or dab to shut up, obstruct, hinder ; Pol. famo
bling, as in dać and dabble, dad' or dawd wad, to stop, staunch, obstruct, dam ;
and daddle. And the sense of over-hand tama, a dam, dike, causeway. ON. dam
ling follows close on that of dabbling mr, Dan. dam, a fish pond. OSw.
with wet things. ON. diſſa or dam/a, to dam/n, a dam. Bav. daum, daumb, faitºt,
paddle or row softly: Hesse da/gen, de/- Fr. Zamfon, faſon, the wad of a gun ;
fen, da/men, to paw or handle overmuch ; Bav. dai/men, verdalamäen, Fr. taper, to
to dallop, to over-nurse. —Whitby. Gl. ram down, to stop the loading from fall
Da//o/, is in fact related to dabø/e as ing out. Here we are brought to a root
wal/off to wabble, or Hess. da/gen to E. tap instead of fami, and it will be seen
dagg/e. that the change might as easily take place
o Dally. The radical sense seems from tap through tamp to fam, as in the
to be to talk imperfectly like a child, then opposite direction from tam to ſap. The
to act like a child, trifle, loiter. G. dah evidence preponderates in favour of the
Men, da/lem, to stammer, tattle, trifle. originality of the latter form. The idea
‘Wer lehrt den Psittacum unser wort of stopping up an orifice is naturally ex
 DAMAGE DAM P 197

pressed by a word signifying a tuft or both cases is the notion of stopping an

bunch, as Fr. boucher, to stop, bouchon, a orifice, and the two senses are not always
cork, from OFr. bousche, a handful or distinguished by different modes of spell
bunch ; ſtouffer, to stop the breath, from ing. The Pol. famować signifies to dam,
touffe, a tuft, lock of hair, clump of trees. to stop, to stop the breath, to check, to
Now the Sw. ta//, a bunch, has precisely restrain. Lang. Zaſłoſam, literally, stop
thesignification required. Hôtaff, haſnt hunger, a dam/er or hunch of meat to
taff, a wisp of hay or straw ; /d//-wis, dam/, the appetite at the beginning of a
by handfuls. Then, from a bunch of meal.—Dict. Castr. It is probably from
fibrous matter being used in stopping an the notion of stopping the breath that the
orifice, taff, a bung, tap, plug. Hence figurative senses of the verb to dam/ are
ta//a, to stop a hole, to staunch, and inchiefly derived. Sw, and /ø//a, short
a wider sense to shut, shut up ; tāºa ef ness of breath ; Lap, fo//a/ef, to be suf
e
focated, from Sw. ſaf/a, Lap. fa/pc/, to
aker, to inclose a field. stop. OHG. ſem/hen, beaſeſ/f/teſt, G. daimºff
Lap. /a/./eſ, to shut, to stop ; fa//a fen, to suffocate, choke, smother ; dºm//-
zºsed, shut the door ; /a//a/ef, to have /einchen, a cord to hang one, halter—
the breath stopped, to be suffocated, Adelung; dam//, shortness of breath,
ta//a/fak, the asthma ; Sw, and ſaf/a,
dºn//g, Du, demºig, dampig, short
shortness of breath, asthma (aſide, breath). winded.
Lang. /a/, a cork, tapa, famºa, to stop, Then as the breath is the common
shut, shut up, inclose, surround; se fam/a
Zas actºreſtos, to stop one's ears; fam/a symbol of life, to stop the breath is the
tºto forſo, to shut a door ; famſos, shut most natural expression for putting an
ters.-Dict. Castr. Zamfo, a tank or end to life, extinguishing, depressing,
reservoir.—Dict. Lang. Cat. Zaft, a cork, quelling. G. daim//eſt, Du. de/en, Sw.
bung; faſha, the sluice of a mill ; /a/ar, dam/a, to extinguish a light, and also in
to stop, cover, conceal ; fºarse eſ ce/, to a figurative sense to repress, ſo dam/.
become covered (of the sky); /a/a/ (of G. artſruhr dºm//en, to suppress a tu
the sky or atmosphere), close. mult; die d'à///lºng der /isſe, the
Ptg. tapar, to stop a hole, to cover ; mortification of lusts.-Küttn. Sw.
faſhado, stopped up, fenced in, thick, diviſa sina begårc/sen, to stifle one's
close-wrought, fa/ada, a park, fa/arse, passions.
to darken, grow dark, fºrtſ/o, a stopper, In the south of Germany dimmen is
fam/am, a cover, lid of a box ; Sp. /a/ar, used in the same way ; das feuer, pein
to stop up, choke, cover, conceal ; faſon, d'âmment, to damp the fire, to still pain;
cork, plug, bung. Fr. Zafton, fam/on, E. Bav. demmen, damen, to restrain, quell,
zom/ion, tamſ in, foſſikin, a stopple for a
Cannon. extinguish, tame. “Dºmen, domare,’
It will be seen that the Lang. form “Alle irrung nieder zu drücken und zu
fam/o, a tank, cistern, or reservoir (un dammen,’ ‘Glut demmen und löschen.’
—Schmeller.
doubtedly from the root /a/ ), agrees ex
actly with the OSw, dam/n, a dam or Here we are brought to a point at
pond ; Kro/A-damſºn, a cistern at the top which Gr. Čapſto, Lat. domare, Dan.
of a building.—Ihre. faemme, to tame, would seem to break
Damage. Lat. damnaſio, Prov. dam/- in, as parallel modifications of the same
7tatºe, Fr. domimage. root. Compare Dan. /&mme size ſeden
Ut ei nemo contrarietatem vel dam mafiorem skaðer, to curb one's passions (Repp.),
adversus eum facere praesumat.—Ep. Car. Mar
tel. in Duc.
with Sw, dºm/a sina Žºgºre/ser, above
cited ; Lat. domare iracleſidias.
Damask. Fr. damasquin, because Damp. 1. The sense of vapour, steam,
figured silks, linen, &c., were imported smoke, expressed by the G. dam/ſ, Du.
from Damascus. dam/, dem/, dom/, may have arisen in
Damn, -demn. Lat. dammum, loss, two ways. The G. dam/ſ signifies short
injury ; damno (in comp. -demno), to con wind, dam'ſſig, breathing with difficulty,
demn. and, as the designation of a phenomenon
To Damp. It is impossible to sepa is commonly taken from the most exag
rate to damſ, signifying to check the gerated manifestation of it, the term may
vital energies, suppress, subdue, from have been applied in the first instance to
dam, to stop the flow of water by a phy the breath, and thence to exhalation,
sical obstacle. The fundamental idea in steam, smoke. Bav. davn//, contemptu
198 IDAM SEL DANGER

ously, the breath.-Schm. Or the de to shake or jog: diała/e-d'ada'We, trifling

signation may have been taken from activity, great activity with little result
regarding smoke, dust, vapour, steam, as (moving to and fro).-Banff. Gl. Fr.
suffocating, stifling, choking agents. Sw. dodiner, to rock, shake, shog, wag up and
damb, dust. The G. dam/ſ is explained down; dandºner, to sway the body to and
by Adelung “any thick smoke, mist, or fro; dode/iner, to rock or jog up and
vapour, especially when it is of sulphure down, to dandle ; donae/iner, to wag the
ous nature,” where the reference to the head ; It. donato/are, to dandle a child, to
idea of suffocation is obvious. Compare rock or dangle in the air, to loiter or
Dan. 71.4/e, to suffocate, choke, with G. idle ; doºdoſa, a toy, a child's playing
Qua/m, vapour, smoke. In the choke baby. — Fl. Zo dand/e signifies in the
damp of our mines there is a repetition first instance to toss or rock an infant,
of the element signifying suffocation thence to toy, play, trifle.
added to supply the loss of that meaning King Henry's ambassadors into France having
in the E. dam/. been dand/ed by the French during these delusive
2. The sense of moisture expressed by practices, returned without other fruit of their
the Du. and E. damp is probably to be labours.-Speed in R.
explained from the connection of close G. finde/n, to trifle, toy, loiter, finde/-
ness and suffocation with dampness or schürce, a short apron more for show
moisture. Cat. tapaſ, of the sky or than for use; Kleider-ſand, ostentation in
air, covered, close ; Sw. et fººt 7°1//71, a dress.
close room, room with no vent for the In like manner may be explained the
air ; Du. bedom/ſ, stifling, close, con Sc. dandi//y and E. dandy, applied to
fined ; bedom///luis, maison mal percée, what is made a toy of used for play and
obscure, humide; becom/ſ, dom/?g, or not for working-day life, finely dressed,
dam/ ig weer, dark and damp weather.— ornamental, showy.
Halma. G. du///g, musty, damp. The And he has married a damdilly wife,
idea of what is light, airy, and open on She wadna shape nor yet wad she sew,
But sit wi' her cummers and fill hersel ſu'.
the one hand, is opposed to what is dark,
close, and damp on the other, and hence Jam.
damſ, signifying in the first place close A dandy is probably first a doll, then
and confined, has passed on to designate a finely-dressed person. /Pandy-cock
the humidity associated with closeness. (quasi toy-cock), a bantam.—Hal.
I)amsel. Fr. dºloise/ſe, It. daºzi Dandruff. Bret. faii, fiſä, Fr. feigne,
.gc//a, dim. of dama, a lady, from Lat. scurf. W. fon, skin, crust ; marvdom,
domizza. dead skin, dandruff. Perhaps the w.
Lamson.—Damascene. A kind of drzºg, bad, evil, may form the conclusion
plum. Mod. Gr. Čauádkºvov, a plum. of the E. word dandruff, as if donairwg,
Dance. Fr. danser, G. fanzert, Dan. the bad crust or scab.
danase. The original meaning was doubt Danger. Mid. Lat. damniºm was used
less to stamp, in which sense danse, to signify a fine imposed by legal author
damase is still used in South Denmark.- ity. The term was then elliptically ap
Outzen. So in Lat. ‘pedibus plaudere plied to the limits over which the right
choreas,’ ‘alterno terram pede quatere.” of a Lord to the fines for territorial of
Glosses of 1418, quoted by Schmeller, fences extended, and then to the inclosed
render af//aude/ant by fanzfen mit den field of a proprietor, by the connection
/en/iden. Dan. du/ld'se, to thump ; Sw. which one sees so often exemplified in
diemsa, to fall heavily ; Du. donsen, pugno Switzerland at the present day, ‘En
sive typhae clava in dorso percutere.— Kil. trance forbidden under penalty of Io fr.’
A like connection is scen between AS. ‘Si quis caballum in dam”, suum in
fumbian, to dance, and Pl. D. du/en, to venerit.”—Leges Luitprand in Duc. ‘Ex
stamp; Devonsh. dºmſ, to knock heavily, ceptis averiis in alieno damno inventis.”
to stump ; also a kind of dance.—Hal. —Mag. Chart. “Dici poterit quod averia
Dandelion. Fr. dent de Zion, lion's capta fuerant in loco certo in damno suo,
tooth, from the leaves with tooth-like vel in prato vel alibi in suo separali.”—
jags directed backwards compared to a Fleta. In this sense the word was often
lion's jaw. rendered dommage in Fr. ‘Animalia
To Dandle. – Dandy. Damd/e is a in damn is dictorum fratrum inventa’—
nasalised form of dada/e, which with “bestes trouvées prinses en domage.”—
many allies signifies movement to and fro. Monast. Ang. in Duc. Qu'en domizſtaige
E. didder, dodder, to shake; Sc. diade, et en sagarenne le poulain au charreton
 DANGLE DANK 199

trouva.”—Cent nouv. nouv. Damage molere—et id facere absºlue dangerio vel

then acquired the sense of trespass, in exactione qualibet tenebitur in futurum
trusion into the close of another, as in the molendinarius molendini.”—C
legal phrase damage ſeasant, whence Fr.
damager, to distrain or seize cattle found
in trespass. “Comme Estienne Lucat
sergent de Macies eust prinst et dom
mage une jument.”—Carpent.
From this verb was apparently formed
the abstract domigerium, signifying the
power of exacting a damnum or fine for
trespass. “Sub domigerio alicujus aut
manu esse.”—Bracton. Then as damage
is written damge in the laws of W. the
Conqueror, the foregoing domigerium
and the corresponding Fr. domager or
damager would pass into damger, danger,
the last of which is frequently found in
the peculiar sense of damnum and dom
zzage above explained. ‘En ladite terre
et ou dangier dudit sire trouva certaines
bestes desdis habitans. Icelles bestes se
boutěrent en un dangier, ou paturage
dº/endu.’–Carp. A. D. 1373.
Narcissus was a bachélere
That Love had caught in his daungere
(had caught trespassing in his close)
hart.
A.D.
13 Io, in Carp. The word then passed on
both in Fr. and E. to signify difficulties
about giving permission or complying
with a request, or to absolute refusal.
“Et leur commanderent que si la roine
fesait dangier que ils la Sachassent (chas
sassent) a force hors de l'eglise.’ ‘Comme
le tavernier faisoit dangier ou difficulté
de ce faire.”—Carpentier.
With danger uttren we all our chaffare,
Gret prees at market maketh dere ware,
And to gret chepe is holden at litel prise;
This knoweth every woman that is wise.
W. of Bath.
i.e. we make difficulties about uttering
Our Ware.
I trow I love him bet for he
Was of his love so dangerous to me.--Ib.
And thus the martial Erle of Mar
Marcht with his men in richt array—
Without all danger or delay
Came haistily to the Harlaw.
Battle of Harlaw.
To Dangle. The syllables ding dong
represent loud penetrating sounds as
-

And in his nette gan him so straine.—Rs R. those of bells or of repeated blows.-Fl.
The term danger was equally applied Thence E. dial. dang, to throw down or
to the right of exacting a fine for breach strike with violence; Sw, danga, to bang,
of territorial rights, or to the fine or the thump, knock at a door; Sc. ding, to
rights themselves, and the officer whose beat, strike, drive, throw; ſo ding on, to
duty it was to look after rights of such attack with violence. Ding dong is used
a nature was called sergent dangereux. adverbially to represent repeated blows;
“Esquels bois nous avons droits de dan dingle-dangle, for the motion of a thing
Ager, c'est assavoir que toutes et quante swaying to and fro. ON. dºg/a, to
foiz que aucunes bestes seront trouvées beat, to dangle or sway to and fro. Sw.
esdis bois, elles seront confisquées à nous dial. dang/a, to swing, to totter, saunter;
–Robert le fort notre sergent dangereur
advisa de loing icelles brebis.”—A.D. 1403, dangſa, ding/a, to dangle. Comp. d'aske,
in Carp. To be in the danger of any to slap, also to dangle, bob, flap.
one, estre en son danger, came to signify Dank. Synonymous with damp, as
to be subjected to any one, to be in his syllables ending in m/ or mê frequently
power or liable to a penalty to be inflicted interchange with 71% or ng. Thus we
by him or at his suit, and hence the ordi have It. combiare and can giare, E. dimē/e
nary acceptation of the word at the pre and dingle. Probably the two forms
sent day. In danger of the judgment— have come down together from a high anti
in danger of Hell-fire.” quity. We have seen that damſ, moist,
As the penalty might frequently be is derived from the notion of closeness,
avoided by obtaining the licence of the stopping up, covering, expressed by the
Person possessed of the right infringed, root ſaf, tam/, dam, while parallel with
the word was applied to such licence, or ta/, tam/, are a series of equivalent
to exactions made as the price of per forms, in which the A is exchanged for a
mission. “Dangeria (sunt) quando bosci c, Æ. Sp. taco, a tap, stopple, ram-rod ;
non possunt vendi sine licentia regis, et Cat. tazicar, parallel with Lang. Zampa,
tuncibi habet decimum denarium.’ “Ju to shut, stop, enclose, fence ; fancar /a
dicatum est quod Johannes de Nevilla porta, Lang, tam/a uno forto, to shut or
Files non potest vendere boscos suos de fasten the door; Port. tangue, Sp. es
Nevilla sine licentia et dangerio regis.’ fanco, a tank, basin, cistern, or pond ;
-Judgment A.D. 1269. “Concedo tum Lang. tampo, estampo, in the same sense.
*Psis quam aliis personis collegii liberum It is probable then that dank has come
2OO IDAPPER IDARE

from the guttural form of the root in the wish (to make bold), dºracha', desire,
same way as damſ, from the labial. In earnestness, daring. To endºre, to hard
both cases the notion of darkness is united en oneself under suffering, comes very
with that of dampness, as shutting up or near the sense of dare, ‘ I cannot endure
covering is equally adapted to keep out to give pain.” In like manner Fin. far
air and light. Thus we have Du. be Æenen, ſay/eſa, prae frigore (vel rarius,
dam/en, to darken, &cdom/ſ, dark, ob timore) valeo vel audeo, non algeo; to
scure, damp ; dom/ig, dark. In connec endure to do, in spite of cold or of fear ;
tion with dank we have Du. donker, OHG. en zarkene, I cannot for cold ; farkeneſ/o
OSax. dunkar, dunka/, G. du/l/e/, dark, menzia, can you endure (for cold) to go.
N.E. danker, a dark cloud.—Hal. OHG. Lap. farjeſ, to be able to do.
&//www.kaſat, nimbosa, Žefitnch/7/, obducta, The W. dºwr, strong, bold, forms a con
as Du. &cdo/1// weer, close, covered, necting link between durus, and ON.
cloudy weather. diary, OE. denſ, hard, strong, fierce, G.
I)apper seems in E. first to have been deró, hard, strong, rough, severe, from
used in the sense of pretty, neat. Da/yr whence the ON. airfax, to dare, is cer
or praty, elegant. — Pr. Pm. Da//er, tainly derived. It is difficult to avoid the
proper, mignon, godin.—Palsgr. in Way. conclusion that the G. diiºſen, day, to
Godinet, pretty, da//er, feat, indifferently dare, to be so bold as to—Küttner, Du.
handsome.—Cot. derwen, dori'en, durwen, to dare, are
Applied to a man it signifies small and formed in like manner. The confusion
neat. Du. da//er, strenuus, animosus, with forms like the Du. derwen, Öederwen,
fortis, acer, masculus, agilis.-Kil. Pl. D. dorven, to want, be without, have need,
dº//er, active, smart ; doºer, dobbers, G. Mediºſen, to be in need, AS. deoxyan, to
sound, good. De AEase is ſtig d'obſers, the labour, gedeo'ſ, tribulation, labour, calam
cheese is not good. Bohem. doſº, good. ity, would be accounted for if we suppose
that the fundamental idea in the latter
Wendish deſora dee/Ka, a pretty girl.— cases was to be in hard or difficult cir
Ihre in v. daeka. See Deft.
cumstances. The ideas of labour and
Dapple. From dah, to touch with want are closely connected. The sense
something soft, is ON. de/i//, a spot; /eir of needing expressed by G. diiºſen is
depi//, a dab or spot of clay; deſ/ot/r, sometimes found in the OE. dare.
spotted, dappled. So from G. diſſen, to So evene hot that lond ys that men durre selde
dab or touch lightly with something soft, Here orf in howse awynter brynge out of the
/caſiº//e//, dappled. We may compare felde.—R. G. I. 12. -

also Fr. maffe, a clot, maſte/º, clotted, ciel i. e. that men seldom need to house their
maſſonné, a curdled or mottled sky. cattle in the winter.
The resemblance of da///e grey to ON. The heye men of the lond schulle come bi fore
a/a/grar or aft/ſe grey, Fr. gris Žomme/e, the kyng
is accidental. And alle the yonge men of the lond lete bi fore
To Dare. 1. Goth, gadaursan, dars, hym brynge— -

And hed schulle be such that no prince dorre

daursiºn, daurs/a, As. dearran, dyrran, hem forsake,
dear, durroſt, E. dare, durst, M.H.G. filr Ac for hedre prowesse gladliche in to here ser
ren, forste. The ODu. preterite frosſe vise take.—R. G. I.1.2.
shows the passage to E. trust. AS, dyrs/g, He that wyll there axsy justus—
dri'sſig, bold, Sw. drisſa, to dare. ON. In turnement other ſyght,
thora, to dare, thor, boldness; Gr. 9appéw, Dar he never forther gon;
to dare ; 94pooc, trust, 0pagúc, bold. Lith. Ther he may fynde justes anoon -

drºsus, dºgs/r/s, bold, spirited ; drisſi, to Wyth syr Launſal the knyght.
dare ; drasinſi, to encourage, drasinſis, Launſal. Io90.
to dare. So ON. diaz/r, bold, dizya, to en He wax so mylde and so meke,
A mylder man thurt no man seke.
courage, diſag (in the middle voice, as Manuel des Pecchés, 5826.
Lith. drasinſis), to dare.
It is not easy to arrive at a consistent The passage from the sense of making
theory of the connection of the various bold to that of having power, cause, or
forms, or of the development of the sig permission, exemplified in G. diº/en, is
nification. Sometimes the root seems to illustrated by Fin. tazjeta, to endure, Lap.
be a form similar to the Lat. durus, hard, farjet, to be able ; Sw, foras (in the mid.
Gael. dºr, stubborn, persevering, eager, voice), to dare, tora (as G. diiºſen), to be
Sc. dour, bold, hardy, obstinate, hard, possible. Det for handa, that may hap
whence Gael. dº raig, to adventure, dare, pen.
 DARE DARRAIGN 2Ot

Strength is gode unto travaile, darne, a slice, a broad and thin piece of.
Ther no strength may, sleght wille vaile. —Cot. Bret. darn, a piece, fragment.
Sleght and conyng dos many a char, The primary meaning may probably be
Begynnes thing that strength ne dar. a handful. W. dwrn, a fist, dyrmaid, a
R. Brunne, cxci.
handful ; Gael. dºrſt, a fist, handle, short
Lith. turreti, to get offspring, to have, cut, or piece of anything; dorlach, a
possess, to be bound to do a thing; furrie handful ; dorman, a small bundle, hand
eiti, I must go. Comp. Malay brani, to
be able, can, also to dare, to venture. ful of anything.
Darnel. A weed in corn, supposed to
* To Dare. 2. To sink down, lie induce intoxication, and thence called
close, lurk. Daryn or drowpyn or privily /o/ium temulentum in botanical Lat., and
to be hydde, latito, lateo.—Pr. Pm. Fr. fºraie in Fr., from ivre, drunk. Rouchi
blotir, to squat, to lie close to the ground darme//e. The meaning of the word is
like a daring lark or affrighted fowl.- explained by the Lith. duzmas, foolish,
Cot. “With wodecokkys lerne for to crazy, mad, whence durites, durmei, darn
dare.”—Lydgate in Way. To dare birds, zole (as Du. ma/Kruyd from ma/, foolish,
to cause them to dare or lie close by
frightening them with a hawk, mirror, or mad), hyoscyamus, herba insaniam et
other means, for the purpose of netting soporem inducens.—Kil. The names of
them. plants in early times were very unsettled.
Pl.D. bedaren, to be still and quiet; Wall. darnise, daurnise, tipsy, stunned,
dat weer bedaart, the weather settles; een giddy.—Grandg. Sw. dire, a madman,
&daart mann, a man who has lost the fool; dār-reta, darnel.
heat and violence of youth. Du. bedaard, Darnock. — Dannock. Hedgers’
stilled, calm, moderate. gloves.— Forby. ON. dormiſſur, dormin
An old appalled wight, gar, stiff boots for wading in the water.
As ben thise wedded men that lie and dare, I cite this word from the singularity of a
As in a fourme sitteth a wery hare.—Chaucer.
Gael. derivation, as we should so little
Then as a lurking terrified creature expect a convenience of this kind to have
looks anxiously around, to dare is found been adopted from a people in the con
in the latter sense. ‘To dare, pore or dition of the Celts.
loke about me, je advise alentour. What Gael. dornag, a glove, gauntlet; from
darest thou on this facyon, me thynketh dørn, fist; Manx dornaig, a covering for
thou woldest catch larkes.”—Palsgr. in the hand or fist, used to guard the hand
Way. Comp. Bav. diasen, to be still, against thorns.—Cregeen.
either for the sake of listening, or in Darraign. It has been shown under
slumber. arraign that rationes was used in the
* Perhaps a more original form of the Lat. of the middle ages ſor a legal account
word may be found in Sw. dial. da/a, of one's actions, whence derationare, Fr.
dal/a, to fall, to sink down; so/en da/ar, desrenter, to darraign, was to clear the
-the sun is sinking ; dala ó, to be weary, legal account, to answer an accusation,
drowsy ; Dan. da/e, to sink, to wane, to ofto settle a controversy. From the arena
the forum the term was transferred to
abate, become calm. Du. daalen, to go that of
down. Pl.D. daal, Fris. da/ewer/e, Pol. arms, as was natural when the
na do/, down, downwards; from Pl.D. ordeal by battle was considered a rea
daal, G. tha/, low ground, valley. sonable method of ascertaining a question
Dark. AS. deorc. The particles so of fact. -

and do in Gael. are equivalent to tº and —Two harneis had he dight

Both suffisant and mete to d'arreine
Čvc in Gr., as in son, good, and don, bad. The bataile in the felde betwixt hem tweine.
In similar relation to each other stand
Chaucer.
sorcha, light, and dorch, dorcha, dark.
The element common to the two would Here the meaning is not to array the
appear to be the notion of seeing, which, battle, to set it in order, but to fight it
however, we are unable to trace in the out, to let the battle decide the question
form of the words. See Dear, Dole. between them.
Darling. As, deor/ing, dyrling, a As for my sustir Emelie–
dim. from deor, dear. Ye wote yourself she may not weddin two
To Darn. Now understood of mend At onys—
And therefore I you put in this degré
ing clothes in a particular manner by That eache of you shall have his destiné
interlacing stitches, but it must originally As him is shape.
have signified to patch in general. OFr. And this day fifty wekis far ne nere
2O2 DART DAY
Everich of you shall bring a hundrid knyghts sudden fall attended with noise.—Jam
Armd for the listis upon alle rights A dowse on the chops belongs to the
All redy to darrein here by bataile. same imitative root.
Knight's Tale, 1855.
Date. Lat. da/um, that which is given,
That is to say, all ready to debate or set assigned, fixed. ‘Daſum written at the
tle the question as to her possession by foot of a letter declares the place and
battle. Afterwards undoubtedly the time at which the letter was written or
sense was transferred from the debate or given (daſa).’—Facciolati.
actual settlement of a combat to the pre Daughter. G. Zochter; Gr. 9try&rnp;
paration for it, arraying, setting the Sanscr. du/litri ; Lith. duk/ere, Armen.
troops in order for battle. dustr, Bohem. deera, Gael. dear, Finn.
And in the towns as they do march along tit/ſir, Lap. dać/ar.
Proclaims him king, and many fly to him ; To Daunt. Fr. dom/ſer, donſer, to
Larraign your battle, for they are at hand.
- H. VI. in Q. tame, reclaim, break, daunt, subdue.
Zom/ſe-venin, Celandine, from being
Dart. Fr. d’ard, a dart. Bret. targ, considered an antidote. Sc. dant, dazz
a crack, clap, violent blow with noise; ſon, to subdue ; a horse-danter, a horse
targ Kurun, a clap of thunder ; farza, breaker. From a Lat. domaiſo, frequent
sortir avec effort et fracture, to break, ative of domo, to subdue.
crack, burst forth, dart, to appear as the Daw. A bird of the crow kind. Swiss
dawn. W. farddu, to spring forth or ap dāhi, diſi, Bav. da/e/; It. (acco/a, from
pear as the dawn. To dart would thus faceo/are, to prate, where the syllable fac
be to hurl as a thunderbolt, to drive forth represents a single element of the chat
as by an explosion. tering sound, as cha/ in chiţ-chat, cha//er,
To Dash. An imitation of the sound Æat in Malay Aafa-kaſa, discourse, fat in
of a blow, the beating of waves upon the fattle, Kak in Fr. caqueter. Birds of this
shore, &c. kind are commonly named from their
-

Hark, hark, the waters fall, chattering cry. See Chaff, Chough,
And with a murmuring sound Chat.
Dash / Dash / upon the ground, To Dawb. From da&#/e, to work in
To gentle slumbers call.—Dryden in Todd. wet materials. Hence daizé, clay; dauðer,
Bav. dossen, to sound as thick hail, a builder of walls with clay or mud mixed
rain, rushing brooks. Mit lautem knall with straw, a plaisterer.—Hal. Dawber,
und doss. – H. Sachs. Fone manigero or cleyman ; dawāyn, lino, muro.—Pr.
wazzero dozze, from the sound of many Pnn. In this sense the term is used in
waters.-Notker in Schm. Sc. dische, the Bible where it speaks of “daubing
to fall with a noise, a fall, stroke, blow; with untempered mortar.’ ‘The wall is
1)an. daske, to slap. Sw, daska, to drub ; gone, and the dauðers are away.”—Bible
Hanov. daskem, to thrash.-Brem. Wtb. 1551, in R. Lang. ſaffs, torchis, clay
To dash is figuratively applied to feel for building ; Sp. Zafia, mud wall ; fa
ings analogous to those produced by a fiador, a builder of such, dawber. Lang.
sudden blow, or loud crash, to over taff, ſafo, plastic clay.
whelm, confound, put out of countenance. To Dawdle. We have seen that Sc.
I)astard. The termination ara! is the dada'e or daid/e is used in the sense of
Du. aerd, indoles, natura, ingenium, G. dabbling and of walking unsteadily like
art, nature, kind, quality. The meaning a child, and thence perhaps it is applied
of the radical part of the word seems that to doing anything ill in a slovenly way.
which is seen in the figurative applica Meat is said to be daia'ſed when impro
tion of dash or daze, to stun, confound, perly cooked ; clothes, when ill washed.
frighten.—Hunter. Dasſard, etourdi— From doing a thing awkwardly or imper
Palsgr. in Way ; a simpleton—Hal. ; a ſectly to doing it slowly is an easy step.
person of a tame, submissive nature. Sc. daddle, daidle, to be slow in motion
Bav, dasig, dausig, dasſig, quelled, sub or action ; to daddle, dad/e, daud/e, to
missive, tame. AS. ada's/rigan, to dis trifle, move lazily, be listless.-Atkinson.
courage, dismay. Compare the G. mie Hesse daide/n, to loiter; Pl.D. d’ode/zi,
dersch/agen, to knock down, and figura to be slow, not to get on with a thing.—
tively to deject, dishearten, discourage, Schütze.
cast down ; niederºgeschlagen, sorrowful, Dawn. ON. dagan, dºgun, dawn ;
afflicted, dispirited.—Küttn. dagur, day. As digian, to dawn, or be
ON. dust, a blow. Fris. dust-s/ek, come day ; daguzig, dawning.
dusslek, a stunning blow. Sc. doys!, a Day.—Daysman,—Diet. Lat, dies,
 DAZE DEAF 203

G. tag, day. In the judicial language of faint, to be stunned ; dussen, to slumber,

the middle ages the word day was spe to doze.—Brem. Wtb.
cially applied to the day appointed for De-. Lat. de, from, out of. In comp.
hearing a cause, or for the meeting of an it strengthens the signification, implies
assembly. Du. daghem, to appoint a day motion downwards.
for a certain purpose ; daghen veur recht, Deacon. Lat. diaconus. Gr. Čučkovog,
to call one before a court of justice ; dag a servant.
hinge, daeghsel, dagh-örieſ, libellus, dica, Dead.—Death.-Die. Goth. daughs,
citatio ; dagh-vaerd, an appointment of ON. daladr, Fris. dad, Sw. dºd, Pl.D. dood,
a certain day, and thence dagh-vaerd, G. rodſ, dead. Goth. dauthus, ON. dawdi,
Iands-dagh, Mid. Lat. dieta (from dies), Fris. d’uss, dad, death. Lap. taud, ill
the diet, or assembly of the people. Diet ness ; Esthon. taud, illness, death.
was also used in E. for an appointed day. Pl.D. doe for dode, a dead body; doeſt
“But it were much better that those who wake, a corpse-wake. Wall. touwé, Fr.
have not taken the benefit of our indem fuer, Sw. doda, Pl.D. doen, to kill ; ON.
nity within the diet prefixed should be
obliged to render upon mercy.”—Letter dºya, OSw, doja, Sw, do, Dan, doe, OHG.
douwen, douen, fouwen, to die. We
of K. William, 1692. must thus consider die a derivative from
OSw. dag, the time appointed for a
convention, and hence the assembly it dead, and not vice versä.
self.-Ihre. Sc. days of law, law-days, The primitive meaning of the active
the sessions of a court of justice. “I send verb seems, to oppress, subdue. Bav.
this by Betoun quha gais to ane day of fo/en, to crack a flea, a nut, smother a
Jaw of the Laird of Balfouris.’—Jam. fireextinguish
; Sardin. studai, Lang. titda, afuda,
OE. daysman, an arbiter, the judge ap to ; Prov. fudar, to extinguish,
ointed to decide between parties at a suffocate, choke ; Fr. tuer la chandelle,
judicial hearing. to put out the candle ; Pl.D. doen, to
To Daze.—Dazzle.—Dizzy.—Loze. overwhelm ; he wo// me d'òen mit good
To daze is to stun, stupify with a blow, daden, he will overwhelm me with bene
excess of light, fear, cold, &c. The fre fits. Sw, doda sina /us/ar, to subdue
quentative dazzle is used only of the one's passions; —zirken, to allay the
pain ; also to obliterate, annul. Du.
sense of sight. To dawse/, to stupify; doodet in u de boosheit—mortifiezen vous
dazzled, stupid, heavy—Hal. ; dawgy,
dawgy-headed, dizzy, as if confused, be la malice.—Halma. It tuſare, attutare,
wildered, thoughtless.-Forby. To dosen, to appease, assuage, to whist ; stutare,
dozen, to stupify, benumb, become tor to quench, put out ; attuſare, to Smother.
pid.—Jam. —Fl. ON. dodi, languor.
I find it so impossible to draw a dis
He saw be led fra the fechting tinct line of separation either in form or
Schir Philip the Mowbray, the wicht, meaning between dead and deaſ, that it
That had been dosnyt into the ſycht will be convenient to treat of the primary
—Quhen in myd causey war thai
Schir Philip of his desines origin of both in the next article.
Ourcome. Barbour. Deaf. The meaning of the Goth.
dauðs, dau/3, G. faub, E. deaſ, seems
Dizzy, stunned, giddy. The origin is founded in the notion of stopping an ori
the sound of a heavy blow represented fice. . In John xvi. 6, gadauðida is found
by the syllable doss, doyce, douss, dog. as the translation of imp/evit. “Sorrow
1962, fragor, doza, miugitus.-Gl. in hath filled your heart.” From the notion
Schmel. G. getºse, noise. See Dash, of stopping up we readily pass to those
Dastard. of confining, preventing action, dulling,
Du. daesent, to lose one's wits in mad stupifying. Goth. gadau/jan, to harden,
ness or fright ; daes, dwaes, foolish, mad; make insensible. The E. stop is applied
diſysłgh, deusigh, stunned, fainting, stu to eyes, ears, and mouth, and in like
pified, dizzy, astonished.—Kil. ON. das, manner the Goth. dauðs, dau/s, ON. date/r,
dos, a faint, exhaustion ; hann Ziggr / Du. doo/, G. taub, are said of different
dosi, he lies in a faint; dasa, to fatigue. kinds of dulled or vitiated action. Goth.
Bav. dos-árez, hard of hearing; dosen, to aſdobnan, to have the mouth stopped, to
keep still, either in listening, reflecting, or be dumb ; ON. dau/r, deaf, dull of hear
slumbering ; dusen, to be still, to slum ing, dull of colour, dull in spirit ; , Sc.
ber, be dizzy—Schm. . Pl.D. desig,disig, dowſ, dull, flat, gloomy, inactive, lethar
dizzy, tired, stupid ; dussen, bedüssen, to gic, hollow (in sound), silly; dooſ, dow
2O4 DEAL DEBAU CH

ſarº, a dull, inactive fellow—Jam. ; ON. Deal. 1. A portion. Goth. dai/s, G.

doſi, torpor, ignavia, do/?ta, to fade, lose thei/, Lith, da/is, Pol. dola, Bohem. dil,
strength or life ; Dan. dozen, sluggish, Gael. aft/a, Sanscr. a'aſa, a part, lot, por
flat, stale, vapid ; Sc. daw, a sluggard, tion. Sanscr. da/, to split.
E. to daff, to daw, to daunt ; da/, a das To dea/ is to give to each his lot, hence
tard, a fool, daſ?, stupid, foolish, daffed, to traffic or have intercourse with others.
in one's dotage, to daver, to stun, stupify, 2. The wood of the fir-tree, in some
droop, fade—Hal. ; to dover, to slumber ; parts of England called dea/-free. Swiss
doweriſ, drowsy.-Jam. Du. doo/, doove, da/i/e, fir. ON. Zhò//, fir-tree, Scotch fir.
what has lost its proper life and vigour; Sw. fa//, pine-tree; tal/-ved, fir-wood,
doof van sinnen, mad : doove verwe, a deal. Possibly from being easily cut and
dull colour, doove meſe/, a dead nettle, worked. ON. fai/ga, to hew, faſgºw-knifr,
without the power of stinging, as E. deaſ a knife for cutting wood ; Dan. fa-'ge,
nut, an empty nut ; Du. doo/-/oi/?, rotten fa’ſ/e, to cut, whittle ; G. ſeſſer, a trencher,
wood. plate on which meat is cut, It. tagliare,
Here we are brought to the equiva Fr. tail/er, to cut ; Lith. da/gis, Fr. da/le,
lence of dead and deaſ above alluded to, a scythe ; Lat. do/are, to hew, do/abra, an
and we are tempted to regard them as axe: ON. teſgia, an axe. G. die/e, a board.
modifications of each other, as It. codar Dean. Fr. doyen, Du. dºen, the head
do, Ptg. cobarde, cowarde, a coward. The of a collegiate body, from Lat. decantºs,
Du. has doode or dooze netel ; doode or ten being used in Lat. as an indefinite
doove Aoſe, an extinct coal; doode or number, as seven in Hebrew.
doove zerzwe, a dull colour; ON. dodºn, Dear. Formed in the same way as
Dan. doven, languid ; ON. dodaska/r, dark by composition with the Gael. mega
Dan. dozenskað, languor. ON. a'awaſjord, tive particle do = Gr. 6 vc, opposed to so
Norweg. ddalende, boggy, barren land. = Gr. º. Gael. daor, bound, enslaved,
Du, dooden (Kil.), E. dial. dove, to thaw. precious, dear in price ; saor, free, ran
—Hal. We may compare the Sw, doda, Somed, cheap : gu d'aor, dearly ; gu saor, .
to subdue, allay, annul, It. fuſare, to allay, freely, cheaply. Ir. daor, guilty, con
Lang. titaſa, to extinguish, with Sw, do/wa, demned, captive, saor, free, saoradh, ran
to deafen, dull, assuage, stupify, Dan. soming, acquittal, cheapness. Manx devr,
dove, to deafen, deaden, blunt ; E. deave, deyree, condemn, day, ey, condemning,
to stupify, dave, to assuage.—Hal. Bav. dear; scyr, free, clear, at liberty, sºyree,
dauben, to subdue, allay ; Pl.D. dozen, to free, to justify.
dóven, to damp, subdue, suffocate ; Du. I}eath. See Dead.
doo?!en, ui/dooven, to put out, extinguish. To Deave. To stupify with noise. N.
The notion of stopping up, thrusting a dy.ja, to hum, buzz, sound hollow. Dae
stopper into an orifice, leads in the most dyve ſyre ºyraa, it sings in my ears.
natural manner to that of stopping the Debate. Fr. debaffre, to contend, to
breath, choking, strangling, killing. fight a thing out. See Beat.
Du. douwen, drºwen, to thrust, to stuff; Debauch. OFr. desbaneche, disorder,
fefs in een hoek douwen, to stick some riot, dissoluteness; desbaucher, to seduce,
thing into a corner—Halma ; Pl.D. dit mislead, bring to disorder, draw from
wen, douen, to press, depress ; Bohem. goodness. Z/se desbauche, he digresses,
dawiti, to strangle, choke, kill ; daw, flies out, goes from the purpose.—Cot.
pressure, crowd; Russ. dawit, dawowat', The radical sense of the verb seems to be
to press, crowd, suffocate, strangle, op to throw out of course, from bauche, a
press ; Serv. dawiłł (wúrgen), to slaugh row, rank, or course of stones or bricks in
ter. Thus we come round to the Wall. building. — Cot. It is probable that
fouwé, which is used in like manner for bauche itself is a derivative from bauc,
the slaughtering a beast. Goth. divans, &auch, bau (Cot.), a balk or beam, through
mortal ; OHG. doulten, foulten, to die. the intervention of the verb baucher, to
In order to trace dead and deaf to a com hew or square timber (to make into a
mon origin we must suppose that the balk), also to rank, order, array, lay evenly.
former also is derived from the notion of —Cot. Esbauchez, to rough-hew (to cut
stopping up, and we should find a satis into a balk), grossly to form, square, or
factory root in the Fris. dodd, dadde, a cut out of the whole piece, to begin rudely
lump, bunch.-Outzen. Een dod, a plug any piece of work, also to prune a tree.—
of cotton in one's ear.—Overyssel Alma Cot. Bau, in the Walloon of Namur, isap
nach. Pl.D. duffe, a plug, a tap ; ON. plied to the bole of a tree felled and strip
diſta, E. dial. dit, to stop. See Dam. ped of its branches.—Sigart. See Balk.
 DEBENTURE. DEEP 2O5
IDebenture. See Debt. grounds. Sp. canto, edge ; decamfar, to
Debility. Lat. debilis, weak. turn anything from a right line, to give it
* Debonnair. Fr. debonnaire, court an oblique direction ; to draw off liquors
eous, affable, of a friendly conversation. gently by inclination.—Neum.
—Cot. It. bonario, debonaire, upright, To Decay. Prov. descazer, descaier,
honest.—Fl. “La donna ridendo e di Fr. dechoir, to fall away, go to ruin, from
buona aria.”—Boccac. “Il di Öon aire Lat. cadere, to fall. OFr. dechaiable,
buon signore nostro.”—Rayn. perishable.
The word was early explained as a Decease. Lat. decessus, departure. See
metaphor from hawking ; de bon aire, Cede.
from a good stock; aire, an eyry or nest December. Lat. decem, ten ; Decem
of hawks. ‘ Oiseau debonnaire de luy &er, the name of the tenth month from
mesme se fait : the gentle hawk mans March, with which Romulus made the
herself.”—Cot. “Haukes of nobulle eire.’ year to begin.
—Sir Degrevant. But in truth the sense Decent. Lat, decens, fitting, becom
of a nest of hawks was only a special Ing.
application of aire, signifying in the first To Decide. Lat. decido, -siem, to cut
instance air, then country, birthplace, off, cut down, and fig. to bring to an end,
family, race, character, disposition, as come to a settlement, to determine. See
clearly appears in the quotations of Ray -cide.
nouard. To Deck. To cover, spread over, or
Ab 1'alen tir was me / aire nament. Lat. tegere, tectiºn, OHG. dać
Qu' ieu sen venir de Proensa : jan, de/jan, ON. theója, AS. ſheccan, to
—with my breath I draw towards me the cover, to roof. From the last of these is
air which I feel comes from Provence. E. thatch, properly, like G. dach, signify
L'amors, don ieu sui mostraire ing simply roof, but with us applied to
Nasquet en un gentil aire. straw for roofing, showing the universal
—the love of which I am the messenger practice of the country in that respect.
was born in a gentle home. The Lat. has ſeguſa, a tile, from the same
Tout mon linh e mon aire root, showing the use of these as roofing
Vei revenire retraire materials in Italy at a very early period.
Al vesoig et a l'araire : Lith. dengti, to cover; stala dengti, to
—all my lineage and my family I see spread the table ; stoga dengti, to cover
return to the spade and the plough. a roof.
Qu'el mon nones Crestias de nul aire Declare. Lat. declarare, to make clear,
Que sieus liges o dels parens no fos: proclaim. See Clear.
—that there is not in the world a Chris Decoy. Properly duck-coy, as pro
tian of any family who is not his liege or nounced by those who are familiar with
of his parents. the thing itself. “Decoys, vulgarly duck
Li baron de mal aire coys.”—Sketch of the Fens in Gardeners'
Que tot jorn fan Chron. 1849. Piscinas hasce cum allec
Lo mal:
tatricibus et reliquo suo apparatu decoys
—the barons of bad nature who always seu duck-coys vocant; allectatrices coy
do evil. ducks.-Raii et Will. Ornith. Du. ºoye,
Li sant viron lo luoc cavea, septum, locus in quo greges stabu
Quees asaz de àon ayre lantur.—Kil. A ooi, kouw, kevi, a cage;
A servir Jesus Christ: vogel-Áooi, a bird-cage, decoy, apparatus
—the saints saw the place, which is suf for entrapping water-fowl. E. dial. coy,
ficiently well fitted for the service of J. C. a decoy for ducks, a coop for lobsters.-
Kar estes fel e de put aire: Forby. The name was probably im
—for you are wicked and of foul disposi ported with the thing itself from Holland
tion. to the fens.
Debt.—Debit. Lat. debeo, debitum, to Decree. Fr. decret, from Lat. decermo,
owe. See Deft. decretum, to judge, decide, decree. See
Deca-. — Decade. — Decimal. Gr. -cern.

3éka, Lat. decem, ten. Decrepit. Lat. decrepitus, very old,

To Decant. To cant a vessel is to worn out, infirm. Der, uncertain.
tilt it up on one side so as to rest on the Deed. Goth. déd, gadéd, AS. daºd, G.
other edge, and to decant is to pour off that, a thing done. See Do.
the liquid from a vessel by thus tilting it Deem. See Doom.
on the edge, so as not to disturb the Deep. See Dip.
2O6 IDEER IDELICIOUS

Deer. Goth. diurs, OHG. fior, ON. dyr, and let your enemy know that he is to ex
G. ſhier, a beast, animal. In E. deeacon pect the worst from you. Hence to chal
fined to animals of the cervine tribe. lenge, to offer combat.
Diefenbach considers it quite uncon Degree. Fr. degrè, OFr. degraſ, from
nected with Gr. 6mp, Lat. ſera. Lat. gradus, a step.
Defeat. Fr. de/ai/e, from dºſaire, to Deign. — Dignity. — Disdain. Lat.
undo, destroy, discomfit. dignus, becoming, fit, worth, worthy;
Defile. Lat. Jiſum, Fr. ſil, thread ; dºgwo, to deem worthy ; dignor, It. deg
whence deſiſer, to go in a string one after ſtarsi, Fr. deigner, to deign, to deem
another, and deſi/e, a narrow gorge which worthy of oneself.
can only be passed in such a manner. Deity.—Deist. Lat. Deus, God.
To Defile. AS. ſy/an, Du. vity/en, to Delay. Fr. de/ai, from Lat. differre,
make foul or filthy. See Foul. dilatum, to defer, put off, protract; dilatio,
To Defray. Fr. defrayer, to discharge delay; It. diſatione, delay; di/aiare, OFr.
the fraís or expenses of anything. Formed de/ayer, to delay.
in a manner analogous to the It. Aagare, Delectable. Lat. delecto, to allure,
to pay, from Lat. facare, to appease. So delight. See Delicious.
from G. friede, peace, friede-brie/, a letter Delegate. Lat. deſegare, to give in
of acquittance, and Mid. Lat. /redum, charge to. See Alledge.
ſreda, fridus, mulcta, compositio quá Delete.—Deleterious.-Deleble. Gr.
fisco exsolutá reus pacem a principe ex &m Meánal, to destroy, to waste, to do mis
sequitur.—Duc. ‘Affirmavit compositi chief; 6m Amrijp, a destroyer; Mod.Gr.
onem sibi debitam quam illi ſredum vo ëm) mràptov, injury, hurt; 6m Mmrhotoc, hurt
cant a se fuisse reis indultam.' The ful. Lat. deleo, de/e/um, to wipe out,
term was then applied to any exaction, erase, bring to nought. -

and so to expenses in general, whence To Deliberate. Lat. deliberare, to

Fr. /rais, the costs of a suit.—Carpentier. weigh in the mind, from librare, to swing,
Quod pro solvendis et aquitandis debitis et to weigh.
fredis villae suae possent talliare, &c.—Duc. * Delicate. Lat. delicaſus, over-nice,
Ileft.—Deff. Neat, skilful, trim.— dainty, effeminate, tender, soft, gentle,
Hal. AS. doeſe, daſte, gedºſe, fit, conve agreeable, delightful. Perhaps a figure
nient ; gedaſan, geda/nfan, to become, from the nicety of those who could not
behove, befit; gedæſtan, to do a thing in drink their wine without straining it.
time, take the opportunity, to be fit, Deliquare, to decant, strain, clarify; ſiglio,
ready. to strain, purify. But more likely from the
The notion of what is fit or suitable, as source indicated under Delicious.
shown under Beseem, Beteem, is com Delicious.-Delight. Lat. deſicia", de
monly expressed by the verb to fall or light, pleasure, enjoyment. The gratifi
happen—what happens or falls in with cation of the appetite for food is the most
one's wishes or requirements. So from direct and universal of all pleasures, and
Goth. gafiman, to happen, G. giemen, to therefore the one most likely to be taken
befit; from falſen, to fall, geſa//en, to as the type of delight in general. . Thus
please, and to fall itself was formerly the negro expresses his admiration of
used in the sense of becoming, being beads by rubbing his belly.
suitable. In like manner from Goth. ga The astonishment and delight of these people
daëan, to happen, gado's, gadoſs, be at the display of our beads was great, and was
coming.
expressed by laughter and a general rubbing of
their bellies. – Petherick, Egypt and Central
From the same root Bohem. doba, Africa, p. 448.
time (as time itself from gafiman, to It is probable then that delicia may
happen); Pol. podobad, to please one ; originally have had the sense of G. lecker
Bohem. dobry, good (primarily oppor hissen, appetising morsels, something to
tune), dobjeliky, agreeable; Lap, taibet, lick one's chops at; and it will be observed
debere, opportere ; taibek, just, due ; fai that a reference to the enjoyment of
&etet, to appropriate, to assign to one. the palate is still the prevailing sense in
The Lat. debeo is probably the same E. delicious and delicacy. -

word, and is fundamentally to be ex The idea of pleasure in eating, of ap

plained as signifying ‘it falls to me to do preciating
expressed
the taste of food, is constantly
by , a representation of the
so and so.” -

To Defy. Fr. d.ſier, It. disſidare, to sound made in smacking the tongue.
renounce a state of confidence or peace, The E. smack is used to signify a sound
 DELINQUENT DEMESNE 207
ing blow with the open hand, a loud kiss, Zºcrare, to free, and E. de/iver, to free
and the taste of food. G. geschmack, from. Then as abandon, from signifying
taste; schmecken, to taste well; schmeck to put under the complete command of
er (in huntsman's language), the tongue. another, comes to signify giving up one's
In the Finnish languages which reject the own claim, conversely the Fr. Jivrer and
initial s we have Fin. maku, Esthonian E. deſiver, from the sense of freeing from
maggo, taste; Fin. makia, Esthon. maggies, one's own claims, passes on to that of
agreeable to the taste, sweet; Fin. maskia, giving up to the control of another.
maiskia, to smack the lips; maiskis, a The sense of OFr. deſivre, E. deliver,
smack with the lips, a kiss, delicacies, active, nimble, is probably from the no
tid-bits. Bohem. mlask, a smack, a kiss; tion of free, unencumbered action.
mlaskati, to smack or make a noise with Dell. See Dale. - *

the lips in eating, to be nice in eating ; Deluge.—Diluvial. Lat. lawo, lotum,

mlaskanina, delicacies. In the same to wash; di/uo, to wash away; diſuvium,
language the sound of a smack is repre Prov. «iſit vi, OFr. delieve, Fr. deluge, an
sented with an initial f/ as well as miſ, in inundation.
tleskati, to clap the hands ; flaskati, to To Delve. As, del/an, to dig. Du.
smack in eating. With these last must de/vent, do/ven, to dig, to bury. Du. de//e,
be compared E. //ick, used by Cotgrave in a valley, hollow, lake—Kil. ; Fris. do//en,
rendering Fr. niguet, “a knicke, flicke, snapdo///en, to dig, to make a pit or hollow.
with the fingers.’ Thence we pass to E. To Demean. To wield, to manage;
click, a snap or slight smack; w. cler, a demeantour, behaviour. -

smack; gºve/usg/ec, a smack with the So is it not a great mischance

lips, a loud kiss; Fr. clayuer de Za langue, To let a foole have governaunce
Of º that he can not demaine.—Chaucer
to smack the tongue with relish. lil R.
From the form click may be explained
His herte was nothing in his own demain.—Ibid.
Gr. YAvrác, sweet, pleasing to the taste,
and probably YAtxopal, to desire eagerly, OFr. se demainer, dementer, se compor
originally, like Lat. Migurio, signifying ter, Segouverner, se remuer, seconduire.
to lick one's chops at. In the same – Roquef. J/ener, to conduct, lead,
way from f/ick or d/ick would spring Lat. manage, handle; —les mains, to lay about
du/cis, for d/ucis (the identity of which one ; —la loi, to proceed in a suit—Cot.;
with y\vkūc has long been recognized), as It. mentare, to guide, conduct, direct, or
well as delicia, delicatus, deſectare, for bring by the hand, to bestir.—Fl.
dicia', d'icatus, d/ectare. The same The later Lat. had minare, to drive
root would have given d/ingere for Zing cattle, derived by Diez from minari, to
ere, to lick, and d'ingua for ſingta, the threaten ; ‘asinos et equum sarcinis one
tongue, explaining the double form of rant et minantes baculis exigunt.”—Apu
the old Lat. dingua and ordinary lingua leius. ‘Agasones equos agentes, i. e.
by the falling away in the one case of minanſes.”— Paulus ex Festo. Walach.
the liquid and in the other of the mute mind, to drive cattle, to conduct a busi
of the original root. ness. But the notion of threatening seems
When the combination tº, d! became a point of view from which the act of
unpleasing to the Latin ear (although driving beasts would not be likely to be
preserved in st/off us, a smack), the ob named. On the other hand, the OFr.
noxious sound was avoided by transposi spelling mainer suggests an obvious de
tion of the vowel in the case of dulcis, and rivation from Lat. manus, Fr. main, the
by the insertion of an e in delicia', deſecto. hand, as we speak of handing one down
The intrusive vowel must doubtless in stairs; and memer is often synonymous
the first instance have been short, and with manage, which is undoubtedly from
may have been lengthened by a feeling that source. Observe the frequent refer
as if the words were compounds of the ences to the hand in the explanations
preposition de. from Cotgrave and Florio above given.
Delinquent. Lat. linquo, to leave, let The same change of vowel is seen in Fr.
alone, omit; delinquo, to omit something menottes, handcuffs.
one ought to do, to do wrong. Demesne. —Domain. Mid. Lat. do
Delirious. Lat. lira, a ridge, furrow. minium (dominus, lord), O Fr. domaine,
Hence deſirare (originally to go out of the demaine, demagne, demesne, lordship,
furrow), to deviate from a straight line, to dominion. Demesne or demain in E. law
be crazy, deranged, to rave. language was appropriated to the manor
To Deliver. Lat. Ziber, free, whence house and the lands held therewith in
2 3 IDEMIJOHN DERY

the immediate possession of the lord. to traders within and without the privi
Demijohn. In Egypt and the Levant leges of the city franchise respectively.
a carboy or large glass bottle is called “Et fait assavoire qe ceste ordinance se
damagan (Marsh), damasya” (Niebuhr). estent auxibien as ſoreyns come as deſt
Imported into the West the name was zeins de touz maneres de tieulx bargayns
strangely corrupted into Fr. d’ame-ſeanne, faitz dedeinz la dite fraunchise, p. 370.
Lang. a'amo-aramo (a large glass bottle ‘Item qe nulle pulletier deinzein — ne
covered with matting—Dict. Castr.), and veignent pur achatier nulle manere de
E. demº/o/ul. pulletrie de nulle ſorcin pulletere, p. 465.
Demise. Fr. desme//re, -mis, to lay ‘Qe chescun qavera louwe ascuns terres
down, let go ; se desme//re d'une office, to ou tenementz de denszein ou de forcin
give over an office.—Cot. The demise of deinz la fraunchise de la citee, p. 448.
The correlatives are rendered in Lat.
the crown is when it passes to a new pos
sessor. Sce-mit. by the terms infrinsecus and /orinsecus,
Democracy. Gr. Önuorpártia ; 6.juoc, ‘mercatoris forinseci seu intrinseci, p.
the people collectively, and sparéw, to 252; and as ſorinsects and forein are
from Lat. foras, Fr. fors, without, while
bear rule.
the meaning of infrinsecus is simply one
Demolish. Lat. mo/ior, to labour at, who is within, so deinzein is from the old
build up ; demo/ior, Fr. démo/ir, to pull form dºing, in which the modern dans, in,
down, destroy. within, always appears in the Liber Albus.
Demon. Gr. Čainwy, the divinity, the /2ein's ne', né dans le pays.-Roquef. In
tutelary genius of a city or man. The the same way from hors, without, the
Lat, daemon was used in the latter sense, Norman patois makes horgain, a fo
and by ecclesiastical writers was applied reigner, one from a different commune.—
to the fallen angels. Pat. de Bray.
To Demur. Lat. demorari, to delay, re Dense. -dense. Lat. densus, thick,
strain ; lºr. dºmetrer, to stay ; in Law close-set.
language applied to the stoppage of a suit Dental. — Dentition. – Dentifrice.
by the preliminary objection that the Lat. dens, denſis, a tooth ; dentifio, the
plaintiff on his own showing is not en act of teething ; denſ'ſ ricium (dens, and
titled to the relief which he claims. ſrico, to rub), anything to rub the teeth
Hence to demur to a proposition, to make with. Sanscr. danſas, W. dant, tooth.
objections. Deny. Lat. degrego, Fr. denier, to say
Demure. IX'mºre or sober of counte no to. See Negation.
nance, rassis. – Palsgr. Perhaps from Deplore. Lat. A/oro, I wail, cry aloud.
Fr. metre (Lat. maturus), ripe, also dis Deploy. Fr. des/ſoyer, des/ſier, to un
creet, considerate, advised, settled, staid fold, lay open.—Cot. See Ply.
(Cot.), through such an expression as de Depot.—Deposit. Fr. depºt, formerly
meure conduiſe, or the like. On the other dºost, a deposit or place of deposit. Lat.
hand, it may be de mºurs elliptically for d'Aonio, depositiºn, to lay down. See
de &ons marurs. -pon-.
Deprave. Lat. Arºus, bad, vicious.
liquens de Flandres Baudoin, Depredation. Lat. dºradatio, d
Bon chevalers e genz meschins,
F sage e pror, ie ºne mars, plundering, pillaging. See Prey.
Benoit. Chron, des D. de Norm. 2. p. 471. Derive. Lat. rivus, a stream; deriro,
to drain or convey water from its regular
Den. The hollow lair of a wild beast; course, thence to turn aside, divert, de
a narrow valley. AS, dºne, a valley. See duce.
l)imble,
Dery.—Dere. To hurt. Gael. deirº,
Denizen. Commonly explained as a end, rear, hindmost part ; dºireannach
foreigner enfranchised by the king's char Fr. dernier , last, hind most : defreas, in
ter, one who receives the privilege of a jury, loss, defect. The connection of the
native ºr ºne rºsis, from the OFr. two ideas is seen in Bav. lic, slow, late,
**::sº, dºses, a gift. But the general G. lºst, last, Bav. Jºser, to delay, hin
meaning of the word is simply one domi der, throw back, and G. tºrºfsen, to in
cited in a place. A denizen of the skies jure. Compare also G. º.º. ºf after
is an inhabitant of the skies. In the part", detriment, injury. To be behind
liber Albus of the City of London the hand in a business is to be wanting in
Fr. ºesºs, the original of the E. word, it w. c.', rear, hinderpart, º ºs º-, to
is constantly opposed to fºr sº ed be wanting.
 DES CANT DEVISE 209

To Descant. A metaphor taken from Detail. Fr. detailler, to piecemeal—

musick, where a simple air is made the Cot.; from tailler, to cut. See Deal.
subject of a composition, and a number Deter. Lat. deterreo, to frighten from.
of ornamented variations composed upon See Terror.
it. “Insomuch that twenty doctors ex Detergent. Gr. ripaw, to dry, Lat.
pound one text twenty different ways, as tergeo, tersum, as Fr. essuyer, properly to
children make descant upon playne song.’ make dry, then to wipe; detergeo, to wipe
—Tindal in R. Sp. discantar, to quaver off, make clean. From the same root
on a note ; to chant, sing, recite verses, with Dry.
to discourse copiously. Deteriorate. Lat. deterior, worse.
To Descry. To make an outcry on Determine. Lat. terminus, a bound,
discovering something for which one is limit; determino, to fix limits, to appoint,
on the watch, then simply to discover. to finish.
Desert. Lat. desero, desertum, to Detriment.—Detritus. Lat. detero,
abandon, leave alone. -tritum, to rub off, lessen; detrimentum,
Design. Lat. designare, to mark out; a rubbing off, loss, damage.
whence to design, to frame in the mind, * Deuce.—Dickens. A euphemism
purpose, project. for the devil. The Pl.D. uses diiker,
Desire. Lat. desiderium, regret, de duks, or duus, in the same sense ; de
Sire. duks un de dood / De duus / as in Eng
Desolate. Lat. desolo, to leave alone, lish, the deuce / or the dickens / G. Ei
forsake, desert, to lay waste. See Sole. der Daus Z was der Daus Z what the
Despair.—Desperate. Lat. spes, Fr. deuce wie ein Daus, deuced, in an
espoir, hope; desespoir, absence of hope, extreme degree. Swab. taus, dass dich
despair. Lat. Spero, to hope; despero, to der Taus !—Schmid.
be without hope. The Dús was still known as a kind of
Despatch. See Dispatch. goblin among the Frisians until late
Despise. — Despite. OFr. despire, times, according to Outzen, identical with
despisant, from Lat. despicere, to despise, the AS. Thyrs, ON. Thuss, a goblin sup
as confire, from conſicere. posed to dwell in fens and desert places,
Multles despisent but Deuce is probably from a wholly
E poi valent, e poiles prisent different quarter. The inclination to
Qui od Rou volent faire paix. avoid the sin of profane swearing with
Chron. Norm. ii. 4978. out wholly giving up the gratification has
From Lat. despectus, we have Prov. very generally led to a mangling of the
despieg, despieyt, Fr. despit, contempt, terms employed so as to deprive them of
despite. any apparent reference to sacred or aw
Despond. Lat. spondeo, to promise ful things. Thus the French say sap
solemnly, pledge, engage, and fig. to give perment / for sacrament /, morb/en. A cor
good promise of the future; despondeo, to bleu A for Mort de Dieu ! Corps de Dieu !
give up hopes, to despair. Diantre for Diable; and in the same way
Despot.—Despotic. Gr. 3satrórnc, an the Germans seem to have taken the
absolute master, or owner; 3sororizöc, be first syllable of the name of the devil
longing to such a master, arbitrary. and lengthened it arbitrarily in different
Dessert. Fr. servir, to serve the ways: Tailsig, Dusigh, Dausi, Deirel,
table, to set on the dishes; desservir, to Direl, Deichert, Deihenker, Zeuhenker.—
take them away at the conclusion of the Deutsch. Mundart. iii. 505. Sw. dial.
meal, whence dessert, G. machtisch, the Diäse, the Devil.
fruits and sweetmeats laid on when the Develop. Fr. développer. See En
dinner has been cleared away. velope.
Destine.—Destiny. Lat. destino, to Deviate.—Devious. Lat. via, way;
bind, make fast, and fig to determine, deviare, to go out of the track, devius,
design, purpose, appoint, fix, doom. out of the way. See Way.
Destroy. Lat. struo, to put together, Devil. . Lat. diabolus, Gr. 3430Aoc, the
to build ; destruc, to pull down what was accuser, from diagáAAw, to calumniate,
built. traduce.
Desultory. Lat. salio, to leap ; de To Devise—Device. Lat. dividere,
silio, desulto, to leap down; desultor, in divisum, to divide or distribute, gave rise
the games of the circus, one who leaps in the Romance languages to verbs sig
from one horse to another; fig, an in nifying to divide, distinguish, distribute,
constant person. arrange, appoint; º that, either by a
4
2 IO DEVOTE

urely mental operation, when the mean A similar wavering between the shades
ing will be to devise, invent, or imagine; of meaning is seen in the legal phrase of
or with the addition of oral enunciation, devising by will. It may be explained in
when the word will signify to discourse, the sense of dividing the property, as
describe, make known our views and ar Ducange gives jus dividendi for the right
rangements to another. of disposal by will. But it is better un
I couth haue told you
derstood in the sense of arranging, ex
Such peinis as your hertis might agrise, pressing the will of the testator as to the
Albeit so no tonge may it devise, disposition of his property. “Fai ta de
Though that I might a thousand winter tell vise e ton plaisir de go que est en ta
The peynis of that cursid house of Hell. maisun kar tu murras :’ set thy house in
Frere's Tale.
order.—Livre des Rois. “Aura chascun
From dizzidere itself we have Prov. de — l'argent dessus devise’’— Shall have
wire, to divide, distinguish, explain ; and the money above appointed.— Registre
from the participle divisum, Prov. OFr. des Metiers. Docum. Inedits.
devis, discourse, as well as a secondary Ainz que departe ne devis
A mes homes n' à mes amis
form of the verb, Prov. devizir, Fr. de
Ceste terre e à ma gent.
viser, It. divisare, in the senses above ex Chron, des Ducs de Norm. 6960.
plained, which are well illustrated in the
Diz. de la Crusca. Point Device. This phrase, which has
In reference to the sense of distinguish been much misunderstood, may be ex
ing, a passage is quoted from Villani plained from It. divisare, Fr. deviser, to
where it is said that the arms worn by a plan or imagine, whence d devise used as
noble were the lilies of France, and in a superlative of praise.
addition a vermillion port-cullis above— Un noble château d devise.
‘e tanto si divisava da quella di re de Fab. et Contes, iii. 155.
Francia;' and so the arms were distin Livergiers fut biau ä devise.-Ib. iii. 115.
guished from those of the King of France.The garden was fair as could be ima
The French arms were worn with a differ
gined, or, as we say with greater exagger
ence. Hence It. divisa, and E. device, in ation, fair beyond imagination.
“—
the sense of a distinctive mark. This
went down in their barges to Greenwich,
application is somewhat perplexed by a and every barge as goodly drest as they
fashion prevalent in the 13th and 14th could device.”—Chron. Hen. VIII. in Cam.
centuries, when dresses were worn with Miscell. iv.
the two halves of the body of different
colours, dresses so divided being called Ele fut portraite à devis;–
N'est cuens ni rois ni amirés
z’esti alla divisa, or divisati, the colours Qui seust deviser tant bele
of which served to distinguish the adher En nule terre come cele.—
ents of a particular party, house, or noble, Bien fu fete par grant maitrise
Nature la fist d devise.
and constituted the partiſa, divisa, or de Fab. et Contes, iii. 424.
vice of the uniform. “Illi de Auria et
Grimaldi pro ipsorum majori colligatione She was a specimen of the beau ideal;
insimul se induerant simile vestimentum, no count, or king, or admiral, could
duorum scilicet pannorum coloris diversi, imagine one so fair.
ex quibus quilibet vestimentis unum On the other hand, point is used in the
habens gerebat pro dimidio colorem, et sense of condition ; en bon point, in good
pro reliqua colorem alterum.” — Chron. condition; mettre à point, to put into
Genuense. A.D. 1311 in Mur. Diss. 33. condition, to dress. -

“Calze, una (i.e. one leg) rosso di panno A point devise then would signify, in
e l'altra al/a divisa, secondo i colori dell’ the condition of ideal excellence, pre
arme del senatore.”—Diss. 29. Divisato, cisely the sense in which point device is
particoloured.—Fl. always used.
Thus we are sometimes in doubt So noble was he of his stature,
whether the word has reference to the So faire, so jolie and so fetise,
actual diversity of colour or is used in With limmis wrought at poinct device.
the sense of a distinctive mark. “Pul R. R. 830.
cherrima divisa est color albus et rubeus.’ I)evote.—Devout. Lat. 7'oveo, votum,
—Mur. to vow or promise to the gods; devowed,
And er alone but when he did servise
devoto, to dedicate to the Deity, to ap
All black he wore and no devise but plain. . point to a sacred purpose. Fr. devot,
Chaucer, Belle Dame sans merci. religious, godly, devout.
 DEVOUR DIDDER 2 II

Devour. Lat. voro, to gulp down, eat Covered with cloth of gold diapredwell.
greedily. Knight's Tale.
Dew. Du. dauw, G. thau, ON. dºgg, Fr. diaspré, variegated, “versicolor in
Dan. dug, Sw, dagg, dew, ON. deigr, star jaspidis.”—Duc. In OE. poetry a
moist, soft ; Sc. dew, moist. For the meadow is frequently spoken of as dia
probable origin see Daggle. The senses Aered with flowers. At a later period the
of dew and thaw are confounded in G. reference to different colours was lost,
thauen, Pl.D. dauen, to thaw, to dew. and the sense was confined to the figures
See Thaw. with which a stuff was ornamented. Fr.
Dew-berry. G. thau-beere.—Adelung. diapré, diapered, diversified with flourishes
A kind of blackberry covered with bloom. on Sundry figures.—Cot. As now under
Probably a corruption of dove-berry, from stood it is applied to linen cloth, woven
the dove-coloured bloom for which it is with a pattern of diamond-shaped figures.
remarkable, as the same name is in Ger Diaphanous. Gr. 6tapaiva, to shine
many given to the bilberry, which is through. See Phantom.
covered with a similar bloom. Bav. Diaphragm. Gr. Štá?payua, from Suá,
tauð-ber, tauben-ber (die blaue heidel inter, and ºpayua, a partition.
beere), vaccinium myrtillus. Dubbere, Diarrhoea. Gr. 34ppola, from did,
mora.-Schmeller. through, and flºw, to flow, run.
Dewlap. Dan. dog-lap, Du. douw Diary.-Diurnal. Lat. dies, day.
swenge!, from sweeping the dew. Sw. Diatribe. Gr. rpiów, to rub, wear;
dial. dogg, Du, douw (Kil), dew ; Da. ëtarpiðw, to wear away, pass time; &larpión,
Zap, a flap. pastime, amusement, occupation, study,
Dexterous. – Dexterity. Sanscr. an argument.
daksha, Gr. &#tá, dºirspá, Lat. deatera, Dibber.—Dibble. A setting-stick,
the right hand. usually made of the handle of a spade, cut
Dey. See Dairy. to a point and shod with iron.—Baker.
Dia-. Gr. 3ia, through ; in comp. I'll not put
through, thorough, and also between, The dibble in the earth to set one slip of them.
apart, asunder. Winter's Tale.
Diabolic. See Devil. The syllable diff, expressing the act of
Diadem. Gr. 314&nua, the white fillet striking with a pointed instrument, is a
with which kings used to bind their modification of Sc. dać, to prick, Bohem.
heads ; Śia&#w, to bind round, fasten; dubati, to peck, E. job, to thrust, or peck,
Čšw, to bind. parallel with dag or dig, to strike with a
Diagonal. Gr. Yuvia, an angle ; &- pointed instrument. Norm. diguer, to
aytºvioc, Lat. diagonalis, of a line drawn prick ; diguet, a pointed stick used in
through the angles. reaping.—Pat. de Brai.
Dial. A device for showing the time Dibble - dabble. Rubbish. — Hal.
of day. Lat. dialis, belonging to the day. Comp. Magy, dió-dāb, useless, insignifi
Dialect.—Dialogue. Gr. Čakéyw, to cant; dió-dābság, useless stuff, rubbish.
converse. See Logic. -dicate. Lat. dico, -atum, to proclaim,
Diameter. Gr. 3dusrpoc, the measure publish, devote, appropriate ; abdico, to
through (a circle). renounce, abdicate; dedico, to inscribe,
Diamond. G. demant, corrupted from dedicate. - * " .

adamant. -dict.—Diction.—Dictate. Lat. dico,

Diaper. It. diaspro, a Jasper or Dias dictum, to say ; dictio, a saying, word;
per stone.—Flor. Gr. Iaomic, Lat. Jaspis. todictum, a word, an order; dicto, -atum,
Then as jasper was much used in orna enounce, dictate, prescribe.
menting jewellery, M.Lat. diasprus, an from Didactic. Gr. 88arrukoc, apt to teach,
ornamented texture, panni pretiosioris 818&axw, to teach.
species.—Duc. “Pluviale diasprum cum diving Didapper. A water-bird constantly
listis auro textis.’ “Duas cruces de ar under water. Du. doppen, to dip.
See Dabchick,
gento, unam de diaspro, et unam de crys
tallo—duo pluvialia de diaspro et panno to To Didder. To didder, dither, dodder,
tremble; diddering and daddering;
Barbarico.’ Diasperatus, adorned with
inlaid work, embroidery, or the like. San doddering-dickies, the quivering heads of
dalia cum caligis de rubeo sameto dias quaking grass.-Hal. ON. dadra, to wag
the tail ; Magy, dideregni, dederegni,
perato, breudata cum imaginibus regum.’ dºdºngni, to tremble; Sc. diddle, to
A stede bay, trapped instele, shake, to jog.
14 *
2I2 DIDDLE DIKE

Hale be your heart, hale be your fiddle,

daigyfi, to stick ; dygulis, a prickle;
Long may your elbuck jink and diddle. dyge, dyg/e, a stickle-back. Turk. dik
Burns in Jam.
mek, to sew, stitch, plant, set ; diken, a
To dodd/e, to totter ; Bav. faſtern, to prickle.
tremble. The origin is a representation Digest. Lat. digero, -ges/um, to carry
of the repeated beats of a vibrating body in different directions, disperse, dissolve,
by the syllables da, da, ta, ſa, or when the digest.
beats are rapid and small, di, dº, ti, ti, To Dight. To dress, adorn, prepare.
Compare Galla dada-goda, to make dada, AS. dihſan, to set in order, arrange, com
to beat.—Tutschek. Mod.Gr. 7&arºpičw, pose. G. dichten, to meditate, contrive,
to shiver, simmer; G. 2ittern, to tremble. invent, compose. From Lat. dictare, to
To Diddle. Properly, as shown in the dictate, to speak what is to be taken
last article, to move rapidly backwards down in writing. Dictare, dichen, tich
and forwards, then to use action of such ten, vorsagen oder lesen das man schreibt.
a nature for the purpose of engaging the —Dief. Sup. Sw, dickta, to invent, to
attention of an observer while a trick is feign, to devise; dick/a up en historia, to
played upon him, to deceive by juggling trump up a story. See Ditty.
tricks. Dignity.—Condign. See Deign.
Die. — Dice. It. dado, Prov. dat, Dike.—Ditch. As the earth dug out
Fr. deſ, dé, a die or small cube used in of the ground in making a trench is
gaming. Arab, daddon, dadda, game of heaped up on the side, the ditch and the
dice. bank are constructed by the same act,
To Die. See Dead. and it is not surprising that the two
To Die or Dye. As. deah, deag, co should have been confounded under a
lour, dye ; deagan, to dye. Gael. dath common name. Du. diſcº, agger, et
(pronounced dà), colour, dye ; , Manx fovea, alveus, fossa.-Kil. In like man
daah, colour, dye, blush ; daa/ghey, to ner the It. moſa, the mound on which a
colour, stain, blush. castle was built, is identical with E. moat,
Probably the radical meaning may be the surrounding ditch out of which the
to soak, wet, or steep. earth was dug. In the N. of England a
- Then if thine eye bedye this sacred urn, diće is a dry hedge, dike stour, a hedge
Each drop a pearl shall turn, stake, while dike-hol! or dike-hollow is
To adorn his tomb.-Epitaph, 1633. the ditch.-Hal. In Dan. the term dige
E. dial. to dºg, to moisten.—Hal. ON. is applied both to a ditch and bank, but
deigr, wet ; digna, to become wet ; Dan. dige-gróſt is specifically the ditch.
dygge, to sprinkle with water, dºg-zaad, The primary signification is doubtless
dyng-vaad, thoroughly wet. In the latter that of the Fr. digue, a bank, jetty, or
of these forms we see a close agreement dam for stopping the flow of water,
with Lat. fingere, which unites the senses whence the term is applied, like the Scan
of wetting or moistening, plunging in dinavian dam or the Romance tampo,
liquid, dyeing with colour. Gr. rāyyw, to fanco, to a pond of water held up by a
moisten, stain, colour. See Daggle. dike or dam. Du. dijck, piscina, stag
Diet. I. A deliberative assembly. num.—Kil. The two applications are in
See Day. G. distinguished by a modification of
2. Gr. 6taura, mode or place of life, spelling, and deich is used in the sense of
means of life, subsistence. a dike or dam, teich in that of a pond.
But sith I know my wordis doith thee so sore In a similar manner in England the
smert, northern pronunciation dike has been
Shall no more hereafter; and eche day our diete appropriated to a bank, the southern,
(intercourse) ditch, to a trench.
Shall be mery and solase, and this shall be for
gete.—Chaucer, Beryn. 7oo. The ultimate origin of the term must
be looked for, not in the idea of digging
Difficult. Lat. difficilis, hard to be with a spade, but in that of stopping up,
done; difficultas, difficulty. See Facile. thrusting in a peg to stop an orifice, in
To Dig. To drive a pointed instru accordance with the fundamental signifi
ment into ; to spur a horse, stab a man cation of the root dag or dºg, whence Sp.
through his armour.—Hal. A modifica taco, a stopper, ramrod, billiard cue,
tion of dag. See Dagger. Norm, diguer, wadding ; W. tagu, to choke, to stifle.
to prick; endiguer, to pierce with an awl Magy. dugni, to stick in, to stop, duga,
or needle; diguet, a pointed stick, a dib a plug, stopper, stuffing ; Illyrian fužani,
ble. Lith. &ngus, sharp, pointed ; degå, Pol, tºad, to thrust, stick, cram, stuff;
 DILAPIDATION DIMITY 213
utyład, to stop chinks; Bohem. załka, a dumper, gloomy, of the weather; werfum
stopper, bung, obstruction. Fin. tukkia, A/en, vertum/en, to make thick (trube).
Du. bedampen, to darken, to make dim—
to stop a hole, stuff something into a hole ;
tuket, a stopper ; fu&#uta, to be stopped, Halma; een dompig huis, a close, dark
to stagnate ; Esthon. tikma, to thrust, house. ON. dimmr, dark, thick; dimma,
press in, to stop ; tikki's, a stopper. Sc. dumba, darkness; dimm/citr, dumöinn,
dook, a peg driven into a wall. dark-coloured; dumbungr, thickness of
Dilapidation. Lat. Zapis, -idis, a air, covered weather; dimmraddadr, voce
stone ; dilapido, to destroy, perhaps by obscurá et gravi; dimma, to grow dark.
battering with stones, or perhaps to throw Sw. dimba, a fog, haze; Dan. dum, dumb,
about like stones, to dissipate, squander, dim, obscure, dull, low (of sound), stupid.
WaSte. The same relation between the ideas of
Saepe ferus duros jaculatur Jupiter imbres shutting up and darkening is seen in
Grandine dilapidan's hominumque boumque la Manx doon, to close or shut up, and also
bores.—Columella.
to darken ; doom, a field or close; doomey,
Dilemma. Gr. 6ixmupua, an argument shutting, closing, darkening; E. dun, of a
equally conclusive in two opposite ways, dark colour. The same development of
from Čic, twice, and Añupia, a proposition the root is found in the Finnish languages.
or thesis. Fin. tumma, dull, dim, tummeta, to be
Diligent. Lat. di/igo (properly to dimmed, to be put out as a fire, tummen
pick out), to love; di/gens, loving, at taa, to damp the fire, to extinguish ; Es
tentive, industrious. See -lect. thon. tumme, dull, dim, dark; Lap. tuom,
Dilling.—Dill. Di//ing, a darling or dull in action, slow.
favourite, the youngest child or the young Dimble.--Dimple.—Dingle. Dimble
est of a brood.—Hal. ON. dill, the nurse's or ding/e is a narrow glen, deep valley.
lullaby; di//a, to lull a child to sleep. Within a gloomy dimble she doth dwell.
To dill, to soothe, to still, to calm–Hal., Sad Shepherd.
to dill down, to subside, become still.
The noise of the Queen's journey to France Lith. dubus, hollow, deep (of vessels);
has dilled down.—Jam. duðus medis, a hollow tree; dumbu, dubti,
Hence the name of the herb diſ! (Sw. to be hollow ; dºe, dobe, a ditch, hole in
dill, Dan. dild, anethum), used as a car the earth, den ; dube/e, a little pit, dimple
minative or soothing medicine for child in the cheek or chin ; dauða, a glen, cleft,
ren. Dan. dial. dull, still, quiet, as pain valley. Fris. dobbe, a ditch, hole, pit,
when the attack goes off; du/me, to sub hollow ; dobbetjens, a dimple.—Epkema.
side, assuage, soothe. Lith. ty/us, quiet, E. dió, a valley; dub, a deep place in a
still, tilayti, to quiet, ty/a, silence; Pol. river—Hal., a puddle or gutter—Jam. ;
tulić, to seek to calm, soothe, or appease dump, a deep hole of water; Bav. diimpſ,
one, utulić, to quiet a crying child. See dim//e/, a deep hole in a river; OHG.
Dull. tumphilo, gurges–Schmeller; E. dumble,
Dilly. A public carriage, contracted a wooded dingle.—Hal.
from Fr. diligence.—Hal. Closely connected with deep, diff. The
Diluvial. See Deluge. radical image may be the hollow made
Dim. One of the numerous class of by a blow with a pointed instrument, re
words branching out from the root tap, presented by the syllable dić, whence
daë, dam in the sense of stop, obstruct, dibber, dibble, a setting-stick. Compare
mentioned under Deaf and Dam. Lang. Bohem. dupati, to stamp, du/a, a hollow ;
tapa lou ſhour, to stop one's light; Ptg. Pol. dupnied, to become hollow. On the
tapa los olhos, to cast a mist before one's same principle we have denſ, the hollow
eyes, taparse, to darken, become dark; made by a blow (and perhaps den, a cave
tabar os ouvidos, Lang. se tampa las or hollow), from dinț, a blow. So also
aourelios, to stop one's ears. from dig or ding in the sense of stabbing
Bav. daumö, daum, taum, stopper, wad or thrusting or striking with a hammer or
ding ; daumen, verdaumben, to ram down, the like, we pass to dinge, the hollow
to stop ; dumper, dimper, dull in sound made by the blow, and dingle, synonym
or in colour; ‘timper, fusca vox, caecus ous with dimē/e, a narrow glen.
Sonus,' timberriu wuolchen, the dark Dimension. Lat. dimefior, -mensus,
clouds; ein tumperer meðel, a dark mist. to measure out. See Measure.
Timberi, caligo—Notker, identical with Dimity. Originally a stuff woven with
Lat. tenebrae, vertumperte augen, oculi two threads, from Gr. Öic, twice, and utroc,
contenebrati.-Schmeller. Swab. diemer, a thread. ‘Officinas ubi in fila variis
2I4 DIN DIPLOMA

distincta coloribus Serum vellera tenuan Dint. —Dent. —Dunt. All imitative
tur, et sibi invicem multiplici texendi of the sound of a blow. To dunſ, to
genere coaptantur. Hinc enim videas strike so as to make a hollow sound, to
amita, dimitague et trimita minori peri beat, to palpitate.—Jam.
tià sumptugue perfici,’ i. e. (says Mura ON. dumär, dynkr, Sw. dunk, a hollow
tori) “vulgares telae sericiae uno filo seu sound, as the boom of a gun ; dunka, to
licio, duobus, aut tribus contextae.”—Fal beat, to throb, to knock at a door; dunsa,
candus, Hist. Sicil. in Mur. Diss. 25. In to strike with a dull sound, to fall heavily;
the same way the G. name for velvet, sam dumta, to strike, to shake — Rietz; Da.
met, is contracted from exhamita, from dial. dumte, to sound hollow under the
having been woven of six threads. In feet; dunase, to thump.
like manner G. drillich, E. drill, a web of Diocese. Gr. 8touchaic, the manage
a threefold thread; G. 27Willich, E. twill, ment of a household, administration,
a web of a double thread. function of a steward, a province or juris
Din. Imitative of continued sound. diction; in ecclesiastical matters the juris
ON. dynia, dundi, to resound ; duna, to diction of a bishop. Aloux{to, to manage
thunder. Lat. tinmire, to sound as a bell, household affairs, from otroc, a house.
tomare, to thunder. See Dun. To Dip.—Deep. Goth. daupyan, AS.
* To Dine. It. desinare; OFr. dis dippan, Sw, doppa, to dip, to soak. Du.
gner, dismer, digner; Prov, dismar, dir doppen, doopen, to dip, baptise ; Sc. douf,
mar, dinar. ‘Disnavi me ibi.”—Gl. Vatic. Du. duypen, to duck the head. G. tatºſen,
quoted by Diez. Diez suggests a deriva to baptise; It tuffare, to dive or duck, to
tion from a Lat. decarnare (analogous to plunge under water.
devorare, depascere), whence in Fr. might Goth. diups, ON. diupr, Du, duyp, dieſ,
have arisen decenter, desmer, diner, as G. tieſ, deep. Lith. duðus, hollow, deep
from decima—desme, dime. The OFr. (of a vessel); dube, dobe, a ditch, hole in
had reciner, to lunch, from recarnare. the ground, dube/e, a little hole, a dimple;
The more probable derivation however dumbu, dubti, to be hollow. E. dub, a
seems to me to be that from Lat. desimere, pool in a river, dump, a deep hole of
to cease, the dinner being the meal taken water. Du. dompen, dompe/en, to plunge
at the noontide cessation from labour. under water — Halma ; Bav. diimpſ,
The application of It. desinare to the dim/ſel, a deep hole in a river.
sense of dining may have driven it out of Bohem. dupa, a hole or cavern, duffati,
use in the sense of ceasing. to stamp, dubati, to peck, strike with the
To Ding. To strike, knock, cast. To beak.
ding through, to pierce. ‘He dang him The original root seems to be the syl
throw the body with ane Swerd.”—Bellen lable dib, dub, representing the sound of a
den in Jam. To ding at the door, to blow with a pointed instrument, and
knock.-P.P. ON. dengia, to hammer; thence being applied to the hollow made
dengia einum midr, to ding one down. in the object struck, or on the other hand
The syllables ding, dong, or the like, are to the sudden motion downwards with
used in the first instance to represent a which the blow is given. To diff then is
strong impression on the ear, and thence to go suddenly downwards, and deep de
are transferred to a violent action, a heavy signates the quality of things which admit
blow. of going suddenly downwards, the depth
Dingle. A narrow valley, a glen. A being greater as they admit of a more
variety of dimble, and, as the latter was extended or more sudden descent.
derived from dib, expressing a blow with It is remarkable that as we have a root
a pointed instrument, dingle stands in dig in the same sense with dib, the same
the same relation to dig, ding. The parallelism of the labial and guttural final
primary meaning then would be a dint, is found throughout the series. We have
pit, hollow. Du. duy/en and duycken, to duck the
Dingy. Related to forms like the G. head, to duck under water, dive ; Sc.
dumpſig, dead in sound, musty, damp, doup in the same sense as the E. duck,
Du. dompig, dark, close, as cringe to AS. G. taufen, to baptise, tauchen, to dip or
crymbig, crooked, It cangfare to cam dive ; E. dimble and dingle, a glen; Du.
&lare, to change. The ON. dumba, dark dom/ent, G. funken, to dip.
ness, would give an AS. dymbig, darkish, Diphthong. Gr. Čigºoyyoc, having a
dingy. S It may be considered as the twofold sound ; p36) yoc, articulate sound
analogue of the Du. donker, G. dunkel, Diploma.-Diplomatic. Gr. 6in Awpia,
dark. See Damp, Dim. Lat. diploma, an authoritative document,
 DIRE DISPENSE 215
licence, charter, from &m Aów, to double, Discreet.—Discretion. Fr. discret,
because in the form of folded tablets. discerning, prudent; Lat. discerno, -cre
Dire. Lat. dirus, cruel, dreadful. tum, to discern; discretto, separation, Se
Dirge. A funeral service; from Ps. lection. -

, v. 8. ‘Dirige Domine Deus meus in Discrepancy. Lat. crepo, to creak,

conspectu tuo vitam mean,’ repeated in make a noise ; discrepo, to be out of
the anthem used on such occasions.— tune, sound inharmoniously, thence, to
Jam. disagree.
The frere wol to the direge if the cors is fat. Discriminate. Lat. discrimen, se
Political Songs, 332, Cam. Soc. paration, distinction. See -cern.
In old Sc. dregy, dirgy. Disgust. Fr. desgoust, dºgotá, from
Bºš. Kåger Sc. durić, Lat. gustus, taste.
G. dolch, Sw. dolk, a dagger. Bohem. Dish.-Disk. Lat. discus, a quoit or
tuleg, a spear (spiculum), tulich, a dagger. flat circle of stone, wood, or metal ;
Magy. tolni, to thrust ; Russ. to/kat', hence, a dish ; Gr. Čioxoc, a quoit, a tray.
tolknut, to give a blow, strike, knock; G. fisch, a table."
Bohem. tauá, a pestle. Fris. du/g, do/ge, Disheveled, Fr. descheveler, to put
dolch, a wound. — Epkema. The inter the hair out of order. Fr. cheveur, Lat.
change of an / and r before a final gut ca/i//a, the hair.
tural is very common. Comp. Dan. dial. Dismal. Swiss dusem, dark, thick,
smilke and Æilche, corresponding to E. misty, downhearted. Bav. dus, dusama,
smirk and Kirk—Junge; Outzen. OFr. diſsig, dusmig, dull (not shining), still,
pourſe for £oulpe.—Roquef. cloudy. Dan. dial. dusm, dussem, slum
* Dirt. " Dryfe or doonge, merda, ber. Dasym, or in Pynson's edition,
stercus. – Pr. Prm. To drite, caGare, dasmyn, or missyn as eyne, caligo.—Pr.
egerere.—Cath. Ang. in Way. ON. drif, Prm. Swab. disse/m, disemen, dusemen,
excrement. G., Du. dreck, excrement, dismen, dusmen, to speak low, dosen,
filth, mud, dirt. dosmen, to slumber.
The radical sense of the word is simply The primary image is a low sound,
a lump, what falls in separate portions. then dull in colour, dark, overcast, un
Banff treetle, to fall in drops, to trickle. cheerful.
E. traffles, trottles, treadles, the dung of Dismay. Sp. desmayo, a swoon, faint
sheep, goats, hares, &c. Du. drofel, ing-fit, decay of strength, dismay; des
dreutel pilula stercoraria. Banff. furd, a mayar, to faint, to be faint-hearted, to
clot of excrement, is radically identical discourage, frighten. See Amaze.
with inversion of the r. In the same To Disparage. From Lat. Aar, equal,
way E. croftles, lumpy dung, may be com arises Fr. Zarage, equality of birth or in
pared with croſe, a clod, and Du. Krotte, blood, (and hence) kindred, parentage,
dirt sticking to the bottom of clothes, Fr. lineage.—Cot. Hence to disparage, to
crofte, dirt. match a person with one of inferior birth
Dis-, Di-, before an f,1)if-. From Gr. and condition, and in modern usage to
3ic (Sanscr. dwis, Lat. bis), twice, in two speak slightingly of one, to put him lower
parts, separately. In composition it im in estimation.
plies separation from the thing signified Dispatch. It impacciare, to impeach,
by the word with which it is compounded, encumber, hinder ; dispacciare, to dis
and hence negation, opposition. patch, rid or free.—Fl. Fr. empescher,
Disaster. Fr. desastre, It. disastro, to hinder, impeach, pester; despescher, to
an evil chance, something brought about rid, send away quickly, discharge.—Cot.
by an evil influence of the stars. Prov. Diez would derive the words from Lat.
astrar, to cause by the influence of the impingere, in the sense of fastening
stars; astruc, Lat. astrosus, fortunate; something troublesome upon one, through
&emastre, good fortune; desastre, misfor the supposed frequentative forms impac
tune.—L)iez. tare, impactiare. More probably from
To Discard. Sp. descarfar, to throw the Gael. bac, stop, hindrance, restraint;
cards out of one's hand at certain games; bacail, obstruction. Lat. repagula, bars,
hence to put aside, reject. - restraints, fastenings. Prov. empaig, emi
Disciple.—Discipline. Lat. discipu Aacha, empaita, obstacle, hindrance; emi
Ius, disciplina, from disco, I learn. Aaichar, empaitar, empazar, empechar,
Discomfit. Fr. disconſire, -ſit, to over to embarrass ; the converse of which, to
throw, defeat. Lat. com/?cio, to bring to dispatch, is to remove a hindrance.
gether, to make up. See -fect. Dispense.—Dispensation. Lat, dis
216 DIS PERSE DIVAN

£enso, topay out money, to manage an seize the goods of a tenant, in order to
income ; to dispense with, to manage compel him to pay the rent.
without. See Spend. The pledge or the fine exacted was
Disperse. See -sperse. - termed districtio, distress, and the same
To Display. OFr. des//oyer, It. dis name was sometimes given to the right
fiegare, spiegare, to unfold, from Lat. of exercising judicial authority. “Dis
A/icare, to fold. trictio quoque villae ad ecclesiam pertine
To Dispute. Lat. disſºufare, to cast bit, ita ut Godescalcus—qui advocatus
up a sum, compute, to examine and dis est ejusdem allodii, medietatem ipsius
cuss a subject. In modern language the distriction is de Ecclesiá teneat.”—Charta
term is applied to hostile discussion of a ann. I 124. But the right of exercising
subject with another person. such authority, as well as the territory
Disseminate. To sow here and there. over which it was exercised, were more
Lat. semen, seed. commonly termed districtus, It. distretto,
Dissertation. Lat. dissero, -serfum, OFr. destroicſ, E. district. “Maneantgue
to set asunder, to discuss ; disserto, to sub judicio et districtu vestro.”—Bulla
explain, debate, discuss. See -sert. Bonifacii ann. Io93. “Qui allodium ven
Dissident. Lat. dissideo, to sit apart, diderit, districtum et jurisdictionem Im
to disagree. peratoris vendere non praesumat.”—Lib.
Dissipate. Lat. dissipare, to scatter. Feod. ‘Et totum districtum ejusdem
The obs. sipo or supo signified to cast.— insulae cum totă justitiã dedi eis.”—Charta
Festus. ann. 983. ‘Praedictum furnum et dis
Distaff. The staff on which the flax trictum ejusdem furni, i.e. the soke of
was fastened in spinning. Pl.D. diesse, the oven, or right of compelling the te
Ditmarsh dies, the bunch of flax on the nants to resort to it for the purpose of
distaff; E. dial. dise, to supply the staff baking.—Duc.
with flax. I dysyn a dystaffe.—Palsgr. To Dit.—Ditch. To dit is to stop
The term may be a modification of the an orifice. “Dit your mouth with your
root appearing in Gael. dos, a bush, clus meat.”—Sc. proverb. AS. dittan, to stop.
ter, tuft, lock of hair, E. tussock, a tuft ON. ditta, to stop chinks. From dot, a
of grass, Bav. doschen, duschen, dosten, lump, as the notion of stopping an orifice
a bush, tuft, tassel. On the other hand, is commonly expressed by reference to
the thread drawn down from the stock of the bunch of materials thrust into the
flax on the distaff may be compared to opening. See Dam. Du. dodde, a tap,
the stream of milk drawn from an ani stopper, plug.—Kil. Dan. dial. dot, a
mal's udder, and thus the term may be stopper. N. dott, a bunch, a lump ;
identical with the Sw, diss, a teat, dissa, dytta, to stop a hole.
to suck. We speak of blood spinning Another modification of the word is
from a vein. ditch, or diche, to stuff or fill up. A table
Distich. Gr. 8tartxoc (Čic, and orixoc, is diched when the dirt has insinuated
a row, verse), in two rows or lines. itself into the grain of the wood.—Baker,
Distinguish.-Distinction. Lat. dis Northampt. Gl. Bav. dafschen, detschen,
tinguo, -nctum, properly to mark with dotschen, to press down something soft ;
points; Gr. oriča, to prick; oriyua, a datsch, &c., a mess of something soft,
prick or spot; Lat, instigo, instinguo, to Æue-datsch, cow-dung.—Schm.
prick one on, to stimulate. Ditch. See Dike.
Distrain.—Distress.-District. From Ditto. A term from the language of
Lat. stringere, to strain, to draw tight, book-keeping. It. detto (Lat. dictum),
Mid. Lat. distringere (whence Fr. dis said, aforesaid.
traindre and E. distrain) was used in the Ditty. OFr. dict, dicta, diffé, recita
sense of exercising severity upon, cor tion of an adventure, story, Fº work
recting, and especially in that of compel of imagination.—Roquef. t. dicere,
ling or constraining a person to do some dictum, to say.
thing by the exaction of a pledge or by Then said I, thus it falleth me to cesse
fine or imprisonment. ‘Et liceat illi eos Eithir to rime or diffees for to make.
distringere ad justitias faciendas.”—Hist, Chaucer, Belle Dame sans merci.
Fr. in Duc. ‘Et ce quiest dessus devisé
fut fait et establi pour destraindre les IDiuretic. See Urine.
gens a venir faire droit en la cour.”. Divan. Pers. diwán, a collection of
Assis. Hierosol. In this sense we still writings, register, account-book; board
speak of distraining for rent, when we of accounts, custom-house (lt. dogana,
 DIVE DOCK 217

Fr. douane), council, senate ; council did, and how the people did, and how
chamber, raised seat. the war prospered.” In the Livre des
To Dive. AS. deoſan, dufan (dyſde, Rois : E David—enguist cume Joab le
doſen), to plunge in water, duck, dive ; ſist, eli poples, e coment iſ le ſeissent del
ON. dyſa, deſa, to dip, stick down into. siege—and how they got on with the
Du. duipem, to duck the head.—Kil. siege.
Dan. duve, to pitch, as a ship meeting Docile.—Doctor.—Doctrine.—Docu
the waves; duve sig, to duck, bow the ment. Lat. doceo, doctum, to teach, do
head. It tuffure, to duck or plunge ci/ts, easy to be taught; doctor, a teacher,
under water. doctrina, what is taught, documentum,
A parallel series with a final guttural that by which one is taught.
is seen in Du. duiken, Bav. ducken, to Dock. I. G. docke, a bundle, bunch
duck, bow, dive; Sw, dyka, G. tauchen, to of thread, knot of cords, baluster, plug,
dive. See Dip. stopple, a short thick piece of anything.
Divide.—Division. Lat. divido, -sum, Fris. dok, a small bundle, ball of twine,
separate, cut in parts; dividuus, what bunch of straw. It, tocco, a scrap, cob,
may be divided. collop, cut or shive, viz. of bread and
Divine. Lat. divinus, belonging to cheese.—Fl. W. toc, that is short or
God; divi, Gods. Gr. Čioc, godlike. The abrupt ; focyn, a short piece; focio, to
Lat. divinus was applied to a prophet or reduce to a short bit, to curtail, explain
soothsayer, one conversant with divine ing the E. dock, to reduce to a stump, to
matters, as in modern times the term is cut short. ON. dockr, a short stumpy
applied to a clergyman. Hence divinare, tail. The term dock is applied to several
to divine, foretell, prophesy, foresee, then plants having leaves broad in proportion
to guess. to their length, as sour-dock, sorrel, bur
Dizzy. As. dysig, dysłic, foolish; Pl.D. dock, butter-dock (Du. docke-blaederem,
disig, dösig, giddy, dizzy, disig weder, petasites), AS. ea-doc#, Swab. wasser
hazy weather ; Dan. disig, hazy ; Du. dock/ein, the water-lily. Another appli
duysig, deusig, stupid, giddy, stunned ; cation of the term is to the rump of an
E. dizze, to stun. “Etourdir, to astonish, animal, butt end of a tree, the thick end.
dizze, amaze.”—Cotgr. Bav. dusen, du —Hal.
selm, dusselm, to be still, to slumber, to be Dock, like other words signifying a
giddy ; dasig, submissive, tame; dausig, lump, is probably derived from the no
dusi.g., dull, foolish. E. to daze, to stupefy, tion of knocking. Du. docken, dare
benum ; dasyd or bedasyd, vertiginosus. pugnos, ingerere verbera.-Kil. It toc
-Pr. Pm. To dozen, dosen, to stupefy care, to knock. Compare dump, to beat
with a blow or otherwise, to lose power (Jam.), with dumpy, dunch, to beat, with
and life, benum, become torpid.—Jam. dunch, one who is short and thick—Jam. ;
ON. dos, das, languor, lassitude. Hann to punch, to strike, with punchy, short
Ziggr i dosi, he lies in a faint. Dan. dos, and thick, &c. -

drowsiness, döse, to doze, to mope. Dock. 2. The cage in a court of jus

To Do. OHG. duan, tuan, G. thum, tice in which a criminal is placed at his
Du. doen, to do. trial. Flemish docke, a bird-cage.—Kil.
It is often said that do in the inquiry Dock. 3. An inclosed basin for re
after a person's health is properly the Sc. pairing ships. A pond where the water
dow, Du, doogen, deugen, G. taugen, to is kept out by great flood-gates till the
be able or good for, to avail, to thrive; ship is built or repaired, but are opened
but there is no need of such a supposi to let in the water to float or launch her.
tion. We ask how a thing does, mean
ing, how does it perform the office ex Both in this sense and in that of a cage
pected of it, and the word is used in a the meaning is probably to be explained
very similar sense in the inquiry, How through the notion of stopping up, hem
do you do?—How do you get on 2 How ming in, confining. The G. docke, signi
do you perform the offices of life? It is fying primarily a bunch, is applied to the
a simple translation of the OFr. Com tap by which the water of a fish-pond is
ment le faites-vous 2 kept in or let off-Adelung. Hence the
Puis li a dit par grant douçor, name seems to have been transferred to
Sire, comment le faites-vos ? a naval dock, the essential provision of
Dame, bien, dit le Segretains. which is the power of keeping in or shut
Fab. et Contes. 1. 245.
ting out the water by an analogous con
‘David demanded of him how Joab trivance, though on a greatly magnified
218 DOCKET IDOILEY

scale. Clausa, eyn cluse (a sluice or To dod is to reduce to a lump, to cut

flood-gate), tock, i. Q. docke, obturamen off excrescences, to curtail. Doddyn trees
tum piscinae.—Dief. Sup. See Dam. or herbs, or other like, decomo, capulo.
From signifying the plug or sluice by Doddyd, without horns. Doddyd, as trees,
which the flow of water is regulated, the decomatus, mutilus.-Pr. Pm. Doddy,
word is applied to the dam of which the low in stature, like a lump. Fr. dodu, fat,
sluice forms part, and generally to the plump, full-bodied.—Cot. Doddy-pate,
dam or bank of a ditch or artificial piece or doddy-fo//, is equivalent to block-head,
of water, to the conduit through which or numskull, jobber-mol/, lump-headed.
the water flows away, to a spout, gutter, Fris, dodd, a simpleton. Du. dots-kop, a
watercourse. In the former sense we blockhead.—Halma.
have Prov. doga, douza, Fr. douze, douhe, Dod.—Dodder. Sc. dad, a slam ; to
a bank. “Douvam sive aggerem dicti fall, or clap down forcibly, and with noise.
fossati.” “Qui a douhe, il a fossé, who He fell with a dad.—Jam. Hence dad,
ever possesses the bank, he has the ditch. a lump, large piece, synonymous with
In the sense of a conduit; “fossas in cir dod. Sc. dod, to jog. To dad, to shake,
cuitu basilicas fieri jussit ne forte dog's to strike. — Hal. To dodder, didder,
occultis lymphae deducerentur in fontem.’ dither, to shake, to tremble; doddered,
—Gregory of Tours in Diez. shaken, shattered. A doddered oak, a
In It. we have doccia, a mill-dam, a shattered oak. A dodderel, or pollard, is
spout, gutter; Sp. daguaucho, a rush of from dod in the other sense of the term,
water, watercourse ; It. docciare, to spout, to poll, or cut short.
to let water run with some force upon Dodge. To dodge, to jog, to move
one's head for to cleanse and wash it, as quickly to and fro, to deceive by a rapid
they use in Italy.—Fl. Whence the turn. Sc. datch, to jog, to shake; dodd,
modern E. douche, a bath taken by pour to jog ; to dad down, to fall or clap down
ing water from a height on the patient. with a noise; to dad, to dash, to bang ;
In the sense of a water-conduit we find dad, dawd, a lump, large piece of any
dozga (doccia, dozga, as ſaccioletto, ſazzo thing. Swiss datsch, dotsch, a blow with
/etto) in a passage misunderstood by the open hand; something broad and
Carpentier. ‘Statutum est quod canalis flat like a soft substance thrown on the
de S. Catharina—ducatur tantum per dog ground; datschnase, a squabnose; dāţsch,
2am, quae est—sub fundo circae (by the the noise of a blow or the blow itself,
culvert which is under the bottom of the clap, Smack.
ditch), et quod terralium et ripa dictae Doe. Lat. dama, G. dam, AS. da, Dan.
circae claudatur in totum usque ad dic daa, fallow-deer ; It. daimo as E. doe, the
tam dogzam ita quod nulla ruptura sit in female of the same kind. Gael. damh,
dicto terralio, et a latere foras dictae an ox, a stag.
circae in capite dozgaº possit fieri una Dog. ON. doggr, Du, dogghe, a large
clusa alta (a deep sluice, or flood-gate, at dog. The uprights in front of the iron
the head of the culvert) super dictam bars on which the logs in a fireplace
doggam,’ &c. rest, are called dogs, in Swiss ſeuer-hund,
The sense of stopping up is expressed probably from the resemblance to a dog
by the same root in the Finnish lan sitting on its haunches; in Pol. and Lith.
guages. Fin. tukko, a lump, bunch, wiłki, a wolf. ON. sitia wid dogg, to sit
tuft ; tukkia, to stop an orifice; fužet, a up in bed.
stopper, the condition of being shut up ; Doggrel. Pitiful poetry.
tukkuta, to be stopped up, to stagnate, Now swiche a rime the devil I beteche,
as water. Magy. dugni, to stuff; dugasz, This may wel be cleperime dogerel quod he.
a stopper, bung. - Chaucer, Prol. Melibeus.
Docket. A small piece of paper or Dogma.--Dogmatic. Gr. 86)pa, an
parchment, containing the heads of a authoritative sentence, a decree, from
large writing.—B. A shred, or piece.— 3ox{w, to think, judge, Čorsi, it seems
Hal. A diminutive of dock, in the ori good, ćečárral, it has been resolved, de
ginal sense. W. tocyn, a small piece, or creed.
slip, a ticket. Doiley. A small napkin used at des
Dod. Synonymous in several of its sert, said to be derived from the name of
senses with Dock. Fris. dodd, dadde, a a dealer by whom they were introduced.
lump, clump, bunch-Outzen. Sc. dawd, The stores are very low, Sir, some Doiley pet
a lunch, lump. Du. dot, a bunch of ticoats and manteaus we have, and half a dozen
twisted thread.—Halma. pairs of laced shoes.—Dryden, Kind Keeper.
 DOIT DOME 219

There is, however, a singular resem the ditch and bank are made by flinging
blance to Du. dwaele, dwele, a towel; on the one side the earth taken up from
Swiss dwaheli, a napkin. the other) applied both to ridge and fur
* Doit. Du. duit, the smallest coin, row, and subsequently appropriated to
the 14th part of a guilder. It is also used either as accidental circumstances might
in the more general sense of a particle or determine. We find the same duplicity
least bit. Hijgelijkt hem op een' duit. of meaning in dike, and mote, the term
he resembles him to a hair.—Bomhoff. by which we designate the ditch of a
It is used in Yorkshire synonymous with castle, signifies in It. the mound on which
moit, a mote or atom. “There was now the castle is built.
ther head nor hair on't, moit nor doit,' Dole, a boundary mark, either a post
every fraction had disappeared.—Whitby or a mound of earth, a lump of anything.
Gloss. Analogous forms are seen in dot, —Hal. Doel, a butt, or mound of turf
jot, tot, representing probably in the first for archers to shoot at.—Kil. Dool, doſe,
instance a slight utterance, then a slight the goal in a game of football, &c.—Jam.
movement, a particle or small portion of Doll. Properly a bunch of rags. Fris.
bodily substance. So Gr. Ypi, a slight dok, G. docke, a little bundle, as of thread,
sound, a least bit; ové ypt, not a syllable, a wisp of straw, also a doll ; Swab.
not a bit. It is remarkable also that you, dock/e, a doll ; do&#e/ent, to play with a
according to Suidas, like doit and mite, doll. Banff. doll, a large lump of any
was used as the name of a small coin. It. thing.
mon fare me motto me totto, not to let one's So in Fin. nukka, a flock, rag, patch ;
breath be heard, not to stir. As motto nukki, nuket, a doll, pupa lusoria puella
corresponds to moit, so totto to doit. rum ex panniculis.
See Mote, Mite. If I were mad I should forget my son,
-dole.—Dole.—Doleful. Sc. dule, Or madly think a babe of clouts were he.
dool, grief; to sing doo/, to lament.— K. John.
Jam. Lat. dolere, to grieve ; It. duolo, Dollar. Du. daler, G. thaler. Said
doglia, pain, grief; Fr. deuil, mourning. to be so named from having been struck
Ir, doilâh, doi/ſe, dark, gloomy, sorrowful, at Joachimsthal in Bohemia.
mournful; doilbheas, doi/gheas, affliction, Dolorous. See Dole. Lat. doleo, to
sorrow; Gael. doi//eir, dim, dark ; dull grieve ; dolor, grief, pain.
&hearra (Ir. duilbhir), sad, anxious, me Dolt. Swab. dalde, da/ſer, dod/e,
lancholy. The opposites to these last da//e, dohſe, dal/ebatsch, da//ewatsch,
are soilleir, bright, clear, and suil/hir, da/pe, da/per, a foolish, awkward, clumsy
cheerful, joyful, constructed with the person; da/picht, talkickſ, clumsy, clown
particle so equivalent to the Gr. e5, as the ish ; dalpen, talken, to handle awkwardly;
former series with the particle do equiv G. tº ſpel, a dolt, blockhead. Bav. da/Ken,
alent to the Gr. 8vº. See Dear, Dark. to work in sticky, doughy materials;
In like manner Gael. dolas, woe, grief; zerda/Ken, to blot, dawb, do a thing un
solas, solace, comfort. The idea of dark skilfully, spoil by awkwardness; da/kend,
ness is always connected with that of da/ket, sticky, awkward ; der dalk, the
grief and melancholy. E. dial. dow/y, awkward person.—Schmel.
dingy, colourless, doleful.—Hal. Dome.—Domestic.—Domicile. Lat.
Dole. 2. A portion, or lot. See Deal. domus, a house. Gr. 36poc, 3Gua. It is
Dole. 3. Doles, doo/s, slips of pasture doubtful how the term dome came to be
left between furrows of ploughed lands. applied to a cupola or vaulted roof. A
—B. “Cursed be he that translateth the cathedral is in It. duomo, in G. dom, and
bounds and doſes of his neighbour.’— a dome may be so called because it was
Injunction 19 Eliz. in Brand's Pop. Ant. the ornament of a cathedral church. A
A dole-meadow is a meadow in which the church in general was called domus Dei,
shares of different proprietors are marked the house of God, and probably the name
by doles or landmarks. Now the simplest was given to a cathedral church par ex
division of property would be a strip of cellence. On the other hand we find that
turf left unploughed. Pl.D. dole, a small the Gr. 3Gua was used for a roof. “Doma
ditch with the sod turned up beside it for in Orientalibus provinciis ipsum dicitur
a landmark; ultidolen, so to mark the quod apud Latinos tectum, in Palaestina
division of properties with a ridge and enim et AEgypto-non habente in tectis
furrow.—Brem. Wtb. The word is pro culmina sed domata, quae Romae vel. So
bably at bottom identical with W. ºwlſ, a laria, vel Maeniana vocant, id est, plana
pit, Bohem. dºl, a pit, ditch; then (as tecta quae transversis trabibus sustentan
22O DOMINION L) OSE

tur.”—St Jerome in Duc. Atºpia, tectum. think, judge, deem.

Lith. dumá, mind,
—Gloss. Gr. Lat. Ibid. thought, opinion ; dumózi, to be of
The word domus is commonly derived opinion, to have in the mind; apsidu
from the Gr. 3:pºw, to build, but this I be maſti, to remember.
lieve is putting the cart before the horse. Let. do/ima/t, Russ. dumat', to think,
The form with the narrow vowel is com to be of opinion. . Gr. 9unſic, breath, life,
monly the derivative, and trivouat is de soul, mind, thought, resolve. The ulti
rived from tróvoc, labour, deem from doom, mate meaning is doubtless the breath,
and not vice versa. We have then the from Russ. aut', Illyr. duff, duhati, du
most natural derivation for the word sig wati, to blow, to breathe; Gr. 960, pro
nifying a dwelling, in the notion of a perly to blow or breathe, then to storm,
hearth or fire-place. to rage, to rush, to breathe out odours,
The Fin. sawu, signifying smoke, is to sacrifice ; Magy. Júni, to blow, to
applied in the second place to a house, SnOrt.

household, family living in a house, and Door. Gr. 9épa, Goth. daur, G. thor,
in like manner the W. m.w.g., smoke, is thière, Sanscr. d’vár, Lith. durris, Slav.
identical with Bret. mol/g or mog, a fire, dºyry, &c.
hearth, household, house, while a deriva Dor. A drone bee, a beetle. Perhaps
tive moged is in the latter dialect used for
from the humming sound made by ani
smoke. In like manner Pol. dym (radic mals of this class in flying. Gael. dºr
ally identical with 0.16c and /u/nus) is dan, humming noise; dº, dai/, murmur
rendered smoke, cottage, house, while the ing, grumbling, cooing like a dove. Ir.
form dom is also used in the latter sense. dora'am, to hum like a bee ; dord, hum
Bohem. dym, smoke; dºm, a house; Lith. ming or muttering. But the Du. form,
dumas, smoke. In a rude state of society for, torre, a beetle, is against this deriva
tion.
the hearth is almost universally taken as
a type of the family shelter or house. To Dor. To befool one, put a trick
The census includes those provinces beyond upon him. ON. dair, irrisio; dāra, to
the frontiers dependant on the empire, which are deride, befool; dāri, Dan. daare, a fool;
numbered by fire-places or houses.—Population of ôedaare, to delude, befool ; Du. door, G.
China, Amer. Orient. Soc. thor, a fool.
Feu, famille, habitation, domicile.—Ro Doree. Fr. dorée, the doree or St
quef. Peter's fish—Cot., from the yellow colour
The G. rauch, smoke, is tropically used of the skin.
for a dwelling-house. Rauch und Brot Dormant.—Dormer. Fr. dormanſ,
Aaben, to have his own dwelling and food. quiescent, sleeping, from dormir, to sleep.
—Adelung. It fumante, house, family. Eau dormante, standing water. A dor
“Et facere dare in perpetuum promise mant claim, a claim in abeyance. A
runt sex Lucences pro Fumante, qui dormer was a sleeping apartment, whence
parium boum habuerint.”—Carp. in v. a dormer window, a window in the roof,
Fumans. usually appropriated to sleeping apart
In 168o so many families perished for want ments.
that for six miles in a well-inhabited extent, * Dormouse. Probably for dorm
within the year there was not a smoke remaining. mouse, from the winter sleep of the ani
—Jam. mal, on which account it is in Suffolk
Sw, rock, smoke, also domicilium, focus. called sleeper, in Bret. hunegan, from
—Ihre. Aum, sleep. Lang. dourmeire, a slum
Dominion.—Domain. Lat. dominus, berer; radourmeire, a dormouse. In
a lord, must probably be explained from Cotswold the name of dormouse is applied
domus, the man of the house, master of to the bat, which also has a winter sleep.
the house. N.E. to dorm, to doze; Hereford dorme
Domino. Sp. domind, Fr. domino, a dory, a sleepy, inactive person.—Hal.
kind of hood, worn by canons, and hence Sw. dial. dormeter, dormig, sleepy, slow ;
a fashion of veil worn by women that dorma, to doze, to faint ; Swab. durmen,
mourn.—Cot. Now applied to a masque durmeln, to slumber; Lat. dormine, to
rade dress. sleep.
Donation. -done. Lat. dare, to give; Dorsal. -dorse. Lat. dorsum, the
donum, a gift ; dono, to make a gift; back.
condomo, to present, remit, forgive. Endorse, Fr. endosser, to write on the
Doom.—To Deem. Goth. doms, judg back of a document.
ment; domſan, AS. deman, to distinguish, Dose. The quantity of medicine given
 DOSIL DOUGH 22 i

at once. Gr. 3óaic, from Čičapu, to give. * To Dote. Fr. dotter, radofer, to
Dosil. Fr. dousil, dusil, a spigot, dote, rave.-Cot. Dotard, an old doting
faucet, peg or tap to draw off liquor from man, and fig. a decayed tree.
a cask, derived by Diez from ducere, to The radical sense seems to be to nod
lead. The fundamental idea is a bunch
the head, thence to become sleepy, to
of something thrust in to stop an orifice. doze, to become confused in the under
G. docke, a bunch, also the tap of a fish standing. ON. datta, to beat as the heart,
pond.—Adelung. In It. doccia the sig Sw, dial, datta, to shake; on. dotta, to
nification is extended to a mill dam, and nod with sleep, to slumber ; Devon.
as it is the office of a tap to let the water deatlee, to nod the head while sitting up
flow, doga (Gregory of T.), a water con when sleep comes on. Sc. dute, dirt, to
duit. It doccia, dozza, a spout, gutter, doze, slumber, be in a sleepy state. Auld
water conduit. Prov. dots ; OFr. dois, du/, an old dotard. Du, dut, slumber,
dois, source of water, conduit. sleep, doting. He sit in den dut, he
C'est la fontaine, c'est la doz slumbers, he dotes. Dutten, to doze,
Dont sortent tuit li let péchie— slumber, to dote, rave, be out of one's
Rome est la doiz de la malice.—Raynouard. mind.—Halma.
Prov. adozilhar, Fr. doisiller, to pierce. Dotterel. A bird proverbial for stu
At the same time a parallel line of de pidity, from dote.
velopment seems to have taken place in Double. — Duplicate. — Duplicity.
the Teutonic languages from a root doss Lat, flico, to fold; duplex, twofold,
of the same signification with dock. double.
Gael. dos, bush, tuft, cluster; E. dial. Doublet. Originally a wadded gar
doss, a hassock; dosset, a small quantity; ment for defence. Fr. double. Dobbeſet,
dossel, a wisp of hay or straw, to stop bigera, diplois (duplex vestis et est vestis
up a hole in a barn, a plug. Swiss diis militaris).-Pr. Pn.
sel, a wooden tap. E. dosil, a tent for a To Doubt. Fr. doubter; Lat. dubi
wound, probably comes from the French.
tare, from dubius, doubtful,
Compare Fr. bousche, a bush or bunch ; turn what may
out in two ways.
boucher, to stop ; bouchon, a stopper,
cork. And see Dot, Dit. Dough. AS. dah, ON. deig, G. teig, a
Dot.—To Dit. Dot, the mark of a mere soft wet material moulded by the hands.
touch with the pen, a spot, also a small The ultimate origin is shown in E. daggle,
lump. Cot. speaks of “a dot, clot or Salzburg taggln, Bav, tegelen, to dabble,
congealed lump of phlegm, blood, &c.’ dawb, smear ; or with the nasal, Siles.
Du. dot, a knot of silk or thread. N. dott, tengeln, belengeln, to bedaggle, Swiss
Da. tot, a tuft, wisp, bunch. Then, like Zanggen, tanggeln, fanscheln (as well as
other words signifying a bunch or lump, teiggen, tegge/en), to knead, to work in
applied to something used for stopping a paste ; , tang, tanggig, soft, clammy.
hole. Du. dodde (Kil.), Pl.D. dutte, a plug From daggle or tegeln we pass to Bav.
or stopper. Sc. dottle, a small particle; tegel, tahel, taken, tah, clay, loam, and
E. dottle, a stopper ; to dutten or dit, to thence earthen vessel ; ohG. daha, taha,
stop, shut, fasten.—Hal. clay, loam; ON. deigr, Swiss teig (Schmidt,
Dot or tot represents in the first in Id. Bern), wet, soft ; Goth. deigan, to
stance a slight utterance, as shown undermould in plastic materials; gadikis (ohG.
Doit, then a slight movement, a small tege!), the thing moulded, an earthen
portion. To tot something down in the vessel. “Mm ipsi ro r\áoua rip arxāoavri,’
margin is to put down a hasty note ; to in Goth. ‘ ibai quithith gadikis du tham
tot up an account, to touch each item as ma digandin º' shall the thing moulded
you cast them up ; to tot one's tºs, to give say to him who moulded it. A like con
the short cross stroke. The dim. fift/e nection between expressions for dabbling
signifies the dot over an i, and also a in the wet and working in plastic material
small particle. ON. datta, to beat gently, may be observed in E. plash compared
as the heart; Sw, dial. dutta, ditta, dötta, with Gr. TrAágow, to form. See Plaster.
N. dutte, dytta, to touch, to knock; Sc. Professor Aufrecht points out that the
dod, to jog ; Sw, dial. dett, ditt, a dot or ordinary rule of consonantal change
spot, a little lump. See Jot, Tit. shown in Lat. fores, Gr. 9ápa, door; in
-dote. Gr. 3ortoc, to be given, from ruſus, Gr. ipv6póc, red ; uber (for uſer), Gr.
Čičwat, to give. Hence āvridorov, a remedy où9ap, udder, would render the Lat. ſin
against poison ; divisóoroc, not given out, gere, to form, and ſigulus, a potter, the
unpublished. exact equivalents of Goth. deigan, digands.
222 DOUGHTY DOWN

For other examples of the same con joti, to float in the air; duye and the
sonantal change see Fool. dim. dufele, a dowl or down-feather.
Doughty. AS. dohſig, valiant ; dugan, Down. 1. Applied to things light
Du. deugen, doghen, doogen, valere, pro enough to float in the air, as thistle-down.
bum esse, in pretio esse ; deugha, virtus, G. daune, ON. diſºn, the lightest and softest
valor, probitas; delaghdelick, sound, good; kind of feather; Du. donse, don'st, down
of feathers or of the typha, sawdust, meal,
G. taugen, to be good for, to be of value ;
flour.—Kil. G. dunst, exhalation, vapour,
tugend, virtue; titchtig, Lap. doktok, suf
ficient for its purpose, sound, strong. mist, fume. The primary signification is
To Douse. Du. doesen, pulsare cum probably mist or vapour, the down being
impetu et fragore.—Kil. compared for lightness to vapour floating
* To Dout. To extinguish a candle, in the air. Thus the Esthon. has udaiſo
to do out, as don, to do on ; doff, to do off. or udºsu, mist ; uddo AEarwala down-hair,
Dove. Du, duyve, ON. duſa, perhaps uddo-su/led or udso-sulle, down-feathers
from its habit of ducking the head, from (karwad = hair ; sulled = feathers).
Du. duy/en, to duck the head ; N. duva, Traces of this sense are seen in the ON.
to duck the head, to dip; Sanscr. dubh, daun, odour, smell. But most likely the
dive; as we find Lat. columba, in a similar final consonant was originally an m in
connection with Gr. koxvuòāv, to dive. stead of an n, as preserved in Esthon.
tuum sulle, down-feathers, and in the E.
Than peine I me to stretchen forth my neck dial. dum, down, fur. A duck or a goose
And East and West upon the people I beck,
As doth a dove sitting upon a beam. is said to dum her nest when she lines it
Pardoner's Tale. with some of her own feathers plucked off
for that purpose.—Hal.
Dowdy. Shabby in dress.-Hal. The The same form was extant in OFr.
fundamental idea is however torpor, sloth, (Diez v. duvet), and is preserved by the
while that of carelessness of dress or ap Emperor Frederick II. in Duc. “Innas
pearance is an incidental application. Sc. citur vero avibus plumagium multiplex—
dawdie, a dirty, slovenly woman ; to Secundo innascuntur aliae [plumae) quae
dawa/e, to be indolent or slovenly; Pl.D. dicuntur lanulae, a quibusdam dumar, hae
dode/n, to be slow, not to get on with a sunt exiles et molles, densiores et longi
thing. — Schütze. ON. dodi, languor; ores primis, &c.' Hence the Fr. dial.
dodaskafºr, Dan. dovenskað, sloth, lan dumet, which has become duvet in ordin
guor. For the ultimate origin see Deaf. ary Fr.—Menage. Dumette‘, downie.—
Dowel. A projection in a stone to fit Cot. The origin is seen in the ODu. dom,
into a socket and fasten it into the adja vapour; Bohem. dym, smoke; Du. dom/,
cent one ; a wooden peg fastening two vapour, exhalation, breath, whence Pl.D.
boards together. Fr. douelle, douille, a dumpstig, dumstig, dunstig, vaporous,
tap or socket; G. dºe/, a peg, plug, stop bringing us round to the G. dunst.
per.—Küttn. Bav, diſpel s. s., especially The same consonantal change which
the dowel or wooden peg entering into is seen in the Fr. dumet, duvet, dubet, is
each of two adjacent boards to fasten also found in the modifications of the
them together, a damper of clay to stop same root having the sense of vapour,
the chimney of the oven, a clump of flax, exhalation, odour. Thus we unite the
of people, &c.—Schmeller. Du. dom, vapour, with Sp. tufo, a vapour,
Du. douwen, to press into ; ſemand jets exhalation, stink, Dan. duff, fragrance
in de hand douwen, or steeken, to put odour, on. dupt, Sw, doff, dust, doſta, to
something secretly into one's hand.— evaporate. With an initial s, Sc. stove,
Halma. Pl. D. duwen, to press, press steev, a vapour, smoke, dust; Du. stof,
down.
stuyſ, stuyve, dust, whatever floats in
Dower. —Dowager. — Endow. Lat. the air; stuyf-sand-meel, arena, farina
dos, dotis, a marriage gift; dofare, Fr. volatica; stof, flocks of wool; stof-hayr,
douer, E. endow, to furnish with a mar down-hair; stuyften, the down of flow
riage portion. Mid. Lat. dotarium, Prov. ers = Fr. duvet.
do/aire, Fr. douaire, a dowry or mar 2. Du. duyne, Fr. dunes, sand-hills by
riage provision; douairière, a widow in the sea-side. Fris. dohme, a hillock of
possession of her portion, a dowager. sand or snow driven by the wind. AS.
Dowle. A portion of down, feather. dun, a hill. Gael. diºn, a heap, hill,
‘Young dowl of the beard.”—Howel in mount, fortified place.
Hal. Fr. douille, douillet, soft, delicate. The adverb down is from AS. of dune,
Lith. duja, a mote, pl. dujos, dust; du as the OFr. d mont and d val, to the hill
 DOXY DRAG 223
and to the valley, for upwards and down lees, dregs, sediment; drua&las, muddy
wards respectively. Of dune, deorsum. liquor.
—Lye. In modern usage all sense of a deriva
I)oxy. — Gixy. Probably from the tion from a word signifying dregs or dirt
rogues’ cant. Fr. gueuse, a woman beggar, has been lost, and dragg/e is understood
a she rogue, a dory or mort. Goguene/e, as if it were a frequentative from drag,
a feigned title for a wench, like our girie, signifying what has been dragged in the
Inlic.
callet, minx, &c.—Cot. Doty, a sweet
heart.—Hunter. Draff. AS., Du, drabbe, Dan. draw, ON.
To Doze. Bav. dosen, to keep still, to draſ, dregs, husks, hogswash, refuse food
listen, to slumber ; dusen, dussen, to for hogs. Draffe, or drosse, or matter
stamped, pilumen.—Pr. Pm. G. trābern,
slumber; Dan. dºse, to doze, to mope; brewers' grains; Gael. druaip, Lett. drab
dysse, to lull; taus, silent, hushed. And bini, Illyr. dróſ, dropina, Russ. drobina,
see the forms cited under Dismal. The dregs, lees ; Du. drabbig, E. dial. drawy,
fundamental image is probably the deep drovy, thick, muddy, dirty. Drubby,
breathing in sleep represented by the syl muddy.—Hal. Droby, of drestys, fecu
lable dus, tus. Lith. dusas, a deep breath, lentus, turbulentus. – Pr. Pm. Draff,
dwasas, the breath ; dusti, divisti, to chaff.
breathe; Bohem. dusati, to snort. In Why shuld I sowen draf out of my fist
like manner a representation of the same Whan I may sowen whete, if that me list.
sound by the syllable sough, swough, Chaucer in Way.
gave rise to the OE. swough, sleep, swoon, The change of the final labial for a gut
Sc. souch, swouch, souſ, the deep breath tural gives rise to a series of forms that
ing of sleep, silent, quiet; ON. s.veſia (as cannot be separated from the foregoing.
Dan. dysse), to quiet, sºleſn, sleep; AS. ON, dregg, E. dregs, sediment; Prov.
suwian, swugan, to be silent. draco, dregs of the vintage ; Rouchi
Dozen. Fr. dougaine, from douze, drague, OFr. drague, drache, drasche,
twelve. dréche, dresche, draff, brewers' grains,
Drab. 1. Du. drabbe, Dan. draw, dregs of brewing. The form drasche was
Gael. drabh, drafſ, dregs; Du. drabbig, Latinised as drascus, drasqua, and from
feculentus ; Gael. drabach, nasty, dirty, the facility with which the sound of sc
slovenly; dràbag, a dirty female, a drab ; passes into that of st, gave the Latinised
drabaire, a dirty, slovenly man. Banff. drastus, as well as drascus.-Way. Hence
drabble, a person of dirty habits. A dirty the OE. forms drast, drest, traist, AS.
woman is called in Dan. dial. draw-so, dresten, faeces; G. trestern, dregs. For
draw-trug, a draff-pail.-Molbech. The the change of the final consonant com
radical image is dabbling in the wet and pare Fr. buc, busche, buse, bust, a bust,
dirt. See Drabble. trunk.
2. The grey colour of undyed cloth. Again, the sound of the Fr. ch in some
Fr. draft, It. drappo, cloth. See Drape. dialects of France regularly corresponds
to that of ss in others, as the Picard or
Drabble. — Draggle. Drabble and Norman cacher to the Fr. chasser. In
draggle in the first instance probably, like like manner the form drache leads to the
dabble and daggle, signify to paddle in AS. dros, faex, sordes, Du. droessem, dregs,
the wet. Du. drabben, ire per loca lutosa. dras, mud.—Halma. OE. drass, dross,
— Bigl. Drabelyn, drakelyn, paludo ; refuse, cleansings of corn, metal, &c.
drapled, drablyd, paludosus, lutulentus.- Drosse, or fylthe whereof it be, ruscum ;
Pr. Prm. One is said to drable his claise
drosse or drasse of corn, acus, criballum.
who slabbers his clothes when eating.— —Pr. Pm. Pol. drożdże (3 = Fr. 7),
Jam. Pl.D. drabbeln, to slobber, let Walach. droschdii, dregs, lees.
liquids fall over one in eating; drabòe/bart, The Gael, leads us to the same forms
one who dirties himself in such a manner.
through a different route ; drabh, draff,
Banff. draggle, to moisten meal slightly; grains of malt ; drabhag, dregs, sediment,
Sc. drag/it, bedirtied, bespattered—Gl. refuse ; drabhas, filth, foul weather, ob
Dougl.; Sw. dragla, dregla, to slobber, scenity; draos, trash, filth.
drivel, let the spittle fall from the mouth. The origin is probably exhibited in
AS. dreſſiende, rheumaticus.-Lye. See drabble, draggle, to dabble, paddle in the
Draff. Sc. draked or drawked, mingled wet and mud. Goth. drobjan, to stir up,
with water or mire—Gl. Dougl., reduced to trouble.
to a dreggy condition; Gael. druaip, To Drag.—Draw. AS. dragan, ON.
224 DRAGGLE IDRAM

draga, to drag or draw ; Du, draghen, G. are still called brewers' drains in Suffolk,
tragen, to carry. Du. trecken, to draw probably the truer form, which has in
as a sword, to trace outlines; treck general given way to brewers’ grains.
brugghe, a draw-bridge; treck-net, a ‘Drascus—nos de la drague dicinus,
drag-net. Lat. trahere, to draw. Angli draines et draff.”—Duc. Probably
To Draggle. See Drabble. from the same root with dregs and con
Dragon. Lat. draco, Gr. 6párwy, a nected with forms like Lith. drigºi, to
sort of large serpent, Fr. dragon. become wet, to thaw ; d, gnas, wet,
Dragoon. Described by Skinner as sloppy; dranka, hogswash ; Sw. dragg,
cavalry carrying fire-arms, and therefore drank, distillers' wash or grains, dregs,
capable of service either on horseback or lees; Russ. drán, drantza, dirt, rubbish,
on foot. As the French carabins, a simi refuse.
lar kind of troops (carabijn, equester Drake. The male of birds is in one
sclopetarius—Bigl.), were named from or two instances designated by the sylla
the carbine which they carried, it is pro ble rick, drick, drake. Dan, due, a dove;
bable that the dragoons, or dragooners duerić, a male dove; and, a duck; andrić,
(Du. dragonder), as they were also called,Sw, and drake, a drake; G. ente, a duck;
had a similar origin. Dragon, a species enterick, a drake. The same variation
of carbine–Hal., so named, no doubt, between an initial r and dr is found in
after the analogy of culverin, Fr. couleu the original sense of the word. OHG.
wrime, from couleuvre, a snake. Drake, recke, a warrior, hero; ON. reckr, vir,
a kind of gun.-Bailey. miles ; OE. renk, rink, ON. drengr, a
* Drain. I. W.E. rhine, reen, a water warrior.
course, an open drain—Jennings; Lanc. In like manner the Fin. uros (identical
reean, rindle, a gutter.—Hal. E.E. dream, with the Gr. iiooc and Lat. herus, G. herr,
a cut, drain; drindle, a channel, water master) signifies a grown man, brave
course, furrow.—Moor. man, and the male of animals; uros
“Here also it receiveth the Baston Auto/i, the male sex; uros-lintu, a male
dreame, Longtoft dreame, Deeping dreame, bird ; uro-teko, a heroic deed. Anser
and thence goeth by Wickham into the (vir aucarum) eyn herr unter den gensen.
sea.”—Hollinshed. For the identity of —Dief. Sup.
reen or rhine and drain, comp. rill, a To Drake.—Drack. —Drawk. To
watercourse, and drill, a furrow ; Sc. saturate with water—Hunter; to mix
dredour and reddour, fear, G. rieseln and with mire or water. — Gloss. Dougl.
E. drizzle.
Draft/yd, drab/yd, paludosus. Drablyn,
The form drindle points to the origin drake/yn, paludo.—Pr. Prm. Drakes, a
of the word in the notion of falling bit by slop, a mess.-Hal. Pl.D. drekmeije, a
bit, dribbling, trickling down. “He is woman who dirties her clothes, a draggle
the drindlest man I ever did business
tail; dreksoom, the border of wet at the
with :’ the slowest.—Moor. Drina/e is
bottom of a bedraggled gown.—Schütze.
the nasalised form of Sc. driddle, to spill ON. dreckia, and (as the root takes a
anything, to let fall from carelessness, to nasal form in Sw, drank, dregs, grains,
be constantly in action but making little
progress [i. e. to keep dribbling on], to wash) Sw, drinka, to plunge in water.
move slowly.—Jam. Sw, dial. dradda, Lith. driguas, wet, sloppy, drºginti, drä
Da. dratſe, to spill, drop ; drat, a scrap, Æinti, to make wet. See Drabble.
slop, little bit; Sw. dial. drafta, dretta, Drake. 2.-Drawk. Drake, drawł,
drett/a, to spill, drop, let fall, dribble; E. drank, drunk, darnel, a mischievous weed
dial. trial/ins, the dung of sheep (which among corn. “Le yveraye (darnel) i
falls dribbling down in separate pellets); crest, et le betel (drauke).”—Bibelsworth
Banff. trinſle, trinkle, trimmle, the sound in Way. Du, drawick, aegilops, vitium
made by a liquid falling in drops, or by secalis.-Kil. W. drewg, Bret. draok,
any hard comminuted substance falling dreok, Wal, drauwe, darnel.
in small quantities ; to fall in drops, in a Dram. — Drachm. Gr. 8paxuń, a
small gentle stream, in small quantities. drachm or dram, a weight of 60 grains.
“The corn cam trimmlin' oot o' a wee It. dramma, a very small quantity of
holie in the saick.” “It winna lat oot the anything. Bret. drammour, an apothe
wort bit in a mere trimmle.” The primary cary, one who retails medicaments in
notion of drindle and the derivative drain drams. In Normandy the term drame is
would thus be a dribbling stream. applied to a pinch of snuff-Patois de
2. The spent refuse of malt in brewing Bray. In Denmark, as in England, it is
 DRAMA DREAM 225
used for a small glass of spirits, a dose wise or spills over; drodd, druddele,
of spirits.--Molb. Dial. Lex. droddekar, a slug, lazy person ; drodda,
Drama.--Dramatic. Gr. 6pāua, an to dawdle; Da. drat, scrap, slop, little
act, a performance, from épáw, to do, bit; Du. dreufelen, Pl.D. drötelen, to loiter,
enact. idle, delay; N.E. drafe, drife, to drawl.
Drape.—Draper. Fr. draft, cloth. Compare also Suffolk drindle, a small
Sp. trapo, rag, tatter (which seems the slow run of water; drindle, slow.
original signification), cloth. A todo He is the drindlest man I ever did business
trapo, with every rag of canvas set. Per with.-Moor.
haps from the sound of a flapping piece Again, Swiss dröselm, tróse/n, to patter
of cloth represented by the syllable traff. down, E. drizzle, to fall in small morsels;
Sp. gua/drape, the housings or traffings Pl.D. driese/n, to loiter, dawdle; Du.
of a horse, the long hangings with which treuzelen, to loiter, linger.
they were covered on occasions of state ; Dray. Sw, dróg, a sledge, a carriage
also a tatter, rag hanging down from without wheels, what is dragged along,
clothes; gualdrapazo, slap of the sails as Lat. traha S. S., from trahere, to draw.
against the mast. It. freggia, a hurdle, sled, harrow, truck.
Draught. What is dragged or drawn. Dread. E. dial. dredre, Sc. dredour,
A draught of water, so much as is drawn dridder, as well as radalour, reddour,
down the throat at once. A draught of fear, dread; rad, red, Sw. rada, afraid.
fishes, what is taken at one drag of the The radical meaning is probably to trem
net. A move at chess or similar game ble, from OFr. dredré, onomatopoeia for
was formerly known by this name, whence the chattering of the teeth; dridriller, to
the game of draughts, of moves with Se jingle as mules' bells.-Roquef. Walach.
parate pieces. derdeescu, derdé, Magy. dideregni, the
The burgeise took avisement long on every teeth to chatter, to shiver with cold.
draught— Bret. drida, trida, to thrill or shiver for
Draw on, said the burgeise, Beryn, ye have the
wers— Joy.
The next draught thereafter he took a rook for With dredfull dredour trymbling for effray
nought.—Beryn. The Troianis fled richt fast.—D. V. 315-16.
In the same way It. firo, a move at A similar derivation for the forms red
chess, from tirare, to draw. dour, red, may be found in AS. hridrian,
To Drawl. Sc. drawl, to be slow in G. riºtte/n, to shake ; hrith-ad!, an ague
action; Du. draelen, Fris. draulen or shaking sickness; hrithian (to shiver),
(Wiarda), Dan. dra’ve (also drawbe, drage to be ill of a fever.
—Moth), to delay, loiter, be slow. “Han Dream. ON. draumr, G. traum. Russ.
drawer sine ord saa langtud,” he drawls drematº, to slumber, be slow ; Serv. drem,
out his words so slow. Draws, a slow drijem, slumber, sleepiness; Pol. drºy
inactive person; dröole, to be slow at mad, to doze, slumber, nap. Lang, droumi,
one’s work.-Molb. Dial. Lex. Sw, dial. dourmi, Swiss Romance droumi, dremi,
dribba, drebba, drula, dróła, to be slow to sleep.
and inactive, to loiter; £omma drulandes, Perhaps the confused state of mind in
to drag one leg after another. Du. drui drowsiness and dreams may lie at the
len, to loiter, slumber; w.E. driling, waste root of the word, as trouble of mind is
of time, drawling; dreul, to fritter away commonly expressed by the metaphor of
one's time; a lazy fellow.—Hal. thickness or muddiness of liquids.
I am inclined to believe that the word My mind is troubled like a fountain stirred,
is derived from drabò/e or dribble, drive!, And I myself see not to the bottom of it.
to let fall drop by drop, to do by little Thus we pass from AS. droſ, Du. droeſ,
and little. We have E. droo/, to drivel— E. dial, drewy, drazy, thick, muddy,
Jennings, Baker; bedrauled, bedrabbled, dirty, to Du, droeſ, droevig, troubled in
slavered over.—P. P. Sw. dial. drāſ/a, mind, sad, droeven, AS. dreſan, geareſan,
dra///a, to spill, to let fall in driblets here to disturb, trouble, and may thence ex
and there, to go to work in a slow and plain Sc. drevilling, unsound sleep, slum
unskilful manner, to be slow and negli ber, E. dial. drave/ed, slumbered fitfully.
gent ; dribba, dreča, to be lazy, slow. —Hal.
A like train of thought is seen in Sw. Quhen langsum dreuillyng or the unsound sleep
dial. drafta, to spill, to let fall, to fall by Our ene ouersettis in the nychtis rest.—D. V.
little and little ; dretta, dreſſ/a, to spill, The train of thought is more complete
to scatter ; drad, a drib, what falls drop in AS. drabbe, dregs; E. drabble, to dabble
15
226 L) REARY D RETCH

in the wet (draðe/yn, paludo—Pr. Pnn.), drose/n, frose/n, to make a rattling or

droð/y, drub/y (Pr. Pm.), Sc. dru//y, rustling noise in falling, as fruit from a
drumø/y, drum/y, E. drouſly (Hal), tree, to fall with such a noise, the fuller
muddy, thick, dark, troubled. ‘Druðó/yn vowel in drose/n being used of larger
or torblyn watur or other lycoure, turbo.’ fruit, as apples, the thinner in dröse/n of
—Pr. Prm. The ale is drumbled, i. e. nuts. Dan, dras/e, to fall with a rustling
disturbed, muddy.—Jam. To drumble, noise, to patter.
to be confused in doing anything ; he In Fr. the same idea is expressed with
dreams drumbles, he is half asleep or an initial gr instead of dr, gresſ//er, to
stupid.—Hal. “Look how you drumöſe.’ hail, drizzle, sleet, reem, to fall.–Cot.
–Shakes. Pl.D. drumme/n, drömme/n, Dredge. 2.-Dradge. Oats and bar
to be half asleep.–D. M. v. 54. Lith. ley mixed together.—B. Dragge, men
drums/i, to make thick, to trouble ; gled corne (drage or mestlyon, P.) mixtio.
drumstas, dregs ; Pl.D. dram, trouble; —Pr. Prm. Fr. dragée aux chevaux, pro
Sc. dram, drum, dull, melancholy. vender of divers sort of pulse mingled
There is a like correspondence between together; drawée, all kind of pulse, as
Du. dreck, dirt, mud, and AS. dreccan, to beans, peas, &c.—Cot. See Drug.
trouble, whence OE. drecche, dreſche, to Dredge. 3. Du. dregghe, harpago, et
disturb or trouble, especially by dreams, verriculum ; a kind of anchor with three
and thence simply to dream. or four flukes, an instrument for drag
This Chanteclere gangronen in his throte ging. Dregh-net, verriculum, everricu
As man that in his dreme is dretchyd sore. lum, a dredge or kind of net for dragging
Chaucer.
along the bottom.
Dremyn or dreſchyn yn slepe, sompnio. Dregs. See Draff.
—Pr. Pn.
Drench. ON. dreckia, to plunge in
* Dreary. As, dreorg, OHG. trurag, water; Sw, dränka, s. s., also to drown;
G. traurig, sorrowful; OHG. getrurego?, Du. d’rencken, to water beasts, to lead
conturbata ; /ræren, druzen, contristari, them to drink. Probably the idea of
to be troubled or grieved in mind.
It seems impossible to explain the drinking is not the original import of the
sense of the word from AS. dreore, ON. root, which seems preserved in E. dial.
dreyri, blood, whence dreyrigr, bloody. drakes, a mess, a slop, Lith. drégnas, wet.
Grimm understands it as equivalent to Drakelyn, paludo.— Pr. Prm.
chopfallen, downcast; from OHG. driusan, Dress. -dress. To prepare for any
AS. dreosan (hi druzon, they fell), to fall, purpose. Fr. dresser, to straighten, set
which is not quite satisfactory. up, direct, fashion; —un /it, to make a
To Dredge.—Drizzle. To dredge, to bed ; se faire dresser gue/gue chose d
scatter flour on meat while roasting ; to gue/yu'un, to get him to set it straight,
dridge, to sprinkle.—Hal. Dan. drysse, or to give order for it.—Cot. It. driz
to dredge, sprinkle, powder, to fall in 2are, to address or turn toward any place.
small particles as sand. From the pat Lat. dirigere, directum, to direct.
Dresser. Fr. dressoir, buffet ou l'on
tering sound of such a fall. Dan. dial.
draase, drase, to fall with a pattering or range les plats en les dressant, a kitchen
dresser.—Vocab. de Berri. Dressure or
rustling noise. “Det regner saa det
draaser, G. “Es regnet dass es dräuscht,’ dressynge boorde, dressorium, directo
rium.—Pr. Prm.
of a heavy shower. It, frosciare, to rain
or shower down most furiously; strosci To Dretch. To vex, harass, trouble,
are, to fall furiously and clatter withal, as especially to trouble with dreams, to
rain or hail falling upon tiles or against dream,
ceive.
also to trouble the sight, to de
glass windows.-Fl. Grain is said in
Dan. to draase through the cracks of an The radical image is probably pre
old loft, or from the ears of corn when served in OE. ‘drażelyn, paludo' (Pr.
they are setting up the sheaves. This is Pm.), to trouble water, whence may be
the E. dial. durze. Durged or dorged out, explained E., dial. drakes, a mess, Du.
said of corn that by wind, turning of it, ble.dreck, mud, dirt, and AS. dreccan, to trou
&c., is beaten out of the straw.—Ray. cast a Then fig. to trouble the sight, to
mist before the eyes.
Dras, what falls out of the corn in thresh
ing.—Molbech. Sc. drush, atoms, frag And softe, ever his [the hypccrite's] chere is sobre and
ments.-Jam., G. riese/n, to purl as a And where he goeth he blesseth ofte,
brook, to fall in grains as frozen snow or Whereof the blynde world he dretcheth.
small rain, to drizz/e.—Küttn. Swiss Gower in R.
 DRIBBLE DRIP 227

—he bleres their eyes. So Fr. fresoler, trisoler, to ring a peal of

Ye schall see a wonder dreche, bells—Roquef.; It trillare, trigliare, Sw.
Whan my sone wole me fecche. drilla, E. trill, to shake or quaver with
Not a sorrowſul sight, probably, as ex the voice in singing ; to trill upon the
plained by Hal., but a vision. Ain, to rattle the latch of a door in order
Dribble. A true drióð/e is a servant to give notice that some one is without.
that is truly laborious and diligent.—B. To tri//, like drill, is then used in the
ON. thrif, diligentia domestica, careful sense of turning round, rolling.
ness, husbandry; thriftſ, a careful man. —the sodaine smartes
To Dribble.—Dribblet. To dribb/e, Which daily chaunce as Fortune trills the ball.
Gascoigne in R.
to drivel from the mouth, to give out in
small portions; drić, dribleſ, a small The senses of shivering, turning round,
portion. Da. dial, dravel, drivel that piercing, are also found united in thrill,
falls from the mouth, or liquid that spills thirl, which must be classed with drilli
from a vessel; drible, dreble, to drivel; as mere differences of spelling. A thrill.
Da. draabe, a drop. The radical image of emotion is a shiver or shudder of
may be preserved in E. drabò/e, to paddle nervous excitement. ON. thirla, circum
in the wet, Lith. drapstyli, to splash, agere; AS. thirſian, to pierce.
sprinkle, dirty, Russ, droblio, drobit', to The notion of shaking is one of those
crumble, droð/enie, pulling to pieces; most appropriately expressed by the fre
drob’, fragments; Boh. drobiti, to crum quentative form of verb. I therefore re
ble; drobet, a little of anything, a crum, gard the Fr. dridriller, dridiller, as the
a drop of water; Pol. drob, every dimi original form, Bret. drida, trida, to quiver
nutive thing ; droby, drobki, odds and with joy, as a derivative. Hence we
ends of animal food, giblets, &c. Lett. pass to ON. triţa, to whirl; tritill, Dan.
drupt, to fall to pieces; druppis, frag trilde, a child's top; ON. tritla, to whirl;
ments. Dan. trilde, trille, to roll; trilde-bór, a
Drill. 1.-Trill.—Thrill. Du. drillen, wheel-barrow.
trillen, tremere, motitari, vacillare, ultro Drill. 2. Drill, a small stream of
citroque cursitare, gyrosque agere, gyrare, water; to drill, to trickle or flow down
rotare, volvere, tornare, terebrare.—Kil. in drops, or in a small stream.
The primary signification is to shake, to There was no water on this island, but at
move to and fro; then, as vibration and one place close by the sea; there it drills down
revolution are characterised by the same slowly from the rocks, where it may be received
rapid change of direction, to move round in vessels.-Dampier in R.
and round, and thence to bore a hole. Drylle, or lytylle drafte of drynke, hau
The Du. drillen was specially applied to stillus.-Pr. Prm. Pl.D. wut drullen, to
the brandishing of weapons; met den ooze out. Probably from dribble or drid
pick drillen, to shake a pike—Sewel; dle. See Drawl. Dan, dial. drille, dri/re,
drilkonst, the art of handling or man to spill, as water out of a full vessel;
aging a gun. Hence drillen, as a fac Gael. drill, a drop, and as a verb, to
titive verb, to drill soldiers, or make drop, to drizzle; drilseach, dropping,
them go through their exercise. drizzling ; Bret. dral, W. dryll, a frag
The place of the r is transposed in Sc. ment ; drylliach, driblets, snips; Bav.
dir', to pierce, to tingle, to thrill as with trielen, to spill in eating ; Sw. drilla, to
the pain of a smart blow, or from cold, to spill, to let fall here and there. To drill
vibrate.—Jam. corn is to let it dribble out of a recep
He screwed the pipes and gart them skirl tacle, like a trickling rill of water. -
Till roof and rafters a' did dirl.—Burns.
Drill. 3. A kind of linen cloth; G.
The origin is seen in Fr. dredré, the drillich, Mid. Lat. trilir, drilex, drylich
chattering of the teeth ; dridriller, drid. von dreyen faden—Dief. Sup. ; Lat.
iller, to gingle, as hawks' or mules' bells; /icium, a thread of the warp. So twill,
‘Gael. drithlich, Fr. driller, to twinkle, G. 27Willich, cloth made with two divisions
glitter; the notion of chattering, trem in the warp. -

bling, quavering, shaking, glittering, being Drink. —Drench. —Drown. Goth.

commonly expressed by modifications of
the same root. Thus the Fr. has bresoler,
to crackle in frying or roasting, to shiver,
or thrill—Gloss. Génév.; bresi/Zer, bri/-
ler, to twinkle or glitter; It. brillare, to
twinkle, sparkle, quaver with the voice.
drigºan, ON. drecka, Dan. drikke, to
drink; ON. dreckia, to sink under water,
to drown ; Dan. drukken, drunk; drukne,
to drown. E. dial. to drake or drack, to
wet thoroughly, to soak in water.
To Drip. See Drop.
15 +
228 IDRIVE IDRUG

To Drive. As, driftin, Goth. drcihan, Dropsy. Fr. hydrofºisie, Lat. hydrops,
G. freiben, to urge forwards, to move from tºwp, water.
under the influence of an overpowering Dross. In general the dregs or refuse
force. ON. driſ, a tempest ; driff-hºi/r, of anything ; drosse or fylthe whereof it
white as the driven snow. Dreiſa, to be, ruscum ; coralle or drasse of corne,
SCatter. acus — Pr. Prm. ; dross-wheat, refuse
To Drivel. To let the spittle fall like wheat for the swine.-Way. As. dros,
an infant. See Drabble. The connec Du. droes, droessem, dregs, filth. Sw.
tion between the slavering mouth and dial. drosan, awns, chaff; ON. tros, offal,
imperfect speech of infancy has in many refuse ; Sc. drush, atoms, fragments.
cases extended the same designation to The radical sense is probably offal,
both conceptions. Thus we have Fr. what falls off, from Goth. driusan, As.
baver, to slaver, to fumble or falter in dreosan, to fall, as Da. affald af metal,
speaking, to dally, trifle; &awarder, to the dross or scum of metals.
slaver, to babble; Sw. dial. slabóra (the Drought. AS. druguth, Du. drooghte,
equivalent of E. slobber), to tattle. In Sc. drouth, from AS. dryg, Du, droogh,
the same way the sense of E. drive/ is dry.
extended to imbecile talk or action. Sw. To Drown. See Drink.
draſwel, nonsense, idle talk ; Sw, dial. * Drowsy. Du. droosen, Pl.D. drus
drazºla, drów/a, to talk confusedly and seln (Danneil), to doze, slumber.
unintelligibly, to talk nonsense. It has been shown under Drawl that
To Drizzle. As G. riese/n, grieseln, slowness of action is expressed by the
Da. drasſe, to fall with a rustling or pat figure of dribbling, letting fall bit by bit.
tering sound. See Dredge. In the present case we find Sw. dial.
Droll. Fr. drau/e, aroſe, a wag or drósa, drása, drosa, dràsſa, to dribble,
merry grig. — Cot. Pl. D. draue/n, to
speak or behave in a childish or foolish trickle, and drósa, drāsa, drösla, Dan.
manner, to trifle. He draue/f wat, he is dröse, Pl.D. drieseln, Du. treuzelen, to
joking.—Brem. Wtb. See Drivel. linger, loiter, be slow in action; Sw, dial.
Dromedary. Gr. Öpfuw, to run ; 8po drási, drasug, drósog, slow, inactive, from
pác, -áčoc, running ; Lat. dromedarius, whence to the notion of drowsiness is a
a running camel, a swift camel for riding. small step. Sw, dial, dràulā, to be sloth
Drone. As draen, the non-working ful, to sleep with sloth ; Du. druiſen, to
bee, from the droving or buzzing sound loiter, to slumber.
it utters, as G. hummel from hum. ON. To Drub. E. dial. drab, to beat; Bohem.
drumr, a bellowing, loud hollow noise ; drbati, to rub, to give a sound beating ;
Dan, drame, to hum, buzz; drón, din, drönauti, to give a blow. G. derb, hard,
peal, rumbling noise; Pl.D. dromen, to rough ; derøe schläge, hard blows.
Drudge. To drug, to drag, to do
sound ; Gael. dramadan, humming, buz laborious work.
zing, growling ; drawina-eun, a humming
bird. At the gate he proffered his servise
The drone of a bagpipe is the pipe that To drugge and draw, what so men wold devise.
Chaucer.
keeps constantly making a droning noise.
To Droop. ON. dryp, driupa, to drip; Richternestly they wirk,
driupi, driu/a, to droop, hang the head, And for to drug and draw wald never irk.-D. V.
hence to be sad or troubled; drizºpr, Ir. drugaire, a slave, or drudge. Manx
suppliant, sad ; to droup or drouk, to drug, a dray; N. drog, a place where, or
dare, or privily be hid.—Pr. Prm. See a short sledge on which timber is dragged;
Drop. droga, a load of wood or hay dragged by
Drop.–Droop.–Irip. Du. drop, hand.—Aasen. E. dial, drug, a timber
drift, G. tro//en, ON. droff, a drop ; waggon; drugeous, huge.--Hal. Drugeon,
driupa, Du, dru//en, druyſen, druppe strong laborious worker (femme ou fille).
len, G. trieſeln, to drip, or fall in drops. “Notre Josette est un vrai drugeon.’—
In Lith, the root drib has the sense of Gloss. Génév. We may compare Dan.
hanging. Dryboſi, to hang to something, slavče, to drag, to trail, and also to toil
hang down ; driðfi, to hang, to drip (of or drudge.
viscous fluids), to fall as snow, to dribble ; Drug. 1. Fr. drogue. Du. drooghe
mudrioti, to hang down, to droop (of a waere, droogh kruyd, pharmaca, aromata,
sick person who cannot hold himself up); from their hot, dry nature, drying up the
nudribbiºsos ausys, drooping ears; pa body.—Kil. A more likely origin is the
drióðuses aſys, dripping eyes. It. freggea, Sp. dragea, Mod.Gr. rpáyaka,
 DRUM DUD 229

rpáymua, sweetmeats. Fr. dragée, a kind a knight consisted in investing him with
of digestive powder prescribed unto weak the habiliments of his order, putting on
stomachs after meat, and hence any jon his arms, buckling on his sword and his
kets, comfits, or sweetmeats, served in spurs. Now in all the Romance lan
the last course for stomach closers.-- guages is found a verb corresponding to
Cot. Articles of such a nature seem to the E. dub, signifying to arrange, dress,
have been the principal store of the prepare, fit for some special purpose.
druggist or apothecary. Prov, adobar, to arrange, prepare, dress
Boxis he bare with fine electuares, victuals. Fr. douber, to rig or trim a
And sugrid siropes for digestion, ship ; addouber, to dress, set fitly to
Spicis belonging to the potiquares, gether, arm at all points.-Cot.
With many wholesome swete confection. La dame s'est moult tot armée
Test. Creseide, 250. Etcom chevalier adoubée.
Full redy hadde he his apothecaries, Fab. et Contes, vi. 291.
To send him drages, and his lettuaries.
Chaucer. Cat. adobar, to repair, dress leather, dress
or manure land ; Sp. adobar, to dress or
2. Drug is also used in the sense of make anything up, cook meat, pickle
refuse, trash, dregs. Sw. wrak, drug, pork, tan hides ; adobo, dressing of any
refuse, trash.-Widegren. In this sense kind, as paint for the face, pickle, or
it is a modification of dreg. Comp. Du. sauce, ingredients for dressing leather;
drabbe, dregs, with E. drubby, muddy. E. to dub cloth, to dress it with teasels;
Hal. ON. grubb, grugg, dregs. to dub a cock, to prepare it for fighting
Drum. 1. From an imitation of the
sound. G. trommel.
by cutting off its comb and wattles; dub
bing, a dressing of flour and water used
The whistling pipe and drumbling tabor. by weavers, a mixture of tallow for dress
Drayton in R. ing leather. -

ON. thruma, thunder ; thrumäe/i/, aes The origin is preserved in Sclavonic.

tinniens. Dan. drum, a booming sound. Bohem. dub, an oak, oakbark, tan ; dit
Ptg. trom, sound of cannon. &iſi, to tan ; Lith. dubas, tan ; dobai,
2. An evening party, from the figure dobóai, tanners’ lie. From the image of
of a recruiting sergeant enlisting by tanning leather the term seems to have
sound of drum. ‘Lady Cowper is to been extended to any kind of dressing.
have a magnificent lighting up of her fine Dubious. See Doubt.
room on the 9th. She has beat the drum, -duce, -duct.—Ductile. Lat. duco,
and volunteers will flock in, though she ductum, to lead, draw. Hence Induce,
seemed distressed for want of Maca Conduce, Deduce, Reduce, Conduct, &c.
ronies.”—Mrs Delany, 2nd Series, II. p. Ductile, what may be drawn out.
156, A.D. 1775. Duck. Du. duycken, to bow the head,
. Dry. AS. drig, Du, droog, G. trocken, and especially to sink it under water, to
ON. thurr, Dan. tor. dive. G. tauchen, Sw, dyka, to dive ;
Dryad. Gr. 3pwāčec, Sylvan nymphs, Bav. ducken, to press down ; duck ma
from Spüç, a tree, an oak. chem, to let the head sink ; duckeln, to go
Dual. Lat. dualis (duo, two , of or about with the head sunk.
relating to two. The change of the final guttural for a
Dub. A small pool of rain-water, labial gives a series of parallel forms, Du.
puddle, gutter.—Jam. Fris. dobbe, a pud duyffen, to stoop the head, go submiss
dle, swamp. See Dip. ively; G. taufen, to baptise; E. diff, dive.
To Dub. The origin of the expression Duck, the bird, is so called from the
of dubbing a knight has been much can habit of diving, as Lat. mergus, from
vassed, and it has been plausibly ex mergere. Du. duycker, G. tauch-ente,
plained from the accolade or blow on the Bav. duck-ant!, the doć-chick.
neck with the sword which marked the Dud. A rag ; duds, clothing ; dod, a
conclusion of the ceremony. ON. dubba, rag of cloth.-Hal.
to strike ; Fr. dauber, dober, to beat, It is shown under Hater that the term
swinge, canvass thoroughly.—Cot. But for a rag is commonly taken from the
the accolade was never anything but a image of something hanging or shaking
slight tap, and it is very unlikely that it in the wind. So from Bav. taſeren, to
should have been designated by a term shiver, we have taſerman, a scarecrow, a
signifying a sound beating. Nor have figure dressed in shaking rags, E. falſer,
we far to seek for the real origin. The a rag ; from Swiss lode/en, to shake, to
principal part of the ceremony of dubbing be loose, Woden, a rag ; from hitde/n, to
230 DUDGEON DUMP

waver, dangle, Audel, a rag; from Fr. driſ Perhaps the sense of error may be
Mer, to twinkle, drilles, tatters. In like man traced at an earlier period to the notion
ner we pass from E. dodder, dudder, to of twisting or turning. Du. dwaelinge
tremble, shiver (Hal), to dod or dud, a in’t waeter, a whirlpool. —Kil. A mad
rag. And as an initial d and j frequently man is one of perverted or twisted un
interchange, we have w.E. fouder, to chat derstanding. And so from Pl.D. dwars,
ter with cold, jouds, rags. G. cote (pro dwas, athwart, oblique, we pass to Du.
dwaes, foolish, mad, and Da. dwas (of
vincially zode), a lock, rag, tatter. ‘Hans
in sener zode.’ Hans in his rags.- liquors), lifeless, flat. Du. dwaes-licht,
Deutsch. Mund. II. 408. Pl.D. tadder, synonymous with dwaa/-licht, ignis fa
tada'el, zadaler, rags.-Danneil. tuus. Now as the r of dwars is lost in
Dudgeon. I. The root of box-wood. dwaes, dwas, may not dwae/en or dwalen,
2. Ill-will. to turn, be from Du. dwar/en (in dwar/-
Due.—Duty. Lat. debere, It. dovere, wind, a whirlwind), to twirl or whirl It
OFr. deuvre, of which last the participle would however render this derivation un
at one time was probably deute', corre likely if du// was to be identified with
sponding to It. dozuto, duty, right, equity Gael. dall, blind, dark in colour, Bret.
—Fl., afterwards contracted to deu, and dall, blind, blunt.
mod. du, due. Dumb. Goth. dauðs, deaf, hardened,
Dug. A teat. Sw. dagga, to give dull; aſdauðman, to become obtuse, to
suck. See Dairy. grow dull; aſa'obſtant, aſſumónan, to
Duke.—Duchess. Fr. duc, duchesse, hold one's peace; dumbs, dumb ; ON.
from Lat. dux, ducis, a leader; duco, to dumbi, dumb, dark of colour; dum
lead. &ungr, thickness of the air, covered
Dull. Ineffective for the purpose aimed weather; dumma, to be still. G. dummi
at, wanting in life. A dull edge is one was formerly applied in general to
that will not cut; a dull understanding, whatever was wanting in its proper life
does not readily apprehend ; a dull day is or activity, as to food that has lost its
wanting in light, the element which con savour, to a limb that has lost its feeling,
stitutes its life; dull of sight or of hear to the loss of hearing (Sanders), but now
ing is ineffective in respect of those facul it is used in the sense of stupid, dull of
tleS. understanding, while stumm is dumb ;
The sense may be explained from the dumpſ, what has its energy compressed,
figure of wandering or straying from the kept down, confined ; dull, actively or
mark. Du. dolen, dwaelen, AS, dwo/ian, passively; unsavoury. Du. dom, deaf,
to stray, to wander; Pl.D. dwalen, dwee blunt, dull, stupid ; dom en blend, deaf
Men, twalem, to wander either physically and blind; domsimmigh, mad.— Kil. Da.
or figuratively, to err in judgment, act or dum, dumb, dim, obscure, dull, low in
talk foolishly; E. dial. dwaule, dwallee, sound, stupid, foolish. Sw. dum, stupid ;
to wander in mind, to talk incoherently dumb, dumb. Esthon. tum, dumb, dark ;
as one in delirium ; Du. dol, dul, G. toll, fumme, dull, dark, thick ; tuim, without
mad, out of one's mind; Goth. dwals, feeling, benumbed, unsavoury. See Dim,
foolish; Dan. dwal, spiritless, torpid. ON. Dump, Deaf, Dam.
dwali, N. and Dan. dwale, stupor, trance, Dump.–Dumpy.—Dumpling. Da.
fainting, doze, sleep. dial. dubber, E. dial. dubby, dumpy, short
The word seems a parallel form with and thick; dumphead (Whitby Gl.), a
Fr. fol, fool, which is connected in a tadpole; Du. dom/neus, snubnose, a
similar manner with OFr. Jolier, to err, short stumpy nose ; E. hum/ſy-dumpty,
and, like dull, is often applied to what a short thick person ; dump/ing, a round
fails to perform its apparent purpose. ball of paste. The radical image (as in
Thus avoine folle is wild or barren oats. Stub, Stump) is probably an impulse
Fr. feuºſo/let, AS. font-ſyr (ſon, fool), the abruptly stopped, whence the notion of a
ignis fatuus, ineffectual fire or fire with short blunt projection. E. dial. dub, a
out heat, corresponds to Du. dwaal licht, blow ; Sw. dubb, a plug, peg : E. dial.
the false light or wandering light. Fr. dump, to knock heavily, to stump; Sw.
fo/-persil, fool's parsley (properly fool dial. dompa, to knock, to fall heavily, to
Zarsley), corresponds to Du. dolle-Åervel stump or tread heavily ; ON, dumpa, Da.
(dull chervil), false chervil. On the same dompe, to plump, fall suddenly to the
principle the name of dolle-besien is given ground or into water. Da, dial. duébe,
to the poisonous berries of deadly night to stop, to wait. ‘Pub e lidt,' stop a bit.
shade. The idea of something suddenly stopped
 DUMP DUN GEON 231

in its course, checked in its development Now would Aristotle deny such speaking, and
a Duns man would make twenty distinctions.—
or powers, confined, restrained, is figura Tyndall in R. Here you come with your fine
tively carried out in numerous forms in and logical distinctions, and bring in the causes
dicated under Dumb. essential and accidental of marriage, as though
Dump. 2. The application of this we were in a school of duncery, and not in a
term to an affection of the mind is a discourse of pleasure.—Milton in Todd.
part of the medical theory which attri Hence to dunce ºf on, to puzzle upon,
buted all disorders of the frame to a hu or too much to beat the brains upon.—
mour falling on the part affected, and Cot. in v. metagraboliser. When the
regarded mental disorders especially as progress of the Reformation brought the
produced by a vapour rising from the schoolmen into disrepute, the name of
stomach into the brain. Du. damſ, Duns, by which their learning was dis
domſ, a vapour ; domſ int de ſtage, tinguished, became a term of opprobrium,
vapidus fumus ex ventriculo in cerebrum and at last was used as synonymous with
blockhead.
erumpens.—Bigl. Hence E. dum/s, me
lancholy, fixed sadness.-B. In the They hate even to death all them that preach
same sénse was formerly used the equiva the pure word of God, void of all the dregges of
19tensse learning and mans traditions.—Confuta
lent vapours, from the Fr. waſ eurs, une tion of N. Shaxton, 1546, in Todd. Remember
certaine maladie dont l'effet est de rendre ye not within this twenty yeares and far less, and
melancholique.—Trevoux. yet dureth unto this day, the old barking curres
Dump was used in a general sense Dunce's disciples, and like draffe called Scotists,
synonymous with humour for the condi the children of darkness raved against Greek,
tion of the mind :- Latin, and Hebrew.—Tyndall in R.
By ºr ladie 'ch am not very glad to see her in Dunch. Dunche or /unche, sonitus,
this dumpe.—Gammer Gurton I. x. 3 ; strepitus, bundum, bombus. Dunchyn or
in this humour. bunchyn, tundo ; dunchinge or lunchinge,
Also for an air or strain of music, re tuncio, percussio.—Pr. Pm. Dan. d'unase,
garded as an inspiration into the brain of to thump. Lat. fundere. Let. dunksch
the composer. In this sense we meet represents the sound of a blow with the
fist ; dunkschäis, a blow with the fist.
with the expression of “a merry dump.’ Dung. G. dung, diinger, Sw, dynga,
Dun. Dark in colour.
dung, muck, manure. The original mean
And white things woxen dimme and donne. ing, like that of muck, seems to be simply
Ch. in R.
wet. Dan. dysge, dugge, to sprinkle with
From the notion of shutting up, covering, water ; dyg-vaad, dyng-vaad’, wringing
obscuring. AS. steorran duriniath, steliae wet, as wet as muck; dung, thoroughly
obscurantur. Gael. duin, to shut, close; wet.—Moth. But it may be from Dan.
donn, brown; Manx doon, to shut up, dynge, a heap. Comp. ON. Aruga, a heap,
close, darken ; doom, a field, a close, the N. ruga, a lump, especially a lump of
equivalent of E. town and of G. gaun, a dung. Kuruga, a cowdung. In Swabian
hedge. The connection between the /o/pen, a heap, and in children's language
ideas of covering and darkness is a very hoppe machen, to do his business. –
natural one. Sp. tapar, to stop up, hood Schmid. Bohem. Kopec, heap ; Koſci/?,
wink, cover ; tapetado, of a dark brown to heap up; Áopcina, filth, dirt, sweepings.
or blackish colour ; Ptg. tafar, to stop Dungeon. — Donjon. Originally the
up, cover, inclose ; taparse, to darken, principal building of a district, or fortress,
grow dark.-Vieira. which from its position or structure had
To Dun: To make a droning sound. the command of the rest, from the Lat.
1)unnyn in sownd, bundo. Dunnynge dominio, dominio (as dominus for dominus),
of sownde, bunda, bombus.-Pr. Prm. domgio, dongeo (as Fr. songer from som
Hence to dun, to demand a debt clamor niare), donjon. In a charter A.D. 1179,
ously. In like manner from bum, a given by Muratori, is an agreement ‘quod
humming sound, bum-bailiff, a bailiff de summitate Castri Veteris quae Don
employed to dun for a debt, and incident gionem appellatur praedictus episcopus
ally to arrest the debtor. Sw, dona, duna, ejusque successores debeant habere duas
to resound ; W. dwin, a murmur, the bass partes ipsius summitatis, scilicet ab uno
in music. latere uscue ad vineam episcopiet ab al
Dunce. The Scotists, or divines of the tero usque ad flumen,” showing that in
school of Duns Scotus, were called Diams this case the dominio was mere open
men or Duncemen, and their teaching ground. In general however it was ap
duncery. plied to a tower or other work of defence.
232 DUODECIMAL DYSPEPTIC

‘Milites ocyus conscenso Dominione, Dwalm. — Dwaum. A fainting-fit;

domo scilicet principali et defensivá.’— OHG. dualm, torpor, insensibility ; Du.
Duc. Čedºve/men, to become dizzy, to faint.
Desus le plus maistre dunjon From Goth. dwaſs, foolish, ON. d’vaſi,
Drescent le reial gonfanon. stupor, fainting, doze, as Da. dial. du/me,
Chron. Norm. 2. 820.
to grow dull, subside, slumber, doze,
Donjon in fortification is generally from the same root. Soſen du/mer, the
taken for a large tower or redoubt of a sun is obscured ; iſden du/mer, the fire
fortress, where the garrison may retreat burns dull. See Dull.
in case of necessity.—Bailey. The name Dwarf. As. dweorg, dweorh, ON.
of Dungeon has finally been bequeathed d've gr, Sw, dweſg, dweſ/, G. gºverg,
to such an underground prison as was 2wenge/.
formerly placed in the strongest part of a To Dwell. Dan. d’vale, torpor, sus
fortress. pended life; d'vaºſe, to dwell, linger,
Duodecimal. Lat. duodecim, twelve. loiter. ON. die/ja, to detain, delay, to
To Dup. To do up, as doff and don, stay ; OSw, dwala, torpor, delay; d'valia,
to do off and do on. Swiss tuffen, to to stay, wait, tarry; Sw. d’vac/jas, to
open, as a door or a letter. dwell; MHG. (walem, to be torpid; twelen,
Dupe. Fr. dupe, one who lets himself to stop, to abide, dwell.
be deceived. From dupe, duppe, a hoopoe, To Dwindle. As, dwinan, Pl.D. diva
from some tradition of the habits of that men (Bosworth in v. wanian), to fade,
bird of which we are ignorant. Thus waste away, vanish ; E. dial. dwain,
from It. bubbola, a hoopoe, bubbolare dwainy, faint, sickly.—Forby. Du. ver
(portar via con inganno), to cheat—Al switnen, verdwijnen, to fade, perish; Bav.
tieri, whence E. to bubble one. Pol. dudek, schweinen, G. schwinden, to shrink, waste
a hoopoe, also a simpleton, a fool. 143's- away, wane. “Der mane wahsit unde
trychnad ma dudka, to make a fool of one. swim?f,’ the moon waxes and wanes.—
Bret. houpérić, a hoopoe, also a dupe ; Diutiska in Schmeller. ON. dwina, to
houperga, to deceive, to dupe—Legon. diminish, to leave off; Sw. twina, to pine
Duplicate. See Double. away, languish, dwindle; Dan. twine, to
Duration. Lat. durare, to last, durus, pine away, also to whine or whimper. In
hard. Gr. 3mpác, lasting, enduring. Turk. the last of these we probably touch the
durmak, to continue, stay, endure. origin of the word. A languishing or
Dusky. Lifeless, without animation, weakly condition of body is naturally ex
dim in colour, obscure. pressed by reference to the whining, pipy
The pennons and the pomels and the poyntes of tone of voice induced by illness. Thus
shields
Withdrawen his devocion and dusken his hert.
a person says he is rather pipy, meaning
poorly. The Pl.D. has quakken, to groan
or complain like a sick person, whence
—they dull or blunt his religious feelings. Dan. dial. gua/, poorly. Du. 7tteksen, to
The ground stude barrane, widderit, dosé and complain, to groan, to be poorly.—Kil.
* gray,
Herbis, flowris and gerssis wallowit away.—D.V. In like manner Goth. cwainon, W. cwyno,
to bewail, complain, grieve; Pl.D. Quinen,
Perhaps from dull through the forms
du/sé, or do/sk, dorsk, dosé. Dan. dial. to complain, to be poorly, languish, waste
away; ON. Queima, veina, to bemoan one
dulsk, dolsk, dull, lifeless, loitering ; Sw. self; AS. cwanian, waſtian, to mourn,
dial dilsk, lazy, slow ; Dan. dorsk, indo faint, languish.
lent, sluggish, dull, torpid ; ON. doska, to To Dye. See To Die. 2. '
dawdle, delay. Dynamic.—Dynasty. Gr. ºvaulc,
Dust, ON, dust, Gael. dus, duslach, the condition of being able, power ; Övva
dust. Du, donst, vapour, down, flour, puköc, mighty; &vváormc, one possessing
dust; G. dunst, vapour, exhalation, dust might or power; &vvaareia, power, the
shot. See Down. power of the chief magistrate.
Dwale. , Deadly nightshade, a plant Dysentery. Gr. Švaevrépia, from ēvc,
whose berries produce stupefaction and ill, and ivrepa, the entrails. -

death. Dan. d’vale, stupefaction ; ava/e- Dyspeptic. Gr. Švatrºbia, difficulty of

drik, Soporific ; dwale-bar, stupefaction digestion, &c, ill, and Tétro, to dress
berries, dwale.—See Dull. food, or digest it.
 EASE 233

IE-. See Ex-. tremble, shiver, earn through cold or

Each. AS. alc, Pl. D. el/, Du. ſeg fear.—Cot. See Yearn.
helijck, OHG. eocowe/ih (Kero), each, Earnest. 1. What is done with a will,
every, from ac, je, ever, and lic, ghelijck, with hearty endeavour to attain the end
like. For the contraction of the final aimed at. G., Du. ermist. Du. ermsten, to
element compare which and such with endeavour.-- Kil. AS. georn, desirous,
Goth. h.wileiks, svaleiks. eager, intent; georne, earnestly. Herodes
The AS. aeg, Sw, as or e, in composition, be/ran hi georne, Herod asked them dili
OHG. eo, G. fe, express universality or gently. He geormor wolde sióðe, he more
continuity of existence, and may com earnestly desired peace. Swa mon georn
monly be translated ever. AS. aghwa, est mag, as man with his best endeavour
whoever, every one ; a ghwanon, every may. Geor/t/ic, geornful, diligent, intent.
whence, from all sides ; a ghwayther, G. germ, Du, gheern, willingly. N. girug,
agther, every of two, either, each. Sw. desirous, also diligent at work. See
mair, when ; endir, whenever; eno, who Yearn.
ever. Æ so lange han lifer, so long as * 2. Money given in hand to assure a
he lives; som a gull saci, as if it were all bargain. Lat. arrha, OFr. arres, ermes,
gold.—Ihre. OHG. eo so wanne, when W. erm, ernes. Gael. earlas, Sc. ardes,
soever. arlis-penny, air/e-penny. The word seems
Eager. I. Fr. aigre, eager, sharp, to admit of explanation as caution-money,
biting ; Lat. acer, sharp, severe, vehe from Gael. eara/, provision, caution ;
ment, ardent. See Acid. earalas, precaution, foresight, provision.e.
2. Egre. The bore in certain rivers. Earth. Goth. airtha, ON. jord, G. erade.
See Higre. The Promptorium has ‘erye, or earth,’
Eagle. Fr. aigle, Lat. aquila. agreeing with OHG. ero, Gr. ºpa in pače,
Ear. I. The organ of hearing. Lat. to the ground.
auris, Lith. ausis, Goth. auso, ON. eyra, Earwig. An insect named in most
G. ohr. European languages from being supposed
2. A head of corn. Goth, ahs, OHG. to lodge itself in the ear. Fr. Aerceoreille,
ahir, AS. archin, ear, G. dhre, Du. adere, Sw. or-maté (maté, worm, insect), G.
altz’e. ohren-höhler, ohr-wurm, &c.
To Ear. To plough. Eryyn londe, The second part of the word is the AS.
aro.—Pr. Prm. AS. earian, Du. eren, er wigga, a parallel form with wibba, a
rien, Gr. apów, Lat. arare, to plough. creeping thing. AS. scearn wibba, a dung
Earl. ON. tar!, princeps, prorex, comes. beetle ; E. dial. oak-web, a cockchafer.
—Gudm. Gael. tarſhlath (pronounced The two forms are seen in Lith. wabalas
tarla, the /h and th being silent), a de (identical with E. weevil), a beetle, and
pendant chief, from tar, after, second in Esthon. waggel, a worm, grub, the last
order, and flath, lord, prince. W. ar of which may be compared with erri
g/wydd, Corn. ar/uth, lord. wiggle, a provincial name of the earwig,
Early. AS. aer, before; arra, ancient, and pol/-wiggle, a tadpole, a creature
early ; ar/ice, arlice, early. Fris. ader, consisting of a large poll or head, with
aderlek, aarle, early. AS. adre, quick, out other body, and a tail. As wabalas,
immediately. ON. adr, before. wibba, are from the form shown in E.
To Earn. 1. To get by labour. As wabble, G. waſhen, weben, wibbeln, so
gain, from OFr. gaagner, to cultivate or wagge/, wiggle, wigga, belong to the
till, so to earn seems to be to reap the parallel form waggle, wiggle, indicating
fruits of one's labour, from Du. arne, in like manner multifarious movement.
erne, harvest, armen, ermen, to reap.– See Weevil, Worm.
Kil. Bav. arm, arnet, G. ermfe, harvest; Ease.—Easy. Fr. aise, It. asio, agio,
armari, messor.—Tatian. Bav. armen, Ptg. ago, convenience, opportunity, lei
erarmen, g’arnen, to earn, to receive as sure. The Romance languages probably
reward of one's labour. Goth. asams, received it from a Celtic source ; Gael.
harvest ; asneis, hired labourer, earner. adh, prosperity, adhais, athais, leisure,
2 To thrill or tremble. Frissoner, to ease, prosperity; Bret. &az, e3, conveni
234 EASEL EDGE
ence, ease ; diez, difficult, dieca, to in winter feast of the Pagans was transferred
commode; W. haws, ease, hawdd, easy. to the Christian feast of the Nativity.
The same root may be recognized in Eat. Goth. itan, G. essen, Lat. edere.
Lat. otium, leisure, AS. eath, easy, gentle Eath.-Easy. See Ease.
(whence OE. uneth, hardly), eaſ, prosper Eaves. As eſese, margin, edge; eſe
ity, possession, and eadig, happy (Gael. sian, to shave, to trim.
adhach, prosperous, happy), ON. audr, Orcheyarde and erberes efºsyd wel clene.—P. P.
wealth, audugr, wealthy, while aud in Goth. ubizva, OHG. obisa, oftasa, Bav.
composition signifies easily done ; aud obse, a portico, hall ; ODu. ovese, Fris.
brotium, -beygar, &c., easily broken, bent, ose, eaves, as N. of England easings for
&c. The transition to the notion of
evesings. , ON. 1/s, eaves, u/sar-dropi,
wealth is also found in It. agiało, at ease, Du. oos-druń, eaves-dropping.
also wealthy, able to live in good plight, Ebb. G., Du. ebbe, the falling back of
also (= Lat. offiosus) lazy.—Fl.
The fundamental idea seems to be the tide. G. aben, to fall off, to sink.
See Evening.
empty, vacant, what affords room or Ecclesiastic. Gr. ºxx\mata, an assem
facility for anything to take place, then bly of the people summoned by the crier,
riches as affording the most general of convocation, church. From irraNéw, to
all facilities. ON. audr, empty, void ; call forth.
wndir audium himni, under the open sky; Echo. 'HX0, ... }xoc, a sound, noise.
aud-synn, open to view, easily seen. Eclipse. Gr. ºxxsºbic, a defect or fail
Compare also AS. ametta, leisure, arm/ig, ing in the light of the sun or moon ;
empty, vacant; Lat. vacuus, empty, Fr. &rAsimºw, to leave off, to faint, to fail.
vacant, empty, at leisure.—Cot. Economy. Gr. oikovouta, domestic
Easel. G. esel, an ass; malerese/, a management, administration, from oikoç,
painter's easel or support for the painting a house, family, goods, and vºuv, to dis
at which he works. On the same prin pense, manage.
giple it is called in Fr. chevalet, a little Ecstasy. Gr. arágic, a setting, plac
horse. See Pulley. ing ; tra ragic, removal from its wonted
* East. G. ost, ON. aust. The origin position, of a thing ; supersedure of the
of the name seems preserved in Esthon., mental functions.
which has ea, ice, forming in the ablative Eddish.-Eddige. Commonly ex
east, from the ice, while the same word plained in the sense of aftermath, which
signifies the East wind ; pointing to the gives too confined a signification. The
N. of Europe for the origin of the term, meaning is the pasturage, eatage, or eat
where the East is the icy wind. Idda, or able growth of either grass or corn-field.
Ea, North-east ; /ada-full/, or Jadast,
the E. or N.E. wind. In the same lan Keep for stock is tolerably plentiful, and the
fine spring weather will soon create a good eddish
guage wessi, water; wess?-Aaar (kaar = in the pastures.—‘Times, Apr. 20, 1857.
quarter), the west or wet quarter; wessi That after the flax is pulled you get more feed
tuul (the wet wind), the N.W. wind. that autumn than from the aftermath of seeds
On the other hand East is explained sown with wheat the second year; that the im
from Lith. auszra, the dawn ; al/s2.fi, to mense eatage obtained from seeds the same year
dawn ; Sanscr. uscháschá (in comp.), they are sown, and after the flax is pulled, should
dawn, from the root usch, Lat. urere, be added to the value of the flax.--' Economist,'
tº stum, to burn. Lith. ausgränne, the Feb. 1, 1852.
morning star; auszrinnis, the N.N.E. Fris. eſſen, beefſen, to pasture. -

wind. Eddy. Commonly referred to an AS.

Easter. According to Bede the name ed-ea, back-water (not preserved in the
is derived from AS. Eostra, OSw. Asfar extant remains of the language), from ed,
gydia, the goddess of love (ON. ast, love), equivalent to the Lat. re in composition,
whose festival was held in the month of and ea, water. But this plausible deriva
April, thence called Eoster-monath. tion is opposed by numerous Norse forms
The reasons for doubting the authority given by Aasen, fa, ida, odo, udu, eºſiſ,
of Bede upon such a point are very slight, &a/-äda, bak-wiza'iz, Áring-widdu, an eddy,
the main objection instanced by Adelung back-water, which leave little doubt that
being the unlikelihood that the name of the word is simply the ON. yda, a whirl
a Pagan deity should be transferred to a pool, from yda, to boil, to rush ; AS. yth,
Christian feast. But the same thing wave, flood, rush of water ; yíhian, to
seems to have taken place with the term fluctuate, to overflow.
Yule, which from designating the mid Edge. AS. egge, ON. CŞ.g., Lat. acies,
 EDIBLE ELEVEN 235

edge, Gr, drà, a point, edge. Du. egghe, was also united with nouns. Yif ei mon
an angle, edge, corner; G. ecke, a corner. other ei wummon misseith ou, if any
Edible. Lat. edo, to eat. man or woman missaith you.-Ancren
Edify.—Edifice. Lat. ardifico, to build Riwle, 124.
a house (ades, a house, facio, to make), The particle ag corresponds exactly to
Fr. edifier. Esthon. igga, Lap. Ake, ižke AEa, who
Bdit.—Edition. Lat. edo, editum, to ever; ikke kus, wherever; ikke mi, what
give forth or out. ever ; Esthon, igga tºs, every one; igga
* Eel. Du. aal, on. d// Explained Aqaw, every day, daily; igga, Fin. 14%,
from Sanscr. ahi, a snake, analogous to lifetime, age, time. Lap. hagga, life.
Lat. anguilla, an eel, from anguis, snake, The AE of ikó is softened to a j (i.e. y)
or Gr. ºyxeXvc, eel, from ºxic, viper. in the genitive jān, leading us to Sanscr.
To Efface. Fr. efficer, Prov. es/assar, ayas, Gr. awv, Lat. aevum, Goth. aivs,
to remove the face, to remove an impres lifetime, age. Fin. iśāwā, Esthon. iggaw,
Sion. perpetual, enduring ; AS. ece, everlasting.
Effigy. Lat. effigies, an image ; ſingo, Eke.--To Eke. Goth. auk, ON. og,
fictum, to form, properly to mould in clay. G. auch, also. Goth. azºan, Lat. augere,
Effort. Fr. effort, formerly efforg, Gr, aikāvo, to increase, show the same
effors; s’efforcer, to put his force or root.
strength to a thing. Elastic. Fr. Glastique. The corre
Eft.—Evet.—Bwt.—Newt. A water sponding forms are not extant in classical
lizard. Lat. and Gr., but there is no doubt the
In that abbaye ne entereth not no flye ne todes word is from Gr. Aańvo, Adaw, to drive,
ne ewtes ne suche fowle venymouse bestes.— whence Adarnc, a driver.—Etym. Mag.
Mandeville.
Mod.Gr. Aaaroc, flexible ; Aaríptov, a
Egg. AS. ag, pl. agrit, OE. eyren, spring as of a lock, &c.
eggs. The sound of the final g was some Elbow. AS. elnboga, elboga, the bow
times softened also in the singular, giving or bending of the arm, from an obsolete
OE. eye, as G. ei, an egg. Gr. 606v, Lat. e//, eln (preserved in AS. ellen, strength,
ovum, are radically the same word. and in E. eſ/), Gr. ÖAévn, Lat. ulna, the
To Egg. ON. egg, an edge ; eggia, to forearm. So Pl. D. Áneffog, the bending
sharpen, or give an edge to, and fig. to of the knee, the knee.
instigate or set one on to do anything. Eld, Elder. See Old.
* Eglantine. Written by Chaucer Elder. AS. el/arn, Pl.D. el/oorn, G.
eglatere and eglentere, E. Fris. ege//iere, holunder, hol/der, OHG. holuntar, holder,
Du. eghelentier, e.g/entere (Kil.), Fr. aig the elder-tree, from its hollow wood, the
dantier, Pr. agullancier, aig/en/ima, a final der, tar, signifying tree, as in AS.
wild rose, thorn-bush. Diez’ Romance de af/a/der, an apple-tree.
rivation from aiguilla, aguiſhe, a needle, Electric. Gr. "HXexrpov, amber, the
seems much less probable than that from power of amber, when rubbed, to attract
OFr. e.gle, AS. egla, e.g/e, a prick, thorn, light bodies being the fact which first
splinter. The final element of the word called attention to the electric force.
is Du. tere, taere, a tree, as in affe/ſere, Electuary. Mid. Lat. electuarium, bar
misfeltere, holentere, note/ſere, giving barously formed from Gr. ix)\sikrov, a me
the signification of thorn-tree or thorn dicine which has to be licked ; tr}\sixw,
bush. From the same source is Du. to lick up.
eggſ, the prickly animal, a hedgehog. Eleemosynary. Gr. Xenuoavvi, alms.
Egregious. Lat. egregius, chosen out Elegant. Lat. elegans, neat, hand
of the herd, excellent; grear, gregis, the some, delicate.
flock or herd. Elegy. Gr. Xeyoc, a song of mourn
Egret. See Heron. ing, supposed to be derived from & Aéysiv,
Eight. Sanscr. astan, Lith. aszłitni, to cry woe
Russ. osm, Lat. octo, Goth. ahtan, G. Element. Lat. elemen/tem, a first
acht, W. wyth, Fr. huit. principle.
Either. The As. element ag in com Elevate. Lat. elevare, to liſt up ;
position signifies ever, all, as a ghwa, /evare, to lighten, to lift up ; levis, light.
every who, whoever ; a ghwaºr, every See Lift.
where ; a ghwayton, every whence, from Eleven. As, endleofan, Goth. ainſiſ,
all sides. In like manner from hºwather, eleven ; twaliſ, tvalib, twelve. Lith.
which of two, a ghwayther, agſher, every wento/iſſa, eleven, dwilika, twelve, from
one of two, each, either. The particle winas, one, dwi, two. The radical iden
236 ELF EMBARRASS
tity of the second element in the Goth. Elm. Lat. uſmus, Du. olm, Fr. orme,
and Lith. forms has been generally ad Bohem. gi/m (yilm).
mitted, in accordance with the analogy Elope. From ON. hlaupa, Du. looſen,
of the parallel roots lift and lik, in Gr. to run, verloofen, to run away from, N.
Xstra, Aprival, to leave, Goth. Zaños, /au/ast, to run away, escape from home.
relics, aſſiſtan, to remain ; and in Lat. Else. AS. elles, otherwise ; el (in com
/inquere, lictum, to leave, Lith. Wikti, to position), other, as eſ-theodig, of another
remain over. The sense required for people, foreign ; elſend, a foreign land;
this element is indicated in the Lap. ex OFr. e!, Gr. d’A\oc, Lat. alius, other.
pressions for the same numerals, akta Emaciate. Lat. emaciare (macies,
Żołęe maln, one upon ten, one in excess leanness), to make lean.
of ten, two in excess of ten, and so on. Emanate. Lat. emanare, to issue or
But the word for ten might easily be flow from ; manare, to drop, trickle, flow.
left unexpressed, as it actually is in Fin. Emancipate. Lat. mance/s (manu
3ri toista, eleven, literally, one in the capio), one who takes in hand, a pur
second [ten]. The ellipse is supplied in chaser, owner; mancipium, ownership,
the expression for twelfth, toinent foista property, a slave; mancipaze, to give into
Aymmenta, the second in the second ten. possession ; emancipare, to set free.
The Esthon. uses indifferently the elliptic Embargo. Sp. embargar, to impede,
or the complete expression, it’s teist, or restrain, to seize by process of law, se
iiks teist kummen, one in the second, or quester ; embargo, embarrassment, im
one in the second ten. pediment, indigestion, sequestration ;
Now Lith. /ykus signifies surplus, re Prov, embargar, to embarrass, trouble,
mainder ; le&as, what remains over, odd, hinder; embarc, obstacle, trouble.
and, in combination with the ordinals Diez' explanation through a supposed
first, second, &c., it designates the num imbarricare, from barra, a bolt or bar, is
bers immediately following ten ; firmas, unsatisfactory. The Lang. embragar, to
antras, &c., lºkas, the first, second, &c., hinder, Prov. embrºgar, to clog or en
excess above ten, i. e. eleven, twelve, and tangle, point to the probable origin in
so on. The radical identity of forms Prov. brac, mud, It. brago, a bog, puddle,
like these with the cardinal series, weno quagmire. A person sticking in the mud
/ika, dwilika, &c., on the one hand, and before the days of road-making would
on the other with the verbal forms lººmi, afford a most familiar image of helpless
Iikti, to remain over, pa/ikti, to leave embarrassment.
behind, cannot be doubted ; and having Be us tenon embregats,
thus traced the meaning of the Lith.
termination lika to the idea of surplus they hold you well entangled (empétrés).
expressed by the root of linguere, we —Raynouard.
have strong analogy for a similar ex Precisely the same metaphor is seen in
planation of the termination in Goth. Sc. laggery, miry; /aggerit, bemired,
aimlib, aimliſ, and E. elevent, from the also encumbered, impeded. Also in E.
root of Gr. Astrºw, and E. leave. Philolog. clog, to impede the action of a system by
Trans. 1857, p. 29. stopping up the acting parts with adhe
Elf. As alſ, elf, on. alſr, alſi, G. alſ, sive matter; Sc. claggit, clogged, loaded
supernatural beings of the Northern with clay (AS. clag); clag, encumbrance,
mythology. burden upon property, impediment in
Eliminate. Lat. eliminare, to turn the way of the possessor arising from the
legal claim of another. G. Kummer sig
out of doors (limen, a threshold), to cast nifies as well the mud of the streets as
forth.
judicial seizure, arrest, sequestration.—
Elixir. Arab. el-irs?r, the philoso Küttn.
pher's stone. From Gr. &mpóv, &mptów, * Embarrass. The most obvious
properly a dry medicament.—Dozy. type of hindrance is a bar which stops the
Ell. The length of a forearm ; the way to anything. Fr. barre, a bar ;
forearm taken as a measure of length. barres, exceptions in pleading, hampering
Gr. &Aévn, Lat. ulna, the forearm ; Du. the course of one's opponent ; donner
el, elm, Fr. au/ne, an ell-measure, as cubit, barres à, to stay the current of.-Cot.
a measure of the same kind, from Lat. Barra, stopped, hindered.—Vocab. de
cubitus, the forearm. Vaud. Prov. barras, Sc. barras, barrace,
Ellipsis.-Elliptical. Gr. AXstºlic, a a bar, barrier. Ptg. baraço, a cord,
leaving out. halter for hanging ; Sp. embarazar, Ptg.
 EMBASSADOR EMPEACH 237
embaraçar, Fr. embarrasser, to impede, brace, the opening in the wall being con
clog, embarrass. sidered as if spreading its arms to embrace
Embassador. See Ambassador. those in the inside.
Embellish. Fr. embellir, from bel, Embrocation. From It. broca, Fr.
beau, pleasing to sight. ôroc, a jug or pipkin, It. embrocatione, a
Ember-days. Days set apart for fomenting or bucketing of the head with
fasting at the four seasons of the year, waters or other liquor falling upon it in
viz. on the first Friday in every quarter. the manner of rain.—Fl.
—Adelung. From Lat. Quatuor tempora, To Embrue. See Imbrue.
the four seasons, whence G. Quatember, a Emendation. Lat. emendare, to cor
quarter of a year, or a quarterly day, or rect, or remove blemishes; menda, a de
payment. Hence by further corruption fect, blemish.
Æottember, Æoftemer, Pl.D. tamper, Sw. Emerald. Fr. ſmeraude, It. smeraldo,
tamper-dagar, ymber-dagar, ember or Sp., Port. esmeralda, from Lat. smarag
imber days. Quatuor tempora, dye fron dus, Gr. oudpayóoc.—Scheler.
fast, vier fronfasten.—Dief. Sup. Em Emery. Fr. esmeril, emeril, the black
&yrday, fastyng day.—Palsgr. hard mineral wherewith iron-works are
Embers. AS. aemyrian, N. eldmyrja furbished, an emrod, or emerill stone.—
(eld, fire), eimyrja. Dan. emmer, Sw. Cot. Gr. opuépig, -têoç, Mod.Gr. opupirmc,
morja, N. myrja, glowing ashes. emery ; ouvptºw, to polish with emery.
In the Romance languages perhaps the
To Embezzle. Properly to conceal, word was understood as if derived from
then to make away with property en
trusted to a servant by his master. merus, pure, whence Prov. mer, mier
“I concele, I embesyll a thynge, I kepe esmers, pure, fine; esmerar, to purify, re
a thynge secret.—I embesell, I hyde or fine. Aissi coma la lima esmera e pura
consoyle, Je cele. I embesy// a thynge, lofer.—Rayn. As the file cleanses and
or put it out of the way, Je substrays. purifies iron. Limousin eméra, to scour
He that embesylleth a thyng intendeth to with sand ; Sp. esmerar, to polish,
cleanse.
steale it if he can convoye it clenly.’—
Palsgr. Emetic. Gr. lušw, to vomit.
It cannot have anything to do with OFr. Emmet.—Ant. AS. armet, G. ameise,
besiller, to overturn, destroy, Prov, becilh, Henneberg emetze, Pl.D. eempte, eemke.
destruction, trouble. —Adelung. From the proverbial indus
Emblem. Gr. ºpóAmua (from u8áXXw, try of the animal; G. em.sig, assiduous,
to put in), Lat. emblema, something let diligent. The AS. ametta, armta, leisure,
in to another, an ornament, and fig. an rest, and armtig, vacant, empty, idle,
ornament of discourse. The word is seem to furnish exactly the contrary
curiously appropriated in Fr. and E. to a meaning of what is required for our de
symbolic figure tacked on to some thought rivation, but it will be found that leisure
or saying which it is meant to illustrate and occupation are very constantly ex
and perfect. Embleme, a picture and pressed by the same word. Thus Lat.
short posie expressing some particular opera, work, pains, is sometimes trans
conceit.—Cot. lated time, leisure. Deest mihi opera, I
To Emboss. Fr. embosser, to swell have no leisure. The possession of lei
or rise in bunches, knobs; bosse, a bunch sure is an obvious condition for the be
or knob ; bosseler, to make a dint in a stowal of our attention on any given ob
vessel of metal. ject. We see the connection of the two
To Embrace. Fr. embrasser, It. im ideas in Fr. vaquer, to be at leisure, to
bracciare, to infold in one's arms, from cease from working, also to attend, apply,
Fr. bras, It. braccia, the arms. bestow time on, bend his study unto.--
Embrasure. Fr. braser, to slope the Cot. Du. moete is rendered by Kilian
edge of a stone, as masons do in windows, opera, labor, and also otium, tempus va
&c., for the gaining of light; braser, em Cuunn.
Emolument. Lat. emo/ument film,
braser, the splaying or skuing of the
opening of a door or window for such a profit acquired through labour; moliri,
purpose ; embrasure, the splayed opening to exert oneself. --~~~

of a window or door, and hence the Empair. Fr. empirer, to make worse ;
splayed opening in a parapet for a can pis, f. pire, Lat. pejor, worse.
non to fire through. Empeach. To attach or fasten upon
The word is unknown in Sp., or it one the charge of a criminal accusation.
might be explained from abrazar, to em Fr. empescher, empécher, to hinder, im
238 EMPHASIS EN GROSS

peach, pester, incumber. Em/escher le the chant sung on convoying a victor, a

yieſ, to seize on a fief, the lord take it into laudatory ode.
his own possession.—Cot. Prov. empaig, To Encroach. Fr. accrocher, to hook
hindrance; empachar, em/ay/ar, to hin on to, from croc, a hook.
der. Probably direct from the Celtic. To Encumber. See Comber.
Gael. bac, hinder, restrain ; bacail, an End. Goth. andeis, Sanscr.'anta, end,
obstacle (whence Fr. bac/er, to bolt the death.
door); ON. bāgi, difficulty ; baga, to Endeavour. To endeavour is to make
hinder. N. bagſa, to stop, to hinder. it our duty to do a thing. Fr. se mettre
Lat. repagula, bolts, is probably from the en devoir de, se disposer a faire quelque
same source. Bret. bac'ha, to confine, chose.—Gattel.
imprison ; bachein, to disconcert, put out We put him in devoir at all times when he
of countenance, to be compared with Sp. might have a leyser, which was but startemele,
to translate diverse books out of French into
empachar, to embarrass, confuse, make
ashamed. English.-Ames of Printing, cited by Holloway.
Emphasis.-Emphatic. Gr. ipºatva', To Endorse. Fr. dousser (Cot.), en
to let a thing be seen in ; upaivet, tuqat dosser, to back a bill, to give it the sup
veral, it is manifest. Hence ºppagic, ap port of our credit by writing our name on
pearance in, significance, the force of the back. Lat. dorsum, Fr. dos, the
an expression. To say a thing with emi back.
f/asis is to say it with special signifi To Endow. From Lat. dos, doſis, Fr.
cance; emphaſic, what is spoken so as dot, a marriage gift; doté, doué, indued
to have special significance. or endowed with ; douer, to give a dowry
Empire.—Emperor. Fr. emfire, em unto.—Cot. An internal d or t is fre
fereur, from Lat. İm/erium, imperator, quently converted into a u in Fr., as It.
im/erare, to command. vedova, OFr. 7'ed've, Fr. veuve, a widow.
Empiric. Gr. iurstpiróc, of one who Endue. Often treated as a corruption
acts on the results of experience, as op of endow, but it is sometimes clearly
posed to the leadings of Science. {putsipia, from Lat. induere, to clothe.
experience. Thou losel base,
To Employ. Fr. employer, It. impie That hast with borrowed plumes thyself endewed.
F. Q. in R.
gare, from Lat. plicare, to fold or bend,
, as G. anzwenden, to employ, make use of, Sometimes there may be a confusion with
from wenden, to turn. To turn to a cer imótte.
tain purpose. See Ply. Enemy. Fr. ennemi, Lat. inimicus,
Emporium. Gr. ºputróptov, a mart, from in, negative, and amare, to love.
place of trade ; ºutropoc, a traveller, a Energy. Gr. iv.pysia, from v and
merchant; thiroptèouai, to be on a journey. Epyov, an action.
to traffic, trade. Engine. Lat. ingenium, innate, or
Empty. See Emmet. natural quality, mental capacity, inven
Emulate.—Emulous. Lat. a'mulus, tion, clever thought; It. ingegno, Prov.
one who seeks to equal or outdo a rival. engeinh, Fr. engin, contrivance, craft.
En-, before a labial, Em-. Gr. iv, Mieux vaut engin que force, better be
Lat. in, Fr. en, in. wise than strong.—Cot. The term was
Enamel. Fr. esmail, émail, amel or then applied, like Gr. ºnxavi, to any me
enamel.—Cot. Ammtel for goldsmiths, chanical contrivance for executing a pur
esmail.-Palsgr. It sma/to, G. schme/3, pose, and specially to machines of war.
schmie/2-glas, smalt, colours produced by See Artillery.
the melting of glass with a metallic oxide. To Engross. 1. Fr. grossover, to
G. schme/gen, to melt. It sma/fare, Sp. write fair, or in great (Fr. gros) and fair
esma//ar, to enamel. Perhaps the loss letters.-Cot. Opposed to the minute or
of the final t in Fr. esmai//er has arisen small characters of the original draught,
from the influence of Du. maelen, to hence called minutes of a proceeding.
paint ; maeler van g/as, encaustes; mae/- Fr. grosse, Du. gros, a notarial copy.
erie, maeſie, encaustum, enamel ; //tael Le notaire garde /a minute et en delivre
€ren, to enamel.-Kil. /a grosse, keeps the minutes and delivers
Enchant. Fr. enchamfer, from Lat. the engrossed copy.—P. Marin.
incan/are, to sing magic songs. 2. In the earlier period of our history
Encomium.—Encomiast. Gr. rºuoc, the engrossing of commodities was re
a festivity, festive procession, ode sung garded as an odious social offence, and
on such an occasion; ro tyctºpuov (; troc), was jealously guarded against by the
 ENHANCE ENTICE 239

municipal law. The meaning of the the name of each feudal lord was shouted
word is explained by Blackstone as ‘the out to rally his own band of retainers.
getting into our possession, or buying up, Quant ces unt jà crié l'enseigne de Vedsci,
Zarge quantities of corn, or other dead E, Glanville chevaliers e, Baillol autresi,
Odinel de Umfravile relevad le suen cri.
victuals.’ ‘I grosse, I take or hepe up Chron. Fantosme.
thynges a great, je engrosse. This man
osseth up all the market.”—Palsgr. Than mycht men her enseynyeis cry,
And Scottis men cry hardely,
erhaps also the offence was what was On thaim . On thaim On thaim they faile.
considered an unfair engrossing or en Bruce, ix. 385.
hancing of the price by buying up what To Ensue. OFr. ensuir from Lat.
would otherwise have been brought to insegui, to follow upon.
market by the producers themselves. Fr. Entail. A fee-simple is the entire
engrossir, to greaten, increase, enlarge. estate in land, when a man holds the
—Cot.
estate to him and his heirs without any
To Enhance. From Lat. ante, be contingent rights in any one else not
fore, in antea, en avant, forwards, were claiming through him. An estate-tail is
formed Prov. anz, ans, before, enant, a partial interest, cut (Fr. tail/e) out of
enants, forwards, and thence emansar, to the entire fee, when land is given to a
put forwards, to advance, exalt, enhance. man and the heirs male of his body,
Enigma. Gr. alviyua, a dark saying, leaving a right of re-entry in the original
riddle ; aiviogopal, to hint at, to speak in owner on failure of male descendants of
riddles.
the tenant in fail, as he was called, or
Ennui. See Annoy. person to whom the estate-tail was given.
Enormous. Lat. enormis (e and The entail of an estate is dividing the
11orma, a rule), irregular, exceeding pro fee into successive estates for life, or in
portion. tail, under such conditions as required
Enough. Goth.
binauhan, to be by law.
bound, to have it incumbent upon one, Enter.—Entrance. Fr. enfrer, Lat.
to be lawful ; ganawham, to suffice, infrare, to go in.
gamohs, enough, sufficient; ganohjan, to Enterprise. Fr. entreprise, from en
satisfy. ON. mogr, gnogr, abundant; treprendre, to undertake, an old form of
magia, to suffice; G. genug, Du. moeg, which, emprendre, gave our poetical emi
genoeg, enough ; genoegen, to please, to prise.
satisfy.—Kil. To Entertain. Fr. entretenir (from
Ensample. Sp. entiemplo (Ticknor), Lat. femere, to hold), mutually to hold, to
OFr. ensample, from exemplum, as Ptg. hold in talk, to hold together.—Cot.
enrame, from examen, Sp. ensayo, an Enthusiasm. Gr. ºv6soc, čv6ovc, full
essay, from eragium. of the (9eóc) god, inspired, possessed;
Trestut le mond enlumina #v0ovatdºw, to be so inspired.
Par le sample qu'il nus donna To Entice. OFr. entiser, enticher,
Purnus garir. atiser, Norman entincher (Decorde),
Bénoit, Vie de St Thomas, 1199.
Bret. atiza, to instigate, incite. Satanas
In the Harl. MS. ensample. entichad David qu’il feist anumbrer ces
Ensign. It insegna, Fr. enseigne, a de Israel.—L. des Rois
distinctive mark, from Lat. insignia, pl. Mult l'entice, mult l’aguillone.
of insigne.—Diez. It also signified the Bénoit, Chron. Norm. 2. 194.
distinctive cry which was used in battle Ses gens ramoneste e atise
to encourage the troops on different Li dux.-Ib. 2. 205.
sides. Thus Deus aie / God help ! was Fr. attiser, to kindle, to stir the fire;
the cry of Normandy, while those of attise-querelle, a stirrer-up of quarrels.
several adjacent provinces are mentioned The origin is the hissing sound by
by Bénoit in his account of a battle be which dogs are incited in setting them
tween the confederate princes and Duke on to fight with each other or to attack
Richard. another animal. These sounds are re
Munjoie escrient si Franceis, presented in E. by the letters ss / st/ /s/
E Passavant Tiebaut de Bleis, being doubtless imitations of the angry
Valie crient tuit enfin sounds of a quarrelling dog. In other
Quens Geofrei e si Angevin,
Baudoin e Flamenc, Arraz |
languages they are more distinctly arti
culated. Fin. has / has / cry used in
Chron. Norm. vol. 2. 215.
setting on dogs; hasittaa, Esthon. assa
Among chiefs of inferior consequence tama, to set them on. Lap. has / as /
24O ENTIRE ENVY

Serv. osh / cry to drive out dogs; Lap. from being divided into several sections;
/asketet, hoskoſef, hotsa/ef, to set dogs rényw, retéua, to cut.
on to attack; hasteſ, hosteſ, to provoke, Entrails. Fr. entrail/es, Prov. intralias,
challenge, incite. Pl. D. hiss, cry used OFr. entraigne, from Lat. interanea, the
in setting on dogs ; hissen, to set them inwards or intestines, the inward parts of
on, to drive by the aid of dogs ; de the body.
schaoſ, hissen, to drive sheep.–Danneil. Entreat. From Lat. fractare, to
Du. Aissen, his schen, hiſsen, hussen, to handle, Fr. fraic/er, to meddle with, to
hiss, to set on dogs, to instigate, kindle, ºurse
Ot.
debate, or make mention of.-
inflame. —Kil. G. he/gen, an/lefsen, to
set on dogs, to irritate, incite; hiſ ze, To Enure. From Fr. heur, hap, for
rage, heat. At other times a t is taken tune, chance, was formed E. ure, fortune,
as the initial of the irmitative syllable, destiny, the experience of good or evil.
giving G. gischen, Pl. D. tissen, E. dial. Now late hire come, and liche as God your ure
tiss, to hiss. To tice is used in Pem For you disposeth, taketh your aventure.
brokeshire, as Pl.D. hissen, for the em Lidgate, corrected from Hal.
ployment of a dog in driving another And name suld duell with him bot thai
animal ; to fice a dog at a pig ; to tice That wald stand with him to the end,
And take the ure that God wald send.
the pig out of the garden, to set a dog at Bruce, viii. 405.
it to drive it out, as Pl.D. de swine uut
dem have hissen. Hence probably the Hence to have in ure, to put in ure, or ſo
simple form to tice, in the sense of in enure, is to experience, to practise, to take
citing, alluring, was already current in effect.
the language before the importation of Salomon
Tellith a tale—whether in dede done
the Fr. entiser. Compare Sw. tussa, to
set on dogs, to set people by the ears. Or mekely feined to our instruccion
Let clerkes determine, but this I am sure
The It. has forms corresponding both Moche like what I myself have had in wre.
to hiss and tiss. The cry used in setting Chaucer, Rem. Love, 158.
on dogs is izz / at Florence, and u22 / He gan that lady strongly to appeal
at Modena, whence izzare and uzzare iſ Of many heinous crimes by her in ured.
cane (corresponding to G. hetzen), to set F. Q. in R.
on a dog (Muratori, Diss. 33); i33a (cor Intered to arms, practised in arms. To
responding to G. hitze), anger, contest; enure to the advantage of some one, in
adizzare, aissare, to hiss, set on dogs, legal language, is to take effect to his ad
provoke to anger; tizzare, to egg on, vantage.
provoke, to stir the fire; tızzo, fizzone, a The Fr. heur is not to be confounded
fire-brand ; stizzare, -ire, to provoke, with heure, hour, moment, being derived
enrage, stir the fire; stizza, anger; stizzo, (as conclusively established by Diez) from
a fire-brand. Walach. atzitzit, to set Lat. augurium, Ptg. agouro, Prov.augur,
on, incite, fall into a passion, kindle fire. agur, Cat. ahuir, augury, omen ; whence
In accordance with the foregoing anal Prov. bonāur, malāur, good, evil fortune;
ogies it is impossible either to separate It. sciagurato, sciaurato (exauguratus),
It. ixzare, u23 are, from tizzare, attizzare, ill-omened, unlucky; sciagura, sciaura,
or to doubt that the common origin of ill fortune, disaster; OFr. bientaur eiz, for
all is the hissing on of a dog against tunate.
another animal. The idea of provoking To Envelop. It inviluppare, Fr. en
to anger then must be taken as the ve/opper, the equivalent of E. wrap, waſ,
original image, and that of stirring the lap.
fire as a figurative application, directly
L'enfant envolupaten draps epausat en la cru
contrary to what we should have ex pia.-Rayn.
pected ; and we find the explanation of And sche bare her firste borun sone and whap
Lat. titio, to which we have no clue in Aide him in clothes and leyde him in a cracche.—
the ancient language, in the It. fizzare, Wicliff
Fr. attiser, commonly regarded as de
rivatives from the Latin noun. See Lap.
Environ. Fr. environ, around, from
Entire. It. intero, Fr. entier, from zirer, to veer, turn round, whirl about.
Lat. integer, whole, untouched. Envoy. Fr. envoyer, to send. See
Entity. Fr. entité, from Lat. ens, pr. Convoy.
pcpl. of esse, to be. Envy. Lat. invidia, It. invidia, in
Entomology. Gr. ivrona, insects; veggia, Cat. enveya, Prov. enveia, I’r.
 EP ERR 24I

envie. Invidere, to envy, should signify vide with necessary furniture, set in array
to look askance at. by full provision for a service.—Cot.
Ep-, Eph-, Epi-. In compounds of From ON. skiffa, to arrange, AS. sceapan,
Gr. extraction, the prep. Ari, upon. scypfan, to form, G. schaffen, to create,
Epaulet. Dim. from Fr. espaule, provide, furnish.
epaule, Prov. espatla, Sp. espalda, It. Era. Lat. arra, pl. of aes, brass, was
spalla, the shoulder, from Lat. spathula, used in the sense of money, and thence
dim. of Lat. spatha, Gr. orá3m, a blade, applied to the separate headings or items
broad flat instrument. of an account. Quid tu, inquam, soles,
Ephemeral. Gr. iuipa, a day, piluspoc, cum rationem e dispensatore accipis, si
daily, lasting only a day. ara singula probasti, summam, quae ex
Epic. Gr. ºroc, a word, saying, a his confecta sit, non probare 2–Cic. in
verse or line of poetry; rà èrm, heroic Facc. In later Lat. the casting of ac
poetry, as opposed to uéAn, lyric poetry. counts seems to have been taken as the
Epicure. — Epicurean. From the type of computation or numbering in
name of the Greek philosopher Epicurus. general, and arra (converted into a fem.
Epilepsy. Gr. ºriMnipia, a seizure, singular) was transferred from the items
from Aag;3ávo, to seize, take. of an account to the separate headings of
Epiphany. Gr. Štripaveta, manifesta any enumeration or the numerical refer
tion ; paiva', to make to appear; ra tri ence by which they were marked, and
ºpávia, the festival of the Epiphany or was elliptically used in the sense of num
manifestation of Christ to the Gentiles. bering or computation. The Visigothic
Episcopacy. — Episcopal. See Bi laws are cited by liber, titulus, and aera.
shop. Faustus Reiensis (ob. A.D. 480) says,
Episode. Gr. ºrstaååtov, something Sacer numerus dicitur quia trecenti in
coming in upon ; stoodoc, an incoming or aeró sive supputatione signum crucis, &c.
arrival. And again, Per crucis enim signum et
Epistle. See Apostle. per sacrum Jesu nomen apud Graecos
Epitaph. Gr. Hiriráptov, something /hera utriusque supputationis imprimitur.
written on (rapoc) a tomb. —Duc. Per singulos Evangelistas nu
Epithet. Gr. ºriSeroc, composed, added merus quidem capitulis affixus adjacet,
over and above, from rišmu, to put. quibus numeris subdita est atra guardam
Epitome. Gr. triropº), a cutting short; minio notata (a numerical reference in
répuva, to cut. red ink) quae indicat in quoto canone
Epoch. Gr. trox), a cessation, pause, positus sit numerus cui subjecta est aera :
stop in the reckoning of time, point where v.g. siest aera prima, in primo canone.—
one period ends and another begins; Isidor. in Duc. Hilderic has arra dierum
tréxw, to hold back, stop, check. for numeri dierum, where it is to be re
Equal. — Equable. — Equator. — gretted that Duc. has not cited the pas
Fquity.—Equi-. Lat. aquus, even, level, sage at large. The word is now under
thence alike in every part, not raised one stood in the sense of a numbering or
above another, just, right. Æguitas, reckoning of years from a date to be
equality, symmetry, equity, justice. gathered from the context. Thus the
.# 7uare, to make even, to make equal. Christian era is the reckoning of years
* Equerry. From Fr. &curie, stables. from the birth of Christ; the era of Au
Escuyer d'escurie, a querry in a prince's gustus (according to Isidore) from his
stables, the gentleman of a lord's horse. first laying of the tribute. Æra singu
-—Cot. From OHG. scur, scura, sciura, a lorum annorum constituta est a Caesare
pent-house, out-house, barn, hut, must be Augusto quando primum censum exegit.
explained Mid. Lat. scura, scuria, Prov. —Orig. v. 36.
escura, escuria, Fr. &curie, barn, stables; Ere.—Erst. Goth. air, early ; AS.
G. scheuer, scheure, pent-house, loft, barn ; arr, arost, early, before, first, heretofore ;
Walach. schurá, a barn. The form Du. eer, before, sooner ; G. ehe, eher,
eguerry corresponds with Mid. Lat. scura eheste, before, soonest; erste, first.
rius, Walach. schurariu, the officer in To Err.—Error. Lat. errare, G. irren,
charge of the barn or stables. to wander, go astray; irre, astray. Fin.
. Equestrian. Lat. equester, equestris, eri, separate, apart; eri-lainen, of a dif
pertaining to a horseman. ferent nature; ero, departure, separation :
Equilibrium. Lat. aequilibrium, from ero-kirja, a writing of divorce ; erhetys,
libra, a balance. error, sin ; erhettya, erheilla, to err, to
To Equip. Fr. “guifer, to attire, pro wander ; erheys, wrong way, wandering ;
16
242 ERYSIPELAS ESPLANADE

eró-maa (maa, land), a remote or desert escape; schuiſ, a sliding shutter, drawer,
place, wilderness, Gr. Épiuoc. Esthon. &c. See Escape.
drrá, separate, away. Lap. erit, away, Escort. Fr. escorte, from It. scorta,
to another place. Lith. irti, to separate, a guide, convoy, direction.; scom gere,
go asunder. scorto or scorgiuto, to discern, perceive,
-

Erysipelas. Gr. ºpwatreMac, St An also to lead or direct unto.—Fl. Ex

thony's fire, commonly derived from plained by Diez from Lat. ex-corrigere,
ipv6poc, red, and irºMa, skin.—Lidd. as accorgere, to perceive, from ad-corri
Escape. Immediately from Fr. eschaft gere, but until it is shown how the mean
Žer (Picard. escaper), to shift away, scape, ing of scorgere is evolved out of that of
to slip out of.- Cot. Diez resolves the corrigere there is little gained by such a
It. sca/pare into ercapfare, to slip out of derivation.
one's cloke (cappa) in the hurry of flight; Escroll.—Escrow.—Scroll. Fr. es
and the synonymous scampare into ex croue, a scrowl, register-roll of expenses,
campare, to quit the field (campus). The written warrant, &c.—Cot. ON. skrift,
separation of the two forms is wholly Sw. skrá, a short writing ; gildes&rd, the
unnecessary. The radical idea is simply rules of a corporation. Pl.D. schrae,
that of slipping away. schraa, by-laws ; schrage, a written ordi
Myght he haſ slypped to be unslayn. nance, formula of an oath, placard.—
Sir Gawaine, 1858. Brem. Wtb. The original meaning is
might he have escaped being slain. The doubtless a slip or shred of parchment.
two senses are united in Walach. scaffare, Pl. D. schraden, schraen, to shred ; Du.
to let slip, to slip, to fall, fall into error, schroode, schroye, segmen, pars abscissa,
also to slip away, escape ; and in Du. pagella, segmen chartaceum, sceda ;
schampen, identical with It. scampare, to Ang. schrowe.—Kil.
glance aside, slip, graze, escape, fall ; Esculent. Lat. esculentus, esca, what
schampig, slippery, schampelen, to slip, is to be eaten, food, from edo, I eat.
to stumble.—Kil. The train of thought Escutcheon. OFr. escusson, a small
seems to be a quick unimpeded move shield, a coat of arms; escu, It. scudo,
ment, a glance along the surface, avoid Lat. scutum, a shield.
ance of resistance or restraint. W. ysgift, Esophagus. Gr. oloropayoc, from an
Gael. sgiab, snatch, start ; E. skip, light obsolete otow, preserved in otow, future of
rapid movement, to pass over, avoid ; pipw, to bear, and paytiv, to eat. But
Sc. skiff, ski/t, to move lightly and this is the only instance in which oiao
smoothly along, to skim ; to scheyſ, to appears in comp.
escape.—Jam. It. schifffire, to escape. Esoteric. Lat. esotericus, from Gr.
—Altieri. Du. schuyffen, schuyffelen,
schuyven, to slip, to shove, to fly; schuiſ fow, within, the comparative of which
Anoop, a slip-knot ; he ging schuiven, he would be totôrepov.
escaped. Espalier. Originally applied to trees
Escheat. From Lat. cadere, to fall, or plants trained with their backs to a
arose Prov. caer, OFr. chaeir, cheoir, wall or trellis, from It. spalla, Sp. espalda,
cheir, escheir, to fall, to happen ; chaeit, shoulder. In English gardening confined
chaet, fallen (Chron. Norm.); cheite, to trees trained against stakes or paling,
fall; eschdete, escheoife, escheate, succes perhaps from the influence of an acci
sion, heritage, the falling in of a property, dental resemblance in the name to E.
especially that to the lord of the fee, for paling. Sp. espaldar, place where one
want of heirs or for misfeasance of the puts his back to rest against, piece of
tenant. tapestry against which the back of the
Eschew. Fr. eschever, to avoid, bend chair rests, espalier in gardens; espal
from ; esquiver, to shun, avoid, shift dera, wall-trees. It spa//iera, any place
away, slip aside.—Cot. It schifare, or thing to lean against with one's
schivare, to avoid, to parry a blow. Sw. shoulders, any hedgerow of trees, privet,
skeſ, Dan, skieve, oblique ; skieve, to ivy, vines, or any verdure growing up
slant, slope, swerve. The primitive against any wall.—Fl. Fr. espaſier,
image, as in escape, is slipping aside, fruit-trees trained against a wall, either
sliding over a surface instead of striking by nailing, or by a framework of laths
it direct. G. schieben, to shove or push or stakes.—Trevoux.
Esplanade. Fr. esplanade, a planing
along a surface, sich schieben, to slip side
ways, to become awry; Du. Schuyffen, of ways, by grubbing up trees and re
schuyven, to slip, push forwards, to moving all other encumbrances. Es
 ESQUIRE EVER 243

planer, to level or lay even with the | lifetime, life, age, indefinite duration,
ground.—Cot. See Ever.
Esquire. It, scudiero, Fr. escuyer Ether.—Ethereal. Gr. atºp, the air,
(properly a shield-bearer, Lat. scutum, a the sky or heavens; attery, to light up,
shield), an esquire or squire, who at burn, blaze.
tended on a knight and bore his lance Ethic. Gr. )0urðc, having to do with
and shield. -
morals ; )00ç, an accustomed seat, the
Fssart. See Assart haunts of animals, abodes of men, cus
Essay. See Assay. tom, usage, habits and manners of men.
Essence. Lat. essentia, the being of Considered by Liddell as a modification
a thing, from esse, to be. of tºoc, custom, usage, manners, from
* Essoin. Fr. ensoigne, essoin, a law 800, to be wont.
ful excuse for an absent, or good cause Etiquette. Fr. etiquette, originally a
of discharge for an impotent, person.— ticket indicating a certain reference to
Cot. the object to which it is affixed, then ap
The original meaning of Fr. ensoign, plied to certain regulations as to be
essoign, Mid. Lat. exonium, is occupation, haviour, dress, &c., to be observed by
business, need, then such need as excuses particular persons on particular occasions.
a man from other avocations, analogous See Ticket.
to G. mothsache, a necessary thing, also a Etymology.—Etymon. Gr. ºrvuoc,
good and lawful excuse before a tribunal. true; ro trvuov, the true origin of a word.
—Küttn. OSax. sunnea, need, business; Eu-. In words derived from Gr. is
Prov, sonh, Fr. soin, care, industry, la the adv. č, well, much used in comp.,
bour, pains.—Cot. Wall. Sogn, occupa when it implies goodness, abundance,
tion, business; Fr. besogne, business; exlSlness.
&esoin, need, want. Eucharist. Gr. ºxaptoria, thankful
Esteem.—Estimate. Lat. aestimare, ness, giving of thanks; xapic, good-will,
to value, assess. thanks.
Estoppel. A legal impediment. Iden Eunuch. Gr. e.tvoixoc, a castrated
tical with stopple, stopper; OFr. estouffer, man, on account of their employment as
to stop. guardians of the women in an Eastern
Estovers. Supply of needful wood household, from ºbvi), the bed, and txo,
for repairs, fuel, &c. OFr. estoveir, to keep, have the care of.
estovoir, to be needful. Grisons stuver, Euphemism. Gr. ºpnuoubc, from tº
stovair (= G. missen), to have need. and pnui, to speak.
Diez suggests an origin from Lat. studere, Evangelist.—Evangelic. Lat. evant
which is not satisfactory. gelium, Gr. ebayyáAtov, happy tidings,
Estre. Estre, state, condition, place. from et and āyyºoc, a messenger, mes
Fr. estre, s. s. from estre, to be. Sage.

What shall I tell unto Silvestre, Even. G. eben, Du. even, effen, ON.
Or of your name or of your estre. ja/n, equal, plain, level; foſnan, jam
Gower in Hal. man, continually, always. Lat. arguus,
Seid the tothir to Jak, for thou knowist better even ; a guor, the level surface of the sea.
than I Evening. Du. avend, G. abend, the
All the estris of this house, go up thyself and spy. sinking of the day. Swiss aben, to fall
Chaucer, Pardoner and Tapster, 555.off, decrease, fail ; from G. ab, off, away.
Li vilains cui li estres fu, to whom the Derwein im /ăsschen abet, the wine sinks
place belonged.—Fab. et Contes, 3, 118. in the cask ; er abet, he declines, falls
Estreat. Lat. extractum, the copy of away; es abet, it draws towards evening,
the day falls.
any original writing, but especially of Ever. Goth. aiz's, time, long time;
fines set down in the rolls of a court, to niaiv, never; aiveins, everlasting; usaiv
be levied of any man for his offence.—B. fan, to endure. OHG. ewa, ewe, e, Du.
The recognisances are said to be estreated
when the officer is directed to take out eeuw, ON. &/º, Lat. &vum, Gr. altov, an
age, life ; Sw, e (in composition), all,
such a copy for the purpose of levying ever; Lat. &tas, atternus, &c. Gr. dist,
the amount.
diév, ditc, ever. AS. āva, 4, afre, a ſer,
To Etch. To engrave by corrosion ; dºg (in composition), E. aye, ever. Fin.
G. ditzen, to cause to eat, to feed, corrode, ićd, Esthon. igga, age, life-time, time.
etch.
Fin. faintent, perpetual ; ifātī, ika (in
Eternal. Lat. arternus, from avum, composition), for ºr ;
16
#, altogether.
 244 EVERY EXPEDITE
-

. Esthon. igga (in composition), each, malign deities, to wish evil to, to curse.
every; iggawenzie, perpetual. Execute. Lat. erseyuor, ereymºor, ear
Every. AS. afre, ever ; a ſc, each, all ecutits, to follow out, or to the end. See
of a series one by one. Hence OE. ever -Secute.

alc, everi/%, evereche, every. Exempt. Lat. erimere, ea’em/#ts, to

Evil. G. iióel, Goth. ubils, Du. ovel, to
take away, to free from ; emere, to take,
buy. e

evel.
Ewe. Gr. Öic, Lat. ovis, a sheep. AS. Exeguies. Lat. e.veguiae, the funeral
eowu, Du. ouwe, ove, a female sheep. train or pomp, from ea and sequor, to
Ewer. Fr. aiguière, a water vessel, follow.
from Lat. agua, OFr. aigue, aive, eve, Exercise. Lat. exercere, to keep in
aïve, eau, water. Ewer, aiguier.—Palsgr. work; exercitium, a keeping in work,
Fr. eauier, corresponding exactly in form, exercise. Gr. ºpyov, work, deed ; ºpyw
has a somewhat different application from (the radical meaning of which seems to
the E. word, signifying a gutter, sewer.-- be to exert force, to use strength), to drive
Cot. by force ; also, as the obs, root of ºp$w,
Ex-.—Ef-.—E-. Lat. e, er, Gr. lx, #8, topya, to do work.
out of, from. The radical form of the Exert. Lat. earsero, exsertum, to stretch
prep. is Gr. ix, the AE of which in com out, put forth. See -sert.
osition is in Lat. assimilated to a fol Exhaust. Lat. haurio, haustum, to
owing f. Thus Gr. ixpetyw becomes draw.
Lat. effigio. Exhort. Lat. hortor, -ari, to urge on,
Exact. Lat. exactus, perfectly done, encourage, instigate.
carried out, complete, accurate ; from Exile. Lat. erul, ersu/, one driven
erigere (er and ago), to perfect, accom from his native soil (solum), as the word
plish, to bring up to the standard of com is explained by Festus. Ersilium, evili
parison. um, banishment, exile.
Exaggerate. Lat. exaggerare, to heap Exist. Lat. existo (ex and sisto, to
up, augment greatly, from ea and agger, stand), to be, have a being.
a heap. Exodus. Gr. §očoc, a going forth,
Exalt. Lat. exaltare, altus, high. from 45 and 686c, a route, going.
Examine. Lat. examen, for exagment Exonerate. Lat. onus, -eris, a burthen.
(from exigere, eractum, to bring a thing Exorbitant. From Lat. orbita, the
to a certain standard of comparison, to track of a wheel, exorbito, to go out of
compare, weigh, examine), the tongue of the track, to deviate, whence exorbitant,
a balance, examination, weighing. See out of the usual course, excessive.
Exact. To Exorcise. Gr. 6pkoç, an oath ;
Example.—Exemplify. Lat exem ëpkićw, {{opkićw, to bind by an oath, to
plum, a copy, a specimen, an individual adjure, to drive away an evil spirit by the
. . or portion taken from a number or quan power of adjuration. -

-tity to show the nature of the mass. Ex Exordium. Lat. ordior, orsus sumt,
plained from earlmere, exemptum, to take exordior, properly to fix the weft or woof,
away. to make a beginning in weaving, then to
Exasperate. Lat. asſer, rough. begin in general, to begin to speak ; ea
Excel.—Excellent. Lat. eace//o, pro ordium, the warp of a web, a beginning.
perly to be lifted up, to stand out above Exotic. Gr. Hºwrakóc, belonging to fo–
others, from the obs, cello, Gr. kéAAw, to reign parts, from tºw, without, abroad.
drive, to urge onwards. Expand.—Expansion. Lat. fando
Excise. Fr. accise, excise, from Lat. fansum or passum, to spread out, lay
erciaere, excisum, to cut off. Sp. sisa, open.
: clippings, pilferings, cabbage, also (per Expatiate. Lat. spatiari, to wall
haps from being considered as a clipping abroad.
taken by the Lord on the article going Expect. See -spect.
into consumption) a tax on eatables. Expedite. — Expedient. — Expedi
Excoriate. Lat. corium, skin, hide. tion. Lat. expedio, to despatch. Fron
Excrescence.—Excretion. Lat. ex the figure of catching by the (Lat. Aes
cresco, excretum, to grow out, or up. Žedis) foot, are developed the opposite sig
Execrate. Lat. execrari, exsecrari nifications of impedio, to catch or entangle
. (from sacer, sacri, devoted or set apart for by the foot, to embarrass, impede, hinder,
the purposes of the deities whether good and expedio, to set free one caught by the
- or evil, sacred, accursed), to devote to the foot, to extricate, disengage, despatch,
 EXPEND EYRY 245
prepare, make ready, provide; to do the Extirpate. To root out. Lat. stirps,
opposite of hindering, to be serviceable, stock, trunk, root.
to help on. Extol. Lat. follo, to raise or lift up.
Expend.—Expense. Lat. pendo, pen Extra. — Extraneous. Lat. extra,
sum, to weigh, thence to pay money. without, beyond.
Experience.—Expert.—Experiment. Exuberant. Lat. whero, to be fruitful,
Lat. experior, expertus sum, to undergo, fertile, abundant; from uber, udder,
know by actual apprehension or actual breast, and as an adj. fertile, abounding.
suffering, prove, try. Comperio, to have Exude. Lat. ersudo, stado, to sweat.
certain intelligence, to ascertain. Rºžerio, Exult. Lat. easu/to, eru/to, sa/fo, to
to find. Pario, to get, to acquire. leap, jump for joy.
Expiate. Lat. Aio, -atum, to make Eye. Goth. augo, G. auge, AS. eage,
the deity favourable. See Pious. Lat. oc-ulus.
Expire. Lat. - expiro, ers/iro. See Eylet-hole.—Oilet-hole. A hole in
-spire. a garment wherein a point is put.—B.
Explode.—Explosion. Lat. ex://odo, Fr. oei//et, a little eye, an oylet or eyelet
explosum (er and plaudo, to clap hands), hole.—Cot.
to drive off the stage with clapping of Eyre. From Lat. iter, itineris, OFr.
hands. . eirre, a journey, the Justices in Eyre (in
Exploit.—Esplees. OFr. exploit, er itinere) were a court deputed every few
Aleit, deed, execution, despatch, matter years to make a tour of the royal forests
performed ; (hence) an execution of a and hear complaints. Champ. oirre,
judgment and a seisin by virtue thereof, way, road ; oirrer, to journey.
also the possession or holding of a thing. Eyry. An eagle's nest, erroneously
—Cot. Lat. explicitum, in the sense of explained in the first edition as if from
accomplished. His explicizi's rebus.- eggery, a collection of eggs. Really from
Caesar. Versibus explicitum est omne Fr. aire, an airie or nest of haukes—
duobus opus.-Martial. Cot., which, it must be observed, is mas
Explore. Lat. exploro, to search out, culine, and so distinguished from aire,
a sense which it seems impossible to con Lat. area, a flat place, floor, plot of
nect with that of the simple A/oro, to be ground, &c., which is feminine. The two
wail. were confounded when aire was latinized
Expostulate. Lat. Zostulo, to ask in the form of area. “Aves rapaces—
after, also to complain. exspectant se invicem aliquando prope
Expunge. Lat. expungo, to prick out, nidum suum consuetum, quia quibusdam
erase, as a word written on a waxen area dicitur.’—Fredericus II., de Venatu
tablet. in Duc.
Extant. Lat. eartans, standing out so It is probable that aire in the foregoing
as to appear above others; ea and sto, to sense is a special application of Prov.
stand. aire (a masc. noun), signifying first air,
Extenuate. Lat. exfen ware, er and then probably climate, and thence coun
tenuo, to make small or thin ; tenuis, thin, try, residence, family.
fine.
L'amors, don ieu sui mostraire,
Exterior.—External. Lat. exterior, Nasquet en un gentil aire.
externus, from er, out of. Love, of whom I am the expositor, was born in
Exterminate. Lat. exterminare, to a gentle birthplace.—Rayn.
drive or cast out, from er and terminus,
a boundary, limit. Qu'elmon nones crestias de nul aire
Que siens liges, odels parens non fos:
Extinguish.-Extinct. Lat. stinguo,
stinctum, to put out. From the root s/g, That in the world there is not a Christian of any
family that was not the liegeman of him or his
sting, signifying prick, the passage from parents.-Ib.
which to the idea of putting out is not
clear. See Debonnair.
246 FABLE FAIN

Fable. Lat. fabula, a tale, from for, sense of flapping or fluttering. “With
fatus sum, ſari, Gr, pnui, to say. their skittering flimsy gowns vagging in
Fabric. Lat. faber, a wright or worker the wind or reeping in the mud.’ A
in wood, metal, &c.; fabrica, a working, slight change of vowel gives ſoggy, having
the work of an artificer, a building. hanging flesh.-Hal. “Flosche, foggy,
Face. Lat. facies, the make or visible weak, soft.”—Cot. With these may be
form of a thing, from facio, to make, as compared It. Jiacco, tired, drooping,
Du. gedaenſe, external appearance, form, withered ; ſtaccare, to weary, droop in
shape, from doen, to make, do. body or mind, fade or wither.—Fl. S'
Facetious. Lat. facetus, clever, hu avachir, to slacken, grow ſtaggy, quail,
1nnorous. fade, wax feeble.—Cot. I was much
Facility.—Faculty. From Lat. facio, flagged and exhausted by the heat of
to do, are facilis (do-like), to be readily the weather.—Rich, Babylon.
done, easy, and the contrary of this, Fag-end. The latter end of cloth—
B. ; the lag-end, the end which flags, or
difficilis (dis-facilis), difficult. Facilitas
and facultas are parallel forms of the hangs loose; the original flag passing
abstract noun with slightly differing ap into ſag on the one hand, and lag on the
plications fundamentally signifying readi other, in the same way that we formerly
ness or ability to do. saw clatch passing into catch and latch,
Fact.—Factor.—Factitious. Lat. ask/ent into ascant and asſant, by the
facio, ſº. to make, do. loss of the liquid or mute respectively.
Fad. A temporary fancy. To ſad, to I could be well content
be busy about trifles; ſaddy, frivolous. To entertain the lag-end of my life
—Hal. Formed from the term fiddle With quiet hours.-H. IV. in Nares.
faddle, representing rapid movements to The senators of Athens together with the
and fro, idle, purposeless action or talk. common lag of people.—Timon of Athens.
See Fangle, Figary, Fidget. Fagot. Fr. ſagot, It, fagotto, wºffigod.
To Fade. Du. vadalen, to wither, or Perhaps connected with ſasgu, to bind,
fade; vadagh, flaccid, faded, flagging, tie ; //asg.e//, a wisp, bundle.
lazy.— Kil. As the G. has ſittich, as well To Fail. Fr. ſaillir, to fail, slip, err,
as ſlitfich, a wing, and as we have fugle omit, want, miss, fade, cease. W. ffaelu,
man from G. flige/mann, ferret from Fr. Bret. fallout, to fail, to be wanting; G.
fleuret, to ſag, and faggy, foggy, from ſehlen, to miss, go wrong, fail, be want
Jºag and flaggy, so I believe Du. vad ing ; Du. faelen, to slip, want, be want
den and E. fade are from forms like Du. ing ; faelie-Kant, an oblique angle. Pro
fladderen, Sw, ſladra, to flap, flutter. A bably the fundamental idea is that of
pancake, or flap-jack, G. flade, is in Du. slipping. Gr. o.pdx\w, to cause to slip or
vadae, libi admodum tenuis et flaccidi fall, to lead into fault or error, deceive,
genus.-Kil. Comp. OFr. flappi, faded, mislead ; opdx\opiat (as Lat. fallor), to
withered.—C. nouv. nouv. ii. 2 be mistaken, to fail; taqāAm rmc *Xºričoc,
To Fadge. To agree, be adapted to, he was deceived, or failed in his hopes ;
be made fit.—B. A.S. ſegan, geſegan, to apaxspéc, slippery, dangerous; opáAſia, a
join ; G. figen, Du. voegen, Sw.Joga, to slip, error, failure, fault. The notion of
join, to become, suit with, be proper, to slipping away, slipping from under, will
accommodate.
commonly explain the senses of Lat. ſal
And al yet that the ſeageth hire: and all be /cre. Fallere datam ſidem, to break his
sides that belongs to her.—Ancren Riwle, 58. word;—mandata, to fail to perform them ;
Iſeiget, iſeied, compared, likened.—Ib. —visum, to escape notice. Gael. ſeall,
90, 128. deceive, betray, fail.
To Fag. Probably from flag by the Fain.—To Fawn. Fain, glad. ‘Fair
loss of the l, signifying in the first place words make fools ſain.”—Ray. AS. fagent,
to flap or fall back upon itself, to be joyful, glad ; ſºgnian, ſahmian, Goth.
flaccid, then to be faint or exhausted, Jaginon, OHG. geſeam, ON. ſagna, to re
and actively, to cause to faint, to tire joice; ſagnadr, joy, civility; ſagna einum
out. It is used in the Devon. dial. in the wel, to give one a courteous reception.
 FAINT FALLOW 247

Hence to fawn on one, to affect pleasure varum dea; also, a witch, a whirlwind.
in his company. Faynare, or flaterere, Probably from going away, vanishing.
adulator.—Pr. Prm. To be ſain to do a See Fern.
thing is to be glad to do it. But there is Faith. Lat. ſides, It. fede, Fr. ſoi.
a curious resemblance in the expression Faitour. The OFr. faiteor, ſaiteur
to the OFr. avoir ſain (for faim, hunger), (from faire, to make), OE. faitour, pro
to be desirous of something. “I lyste, I perly only a maker or constructor (like
have a great wyll or desyre to do a thynge, Lat. ſingere, and E. forge, which origin
Şai ſain.” “I lysted nat so well to slepe ally signified simply to make or form),
this twelve monethes: je n'avoye pas si acquired a bad sense, and was applied to
#. fayn de dormir de cest an.’— one who makes for an ill purpose, who
alsgr. Swiss Rom. fan, hunger; e ſan, makes his appearance or conduct other
j'ai envie, j'ai dessein. than it naturally would be. See To.
Faint. One of the numerous cases in Feign. Faytowre, fictor, simulator;
which words from different origins have faytowre that feynyth sekeness for tro
coalesced in a common form. Zo ſaint, wandise, vagius.-Pr. Pm.
in the sense of losing the powers of life, Falchion. Written as if from Lat.
can hardly be separated from Lat. vanus, ſala, It. ſa/ce, a sithe, sickle, weeding
empty; Fr. vain, empty, faint, feeble hook; /a/cione, any kind of great Welsh
(whence s'evanouir, to faint); W. and hook, brown bill, or chopping knife.—Fl.
Bret. gºwan, Gael. ſann, weak, faint, vain; But it is very doubtful whether Fr. ſau
fanmaich, to become weak, to faint; Fr. chon, the immediate origin of our word,
se famer, to fade, wither, wax dead. is to be explained on this principle, as
But in other applications the word swords of scimitar-shape were not used
seems certainly to be taken from Fr. se at an early period in Western Europe.
feindre, to make show of one thing and It seems to be only another way of spell
do another, to disable himself more than ing ſausson, Mid. Lat. /a/so, apparently a
he needs, to do less than he can do. short heavy sword used like the miseri
Sans se feindre, diligently, in good earn cordia, for piercing the joints of the ar
est; feintement, faintement, falsely, feign mour of a fallen enemy, from ſausser, to
edly, faintly—Cot. ; faintise, idleness; pierce. See Faucet. ‘Matthieu de
Joindre, to grow weak, to play ill.—Pat. Mommorenci tenoit un ſaussart en sa
de Champ. Synge out man, why ſayne main et en derompoit les presses.” “Enses
yow P Pourquoy chantez vous a basse non deferant nec cultellos acutos nec lan
voix *—Palsgr. ceas seu falsones.’ ‘Arma offensibilia,
Fair. 1. Beautiful. ON. ſagr, bright; Spata, Jaucia, misericordia, ranchonum
Jagur-blar, light blue ; ſagur-maºli, fair [runcones] et his similia.”—Carp. “Aux
speech, flattery. Jauchons, aux coutiaus a pointe.”—Duc.
2. Lat. ſeria, holidays; then, like It. Falcon. Lat. falco, from the hooked
Jeria, Fr. ſoire, applied to the market beak; /a/r, a curved knife, a hook.
held on certain holidays. “Feriam quoque To Fall.—Fell. ON. falla, Du. vallen,
quam nomine alio mercatorum nundinas to fall ; ON. ſella, Du. vellen, ve/den, to
appellant.”—Duc. fell, or cause to fall, to throw down, lay
Fairy. A supernatural being sup prostrate.
posed to influence the fate of men. The Gr. opá\\w and its derivatives (see
It.
Jatare, to charm as witches do, to be Fail) look as if the radical meaning of
witch; fata, a fairy, witch.-Fl. Sp. the word were, to slip.
Aado, fate, destiny; hada, one of the Fallacy. Lat. fallacia, fallo to de
fates, witch, fortune-teller; hadar, to ceive.
divine. Fr. Jºe, fatal, appointed, destined, Fallow. 1. The original meaning of
enchanted; ſº, a fairy (ſerie, witchery); the word is simply pale, in which sense it
parſ.'erie, fatally, by destiny.—Cot. Hence is used by Chaucer of the pale horse in
E. fairy, the Revelations.
Probably also there may be some con His eyen holwe and grisly to behold,
fusion with another designation, Sc. fare His hewe ſalewe and pale as ashen cold.
folks, fairies.
Thir woddis and thirschawis all, quod he, G. ſalº, pale, faded (ſalºes roth, –grim;
Sum tyme inhabit war and occupyit pale red, -green); then appropriated by
With Nymphis and Faunis apoun every syde, custom to a pale reddish colour, like that
Quhilk ſareſolkis or than elfis clepin wé.—D.V.
of deer ; der ſalbe, the chesnut or dun
Du. vaerende wiiſ, hamadryas, syl horse. As. Jealo, Jealwe, pale reddish or
248 FALSE FANATIC
yellowish. . Fr. ſauve, deep yellow, lion fatrouiller, to botch, to trifle.—Cot. I’
tawny, light dun.—Cot. W. gºve/w, a botche or bungyll a garment, je ſatre, or
pale hue, gwelwi, to make pale. Du. ſa/rouille. — Palsgr. The insertion of
vael Åleed, a faded garment. AS. wealo the /, as in previous cases, gives E. ſa/-
wian, to wither, fade. The apparent ter, to speak or move unsteadily.
equivalent in the Finnish languages has In the case of hatter, haltra, as well as
the sense of white, shining ; Fin. walkia, faſter, the frequentative is accompanied
Lap. weſkes, white; wel&oſet, to grow by simple though probably less ancient
white or pale ; Esthon. waſ ge, white, forms, Sc. hat, haut, to hop, limp, N.
clear, light ; walge werrew, pale red; /a/ta, to halt, and Dan. dial. ſaute, to
walk.jas, whitish. fail, to falter. At ſaute i sin tale, to
2. To fallow is to plough land for the falter in speech, to stammer. It. Sp.
purpose of leaving it open to the air be ſalta, Fr. ſaute, fault, defect; Sp. faltar,
fore it is cultivated for sowing, and we to fail, falter, be deficient. For the deriv
should not be without analogy in explain ation of a fault from the notion of stum
ing the expression from the red colour of bling, compare G. stolpern, to stagger,
ploughed land. So Gael. deang, red, and blunder. Das war gewa/tig gesto/pert, he
also land recently ploughed ; as a verb, has committed a great fault.—Küttner.
to redden, to plough ; Sc. ſaugh, fallow To Famble.—Fumble. Synonymous
in colour and fallow land. On the other in the first instance with fifte, maffle, to
hand it seems doubtful whether ſallow in speak imperfectly like an infant. Stam
the sense of breaking up the sod or sur eren other ſame/en.— M.S. in Hal. To
face of the land may not be from Sc. fail, fumble, balbutire. — Levins, Manipulus.
a sod or turf, Sw, vall, sward ; valla sig, The signification is then transferred to
to gather a sward. In the W. of England other kinds of bungling, imperfect action.
ve//ing signifies ploughing up the turf or Dan. famle, to stammer, stutter, and also
upper surface of the ground to lay in to fumble, to handle in an inefficient
heaps for burning.—Ray. in Jam. Da. manner, to handle repeatedly, feel for.
dial. ſaelde, falle, ſalge, to break up the Sw, famla, to grope, to feel for, to fum
sward, give a first shallow ploughing; ble ; ; Pl.D. in der tasken ſummeln, to
fald, falle (Pl.D. fallig-land–Schütze), fumble in one's pocket; Sw, dial. ſabbla,
stubble or grass land once ploughed ; at Jebbla, to stammer, to stumble, to be
saae i fallen, to sow on land so treated. clumsy in handling; ſeppelhándt, clumsy;
—Molbech. ſubbla pai málet, to stutter like a drunken
False. Lat. falsus, from fallo, ſalsum, man; ſubbla, to be awkward, handle
to deceive. awkwardly; ſummla, to totter, stumble,
To Falter. To speak in broken tones, to handle awkwardly, be slippery fingered.
to vacillate, totter. The formation of this The same train of thought is seen in Sp.
word may be illustrated by the analogy farfullar, Rouchi fanſoulier, to stammer;
of one or two others closely resembling it Fr. ſarſouiller, to famble in the dirt, to
in construction and signification. To search disorderly—Cot.; and in Manx
£atter is to make a light rattling sound, moandagh, stammering, faltering; fer
or, as the equivalent Pl.D. faotern (pro moandagh, a fumbler.—Cregeen.
nounced pawtern), to repeat in a mono Fame. Lat. Jama, Gr. pilum, from
tonous, unintelligible manner.—Danneil. pmut, I say, speak.
The sound of the broad vowel introduces Family. Lat, familia; famulus, a
an 1 (similar to that in Sc. nolt, from Servant.
nowf, cattle) in E. palter, to stammer, Famine. Fr. famine, from Lat. ſames,
shuffle, trifle. Again, Sc. hatter is to hunger, starvation,
speak thick and confusedly; to hotter, to Fan. Lat. vannus, G. wanne, a win
simmer, rattle, to shake, jolt, walk un nowing fan, wannen, to winnow, from
steadily. The insertion of an 1, as in the same root with ventus, wind. Bret.
fatter, falter, brings us to N. halfra, to gwent, wind ; gwenta, venter ou vanner
limp, to walk by uneven jerks. Now a le bled, to winnow corn.-Legonidec.
form with an initialſ, analogous to patter, Gael. ſannan, a gentle breeze.
Aatter, is seen in N. ſatra, Fr. fairer, to Fanatic. Lat. fanaticus, inspired, be
bungle up a piece of work (a sense con side oneself; a word applied to the
stantly expressed by the figure of stam priest or other official, whose business
mering); ſatras, a confused heap of trash, it was to give responses from the sanctu
trifles (to be compared with Sc. hatter, a ary (fanum) to such as consulted the
confused heap), fatraille, trash, trumpery; deity or oracle.
 FANCY FARM 249

Fancy.—Fantastic.—Fantom. Gr. ence to the luck which we meet with in

paiva, to appear, pavóc, apparent, pavráčw, our progress through life; to fare well
to make appear; whence pavragia, Fr. or ill, to be prosperous, or the contrary,
fantasie, imagination, fancy. Another to meet with good or bad entertainment,
formation from the same root is pāvragua, and hence fare, entertainment, food.
It fantasma, Fr. ſantosme, ſantome, an From ON. ſara is formed fºr, pervious,
appearance, apparition, spectre, fantom. passable ; din er far, the river is pass
Fang. Whatever seizes or clutches, able ; ſeria, to transport, set over ; ſeria,
especially the tooth of a ravenous beast ; a passage-boat. The G. fahren, is not
also the roots or projections by which only to go, but to carry, convey in a
the teeth themselves are fastened in the cart; fahr, a ferry, or place where people
jaw. G. ſangen, to catch, seize, take ; are carried over a stream. Du. vaer
Goth. ſahan, AS. foam, ſon, pret. feng, schiff, a ship of burden; vaer-water, a
ON. fai, pret.ſeck, pl.ſengum, whence the navigable water; vaer, veer, vaerd, a
derivative fango, to get. Similar rela ferry, a port, or landing-place of vessels.
tions are seen in Dan. 9aa, G. gehem, to —ral
go ; NE. gang, ON. ganga, pret. geck, pl. Farinaceous. Lat. farina, meal, from
&engum ; Goth. haſhan, AS. hon, and E. far, a general name for grain.
Aang. Farm. AS. ſcorm, what goes to the
Fangle. — New-fangled. Fangles, support of life, food, board, entertain
whimsies.—B. ment (explained from ſeorh, ON. ſiór,
A hatred to fangles, and the French fooleries life, as Lat. victus, food, from vivo, vic
of his time.—Wood in Nares. fum, to live); ſeormian, to supply with
Fingle-fangle, a trifle.—Hal. A nasalised food, to support, entertain. Gewiton
form of G. ſick-ſacken, to fidget, move to him tha eastan aehta laedan’ feoh and
and fro without apparent purpose; ſick Jeorme: these then departed from the
ſacker, a trifler, inconstant person ; Sw. east, leading their possessions, cattle and
Jick-ſack, juggling tricks. stores.—Caedm. 99, 22. Thu sweltan
The radical image is light, rapid move scealt mid feoh and mid feorme: thou
ment to and fro, as with a switch. G. shalt perish with thy goods and sub
ficken, ſickelen, to switch, move lightly to stance.—Ibid. 161, 2.
and fro; E. ſickle, inconstant. Another The Latinised form of the word is
form of the verb is Swiss ſieggen, in some firma.
cantons ſienggen, to fig, fidge, or fidget. Verum postguam tuta sunt opinati, conviviis
—Stalder. Hessian neufingsch, desirous provincialium, quae vulgo firmam appellant, illecti,
of novelty. ad terram egrediuntur, ambo comites ex impro
viso eos invadunt, epulos cruore confundunt.—
Hence new-fangle or new-fangled, in Orderic. Vital. in Duc.
constant, changeable, given to novelty.
Mew-fangled, not constant and stedy of The modern sense of farm arose by
purpose, muable.—Palsgr. degrees. In the first place lands were
The flesh is so new-fangell with mischaunce, let on condition of supplying the lord
That we ne con in nothing have pleasaunce, with so many nights’ entertainment for
That souneth unto vertue any while. his household. Thus the Sax. Chron.
Manciples Tale.
A.D. 775, mentions land let by the abbot
Far. Goth. fairra, AS. feor, feorran, of Peterborough, on condition that the
OHG. ſer, G. fern, ON. ſtarri, Dan. ſiern. tenant should annually pay £50, and
Farce. A comedy stuffed with ex ames nihtes feorme, one night's entertain
travagant passages of wit.—B. Fr. ſarce, ment. This mode of reckoning con
a pudding-haggis, the stuffing in meat; stantly appears in Doomsday-Book.
also a fond and dissolute play, interlude. Reddet firmam trium noctium : i.e. 100 libr.
Il fait ses farces, he plays his pranks.-- The inconvenience of payment in kind
Cot. Lat. ſarcire, ſarsum, to stuff. early made universal the substitution of
Fardel. Sp. ſardo, ſardillo, a bale, a money payment, which was called firma
bundle; ſardage, baggage ; Fr. hardes, alba, or blanche ferme, from being paid
baggage, furniture; hardée, a bundle, in silver or white money instead of
burden.—Roquef. Fardo, clothes, fur victuals. Sometimes the rent was called
niture.—Dict. Corrèze. Fr. ſardel, far simply firma, and the same name was
deau, a bundle. given to the farm, or land from whence
To Fare.—Ferry. Goth. faran, on. the rent accrued. Dare, or portere ad
Jara, G. fahren, E. to fare, fundamentally firmam, to farm out, to let the usufruct
to go, then to get on, to do, with refer for a certain rent.
 250 FARRIER FAU CET
From AS. the word seems to have been place of security. The transition from
adopted in Fr. ferme, a farm, or anything the idea of holding is so direct it can
held in farm, a lease, which is explained hardly be doubted that the word is radi
by Diez from O Fr. fºrmer, to engage. cally connected with G. ſassen, Du. vatten,
Farrier. Originally a blacksmith, one to seize, to hold.
who shoes horses. It ſerraro, ſerratore, Fast. 2.--To Fast. Fast, abstinence
a farrier, horse-smith—Fl.; Fr. fºr de from food. Here, as in the Latin absti
cheval, a horse-shoe; ſerrer, to shoe a ſtence, the idea may be, holding back from
horse. food. But if the word be of ecclesiastical
To Farrow. Sw, farre, a boar; faer origin it may be better explained from
ria, Dan. ſare, to farrow, or bring forth Goth. Jastan, to keep or observe, viz. the
a litter of pigs. AS. ſearh, Du. varken, ordinance of the church. Vitoda-ſasters,
a little pig. Lat. verres, a boar; Sp. a keeper of the law. Wachter remarks
guarro, -a, -i//o, a boar, sow, pig. On that observare and jejunare are frequently
the other hand, the Sw. ſar-ga///, a boar, used as synonymous by ecclesiastical
G. ſarre, AS. fear, a bull, lead Ihre to writers. Abstinet, observat. — Isidore.
derive the word from ON. ſara, samſarast, Either way we come back to the element
to procreate, have intercourse with. Jasſ, signifying what is held close, firm,
Farthing.—Ferling. As ſcorthling, unbroken. AS. awſºst, observant of the
the fourth part of a coin, originally by no law, bound in wedlock, is opposed to
means confined to the case of a penny. arzwórica, a breaker of the law, an adult
This yere the kynge—made a newe quyne as erer.
the nobylle, half nobylle, and ferdyng-nobylle.— Fastidious. Lat. ſistidium, loathing
Grey Friars' Chron. Cam. Soc. for food, disgust, disdain.
Farthingale. Fr. vertugade, verdu Fat. G. ſett, ON. ſeitr.
ra//e, a fardingale.—Cot. Sp. zerdugado, Fate.—Fatal. Lat, ſatum, that which
tg. verdugada, avera'ugada, a hooped is spoken, decreed, from fari, to speak;
petticoat, or stiffened support for spread whence fatalis, ordered by fate, deadly.
ing out the petticoats over the hips. The Father. Sanscr. pitri, Gr. trarip, Lat.
fashion seems to have come from the fater, G. vater, ON. ſadir.
peninsula, and the name finds a satis Fathom. AS. ſaethm, a bosom, em
factory explanation in Sp., Ptg. verdi/go, brace, whatever embraces or incloses, an
a rod or shoot of a tree, in Ptg. applied expanse. O/ºr ea/ne ſo/dan ſizthm, over
to a long plait or fold in a garment.— all the expanse of the earth. ON. fadma,
Roquete. Hence averdugada would sig Dan. /adme, to embrace; ON. Jadmr,
nify a plaited petticoat in the same way bosom, embrace, the length one can reach
in which from It. /a/da, a fold, we have with the two arms expanded. Sw. en
Jaldigſia, any plaiting or puckering, also Jamn ha, as much hay as can be held in
a saveguard that gentlewomen use to the two arms. Du. vadem, the length of
ride withal–F]., a hoop-petticoat.—Al thread held out between the two arms, a
tieri. The plaited structure of the gar fathom.—Kil.
ment explains the name of whee/-/ar The root seems to be G. fassen, Du.
fhingale, the plaits by which it was vaſſen, to hold.
stiffened standing out from the waist like Fatigue. Lat. fatigare, Fr. fatiguer,
the spokes of a wheel. to weary.
Fascinate. Lat. fascino, Gr. 6aoraiva', Fatuity. -fatuate. Lat. Jatuus, a
to bewitch. See Mask. silly person, a fool.
Fashion. Fr. façon (from Lat.ſacere, Faucet. Fr. ſauſsef, ſausset, properly
to make), the form or make of a thing. the short wooden pipe or mouthpiece that
Fast. 1.—To Fasten. OHG. fasti, ON. is inserted in a barrel for the purpose of
fastr, firm, secured, unbroken, solid, drawing wine or beer, and is itself stopped
strong ; fastaland, the continent; sackya with a plug or spiggot. The origin is Fr.
at fast, to attack vigorously. Drekka fast, faulser, ſausser, to make a failing, fault,
to drink hard, may be compared with the or breach in anything, to transpierce.
equivalent Da. drikke fact : fact, tight, Faussée, a breach in a wall, a transpierc
close, compact. Mid. Lat. ſasſé, immedi ing ; /ai//ser ten ecu, une troupe, &c., to
ately, without interval. It rains fast, the pierce or strike through a shield, to
drops fall close on each other. Thus the charge through a troop, &c. A ſausset,
idea of closeness passes into that of then, is radically a piercer, and accord
rapidity. ingly the term clepsidra, given as the
A fastness, G. ſ. stung, a strong hold or Latin for ſausset in the Promptorium, is
 FAUGH FEASE 251

explained in the Ortus as the same with
docillus, Anglice a percer or a spygote.
The expression of forcing a lock is per
haps a corruption of the Fr. ſau/ser.
Faugh! Foh Pah Interjections
falfa, Fr. faulte, ſaute, defect, failing,
omission, offence. According to Diez,
from Lat. ſa//ere, through a supposititious
fa/Zifare, Sp. ſaltar, It...ſa//are, to fail, to
be wanting. But see Falter. -

expressing disgust at a bad smell. Favour. Lat. ſaveo, ſautum, to be

Faugh / I have known a charnel-house smell well-disposed to, to show good-will.
sweeter.—B. & F. Fawn. The OFr. ſaon, ſeon, was ap
Foh / one may smell in such a will most rank. plied to the young of animals in general,
Shakesp. as of a lion, bear, dragon; ſadner, ſºoner,
Fie / fie /fe / pah / pah / give me an ounce of to bring forth young, to lay eggs. Poi
civet, good apothecary, to sweeten my imagina tevin ſºdon, the foal of a horse or ass,
tion.—Shakesp.
from Lat. ſaetus, as from ſeta (used by
The interjection is found in similar Virgil in the sense of sheep, properly
forms in most languages. Fr. Zouah Z breeding ewes), were formed Prov. feda,
faugh an interj. used when anything Piedm. ſea, sheep. So from fetus, pro
filthy is shown or said.—Cot. G. full / geny, Walach. /č/, child, ſafé, daughter;
“Hapuh Zwie stank der alte mist.”—San fêta, to bear young ; Sard. ſedit, progeny;
ders. Sp. pu / expressing disgust at a Swiss ſe, son, ſede, daughters.-Vocab. de
bad smell; fu / int. of disgust.—Neum. Vaud.
Du. foei Z. Bret. foei / fech Z expressing Feal.—Fealty. It. ſºdele, Fr. fºeſ,
disgust, horror, contempt. Gael. ſich / from Lat. ſide/is, faithful ; Fr. Jºe//e,
nasty expressing disgust or contempt. fealty, fidelity.
—Macleod. * Fear.—Ferly. As. fºr, fear; feran,
The interj. I believe represents the afteran, to frighten. OSw. ſara, to fear;
lengthened emission of the breath, with Sw. ſara, danger. Def han ingen ſara,
screwed-up mouth and lifted nostrils, there is no danger, which is the same
which aims at the rejection of an of thing as, there is no fear. Beſara, to
fensive smell. It will be observed that fear, to apprehend, to risk; for/arra, to
the syllable pu or fit is used in many frighten. Du. vaar, fear; gevaar, G.
languages as the root of words signifying ge/ahr, danger.
to blow, as in Gr. ºvačw, E. puff, Sc. ſuff, The radical idea is probably shown in
to blow ; Sw. pusta, Fin. Althua, Žužkia, Sw. ſasa, to shudder at, to be amazed at,
Żuhaitaa, Let. Žuhst, to breathe, to blow; ſasa, horror; the final s changing into r,
Magy. fumi, fuzmi, Galla aſiºſa, to blow, as in Lat. honos, honor, G. hase, E. hare;
Sanscr.philt, imitative sound of blowing; Du. werliezen, G. verſieren, &c. ON. ſer
philt-kāra (phût-making), blowing; Magy. /igr, horrible, frightful, hideous.
Žihegni, pihenni to breathe, pant; piha/ And on the next when we were far from home,
fie
A ſearly chance (whereon alone to think
Again, the disgust felt at a bad taste My hand now quakes and all my senses ſail)
closely resembles that arising from an Gan us befall.—Gascoigne, Voyage to Holland.
offensive smell, and the exspiration by Sw.ſar/g, dangerous, pernicious. From
which we drive out the smell has only to the tendency of what is sudden to startle
be made a little stronger in order to spit and alarm, AS. ſaer/ic acquired the sense
out the disgusting morsel. Hence it is of sudden. It was also used (as fearful,
often hard to say whether the interj. of awful, in familiar speech) to express an
disgust represents the rejection of an exaggerated degree of anything : fær
offensive smell or the act of spitting. cy/e, intense cold.
The G. interj. is variously written, fºſu, He felt him hevy and ſºrly sick.-R. Brunne.
fºſy, Aſui, Aſah, Aftech, and Bav. A/ºgezen,
to make the sound fſtag, is applied to The impressions of astonishment, amaze
the spitting of a cat or the panting of a ment, and terror, border close upon each
fat man. The G. Aſui / is explained by other. Thus Fr. effurer is translated by
Sanders as a ſi / intensified to the pitch Cot. to amaze, as well as to scare, terrify,
of actual or symbolical spitting. The appal ; cffare, scared, amazed, astonied.
act of spitting is probably represented Then, with the signification softened
also in Sw. twi / Russ. tſu! fie The down, Sc. and OE. ſer/y, wonder, a strange
Galla Zwu represents the sound of spit CVCnt.
ting.—Tutschek. See Pooh To Fease.—Feize.—Pheese. I. To
Faulchion. See Falchion. whip, to chastise. To ſease or ſºag, virgis
Fault. It falta, a defect, want ; Sp. caedere.—Sk. Swiss ſizzen, ſausen, Du.
252 FEASIDLE FEEBLE

veselen, Fr. ſesser, to whip, to switch ; featured, well made, neat, feat, handsome.
Swiss ſitzer, rods for children. —Cot. See Fit.
2. To fuzz or ravel out, to break u Feather. ON. ſºdr, Sw.ſjöder, Dan.
into filaments. G. ſasen, fase/n, to ravel, ſjer, Du. veder, veer, Pol. pioro, Bohem.
fuzz, feaze.—Küttn. Faser, faschew, Pl. D. Aery, feathers. Gr. ºrrspáv, a wing. Per
Jassel, fiss, fissel (Danneil), Du. vese, haps from a form like fader in G. feder
vesel, fibre, filament; Swiss fatzen, to wisch, a goose's wing, a feather broom,
ravel out ; fatzele, hanging threads or Bav. federm, Du. vſeaſeren, to flap, flutter,
tatters; E. dial. ſassings, hangings, fibres; after the analogy of Bav. ſlitschen, to flap
faſters, tatters. “I ſasy// out as silke or or flutter, ſlitschen, ſlitsche/ein, pinion,
velvet cloth; je raule.”—Palsgr. Fasy//e wing. The loss of the Z would be justi
of a cloth ; fractillus, villus.-Pr. Pn. fied by G. fittich, ſittich, a wing, AS. flugo/,
Sc. ſass, a hair : ‘not worth a ſass.” ſugol, fowl; by E. badger corresponding
* Nich 'n Jiss P’ not an atom. —Danneil. to Fr. bladier; by E. S//uffer, spuffer, &c.
Bav. Jesen, husk, chaff; kein ſesel, not an Feature. OFr. faict, made; faicture,
atOm. the workmanship, framing, making of a
The sense of whipping is probably thing.—Cot. See Feat.
direct from the sound of a switch cutting Febrile. See Fever.
through the air. The train of thought —fect-. Lat. facio, factum, to make or
under the second head is not so clear. do; in comp. /icio, -/ectum, as in Con
The radical image may be the ſizzing of fection, Defect, Infect, Perfect, &c.
water from a hot surface, where the syl Federal. — Federate. Lat. ſardus,
lable ſizz represents the sound made by -eris, a league, a treaty. -

a series of small explosions in which Fee.—Fief–Feudal. The importance

minute drops of water are scattered of cattle in a simple state of society early
abroad. Thus to ſiz2 or fuzz comes to
signify to scatter or to fly off in small
particles. But generally the notion of a
whispering sound is connected with the
motion of fine or small bodies, and thence
with the notion of something fine and
small. G. fs/elm, fispern, to whisper,
rustle, to move lightly to and fro. Du.
vezelen, to whisper, to ravel out.—Bom
hoff. Swiss faiiserlen, to float or fall in
fine particles as mist or snow, to drizzle; introduction of a d, as in many other
Jºse/ent, ſisern, ſº ser/en, to move to and
fro with a light thin implement, to scrawl
or write too fine and thin, to drizzle, to
ravel out in threads, to fiddle, to work
minutely ; fisel, a thin, poor creature,
loose hanging threads ; gºſiesel, scrawly
writing ; Bav. Jiselm, to fiddle or twiddle
with the fingers, to do light minute work.
Pl.D. fts.se/n, to rain fine and thin, to
ravel out.—Danneil.
Feasible. Fr. Jaisible, that may be
done, from faire, to do.
Feast.—Festival. Lat. festus, holi
day, devoted to enjoyment; yestum (tem
pus), It. Jesta, a holiday, festival, feast;
festivo, festivale, festive.
Feat. -feat. -feit. 1. Lat. facio, ſac
tum, Fr. faire, to do; faict, fait, a deed,
whence E. ſeat, a (notable) deed. Fr. de
%.
eat.
to undo ; deſaite, an undoing, de
2. Feat, fete, ſefise, well-made, neat,
dextrous, elegant; Fr. faict, done,
achieved, accomplished; faictis, made
after the fashion of another, also well
caused an intimate connection between
the notion of cattle and of money or
wealth. Thus we have Lat. pecus, cattle;
pecunia, money; and Goth. faihu, pos
sessions, is identical with OHG. ſihu, fehu,
G. vieh, cattle, ON.ſe, cattle, money, AS, ſeok,
cattle, riches, money, price, reward.
Adopted into the Romance tongues the
word became It. fo, Prov. ſent, ſieu, Fr.
fief. When it received a Latin dress the
cases, to avoid the hiatus, produced the
Mid. Lat. feudum, signifying the property
in land distributed by the conqueror to
his companions in arms, as a reward for
their past services, and pledge for their
rendering the like for the future. Hence
the term fee, in E. law, for the entire
estate in land ; ſeoffment, from Fr. fteffer,
to convey the ſieſ, or ſee, to a new owner.
Fee has also been appropriated by cus
tom to certain money-payments.
Feeble. OFr. foibe, ſlebe, feble, Gris.
ſleive/. It fevole, Fr. foible. The com
mon derivation from Lat. flebilis, lament
able, is unsatisfactory.
In words not far removed from a re
presentative origin the preservation of
parallel forms with a radical £ and 4, or
% and g, is very common. . Now we have
E flag, to grow limber, decay, wither—
B. ; and, corresponding to it, Lang. Jiaca,
to bend, sink, give way. Mas cambos
ſlacon, my legs bend under me. Hence
flac, ſla, Fr. flague, weak, feeble, faint,
flaggy.—Cot. In the same way we pass
 FEED FEMALE 253

from the image of a flapping sheet to the ſa//oni, perfidy, treachery; ſa/louf, or
sense of want of stiffness in Fr. fla/pi yeſ/out, to fail, be wanting. Gael. ſeall,
(in a flapping condition), faded—c. nouv. deceive, betray, fail, treason, treachery;
nouv. ; /lappe, soft, faded, over-ripe— feaſ/an, a felon, traitor; ſeal/-duine, a
Gloss. Genevois; E. flabby, flaccid, in worthless man ; ſeal/-/eigh, a quack doc
elastic, soft ; Fr. flebe, ſieve, flewe–Pat. tor; ſeal/fair, a traitor, villain.
de Champ., Pl.D. flop, ſlºp, ſlau–Brem. Fellow. OE. ſe/aw, ON. ſe/agi, a part
Wtb., Du. flaauw, weak, feeble, faint. ner in goods ; samºſie-lag-skap, partner
Corresponding verbal forms are Lang. ship, a laying together of goods, from ſº,
J7-pi, ſºli, ſp/a, ſió/a, exactly synonym money, goods, and lag, order, society,
ous with ſlaca above mentioned. Fib/a community. At leggia lag vid einn, to
zuno amarino, to bend a switch.-Dict. enter into partnership with him. Hönum
Lang. M’ a calgut ſipla, I was forced to ſy/gdi Kona at lagº, a woman accompa
yield. — Dict. Castr. Feple, ſible, Prov. nied him as concubine. So ſisk-lagi, a
Jºſe, ſió/e, weak, faint. La luna es ſiólo, partner in fishing, broad-lagi, a partner at
the moon is on the wane. meals, a companion ; Sw, seng-laga, a
To Feed. See Food. bed-fellow. Pl. D. gelag, a company of
* To Feel. As felan, G. ſihlen, Du. drinkers; lages-broer, gelages-droer, a
zoelen, to feel. The ON. ſa//a, to touch, boon companion.
finger, feel, approaches very closely. And Here now make y the
this last seems to be from ſjat/, a fiddling Myn owne ſelow in al wise,
movement of the fingers, actus levis, Of worldly good and merchandise.
frivolus (Haldorsen); //atla, to fumble; Child of Bristowe, Lydgate.
Jitſa, leviter digitos admovere ; ſiſ/a vid,
leviter attingere; ſidra vid, leviter tan Felly.—Felloe. G. fºlge, Du. welghe,
gere; N. ſit/a, ſaf/a, to fumble, as one rad-ve/ghe, the crooked pieces which
compose the circumference of a wheel.
trying to untie a knot. Felon. I. See Fell.
To Feign.—Feint. Lat. ſingere, to 2. Guernsey ſton, a whitlaw, from Fr.
form, frame, make, contrive, pretend.
Fr. ſeindre, to feign, and from the past furoncle, fromc/e, a felon, uncome, whit
ptcp. ſeinſ, E. feint, a pretence. In like law.—Cot. Herbe au ſºon, E. mate-ſe/on,
manner Mod. Gr. Käpyw, to do, to make ; centaurea nigra. Lat. ſurunculus (dim.
rapiávouai, to feign, pretend ; raptor)c, a of fur, thief), a boil or abscess.
maker, a dissembler. Felt.—Filter. G. ft/3, Du. viſt, It.
Felicity. Lat. felix, -icis, happy. fe/ge, felt cloth made by working wet wool
. Fell. I. Goth. /i//, ON. ſe//, /ē//dr, Du. together. Fe/sata, the stuff of which a
zel, Lat. Ael/is, skin. barge's tilt is made ; ſe/tro, a felt, felt hat,
2. ON. ſyall, mountain. felt cloak.-Fl. Fr. feutre, felt, also a
To Fell. See Fall. To ſell a seam, filter, a piece of felt, or thick woollen
to turn it down, is Gael. ſil/, fold, wrap, cloth to strain things through.-Cot.
plait; Sw, fall, a fold, a hem, falla, to Pol. pils'c', felt ; Bohem. Alst, pl.stenice,
hem. a felt hat. Gr. TriMoç, felt, or anything
Fell.—Felon. It fello, cruel, moody, made of felt ; triXéw, triXów, to make into
murderous—Fl.; Fr. ſe//e, cruel, fierce, felt, compress, thicken ; Lat: pileus, a
untractable ; ſe/on, cruel, rough, untract felt ‘hat or cap ; Russ. voilok, felt ; It.
able ; ſelonie, anger, cruelty, treason, any fo//are, to felt or thicken ; folto, thick,
such heinous offence committed by a close ; foltre/lo, as feltro, a little felt—
vassal against his lord whereby he is Fl.; Lat. fullo, a thickener of cloth.
worthy to lose his estate.--Cot. Diez Manx poll, to mat or stick together, fol
rejects the derivation from Lat. ſel, gall, /ey, felting, pol/an, a saddle cloth. The
but his suggestion from OHG. ſillo, a invention of felt would probably be made
skinner, scourger, executioner, is not more among pastoral nations at an exceedingly
satisfactory. The true origin is probably early period, and the name would most
to be found in the Celtic branch. W. likely be transmitted with the invention.
gºva//, defect; Bret. givalſ, bad, wicked, The resemblance to several words of
defect, fault, crime, damage ; gava//-ober, similar meaning may be accidental. Lat.
to do ill ; gºwalla, to injure. In the same Ai/us, hair; wil/us, a lock, shaggy hair;
language fall, poor, sick, bad ; /a//aaf, to Fin. wil/a, wool; W. gºval/t, Gael. ſalt,
weaken, to decay ; /a//akr, wicked, hair of the head.
villain ; /a//aen, weakness, fainting ; ſa/- Female. — Feminine. Fr. ſeme//e,
Jenſe2, wickedness, malice, malignity; from Lat. ſaemina. The form of the word
254 FEN FERRET

has been unconsciously altered in E. to to confer the power of going invisible.

bring it in relationship to male, with Fougère (fern), plante dont se servent les pre
which it has no real connection. Male tendus sorciers.-Vocab. de Vaud.
and female were formerly written mattle The Sw. verb ſara, to go, as Ihre re
and ſºme/ſe. Fris. ſaem, ſaamen, ſaame/, marks, is specially applied to events pro
As. ſºmme, a maid, woman. The desig duced by diabolic art. Far-sof, a sickness
nation of a woman is most likely to be produced by incantation, thence an epi
taken from the characteristic of child demic. AS. ſaer-death, far-cavealme, sud
bearing, typified by the womb or belly, den death. Du. vaerende-wiſ, a witch,
which are often confounded under a single enchantress; Sc. ſare-ſolºis, fairies.
name. The Lap. waimo signifies the Ferocious. Lat. feror, ferocis, fierce.
heart or intestines, while in Fin. it signi Ferrel.—Ferule. 1. A ferrel or verril,
fies a woman ; waimoinen, womanly, Fr. viro/e, an iron ring put about the end
feminine. Sc. waſne, waim, weam, the of a staff, &c., to keep it from riving.—
womb, belly; waſnyſ, pregnant.—Jam. Cot. Virer, to veer or turn round.
Fen. ON. ſen, a morass; ſen-votr, 2. It. Jeruſa, Fr. Jeruſe, a rod or palmer
thoroughly wet. Goth. ſani, mud. The used for correction in schools. Lat.
OE. ſent was also used in the sense of mud, ſeru/a, a bamboo, cane, rod, switch.
filth. Ferret. 1. Spun silk and riband woven
-fence. -fend. As in offºnd, defend. from it. It ſtore/ſo, Fr. fleuret, coarse
The radical sense of OLat. ſendo, ſensum, ferret-silk — Fl.; floret-silk. — Cot. G.
only found in comp, must be gathered from floretſ, the outer envelop of the silk-cod,
offendo, to dash or strike against, thence flirt or flurt-silk, ferret-silk, ferret. Flo
to displease, offend. Defendo, to ward rett-band, a ferret riband.—Küttn.
off, is probably formed as the opposite of 2. G. /refſe, freft-wiesel, It. ſure/ſo,
offendo rather than direct from the simple ſereſ/o, Fr. ſureſ, a ferret, an animal used
verb. in hunting rabbits or rats in holes other
Fend.—Fender.—Fence. From Fr. wise inaccessible.
defendre, to forbid, defend, protect; de It is commonly supposed that the name
ſense, prohibition, protection, fence. A of the animal has given rise to the verb
similar omission of the particle de in the signifying to poke in holes and corners,
adoption of a Fr. word is seen in the rout to search out. It ſereſ/are, ſure/fare, to
of an army, from Fr. derouſe. ferret or hunt in holes, to grope or
The art of ſencing or sword-playing was fumble—Fl.; Fr. ſureter, to search, hunt,
termed the science of deſence, as Fr. ses boult out, spy narrowly into every hole
crimer, to fence, from G. schirm, protec and corner.—Cot. It is more likely that
tion, shelter. the ferret (exclusively a tame animal) is
The fence-months were those in which named from the purpose for which it is
it was unlawful to chase in the forests, kept, viz. for rooting or poking in holes
from defense in the sense of prohibition. for rabbits or vermin. The G. frettwiesel
Fenowed.—Vinewed. Mouldy, mus would signify a weasel kept for the pur
ty. AS. ſinie, ge/integod, decayed; Du. pose designated by the verb fretſen. Dan.
winnig, rancid, mouldy. Gael. /ineag, affritte, udſritte, to ferret out, worm out.
foſtag, a cheese mite. . . The primary Now we have Prov. fretar, Fr. frotter,
meaning of ſemowed would thus be moth Bav. /refſen, to rub, to move to and fro
or mite-eaten, then mouldy, corrupt. w. over a surface. Moreover, fretſen is
gividſon, mites, small particles of what is identified with E. dial. /roaf, Du. wroe
dried, or rotted ; gividaſonog, mity, rotten. fen, by the common use of the three in
-fer-. Lat. fero, to bear, whence con the peculiar sense of to drudge, to earn
fer, defer, infer, circumſerence, &c. with pains and difficulty. Wroetent is
Fere. AS. gºſera, a companion, one also to poke the fire, to poke or root in
who fares or goes with one. the ground as a pig with his snout. The
Ferly. Wonder. See Fear. same train of thought is found in Prov.
Ferment. Lat. fermentum (for ſervi fregar, It. fregare, to rub, frugare, to
mentum, from ſerved, to boil), what causes rub, to pinch and spare miserably, to
bread to swell up like water boiling ; grope, to fumble, furºgare (for ſerugare),
leaven. -
to fumble or grope for, to sweep an
Fern. OHG. ſaram, ſaran, farm, ſarn, oven. And as ſregare, frugare give rise
Du. vaeren, vaeren-Kruyd. Probably to ſuregare by the insertion of an e (as
named from the reputed use of the seed in um/creſ/a for umbrel/a), so fretten,
in magical incantations, being supposed frotter, wroeten, are converted by a
 FERRY FETLOCK 255

s'milar change into It. ſerettare, (ſeru ſafzen, fareſt, tricks. The radical image
tare) ſuretare. consists of rapid action to and fro, repre
The strongest objection to the fore sented by forms like ſick ſack, ſitsch
going explanation is Fr. furon (Pat. de fatsch, &c. See Fidget.
Champ.), Sp. huron, a ferret. But ſure Fetch.-Fetch-candle. The appari
gare, ſurettare, to poke, grope, or search tion of one who is alive.—Hal. Fetch
out, have so much the appearance of lights, fetch-candles, corpse-candles, or
diminutives from a simple § that dead-men's candles, are appearances seen
furon may well have been formed from at night, as of candles in motion, sup
that hypothetical form in the same way posed to be in attendance on a ghostly
as It. ſuregone from ſuregare, and with funeral, and to portend the death of
the same sense of poker, searcher-out. some one in the neighbourhood.—Brand's
Ferry. See Fare. Popular Superstitions. The superstition
Fers. The Queen at Chess.-Chaucer. obviously agrees with the notion of the
OFr. fierce, fierche, fierge, from Pers. ſerg, Will o' the wisp or ignis fatuus, which is
a general. The confusion of ſierge with known in Holland by the name of Dood
vierge may perhaps have led to the alter Æeerse, death-candle, or dead-man's candle.
ation of the Fr. designation to Dame, or The name might plausibly be explained
Reine, E. Queen. as if the apparition were something sent
Fertile. Lat. fertilis, from ſero, to to /etch the fated person to the other
bear, produce. world, but probably it has a more ancient
Fervent. -fervesce. Lat. ſerved, to origin than would be indicated by such
be hot ; ſervesco, to begin to boil, a derivation. The Vatt in Scandinavian
Fescue. A small straw used as a mythology is a kind of goblin supposed
pointer in spelling. Fr. Jestu, It, festuca, to dwell in mounds and desert places,
a.Straw. and the ignis fatuus is called in Norway
-fess—Confess.-Profess. Lat. fa Vafte-lys, the Vaett's candle, the identity
teor, fassus sum, in comp. ºffeor, -ſessus, of which with the Pembrokeshire Fetch
to own, avow. Hence conſiteor, to con light, or Fetch-candle, can hardly be
fess; profiteor, to profess. Fateor itself doubted.
seems a secondary form from fari, falus Fetiche. Fr. f.ſtiche, a material thing,
sum, to speak. made the object of worship in W. Africa.
To Fester. To putrefy, corrupt.—B. Ptg. ſeiſigo, sorcery, charm. Lat. factitius.
Wall. sºftster, se corrompre, s'empuanter; Fetid. Lat. ſatidus, from ſateo, to
dialect of Aix ſiesent, to begin to smell stink. There can be little doubt that it
disagreeably — Grandg: ; Pl. D. ſistrig, springs from a form of the interjection of
fusty, ill-smelling, as a close chamber.— disgust corresponding to E. ſaugh Z ſoh. A
Danneil. Bret. foei Z fech Z in the same way that
Festoon. Fr. feston, It festone, any Aufidus, stinking, and futeo, to stink, are
kind of great wreath, garland, or chaplet from another form of the same interjec
made of boughs, leaves, or flowers, much tion seen in Sp. pu / G. puh Z expressive
used in Italy on their church-doors at of disgust at a bad smell.
the celebration of their feasts, also From the first-mentioned form of the
branchworks.-Fl. We have the testi interj. is also Lat. ſaedus, foul, repugnant
mony of Virgil that the temples were to the physical or moral senses, Sp. ſeo,
adorned in the same way on festive occa hideous, ugly. Comp. Du. foei Z faugh .
sions among the Romans. Templum and, as an adj., foul.—Kil.
Jestá fronde revinctum.—AEn. v. 459. Fetlock. The hair that grows behind
To Fetch. 1. Fetchyn, or fettyn, af on a horse's feet.—B. Now generally
fero.—Pr. Prm. As. ſºccan, ſettan, feti applied to the joint on which the hair in
£eam. Fris. ſetje, ſegfe, to seize.—Out question grows. We should naturally
zen. Sw.Jatta, G. ſassen, to seize ; Bav. resolve the word into foot-lock, in accord
ſessen, to bring home ; Korn, wein ſessen, ance with Sw. htº/-ska.gg, hoof-beard; but
to get in the harvest, vintage. ‘He's Swiss ſies/och, ſis/och, Du. vit!ok, vitslok
married a wife, and he's ſessen her hame.’ (Halma in v. Janon), the pastern of a
ON. at ſº (e.g. ſae, ſeck, heft ſºngid), to get. horse, lead in another direction. Pl.D.
2. Fetch, a trick. ſiss, fine thread, fibres—Danneil; Swiss
Jºse/, gºffsel, loose, unravelled threads
"Twas Justice Bramble's ſetch to get the wench.
hanging from a garment, also the fetlock
Bav. f.itzen, to jest, play tricks, jeer one or long hair growing on the pastern.—
with words or tricks.-Schmeller. G. Stalder. G. Jitze, fisse, Da. Jid, fed, a
256 FETTER FIDDLE

skein or bundle of threads ; Sw, dial. Feverfew. . An herb good against

ſittja, a bundle of hemp or flax, bunch of fevers.-B. Lat. Jebriſuga, from ſugare,
thread. See to Feaze, Fitters. - to put to flight.
The resemblance to G. Jessel, the pas Few. Goth.ſavs, pl. ſavai, little, few;
tern, seems accidental. ON. Jair, ſº, ſaitt, OHG. Joho, AS, ſeawa,
Fetter. As. ſeofur, farter, Du. veter, Lat. faucus.
oN. ſiót, fºotr, shackles, bonds. ON. Fewel. Mid.Lat. focale (from focus,
fjotra, impedire, f. hest, to hobble a horse; hearth, fire), OFr. fouaille, supply of
N. ſetra, applied to the act of hunters, wood for the fire, or right of cutting it.
who are supposed to stay by charms the “Et sunt spinae crescentes in Lonedon
flight of the beast they are pursuing ; pro focali.”—Mon. Angl. in Duc. In like
literally, to fix to his footsteps, to set fast, manner ſouage, ſoue'e, from ſocagium,
to render immovable ; /jetra, set fast, Jocata.
immovable from wonder or surprise. Fewterer. One who had charge of
From ON. ſet, Dan. //ed, Sw. //dt, foot the dogs of chase. It. ve/tro, a grey
step. Lat. impedire, to hinder ; pedica, Gr. hound; Fr. vau//re, a boar-hound; vaul
Tráðm, a shackle ; trečáw, to hinder, to stop. trey, a kennel of vautres.
To Fettle. To set in order, to repair o Fey. To cleanse meadows, ponds,
anything that is broken or defective, to &c.—B. G. Jegen, to cleanse, scour,
set about anything ; ſettle, good condi sweep.
tion, proper repair. I am inclined to be Fib. An euphemism for a lie. It.
lieve that the primary meaning of the fiabòare, to sing merry tunes and idle
word is to do light fiddling work, to give songs, as nurses do in rocking their chil
the last touches required for the prepara dren, also to tell flim-flam tales.—Fl.
tions of a thing. Thus Swift recommends Faàbin, flattering.—Craven Gloss. Fible
the footman when he knows his master fable, nonsense.—Hal. Compare Pol.
to be most busy ‘to come in and pretend &ajka, a nursery tale, a lie. -

to ſettle about the room.” ON. ſitſa, leviter Fibre. Lat. Jibra, a jag or pointed
digitos admovere ; ſitla vid, leviter attin extremity; related to fimbria, fringe.
gere (Hald.), palpito, modicum tango vel Fickle. AS. ſicol, vacillating; G. ſicken,
apparo.—Gudm. Sw, dial. Juſt/a, to to move quickly to and fro. See Fidget.
fumble with the fingers; ſess/a, to tickle, Fictile.—Fiction. Lat. fingo, fictum,
to touch lightly. Bav. Jise/n, to make to fashion, form, properly to mould in
light movements with the fingers; ſis'/- clay or plastic material; to devise, con
arwet (ſis/-arbeit), light fiddling work; trive, feign ; fictor, one who makes or
fuseln, to be occupied with trifles; Pl.D. forms; fictilis, made of clay, earthen
Jiseln, to pass the fingers gently over, to ware ; ſitus, feigned, fictitious.
tickle ; fisselm, to be occupied in cleaning, * Fiddle. G. fiedel, Du. vedele, vele
to set the house in order; fisselmäken —Kil., OHG. fidula, Mid. Lat. vitula, Prov.
(ſettle-maid), an under-housemaid. Fr. viula, It. viola.
vetiller, to tickle, to trifle.—Cot. See Commonly derived from Lat. ſides, ſº
Feaze, Fiddle. dicula, a musical string, stringed instru
Feud. OHG. gºſéhida, Goth. ſiathva, ment. But the fiddle, as Ihre remarks,
enmity, from Goth.ſiam, AS. ſian, ſeam, to was unknown to the Romans, and the
hate. G. ſehd, ſe/ide, AS. fathth, Mid. Lat. name may well be traced to a native source
faida, the revenge pursued by the rela in forms like those indicated under Fidge
tions of a murdered man, and the legiti and Fease, expressive of the light rapid
mate state of warfare ensuing thereon. movements by which the instrument is
“Vindicta parentum, quod ſaidam dici played. ON. ſidra, ſit/a, to touch lightly,
mus.”—Duc. AS. ſaehth-boſe, the sum to palpitate.—Gudm. G. ſitsche/n, fitzeln,
paid to the relations of the murdered man to move to and fro.—Sanders. Swab.
to make up a feud. Du. weede, vied, ſidlen, ſitschen, ſitschlen, ſitscheſatschlen,
zeeſe, vee, hatred, quarrel.—Kil. to whittle with a blunt knife, to work
Feudal. See Fee. lightly and ineffectually. E. ſiddle-ſaddle,
Fever. Fr. ſièvre, Lat. febris. From trifling occupation, idle talk. ‘Fiddling
the notion of shivering. Bav. fibern, ſp work, where abundance of time is spent
pern vor zorn, vor begierde, to tremble and little done.”—Swift.
with anger or desire.—Schm. Du. beven, The passage from the jigging move
G. bebern, beben, to tremble ; Devon. ment of the arm to the designation of the
&ivering, shaking. Lat. viðro, E. Quiver, fiddle is clearly shown in Bav. figken,
are closely related. Jicken, to switch with a rod, to make quick
 FIDELITY FILIGREE 257

movements to and fro; ſigke/m (in a de from the interj. fte / expressive of disgust,
preciatory way), to play on the fiddle ; reprobation, displeasure. Speaking of
figke/hogen, a fiddlebow. ‘Pige/a, fidel; interjections, Palsgrave says, “Some be
Jigelator, fidelar.”—Gl. in Schm. token abhorring, as /y or ſuſ.” From W.
So also Swiss ſise/en, ſie.se/n, to switch ſi / ſie / are formed ſhaia, loathsome ;
to and fro, to fiddle about a thing, work Jiefadio, to loathe, detest. In the same
in a trifling manner; ſise/er, one who way from Russ. ſu /, /u/aff, to cry /i/ /,
strums upon an instrument ; ſise/bogen, to abhor, detest; from Du. foei A, verſo
a fiddlebow. eien, to abhor. So also Gael. ſuaſh (//,
Fidelity. Lat. ſides, faith, ſide/ºs, silent), hatred, aversion, ſiza/haich, to
faithful. hate, loathe, detest, from the primary
To Fidge.—Fidget. To make light form of the interj. ſu / See Faugh,
involuntary movements, to be unable to Foul.
keep still. To fidge about, to be continu * Fierce. Fr. feroce, Lat. feror, which
ally moving up and down.—B. Swiss may perhaps be explained from Boh.
fifschen, to flutter to and fro, jump up and frkaſi, fréizi, fremere, ferocire, to snort
down ; whence children are called ſitsch, with rage.
fiſsc//i. Fitzen, to switch with a rod.— Fife. G. //º3/3, It. Zºffaro, Fr. //re.
Stalder. E. dial. to ſig, to fidget about.— Like Lat. fiſhio, Gr. Trut nºw, E. Aceſ”, Zºe,
Hal. Swiss ſiggen, to rub, shove, or from the representation of a shrill note.
move to and fro, to fidget. Sc. ſiće, to be Fight. AS. ſco//, /y/i/, G. ſechſ, fight.
restless, to be in a constant state of trivial Swiss ſechſen, ſichten, to work in a hurried
motion ; ſick-ſacks, minute, troublesome manner, with the notion of much move
pieces of work; OE. ſyāyn, or ſis/yn ment ; erſechſen, to get a thing done by
about in idleness, vagor.—Pr. Prm. Du. diligent work ; Sw, ſika, to pursue with
ficken, ſicke/en, to whip, to switch, ſick eagerness, ardently desire, strive for ;
Jacken, factitare, agitare.—Kil. G. ſick ſikſ, earnest endeavour. “Han stod emot
Jacken, to fidget, move about without then Lithurgium med alla"/ićt.” he op
apparent end, to play tricks.-Küttn. posed the Liturgy with all his might. E.
Ficken, to make short quick movements, dial. ſick, to struggle or fight with the legs,
to rub to and fro.—Sanders. as a child in a cradle.—Grose. N. ſik/a
The motion of a light object through ma/aandom, to throw the hands about
the air is represented in G. by the imita as if striking.—Aasen. The radical idea
tive syllables ſuzsch / (Sand.), //u/sch / thus seems the throwing about the hands
(Schm.), witsch. wutsch / watsch/ ritsch / and arms. See Fidget.
zwisch Z (Sand.). Figure. Lat. figura, from ſingo, to
Fie! w. fi/ Gael. ſich / Bret, fºch / make, form. See Fiction.
Fr. ſ." G. ft.///ui/ Lith. Aui / Illyrian /i/ Filament. See File, 2.
Sw. twi Z Interjections of reprobation, Filberd. Quasi ſã//-beard, a kind of
originally expressing disgust at a bad nut which just fills the cup made by the
smell or offensive mouthful. See Faugh! beards of the calyx. In an ordinary hasel
Fief. See Fee. the nut projects to a considerable distance
Field. G. ſe/d, Du. veld, the open beyond the beard.
country, soil, plain, level country. ON. To Filch. To steal small matters.
vöſ/r, field, meadow ; Sw. waſ/, grassy Swiss F/ºe, subducere, clam auferre.—
soil, meadow, plain ; waſ/a sig (of the Idioticon Bernense in Deutsch. Mundart.
soil), to cover itself with a sward of turf. N. pi/Ka, Sc. pi/%, to pick. “She has
Dan, dial. falle, the green sward, land Ai//if his pouch.”—Jam. N. Aſikka, to
lying in grass that has to be ploughed ; pluck.
Jaſa', an inclosed portion of cultivated File. 1. OHG. vihila, ſgi/a, from
soil, field of rye or potatoes. Sc. /a/e, fgen, to rub-Schwenck. But Bohem.
feaſ, any grassy part of the surface of the Zºſa, a saw ; /i/n//, a file ; fi/iſi, to saw,
ground ; /ai/-dyke, a turf wall. Gael. ſal, to file.
a sod. W. giveſ/ſ, grass. File. 2. -file. Fiſe, in the sense of
Field-fare. A kind of thrush. As.
rank, order, is from Lat. ſiſum, a thread,
ſeaſo-ſor, from ſeaſo, yellowish, fallow Fr. ſi/, a thread, line, streak, rank, course,
coloured. row.—Cot. -

Fiend. Goth. ſſands, ſands, G. ſeind, Fr. dºſiſer, to defile or march in a line
enemy ; ON. ſandi, enemy, fiend, devil. one after the other.
From the pple. pr. of the verb ſijan, ſiam, Filial. Lat. ſiſius, a son.
ON. Jºd, to hate, which itself is formed Filigree. Formerly ſiligrain. Evelyn
17
258 FILL FINE

in the Fop's Dictionary describes ſili of picking out the early ripe plants, which
grained work as ‘whatever is made of is termed /ă//ne/n in G., and /ø/te/er in
silver wire-work.”—R. Sp. /i/ grana, a the North of France, while the plants so
kind of work in which the entire texture picked out are called ſºmeles.—Hécart.
or grain of the material is made up of The Du. ſºme/en, or ſemic/en, is applied to
twisted gold or silver wire, from ſiſo, wire, any light action with the fingers, to tease
and grano, the grain or direction of the wool, flax, or hemp, to trifle, gesticulari
fibres of wood or other fibrous matters.- digitis, frustra factitare rem frivolam.
Neumann. Aemeſ, cannabis brevior, discerpta, con
To Fill.–Full. The primary meaning vulsa, linum carptum, vulsum.—Kil.
of f// seems to be to pour liquids, in The verb is a dim. of Fris, ſample, to
which sense the G. ſii//ent is still used. grasp at anything with the hands—Out
Ein ſass wein artſ flasschen ſit//en, to zen ; Sw. ſam/a, to grope. See Famble.
bottle wine. The connection with the Zo ſim/ſe, to touch lightly and frequently
notion of fullness is obvious. Lith. /i//u, with the ends of the fingers.-Forby.
A://i, to pour, pour into, fill full ; /i/nas, ON. ft/ſa, Dan. dial. ſip/e, to touch with
full ; showing that the radical meaning the fingers, to handle.
of Lat. İm//ere must be to pour into, Fin. AS. ſinna, Dan. ſinne, Lat. finna,
whence //enus, identical with Lith. /i/nas, a feather, or fin. Probably from the
full. sharp spines in such fins as those of a
Fillet. 1. Fr. ft/et (dim. of ſil, thread), perch. Du. vimime, winne, vſimme, pinna,
a little thread, string, or twist; whence a squama et arista.--Kil. G. ſinne, top of
fi//eſ, a hair-lace, or ribbon to tie up the a mountain, point of a hammer, fin of a .
hair. fish.
2. The Fr. fſet is also the band of Finance. See Fine,
flesh which lies along under the backbone Finch.-Spink. G. ſinke, Lat. frºnt
of animals, fiſet de ba'lúſ, de veau. When gi//a, ſrigi//a, a small bird, from a repre
served at table, however, the fiſet de ba'lºf sentation of the chirp ; fring uſire, frigu
appears as a solid lump without bone, fire, to chirp or twitter. It frinco, /rin
whence perhaps the fillet of veal may some, frusone, Fr. frinson, finson, a spink
have been so named, as being a similar or chaffinch. The loss or insertion of the
boneless lump, although taken from a r in a like situation in imitative words is
different part of the animal. It may how very common. Compare Lat. fricare, to
ever be from being bound together by a rub, with G. ſicken, to move to and fro.
fillet or bandage. To Find. G. finden, ſand, geſunden.
Fillip. A phip, flip, or flirt with the ON. ſinna.
fingers, from an imitation of the sound, Fine.—Finance. In the forensic lan
or rather perhaps from the analogy be guage of the middle ages the Lat. ſini's
tween the nature of the act and the short was specially applied to the termination
quick action of the vocal organs by which of a suit, and finalis dies, ſinaſe judicium,
the word is pronounced. fina/is concordia, were respectively the
Filly. See Foal. day of trial, the judicial decision, or the
Film. AS. ſiſm, a skin, ſy/men, a mem agreement by which the suit was termin
brane. E. Fris. fliem, flee, a thin skin. ated. Finis by itself is frequently used
OFris. fime!, filmene, the skin of the for the settlement of a claim by com
body.—Richthofen. W. filem, cuticle, position or agreement, as by Matthew
rind ; pilio, to peel; £iſionen, a thin peel, Paris in the Life of Hen. III. “Clanculo
a film. captus ſuit, et tacito facto fine, interpositis
Filter. See Felt. fide et juramentis et chartis, caute dimis
IFilth. See Foul. sus.”—Dict. Etym. ‘Quod illi cognos
Fimble. G. ſemeſ, ſemel-hanſ, ſimmel, centes et malum timentes acceperunt
the male plants of hemp which are soonest consilium inter se ut si quo modo possent
ripe, and have to be picked out by hand faedus cum Imperatore componerent, di
from among the female, left to ripen their centes, Nullum ulterius ab eoſinem habe
seed. The larger and stronger growth of bimus (we shall get no further terms from
the seed-bearing plants probably led to him), sed junctus Romanis omnes nos de
their being called in England carſ, or partibus illis expellet.”—Duc. The clergy
male-hemp, and this perhaps has led to and females who held in capite, having
the supposition that ſimble is a corruption been summoned to London to pass over
of female, as the word is commonly ex with the king on military duty into
plained. The real signification is the act France, it was announced, ‘quod archie
 FINE FISH 259

piscopi, &c., servitium domino regi de Gloss. Finica/, over-refined, effeminate.

bentes possent ſacere ſineſt pro eodem Fir.—Furze. G. /ö/re, ON. ſura, E.
(might compound for it) si vellent.”—Bart. fºr is the general name of trees with
Cotton, p. 324. It was then transferred needle-shaped leaves. Then from the
to the money paid as the price of settle sharp spines, which are the only ap
ment, and Lat. ſinare, ſin ire, Fr. ſner, parent representatives of leaves in a
were used in the sense of paying an ex plant of wholly different nature, the name
action or composition. “Omnes vero of ſirres or ſirs was given to the bush
plagae aut feritae—quae evenerint—sicut now called ſurge or gorse.
supra decretum est ſinianfur, shall be Fire. G. ſeuer, ON. ſyr, fur, Gr. trip.
compounded for.—Duc. “Lui dit qu'il Firk. Any smart movement with a
ne le laisserait point aller jusqu'à ce qu'il light object, as a blow with a switch, a
eust fine a luy, et force luy fut ſiner au jerk.
chevalier a cinq cens livres.”—Joinville. —As tumblers do, when betwixt every feat
Soixante mile doubles vous ferai amener They gather wind by firking up their breeches.
Se parmiceste ſin vous me volez quiter. A ſiré of law, a trick of law; a ſiré of
Chron. Duguesclin, 13627. piety, a sudden fit of piety. To ſiré, to
Hence fine in E. and the derivative/inance beat, to whip.–B.
in Fr. were used in the sense of an ex The origin is a representation of the
action or compulsory payment. Mon sound made by a blow with a switch.
strelet informs us that Jacques Coeur was Fr. fric-/rac, mot dont le peuple se sert
made prisoner, ‘pource qu'il a extorquépour exprimer un bruit qu'on fait en
indeuement plusieurs grands finances sur
frappant a droit et a gauche.—Trevoux.
le pays du Roi, tant en Languedoc, Lan AS. /rician, to dance. As jerk varies
guedouy, comme ailleurs.’ The name of with jerſ, so ſiré may be considered as
finance was subsequently extended to all the representative of It. ſerga, s/erga, a
monies levied on the people for the be whip, and may also explain Lat. virga, a
hoof of the royal treasure or revenue. rod. Other representations of the same
Fine. G. ſein, It. ſino, Fr. ſin. Diez original image are ſick, ſ'ick, ſ'iré (Du.
adheres to the derivation from Lat. ſini w/ercken, to flirt), flirt, all signifying
tus, finished, perfect, and in confirmation short rapid movements to and fro, from
cites Prov. clin from climatus, Sp. cuerdo the sound of a blow with a switch or
from cordafus, manso from mansuetus. light implement.
‘Quod excellentem vel optimum gradum Firkin. A diminutive from ſour, a
bonitatis obtinet ſinum vel finissimum vessel holding nine gallons, the fourth
vulgariter appellatur.’—Johan. a S. Ge part of a barrel of thirty-six gallons.
miniano in Duc. Compare Sc. ſir/o/, a measure containing
A more probable origin may be found a fourth part of a boll of meal.
in W. givyn, white, fair, pleasant; Gael. irm. -firm. — Firmament. Lat.
Jionn, white, fair, fine, pleasant, sincere, firmus, strong. The firmament was the
true; ON. fina, to polish, to cleanse, fixed framework of the sky, about which
finn, bright, polished. The idea of the heavenly bodies were carried round.
white passes readily to that of pure, First. What is most to the fore, most
unsullied, unmixed, as in fine gold, on the in front. ON. ſyri, ſyrir, for, before ;
one hand, or to that of brilliancy, or ſyrri (comparative), first of two ; /yrs/r
showiness, as in ſine c/othes, on the other.(superl.), in front of all, first. Lith.
The sense of small, delicate, may arise Airm, before, firmas, first ; Lat. Ara',
from the application of the term to fabrics before, primtus, first.
where smallness of parts is an excellence, Firth. See Frith.
or it may be a separate word, from W. Fiscal. Lat. fiscus, a money-bag,
main, slender, fine, thin, small (Lat. thence the money-store, or treasury of
minor, Fr. menu, mince); //iain main, fine the empire.
linen ; diod ſain, small beer. Fish. I. Goth. Jisks, Lat. Aiscis, W.
Finger. Goth. ſiggrs, Fris. ſenger, sg, Gael. fasg, Gr. ix0&c.
fanger. From the equivalent of G. ſangen, Arg, čić: tºd. From Fr. ſicher,
to seize, the change of vowel from a to i to fix, the subst. ſiche is used for a gar
perhaps indicating the light action of a dener's dibble, for the iron pegs used to
finger. mark distances in surveying, for branches
Finical.—Finikin. Du. fijnkens, per stuck in the ground to mark positions in
fect&, concinné, bellé.-Kil. Hence ſini setting out a camp ; ſiche or ſicheſ, the
Ain, particular in dress, trifling.—Craven peg used in makº."l
cribbage or the
26o FISK FLABBY

like. Hence, in defiance of ctymology, of a broken, quivering sound. Thus,

the term was transferred to the loose from s/ºver, to shake, we have shivers,
counters which serve to mark the state fragments; and Dickens in the “Haunted
of the game at cards, and was adopted House uses dºther (primarily signifying
in E. under the form of fish. tremble) in the same sense, “all shaken
To Fisk. To run about hastily and to dºers.’ The Du. sc/c//creſt, to laugh
heedlessly.—B. A word of similar form loud, to make a rattling noise (scheſter
ation to ſig, ſiage, Jizº, whisk. Sw. fºg/le, sonus vibrans, fragor, sonus fra
JJasła, to fidget. gosus, modulatio–Kil.), is identical with
Fissile.—Fissure. Lat...ſindo, ſîssum, E. sha//er, scaffer. The Sp. Que&rar, to
to cleave, split. break (Port. Quebro, a shake or quaver of
Fist. OE. ſits/, G. ſº the hand the voice), corresponds to E. gºver, Lat.
used as an instrument of striking. Swiss viðrare, Bav. ſióczzi, ſºftern, to shake,
fausſen, fuzzsſen, to beat with fist or stick; tremble. The E. /i/ſer, representing the
W. ſasſo, to beat ; //s/-/a, a beating, a broken sound of suppressed laughter,
boxing match ; /i/s/, a flail ; Lat. ſits/is, leads through the G. 2://erºt, to tremble,
a stick; Bret. Jusſa, to give a sound to E. faſter, a fragment. In like manner
thrashing. the Swiss /i/cern, to titter, seems related
Fit. I. A portion of music or of song, to E. /ī//er, Jaſſer, Swiss /á/cc/e, gº/ö/2,
a canto. As ſiſtian, to sing. Feona’ on tatters, verſa/~ent, to tear to bits, wear to
Jiffe, exulting in song.—Caedm. A tº ic tatters. See Flinders.
./i/ſe gen yºnd fisca cynn, now I will sing To Fix. I. Lat.ſgere, ſ.rum, to stick
again concerning the races of fish. in, fasten, make firm.
* 2. A sudden attack of pain or illness, To Fix. 2. In the American sense, to
an intermittent period. Sw, dial. ſizz/, a arrange. ‘To fix the hair, the table, the
moment, very short interval of time. fire, means to dress the hair, lay the table,
From the representation of a short rapid and make the fire.”—Lyell. Probably a
movement as by G. ſ." /7/ interj. express remnant of the old Dutch colonisation.
ing sudden disappearance.—Sand. Bav. Du. ft/s, ſir, reglé, comme il faut.—
//w/sch / expressing a quick momentary Halma. Aeſt ſix sna//aan, a gun which
movement; //i/zen, //i/schen, //#!/schen, carries true ; zyn frºgſe /ºr hoºden, to
to make a noise represented by the syl keep oneself in good order. Pl. D. ſ.r,
lable in question, to move with such a quick, ready, smart ; ſir un ſardig, quite
noise. A//e //i/~, every moment. Swab. ready : een ſiren junge, a smart youth.
A/º/~en, to move with a sudden start, to Perhaps from ///t/s, ready, by the loss of
disappear. the /, as /i//ic/, for ſliſticſ, a wing.
Tofit.—Refit. Fr. ſaicſ, ſtif, wrought, Five.—Fifteen.—Fifty. Sanscr. pan
fashioned [for a purpose]; ſaicſ/s, made chan, Pol. Aiec, Boh. /e/, Gr. Trévre, Tºurs,
after the likeness of another, neat, feat, W. Awiſ, Goth. /ī/. ON. ///im, G. ſii/ſ,
comely ; /aic/issementſ, neatly, featly, Du. 71/, Lith. Aerºi, Lat. Quinque, Gael.
trimly, fitly.—Cot. Reficio, to again coig, five.
stable, or to reſºe, rºſecyd, or rºſe/yd, To Fizz. See Fuzz.
refectus.-Pr. Pm. A/aiſed a mes mains Flabby.—Flap. The sound produced
a bataille, he ſit/cd my hands to war.— by the flapping of a loose broad surface
Livre des Rois. Du. vitſen, convenire, is represented by the syllable ſlab, ſſaf,
quadrare, accommodare.—Kil. fºg, ſlack, ſ'ad, ſlaſ, varying, as usual in
Fitchet.—Fitchew. Fr. Jissau, a pole like cases, with the vowels it and i. Du.
cat. Du. visse, ſisse, viſsche, putorius, ſlalºeren, ſaddereſt, to flap, flutter—Wei
mustelae genus valdeputidum.—Kil. Wal. land ; Pl. D. ſ.ada'rig, flaggy, fluttering ;
s' ſister, s'émpuanter.—Grandg. Fr. ves Du. 7aggeren, to flag, or hang loose—
settr, a ſyster, a stinking fellow.—Cot. Kil. ; G. ſladdern, y'aſſert, ſlackern, to
Fitters. Fragments, splinters. flap, flutter, flicker.
Cast them upon the rocks and splitted them From the first of the foregoing forms is
all to ſizers.-North's Plutarch. Only their E. ſabºy, of such a nature as to give the
bones and ragged ſiſters of their clothes re sound ſlab, soft and limber, hanging
mained.—Coryat in Nares.
loose ; Du. fabòe, a slap, a fly-flap, the
Fiſſers, ſaffers, tatters.-Craven Gloss. flap of a wound ; Pl. D. ſtaðe, a hanging
The idea of breaking to bits is commonly lip.
expressed by words signifying violent "in
like manner from the second form, a
shaking, which are themselves taken in ſlaſ, is any broad thin body hanging by
the first instance from the representation one side so as to be able to give a blow
 FLACK FLAGON 26t
with the flat surface, or a blow of such a wavy motion of flame or of a brandished
nature. Then, as a loose, flapping con sword. Dan. //agre, to wave to and fro
dition is a sign of a want of elasticity, or as flame ; Sp. flamear (of sails), to shiver
of a faded condition in vegetable or in the wind; Fr. ſam&e, iris, water-flags;
animal structures, Fr. dial. ſla//e, faded, J’amºezºe, a sword. The name of ſlam
soft, rotten; une ſoire ſla//e.—Gl. Génév. muſa is given to a ranunculus with spear
A/a/Ai et terni, faded and tarnished.—c. or sword-shaped leaves. Fr. Jammuſe,
nouv. nouv. It. Jia/Ao, flappy, withered. Spear-wort, or spear crowfoot.—Cot. ON.
—Fl. J/ag-àzºosé (Öriosé, gristle), cartilago en
Flack. — Flaccid. – Flicker. The siformis. In the dialect of Carinthia
third and fourth of the forms mentioned ſlºgge is a lath-Deutsch. Mundart. 2.
in the preceding article give rise to a wide 339.
range of derivatives. Fr. ſlac, onomatopée Flag. 3.-Flaw.—Flake. The sylla
d'un coup qu'on donne sur un corps re bleſ/ag is used to represent other sudden
tentissant—He cart; a slat, flap, slamp, noises, as a squall, blast of wind, or wind
or clap, given by a thing that is thrown and rain, a flash of lightning; //aw, a
against a wall or unto the ground, and blast of wind, sudden flash of fire, storm
the report made by hands struck one of snow.—Jam. Sw, ſlaga, wind-flaga, a
against the other; //acquer, to make a flaw of wind.-Wideg. Du. v/aege, a
thing to flap or clap by casting it violently squall.—Kil. N. ſaga, to come in flaws
against the ground.—Cot. F/acá, a blow, or by fits; flaga, a blast of wind, a pa
especially with something loose and roxysm, a fit or sudden attack. Comp.
pliant.—Forby. To ſlack, to hang loose, Guernsey //ay, gust of wind, noise of a
to palpitate. tree or wall falling.
Her cold breste began to heat, Again, applied to the sound of cracking
Her herte also to ſlacke and beat.—Gower. or splitting, we have Sw. ſaga, a crack,
G. ſlacken, to move to and fro, to flicker. breach, flaw ; //aga sig, to scale off, fly
To ſlacker, to flutter, quiver; to ſlacket, off in scales ; flaga (as Fr. Ac/a/, a splint
to flap about, to ſlicker, ſligger, to flutter. er, from éc/a/er, to crack), what separates
—Hal. in such a manner, the dross of iron driven
Then signifying the quality of things off under the hammer, a flake of snow
which flap, Fr. flague, ſlache, Bret. flak, (provincially also called flag—Hal.), the
It. ſ.acco, weak, flaggy, drooping, faint; crust of a wound ; //agna aſ, to separate
Lat. flaccere, to be flaggy, flaccid, limber. in scales, to flake off. Hence must be
From other modifications of the same explained Dan, dial, flag, ſlav, E. flag, a
radical image we have E. sſack, Lat. turf or sod peeled off from the surface of
Zarus (= lak-s-us), loose, and with the the ground ; ON. ſaga, to cut turfs, and
nasal, languere, to flag, to be faint. as a noun, a sod, chips, splinters. A
Flag. i. It has been shown under ſlagstone is one that separates in layers or
Flabby that flag is one of the forms by flakes. So Dan. //ise, to splinter, and as
which we represent the sound of a cloth a noun, a flaw, a flagstone, ON. J.'s, a
flapping. Hence a flag is a portion of flake, a splinter, Sw. Sno://isa, a snow
cloth fastened by one edge to a staff in flake. -

order that it may be conspicuous as an Flageolet. — Flute. OFr. flagoler,

ensign floating in the wind. Then, as ſtageo/er, to pipe.
Lat. J'accere, to flag, to fall together, to Joi Robin flagoſer
droop, to become faint. Auſlaçoi d'argent.—Rayn.
Flag. 2. The name of ſlag, Dan. flag, Prov. Flage/, /ageo/, //agos, a pipe,
is given to several sorts of marsh and and from the same verb Fr. ſiagorner,
water plants with simple sword-shaped flûter aux oreilles, to pipe into one's ears,
leaves. As the leaves are strong enough to blab, tell tales, flatter. Lang. flaguſa,
to stand upright of themselves it cannot to pipe, and ſlaguſo (Dict. Castr.), O Fr.
be from the notion of drooping. In most ſlahuțe, ſlaute, Fr. ſſiſte, a flute. F/uber,
European languages the name is taken to whistle, ſlubet, flute, whistle.—Vocab. .
from a sword, G. schwerfel, Sp. es/adana, de Berri. Ptg. /raguſa, a shepherd's
Fiasitious Lat. ſagitium, a vile ac
Lat. gladio/us, whence Fr. g/airie/ (also pli)C.
called couſeau des moissons), corn-flag,
sword-grass.-Cot. There can be little tion.
doubt that the name of flag also is in Flagon.—Flask. Fr. ſlacon, flascom,
tended to mark the sword or flame-shaped flasque, a great leathern bottle.—Cot,
figure of the leaves, probably from the Perhaps from ſlºgofer, to sound like liquid
262 FLAGRAN T FLATTER

in a partly empty bottle.—Vocab. de facture, and is in all probability from w.

Berri. F/acket, flageſ, a bottle, flask, gºv/amen, wool.
flagon.—Hal. Comp. Swiss gunge/n, to Flap. A representation of the sound
guggle, gun/ºe, a flask. of a blow with a limber, flat surface.
Flagrant. Burning, blazing, and Then applied to actions or objects adapted
thence conspicuous, signal. Lat. flagrare, to make such a sound. See Flabby.
to blaze, flame, originally doubtless as To Flare. To blaze with a flickering
Dan. flagre, to flicker, flutter, flare, to flame. Dan. ſagre, G. ſackern, to flicker,
flag, or wave to and fro. º flutter, flack, flare. See Flagrant.
to flicker, to blaze; Du. v/aecken, to vi Flash. A representation of the sound
brate as flame, to blaze, to glitter.—Kil. made by a dash of water or sudden burst
Gr. ºpMáš, p.Woyác, flame, ºtyw, to burn. of flame. Swiss ſlitschen, to splash,
See Flame. Jºãºgen, to blaze. A flash is a rush of
Flail. G. fºgel, dreschºffege/; Fr. water from the locks on the Thames to
J'ayatz, ſºau (for ſlaye/), a flail, a scourge. assist the barges in their descent.—Grose.
See Flog. A shallow temporary pool of water is
Flake. See Flag 3. called a ſlash or a flash. So from Fr.
Flam. See Flim-flam. ſayiſer, to dash down water, flague, a
Flame.—The Fr. flamber, to blaze, is small shallow pool.-Gattel.
to be looked on as showing the origin of Flat. The train of thought to which
Lat. Jºazama, rather than as a derivative this word owes its origin is the dashing
from that word. The most obvious down of something soft, the sound of
source whence the designation of flame which is represented by the syllables flac,
could be taken is the fluttering sound by ſlaſ. Fr. //ac, a slat, flap, slamp, or clap
which it is accompanied, and on this given by a thing thrown violently on to
principle we have accounted under Fla the ground. Z/ vows la .."
grant for Lat. flagrare, and Gr. ºpMéyéu. squasht, slat, or squat her down there.—
13, he
In like manner we have Swiss y’adern, to Cot. The term is then applied to the
blaze, ſlidern, to flutter; Bohem. //a/o- object thrown down ; Du. vſecke, f/acke,
Zafi, to flutter, blaze, burn, //a/o/, flame; A/ecke, a blot or drop of ink, or the like.
A/a/i, to flicker, flare, f/amen, flame. Thence, as moist things flung down on
The Fr. flamber is a nasalised form of the ground tend to spread out in width
the root ſlab in Du. ſlalºeren, to flutter, and lie close, we pass to the sense of flat
and the original sense is preserved in Sp. ness; Du. 7/ack, G. Jºach, flat, plane,
J'amear (of sails), to shiver, flutter, and in close to the ground. So from Pol. Alask /
the corresponding OE. form as used by representing the sound of dashing on the
Barbour.
ground, pſaski, flat.
Baneris rycht fairly ſawmand The same train of thought is repeated
And penselys to the wind wavand. with the root flat, plat, vlat. To ſtafſen,
The Fr. flamme is a streamer as well as a to slap.–Hal. OE. to ſlaſ, to dash down
flame. water, &c.
Flanch.-Flange. Aſianch or ſange And right with that he swowned,
is a turned-up border of a plate of iron or Till Vigilate the veille
Fette water at his eighen
the like. The fundamental sense is pro And /atte it on his face.—P. P.
bably a flap. G. flatsche, ſlantsche, a
piece, slice.—Sanders. Sc. ſiatch, to lay Fr. flatir, faire flat, to spill water.—Pat.
over, to turn down.—Jam. de Champ. Dan. dial. blatte, to fall
Flank. It ſtanco, Fr. ſſanc, the part down; blat, a small portion of fluid, a
of the body from the ribs to the hips, a blot. Fr. se blottir, to squat, or lie close
part usually named from the absence of to the ground; Dan. //et, a blot or spot ;
bone, by which it is characterised ; G. die Alat, It. piat/o, Fr. A/at, flat.
weiche, from weich, soft; Bohem. slabina, To tell a thing flatly is to blurt it out
from s/aby, soft, weak; E. dial. Jesé, from at once with a flop, like a wet lump
Fr. Jasche, Bret. laosé, soft, flaggy. thrown down on the ground before one.
Flank or lesk, ilium, inguen.—Pr. Pim. Dan. plat, flatly, bluntly, entirely.
On the same principle it would seem that To Flatter. The wagging of a dog's
flank is a nasalised form of Bret. Vlak, It tail is a natural image of the act of flat
Jiacco, flaggy. tering or fawning on one. Thus we have
Flannel. Formerly written flannen, as Dan. Zagre, to wag the tail; /ogre for een,
it still is provincially. Feletin, flannen. to fawn on one ; G. wedeln, to wag the
-Cot. It is originally a Welsh manu tail, and E. wheed/e, to gain one's end by
 FLAUNT FLEE 263
flattery. ON. ſadra signifies both to Flax. AS, ſ/ear, Du. 7/is, vlasch,
wag the tail and to flatter. G. ſaddern, Bohem. w/a^no, unspun flax or hemp,
flattern, to flutter, Swiss ſlide/en, to fibres, flock ; wſas, Russ, wolos', Lith.
flatter ; Du. vledderen, ſledderen, to A/ai/Kas, hair. Compare Dan. Aor, Aus
flutter, flap the wings ; /lettereſt, ſlet trian hadr, flax, with E. hair. As parallel
sent, to flatter ; wſeyd-steerten, to wag forms with an initial f and ſl are very
the tail, w/eyden, to flatter. The Fr. common, it is probable that AS. fear, the
flatter seems to come from a different hair, is radically identical. The fur of a
source, having originally signified to lick, hare is called flir.
whence we readily pass to the idea of Flay. . The origin of flag in the sense
stroking an animal on the one hand or of of a thin layer separating from the surface
flattery on the other. of the ground or other body has been
Ore donez le chael à flater ſto lapyuj above explained. Sw.Jagua aſ, to separ
Qy leche la rosée [licket the deu] de le herber, ate in scales or flakes ; ON. ſaga, to cut
give the puppy (water) to lap.–Bibels thin turfs. The ON. ſlä, ſlºgia, Du. v/ae
worth, in Nat. Antiq. I53. Sp. flotar, to gen, ºſaen, to flay, is a modification of
stroke or rub gently, Fr. flatter, to pat, the same root applied to stripping off the
stroke, caress, flatter. F/after un cheval, skin of an animal.
ten chien avec la main, to pat a horse or Flea. G. fo/h.
dog. Bret, ſloda, to caress, cajole. Com Fleak.-Flaik. F/eyke or hyrdylle,
pare Sicilian liccdri, to lick, to flatter— plecta, flecta, cratis.—Pr. Pm. Du. viae/,
Biundi; Prov. ſepar, to lap, lick, flatter. a hurdle ; G. Wechſe, a tress, braid, hur
Flaunt. Properly to wave to and fro dle, basket; //ec/ºten, Dan. /lette, to braid,
in the wind, then to move about in fine plait, wattle ; Lat. A/ec/ere, pleaus, to
clothes, to let them be seen like a banner braid ; Gr. TrAókoç, a lock, and thence
flaunting in the wind. Bav. ſtandern, TAérw, to knit, plait, twine; TA6xavov,
flaindern, to move about, wave to and fro. wicker or plaited work. ON. ſloki, a
Swab. ſlandern, to flutter, ſlaintern, to knot; ſºakia, to entangle ; N. ſlokje, a
sparkle, glitter. Swiss ſlanter-ſuch, a knot, entangled lock of hair, twine, or
flag. Henneberg ſlenſtern, to glitter, the like.
shimmer; flinner/e, spangles ; flánder/e, * Fleam. Mid. Lat. //cboſomum, ſleo
a showy flimsy garment. A nasalised Zomtºm, ſ/e6tºwn, ſetum, MHG. vſiedeme,
form of ſladdern, flattern, to flutter. G. ſliede, ſliete, Du. vlieme, Fr. flamme,
Flavour. From Fr. flairer, to smell, ſlammette, a lancet. Gr. ºl, ºxtºc, a
vent, wind, also to breathe out a scent, vein, and réuoc, cutting.
yield a savour (Cot.), we had formerly Du. vliezne is applied to sharp-pointed
fleur, fleoure, flaware, a strong smell, things, as the spine of a fish, the beard of
especially a disagreeable one. corn. Bret. Žemyn is the sting of a bee,
With sa corrupit ſicure nane mycht byde nere. or tooth of a serpent; ſlemma, to prick,
D. V. 75. 18. to incite, stimulate.
—tetrum inter odorem. Fleck. ON. ſleckr, Du. v/ecke, f/acłe,
Ane strang ſeware thrawis up in the are. G. ſeck, ſlecker, a spot, blot, stain. All
207. 38. from the sound made by throwing on
—saevamgue exhalat opaca mephitim. the ground a portion of something wet,
The word is by some derived from Lat. represented by the syllables flak, flat,
fragrare, but the word can hardly be &/a/, //af. Fin. A/ditti, a blot, also the
radically distinct from w. Żeirio, to feist, dull sound of a blow, sclopus surdus,
to make a stink (Lewis); Bret. ſteria, to ictus levior. See Flat.
stink. Cat. flayre, odour. See Fleer. -flect. -flex. Lat. flecto, ſerum, to
Flaw. See Flag. 3. bend or crook. A parallel form with
Flawn. G. ſtaden, any cake that is A/ico, //ecto, Gr. TrAéxw, to fold, twine.
thin and broad.—Küttn. Fr. flan, a cus The radical image is probably a short
tard, or egg-pie. Du. vlaede, vſaeye, a ". º as shown under Flinch.
custard, pancake. The origin of the Fledge. Sw, ſigſärdig, ON. ſleygr,
word seems to be the sound made by the G. ſlick, ſliigge, É; ń. to
fall of something soft, represented by the from ſiegen, to fly. Flysºge as bryddys,
syllable ſtad, or blad. Sc. blad, to slap, maturus, volatilis.-Pr. Pn.
strike with something soft ; a b/ad of To Flee. Supplanted in modern E.
weet, a heavy fall of rain ; Sw. Æo-bladde, by fly in the present, though the preterite
Dan. dial. Æo-blat, G. kuh-ſhadent, a cow fied has held its ground. Goth. thiuhan,
dung. See Flat. AS. fleon, flion, G. fliehen. The Lat.
 264 FLEECE FLEET

fugere, to flee, seems to point to a stage culate sounds made in tittering, sneering,
at which the senses of ſlee and //y, G. or whimpering.
f'ichen and ſlºgen, were expressed by a That they must ſliger, scoff, deride, and jeer.
single verb formed from the root flºg, Nares.
from whence flagere was derived by the Prov. fairar, to smell, properly to
very common loss of the /, compare As. draw up air through the nose, to snift.
J//go/, //goſ, fowl ; G. Jºſzich and ///ic/i, La mesquinaſfaira e grina,
wing.
the unhappy snifts and groans.—Rayn.
From the present verb are formed As. Dan. //tiese, to titter, giggle ; flyse, to
ſ!eam, flight, exile, ſºymia, an exile, E. snort. Sw. dial. fºsa, fºssa, to smile.
yieme, to drive out. Fleet. The meanings of ſleet are very
* Fleece. As, ſleos, ſºys, Pl.D. ſºils, numerous, but they may probably all be
Du. v/ies, the coat of wool off a sheep's derived from the notion of flowing water.
back. Pl. D. ſºilsen, to pluck or shear OHG. ſºozart, G. fºessen, ON. e.g ſyſ, ſlaut,
the wool. F/o/*en und ſlitsen, to take /º/, //otia, aſ ſlºoza, to flow; Sw. //y/a,
the profits of a property. The radical Dan. //yde, to flow, and also to float ;
sense seems to be what is splintered or yāyaa med strömment, to swim with the
stripped off from the surface. ON. ſli's, stream ; grºſvet //yder med vand, the
J/osa, a splinter, thin slice; ſysja, to split floor swims with water. AS. flºoſant,
off; N.J.'s, splinter, shaving, scale; ///s, fluctuare; Sc. to ſ/ºff, ſlete, to flow, to
Jºos, ſºys, scale, thin fragment, scurf, peel; float, and figuratively to abound.—Jam.
Jºyja, to peel, pick. Sw, dial. //isa, to Aſaviger, to sail, to ſleefe.—Hollyband.
scale, shell, splinter ; flas, peeling of The same form appears as a noun in
potatoes or turnips, scurf, scab, ironslag; ON. ſliot, a river; E. ſlee!, a creek up
Ji'asa, to peel potatoes. Du. v/ies is not which the tide flows.
only the pelt of sheep or skin with the In a figurative sense to fleef is to flow
wool, or the woolly coat itself, but a away, to escape, move rapidly away,
membrane or pellicle, the skin of milk; whence the notion of transitory, swift,
7./iesent de schaeffen, to shear sheep.–Kil. rapid.
See Flizz.
Now at the last that fleft us evermore
To Fleech. To supplicate in a flat The forthir coist of Italie have we caucht.
tering manner, to wheedle.—Hal. Pl.D. D. V. 164. 30.
flook, an oath, a curse, ſióżen, to adjure
by an oath. G. Witch, a curse, //chen, to The participial fleeting in the sense of
beseech. what passes quickly away is very com
To Fleer. To cast a disdainful or mon. It ſlusso, transitory, fleeting—Fl.;
saucy look.-B. Sc. to ſleyr, to distort ON. ſliotr, ſliot/cgr, E. ſleef, swift.
the countenance, make wry faces, to movement The original image is the flapping
of a resonant body, the re
whimper.—Jam. Dan. dial. fºre, to laugh
at one, to sneer; Norse flira, to titter, presentation of which is made to express
laugh out of season, J'ir, suppressed also the wavering of a fluid surface.
laughter. Pl.D. fluffern, ſuddern, to flap, flutter,
flicker ; Bav. flodern, to flutter, flicker;
The two false ones with grete gre ſludern, to flap, flutter, to make to flow,
Stode and bihelde her riche atyr to float wood ; Du. ſledderen, to flap the
And beganne to lagh and ſerve. wings; foddereſt, to flap as loose clothes;
Florence of Rome, Ritson, 2.75.
Wallach. Jiufurd, to flutter as a butterfly
We should have no hesitation in con or flake of snow. E. ſuffer was formerly
sidering it as a contraction of ſºgger or applied to the wavering movement of a
ſlicker, to laugh scornfully or wantonly— floating body.
B., were it not for parallel forms with an Thus in the Schippe alone left he
m instead of an r. Sw. //ima, to show Flateringe amyddes the hye sea.
the teeth, sneer ; Dan. dial. fine, to wry St Graal, c. 24. 174, Roxburghe Club.
the mouth, smile, sneer; Swab. ſlannen, From the frequentative form in which
fiennen, as well as flirren, to cry. Norse the word seems earliest to have appeared
flina, as well as ſºra, to titter ; Bav. was formed a root ſlot, fºod, //ud, signify
ſenschen, to wry the mouth, either in ing undulating movement. G. A/uder
crying or derisive laughter. hosen, wide flapping breeches ; Lith.
But probably as we have snigger as A/udurauti, to swim here and there, to
well as sneer, ſºgger as well as ſleer, all drift; //udas, what swims on the surface,
these forms are imitations of the inarti flowing ; pludis, a raft; pluditi, plus!',
 FLEET FLEW 265
to float. Fr. d fºot, floating, borne up low estuary ; Sw, flata i sjön, a shallow
and down by the waves; ſlot, a wave, in the sea.—Serenius.
the flow of the tide; foſter, to float; Flesh. Du. vleesch, G. fleisch, As.
ON. ſlof, the act of floating or swimming, fasc, flac. In the Scandinavian tongues
and thence the grease swimming on the fles/ is used for bacon, though sometimes
surface of broth or the like ; Pl. D. ſlot, for flesh in general. Ihre regards ſlac as
cream, bringing us to E. fleet, to skim the primary form, signifying a piece or
the cream from the surface of milk. part separated. ON. ſlicki, a large piece
The AS. ſofa, a ship, Pi.D. ſlote, a raft, of meat. A piece of bacon is sometimes
is essentially the same word with ON. called flycéis-saeid, and at others ſles&ys
flozi, Dan. flaade, Fr. ſlotte, a fleet. smeid. The Sw.ſlaisk is used in the spe
From the form of the root ending in a cial sense of a flitch of bacon, i. e. the
d instead of f we have Goth. //odus, ON. half-side of a hog. ON. ſlaska, to split.
Jiād, Sw, flod, E. flood, a flowing water, See Flitch.
river, inundation, tide, and thence ON. Fletcher. A maker of arrows. Fr.
farda, Sw, ſloda, to inundate. f/8che, Piedm. //eccia, It. /reccia, frizza,
The change of d into w gives AS. Pl.D. ſlitz, an arrow. All from the whiz
flowan, feowan, and E. ſlow. Du. 7/oe zing sound of an arrow through the air,
dezi, 7/oeyen, Pl.D. ſloſeſt, to flow. With as arrow itself was shown to be derived
these latter forms may be classed Bohem. from a similar representation.
£/owiti, to swim, Pol, flawić, to float, The Swiss ſlitschen expresses the noise
convey by water, to hover in the air; which a switch or an arrow makes in
Russ. A/awat', to swim, sail, navigate ; cutting through the air; G. ſlitzen, to
splavif, to float; flavok, the float of a move rapidly, to fly.—Sanders. See Flit.
net ; Serv. pſaviţi, to overflow, to skim Fr. frissement d'un trait, the whizzing
milk; Alawitiye, to swim, to float with sound of a flying arrow.—Cot.
the stream. Again, we have Russ. A/uit', Flew. I. Washy, tender, weak-Hal.
fo/luit', to swim, float, sail, flow; //uitie, Du. flaauw, languid, spiritless ; G. ſlau,
swimming. Thus we are brought to Lat. faint, flat, slack. From ſlab or flag, in
fuere, to flow, ſluvius, a river, and Gr. the sense of hanging loose, failing in elas
TrAéo, to fluctuate, sail, swim, navigate,ticity and vigour. The degradation of
TrAoiov, a ship. the radical sound is well exemplified in
Some of the derivatives of Lat. fluo, as Fr. ſlebe, ſieve, fleuve, flewe, weak.-Pa
the participle ſlurus, and fluctus, wave, tois de Champagne.
would indicate that the original root of 2. Shallow. Flew or scholde, as vessel
the verb had a final AE, instead of a for d or other like, bassus.-Pr. Pm. This is
as in float, flood, but this is only another only a secondary application of the no
instance of that equivalence of labials, tion of slackness. Slack water is when
dentals, and gutturals in representing the water begins to sink, instead of flow
many kinds of natural sounds, already ing upwards, and of course becomes shal
exemplified under Flabby, where it was lower. G. ſlau, shallow, flat, stale ; flate
shown that the roots ſlab, flag, ſºad, or werden, to sink in estimation, abate, be
flap, ſlack, flat, are used with apparent come flat. ON. flair, N. flaa, shallow, as
indifference in expressing a flapping, a dish, wide and open, flat, as a valley
flickering, fluttering action. with gently sloping sides.
Fleet. The sense of shallow is pro Flew.—Flue. Down or nap ; little
bably derived from the notion of swim feathers or flocks which stick to clothes.
ming on the surface, skimming the sur —B. W. Z/wwch, motes, flying dust,
face. Shallow is what keeps near the spray, sand; //uwchio, to blow about as
surface. So we have Bohem. flauti, to dust, to drift.
swim, flow, float ; //uti, swimming, navi The radical image is of something that
gation; Pol. Alyt, a float or raft; Bohem. floats or flies in the air. AS. fleogan,
Pol. Alytki, shallow. Pl.D. ſlot, shal Pl.D. flegen, to fly; flog, flok, whatever
low. is light and flies in the air, down ; flog
On this supposition we must regard aske, light ashes; flock-federn, down.—
the resemblance to flat as accidental, Br. Wtb. Lancash. flook, waste cotton.
though it must be confessed the words Sw, dial. flaga, to wave in the air; Bav.
resemble each other both in sound and ſläen, ſlēhen, ſidwen, to move to and fro
sense in a remarkable manner. Fr. plat in water; fláe/m, ſidhe/n, to move to and
and Fris. flaak signify both flat and fro in the air; fláen, fláwen, flage’, fláiwm,
shallow ; Du. vlack, flat, vlacke, a shal Jäm, chaff, flue; G. ſlaum, down. The
 266 FLEW-NET FLINT

/ changes to an m or is altogether lost in milk, we have the same transposition as

Dan. ſnug, ſug, the finest particles of in E. flimsy. See Flizz.
wool, silk, down, which when separated To Flinch. To shrink from pain with
float like dust in the air (Molbech); Sw. a quick, convulsive movement. A nasal
ſmug, motes, down. , Norse ſok, drift, ised form of ſlick, corresponding to G.
what is blown about by the air ; snd-ſok, flinken, to glitter, flink, smart, brisk; Du.
sand-ſok, driving snow, sand ; //uka, to fºeren, ſlinkeren, to glitter, twinkle.—P.
drive about with the wind ; //uk.r, flue, Marin. In the same manner Du. wicken,
dust. wincken, to vibrate, to wink; essentially
Flew-net. Du. flouw, vlouw, a net the same word with wince or winch, to
hung to poles to catch woodcocks, or the shrink from pain. Compare also ſwitch,
like. º
a convulsive movement, with twinkle, to
Flews. The chops of a dog. Pl.D. glitter, or wink the eyes. The frequenta
flabbe, the chops, thick lips. /9c ſlabbe tive ſliážeren, flinkeren, represents in the
hangen laofen, to be chap-fallen.—Dan first instance a crackling noise, then a
neil. The same change from a final b to glittering light, or vibratory movement.
w will be observed as above with respect The fundamental syllable ſlick, ſlink, then
to flew in the sense of weak. See Flabby. becomes a root, with the sense of a sharp,
Flick.-Flip. Forms representing the rapid movement.
sound made by a jerk with a whip, the We find in OE. ſecche, without the na
corner of a towel, or the like. F/ick, a sal, probably direct from Fr. ſlºchir, to
smart, stinging slap—Forby ; a slight bend, turn, or go awry, or on the one side.
blow, especially with a whip ; //, a —Cot.
slight, sudden blow.—Hal. Hence Dan.
flig, ſlip, the implement with which a He ihurde sigge wher cristene men in tourment
were ibront,
blow of the foregoing description is given, To confortie hem he wende thider, that hi ne
the corner of a handkerchief, apron, &c. ºffecchede noht,
To Flicker. To flutter, as a bird or Beoth hardi he seide and stedefast.
flame; to fleer, or laugh wantonly or St Christopher, Roxburghe Club.
scornfully.—B. From a representation Flinders. — Flitters. These differ
of the flapping or tittering sound. G. only in the nasal pronunciation of the
flackerm, to flare, blaze, flutter. Du, ſig former. Flinders, pieces, fragments.
geren, to flutter; ſlikšeren, to twinkle, Fliffers, pieces, rags, also to scatter in
glitter.
-flict. See Fling.
pieces.—Hal. ‘It ſyſteryf al abrode.”—
Morte d’Arthure. Du. ſenters, tatters;
Flight. See Fly. Norse flindra, a shiver of stone, or the
Flimflam.—Flam. The radical no like; findrast, to shiver, split to pieces.
tion is of something made to catch the —Aasen. G. ſlitter, ſlinder, a spangle,
eye with no substance beneath, mere glittering little plate of metal ; /littern,
show and glitter without solidity. G. to glitter, properly to quiver; whence (as
flimmen, to gleam ; flammern, ſºmmern, we speak of shivering a thing to pieces,
flimmern, to glitter, sparkle, shine with breaking it to shivers) the sense of
trembling light; gold-ſlimmer, tinsel. . A fragments. Compare Du, schiſtºren, to
flam is a story without foundation cooked glitter, with E. scatter; Fr. &clater, to
up to deceive or amuse, a falsehood. “A glitter, with éclats, fragments. And see
parcel of groundless flams.”—Warburton. Fitters.
Flimſlams, trifles. “Rewards too great To Fling. From the root flag or ſlog,
for your flimſlams.”—Swift. G. ſlimmer representing the sound of a blow, then
is in like manner applied to something applied to other kinds of sudden violent
worthless. “Was soll ich mit einem hoh action, on. ſleygia, to cast, to fling; Sw.
len flimmer thun ?'—Sanders. ſlenga med risom, to beat, with rods;
* Flimsy. A flimſlam is something jiàng, any violent action ; ſtánga aſ to
showy and unsubstantial, but more pro snatch away, to make off, fling out of the
bably the word may be formed by trans house; barken
rida i aſ
ſläng, to to
ridestrip
fullbark
speed;
flinga traden, off
position of the s and m from E. dial. 7:3-
zom, properly signifying a peeling or thin a tree; N. ſlengja, to tear to pieces, whence
skin, equivalent to Sw. dial. flasma, a Sw, flinga, a fragment, bit, flake. Lat.
scale or splinter, and, as a verb, to scale infligere, to strike on, com/ligere, to strike
off. In Da. dial. flims, fems, skin of together, belong to the same ºf .
boiled milk, flimse, small bits of skin in Flint. G. flins, flintenstein, flint ;
 FLIP FLOCK 267
fliese, ſinse, a flagstone; Oberſ). vlins, with a switch or the like, then rapid
flint, pebble.—Adelung. movement to and fro.
Flints may be considered as splinters To Flit. To remove from place to
or shivers of stones, from ON. ſlis, E. place.—B. Dan. ſºyffe, to remove. Swiss
fitter, ſlinder, a fragment. Da. ſºise, to ſlitschen, to switch, representing the sound
split; Sw. dial, ſlis, a splinter, fragment, made by a rod cutting through the air.
little bit; flis, ſlissten, a pebble. , Or Pl.D. ſlºgen, ſlitschen, to move rapidly.
possibly the name may be taken from Dao ſlitzt he hen, there he flies by.—
their having formerly been used as spear Danneil. Bav. fle/2em, to change one's
or arrow-heads. Fris. ſlen-stien, ſlan abode.
stien, flint, from ON. ſleinn, AS. flain, an In the same way without the l, Swiss
arrow, dart. ſitzen, to switch, ſitschen, to move about,
Flip.–Flippant. Flift, like ſlick, re to fidge.
presents a smart blow with something Flitch. Suffolk ſlick, the outer fat of
thin and flexible. Hence ſii//ant, nim the hog cured for bacon, while the rest
ble-tongued, jocund, brisk, airy.—B. It of the carcase is called the bones.—
now implies over-smartness, sauciness, Forby. Fr. ſliche, figue de lard, a flitch
as Pl.D. ſliigg, lively, spirited beyond of bacon. ON. ſlicki, a large lump of
what is becoming. — Danneil. F/A, flesh. Pl. D. ſlick, ſlicken, a piece, as of
nimble, flippant.—Hal. ON. ſleiðr, tat cloth or land. — Danneil. A ſlick or
tle ; ſeiðinn, flippant, pert, petulant ; ſ!each is also in the East of England a
JZeißti, precipitantia linguæ, readiness of portion of sawn plank or timber. Sw.
tongue; //apra, to speak inconsiderately; flicka, to split, to open ; ſlick! 6m, the
J7e/Aizen, precipitate, thoughtless. imperial double-headed eagle ; Dan.
lirt.— Flurt. 1. Used in the same ſiae/ºe, to split; /lack-sila, Pl.D. ſ.l.ić
sense as blurt to represent a pop with Aering, or ſº-hering, a split herring ;
the mouth, and thence a gesture of con gose-ſldé, or ſº-gos, half a dried goose.
tempt or mockery. It strombeffare, to So a ſlitch of bacon is half of the split
blurt with one's mouth ; strombezzare, to carcase with the limbs removed. See
hiº, or fºurt at in scorn and reproach. Flag.
* To Flite. As ſlitan, to scold, to
I am ashamed, I am scorned, I am fºurted. quarrel. OHG. ſligan, contendere, cer
B. & F. in R tare, intendere, operam dare, festinare,
conari ; flig (G. fleisz, Du. v/ie/, dili
2. It also represents the noise made gence), opera, nisus, studium, contentio,
by a jerk with a light implement. To dissensio. Fleig si thar des rehtes, stu
J/irt a fan, to open and shut it with a duit ibi justitiae. Feig in gegini, con
jerk. Fr. nasarde, a fillip, rap, or flirt tendebant in concursum.—Otfr. Der
on the nose.—Cot. The same meanings Ouiderſliez, the adversary, the devil.
are also combined in It. chicchera, a The word originates (as pointed out
flurt with one's finger, or a blurt with by Adelung) in the notion of fleetness or
one's mouth in scorn.—Fl. rapidity. ON. ſ.76tr, fleet, quick, ready,
To ſirt is figuratively applied to lively willing ; ///d/virkr, quick or diligent in
conversation between the sexes, and the action; flyta, to hurry on, to hasten.
term is used as a disparaging appellation To Flizz. To fly off; ſlizzing, a
of a young girl. In like manner Bav. splinter.—B. F/izzoms, flying particles,
Jätschen, to flap, flutter; ſlitschen, a or very small flakes in bottled liquors.-
young girl; w. /rif, a sudden start or Forby. N. flus, small fragments of very
jerk ; //ritten, a flighty female, a little thin things, as of dry leaves or skin,
girl. In Du. vlerken, to flutter, flap the chaff of corn, dust of tobacco; /lysſa, to
wings, the final t is exchanged for a A, peel.—Aasen. Sw. fisa, a shiver, scale,
and the same change is found pro fragment; smd://isa, a snow-flake; //isig,
vincially in E. To flirk, to jerk or flip scaly; ſlisa, Dan. ſlise, to splinter. Sw.
about.--Hal. We have ſick (G. ſickeri) dial. ſlas, thin skin, peeling, scurf; flasa,
and ſlick, ſiré and flirk, fisä and fisä, all to peel, to scale; flasma, a splinter; Da.
used very much in the same sense. So dial. ſlems, ſlims, skin of milk. ON. flasa
Swiss ſitschen, Bav. ſlitschen, to move to (pl. ſlosur), notch.
and fro; G. ſittich, and ſlittich, a wing. Float.—Flood. See Fleet.
To Flisk. To flick with a whip, to Flock.-Flocculent. Lat. floccus, It.
skip or bounce.—Hal. Fick, ſisº, jiick, focco, Fr. floc, a lock or flock of wool,
Jºsé, all represent the sound of a cut flake of snow, &c. The word is also
268 FLOG FLUE
common to all the Teutonic stock. Norse from the original form we have Rouchi
flokk, a heap, collection, family; floºſe, ſlayite, weak, and G. flock-seide. The
knot, bunch. —Aasen. The primitive two forms appear in close proximity in
meaning of the word seems to be a co the south of France. Limousin ſºa, fem.
herent mass. Gael. A/oc, strike, beat, Jºaquo, weak ; Languedoc ſlo, fem. Josso,
and as a substantive, any round mass, a soft, untwisted silk.
clod, club, head of a pin ; //uc, beat, -Flounce. The plaited hanging border
thump, and substantively a knot, lump, with which a gown is ornamented, origin
bunch. Russ. f*', a bunch, or tuft. ally a pleat or tuck, from Fr. froncis,
Bohem. A/uk, Pol. fºu/k, Russ. fo/A, a a plait, gather, wrinkle, Du. fromisse, a
regiment of soldiers. Lith. /u/kas, a wrinkle, by the very common change
flock, crowd, herd, usually of men or between // and fr. So It. fronda, Lan
animals. Russ. AE/ok', a bunch, tuft, flock. gued. J'onda, a sling ; G. ſecken, E.
Fr. ſole, fuſc, ſoulc, ſouc, a flock or herd. ſºcc//e, /rock, and flock, &c. See
When applied to a number of birds Frounce.
the word is confounded with AS. ſloc, a To Flounce. To jump in, or roll
flight. Perhaps, too, in a flock of snow about in the water, to be in a toss, or
it may be difficult to say whether the fume, with anger.—B. The essential
idea is taken from its light, flying nature, meaning is the same with that of the N.
or from cohering in a mass. Pl. D. ſlog flunsa, to do anything with noise and
aske, light ashes; flock-ſedern, down. bluster, like one dashing about in water.
To Flog. From the sound of a blow, Sw, dial. ſlunsa, to plunge in water, to
represented by the syllable flag, ſlaž, splash, to tramp through wet. Du.
Lat. flagrum, flageſ/u/n, a scourge ; in //onssen, to plunge, f/ansen, blansent, to
fligere, conſtigere, to strike one thing dash down water; ſteer flansen, to dash
against another. Bohem. ſlakatſ, to flog. down ; flansen, to do a thing in a hasty,
Pl.D. flogger, a flail. See Flack, Flag. careless way.—Weiland.
Flood. See Fleet. Flounder. A flat fish. ON. ſydra,
Flook. G. fluſhen, anker-fliegen, - Sw.ſlundra.
flunken, the flooks of an anchor; from To Flounder. A nasalised form of
M.H.G. vſuc, Bav. ſliig, Pl. D. ///n/e, a Du. ſodaſeren, to make a flapping or
wing. So Sw, ſlić, Dan. ſlig, a flap, lap fluttering motion, as loose garments ;
pet; anker-fig, the flook of an anchor. fodder-Kousse, one with loose trowsers;
The ultimate origin is the same in both then from the splashing sound applied to
cases, as the designation of the wing, as motion in water. Door tº water, door de
‘well as lappet, is taken from the idea of s/i/ ſlodderem, to struggle through wet
fluttering or flipping. Pl.D. flukáern, and dirt. Langued. ſoundiſha, to fling
flunkern, to flicker, sparkle. about the legs like an infant.
Floor. AS. flor, Du. vloere, floor; G. Flour.—Flower. The finest part of
fºur, a tract of flat country, floor. W. meal. Fr. fewr defarine, literally flower
//awr, the ground, the floor of a house or blossom of meal. The name of flowers
or barn. Aſeſ a //awr, heaven and earth. was given in chemistry to the fine mealy
I ſawr, down, downwards. Gael. Zār, matter which in sublimation is carried to
the ground, earth-floor, ground-floor ; the head of the still, and adheres in the
/drach, site, habitation, farm. Lat. War, a form of a fine powder.—B. In this sense
hearth, dwelling, home; Zares, the tutelar we speak of flowers of sulphur.
deities of a dwelling. To Flout. To jeer, properly to blurt,
Floral.—Florid.—Florist. Lat. ſlos, or make an offensive noise with the
floris, a flower. mouth. Du, ſity/e, popysmus ; //ity/en,
Floss-silk. It floscio, Venet. flosso, popysmo et vocis blandimento demulcere
Piedm. ſlos, faint, drooping, flaccid ; equum.—Kil. To furt or blurt with the
foscia-seta, floss-silk, sleeve or ravel silk. mouth are also used in the sense of jeer
Walach. fleciu, soft ; //escerifu, flaggy, ing. Da. dial. ſlous, gibe, sarcasm.
faded. Fr. ſlosche, flaggy, weak, soft, as To Flow. See Fleet.
a boneless lump of flesh. Bav. floss, Flower.—Flourish. Fr. fleur, Lat.
loose, not fast; /loss-stricken, to knit flos, floris, a flower, floreo, to bear flowers.
loose. Fluctuate. Lat. fluctus, a wave or
The origin of a root flak, signifying billow, fluo, fluctum, to flow as water does.
weak, limber, has been explained under -flu-.—Fluent.—Fluid. Lat. fluo, to
Flag. This is softened down in the Fr. flow.
flache, ſlasche, It. Joscio, flosso, while Flue. See Flew.
 FLUE FLY 269
Flue of a chimney. A small winding A person looks flushed when he has a
chimney of a furnace carried up into the flow of blood to the face, and figuratively
main chimney.—B. Now applied to the flushed with victory is animated by it,
chimney-shaft in general. Used by Phaer excited, as if by an increased flow of vital
for the winding hollow of a shell. fluids. A ſlush at cards, It ſlusso, Fr.
Him Tryton cumbrous bare, that galeon blew fºur, Du, ſluys, is a run or flow of cards
of the same suit.
with whelkèd shell,
Whose wrinkly wreathed ſlue did fearful shrill in 2. A number, as a flush of wild ducks.
seas outyell. Pl.D. flusch, a bunch of hair, wool, or the
Fluff.-Fluffy. FZuff, Da. fºug, ſtag, like.—Danneil.
down, flue, light dust, feathery particles 3. Immediate, instant.
that are borne about in the air. The Now the time is flush.--Timon of Athens.
radical sense seems to be to blow, ex Sw, ſºlºs, ſlur, quickly, anon ; Du. ft/s,
pressed by a slight modification of E. ſuff, presently, in a short time ; fluks, G. ſlugs,
to puff or blow, the addition or omission uickly, immediately, in an instant ; from
of a liquid in these imitative forms being }. flight.
very common, as in Da. ſnug, ſug, above 4. Flush in the sense of level, on a line
mentioned, or in AS. ſlugo/, a fugitive, a with, may probably be explained by Da.
bird, compared with ſigo/, ſtage/, a bird. flugt, flight, which is used to express an
To ſaff or ſuff, to blow in puffs.-Atkin unbroken line. “At opfäre en bygning i
son. Faffle, to flap gently as a sail or Zige ſlugt med andre huse:’ to raise a
garment stirred by a momentary breath building in the same line with or flush
of air; a wavering blowing of a light with the other houses. “Planke i ſlugf
wind.—Whitby Gloss. Sylvester uses med den Överste kantaf vaºggen :’ planks
flaff in the same sense : ‘a thousand on a level with the upper edge of the wall.
flaffing flags.’ See Flew. A vessel is flush fore and aft when the
Flume. A stream of water, now ap deck is level from stem to stern.
propriated to a stream carried in an arti Fluster. Closely allied with 6/usſer ;
ficial channel, a boarded aqueduct. ‘The hurried, bustling, or swaggering conduct.
ſlum Jordan.’—Wicliff. OFr. ſlum, ſlume, “The ſluster of the bottle, ‘the ſlustering
J'uns. – Roquef. “Le ſlum Jurdan.”— vain-glorious Greeks.” ON. ſlaus/r, pre
Livre des Rois. Prov, ſlum, Lat. flumen, cipitancy, over-haste. Walach. flusturd,
river, from fluere, to flow. to raise a wind, to do anything in a tur
Norse fºom, ſlaum, a flood, overflow of bulent manner, tumultuor, ventose ago ;
water from the melting of snows ; ſlauma, ſlus/trafu, ventosus, vanus, levis; windy,
to flow in abundance, overflow. Flom turbulent, boisterous.
saz, a water saw-mill; Dan. ſtom, a mo Flute. See Flageolet. A fluted co
rass, overflowed land. lumn is one channelled, as if with pipes.
Flummery. w. Z/ymry, an acid pre Mod.Gr. at Nöc, a flute, aikāki, a channel,
paration from the husks and fragments of canal, fluting of a column.
oats, from 1/ym, sharp. It is the same as To Flutter. Pl.D. fluttern, fludderm,
the Sc. sour sowens. G. flattern, to make a flapping, to flutter,
Flunkey. An opprobrious name for flicker; Du. fedderen, to flap the wings,
a livery-servant. Pl.D. flunkerm, to be fodderen, to flap, as loose clothes ;
gaudily dressed; Du. ftomA·eren, ſlinkeren, Walach. flufurd, to flutter, fly about ;
to glitter; G. flunke, a spark. futuru, a butterfly, a flake of snow.
Flush. I. To flush a water-course is A direct representation of a flapping
to send a sudden flow of water down it, noise.
from the sound of the rush of water, as Flux.—Fluxion. Lat. fluo, flu.rum,
flash, above cited in the same sense. E. and fluctum, to flow.
dial. ſlosh-hole, the hole that receives the Fly. As ſleoga, ON. ſliga, Du. vlieghe,
waste water from a mill; to floss, to spill, a flying insect. "
to splash. Sc. //usch, a run of water, the * To Fly. G. fliegen, Du. vliegen, ON.
overflowing of a stream, abundance ; fiuga, AS. ſteagan, Dan. Jºyve, to fly.
flouss, a flood, a stream.—Jam. Du. The immediate origin seems ON. ſlug, AS.
fºrtysen, Dan. dial. ſºuse, to flow with vio floc, Du. v/euge, vloge, flight, the act of
lence, to rush ; ad ſluse ud semi wandet aſ flying, the most natural expression of
en Jiddgyde, to gush out as water from a which might be taken from regarding the
flood-gate. N. ſust, abundantly; flus, flying object as blown along through the
liberal, open-handed, as we speak of being air. We should thus connect the root
flush of money. flug and the parallel form fig (shown in
27o FOAL FOIL

As. fugel, G. vogel, a fowl, and in Lat. under exaction.—Chron. A.D. 1194. “Qui
fugio, to fly), with forms like Lat, ſo, to dam de Francis discurrebant emolumen
blow, Bav. flaen, flawen, to move to and tis victualium intendentes quod vulgariter
fro in water, ſlae/n, ſla/ie/n, to float in air, ſorrare dicitur.”—Matth. Paris, A.D. 1242,
to blow, E. ſuff, down, light dust floating in Duc. Fr. ſourrager, to fodder, also to
in the air, ſuff, to blow, to puff. forrage, prey, forray, ransack, ravage.—
Foal.—Filly. Goth. /u/a, G. ſohlen, Cot. “Nobis,’ says Frederic I., A. D.
fillen, It. pulcdro, Gr. Tºxoc, w, ebo/, a 1183, ‘intrantibus in Lombardiam ſo
young horse. The diminutive form in drum consuetum et regale—praestabunt.”
Bav. fiſchen, Da. dial. ſy//fe, E. /ī//y, dis —Muratori, Diss. 19.
tinguishes the female. Puledra, /u/ih/a. Foe. AS. ſah, /ö, enemy. ON. ſaf, to
—Gloss. in Schmeller. hate. See Fiend.
Foam. As ſtim, G. ſalem. Perhaps a Fog. I. Dan. sne-fog, a snow-storm ;
parallel form with G. ſlaum, signifying ſige, to drive with the wind; Dan. dial.
what is light enough to float on wind or ſtage, to rain fine and blow. ON. /o/,
water; ſlaum-ſeder, down ; Bav. A//aum, snow-storm, flight of things driven by the
down, loose foam, as of beer; Pl. D. ſlowl, wind ; /o/-sandr, drift sand ; at Jiuka,
fat that rises to the surface in boiling ſy/, /o/−ia, to drive with the wind. Pro
meat. Comp. AS. ſlugol and ſugo/, fowl; bably an Z has been lost; Pl.D. flok, flag,
G. ſittich and ſizzich, wing ; E. //uffy and light things that rise and fly in the air;
ſuffy, light, downy. Whitby ſlumpy, Da. Jºog-aske, light flying ashes; flock-federſt,
dial. ſom/eſ, fat and short. See Flew. down. Sw. dial. ſayka, to fly about as
On the other hand ſoam is regarded dust, to smoke, snow fine; ſnyk, dust.
as the equivalent of Sanscr. A/iena, Pol. Dan. (...ſº
flock, flue; Lith. Aukas,
fiana, Boh. Aéna, foam. a flock as of ashes, or snow; pukai (pl.),
Fob. Pruss. ſuffe, a pocket. down-hair, down.
To Fob. To ſoff off, to delude with a Fog. 2.—Feg. Grass not eaten down
trick. To bob or pop were used in the in the summer, that grows in tufts over
Sºlline Scil Se. the winter. Fogagium, winter pasture in
the forests. In Cleveland a distinction is
And do you pop me off with this slight answer?
Noble Gentleman, 1. 1. made between fog, aftermath, and fºg, a
Disgrace me on the open stage, and hoë me off dead grass stem, anything without worth
with ne'er a penny ?–O. Play in Nares. or value.—Atkinson.
The fundamental sense is a smart, rapid The thick and well grown fºg doth mat my
smoother shades.—Drayton.
movement. N. ſubba, to move to and
fro. G. Joffen, to banter, jeer, or play Swiss ſaisch, thick, tangled grass, such as
is found here and there in the mountains
upon one. In the same way bob was
used in the sense of a taunt or scoff. and higher pastures ; /öſsch, a mountain
pasture mowed only every second year,
He, that a fool doth very wisely hit, reedy grass remaining uneaten by the
Doth very foolishly (although he smart)
Not to seem senseless of the bob. cattle and then gathered.
To Fog. To make shift; to resort to
As You Like It.
You should not make a laughing-stock, good mean expedients.
brother, Wert not for us thou swad, quoth he,
Of one that wrongs you not ; I do profess I Where wouldst thouſag to get a fee.
won't be ſubčed.—The Ordinary, iv. 4. Dryden in Nares.
See Fop. To fudge, to contrive to do.—Hal. G.
Fodder. — Forage. — Forray. As. Jug, convenience, opportunity. But see
foder, Du. voeder, voeyer, G. ſutter, Swiss Pettifogger.
ſur, fuhr, victuals, food. The Mid. Lat. Foible. Fr. foible, faible, weak. See
Joderum, fodrum, was especially applied Feeble.
to the demand of provisions for man and Foil. 1. The blunted weapon used in
horse made under cover of prerogative fencing, or learning the sword exercise.
or seignorial rights, or by an army in an The Fr. equivalent floret is explained by
enemy's country. Hence ſoderare, for Cot, a sword with the edge rebated, where
rare, OFr. fourrer, aller en ſuerre, or the term rebated answers to Fr. reſouſe,
ent ſourrage, to exact ſoder-age, to forage, dulled, blunted, the origin of E. ſoil.
or ſorray. “Nec mansiones eorum hos 2. A piece of gold or silver leaf set be
pitari vel invaderevel ſoderare praesumat.’ hind a transparent gem in jewelry to give
-Bulla A.D. Io96. “Campaniam ap it colour or lustre, then figuratively some
plicavit et eam totam foderavit,” laid it thing used for the purpose of showing

--
 FOIL FOOD 271

advantageously another object. Fr. feu fold, a ply; filltich, multiply. w. fill, a
ille, Lat. folia, leaf. twist, a turn, ſiſ/iad, a writhing, wreath
To Foil. Fr. fouler, to trample on, ing, or turning about.
weigh down, oppress, foil, overcharge.— 2. A place to confine sheep, or other
Cot. Fouler un cheval, to overtoil a animals. AS. ſala, Gael. ſil, a penfold,
horse, to knock him up. Aeſoiº/er, to circle, wall, hedge. W. ffa/d, a sheep
dull, blunt, foil, tire with overlabouring; cote, fold, pound for cattle.
affoler, to foil, bruise or hurt sore with Foliage. Fr. feuillage, from Lat.
wounds, to spoil, ruin, undo.—Cot. It. folium, Gr. ºov, a leaf.
follata, Fr. ſoulé, the foiling or slot of a Folio. A book is said to be in folio,
deer, the mark of his footsteps. To tread in the sheet, when a sheet makes but
underfoot is taken as a type of the most two leaves without further folding ; in
complete overthrow and defeat. Quarto, with an additional folding, which
To Foin. To make a pass or thrust at divides the sheet into four.
one in fencing.—B. The terms of fencing Folk. AS. fo/c, Lat. vulgus, people ;
being taken mainly from the Fr., to ſoin ON. ſy/ki, or ſulki, a troop, a district ;
is probably from OFr. Joindre, ſoigner, ſy/ºir, king. At ſy/#ia lidi, to arrange
to feign, or make a feint, i.e. a movement one's men in troops. Pol. Aulæ, a regi
with the sword intended to deceive the ment of soldiers. Aſe/ido /o/c, turba vi
opponent's eye in preparation for a thrust; rorum.—Heliand. See Flock.
whence the expression would easily be To Follow. G. ſo/gen, ON. ſy/gia, As.
averted to the thrust itself. ſy/gean, fogian.
Foison. The natural juice or moisture Folly. See Fool.
of the grass or herbs, the heart, and To Foment. To cherish by warm ap
strength of it.—B. “There is no ſoison plications, metaphorically, to abet. Lat.
in this hay.”—Forby. Fissen-less, without fomentum, for ſovimien/um, a warm ap
strength or virtue. The proper meaning plication, from ſoveo, to warm, to cherish.
is abundance, Fr. foison, OFr. fuson, Fond.—Fon. Foolish, then foolishly
from Lat. fusio, pouring out. Senes sanc attached to one ; a very common se
quence of ideas. So we speak of doting
fusion, without effusion of blood. “Estoit On One.
deja si foible pour la foison du sang qu'il
avoit perdu.”—Roman de Garin in Rayn. When age approcheth on,
Pain e chare bon peisson And lust is laid, and all the fire is queint,
Leur mit el neſ à grant fuson.—Haveloc, ib. As freshly then thou shalt begin to ſonne
And dote in love.—Chaucer in R.
To Foist. To intrude, or put in fal
laciously, to introduce surreptitiously.— Fr. sof, fol, foolish; átre assoſé, affolé de,
R. To foist, feist, ſizzle, are all originally aimer passionnement, jusqu'a la folie
to break wind in a noiseless manner, and (Patois de Flandre Franç.), to be passion
thus to foist is to introduce something ately fond of. Bohem. blazen, a fool,
the obnoxious effects of which are only madman, blazinti sie, to become mad, to
learned by disagreeable experience. be violently in love with. Malay gi/i,
Come foolish, mad, foolishly fond.—Marsden.
Put not your foists upon me, I shall scent them. Yorkshire fond, simple, foolish, doting ;
B. Jonson in R. fondly, Sw. dial. fante, a simpleton. ON.
G. fist, a foist, fist, fizzle.—Küttn. Du. Júni, Sw.fine, a fool. Gael. ſaoin, vain,
veest, vijst, flatus ventris.-Kil. Fr. foolish, idle, empty; facin-cheann, an
z'esse, afyste.—Cot. The origin is plainly empty head ; Lat. vanus, empty.
an imitation of the noise. ON. ſysa, to Font. Lat. ſons, fontis, a well, spring
blow, to breathe, also to break wind. of water, applied in English to the well
Gr. ºvačw, to blow. of baptism, the vessel which contains the
Foisty, ſusty, frowsty, frozuzy, having water of baptism.
a close, disagreeable smell. Pl. D. ſis/rig, Food. — Feed. — Foster. AS. ſoda,
ill-smelling, as a peasant's room.—Dan ſode, food, nourishment. Du. voeden, to
neil. Wall. s'eſister, s'empuanter. See feed, to bring up ; Goth. ſodjan, to nour
Fusty. ish, to bring up ; OSax. ſodjan, ON., Sw.
Fold. I. A plait in a garment. Goth. fada, Dan. ſode, to feed, and also to bear,
faltham, G. ſalten, AS. ſealdan, Du, wouden, or give birth to. Dan. ſodsel, birth, de
to lay together, to fold. In composition, livery. Du. voedsel, food, nutriment.
Goth. ain-ſa/ths, managº/alths, one-fold, The ideas of giving birth to, and feed
manifold. Gael. ſill, fold ; ſil/ead/h, a ing, or bringing up, are connected in
folding, wrapping, plaiting ; ſil/t, ſil/te, a other cases, as Gal. d.latch bring forth,
272 FOOL FOR

nourish ; Sw. ala, to give birth to, to ness of the ſo//ery [of the pretended
educate, to feed, and Lat. alere, to fairies].”—Merry Wives, v. 5. Du. Jemand
nourish. -

voor de ſof houden, to make a fool of one;

The Du. voed'sfer, a nurse, voed'sferen, fo//en, to deride, to mock. It. ſia//e,
to bring up, voed'sſerkind, a child in Jia/parie, a flap with a foxtail, flappings,
trusted to one to bring up, show the fopperies, an idle babbling, vain dis
formation of AS. foster, food, Sw, foster, course ; ſic//afore, a flapper, fopper.—Fl.
birth, progeny, Jos/ra, to bring up, ſostri, For. — Fore. — Former.—Foremost.
a foster-child. In the same way Sw. Goth. /ai/r, faitra, ON. ſyrir, before, fore,
a/sfer, progeny, from aſa, to beget. for ; G. vor, fore ; ſièr, for. The radical
Fool. Fr. Joſ, foolish, idle, vain. W. meaning in both cases is in front of.
./o/, foolish. Bret., O Cat. fo//, mad. When we speak of one event as before
The fundamental meaning seems to be a or after another, our own progress in time
failure to attain the end proposed, a wan is transferred to the events of the world,
dering from the straight path. It would which are typified as a succession of ani
thus be connected with the root of E. ſail, mated beings moving on in the opposite
and Lat, ſa//ere, to deceive. direction, and taking place in time at the
The Old Psalter of Corbie quoted by moment when they are brought face to
Raynouard has face with the witness. Thus the event of
Foleai si com oeille que perit. the present moment is before or in front
Arravi sicut ovis quae perit.—Ps. 118. of the train of futurity, and those which
Detes commandemens me folia; have already passed by the instant of
De mandatis tuis won erravi.-Ibid.
actual experience, are in front of the pre
Fo/ier en droit, en fait, to err in law, or sent event, by which they are succeeded.
in fact.—Roquef. It is probably the true The events then which have passed into
equivalent of the Goth. d’va/s, out of his the region of memory, although in refer
senses, where we see the same connection ence to our own progress in life con
with the notion of straying or wandering, sidered as left behind us, yet in the order
and also that of deceiving or causing to of their own succession are more to the
miss. AS. dwala, dwo/a, error ; dwelian, front than the present, and are therefore
dwo/ian, Du. do/en, Pl. D. diva/en, to spoken of as belonging to ſor-mer or more
stray (identical with ſoſier of the Fr. fore times.
psalter above quoted), to wander, either In expressing the relation of cause or
in a literal or metaphorical sense, to err rational inducement, the cause or reason
in judgment, to be out of his senses; is considered as standing in front of the
Du. dºtſ, do/, out of his mind, mad : E. effect, or the consequence for which it
dial. du//, foolish. Du. dwaa/en, doo/en, is made to account. Lat. Ara, before,
to stray, wander; dºwaalende, or doo/ende also in comparison with, by reason of, on
7-idder, a knight-errant; dºwaa/-/ic/i/, account of.
ignis fatuus, ignis erraticus, Fr. /ei/-/o//eſ, For in composition answers to G. ver,
a wandering light, or perhaps an inef Goth. fair, Fr. for, and has the meaning
fectual light. Du. do//e-Čezien, a name of G. ſort, Dam. Öort, forth, away, Lat.
given to different kinds of berries danger fori's, without, Fr. fors, out, without.
ous or unfit for eating.—Marin. Do//e- Thus to forbid is to bid a thing away; to
Æerveſ, hemlock, ſoo/s-Aars/cy, properly forgeſ, to away-get, to lose from memory;
foo/-/ars/ey, parsley which errs from its to ſongo, to go without ; to for ſend, to
proper destination, which does not fulfil ward off. In Fr. we have forbazimir, to
its apparent purpose, looking like a whole drive forth, ſorchasser, to shoot away,
some herb but really poisonous. So Fr. forcſorre, to shut out, to forclose, ſorjeter,
avoine /o//e, wild or barren oats. to jut out, and in a figurative sense for
The same equivalence of an initial dºw conſe, a misreckoning, ſor/ai/, a misdeed,
and / is seen in Du. d'weil or ſºil, a mop foryuger, to judge wrongfully, or amiss,
or clout, and possibly in Du. dwarf, as well as to deprive by judgment; ſoy
and E. /o/, fool, and Sc. dweble, limber, jurer, to renounce, abjure, while in E.
weak, and E. feeble. forswear, to swear wrongfully, the particle
Foot. Du. voet, G. fuss, Gr. troëc, Troööc, has the same force as in Fr. Joryuger,
Lat. Aes, fedis. Jorharder, to speak ill.
Fop. A fantastical fellow, one over In other instances the prefix for in the
nice and affected in dress, speech, and sense of out or 1/fter/y implies that the
behaviour.—B. A ſof, or fool; /o//ery, action has been carried to its utmost
foolery (Minsheu), trickery. “The gross limits, that it is completely expended, and
 FORAGE FORGE 273
has finished its work. Forwearied is to ford. Bohem. bredu, brysſi, to be wet,
wearied out ; forswunk and forswat is to ford ; brod, a swim, a ford ; broaditi, to
worn out with labour and sweat. swim or water horses, sheep, &c.; bro
Forage. See Fodder. aft/se, to paddle in the water. Lith. bry
Force. It ſorca, Mid. Lat. forcia, for dis, a wading in the water ; bradº, water
fortia, from ſortis, strong.—Diez. Fr. or mud through which one must wade in
force, strength, virtue, efficacy, also store, the road; &rasta, a ford. Russ. brui-gat’,
plenty, abundance.—Cot. Hence may be bruizzlieſ', to splash.
understood an expression formerly com Foreign. It forense, forene, forese,
mon both in Fr. and E. Je ne fais point foresano, Fr. Jorain, outlandish, belong
force de cela, I force not of that thing, ing to what is without ; Lat. Joras, ſoris,
I care not of it, I set no store by it, do without, out of doors, abroad ; It ſºora,
not regard it as of consequence. ſtore, ſuori, forth, without, out of, except;
To Force. To clip or shear. Forcyn, Fr. hors, O Fr. /ors, out, without, except.
or clyppyn, tondeo.—Pr. Pm. To ſorce Walach. /ără, ſīrā, without, besides, ex
wool, to cut off the upper or most hairy cept. See For (in composition).
part of it.—B. Fr. ſorcer de Za Zairie, to Forensic. Lat. forensis, from forum,
pick or tease wool. Forces, a pair of a civil court.
shears; forcette, a cizar, or small pair of Forest. It foresta, Fr. ſoré, properly
shears.-Cot. The Fr. ſourches, /orches, a wilderness, or uncultivated tract of
forces, were applied to different kinds of country, but as such were commonly
Jorked structures, as a gallows, a pair of overgrown with trees the word took the
shears. meaning of a large wood. We have many
As forces fit pendre le cors forests in England without a stick of tim
Près de la ville par defors. ber upon them. Probably identical with
Forche, ciseaux, tenailles, pincettes.—Roquefort.
W. gores, gorest, waste ground, waste,
For the same reason we call shears the
open ; goresta, to lie open, lie waste,
tall gallows used for masting ships. There whence E. gorse, gorst, furze, the growth
can be no doubt that the first syllable in of waste land.
Lat. Jozſer, force/s, cizars, pincers, has To Forestall. To monopolise, to buy
the same origin. goods before they are brought to sta//, or
* Forcemeat. As forcemeat is com
the place where they are to be sold at
monly used as synonymous with stuffing, market.
it was natural to explain it from Fr. ſar Forfeit. Fr. forfait, a crime, mis
cir, Lim. forci, to stuff. The two, how deed, from ſor/cire, to misdo, transgress.
ever, are clearly distinguished in the
Liber Cure Cocorum, where the equivalent My heart nor I have doen you no fºrfeit,
By which you should complain in any kind.
of Fr. ſarcir is constantly written ſarse, Chaucer in R.
while ſors is often used in the sense of
spice or season. Oro omnes quibus aliquid ſorºſºci ut
Take mylke of almondes— mihi per suam gratiam indulgeant.—
Fors it with cloves or good gyngere.—p. 8. Pontanus in Duc. The expression for a
But tho white [pesel with powder of pepper tho crime or misdeed was then transferred
Moun be ſoryd, with ale thereto.—p. 46. to the consequences or punishment of
Powder thou take
the crime. Forsſºciºus servits, in the
Of gynger, of kanel, that gode is, tho
laws of Athelstan, is one who has mis
Enſors it wele.—p. 38.
‘done himself a slave, one who for his
Forcemeat, then, is spiced, highly-sea misdeeds is made a slave. Porſaire ses
soned meat.
/ieri/ages ; /orſaire corps et avoir, to
Forcer.—Forcet. OFr. forcier, It. misdo away his heritage, his body, and
forciere, Mid. Lat. forsarius, a strong box, goods, i. e. to lose them by his misdeed.
safe, coffer. — Duc. Forfaicture, a transgression,
Fortune by strengthe the forcer hath unshete, also a forfeiture or confiscation.—Cot.
Wherein was sperde all my worldly richesse. To Forfend. To fend off, ward off.
Chaucer.
See For.
Force/et, strong place, fortalicium.—Pr. Forge. The Lat. ſaber, a smith, by
Prm. the change of b through v into tº, gave
Ford. A shallow place in a river. rise to OFr. ſaur, Walach. ſauru, a
Quite distinct from w.ſjorda, a way, and smith. In the latter language we have
from the root ſare, to go. G. ſurf, ON. also ſaurie, a smith's shop, ſauri, to
droſ, Pol. Öröd, a ford ; ºrnad, to wade, forge, the i of which seems in the West
18
274 FORGE FOUL

ern dialects to have passed into a 7, pro ſors, foss, a waterfall, the spray or dash
ducing It. forgia, Fr. forge. Swiss Rom. ing of broken water. Dae sto Jossen fyre
favro, ſavre, a smith, blacksmith, car baat’a, the waves broke over the boat ;
penter; /average, ſouerage, Jord'se, a fossa, /orsa, to break as water, dash in
forge. spray ; /rosa, Sw, frusa, to gush.-Aasen.
To Forge on. In nautical language W. ffrwd, a torrent ; //rºydio, to flow, to
is for a ship to make its way slowly and gush. See Froth.
laboriously on, as it were by successive Fort. — Fortalice. — Fortress. A
shoves. Swiss, Bav. /u/schen, to slide, strong place; Fr. ſort, Lat. ſortis, strong.
to shove on, as children on their rumps. Forth. — Further. As forth, Du.
—Schmeller. See Fidget. To ſºdge, to voord, M.H.G. worf, G. ſort, forth, onward,
poke with a stick, to walk slowly, though forward. Forth nih/cs, far on in the
with considerable exertion (to move by night. The comparative is Du. voorder,
successive slips).-Crav. Gl. G. vorder, further, more onward. No
Fork. Lat. fºrca, w, ſorch, AS. forc, doubt a development of Du. voor, E. fore,
ON. ſorár, Fr. ſourche. W. fforcſ-droed, for, Lat. fro.
a cloven foot. The original meaning of Fortune. Lat. fortuna, from fors,
fork seems a pointed instrument for chance, luck.
thrusting with. It, frugare, to poke. Fosse.—Fossil. Lat. Jodio, fossum,
See Fruggin. to dig, dig out.
Forlorn. G. 7crloren, lost, from zer Fosset. See Faucet.
/ieren, Du. verſiesen, to lose. AS. ſor Foster. See Fodder.
/eosan and ſor/eoran. Fother. Properly a carriage load, but
Form. I. Fr. forme, a form, or ſashion, now only used for a certain weight of lead.
also a long bench or form to sit on, also With him there was a plowman was his brother,
a hare's form.—Cot. The latter is pro That had ylaid of dong full many a ſofher.
bably so called from the hare leaving a Chaucer.
form or mould of herself in the long grass Pl.D. ſoder, ſoor, Du. voeder, voever,
where she lies. woer, G. ſader, ſuhr, a waggon-load ;
2. The name of forma was also given whence respectively foren, voeven, ſit/ren,
to the seat of the choristers in a cathedral to drive, convey, carry.
and the desk in front of them. Æormula, The root is largely developed in the
a stool to kneel on.—Duc. There can be Slavonic languages. Lith. wea'it, wes/i,
no doubt that this is essentially the same to lead ; wadas, a guide ; wezil, wesz/f,
application with the name of the classes to carry in a waggon, szente wezimas, a
at our public schools, first form, sixth load of hay. Esthon. weddama, to lead,
form, &c., but whether the class is called to draw ; weddo-hăng, a draught-ox.
form from sitting on the same bench, or Fin. wedan, weſúd, to draw. Bohem.
whether the bench is so designated from wedu, west, to lead, to bring ; wod, a
being occupied by a single class, may be guide ; wezu, wecſi, to carry. Serv.
a question. It seems certain that forma wodiſi, to lead, wozali, to carry, wojenye,
was used for class or order in the lower woganye, carriage.
Latin. “Supernumerarii sacri ministerii Foul. —-Filth. —Defile. Goth. ft/s,
primae vel secundae forma,’ of the first or ON. ſºl/, stinking, corrupt. This is the
second order.—Cod. Theodos. de Castren primary meaning of the word, which is
sianis in Duc. then applied to what is dirty, turbid, phy
Formidable. Lat. formido, dread. sically or morally disgusting, ugly, unfair.
Fornication. Lat. fornicatio, from We speak of ſoilſ, as opposed to clear
fornia, a vault, a word accommodated to weather; of a ship running ſoft/ of an
the sense of brothel or stews. other, as opposed to keeping clear of it.
To Forsake. Properly to put away Dan. at rage tº/ar (unclear) med et Skib,
the subject of dispute, to renounce or to run foul of a ship. The ON. ſitſ/ was
deny, then simply to desert. OE. sake, applied to one who had not come clear
dispute, strife. —Layamon. AS. sacan, from the ordeal by fire. The Du. vuiſ,
sacian, to contend, strive; withersaca, an and G. ſauſ, have acquired the sense of
opponent. lazy, slothful.
And if a man me it axe, It is seen, under Faugh, that the interj.
Six sithes or seven, representing rejection of an offensive
I forsake it with othes.—P. P. smell takes the form of /u/ or ſº Z From
Forse. In the N. of England, a water the former of these arise Sanscr. fºy, to
fall; Stockgill-forse, Airey-ſorse. Norse stink, to rot; Lat. Auteo, to be foul, to
 FOU MART FRAME 275

stink; prefer, rotten, stinking, and so and fell down a vast depth.”—Aubrey's
from the form fu / are Gael. ſuaſh (pro Wilts in Hal. Seſondre d'enhauſ, to fall
nounced ſua), Manx ſºoh, disgust, abhor down plump.–Cot. From this source
rence, hatred ; ſuaſhai/, /t/a//hachai/, we must probably, with Jamieson, explain
loathsome, hateful, Manx ſco/oi/, filthy, his ſounder, to fell, strike down, give such
foul; ON. fºi, putridity; /l/inſt, ſit/ſ, a blow as to stupefy one, and also the
stinking ; ſy/a, stink, and, as a verb, to sense of stumbling, falling, or sinking
putreſy; AS. ft/an, beſizſan, bºſylan, to down. To ſounder as a horse, trebucher.
rot ; Du. vuiſen, to dirty, to putrefy. —Palsgr. in Way. The horse of Arcite,
* Foumart. Variously spelt ſoulmart, being frightened by a prodigy—
folmert, fulmarde, fulmer.—Hal. G. stiné began to turn
marder, a polecat, from the foul smell of And lepe aside and ſounderid as he lepe,
the animal. Fr. marte, martin, an ani And ere that Arcite may takin kepe
imal of the weasel kind. See Polecat. He pight him on the pomell of his hede
To Found. -found. —Eund. Lat. That in the place he lay as he were dede.
fundiºs, ground, bottom ; fundare, to lay In Douglas' Virgil, Priam is said to
the groundwork, to found. Profundus, ſounder, or slip down, in the new-spilt
having the bottom far onwards, deep, blood of his son.
profound. From land being the ultimate Founder.—Foundry. A brass-found.
source of all wealth, fund is used to sig er is one who melts and casts brass, from
nify a permanent source of income. Lat. fundere, to pour, Fr. fondre, to melt,
-found.—Confound. See -fuse. or cast in moulds.
Founder.—Founderous. The mean Foundling. An infant ſound deserted.
ings of E. ſounder are derived from two So Zanzing from Čand, darſing from dear.
sources which it is sometimes impossible Fountain. Fr. ſon/aine, Lat. ſons,
to distinguish, although for the most part ſonſis, a spring of water.
the senses can be referred with confidence Four. As, ſcother, ſcower, Goth. ſid
to their proper origin. vor, W. fedºvar, Gr. trārtopsc, Triavpsc, réo
1. From Lat. ſundus, Fr. fond, the oapsc, Walach. /afrit, Lat. /i/a/itor, Lith.
ground or bottom, aſondrer, to sink as a Æe/uri, Sanscr. chał war, Ir, ceaſhair.
ship, to founder, or go to the bottom. Fowl. Goth.ſa.g/s, G. vogc/, AS. ſagol,
Moult véissiez harnas floter ſºugo/, a bird, from ſlug, flight, by the loss
Hommes noier et afondrer.—R. R. of the Z, as in modern times, ſug'eman
From It...ſondo, the bottom of a cask, from G. /'lige/-mann, from /*ge/, a wing.
are sſondare, sfondo/are, to break out the The same degradation seems to have
bottom of a cask, and met. to ruin or taken place in Lat. ſiegere, to fly. Com
render useless ; s/ondo/are, sfondrare, to pare AS. //ugo/, a fugitive.
founder as a horse.-Fl. When applied Fox. Goth. /a://io, G. ſachs.
to a road sſondafo is what is called in Fracas. Fr. fracas, wracks, destruc
English indictments a ſounderous road, tion, havoc, hurlyburly.—Cot. It. /*a-
a hollow, broken way wherein a man casso, fracasso, any manner of rumbling
sinks, a bottom-broken way. Enſondrer or ruinous noise, as the falling of houses,
wn chemin, to wear or make great holes trees, walls, or thunderclaps, wrack,
in a way, to make a deep way ; chemin havoc; hurlyburly, breaking in pieces,
effondré, a way full of holes or miry trampling underfoot.— Fl. An onoma
sloughs; enſondrer un harnois, to make topoeia analogous to Fr. Aaſatra, or fa
a great dint in an armour.—Cot. It. fatras, representing the clatter of falling
sfondare una forta, to break open a door; things.-Trevoux.
—uno squadrone, to rout or break through Fraction. — Fragile. — Fragment.
a squadron.—Altieri. Hence we may Lat. frango, fractiºn, to break. From a
explain a passage misunderstood by representation of the noise of breaking
Ellice and Jamieson. by the syllable frac as in It. Jºacasso.
He foundered the Saracens o' twaine See Fracas.
And fought as a dragon.—R. Brunne. Frail. Fr. fréſe, from ſºagile, Lat.
The other Fr. verb which we have bor fragi/is, easily broken.
rowed, under the shape of ſounder, is Frail. OFr. frayel, ſºdau, a mat
Jondre, to melt, (and hence) to sink, fall, basket. “Fyggys, raysins in /rayeſ.”—
or go down ; se ſondre, to sink down on a Coeur de Lion in Way.
sudden.—Cot. Za terre ſondit sous Zui, * Frame.--To Frame. To frame is
gave way under him. —Trevoux. “In to dispose, adapt, construct, compose,
Cheshire a quantity of earth ſoundered contrive.
18 °
276 FRAN CHISE FRECKLE
I have been a truant to the law ;
I never yet could frame my will to it,
the year 799 ingenuus, nobilis, and francus
And therefore /rame the law unto my will.
are synonymous.-Duc.
Hen VI. It seems however more probable that
the name of the Franks should have
To frame a story is to arrange it for a been taken from the idea of freedom
certain purpose. Hence frame, disposi rather than vice versä, and the original
tion, structure, construction, fabric. The sense of the word is probably shown in
frame of mind is the disposition of the Bret, frank, spacious, wide. A person in
mind ; out of frame, out of ajustment, freedom is said in Fr. to be au Marge.
out of joints; a frame of timber, a con Bret. /*ankaaſ, to enlarge, make or be
struction of timber (for an ulterior pur come wider, free from, deliver.
pose). We are, I believe, led on a wrong Frantic.–Frenzy. Fr. frénétique,
scent by the ON. frama, ſºemſa (from Jºsie, Lat. Aſ reneficits, from Gr. ºpini
fram, forth, forwards), to promote, ad ric, disorder of the ſºphy) mind.
vance, execute, fulfil, accomplish ; AS. Franzy. — Frangy. —Erany. Com
fremſſtan, gº/remºnian, OHG. gº/revijazi, monly applied to children, peevish, fret
to perform. Haeſa ge/remnan, to do ful. Fris. wrante, to complain as young
cures.—Luc. xiii. 32. He/ſhe ge/remºtan, children, to be peevish ; wrannig, ill
to give help; man ge/remºnian, to work tempered, peevish.-Outzen.
wickedness. The true relations of our Fraternal. Lat. frater, a brother.
word lie in a different quarter. It can Fraud. Lat. /rails, frauds.
hardly be doubted that G. ra/ime, ra/- Fray. See Affray.
men, Du. raem, raam, Da. ramme, frame, To Fray. Fr. /rayer, to rub, or fret
as of a picture, window, looking-glass, by often rubbing, to wear, make smooth
the solid structure by which these ob by much using.—Cot. The deer frays
jects are held together, are the true cor its head, rubs its horns against a tree.
relatives of the E. word, as well as of It...ſºgare, Lat. fricare, to rub.
Bret. framm, timber framework of a Freak. A sudden wanton whim or
house, joint, joining. Framma, to ad caprice, a flighty humour, or fancy.—R.
just, unite, solder, join. O but I fear the fickle freaks, quoth she,
The origin may be traced to ON. Of Fortune false.—F. Q.
Arammr, the paw or clutch of a beast, A reak, like caprice, expresses an act with
the initial / of which corresponds to the
out apparent motive, and is therefore re
fof frame and is wholly lost in Sw. ram, ferred to a violent internal desire. It.
paw, clutch, frame, as in ON. ſhrim, Da. frºga, a longing desire, or itching lust—
riim, compared with Fr. /rimas, or in Fl.; /*go/a, longing, fancy, humour,
OHG. riffan, riffan, compared with Fr.
friðer, to wear. Hence ON. hremma, d’andare itching desire. ‘Gli venne la frego/a
Sw. ramia, to clutch, to seize ; ram, alla campagna :’ the freak took
seizure (Rietz), opportunity. Se siłł ram, him to go to the country.—Altieri.
The origin is the verb frºgare, to rub,
to see his opportunity ; /assa ram, to
to move lightly to and fro, expressing the
watch his opportunity [of seizure]; rama, restless condition of one under the in
to scheme, to devise (Ihre); berama d'ag, fluence of strong desire, as in Fr. /reſiſ/er,
Du. dag raamen, to appoint a day (Hol to wag, stir often, to wriggle, tickle, itch
trop); ramen, to aim, hit, plan; beramien, to be at it. —Cot.
to concert, contrive, dispose.—Bomhoff. 2. Another sense of freak is seen in
Raemen (passen), to adjust, to fit, con Milton’s ‘Pansy freaked with jet, i. e.
venire, quadrare. — Kil. A’aement nae streaked. This also is from It. /regare,
jemands dood, machinari mortem, to to streak, /*ego, a dash, stroke, touch,
frame his death. G. rahment, Du. raam,
E. frame is a structure adapted for a par line.—Alt. Fr. fric/rac expresses the
sound made by strokes to and fro with a
ticular purpose, as for stretching cloth, switch. See Firk.
for holding embroidery, a picture, &c. 3. A third sense of freak was a man.
Franchise.—Frank. Fr. franc, free,
liberal, courteous, valiant, sincere.—Cot. By Chryst quod Favell Drede is soleyne freke.
Skelton in R.
Supposed to be taken from the name of
the Franks, the conquerors of Gaul, the In this sense the word is a modification
only free men remaining when the former of ON. recár, OHG. recke, OE. renº, rink,
inhabitants were reduced to a servile ON. dren gr, a warrior. See Drake.
condition. ON. Frackr, a Frank, French Freckle. Provincially freckens or
man, also free, freeborn. In charters of ſackens. ON. ſrećzia, N. Jrućzie, / ok/e,
 FREE FREEZE 277

fºr, freckles.—Aasen. G. ſeck, ſºcc/en, that the Lat, frigere, friguſire, to be

a blot, spot, stain ; ſlecken von der sonne, cold, have the same origin, and thus
freckles. Gael. breac, speckled ; broice, oddly enough are radically identical with
&roiccan, a mole, a freckle. W. &riſh, Jrigere, to fry. -

&ych, Bret. &rig or òric'h, speckled, parti Arieze. I. The transition from the
coloured. idea of shivering to that of a rough, un
Free. As, freo, ON. fri, Goth. /rija. even surface is exemplified in Lat. hor
Freebooter.—Fillibuster. Freeboot zºre, to shudder, horridus, rough ; E.
er is one who without the authority of sºag, or shog, to shake or jog, and
national warfare makes free to appropri s/aggy, rough, tufted ; and (in the case
ate as booty whatever falls under his of the root we are now considering) in
hand. The name was especially given Gr. ºpičoc, bristled, rough, with curled
to the buccaneers who infested the coast hair; Fr. Jºser, to frizzle, crisp, curl (as
of America in the 16th and 17th centu water, blown on by a gentle wind), to
ries, and was pronounced by the Fr. wriggle–Cot.; E. frizzle, to curl, or
fióiastiers, by the Spaniards /i/ººster. wrinkle up. On the same principle the
From the latter has arisen in the present name of frieze is given to coarse, shaggy
age the term ſil/ibl/sfer, a name given in cloth, by false etymology supposed to
America to adventurers making piratical have come from Friesland, in the same
expeditions against states of . Spanish way that a frizzled hen is called a Fries
raCe.
land hen, or a kind of duck with musky
ToIFreeze.—Frigid. –Frost.—Frieze. odour, a Muscovy duck. Fr. frise, espèce
It has been shown under Caprice and de toile de laine frisé ; toile forte de la
Chitterling that the representation of a province de Frise.—Gattel.
vibrating sound is used to express a 2. The application of the root to a
quivering, vibratory motion, and thence surface plaited or roughened with orna
an undulating, wrinkled, or curly surface. mented work gives Fr. fraîse, freze,
A further development of the train of Piedm, fresa, a ruff, or frill ; Fr. frizons,
thought applies the forms signifying frizzled, or raised work of gold or silver
shivering to the affections of cold or fear, wire, &c.—Cot. ; Sp. fres, gold or silver
as most distinctly characterized by the lace : Mid. Lat., auri/rasium, auriſrisia,
symptom of shivering. On this principle auri/regia, QFr. of ais, E. onfray, a
may be connected a numerous series of border or fringe of gold, band of gold
words founded on the representation of a lace ; It...ſºgio, Fr. ſºize, E. /rieze, ſrize,
rustling, simmering, twittering noise, by the ornamented border running beneath
the syllables friss, /ri/, /ri/, /rig. the cornice in architecture. Pied. /ris,
In the original sense we may cite Sw. frieze ; also a band or border for the
frasa, to rustle; ſrasa, to whizz, roar, ornament of garments or furniture; ſris
hiss ; Sc. frais, to make a crackling or d” ſtoreſ, a ferret band, ſris dº /ama, a
crashing noise—Jam. ; Fr. frissement worsted border. Mid. Lat. frisare, to
d’un trait, the whizzing of an arrow ; Sp. ornament with borders or embroidery,
frez, the rustling of silk-worms on mul ‘Item quod pannos earum non possint
berry leaves, ſresar, to growl; Piedm. aliter /risare vel ornare nisi cum duplonis
ſºciolº, the noise made by things frying; aureis vel argenteis seu setà.”— Carp.
frige, frise, the noise of things beginning “Pallium unum cum /riso et margaritis.”
to boil, simmering ; It. /riggere, ſresso, —Duc. * .

fre/to, to whimper as a child, to fry; Lat. It is remarkable that the conversion of

_/rigere (originally to twitter or fizz, as frieze into Frisian cloth is only a repeti
shown by the derivatives frigi//a, a finch, tion of the same etymological blunder
friguáre, to chatter), to fry; Gr. ºpio aw, which in ancient times seems to have
*pitro, to rustle, ppūyw, ºptoaw, ſpirTw, to given the name of Phrygian work to
parch, or fry. wriggled or frizzled work, embroidery or
In the sense of shivering; Fr. Ja voi/e tissue ornamented or roughened with
/rise, the sail shivers in the wind; /ris needlework, showing that the It. fregio
son, a shudder; G. ºpiago, ſpirro, to is of ancient standing in the Latin lan
shiver from cold or fear; ºpik), shudder guage. Pictas vestes acu facere Phryges
ing, chill, fear; Du. wriesen, to tremble invenerunt ideoque Phrygioniae appellatae
with cold—Overyssel Almanac; Pl.D. sunt.—Plin. Phrygio, an embroiderer.
zºresen, wrerem, to tremble for cold, to be In Mid. Lat. Zhrygium, and Žhrysum,
cold ; E. freeze, applied to the effect of were used for a border of embroidery.
cold in solidifying liquids. It is probable ‘Planetam purpuream aureis phrygii's
 278 FREIGHT FRET

mensium duodecim signa in se haben had a wonderful gift of singing, uses

tibus ornatam.’ “Planetam purpuream ſrifi!/os in the sense of notes.
cum //ryso et cum aquilă ex margaritis Quis docuit puerum, qui sensus quaeso suasit,
contextà.”—Duc. Hebraico sonitu ignotos proferre /ritiſ/os.
Freight.—Fraught. G. frachſ, Fr. Ducange. Henschel.
fret, the loading of a waggon or ship, 2. To freſ, to work, as liquor in a
and secondly the money paid for the slight state of fermentation. From direct
conveyance. G. ſerchen, to despatch, to imitation of the simmering sound made
expedite ; Swiss ſerken, ſerggen, to for by the small bubbles rising and breaking.
ward goods, to convey them in a wag It ſºczare, to spirt or startle, as good
gon; ſeºgg, g/ergg, conveyance, waggon; wine doth being poured into a flat glass.
fºrggeſe, transport of wares. -Fl. Pied. /ricio/2, the noise made in
renzy. See Frantic. frying.—Zalli.
Frequent. Lat. freyueſts, that often 3. To freſ, to rub, wear, consume, eat
comes or is done. up. Freſſed, worn by rubbing ; vexed,
Fresh. As ſersc, Du. versch, frisch, discomposed, ruffled in mind.—B. From
ON. frisºr, It. fresco, Fr. fraísche, /rais, the sense of a quivering sound, as in the
recent, new, and sweet, cool, in full series mentioned under Freeze, the root
vigour. passes on to signify a quivering motion.
The original sense is probably to be Fr. Jºe/i//er, to move, wag, stir often,
sought in E. /risk, indicating lively move wriggle, tickle–Cot.; E. fritters, shivers,
ment, exertion for the mere pleasure of fragments; to ſrit, to rub or move up
the thing ; Fr. frisſyrze, lively, brisk, and down ; w.ſºid, ſ/rif, a sudden start
spruce, gay. — Cot. N. frisk, lively, or jerk ; It frizzare, to frisk or skip
healthy, sound.—Aasen. Then as brisk nimbly.—Fl. Du. writselen, writselen,
ness or friskiness is worn out by con motitari, subsilire–Kil. ; wrižken, Dan.
tinued exertion or fatigue, by heat, or by wrikke, to wriggle or joggle; Lat. fricare,
lapse of time, the term is applied to what to rub ; It. /regare, to rub, frig, frit,
is unworn, untired, unheated, unkept, friggle ; ſregagione, rubbing, or fritting
recent. Meat is adapted for keeping by up and down gently, as is the custom to
salting, whence fresh or unkept meat is sick people.—Fl. Prov. fregar, freſar,
opposed to salt meat, and by extension to rub ; Fr. /roter, to rub, chafe, fret, or
water fit for drinking, as opposed to salt grate against. — Cot. Bav. fretten, to
water, is called fresh. See Frisk. rub (as a key wearing a hole in one's
Fret. We traced under Freeze the pocket), and figuratively, to plague, to
development of a number of forms having worry. Swiss, fretten, fratten, to become
a wide range of signification, from the sore by rubbing; Bav. fratt, Du. wraet, a
representation of a rustling, quivering place galled by rubbing, whence probably
sound by the radical syllable fris, frij, a wart, AS. vrat, originally the callus
frig, and a series separated from the produced by rubbing.
above by no definite line, but solely by The sense of wearing away, consuming
the convenience of practical illustration, by rubbing, passes into that of gnawing,
may be deduced from the same original eating away, eating up, so that it is often
image represented by the syllables frit, impossible in the figurative use of the
fric, friss. word to say whether it has reference
1. Fref, the stop or key of a musical simply to the annoyance and soreness
instrument. The direct representation produced by rubbing, or to the more
of sound gives Lat. fritinire, to twitter as exaggerated figure of eating up.
a swallow; ſritiſ/us, the box in which Hans Sachs uses fretſen for drilling a
the dice are rattled previous to being hole in a coin.—Schmeller. To fret, as
thrown on the board ; It frizzare, to cloth, is to wear by rubbing, but when
quaver with the voice, or run nimbly on we speak of fretting by moths we pass to
an instrument—Fl.; Fr. fredomner, to the notion of eating, as in G. von mottent
shake, divide, quaver in singing or play ge/ressen, moth-eaten.
ing ; fredon, a semiquaver in music, and These wormes ne these mothes ne these mites
hence division, and a warbling or quaver Upon my paraille fret hem never a del;
ing.—Cot. Hence E. fret, properly a And wost thou why? for they were used well.
Wife of Bath.
note in music, then the stops on a
stringed instrument by which the note Goth.fugios frefun, the fowls consumed
was sounded. The monkish poet, in a them. Sw. frata, to corrode, to prey
Life of Bishop Amandus, who as a boy upon ; frata sig aſ song, to fret with grief,
 FRIBBLE FRIEZE 279

as G. von gram ge/ressen, consumed with Fre/s in heraldry are bars crossing each
grief. other in lozenge-shape, and interlacing,
We have the same connection between frc/ſed, interlaced. A freſſed roof is one
the senses of consuming insensibly and ornamented by bands or fillets crossing
eating in G. 22hren (the equivalent of E. each other in different patterns.
fear), to wear away, waste, eat and drink; In the expression frefixed roof, fre/ise
Sw. tdira, to consume, corrode, wear is a collection of frets, as /affice a collect
away, eat ; tāra sig sjeſſ, to fret oneself; ion of laths, braffice, of brets, or boards.
faira sig aſ sorg, to fret with sorrow. In The sense of interlacing is taken from
both cases the fundamental meaning is the notion of an iron grating. The It.
the notion of wearing away ; consump ſerrata, the grating of a window, or the
tion by eating, a secondary application. like, becomes frat in Piedm., while fret in
The possibility of resolving the word into the latter dialect corresponds to It, ſer
a compound of the particle ver or fra zeſło, any little implement of iron. Hence
(ver-eſen, ver-essen, Goth. /raizan, to eat Fr. /reſe, the verril or iron ring that keeps
up), exhibits a source of confusion which a tool from riving, iron hoop round the
not unfrequently perplexes the etymology nave of a wheel; Sp. /reſes, the bands
of words with an initial fr. So Kilian forming the body of a shield.-Neumann;
explains vriezen, to freeze, as wer-ijsen, and Fr. freſſes (pl.), according to Diez,
to become ice, and the Brem. Wörter an iron grating.
buch, wresen, to fear, as “without doubt,’ Fribble. To friðble, to trifle, to totter
from ver and aisen, eisen, to shudder. like a weak person.—Todd. ‘How the
And see Fright. poor creature /r/ð//es in his gait.”—Tatler
4. Fret, ornamented work in embroid 49. To be explained from Central Fr.
ery, or carving, synonymous with Sp. friðoſer, to flutter, flit to and fro without
fres, gold lace ; It. /regio, Pied. /ris, Mid. fixed purpose like a butterfly ; barivo/er,
Lat./risum, ſrisium, list, lace, ornamented to flutter in the wind.—Jaubert. Fari
border. &oſes, fond tattling, trifles, flimflams.-
About the sides shall run a fret Cot. A similar metaphor is seen in
Of primroses.—Drayton in R. Walach. /ă//a/ā (G. flattergeist), a trifler,
Iclothid was this mighty God of Love compared with It. ſaya//a, a butterfly.
In silk embroidered full of grene greves, Probably Lat. frivo/us may be from the
In which there was a fret of red rose-leaves. same ultimate root.
Chaucer. Legend Good Women, 228.
Fricassee. Fr. fricasser, to fry. Lat.
In the same poem the Queen of Love is frigere, ſriram, from the hissing sound.
said to wear on her hair a ſret of gold Friction. Lat. frico, ſrictum, to chaſe,
surrounded with a crown of pearls, the rub. See Fridge.
comparison of which to the yellow centre Friday. AS. Fräge-dag, G. Frey-fag,
of a daisy set off by the white petals of the day sacred to Frigga, or Freya, the
the ray shows that the term is by no Saxon Venus, as Lat. Dies Veneris, Fr.
means constantly applied either to a bor Vendred'.
der or a circlet. Fridge.—Frig.—Friggle.—Frit. To
The origin, as above explained in the fridge or frig about.—Skinner. Rapid
case of frieze, is to be found in the notion vibratory movement is expressed by a
of quivering or shaking, conceived as numerous series of syllables, ſick, ſig, ſº
curling the surface of a liquid and throw (A/hi/), fidge, ſitsch (Swiss ſitschen), ſit
ing it into vibrations, offering a type of (/iſſer), ſlick, ſlig, ſlip, ſlitsch (Bav, ſlit
embroidered or sculptured ornamentation. schen), ſlit, and (with an rinstead of an /)
So Fr. fringoter, to quaver, or divide in frica (Lat. fricare), /rig, ſº itsch (It fric
singing, also to fret or work ſrets in gold, ciare), frit (w.ſrit, Fr. frefiller), imitat
silver, &c.; ſringoteries, frets, cranklings, ing the sound of switching to and fro with
wriggled flourishes in carving, &c.—Cot. a light implement, or the crackling sound
In like manner It. frizzare, Fr. ſºdomner, of frying, or rustling of flames, or the like.
to quaver in singing, E. /riffer, to shiver, It. /rizzare, to quaver with the voice, to
lead to Fr. /rizons, frizzled or raised work fry or parch, to frisk or skip nimbly ; fric
of gold or silver wire, &c., and E. /reſ, in ciare, to rub, claw, wriggle up and down
the sense of carved or embroidered work. —Fl., are precise equivalents of E. /ridge.
5. Fret in Heraldry and Architecture w. Żrid, ſ/rif, a quick start or jerk.
is from a totally different root, signifying Friend. From Goth. /riſon, to love,
the interlacing of bars or fillets. OFr. as ſiend, an enemy, from ſºjan, to hate.
fréter, croiser, entrelacer. — Roquefort. Frieze. See Freeze.
 28o FRIGATE FRITH

Frigate. Fr. /régaſe, Sp. /*agaſa, ſimbria, whence frangia would follow, as
originally a light row-boat. Diez sup can giare, from cam/fare, Fr. songer from
poses it may be from ſabricata, a con somniare. And frimbia might be ex
struction, as Fr. bāſimentſ, applied to boat, plained from a form like Du. wrem/en,
ship, or vessel in general, from Ödör, to wrim/en, E. /ru//e. ‘A’range, fringed,
build. also wrim//ed, snipt or jagged on the
Fright. Goth. ſaur//s, timid ; ſaurh edges.”—Cot.
fei, fear, fºur//jazz, to fear. OSax. ſo Fripery. Worn-out clothes, then the
ro//ian, fora//ian, ſor//iant, to fear. As. place where old clothes are sold, or such
ſorht, G. ſurchſ, Sw. /ru//a, fear. The faded finery as is sold by dealers in old
O.Saxon forms might lead us to suppose clothes.
the word to be a compound of Goth. ogan, Fr. /rifter, to rub, to wear to rags ; Du.
pret. oſſe, to fear; ON. &ga, to shudder at, wrijven, wrijven, to wear, to rub ; OHG.
offa, to terrify ; but this is probably a riftan, G. reiðen, to rub, wipe, grate ; Sw.
false scent of the class mentioned under ri/va, to scratch, tear, grate. The origin
Fret, 3. The more likely origin is the seems a form /r/, related to the ſric in
notion of shuddering, expressed by the Lat. fricare, to rub, or AS. ſºician, to
root /ric. Gr. ºpiºn, a shuddering from dance, as claſſ to cſacA, or /i/ to ſlick.
cold or terror; Mod.Gr, polkroc, fright Light, rapid, reciprocating movement is
ful ; ºpirro, to be frightened ; Walach. represented by a number of similar sylla
fricó, fright ; /ricosu, timorous. bles pointed out under Fridge.
Frill. A plaited band to a garment. Frisk. The use of the roots fric, frit,
For the logical connection between a ſlic, ſāif, in the expressions of smart, rapid,
twittering sound, a shivering vibratory repeated movement, has been mentioned
motion, and a curly or wrinkled surface, under Fridge, Fret, Firk, and in other
see Chitterling, Crisp, Caprice. So from places. The addition of an s either be
w.ſ/ri//, twitter, chatter, we pass to Fr. fore or after the final consonant improves
friller, to shiver for cold, and thence (as the effect in representing the broken rust
from chițer, to shiver, to chi/ſer/ing, a ling sound of multifarious or continued
frill) to E. frill. The same relation is movement. Hence It. /rizzare (= /rit-s-
shown under Freeze between Sw. frasa, are), to quaver with the voice, to fry or
to rustle, Fr. /riser, to shiver, and /raise, parch, to spirt as effervescing wine, to
a frill or ruff. And Sw.frasa, Fr. /riser, frisk or skip nimbly. The same idea is
lead through E. /rizzle to Fr. /ri//er, in conveyed by E. /risk. “Put water in a
the same way in which Sw. brasa, Fr. glass and wet your finger and draw it
bresi/Zer, representing the crackling sound round about the rim, it will make the
of fire, lead to bri//er, to twinkle ; or in water frisk and sprinkle up in a fine dew.”
which grisser, gresſ/ſer, grisler, to crackle, —Bacon in Todd. Fin. Ariiskua, to spirt,
lead to gril/er, to wriggle, curl, frizzle. start out as a spark, exsilio ut scintilla.
Central Fr. /redi//er, to shiver. The same connection between the senses
Fringe. Fr. ſange, Rouchi, frinche, of spirting, starting, and a crackling
It. /rangia, Sicil. /rinza, G. /ranse, an or sound, is seen in Russ. fruisłaf', to spirt;
namented border of hanging threads or Art, igat', to leap or spring ; Serv. frigati,
plaited work, originally probably of the to fry. Compare also Bret. /ringo/i, to
latter construction. The word may be quaver with the voice; fringa, Fr. /rin
accounted for in several ways, all leading guer, to frisk or frolick; Serv. wr/ziti, to
back to the fundamental notion of a spirt, gush ; wr/zilise, to move quickly to
wrinkled structure, expressed by the and fro.
figure of a vibratory sound, as explained
As ſlick and frick are of like effect in
under Freeze. expressing movements, we have ſiisk, to
Thus we may consider the word as a skip or bounce, synonymous with /risk.
nasalised form of It. frºgio, Fr. fraise, a —Hal.
ruff, Pied. /ris, a list or border, or, what Frith.-Firth. An arm of the sea,
comes to nearly the same thing, we may mouth of a great river. ON. ſordr,
derive it from Du. fromissen, Fr. froncer, fjördr, Dan. /jord, an arm of the sea.
to plait or wrinkle. Compare Du. griſ Probably identical with Lat. fºetum, a
sen, grijnsen, to grin ; E. crease, and It. narrow sea, from Gael. /riſh, small, little,
Agrinza, a wrinkle. subordinate. Friſh-b/taile, a suburb ;
On the other hand the Walach. forms frigh-cheum, a by-path ; /riſh-ministeir,
fimbrie and frimble show that frimbia a curate ; friſh-m/iuir (a little sea), an
may have been the original form of Lat. arm of the sea, loch, frith.
 FRITH FROTH 281

The origin of the Gael. term may be To Frizz.-Frizzle. Fr. friger, to

traced further back in W. &rith, Bret. briz, curl, frizzle, ruffle, wriggle. Sw. /ræsa,
speckled, particoloured, mixed, having to rustle, crackle, fizz, to spit like a cat.
the character indicated by the term with For the connection between the idea of
which it is joined in a partial degree. W. curling and a rustling or crackling sound,
brith adria&od dyn, partly to know a see Freeze. Gr. ºpt; originally repre
person ; &riſh-dºod, table-beer, small sents a rustling sound, such as that of
beer. Bret. Śrīz-fież, a poor cultivator; the wind among trees ; it is then applied
briz-Klemzed, a light illness. to the ruffling or curling of the surface of
Frith. A free//, in N. Wales is a tract water by the breeze, whence ºpišoc, rough,
of rough land inclosed on the skirts of curled.
the mountain and held as common by Frock. Froc de moine, a monk's cowl
the proprietors of the district. Ariſh, or hood. Mid. Lat. focus, flocciºn, frocus,
unused pasture-land ; a field taken from ſº occus, hyoccus, roccus, originally a shaggy
a wood, young underwood, brushwood.— cloak, from Lat. //occus, Ptg. /rocco, a
Hal. flock, lock, or tuft of wool. G. rock, an
Elles foweles fedden hem in frythes ther thei overcoat. The derivation of coat is pro
woneden.—P. P. in R. -

bably similar.
‘By frith and fell.” “Out of forests Frog. 1. G. frosche, Du. worsch.
and ſºythes and all faire wodes.”—William 2. The ornament of an embroidered
and the Werewolf. Gael. friſh, a heath, coat. Ptg. /roco, a flock of wool or of
deer-park, forest ; frithne, an uninhab silk, chenille de broderie ; frocadura,
ited place; Ir, frith, a wild mountainous ornaments of embroidery.
place. -
Froise. A pancake ; W. ffroes, an
It seems the same word with Fr. omelet. From the noise of frying. Sw.
friche, uncultivated condition. Bois en fraísa, to fizz, hiss, crackle. Sw, dial.
friche, wood newly lopped and let stand ſºes, noise of frying ; /ræssa, to fry.
till it be grown again. Terre en friche, Whanne he is full in suche a dreme—
land untilled or neglected, whereby it He routeth with a slepie noyse
becomes overgrown with shrubs and And broustleth as a monke's /royse -

When it is thrown into the pan.—Gower in R.

weeds.-Cot. Fresche—Roquef.; ſrestiz;
Mid. Lat. fresceium, freschium, friscum, See Fizz.
frostium–Carp.; ſraus/um,/rausſa ferra, Frolick. Gr. fro/, fröhlich, in good
frusca ferra—Duc., waste land. Fraiſis, humour; fro/i/ocken, to sport, to frolick.
uncultivated land, pasturage.—Roquef. The syllable lick, ſock, is probably the
Frocs, fros, front:r, common or void As. termination /ac, ON. leik, signifying
grounds.-Cot. Fratºr et pasſurages.— state or condition, and preserved in a
Duc. Gael. fraoch, heath, the growth corrupted form in Ánow/edge, wed/ock.
of waste places. Bret. fraosſ, unculti OHG. fraw, frawa, joyful, G. /reuen,
vated. It ſrasche, boughs, bushes, un Pl.D. frauen, to rejoice ; G. ſ.reude, joy.
derwood; ſraſta, any thicket of brakes, “Got /route sela sina.” God bless his
brambles, bushes, or briers.-Fl. soul.—Brem. Wtb. AS. froſer, comfort.
Fritter. I. A fried cake. Fr. /riture, From. The primitive sense seems
a frying ; frire (pple. /rit), Bret. frita, to that of ON. framm, Dan. /rem, forth,
fry. It fritſare, to fry in a pan, make forwards; whence the secondary use of
fritter-wise.—Fl. See Fry. the E. term in indicating the commence
2. Fritters, fragments, shivers. To ment of motion. Goth. /doffa fram, he
fritter a thing away is to dissipate it by went on, went further; ſram ſruma,
bits. A parallel form with ſliſter, ſlinder, from the beginning, i.e. as to the begin
of the same meaning. The primary ning, onwards.
origin is the use of frit, in expressing a Front. Lat. frons, frontis. Pol.
crackling sound, as in Lat. /ri/in/tire, to Arzod, forepart ; ?rzod g/owy, the fore
twitter, then a rattling or vibrating mo head. Na Argodzie, in front. Przed,
tion, as in Lat. /ritiſ/us, a dice box; Fr. before.
frefiller, to fidget; Gr. ºpirro, to tremble Frontispiece. Lat. frontispicium, the
from cold or fear. To ſriſter, then, would forefront of a house. Now applied to
signify to shiver, and thence to break to the front page of a book, and by corrup
shivers. Compare Du. schaferen, to re tion to the picture in front of a book.
sound, to rattle, with E. shafter. Frost. See Freeze.
ºrivolour Lat. frivolus. See Frib Froth. ON. fraud, froda, scum, froth.
e. -

Pl.D. frathen, fraodn, fradem, fraum,

282 FROUNCE FRUMENTY

steam, vapour; frament, to steam. The and from mard to thinge thet me hateth.’
analogy of the G. broaden, Örodent, steam, —Ancren Riwle, 254. One turns the
Du. broem, foam, scum, leaves little doubt face willingly ſoward to things that one
that the origin of froth is a representa loveth, and froward to things that one
tion of the sound of boiling or rushing hateth.
water. The same train of ideas is re Frown. Immediately from Fr. fro
peated with little variation of sound in gner (preserved in re/rogner, to frown,
w. broch, din, tumult, froth ; brochi, to look sourly on–Cot.), which must origin
fume, to chafe, to bluster; Gael. bruich, ally have had the same signification as
It grignare, to snarl, Fr. grogner, to
britiſh, to boil, E. broth, boiling water,
and sometimes steam, as when we speak grunt or grumble. Compare grognard,
of being in a broth of sweat. Du. bruy grunting, also pouting or frowning.—Cot.
sen, to murmur, give a confused sound, E. dial. /rine, to whimper; Sw. dial.
and also to foam ; bruys, foam, Scum.— frienna, to buzz; ſºyna, to grin; /runfen,
Kil. wrinkled; fruſt, angry, cross.
With an initial frwe have ON. ſysa, Frowsy. Probably a corruption of
fryssa, frussa, to snort as a horse ; N. ſoisſy or ſusty. Pl. D. ſis/rig, close, ill
frosa, to snort, also as Sw, frusa, to smelling, like a peasant's room.—Dan
gush ; W. ffrwd, Bret. frowd, a stream, a neil.
torrent ; W. ff.:ydio, to stream, to gush, To Frub.-Fruggan. As frið and
bringing us to fro/h, as the result of the frick are found in the sense of light
gushing or dashing of water. movement to and fro, fruſ and frug
Frounce. Fr. froncer, ſºonser, to seem to represent movement of a heavier
plait, wrinkle; ſºonser le front, to knit nature.
the brow ; fronser la bouche, to twinge Like many words beginning with fr,
the mouth. It. fronza di corda, a coil of or wr, fruſ passes into rub on the one
cordage, knot of strings. Du. fronssen, side, and ſub on the other. W. rhwöio,
frons selen, fronckelen, to plait, to wrinkle; to rub ; N. ſubba, to wriggle to and fro.
wronck, a twisting, contortion; wronck The root frºg, in the same sense, has
elen, to twist, to wrinkle.—Kil. The many relatives in E. (friggle, wrigg/e,
series of expressions for the idea of &c.), but appears most distinctly in It.
wrinkling is very numerous, but they frugare, to wriggle up and down, rub,
may usually be traced to the image of a burnish—Fl.; to poke with a stick, to
crackling, frizzling noise, or to the snarl sound, to fumble—Altieri; and with in
ing, sounds expressive of ill temper; version of the r, in ſuregare, to fumble,
while it must be remembered that the grope for, to sweep an oven ; ſuregone, a
latter are only a particular instance of groper, also a malkin or oven-sweeper.
the broken sounds which offer the most Fr. ſourgon, E. ſº tºggan, fruggin, an oven
general type of a broken or rugged sur fork, by which fuel is put into an oven
face. Evidence of the imitative origin of and stirred when it is in it.—Cot.
frownce is shown in Fr. froncher, to snort From the same root we must derive
like an angry horse. the Lat. furca, primarily an implement
Le destrier for poking, and only incidentally one
with divided prongs. See Furbish.
Fronche et henist, et regibe des pieds.
Roman de Garin.
Frugal. Lat. /rur, pl. fruges, the
On a similar plan are formed Lat. fruits of the earth, corn, &c., was applied
frendere, fresum (for frensum), to make met. to what constitutes the worth of a
angry noises, snarl, grind the teeth ; Fr. thing, to the fruits of a good life. Emer
frinson, a finch or twittering bird. And, sisse aliquando, et se ad ſºugem bonam,
with an initial gr instead of ſr, Du. ut dicitur, recepisse. — Cic. Multa ad
grinden, to snarl ; Fr. groncer, to roar bonam frugem ducentia in eo libro con
as the sea ; grincer, to grind the teeth ; tinentur.—Gell. Hence homo bona' frugi's
Du. grijnzen, to snarl, grumble, frown, or homo frugi, a man of worth, diligent,
knit the brow ; It grinza, a wrinkle. serviceable, temperate, sober; cana /rugi,
Froward. ON. fra, Dan. fra, from. a modest repast. Then frugalis, opposed
Fra top til taa, from top to toe. Froward to waste, thrifty.
then is from-ward, turned away from, Fruit. – Fruition. Fr. fruit, Lat.
unfavourable, as to-ward, turned in the fructus; from fruor, ſructus and fruitus,
direction of an object, favourably dis to enjoy.
losed to it. ‘Me turneth thet neb blithe Frumenty. —Eurmenty. Fr. fru
ich touward to thinge thet me luveth mentiſe, furmenty (a kind of wheat gruel).
 FRUMP FULSOME 283
—Cot. Froment, Lat. frumentum, wheat. thick and short, from the noise of a lump
Frump. To flout, jeer or mock, taunt of something thrown on the ground.
or snub.-B. A contemptuous speech or Aumſ, a slap, a blow—Hal. ; Da. dial.
piece of conduct.–Nares. It also ex ſom/e, a blow, a fat fleshy person; ſom/ef,
presses the ill temper of the person who º:
fubsy ; ſuddet, thick, and full in the
gives the frump. Frumpy, frumpish, a CC.
peevish, froward ; frump, a cross old To Fuddle. To make tipsy, to stupefy
woman.—Hal. with drink. A corruption of fuzzle, to
The origin is the same as that of the make ſuzzy, or indistinct with drink.
synonymous flout, viz. an imitation of the The first night having liberally taken his drink,
pop or blurt with the mouth, expressive my fine scholar was so ſusſed that, &c.—Anat.
Melanch.
of contempt or ill humour. The same
imitative syllable with a somewhat differ To foss/e, vossle, to entangle, to con
ent application is seen in Bret. from/ta, fuse business.-Cotswold Gl.
It. fromöare, to whizz, while the radical Pl.D. ſassig, ſuddig, raveled, fuzzy—
connection between the two ideas is shown Brem. Wtb. ; fiss/ig, ſuss/g, just tipsy
by It. frullare, to make a rumbling or enough to speak indistinctly—Danneil ;
whizzing noise; fru//a, a flurt, lirp, phip G. ſase/n, to feaze, fuzz, ravel, to rave or
with one's fingers, a trifle, toy.—Fl. dote.-Kuttner. -

Then as the mouth is screwed up in Fudge. Fr. dial. ſuche feuche / like
thus giving vent to ill temper, the radical E. fish ſ an interjection of contempt;
imitation of the sound produced gives who cares ‘Picard, ta maison brûle.
rise to forms expressing screwing up the Feuche / j'ai l’clé dans m'poque '-
mouth, wrinkling the nose, which are fudge I’ve the key in my pocket.—
afterwards extended to the idea of wrink Hécart. From this interjection is the
ling, twisting, or contraction in general. vulgar Fr. se ſicher d'une chose, to disre
Du. wrempen, wrimpen, G. rim/ſen, to gard it. je m'en ſiche, I pish at it, pooh
distort the mouth or make a wry face in pooh it, treat it with contempt. Fichez
contempt ; Bav. rimf/en, to shrink or ſe d la porte, bid him truss or trudge,
crumple, to twist as a worm, to wrinkle as turn him out. Fichu, awkward, unac
the skin of an old woman; E. wrimpſed, ceptable, absurd. Il est ſichu, he is gone
crumpled ; frumple, to wrinkle, crumple, to pot.—Gattel. Precisely similar ex
ruffle—Hal. ; AS. hrympe/le, a rumple, pressions are Pl.D. futsch / begone ; datt
fold ; E. rimple, rum//e, to wrinkle, is futsch gaon, gone to pot—Danneil ;
tumble, or throw into irregular folds. Swiss ſufsch werden, to fail, to come to
As G. rumpeln is to rumble or make a nothing. Bav. Aſutsch / expresses a rapid
rattling noise, E. rumble, to make a low instantaneous movement; Swab. Afttgen,
broken noise, it is quite possible that to disappear.
the sense of wrinkling may come direct Fuel.—Fewel. OFr. fouaille, M.Lat.
from that connection between the idea focale, firing, from focus, hearth, fireplace,
of a broken surface and the image of a and thence It, fuoco, Sp. fuego, Fr. ſele,
broken sound, of which we have had so fire. Fouailler, the woodyard.—Roquef.
many instances. See Frounce. —fuge.—Fugitive. Lat. fugio, Gr.
To Frush. From a direct representa peåyw, to fly, escape, avoid. Aleſuge, a
tion of the noise of things breaking. Fr. place to fly to.
/roisser, to crash, crush, knock, or clatter Eull. See Fill.
together.—Cot. It, frusciare, to frush or To Full.—Fuller. Lat. fullo, a fuller,
crush together.—Fl. a dresser of cloth. It ſol/are, to full or
Frustrate. Lat. frustra, in vain. tuck woollen cloths, also to press or
Fry. Properly the spawn of fish, but crowd ; fol/a, a throng or crowd. Fr.
now applied to the young brood lately fouler, to tread or trample on ; ſoul/er, to
spawned. Fr. fray, spawn of fish or full, or thicken cloth in a mill. Du. vollen,
frogs. Goth. fraiv, seed ; ON. frioſ, frið, to work and thicken cloth by stamping
seed, egg ; frioſsa, to fecundate. on it in a trough (called vol/-kom), with
To Fry. From the sputtering noise water.—Kil. Pol. ſolować, to full; ſo/usg,
of things cooking in boiling grease, Lat. a fuller. Serv. valyati (volutare), to roll
frigere, Fr. frire, brire (Vocab. de Vaud.), about, to full cloth. Russ. val', a roller,
to fry. cylinder ; valek', a washing beetle ; val
Fub.—Fubsy. Fub, a plump child.— yat’, to roll, to throw down, to full cloth.
B. A word of analogous formation to * Fulsome. Distasteful, loathsome,
boč, dad, dod, signifying a lump, anything luscious.-B. The derivation from ON.
284 FUMADOES FURL

f///sa, to show disgust, must be given up, * 2. A chimney-pipe, from the resem
the earlier sense of the word being simply blance to a funnel for pouring. It is re
fulfilling, satisfying, then satiating, cloy markable that frºm te/ also is used in the
ing, sickening. two senses. Zonne//, to fill wine with,
Thann were spaclispices spended al aboute antonnoir. 7 onzieſ! of a chymney, tuyau.
Fa/some/i at the ful to eche freke thereinne, —Palsgr.
And the wines therwith wich hem best liked.
Fur. The proper meaning of the word
William and the Werew. l. 4324.
is lining, and then the woolly skins of
Fumadoes. Our pilchards salted and animals used for lining clothes, the coat
dried in the smoke are so called in Spain ing of planks with which the side of a
and Italy.—B. Transformed by the salt ship is lined, &c. It is a contracted form
fish dealers into Fairmaids. from foddey, which in all the languages
To Fumble. To handle a thing awk of the Gothic stock is used in the double
wardly.—B. See Famble. sense of food, and case or lining. To
Fume. A smoke or steam. Lat. fodder a garment, to line it with cloth or
fumus, smoke. Hence to fume, to chafe skins.—Junius. Goth. /ödr, a sheath,
with anger, from the strong breathing of OHG. ſuofar, a sheath, and fodder for
anger. Wall. ſoumi sain fift, to smoke cattle ; ON. ſºdr, sheath, lining ; Du. voe
without pipe, to be out of temper. der, fodder, sheath, lining, fur; zoever,
* Fun. Sport, game; to ſun, to cheat, fodder, lining.—Kil. So in the Romance
deceive.—Hal. OE. ſoft, Sw. ſane, Da. languages, It. ſodero, fodder, sheath, lin
dial. ſun, a fool. To ſon, to make a fool ing ; Sp. ſorro, lining, sheathing.
of, to make game of ‘Soyn shalle we The difficulty is to connect the two
fon hym.”—Towneley Myst., p. 94. ON. meanings by a natural transition. Florio
fina, to behave foolishly: Sw. dial. ſanía, regards the sense of victuals as the figur
ſjanta, to play, sport, joke. The same ative one. ‘A’odere, by metaphor used
connection of ideas is seen in Fr. /o/, among soldiers for victuals or provant,
foolish ; fo/afre, sportive. The court fool serving as it were for a lining for their
and jester was the same person. bodies.” The same figure occurs in the
—funct.—Function. Lat. fungor, func old song :
fus, to discharge, fulfil an office, commis 'Then line your worn doublet with ale, Gaffar
sion, &c. 19e/unctus wité, having done Gray.’
with life, dead.
Fundamental. — Fund. See To
But ſodder in the sense of victuals is un
Found. doubtedly connected with food, while phi
Funeral. Lat. funus, ſuneris, a dead lologists are quite at a loss for any de
body, the rites of burial. rivation of the word in the sense of a
Funk. 1. A strong rank smell as that sheath ; and the act of putting food into
of tobacco.—B. Properly an exhalation. the stomach might be taken as the type
Lang. ſun, smoke.—Dict. Castr. . Rouchi, of stowing away, placing within a recep
funquer, Wall. funki, ſunker, to smoke, tacle. Fr. ſourrer, to put, thrust, or thröw
Junqueron (fumeron), imperfectly burnt into, to lodge in, or hide within a hollow
charcoal. Hence the metaphorical sense thing, hence to case, to sheath, to fur.—
of perturbation, fright. //, de /o/, 2áin Cot.
(to be in a funk), in perturbatione esse.— * Furbelow. Fr. ſa/a/as, Sp. ſarſaſá,
Kil. “Si commença a soi ſummer (began a flounce. Lyonnese ſaròeſa, fringe,
to be disturbed), et couleur changier, et flounce, rag ; faròe/ousa, woman in rags,
se douta de,’ &c.—c. nouv. nouv. xli. beggar. The meaning seems to be some
2. Touchwood. — Hal. Properly a thing flapping to and fro. Central Fr.
spark, in the same way that s/u?/ is used friðoſer, barivoler, to flutter; des rubans
both for spark and touchwood. Funke, barivolants; une robe qui barivole. It.
or lytylle fyre, igniculus.-Pr. Prm. Du. fº/a//a, a butterfly, from its fluttering
zoncée, a spark; voncée, voncé-hout, flight.
touchwood, tinder. To Furbish. Fr. fourðir, It. forðire,
G. ſunke, Bav.fſunken, a spark, ſ/zike/n, to frub, furbish, burnish.-Fl. See Frub.
to sparkle, from ſlunkern, ſlinkern, ſlinken, To Furl. Also to farthel–B.; farthel
to glitter. ſing lines, the lines used in furling. From
Funnel. 1. An implement for pouring tying up the sails in a ſarde/, or truss.
liquids into a narrow orifice. Lat. İnſun Fr. ſarde/er, to truss, or pack up. The
dibulum, Limousin enfouniſ, Bret. Ziouniſ, Fr. /resſer, to furl, may be taken back
from ſundere, to pour. again from E. fºr!.
 FURLONG FUTTOCKS 285
Furlong. A furrow-ſong, the length fºsse/n, fisse/n, to touch lightly with the
of a furrow. fingers ; Bav. ſtase/n, to trifle, dawdle,
Furlough. Leave of absence given piddle, work hastily and ill; Tyrol ſus
to a soldier. Du. ver/o/, leave, permis /erei, /use/werk, bad, useless work; fusel
sion. obst, poor, small fruit.—Deutsch. Mund
Furnace. Fr. fournaise, It. formace, art. vol. v. Bav. Jºse/, bad brandy, bad
Lat. furnus, an oven. tobacco.
To Furnish. It formire, to store with, Fusil. Fr. fusil, It ſocile, a fire steel
provide unto, finish.-Fl. Fr. enſourner, for a tinder-box, then the hammer of a
to set in an oven, to begin, set in hand, fire-lock, the fire-lock or gun itself. From
set on work; far/ournir, to perform, ac Mid. Lat. focus, It ſuoco, Fr. ſett, fire.
complish, fulfil, also to supply, furnish, ‘E ſu de kayloun fert fusil (a fire-hiren):”
make up.–Cot. The thorough baking the steel strikes fire from flint.—Bibels
of the loaf would thus seem to afford the worth.
type from whence formine acquires the Fuss. Swiss Aſusen, to make a fizzing
sense of finishing or completing. Lat. noise like wind and water in violent mo
furnus, an oven. Ordine est qe leo tur tion ; alt///usen, of the working of fer
ters ne dussent nul payn blaunk fayre mented liquors, metaphorically of one
ne ſurvire.—Complaint of bakers of white breaking out in a passion. Sw.ſiós, stir;
bread, 15 Ed. II. Lib. Alb. 2, 413. gdra wycket ſids, to make a great stir;
Furrow. AS. ſtarh, G. fiarche, Lat. Jiāska, to fuss, to bustle, faire l'affairé,
forca. l'empressé, étre inutilement actif. Dan.
Furze. Properly firs, from the prickly dial. ſidesseri, occupation with trifles.
leaves common to the two kinds of plant. Fustian. It ſus/agno, Fr. ſustaine.
Ayrrys, or quice-tree, or gorstys-tree, rus Fusco-tincti, fºsfamie.—Neccham. Ac
cus. Ayre, sharp brush (ſirre, whyn), sali cording to Diez, from being brought from
unca. — Pr. Pm. Brosse, browzings for Fostat or Fossat (Cairo) in Egypt.
deer, also fur-blashes.—F1. * Fusty. Fr. ſuste, a cask, fasſà,
To Fuse. -fuse. Lat. fando, ſîsim, fusty, tasting of the cask, smelling of the
to pour, and thence to cast metal. E. vessel wherein it has been kept.—Cot.
fuse, to melt metal for casting, to melt ‘I mowlde or fast as corne or brede
or render liquid ; inſ/sion, a solution in doth, je moisis.”—Palsgr. Then as it is
liquid ; fro/use, lavish, pouring out; coſt only a mouldy, unclean cask which gives
fºsion, a pouring together, making indis a taste to the liquor contained, fasty,
tinct. mouldy ; to ſust, to grow mouldy—‘the
* Fusee.—Fuse. From Lat. fusiºs, a ſus/fest that ever corrupted in such an
spindle, It fuso, fusolo, a spindle or spool unswilled hogshead.”—Milton. “I mowlde
to spin with, also the shank or shaft of or first as corne or brede doth, je moisis.”
anything, as of a dart or candlestick, the —Palsgr. From the similarity of sound
shank of the leg, middle beam or post of the word has been confounded with /oisty
a crane or a tent, axle of a millstone or from a totally different origin.
of a wheel ; Fr. ſº seatſ, a spindle, spool, -fute. Lat. com/i/ſo, to put to silence,
bobbin, axle of a grindstone; fºsee, a confute, repress; reſuſo, to reject, refuse,
spindlefull of thread, and from the re defeat. The old explanation from the
semblance of form, the fusee or conical figure of pouring in a little cold water to
wheel round which the chain winds ; the suppress the boiling of a pot is not satis
barrel or axletree of a crane (Cot.). Fusée factory. A rational foundation may be
is also applied to certain pipe-shaped found in the interj. Ahui, phu, or ſº, ex
hollows, as the fistula of an abscess, the pressive of contempt and rejection. Phu !
burrow of a fox, and it is under this in malam crucem.—Plaut. From corre
aspect that the term is applied to a squib sponding forms of the interj. are G. amp
or rocket, a cylindrical case filled with faien, to cry fie on, to hoot—Küttn. ;
wildfire. Hence the /i/se or fusee of a Du. verſoeyen, despuere, vilipendere, con
bombshell, a pipe of slow burning powder temnere, respuere—Kil. ; N. ſwia, ſwiſſa,
used to ignite the charge. It ſº solare, to express reprobation by the interj. twi /
to twirl or spin, to bore ordnance or Futile. Lat. ///i/is (from ſundo, to
wooden pipes, to make rockets or squibs. pour), radically, apt to spill, leaky, what
—F1. Mod. Gr. ºvačkm, pvačyytov, a squib, is easily spilt, fragile, and met. ineffectual,
cartridge, rocket. - light, vain.
Fusel oil. A fetid oil arising from Futtocks. Not, as commonly ex
potato spirit. G. dial. (Fallersleben) plained, foot-hooks, but foot-stocks, as
286 FUZZ GAD

shown in Florio's explanation of the a bottle. Prussian fossen, fosserm, to

Italian term : stamine, the upright ribs fuzz or break up into a fuzz or spongy
of the inside of a ship, called ſoot-stocks mass of filaments. Fuzzy or ſoay turnips
or foot-sticks. (zoose raepen—Kil.) are soft and spongy.
Fuzz. –Fuzzy. G. Ayu schen, Swiss A fuzzy outline is woolly and indistinct.
//usen, //isen, E. ſizz, represent the sound Metaphorically to ſizzz, or ſuzzle is to
of water flying off from a hot surface, of confuse the head with drink, to muddle
air and water in intimate mixture and with drink. “The University troop dined
commotion. Hence ſuzz, having the with the Earl of Abingdon, and came
nature of things which fizz, a frothy, back well fuzzed.”—Wood in Todd. See
spongy mass, a confused mixture of air Fuddle.
and water, as champagne foaming out of

Gab.—Gabble. Gabble represents a gale, still used for the taking of a mine in
loud importunate chattering, as the cry of the West of England. To gale a mine,
geese, rapid inarticulate talking. to acquire the right of working it—Hal. ;
Forthwith a hideous ga}le rises loud and gale is the common word in Ireland
Among the builders; each to other calls, for a payment of rent, or for the rent due
Not understood, till hoarse, and all in rage, at a certain term.
As mocked they storm.–Milton. Gaberdine. A shepherd's coarse frock
In the same sense are used gabòer or coat.—B. Fr. ga/vardine, gaſ/everaline
(Jam.), jabber, gibber. Then passing from (Pat. de Champ.), It. gavardina, Sp.
the frequentative form (which in imitative gabardina.
words is often the original) we have gab, Gabion. A large basket used in forti
prating, fluent talking; the gift of the gaſ, fication. It, gabbia, a cage ; gaúðione, a
the gift of talking. Gab is also in Sc. great cage or gabion. See Gaol.
and Dan. the mouth, the organ of speech. Gable. Goth. gibla, a pinnacle; OHG.
Pol. geba, the mouth. gibiſi, giffili, front, head, top ; G. glebeſ,
The quotation from Milton shows the the ridge or pointed end of a house; ON.
natural transition from the notion of talk gaſ, the sharp end of a thing, as the prow
ing without meaning to that of mockery, and poop of a boat, gable of a house.—
with which the idea of delusion and lying Gudm. Da. gav/, gable.
is closely connected. Du. gabòeren, to The origin is probably preserved in
joke, to trifle.—Kil. ON. gabòa, It. gab Gael. gob, a beak, whence Manx gibbagh,
dare, Fr. gaber, OE. gab, to mock, cheat, sharp-pointed ; Pol. dºlob, a beak, dziod
1C. ać, to peck.
Gabel.—Gavel.-Gale. Gabel, a rent, Gaby. A simpleton, one who gapes
custom, or duty.—B. It gabella, a cus and stares with wonder. Da. gabe, to
tom or imposition on goods; Fr. gabe//e, gape, gabe £aa, to stare at. N. gaffa, to
any kind of impost, but especially applied gape, to stare, gap, a simpleton. So Fr.
to the duty on salt. AS. gaſol, gaſeſ, tax, &adault, a fool, dolt, ass, from the old
tribute, rent. Mid. Lat. gable/um, gablum, form badare, to gape, to stare. Bret.
gaulum, rent, tax. “Oxford. Haecurbs red genou, the mouth ; genaoui, to open the
debat pro theolonio et gablo regi, &c.’— mouth like an idiot, to behave like a fool.
Doomsday in Duc. ‘Villam—et totum E. dial. to gauze, to stare ; gauzy, a
&au/um ejusdem villae.’—Charta Philippi dunce ; gauvison, a young simpleton ;
Com. Flandr., A.D. 1176. The gaveller in gaup, to gape or stare, gaups, a simple
ton.—Hal.
the forest of Dean is the officer whose t

business is to collect the mining dues. The Gad. – Goad. – Gadfly. — To Gad.
primary sense is doubtless rent paid for Gad, a rod for fishing or measuring, pole,
the tenure of land. Gael. gabh, take, re tall slender person.—Hal. “A gadale or
ceive, seize, hold, whence gabhail, seizing, whip.”—Baret's Alv. Goad, an ell English.
taking, a lease, a tenure.—Armstrong. —B. Goth. gaga, OHG. gart, stimulus;
W. gaſael, a hold, gripe, grasp. As the gardea, a rod, sceptre; gertum, virgis,
Gael. &h is often silent, gabhail becomes flagellis.-Graff.
 GAFF GAIN 287
The loss of the r in gad and goad the W. of E. to gramſer, grammer.—Jen
(which differ only in the more or less nings. The Fris. has ſaer for father.—
broad pronunciation of the vowel) con Outzen. Fin. ſari (from the Norse),
ceals the fundamental identity of the father, grandfather, venerable old man.
word with G. gerfe and E. yard. The N. moir, mor, moi, mother; gummor,
primitive meaning is a rod or switch, gummer, gumma, grandmother.
probably from the sound of a blow with Gag. The inarticulate noises made by
such an implement. See Gird. Then, one endeavouring to speak, while suf
as a cut with a flexible rod, or prick with fering impediments either from the im
a pointed one, are equally efficient in perfection of his own organs or from
urging an animal forwards, the name is external violence, are represented by the
extended to the implement used for either syllables gag, gag. Swiss gaggen, gagsen,
purpose, and a goad is the pointed rod to stutter, speak in an incoherent man
used in driving bullocks. A further step ner; Bret. gagé, gagoula, to stutter, gab
in abstraction gives N. gada, a prick, or ble ; Gael. gagach, stuttering. E. gag is
sharp point, Da. dial. gada, a prickle, to cause one to make inarticulate guttural
thorn of a tree, sting of an insect. Hence noises, either by stopping the mouth or
E. gad-fly, the fly that goad's or stings the external pressure. Gaggyn, to streyne
cattle, and thence again the verb to gad, by the throte, suffoco.—Pr. Prm. Banff.
to go restlessly about, as cattle flying g/ag, g/agger, to make a noise in the
from the attack of the gadfly. throat as if choking.
A fierce loud buzzing breeze, their stings draw Gage. Gr. gage, a pledge. See Wage.
blood, Gag-tooth. A projecting tooth.-Hal.
And drive the cattle gadding through the wood. ON. gagr, prominent. See Goggle.
Dryden. Gail-clear. — Gyle-tub. Gail-clear,
So from It. asilo, assiſ/o, a gadfly, a goad, gai/-/af, a wort-tub; guiſe (of ale or beer),
assflare, to be bitten with a horsefly, to a brewing.—B. Gai/-dish, a vessel used
leap and skip as an ox or a horse bitten in brewing ; gyle-tuff, the vessel in which
by flies, to be wild or raging.—Fl. the ale is worked. N. gil, ale in a state
Gaff.—Gaffle. These terms and their of fermentation; gi/-kar, gi/-saa, the tub
equivalents in the related languages are in which the wort ferments. Du. ghºff/en,
applied to different kinds of hooked or to boil, to effervesce; gy/, gy/-bier, beer
forked instruments, which are classed in which the fermentation is going on.
under a common name from their apti Tº bier staat in't gijl, the beer ferments.
tude in seizing or holding fast. The —Halma.
origin is preserved in Gael. gač/., take, Gain. I. It. guadagnare, to gain ;
seize, whence gabh/ach, forked ; gobhar, Prov. guacanth, gazan/, gaarth, gain, pro
a fork, a prop ; Ir, gobh/og, a hay fork, fit ; OFr. gaagner, Fr. gagner, to gain.
a forked support for a house. W. ga/ae/, The primary meaning of the word
a hold, gripe, grasp ; gaſ!, a fork; gaſºach, seems to be labour, from whence to the
a fork, a lance. Lang. ga/a, to take, to idea of gain the transition is obvious, in
seize ; gaſ, gain, profit, also a hook. Sp. accordance with the primeval warning,
aſar, to hook; ga/a, the gaffle or hooked In the sweat of thy brow thou shalt gain
ever by which a crossbow was drawn up, thy bread. OFr. gaagner, to till the
hooks for lowering casks. Dan. ga/º/, ground, labour in one's calling.—Roque
a fork, and nautically the gaff or prop fort. Gaigneur, a husbandman, labourer.
used in extending the upper corner of a — Cot. In the same way N. vinna, to
fore-and-aft sail, originally doubtless pro labour, and also to win or gain. Walach.
vided with a fork at the lower end, with Zoucrare, to work, do, complete ; loucrou,
which it embraced and slid on the mast. labour, work, thing ; Lat. Mucrum, gain.
Gaffle, a dung-fork.-Hal. G. gabel, a The ultimate origin of the word is to
fork ; fleisch-gaſeſ, a flesh-fork, flesh be found in the biblical metaphor by
hook; gaffeln der weinreben, the ten which children are compared to branches.
Gael. gas, a bough, a young boy ; gasant,
drils of vines by which they lay hold of
the support; gače/-anker, a cramp-iron a little branch, young man. Then, as in
in architecture. Lith. Kače, Æabe/e, a the case of Lat. Auer, we pass from the
hook ; Kadºys, a hook, snag, crooked sense of boy to that of servant. W. givas,
fork. gwasan, a youth, a servant, givasant
*Gaffer.—Gammer. A designation of aeth, service; Bret. gwaz, a man, vassal,
elderly people in humble life. From servant; Prov. guazan, a vassal, guasan
grandfather, grandmother, cut down in dor, a cultivator.
288 GAIN GALE
t
A singular agreement is seen between is out of use, but we still have ungainly,
the Prov. forms and Turk, gazanj, Mazany, awkward, unhandy.
gain, profit, earnings; gazan með, Kazan The immediate origin is ON. gegn, con
mek, to gain, to earn. The puzzle is aug venient, suitable, gºgna, properly to meet,
mented by the ON. gagn, gain, profit, then to answer, to fit, to suit. N. g/egna,
victory ; at gagna, gagnaz, to profit, to to meet, to set oneself against, turn one
avail, which must be traced to a totally back, also to be fitting or suitable. Daffa
different origin from Fr. gagner, notwith Æann fºſe gjegna, that will not do, will
standing the striking identity both in not answer.—Aasen.
form and meaning. Gait. See Gate.
Gain. 2. Gain (in composition) is G. Gaiter. Fr. guestre, guére; Bret.
gegen, against, ON. grºwt, gagn, against, gºve//ren, ge//ren.
through ; in composition, thoroughly, as Gala.-Regale. It far gala, to be
well as opposite, opposed to ; Dan. gren, merry, to eat and drink well; rega/are, to
Sw. gen, gain, in return ; Bret, gin, oppo feast, or entertain ; ves/ºrse at gala, to
site ; ann fit gin, the opposite side ; gin dress fine and gay ; ga/a, ornament,
ouch-gān, directly opposite, explaining the finery, dress. Sp. dia di ga/a, a court
reduplicate form of G. gegen, N. gºgºl, E. day, holiday. OFr. gale, good cheer,
.gaz71. jollity ; gaſer, to lead a joyous life.—
The sense of opposite readily melts into Roquef.
that of direct, immediate, as the object The origin is the metaphor by which a
opposite is that with which we are in im person in a state of enjoyment is com
mediate contact. Hence Sw. gen, gin, pared to one swimming in an abundance
direct, short ; genasſe wagen, the shortest of good things, of which he can take at
way, E. dial. the gainesſ way. Sw. genas/, pleasure.
directly, immediately; genſ emoſ, gen/ I bathed still in bliss, I led a lordly life.
&/wer, over against, directly opposite ; Gascoigne.
genwag, Dan, gienzei, a short cut, way Long thus he lived, slumbering in sweet delight
leading directly through any intervening Bathing in liquid joys his melted sprite.
obstacle, whence may be explained the Spenser, Britain's Ida.
sense of through, belonging to ON. gagſt, Copenhagen is represented in the Danish
agºgnom, gegºlf, Sw. genom, &c. papers as swimming in a flood of delight.—
It is difficult to separate the fore Times, Sept. 9, 1865.
going from Du. g/cme, yon ; g/ie/laſer, It guazzare, to wade, dabble, plash ; by
.gſi.inder, yonder ; gºnd's, out there, by met. to lavish in good cheer ; guazzetfare,
which the attention of the hearer is di to wallow in good chear, to love to fare
rected to a certain object. The speaker daintily.—Fl.
pronounces a word signifying ‘opposite,’ Now It. gala signifies a bubble (see
‘before your eyes,' while he indicates the Gall); andare a ga/a, ga/are, gaſ/eggiare,
object intended by a bodily gesture. As. to float ; ga//eggiare ne/ giubilo, as Fr.
.gean, geon, gain (in composition), again ; wager dans Za joie, to give oneself up to
geoſtd, through, over, as far as, beyond. pleasure. So also dim. gaſ/uzza, gal
Geoſta, ſo than starte, up to the stone. /ozco, a water bubble, gal/uzzare, to float
Aſider and geoma, hither and thither. as a bubble, to be in a high state of en
Gcond ſcoverſig daga, after forty days. joyment. By this not very obvious train
Aram geondan sa", from beyond sea. of thought, ga/a, a bubble, is taken as the
The effect of the syllable geon is to indi type of festivity and enjoyment.
cate a position in time or space, separated Galaxy. Gr. Yá\a YáAarroc, milk, ya
from the speaker by an interval of forty Xašiac küx)\oc, Lat. galaxias, the milky
days, an expanse of sea, &c. way.
Gain. 3. Gainly. Sc. to game, or Gale. Sc. gale-wind, gall-wind, a
gain, to belong to, to last, to suffice ; to gale, strong wind.—Jam. From N. gaſen,
be fit or suitable. angry, mad, raging. Ein galent storm,
For I brought as much white monie eit gaſe ver, a furious storm.
As game my men and me.—Border Minstrelsy. The original figure may perhaps be be
The coat does na game him, does not fit witched, foul weather got up by witch
him. A ganand price, a fit or becoming craft, from ON. ga/a, to sing, at gala gaſ
price. Gain, gate, fit, useful, direct.— dra, to recite charms; ga/inn, bewitched,
Jam. Gain applied to things, is conve beside oneself, mad. Galdr, charms,
nient : to persons, active, expert; to a witchcraft, is a derivative from the same
way, short.—Ray. Gainly in like senses root, properly signifying song, as shown
 GALE GALLANT 289
in hanagaldr, cockcrow. Hence galdra Scab. In W. gºwall, ON. galli, the word
Arid, storm brought on by witchcraft. has the more general sense of a fault or
To Gale. To cry, make an outcry. imperfection; gal/adr, having some fault;
Now tellith forth and let the sompnour gale.
Chaucer.
Sw: gaſen, faulty, bad, wrong. Ratt eley.
£aleſ, right or wrong. Dan. gal, wrong,
ON. gala, to sing, to crow, exhibits the ill, and provincially sore. Min ſoder al,
origin of Lat. gallus, a cock, as well as of my foot is galled or sore. E. dial. gall, a
nightingale, the bird that sings by night. fault or imperfection, spring, or wet place
Dan. Aanegal, cock-crow. in a field, bare place in a crop, a sore
Gall. I. AS. gealla, from the yellow place.—Hal.
colour. G. galle, gall; gelò, yellow ; Pol. As under Bale we ventured the sug
20/6, gall; zolty, yellow ; zo/cié, to make gestion that a boil or botch (ON. bola, a
yellow ; Bohem. 3/ud, gall; £/uty, yellow. bubble, blister, boil) was taken as the
Perhaps however the derivation may run type of bodily illness, and thence of suf
in the opposite direction, as Lat. fulvus, fering and evil in general, so the possi
yellow, seems derived from ſel, gall. bility of a like origin for gall in the sense
Gall. 2.-Wind-gall.—Gall-nut. G. of evil may be supported by the Piedm.
gal/-affel, an oak-apple, the light, round, £ºa/a, a bubble, gogala, gola, a bump
nut-like excrescence produced by insects raised by a blow, often confounded with
on different kinds of oak, and used for a boil or blain.
ink, or in dyeing. Gallant. This word is used mainly in
It. gala, galla, gallozza, galluzza, an two senses, Ist, with the accent on the
oak-gall. The original meaning is a first syllable, showy in dress, spirited,
bubble, from the guggling sound of boil brave in action, and 2nd, with the accent
ing or bubbling water. This sound is re on the second syllable, attentive to wo
presented in Piedmontese by gogala, as men. They may perhaps have different
in E. by guggle, gogala, the bubbling up origins. -

of boiling water, or simply a water-bubble. The first of these senses is undoubtedly

—Zalli. Valencian, bull & galls, it boils from It. galano, quaint and gay in clothes,
in bubbles.—Dozy. Arab. galà, to boil. brave and gallant in new fashions and
Gael. goil, to boil; Sc. guller, or buller, bravery ; galante, brave, handsome,
for the gurgling sound of water rushing quaint, comely, gallant to the sight.—FI.
through a confined opening, belong to the Ga/aunt, a man fresh in apparel.-Palsgr.
same imitative class. The It. diminu in Way. The origin is gala, a state of
tives galluzza, gallozza, are commonly festivity or enjoyment, of which the deriv
used in the sense of a water-bubble, but ative galano would naturally be applied
the simple form of the noun is used in the as well to the gayness of apparel as to the
same sense in the expression andare a high, spirits characteristic of festivity.
£ala, stare a gala, to float on the water. It will be observed that brave was for
Then, as in other cases, where a bubble merly used in the sense of handsomeness
is taken as the type of globular form, the of dress, though now, like gallant, applied
designation is transferred to a ball, round to spirited action.
lump, and especially to an oak-gall, ſrom As a person courting a woman is natur
its singular lightness, floating on the ally attentive to dress, the second of the
water like a bubble. Pol. gala, galeczka, senses above mentioned may be an inci
galka, a ball ; galéa musakatalowa, a dental application of the first. . Sp. galān,
nutmeg ; galas, a gall-nut ; Bohem. gay, neat, well-dressed, lively, courtly,
halka, a knob, dubowa halka, an oak-gall especially with respect to ladies, a gen
(dubowa, oak); Lith. galwa, head, boll tleman in full dress, courtier, lover, wooer.
of flax, &c., the dim. of which, ga/wuze, It is possible however that the double
is nearly identical with It. gal/uzza. form of the It... galāno and galante may
Russ. galushka, a dumpling, lump of arise from confusion of a different word,
meal ; Walach. galka, a gland, kernel in the equivalent of Sc. callan, callant, a
the throat. Sp. galla, agalla, oak-gall, youth. -

gland in the throat, wind-gall, or elastic And eik ane hundreth followis redy boun
tumour in a horse's leg. Of young gallandis with purpure crestis rede,
Gall. 3. To gall, to make a sore Thare giltingere made glittering every *:::::
place, to rub off the skin. Fr. galler, to
gall, fret, itch, also to rub, scratch where Gael. gallam, a branch, a youth, tall or
it itcheth; galle, an itching of the skin, handsome young man. Pol. galºg, Ptg.
dry scab or scurf.-Cot. It galla, mange, galho, Sp. gayo, a branch, shoot. The
19
 290 GALLERY GALLON
designation of a youth on the same prin lerie, plaisanterie—Roquef. ; goulu, glut
ciple from comparison to a branch is also tonous ; goulée, a mouthful; Lat. gula,
seen in Gael. ogan, a branch or twig, a the throat, gluttony; gulo, a glutton ; all
oung man oas, a stalk, bough, boy. originally from the sound of liquid pour
ee Gain. ing down the throat. See Gala, where
Gallery. The ordinary E. sense of a the idea of merrymaking is deduced from
balcony or upper stage within an apart the same radical image by a different
ment, a place where the occupier is de figure.
fended by rails from falling, seems the Galligaskins. Fr. Greguesque, Greek;
original one. Lang. galarié, the rails of chausses d la Garguesque, gregs or gallo
a staircase, balustrade or parapet, terrace gaskins; greguesques, slops, gregs, gallo
before a house. As access to the differ gascoines, venitians; gregues, wide slops,
ent apartments of a house was commonly gallogascoins, great Gascon or Spanish
given by a passage thus constructed, the hose.—Cot. The reference to Gascon is
term was transferred to any passage or a piece of mistaken etymology. The
long apartment. word is simply a corruption of Gregues
Sw. galler, lattice, balustrade ; galler gues, Grecians...Greguesque, garguesque,
Jönstr, a lattice window, jalousie, blind. galguesque, galligaskes.
Possibly from an equivalent of Gael. Gallimawfry. Fr. gallimaſree, a
Aga/Zan, Ptg. galho, a branch, rod, shoot. hodge-podge, dish made of remnants
Galley. ON. galleyda, OSw. galeida, chopped up. Probably lengthened out
galeja, Mid. Lat. galeida, galea, It. gal from a form like glamaſree, or glam/rºſe,
Zera, a galley ; gaſ/eone, a galleon or representing a confused sound, analo
great galley ; gal/cotta, a handsome big gous to Sc. clamjam/ry, nonsensical talk,
galley—Fl., a galliot. trumpery, tag-rag-and-bobtail. Gael.
Galleys are explained by William of .gſam, bawl, cry out; glamaireachd, con
Tyre naves rostratae, and Dan. Gallion tinued babbling, making a noise ; clam
is the beak of a ship. Lith. gala, end, ras, clamhras, brawling.
point, tip. Gallinaceous. Lat. gallina, a hen.
Galliard.—Goliard. Fr. gaillard, Gallipot. — Galley-tile. Du. gley,
lusty, frolick, jocund, gamesome, also clay; gley-fºot, earthen pot, vessel of
rash, or somewhat indiscreet by too much earthenware, galli-pot. So galley-tile, an
jollity.—Cot. The primary type of jollity earthenware tile.
is eating and drinking, an idea expressed About the year 1570, I. Andries and I. Jan
in caricature by a representation of the son, potters, came from Antwerp and settled in
sound of liquor pouring down the throat. Norwich, where they followed their trade, making
Swiss gudeln, gudde/n, godeln, to shake galley-tiles
—Stow.
and apothecaries vessels [gallipots]
liquids in a vessel; gudeln, gudern, gut
te/n, gutse/n, to guggle or pour out of a Gallon. Fr. falle, faille, jale, falſe, an
narrow-necked vessel with a gurgling earthen jar, bowl, tub. This must have
noise. Hence Fr. godailler, It, gozzavi. been pronounced in some dialects gale,
g/dare, to guzzle, tipple, to make good the hard and soft g frequently inter
cheer. In the same way from the same changing, as in galet and jalet, a pebble,
sound, as represented by Piedm. gogala, gambe and jambe, a leg, E. garden, and
bubble, boiling of water, E. guggle, is pro Fr. jardin, &. The evidence of such a
duced Swiss guggeln, to tipple ; fro/ich change in the present instance is left in
tend gögel–Hans Sachs; Fr. gogail/e, galot, a pitcher—Hécart; OFr. galom, a
merrymaking, frolic ; faire gogaille, to gallon; galoie, identical with jalate, a
make merry, to drink merrily. From the measure of wine, a soe, a tub.-Cot.
former half of this word is formed gogues, Gallon is also written jalon in Fleta,
jollity ; &re en ses gogues, to be frolick, “Pondus octo librarum frumenti facit
lusty, in a merry mood; goguer, gogayer, mensuram falonis, et 8 falomatae frumenti
to make good cheer, take his pleasure ; faciunt bussellum.”—Duc. The original
while the latter half seems to give rise to sense of the simple word seems to have
the term gaillard, one making merry, en been a bowl; ſale de cervoise, a bowl of
joying himself, a good fellow. ale; and we learn from Carpentier that
The word is closely allied in form and it was also applied to a solid bowl or ball.
meaning with the OE. go/iard, a loose ‘Le jeu de boules que l’on nomme (en
companion, from Fr. goulard, goliard, a Boulenois) le jeu de ſales.”—A. D. 1453.
gully-gut, greedy feeder—Cot. ; bouffon, If then we were formerly right in tracing.
glouton, mauvais sujet ; goulardise, rail bowl or boll to bulla, a bubble, it is pro
 GALLOON GAMBISON 291

bable that ſale or gale, a bowl, must be glagol, a word), and from the form of the
identified with Pol. gala, ga/Aia, a ball, letter, a gibbet or crane.
It gala, a bubble, an oak-gall. See Gall, Braces are in some parts of England
Gala. The Fr. gal, galeſ, or jalet, a peb called gallows, as in G. (Fallersleben)
ble, a little round stone, §ſ. a cake (a Adingels, as the implement by which the
round lump of dough), are other applica trowsers hang.
tions of the same root. Galosh.-Galage. Originally a wooden
Galloon. We have, under Gala, traced sole fastened by a strap to the foot. Solea,
the process by which that word came to a shoe called a ga/age or paten, which
signify festivity. Hence it was in It. hath nothing on the fete but only la
transferred to the ornaments of a festive chettes.—Elyot in Way. Galache, ga
occasion, such puffs, knots, or roses of Jegge, galoche, undersolynge of mannys
lawn or tiffany, or ribbons, as women fote, crepita.-Pr. Prm. A corruption of
wear on their heads and breasts— E. clog (gloc, a log—Pat. de Champ.), or
Florio ; ‘now-a-days used,’ he adds, the equivalent Fr. claque, a kind of clog
“for all manner of gallantness or garish or patten worn in wet and dirt (Gattel),
ness in ornaments and apparel that is the pronunciation being softened by the
fair to look on and yet not costly.” In insertion of an a between the g and l, as
French the derivatives gallon, galant are in ga//ey-pot, from gley-pot, and in other
used in the same sense. Gaſommer les cases. In the same way from G. klots, a
chez'eur, to deck the hair, to ornament it log, ‘cloczen, calotschen, vel fuss-Solchen
with lace or ribbons; galender, orner, qui induuntur in hyeme (Mod.G. A lots
couronner—Pat. de Champ. Ribbons schuh), crepida.”—Dief. Supp. The Mid,
used to ornament the hair or dress were Lat. calopodium seems formed in the
called gaſon, or galant.—Trevoux. At a same way from Du. A/opper, a clog, with
later period the term was appropriated to a blundering introduction of the Gr. pod,
gold or silver lace, the most showy mate foot. Calopodium, holz-schuoch, klompe.
rial of which such ornaments were made, Calopi/ier, holz-Schumacher.—Dief. Supp.
and hence E. galloon. Gamashes.—Gambadoes. From W.
Gallop. Fr. gallopper, Fland. wa gar, the shank, is Lang. garamacho, a
Joppe, vliegh-waloppe, a gallop.–Kil. E. egging, and thence (rather than from It.
dial. wallop, gallop. The name is taken gamba, the leg), It. gamascie (for gramas
from the sound made by a horse gallop cie, as Sc. gramashes—Jam.), Fr. Aſa
ing compared to the waſ/oping or boiling maches, E. gamashes, spatterdashes. The
of a pot. So natural is the comparison corruption to gambages probably took
that it is taken in the converse order to effect under the supposition of a deriva
express a complete state of ebullition tion from Fr. jamäe, It. gambe. A further
when the bubbles are thrown up in rapid corruption converted gambages into gam
succession and the pot is said to boil a badoes.
Aſallop. “Rien que de l'entendre galoper Gambison. OFr. gamboison, gambe
dans le poèle on comprenait qu'il gelait son, wanbais, a wadded coat or frock
a pierre.”—Le Blocus worn under a coat of. mail or sometimes
To Gallow.—Gally. To terrify. As. alone, as armour of defence. Armati re
aga/wan, agallan. Tha wearth ic age/- utabantur qui galeas ferreas in capitibus
wed and swithe afaered. Then was I É. et qui wanbasia, id est tunicam
terrified and sore afeared.—Boethius. spissam ex ‘. et stuppä et veteribus
Gallows. Goth. galga, ON. galgi, pannis consutam, &c.—Chron. de Colmar
OHG. galgo, cross, execution-tree, gallows. in Dict. Etym. G. wamms, a doublet.
As the earliest gallows would be the Commonly derived from OHG. wamba,
branch of a tree the word has been con the wane or belly, as signifying a defence
nected with Pol. galaš, Boh. haluz, Magy. for the belly; but this explanation is
gally, Gael. gallan, a branch. So in the founded on too narrow a meaning of the
Salic law, ad ramum incrocare, to hang; word, which was applied to other wadded
ramatus, hanged. Pol. Na galezi zlod structures as well as a body-coat, Ray
zieja to the (bough) gallows with the mond des Agiles in his history of the
thief ? We have the same expression in siege of Jerusalem mentions that the walls
the Kentish proverb, The father to the were protected against the machines of
bough, the son to the plough. the besiegers by mattresses, ‘culcitra de
Another origin of the word may be gambasio.” In a bull of Innocent IV, the
suggested in the Russ. glago/, the letter name is given to a wadded rug. ‘Abbates
T (so called from being the first letter of quoque in dormitorio cum aliis super
19 º'
 292 GAMBLE

wambitios jaceant.”—“Tunicas gambesa snatch, or pull; E, skiff, a sudden jump,

tas sive gambeson is.’ “Une selle—gam a word intimately connected with the idea
&oisiée.’–Carp. “Cotes, houppelandes of sportfulness and play.
gamboisiées.”—Duc. Then all their gladness doth begin,
The word is in fact a simple adoption And then their skips and then their play;
of the Gr. Baußákov or Bauð4xivov, a So falls their sadness all away.
Uncertain Authors in R.
fabric stuffed with cotton, the Gr. 3, pro
nounced like a v, being rendered in the Again we have E. gið, or jib, to start
Western languages sometimes by b and suddenly backwards; OFr. regiõer, to
sometimes by w, passing into g. The wince or kick; giffer, se debattre des
latter mode of writing gave rise to waſn pieds et des mains, s'agiter, lutter—
&asia, gamõeso, and similar forms, while Roquef, to play—Pat. de Champ. ; degi
the former produced It. bambasina, bam &ier, agitare se festive, oblectare se ;
&acina, any bumbaste in stuff or cloth giðe'er, giðoyer, to play or sport. “Et
(i.e. any stuff wadded with bumbaste or quant le enfés fu venuz de giðeier et de
cotton).-Fl. Now bombicinium, like jouer."--Duc. Then as hawking was for
gamboison, was specially applied to a merly the sport par excellence of gentle
wadded jacket. ‘Bombicinium, pourpoin men, the term was chiefly applied to that
vel aqueton, pourpoinz fait de coton.’— exercise, and the modern giðier, while it
Gloss. in Carp. ‘Ab hoc nomine quod has ceased to signify the actual pursuit,
est bumbace dicitur bumóacinum, quodest is used, as E. game, to designate the pro
gallice pourpoinz.’—John de Garlandiá. duce of the chase.
It should be observed that the synon The nasalisation of the vowel in the
ymous haczueton, Fr. attgue/on, ho/ueton, modern regimber, to kick, brings us nearer
Prov. alcoto, is named in the same way our principal mark. Lang. ghimba, to
from the cotton with which it is stuffed. jump ; ſhimbela, to tumble; Da. dial.
Even without reference to the ambigu gimfe, to rock, to swing. Sw, guppa, to
ous nature of the Gr. 3, an initial b and rock or pitch, to tilt or strike up, and with
Aſ often interchange, as Fr. busart, Prov. the nasal, Dan. gumpa, sæumpe, to jog, to
Agusart, a buzzard; G. &c//ern and ge/ſern, jolt. Swiss gam/en, to rock, to see-saw ;
to bellow ; Sp. º and gazofia, offal; gampiross, a rocking-horse ; gam/-brun
Sc. buller and guller, to make a bub men, a draw-well ; gamfſen, to shake or
bling sound. joggle; gumpen, to jump. Bav. gampen,
Gamble. –Gambol. — Game. It is §. to jump, hop, sport. ‘Mit e”
impossible to separate these words, al ar'n wanpm is net gued gam/en.” It is
though gambo! has probably come through hard to be merry with an empty belly.
a French channel, and gamble from a Gämel, mirth, sport, enjoyment; gam
Saxon ancestry. Jiche /eute, gum/e/iite, persons diverting
The radical image is that of a sudden themselves or others, gamblers, players.
and rapid movement to and fro, jumping, “Die gumpellite, gyger und tamburer:’—
springing; then the state of excited players, fiddlers, and tabourers. “Loter
spirits which spends itself in muscular und gumpe//lite: '-idlepacks and merry
exertion, and is witnessed by such expres makers.-Schm. Swiss gammel, merry
sions as G. vor freuden hipfen, E. to jump making, noisy enjoyment; gammeln, to
for joy. Thus the expression for jumping make merry, sport, romp ; gammler,
is applied to joy, sport, merrymaking, merrymakers. The Swiss and Bav. forms
amusement, and as the two main resources are obviously identical with E. gamblers,
of amusement in an uncultivated state of properly merrymakers, but used in a bad
society are the pursuit of wild animals, Sense.
and the indulgence of the passion for The simple form game is found in
gain, afforded by the staking of valuables OFris. in the sense of joy. “Alsa dede
on concerted issues of skill or hazard, the God use hera ena grata gama: '-thus
name of sport or game is emphatically God our Lord did us a great joy.—Richt
given to these two kinds of pastime, the hofen. AS. gaman, merrymaking, sport.
term game, in the case of the chase, being Sw. gammam, joy.
accidentally confined to the object of The Fr. gambiller, to leap, dance, limp
pursuit. —Roquef., is essentially the same word
. The root kif, gift, gib, in the sense of a with E. gamble, but used in the original
sudden movement, is widely spread. w. instead of the figurative sense. It is
i.
ciº, yºgift, a sudden snatch, or effort; always supposed, very naturally, to be
Gael. §§iab, a quick or sudden movement, derived from It. gaméa, Fr. Jamibe, the
-
 GAMMON GAOL 293

leg, and there can be no doubt of the di use of that syllable to mark the first note
rect relation between the two, but the of the scale.
connection through the Lang. jhimbela, The ultimate origin is the representa
to tumble, ghimba, to jump, with Fr. re tion of a clanging sound by the syllable
gimber, regiõer, to kick, and E. gið, shows g/am, game, or the like. N. glam, clang;
that the derivation must lie in the oppo glamhul, window in a belfry to allow the
site direction. In the same way from Fr. sound to spread; It, gdiume, the shrill
giguer, to run, jump, skip, E. jig.(a closely sounding note of a huntsman—Fl. ;
allied root with the foregoing jiè), is Esthon. Æummama, Fin. Kommata, Gr.
formed gigue, gige, the thigh ; from gigo kóursu', to clang; It. campama, a bell.
ter, to shake one's legs, jump about— To Ganch. A way of executing male
Boyer, gigot, a leg of mutton. factors by throwing them from a height
Even It. gambata (Fr. gambade, OE. on a sharp stake or hook. Turk. Kanſa,
Aſambaud, i. gambold, gambo/) is It gancio, a hook; inganzare, to torture
probably direct from an equivalent of the in the Turkish fashion.—Fl.
Bav. gampen, to jump, and not from Gander.—Goose. G. gams, gamserich;
gamba. Gambade, a gambol, yew-game, Pl.D. goos, gante, Du. ganse, ganser, or
tumbling trick.-Cot. gan serick, Pol. ges, gestor, goose and
Gammon. I. A vulgar exclamation gander respectively. Lat. anser, Gr. Xàv,
signifying nonsense ! you are joking ! goose. Lith. gua / gua / cry to call
geese.
Obviously identical with Dan. Gammen,
sport; and singularly enough the word is Gang. See Go.
used interjectionally in Fris. precisely as Gangrene. Gr. Yáyypawa, whence Lat.
in E., although not preserved in the for gangraena.
mer language in the sense of sport. : Gannet. The Solan goose. AS. ganofa,
Gammen / interjection of contempt.— the wild-goose; ganotes bath, the sea.
Epkema. See Gamble. It gamba / is The application to a particular species,
also used for tush | pish in mockery, to as the Solan goose, is a modern refine
ment. ‘Habuit etiam beatus Leudomirus
signify that one is very far from the mark
in what he is saying.—Fl. culturam saepe ab avibus, qui Ganita
vocantur, depastam.”—Carp. It is cer
2. It gamba, a leg; gambone, any great tain that no damage was ever done to
leg, thigh, giget, gammon or pestle, viz. corn by Solan geese.
of a beast.—Fl. Fr. jambon, a gammon Gantlet.—Gauntlet. Fr. gantelet, an
—Cot. ; a ham or thigh of cured pork. iron glove ; gant, It. guanto, ON. vöttr, a
The It. gamba is commonly derived glove.
from W., Gael. cam, It. ghembo, crooked, In the phrase to run the gauntlet the
Fr. gambir, to crook; but crookedness word is a corruption of gante/ope, arising
does not seem a likely characteristic from the possibility of thus giving mean
from whence to take the designation of a ing to the term in E. ears, under the sup
limb like the leg. It would rather be position that the punishment consisted in
named from its most energetic action, a blow from the gauntleted hand of each
jumping or springing ; Bav. gamfen, of a lane of soldiers through which the
Arumpen, to jump or spring.—Schm. See criminal was made to pass. But the blow
Gambol.
was always given with a rod, as appears
Gamut.—Gamma. Fr. gamme, the in the G. durch die spiess-ruthen laufen
musical scale. Said to be derived from (spitz- or spiess-ruthe, a switch); Fr.
gamma, the Greek name of the letter G, passer par les verges. To run the gant
used in denoting the notes of the scale, Zet or gantelope, to run through a com
but the accounts of the reason why this pany of soldiers standing on each side,
letter was adopted for the purpose are making a lane, with each a switch in his
confused and contradictory, and why the hand to scourge the criminal.—B. ON.
Greek name should have been used at all gata, a lane; gata gera, skapa einum gótu,
is not explained. to make one run the gantlet.—Fritzner.
The real origin is in all probability the The punishment was probably made
Fr. game or gamme, a chime of bells, known to us from the wars of Gustavus,
which would supply the most familiar Adolphus, as the expression is pure
example of the musical scale. “I chyme Swedish ; lofa gatloff, from gata, a
as a chyme doth at a certayne houre. Je street, or, in military language, a line of
sonne la gamme.”—Palsgr. The addition soldiers, and loºp, course.
of the final ut in gamut arose from the Gaol. It gabbia, gaiola (for gabbiola),
 29.4 GAPE GARE

a cage; Sp. gavia, a cell for mad per may confidently connect the foregoing
sons; gayola, faula, a cage, a cell for forms with W. criò, a comb, a wool-card;
mad persons; Fr. gºoſe, a cage for birds, cribin, a hay-rake; Bret, cribin, a heckle
a gaol or prison. Lat. cavea, a cage. or toothed instrument for dressing flax ;
The origin seems Gael. gabh, to take, cribeſ, a cock's-comb ; scrive/, a curry
seize, make prisoner, hold or contain ; comb ; Bohem. hiºeb, a nail ; hºeben, Pol.
Aſabhar, a gaol.—Armstrong. Ir. gab greebien, a comb. The radical image is
Aa'i/, to take, make prisoner, bind in shown in Pol. grzebač, to scratch ; Gael.
fetters; gabhann, a gaol, a pound for sgriob, to scrape, scratch, curry, agreeing
cattle, with the foregoing forms with a thin
To Gape.—Gap. It may be doubtful vowel ; while W. craſu, to scrape or
whether the more complete form of the scratch (giving rise to cra/e//, ysgraf://, a
word be not glape, in accordance with curry-comb), more exactly accounts for
G. g/affºn, compared with gaffºrt, to gape, those with a broad vowel, like It. garbel
to stare ; ON. g/affa, to stare ; ga/a, to Zare, to sift, or Lat. carminare, to card
gape ; N. glaſ, gaſ, a gap or passage. wool.
E. dial. g/op, to stare.—Hal. Evidence Garboil. It, garbuglio, embroilment,
of the fuller form remains in Chaucer's confusion ; Fr. garðouiſ, hurliburly, great
Agalé, corresponding to glap as E. yeſ/ to stir, horrible rumbling.—Cot. The word
Fr. glapir, or as N. pi/Aa to the synon is originally framed to represent the dash
ymous pſiA%a, to pluck. See Gare. ing of water, lying midway between Fr.
Pol. gapić sie, to gape. gargouille, a water-bubble, and barbouil
To Gar. To make one do a thing. Zer, to blot, bedash all over, to jumble,
ON. gera, göra, to make or do. Bret. gra, confound, mingle ill-favouredly; It. bar
do, affair, business. &og/io, a tumultuous hurlyburly, any con
Garb. Formerly applied to the mode fused or clattering noise. In imitative
of doing anything, but latterly confined to words of this nature an initial b and g in
the fashion of dress. terchange with great facility. Lang.gar
“The garb and fashion of his conversa gata as well as barbata, to boil. Grisons,
tion’—Scott in R. Sp., Cat. garðo, grace, garðugliar, inbarbigliar, to confuse, en
air with which a thing is done; It. garbo, tangle ; garðuigl, barbigl, confusion.
comeliness, behaviour, carriage—Altieri; Garden. It giardino, Fr. jardin, G.
Fr. garbe, gracefulness, good fashion.— garſen, Du. gaerae, a garden. Bav. der
Cot. The primary meaning is simply garten, OHG. garto, a garden, yard, in
fashion, the make or shape of a thing, closed place. Ho/*garten, wood-yard;
then the right shape, agreeable fashion. sce/gartum (navalibus), ship-yard ; hop
The primary sense is preserved in It. Jengarten, hop-garden, hop-yard. See
4arbo, garðatura, the curvature or make Yard.
of a thing ; garðato di nave, the model of To Gare.—Gaure.—Garish.-Gaze.
a ship. OHG. Garawi, ornament, pre OE. gare or gaure, to stare; whence gar
paration, dress, habitus, cultus ; wib ish, staring, glaring, showy.
arawi, mundus muliebris, feminine With fifty garing heads a monstrous dragon
abiliments; wig-garawi, habiliments of stands upright.—Phaer in R.
war; garawyan, to prepare; AS. gearwa, Doun fro the castel cometh ther many a wight
preparation, clothing, gear. To gaurin on this ship, and on Custance.
Chaucer.
Garbage. Refuse, waste. ‘Tara, the
tare, waste, or garbish of any ware or Fr. garer, to ware, beware, take heed of;
merchandise.”—Fl. The guts of an ani Gare / Look out ! Out of the way !
mal killed for food. To gaze and gare are modified forms,
To Garble. . To cleanse from dross differing only as Du. vriesen and vrieren,
and dust. Sp. garðiſlo, a coarse sieve ; to freeze, ver/iesen and verlieren, to lose,
£arbillare, to garble, to sift, to separate Æiesen and kieren, to choose—Kil. ; or
the bad from the good.—Neum. Garbled as Dan. glas and glar, glass. And here
evidence is when we select what suits our indeed we have a clue to the relations of
purpose and suppress the rest. Venet. the E. terms. The characteristic feature
garðelo, Sp. garðillo, Arab. alghirôāl, of glass is its transparency, and the ra
algarból, Ptg. alvarral (Dozy), a sieve. dical meaning of the word is doubtless to
On the other hand the word may be from shine, of which we have evidence in the
It crivello, crivo, Lat. cribrum, a sieve. provincial glaze-worm, synonymous with
There is so much analogy between the glare-worm, glow-worm-Hal. ; g/asyn,
processes of siſting and combing that we or make a thing to shine, polio.—Pr. Pm.
 GARGLE GARNET 295
Thus glass would originally be that which Pat. de Champ. Gallande, guirlande, cou
allows the light to shine through, a sense ronne.—Roquef. Hence by the conver
actually preserved in N. glas, a window; sion of the first / into an r, garlande.
glisa, glira, to shine through, to be open Sometimes the two modes of spelling
so as to let one see through. The point are found in the same document. ‘Le
of view is then changed from the object suppliant trouva un petit coffre ouvert
which emits the light to the organ which ouquel il trouva deux garlandes, l'une
receives it, and the expression for shining boutonnée et l'autre plaine.-Dans l'un
is transferred to the act of gazing or des petits coffres avoit trois gallendes ou
staring. Thus we have N. glosa, to gaze, chapeaux d'argent.”—Chart. A. D. 1409 in
or stare ; glora (as E. glare), to glitter Carp. A silver wreath due by custom to
(explaining Lat. gloria), and also to stare; the wife on the death of her husband was
Russ. glaz’, eye; glazyaf', to stare. Swiss in some provinces of France called chapel,
glūs-auge, a staring eye. E. dial. glowre, and in others garlande d'argent.—Duc.
glore, to stare. Swiss glare, to stare ; An intrusive r of similar nature may be
3/arig, conspicuous, garish, glaring.— observed in It, gazza, garza, a pie, and in
Idioticon Bernense in Deutsch. Mundart. Fr. guementer, guermenter, to lament.
Now the instances are very numerous * Garlick. ON. geir-laukr, from the
where words beginning with g/ or cl are spear-shaped leaves; geirr, a spear.
accompanied by parallel forms without Svavar minn Sigurðr hjá sonum Gjuka,
the liquid, whether we suppose the 1 to Sem varigeirlau%r or grasi waxinn :
be lost in the one case, or to be inserted So was my Sigurd among the sons of
in the other, or whether they have arisen Giuki, as garlick sprung up from amon
independently from direct imitation. Thus the grass. Lick or lock is a frequen
we have clatter and chatter, clack and termination in the name of herbs, as
thack; cliné and chink, Sc. clatch and Aemlock, charlock, garlick, Swiss Korn
catch, Sc. glaum, NE. goam, to snatch atZiège, galeopsis ladanum, weglige, cicho
a thing; Dan. &lamse, as well as gamse, rium intybus, from ON. laukr, E. leek, a
to snap at-Haldorsen in v. glepsa ; N. pot-herb, Gael, luibh, formerly luigh, a
glana, to stare, E. game, to gape or yawn;
plant. The W. llys, a plant, was no doubt
N. glam, clang (glam-hul, the window in also llych, the correspondence between
a belfry to let 㺠sound out), and Fr. ch guttural and 2 in two of the Breton
Aramme, a chime of bells; N. glingra and dialects being of frequent occurrence.
E. gingle; N. glapa and gaffa, to gape or ‘Geder puliol real with the rotes als
stare, and in immediate connection with mykel als the lekes :' gather pennyroyal
the very root we are now treating, N. with the roots as large as the leaves.—
&lisen and gisen, what allows the light to Medical receipts 14th cent, in Reliquiae
shine through.-Aasen. In the same way Antiq. i. 54.
we find glaze and glare, or glowre, paral Garment. See Garnish.
lel with gaze and gare, or gaure. Sw. Garner. Fr. gremier, a garner or corn
dial. gasa, to stare. For the ultimate loft; grene, grain.—Cot.
origin see Glass. - Garnet. The Gr. kökkoc, a grain or
Gargle.—Gargoil. To gargle is to kernel, was applied to the Æermes, or in
make liquor bubble in the throat without sect used in dyeing a red colour, thence
swallowing it, from a direct imitation of called kökkuvoc, Lat. coccineus. In the
the sound produced. Lat. gargarizare, same way from Lat. granum is Sp. grana,
Turk. ghargharaet, gargle. Fr. gargou the insect used in dyeing, and thence
illir, a gargling or gurgling noise ; gar scarlet cloth, the crimson of the cheeks
gouiller, to gargle, to rattle in the throat.
and lips. It granato ſino, fine scarlet ;
Hence gangouille, the throat, also a spout granata, a garnet or precious stone of a
or gutter voiding the rain-water of a fine crimson, formerly called granate
house; and E. gargoil, the name given Słozze.
to the antic figures into which the spouts It is extremely probable that the Sp.
were worked in Gothic architecture. name of the insect descends from Latin
Garland. Cat. garlanda, Sp. guir times, and that even then granatus was
zzalaa, Fr. guirlande. From É. &ala, used in the sense of crimson, whence
festivity, festive apparel, were formed Fr. malum granatum, It granata, Sp. gra
£." galant, galland, ornament of the mada, the pomegranate, although, as that
ead or dress. Galommer ses cheveur, fruit is equally distinguished by the num
to deck the hair with lace or ribbons.— ber of grains with which it is filled and
Roquef. Galender, orner, couronner.— the fine crimson of the juice, it must re
296 GARNISH GATE
main uncertain which of these features is to signify a spirit not capable of being
the one intended. coagulated, or the most subtile and vola
Garnish.-Garment.—Garrison. It. tile parts of anything.—B. “This I will
guarnire, Fr. garnir, to provide, supply, call gas,” he says, as he gives the name of
deck, adorn, set forth with.-Cot. Hence &las to body of another kind. “Cum
It. guarnimento, guarnigone, Fr. garne chymici prorsus ad libitum sine ullo sig
ment, garnison, any garnishing, decking, nificatüs aut proprietatum rerum respectu
or trimming, any habiliment, munition, nomina imponant ; ut in Huestrum, Ca
or provision of war.—Fl. The n is lost gastricum, Gas, Blas, Duelech et sexcen
in the corresponding E. terms, garment, tis aliis portentosis vocabulis apparet.”—
garrison, the meaning of which is re Skinner in Kelp.
stricted by custom in the former case to Gash. 1. Pl. D. gatsken, to cut a large
the sense of clothes or bodily habiliments, hole, to cut deep into the flesh, from gat,
in the latter to a provision of soldiers for a hole. Said of a bold decisive incision,
guarding a fortress. Garsone, strong as one made by a surgeon, or a tailor.—
place.—Pr. Prm. . Brem. Wth. See Gate.
The root of garnir is seen in a simpler 2. Prattle, pert language.—Jam. This
form in Fr. garer, to ware, beware, look is another instance, in addition to those
out—Cot., whence garnir (as the E. mentioned under Barbarous, of the tend
equivalent warn) would properly signify ency to designate by the same word the
to make another ware or aware of some splashing of water and the confused
thing, to make him look out, and so pro sound of idle talk. Fr. gascher, to dash,
vide against danger. The original sense plash, flash, as water in rowing; gascheur,
is preserved in the legal garnishee, a plashy, washy, bespatling.—Cot.
name given in the Lord Mayor's court to To Gasp. ON. geisſa, to yawn; Dan.
a party, who having money in his hand gisfe, to gasp. Probably not from a
belonging to some one else, receives no modification of gape, but a direct repre
tice, or is warned, not to part with it sentation of the sound made in snapping
until the claims of a third party are satis for breath. Compare Flanders gaspe,
fied. See Gare. Du. ghespe, a snap, or clasp. Parallel
Garret. Fr. garite, a place of refuge, forms with an / inserted after the initial
and of safe retiral in a house ; hence the g are ON. g/eſsa, N. gleſsa, to gape, to
dungeon of a fortress whither the belea snap at with the mouth. See Gare.
guered soldiers make their last retire ; Gastric. Gr. Yáornp, the belly, sto
also a sentry or little lodge for a sentinel mach.
built on high.-Cot. In E. garret, trans
ferred to an apartment in the roof of a Gate.—Gait. Goth. gatvo, G. gasse,
house. Garytte, high soller : specula.- Dan. Qade, a street ; ON. gata, street,
Pr. Pm. path; Sw, gata, a street, way. Han gicæ
The origin is Fr. garir, to take refuge, sin egen gata ; Sc. he went his ain gate.
to put oneself in safety, from the connec Hence metaphorically the way, means, or
tion between looking out and defence, manner of doing a thing. OE. algates,
safety. See Gare. And compare Lat. always, by all means ; Sc. swegates, in
tueri, to look, to defend ; futus, safe. such wise; monygates, in many ways.-
- Mais ne saveit queu part aller; Jam. Applied to the carriage, procedure,
N'osout des grantz foreszeissir, or gait of a man, it has acquired a dis
Kar il ne saveit ougarir : tinctive spelling.
Benoit. Chron. Norm. v. 2.399.
Peter the Apostel parceyvede hus gate,
—he dared not leave the forests, for he And as he wente upon the water well hym knewe.
did not know where to take refuge. P. P. in R.
Segarer dessous, to take shelter under.
—Cot. The original meaning seems a narrow
Garrison. See Garnish. opening. ON. gat, a hole, gata, to per
Garrulous. Lat. garrulus, from gar forate ; Du. gaſ, a hole; int gat zijn, in
rio, to prate, babble. arcto versari, to be in a pinch, in difficul
Garter. Fr. jarretière, fartier, or in ties; Pl.D. gat, a hole, the mouth of a
the dialects of the North of France gartier river. From a narrow hole the sense is
—Hécart, from jarret, garet, the ham, or transferred to a narrow passage or way.
back of the leg. W., Bret, gar, ham, In ODu. gat, E. gate, an opening in an
shank, leg. enclosure, or the door which commands
Gas. A word coined by Van Helmont it, the word approaches nearer the original
 GAT-TOOTHEID GAVEL-KIND 297

meaning. Compare Lat. Joris, a gate, gaudy-day, a festival; and from the latter
with forare, to pierce. - applications, to gaud, to sport, to jest—
For the derivation of gat see next arti Hal., and gaud, a toy or trifle, a scoff—
cle. B. Prov. joias d'enfang, playthings.
Gat-toothed. To Gauge. To measure the liquid
Gat-toothed I was, and that became me well. contents of a cask, subsequently applied
Wife of Bath. to the measurement of other kinds of
This word has given much trouble to quantity. From Fr. ſale, a bowl, jauger,
commentators. I believe it to be the gau/ger, to estimate the number of bowls
equivalent of Sw. gles-tand, N. g/esſent, in a vessel. Jalagium, the right of sell
gistent, having teeth separated from one ing wine by retail or the duty paid on
another, from Sw. g/es, N. g/isen, gisen, that account. See Gallon.
open in texture, thinly scattered so as to Gaunt. Gawnt or lene : macer;-or
allow the light to shine through. Sw. slender: gracilis.-Pr. Pm. Gant, scanty.
dial. gåstandſ, gaping like the nibs of a —Moor.
dry pen, having separate teeth. A simi Gauntree. A frame to set casks on in
lar loss of an / is seen in Cat. g/assa, Fr. a cellar. Fr. chantier, a support for vines,
Aſage, gauze, a texture with open inter gauntry or stilling for hogsheads, trestle
stices, from the same original root with to saw timber on–Cot. ; also the stocks
the Scandinavian forms above mentioned, on which a ship is built. From Lat.
viz. glas, or glis, in the sense of shine, as cantherius, a horse of burden, then ap
shown under Gare. N. g/isa, to shine plied (as in modern languages a horse,
through. The change of the final s or 2 ass, or goat) to a wooden support for
into a t is found in many ramifications of various purposes. Cantherius, a prop
the root, as ON. glita, to shine; N. g/eff, for a vine, rafter of a roof, trestle or horse
an opening among clouds; g/etta, glytſa, to saw timber on.—Littleton. The Ger
to peep, to make an opening ; glytſ, g/off, mans use bock, a goat, in the last of these
an opening, hole, clear place among senses. In like manner we speak of a
clouds ; G. glaff, shining, polished, clothes-horse, and Fr. chevalet, a little
smoothed. The loss of the l as in the horse, is a painter's easel (G. esel, an ass),
foregoing examples would give a root gaſ, the frame which supports his work.
git, signifying what admits the light to Gauze. A name given to a woven
shine through, open, separated, exempli fabric of transparent texture. Fr. gaze,
fied in E. gat-toothed, in G. gaſter, giffer, cushion canvas, the thin canvas that
a lattice, partition with open interstices, serves women for a ground for their
and in ON., Pl.D., and Du. gat, a hole. cushions or purse work.-Cot.
See Glade. Among the numerous examples given
Gather.—Gadroon. G. gattern, Du. under Gare of parallel forms beginning
Aſaderen, gaeren, to draw to a heap, to with g/ and g respectively, are included
gather. g/aze and gaze, with the sense originally
An article of dress is said to be gather of shining. To the first of these classes
ed when it is drawn up in pleats, whence belong N. g/isa, to shine through; glisen,
must be explained Fr. gauderon, goderon, glesen, Sw.gles, what admits of the light
the set or pleating of a ruff, also a fashion shining through, open in texture, thinly
of imbossement used by goldsmiths, and scattered (ef g/est saill, an open or coarse
termed knurling.—Cot. A gadroomed sieve), explaining the Cat. g/assa, gauze ;
edge is one worked with imbossments and to the second, E. gaze, to look, N.
like the pleats of a ruff. gisen, open in texture, leaky, standing in
A calf's gather is the chitterlings or the same relation to Fr. gaze and E. gauze,
intestines of a calf, named in many as N. g/esent to Cat. glassa.
languages from their pleated structure. Gavel. I. Anything paid or done by
Gaddre, as a calf's gadre or a shepes; way of rent. See Gabel.
froissure.—Palsgr. in Hal. See Chitter 2. Fr. jazzelle, a gavel or sheaf of corn,
ling. also a bavin or bundle of dry sticks.-
Gaud.—Gaudy. From Lat. gaudium, Cot. Sp. gavilla, sheaf of corn, bundle
joy, OFr. gaudir, to be frolick, jolly, of vineshoots, gang of suspicious persons.
merry, to play the good fellow, make Probably a diminutive of gob or job, a
good cheer, to jibe, jest. Se gaudir de, lump or portion, as bavin of boð, Gael.
to flout, scoff, be pleasant with. — Cot. &ab, a lump. E. dial. jobbel, a small load.
Hence E. gaudy, showy, bright-coloured, —Hal.
like clothes worn on festive occasions ; Gavel-kind. The custom of Kent by
 298 GAWK GEASON

which all the sons of a family divided the gargata and barbata, to boil), with Fr.
inheritance equally. Apparently from a bario/4, variegated, speckled. So also
British source, although the word is of Fr. piolen, to pule, cheep or chirp like a
Gaelic rather than w. form. Gael, gabh, sparrow or young bird, £iolé, speckled ;
take; gabhail, taking, tehure, a taking of Aiole-riole, gaudy or pied, diversified with
land, lease, farm ; cine, kin, family, clan. sundry colours.-Cot. And again Dan.
Thus gavel-kind would mean family. spragle, Sw. Spracéla, to crackle, Dan.
tenure, as opposed to the ordinary tenure spraglet, Sw, spracklig, particoloured,
under which the whole of the land de speckled.
scends to the eldest son, w, gafael, a By a further transition the word sig
hold or grasp ; gafael o dir, a tenure of nifying liveliness of colour seems to have
land ; gafael cemeal, tenure of a family. been transferred to liveliness of disposi
—Jones. tion.
Gawk. 1. E. dial. gawk-handed, left To Gaze. See Gare.
handed ; gawkshaw, a left-handed man; Gazette. Commonly derived from
3allock hand, gaulic hand, left hand. Fr. gazzetta, a small Venetian coin supposed,
&auche, left hand, awkward, wrong, awry; to have been the price of the original
&auchir, to turn aside, to shun. ON. newspaper. But the value of the gazetta
skjálgr, skew, oblique, squinting; skjálga, was so small (“not worth a farthing o
to make oblique. See Shelve. ours'—Fl.) that it never could have been
Gawk. 2.-Gawky. It is probable the price either of a written or printed
that gawk, clownish, awkward, gawky, a sheet. The radical meaning of the word
simpleton, a clown, must be separated is shown in It, gazetta, gagette, all man
from the above, and (like the synonymous ner of idle chattings or vain prattlings,
gaby) explained from the notion of staring. but now generally used for running re
NE. A. to stare vacantly ; Devon ports, daily news, intelligences, and ad
Agawk-a-mouth, a gaping fool.-Hal. vertisements as are daily invented and
Gay. It gayo, Fr. gai, merry, jolly, written unto foreign nations, viz. from
quick, ready, prompt in action, light or Venice, Rome, and Amsterdam. — Fl,
bright of colour.—Cot. Sp. gayar, to The object of the gazette was to com
freak, variegate, chequer; gaya, stripe municate the political chit-chat of the
of different colour on silks, ribbons, &c.; day. The origin of the word is a repre
Ptg. verde-gaio, bright green; Rouchi sentation of the chattering sound of birds
gayolé, variegated. or voice, constituting a wide-spread root
Perhaps the true origin may be found in very different classes of language.
in the analogy by which the expressions Prov. gasar, gagalhar, Fr. Jaser, to tattle,
of conceptions dependent on the faculty It. gazza, a magpie or chatter-pie (as it
of hearing are extended to those of similar is provincially called from its chattering
character dependent on sight. Thus the voice); gazzerare, gazzolare, gazzettare,
designation of broken conspicuous colour to chatter as a pie or a jay, to prate—Fl.;
would naturally be taken from a broken Fr. gazouiller, to twitter, to murmur:
chattering sound. So from Pl.D. Kikel Pol, gadać, to talk, gadu-gadu, chit-chat;
Åakel, idle chatter, we have kakel-bunt, Malay kata-kata, discourse; Hung. c.sa
or Æike/-kakel-bunt, many-coloured, dis tora, noise, racket ; c.sacsogni, to chatter
agreeably chequered ; Bav. gi&#el-vech, or prattle, csacsogdny, a chatter-box, mag
gegåericht, particoloured; Swab. gakken, pie, jack-daw,
to cackle; gakkelig, particoloured. In Gazetteer. A geographical dictionary
the same way Fr. cageoler, to chatter, ex was published by Echard, 1703, under
plains Wal. cajolé, variegated, cajoler, the name of The Gazetteer's or News
enjoliver, to embellish (with bright co man's Interpreter, being a Geographical
lours ?). The It, gracchiare, to chatter as index, &c.—Sir P. S. Carey in N. & Q.
a daw, stands in the same relation to Gear. ON. gerſ, AS. gearwa, habili
Wal. cragolé (Remacle), crajolé (Grandg), ments, whatever is required to set a thing
mottled, speckled; and on the same prin in action. See Garb.
ciple may be compared Fr. garioler, to Geason.—Gizen. Geason, rare, scarce.
warble as birds, Sp. garlar, to chatter, Gizen, to open like the seams of a cask,
with E. dial. garled, variegated, streaked, to stare intently.—Hal. Gizgen, to sneer,
spotted, and with, the change of b and g, laugh, or smile in a contemptuous man
so common in imitative forms (G. belfern, ner.—Craven Gloss. The connection be
Pl.D. gel/ern, to yelp ; Lang. brezilia, to tween the meanings is furnished by N.
warble, Fr. greziller, to crackle; Lang. glisa, to shine through, to show inter
 GEE GESSES 299

stices, as between boards that do not Mundart. iii. 503. Pl.D. Şe / jºes / Herr
meet close; glisen and (with loss of the l) jes A jemine /–Danneil.
&isen, opening, leaky. Gender. — General. — Generation.
Then since the individuals of a col Lat. genus, Fr. genre, a race, family,
lection become rare as the interstices in breed; genero, to beget, Fr. tºº. J.
crease, the word implying interstices generalis, pertaining to kind, also com
comes to signify rare. Sw. gles, open in mon or universal.
texture, thinly scattered; on. gisinn, Genealogy. Gr. Yevså, race, pedigree.
hiulcus, rarus (gaping, rare, geason).- General.—Generate. -gener-. Lat.
Haldorsen. genus, generis, kind. To degenerate, to
The sense of sneering or contemptuous fall off from its proper kind.
laughter is from the parting of the lips Genesis. Gr. Yéveric, procreation, ori
and letting the teeth be seen through. N. gin, beginning.
glisa, to sneer, laugh at, show the teeth. Genet. A small-sized Spanish horse.
Compare N. glan, a bright opening be Sp. gineto, a light horseman, named from
tween clouds; glana, to open so as to let the Berber tribe of Zeneta, who supplied
one see through, also to stare ; g/amen, the Moorish sultans of Grenada with a
open, separated. In the same way from ON. body of horse on which they placed great
g/ima, to shine, shine through, gimla, a reliance. Their short lance was called in
crack transmitting light; gima, to gape, Sp. gineta, in It. giannetta, and in the
or open. testament of Peter the Cruel mention is
Gee. To agree, to fit, to suit with.- made of espada gineta, and siella gineta.
Hal. From gee A the exclamation to make To ride al/agineta was to ride with short
a horse go on. In Germany hott / is the stirrups like the Moors. The Spanish,
word to make a horse go on, and hotte Italian, and French have also given the
pdra, in children's language, a horse, as name of gineto, ginnetto, giannetto, genet,
Aftee-gee with us.-Danneil. Hence hot to a kind of entire Spanish horse.—Dozy.
ten, to make to go, to get on, to go— Genial. Lat. genialis, from genius,
Stalder, to go forward, to succeed, to gee. the spirit or nature of a man. Congenial,
Es will nicht recht hotten, it will not go, of like taste or disposition.
or advance rightly, it won't do, won't gee. Genital.—Genitive. Lat. gigno, ge
—Küttner. nitum, to beget.
To Geld. OSw. gill, Gael., w, caill, Genteel.–Gentle. Fr. gentil, gentle,
G. geiſe, the parts on which the capacity tractable, courteous, comely, pretty.—Cot.
of offspring depends, the testes, ovaries. Lat. gentilis, of a nation or family, and
OSw, gālla, ON. gelda, G. geiſen, to re kar' tºox#v, of good family, as we say a
move the parts in question, to castrate. person of family for a well-bred person.
Gael. cailleadh, castration; caiſ/teanach, Gentoo. The pagan natives, as well
a eunuch. of India as of America, were called by
Gelid. Lat. gelidus, from ge/u, frost, the Portuguese Gentid, gentile, pagan,
cold. idolatrous, savage. Hence the Brahmins,
Gem. This seems one of the words who were first made known to us by the
whose derivation is obscured by the loss Portuguese, were called Gentoos, as if it
of an 1. See Gare. ON. gimlir, splen had been the proper name of the people
dour; gim-steinn, a shining stone, from themselves. ‘The Indians of the interior
gima, for glima, to shine. It would seem still remaining in the savage state are
that Lat. gemma, a gem, was a borrowed called by the Brazilians Indios or Gen
word, only accidentally agreeing with tids (Heathens).”—Bates, Naturalist on
gemma, a bud. the Amazons, i. 77.
Gemini 1–By Gis. The wish to avoid Geo-. Gr. Yew-, from yta, yì, the earth;
the sin of profane swearing without giving as in Geography, description of the earth;
up the gratification of the practice has Geometry, measuring of the earth; Geor
led to the mangling of the terms used in gics, the science of cultivation of the
exclamation, so as to deprive them of earth (ºpyāw, to cultivate, till), &c.
all apparent reference to sacred things. Geranium. Cranesbill, from Gr. Yé
Hence Fr. mort bleu, corb/eu, for mort, pavoc, a crane ; on account of the long
corps de Dieu, sapperment for sacrament; projecting spike of the seed-capsule. ,
Swab. mein echel, for mein eid, Alsace Germ.–Germinate. Lat. germen, a
di Gobb / bi Gol/e/ be Gosch / Gotz / Botz / bud, origin of growth ; germinare, to put
Potz / O Jeses / O şe Z jerum, Žere, Je forth buds.
mer, Jegger, jºgesle, jemine.—Deutsch. Gesses. The short straps with a ring
3oo GEST GIB-CAT

attached, round the feet of a hawk, which Get.—Jet. Gef, or manner or custome,
were cast loose when he was let fly, were modus, consuetudo.—Pr. Pm. Gette, a
called gesses, It, getti, Fr. gects, from custom ; mewe teſte, guise nouvelle.—
gect, a cast or throw, Lat. facere, to cast. Palsgr. Perhaps from gait or gate, a
Gest. 1. From Fr. giste, a lying or way. J//gaited, having bad habits, per
lodging, the appointed rest for the court verse, froward.—Jam. But it is more
on a royal progress ; thence used in probably an application of the verb get in
“Winter's Tale’ for the appointed time of the sense of devise, contrive. So it is
departure. Strype says that Cranmer used by Chaucer with respect to the con
entreated Cecil “to let him have the new trivance of the alchemist who, having
resolved-upon gests, that he might from filled a hollow stick with silver filings,
time to time know where the king was.” With his stikke above the crosselet
Gest. 2.-Jest. From Lat. gerere, That was ordained with that false get,
gestum, to do, a feat or deed done, and He stirreth the coles.
thence a relation, story. The Gesta * Gewgaw. A plaything, a showy
Romanorum was a celebrated collection trifle. “Babiole, a trifle, whim wharm,
of stories in vogue in the middle ages. guigaw or small toy for a child to play
The Roman gestes makin remembrance withal.’—Cot. “Fariboles, fond tattling,
Of many a veray trewe wif also. idle discourses, trifles, flimflams, why
Merchant's Tale.
whaws.’—Cot. Here the synonymous
A gestour was a person whose profession flimſlam, whºm wham, whywhaw, guigaw,
was to entertain a company with the nar gewgaw, although they cannot be sup
ration of stories. posed to spring from a common root, yet
Do come, he saied, my ministralis are manifestly formed on a similar plan,
And jesſors to tell us tales the principle of which seems to be to repre
Anon in mine arming, sent light movement to and fro as opposed
Of Romancis that ben roials to steady continuance in a fixed direction.
Of Popis and of Cardinals, Hence the signification of something done
And eke of love longing.—Sir Thopas. without settled purpose, trifling, child's
Geeste, or romaunce : gestio, gestus.- play, in opposition to work done with a
Pr. Pn. When the telling of stories be settled purpose. Pl.D. wige/wageln, to
came a professional occupation the sub go wigglewaggle, is to waver to and fro.
ject of the gestor would embrace every Hence wigwag, whywhaw, guigaw. In
thing adapted to excite interest or to Suffolk one ploughing unskilfully would
raise a laugh, and as the latter in those be said “to woowhaw about.’—Moor. To
coarse times was the easier and more go giggajoggie, to move to and fro.—
popular line of endeavour, it seems gradu Florio. In G. nursery language gićgack,
ally to have narrowed the meaning of a clock, represents the vibration of the
fest to a subject of laughter. “Gest, a pendulum. Gygamp/en (Sanders), Swab.
tale; gestyng, bourde.”—Palsgr. in Way. gugen, to move to and fro. Gugen und
At the same time it is very possible gagen wie ein wagend rohr : shilly shally
that gest in the sense of joke had an in like a waving reed.—Schmeller. Pl.D.
dependent footing in the language. Sp. gige/n, to fiddle, is from the movement of
chistar, to mutter, to utter a slight sound ; the bow to and fro over the strings. On
mi chistar mi mistar, to be perfectly si the same principle the name of gewgaw
lent ; chiste, a jest, on the same principle is given in the N. of E. to a jew's-harp,
probably that we have Ptg. zumbir, to from the jigging movement of the hand
hum, 20mbar, to jeer or jest. ON. gis, continually striking the projecting tongue
jeering, bantering, teasing. of the instrument. We pass to the idea
-gest. -gestion.—Gesture.—Gesta of trifling in Swiss gaggelen, to trifle ;
tion. Lat. gero, gestum, to bear, carry gaggelizeug, playthings, toys, trifles; E.
on. As in Congest, Digestion, &c. gig, a silly flighty person; giggish, tri
To Get. The fundamental sense seems fling, silly, flighty.— Hal.
to be to seize, to become possessed of, to Ghastly. See Aghast.
acquire offspring. To forget, to away Gherkin. G. gurke, Pol. ogorek, pl.
get, to lose one's mental acquisitions. ogorki, Boh. okurka, a cucumber.
Goth. bigitan, to find. AS. andgitan, to Ghost. AS. gast, G. geist, a spirit.
understand ; bigitan, to get, acquire, ob Giant. Fr. geſant, Lat. gigas, gigantis.
tain. ON. geta, to conceive, beget, ac Gib-cat. A male cat, as we now say
quire, to be able, also to make mention of Tom-cat. “Thibert le cas’ in R. R. is
a thing. translated by Chaucer, ‘Gibbe our cat,’
 GIBE GIGGLE 3OI

Gib being short for Gilbert, the equiva Gibbous. Lat. gibbus, a bunch, hump,
lent of Fr. Thibert. swelling on the back or other part of the
Gibe.—Gib. As gabble, gabber, vary body.
with gibber in representing the sound Giblets. The odds and ends cut off
made by rapid, senseless talking ; so we in trimming a goose for roasting. Pro
had formerly gib as well as gab in the bably the meaning is simply bits, scraps,
sense of the mouth or muzzle. “We'll a further dim. of Fr. gobeau, a bit, gob
call him Cacodasmon with his black gið bet, morsel-Cot. It, gobôo, gibbo, a
there.”—B. and F. in R. hump. In the same way E. dial. gubbins
Hence to gibe, properly to wry the gº), fragments, parings of codfish,
mouth, to make faces, as from the equi C.—B.

valent w. gwep, beak, face, gwepio, to Giddy. Unsteady, on the verge of

make a wry face, grin, mock. N. g/eifa, falling. Gael, godach, giddy, coquettish.
gleiða, Sw. gipa, to wry the mouth, make N. giada, to shake, to tremble. From
faces.—Aasen. As the N. g7 is pro the notion of rapid reciprocating action
nounced nearly as E. f, the foregoing represented by the parallel forms gib, gid,
gjeipa is probably the immediate origin gig. See Gibbet, and next article.
of OE. ſafe, mockery, joke. Gig. – Giglet. A series of abrupt
To Gibber.—Gibberish. Gibber, like sounds was represented by syllables like
gabber, jabber, and gabble, represents the gick-gack, gig-gag. In G. nursery lan
sound of rapid talking without reference guage gigk-gagé is a clock, from the tick
to meaning, whence gibberish, gibbering, ing of the pendulum—D. M. v. 434; and
an utterance of articulate sounds without provincially gigkezen, gagłegen, to stut
sense. ON. gifra, to jabber. ter—Ib. v. 341. Swab. gigacken (Du.
Gibbet. The gibbet seems originally gugagen), to heehaw or bray like an ass,
to have been not a mere projecting arm to cackle like geese. And see Giggle.
of gallows to which a man must be raised The syllables representing broken sound
in order to hang him, but a contrivance are then applied to broken movements
like the wipe of a well, by which the suf or the subject of such movements as in
ferer could at once be swung up into the the case of gigk-gagé above mentioned,
air. We find it spoken of as actually where the change of vowel in the two
raising the sufferer from the ground. syllables represents the reciprocating
Vultibus erectis sursum tollente gibeto movement of the pendulum. Bav. gigelen,
Digna Jovi fiunt oblatio, jure levati to palpitate, to quiver; gaugken, gaug
A tellure procul.—Willelm. Brito in Duc. Æeln, gaggln, to totter, stagger, sway to
And Matthew Paris designates it as and fro; Swiss gageln, to joggle ; gagli,
“machinam illam fanalem quae gibet a girl that cannot sit still ; gaggelen, to
appellatur, language implying some me toy, to trifle; géggeli-werk, trifles, toys;
chanical contrivance beyond what would Pl.D. gigeln (MHG. gigen, G. geigen), to
be applicable to a simple support. The play on the fiddle—Danneil; gige/n, be
root (somewhat disguised by an initial w, gigeln, to diddle, to deceive, properly to
which is so commonly found interchang deceive the eye by rapid movements to
ing with a i. is seen in Du. wiń, indicat and fro. Bav. gigl, the feet.
ing any sudden reciprocating movement, Gig in English is applied to various
as a wink of the eye; wippen, to toss, objects characterised by a short quick
jerk up into the air—P. Marin ; wippe, movement, or by gigging, reciprocating
tolleno, a wipe, or lever for lifting water or whirling motion. Banff. gig, giggum,
out of a well, patibulum tollenonis instar Bav. geck, a trick ; E. dial. gig, a machine
constructum, a gallows made like a wipe, for dressing cloth, for winnowing corn
i.e. a gibbet.—Kil. Sw, wippa, to whip (also as MHG. gige, G. geige, It. ghiga,
or trice up ; wippædrra, a tumbril; wipp giga) a fiddle.—Hal. A gig is a carriage
Aſa/ge, a gibbet. The exact root is pre consisting of a seat balanced on a pair of
served in E. gið, to start suddenly back, shafts by which the jogging of the horse's
or from side to side ; Du. gºſpen (des trot is communicated to the persons in
voiles), se tourner subitement—P. Marin; the gig. Gig, a toy, a top, a silly flighty
Sw. gippa, to whip up into the air, as we person ; giggish, trifling, flighty, wanton;
speak of gibbeting a toad–Rietz; guppa giggle, giglet, gigsy, a flighty person, a
zººp, to strike up, tilt up ; guppa, to move giddy girl.—Hal. Fr. gigues, a light
up and down, to rock as a boat ; Dan. versatile girl. See Jig.
dial. gimpe, to rock, to swing ; Fr. regim Giggle. Bav. gigken, gigkezen, to
ber, OFr. regiõer, to wince. utter inarticulate sounds either in Stutter
 302 GILL G1 RD

ing, retching, or giggling with restrained Some gimbol or other were out of frame.’
laughter; gagkern, gagáezen, to cackle –Hollinshed in N. Hence gimcrack.
like a hen, to stutter. Du. gicken, gić Gimp. A kind of lace made of threads
Æelen, cachinnari.-Kil. Swiss gige/en, whipped or twisted round with silk. The
igerent, to giggle, G. dial. gióðe/n, to corresponding Fr. is guipure, from guiper,
i.". M. iii. 552. to whip.–Boyer. The same correspond
Gill. 1. A small measure of liquids. ence between a nasalised form and one
Gylle, lytylle pot.—Pr. Pm. Gillo, vas without the nasal is seen in Fr. gibelet,
fictile.—Gloss, in Duc. Vascula vinaria E. gimblet, from a different application of
quae mutato nomine guillones aut flas the same root with the fundamental mean
cones appellant.—Paulus Diaconus in ing of turning or twisting. G. gimſ, a
Duc. loop, lace, or edging of silk, gold, or silver.
2. Sw.fisä-gel, the gills of a fish. AS. Gin. A mechanical contrivance, a
geaſas, geaglas, geahſas, Fr. giffe, the trap, or snare.
chaps, jaws, jowl. Gael. gºal, jaw, cheek, And whan ye come ther as ye list abide,
gill of a fish. OHG. chela, guttur, brancia Bid him descend, and trill another pin
—Gl. in Graff; G. Kehle, Lat. gula, throat; (For therein lieth the effect of all the gin),
AS. ceole, faucis. -
And he wol down descend and don your will.
Squier's Tale in R.
Gilly-flower. Formerly written gilo So, so, the woodcock's ginn'd.—B. & F. in R.
fer, gillover, gillow-flower, immediately
from Fr. giroſlee, and that from It. garo From Lat. ingenium, natural disposition,
falo, Lat. caryophyllus, a clove, from the talents, invention, Fr. engin, an engine,
clove-like smell of the flower. instrument, also understanding, policy,
Gimcrack. See Gimmal. reach of wit, also [when the contrivance
Gimlet. Lang. jhimäe/et (jh pro is applied to a bad purpose] fraud, craft,
nounced as E. soft g), Fr. gimbelet, giðe deceit.-Cot. . Proy...genh, geinh, ginh,
Aet, a gimlet, from Lang. jhimb/a, to twist, Cat. enginy, giny, skill, machine.
E. gið, to turn suddenly, as wimble, an In the sense of a trap or snare we might
auger, from Du. wemelen, Sc. wantmle, be tempted to look to the ON. ginna, to
to turn round. allure, deceive, the agreement with which
Gimmals.-Gimmers. Gimmal, an is probably accidental.
nulus gemellus—Coles, a twin or double inger. Lat. gingiber, 2ingſber.
ring. The term was generally applied to To Gingle. See Jingle.
rings, or corresponding members of a Gipsire. A purse, from Fr. gibbecilºre,
joint working into each other, as the rings a pouch, and that from gióðe, a bunch,
of a hawberk or coat of mail, the arms of anything that stands poking out; gić
a tongs, two portions of a binge, and basse, a great bunch, or hulch-like swell
thence the hinge itself. Gimewes (or ing, a pouch, or budget.—Cot.
To Gird. I.-Girth. – Girdle. ON.
joints) of a spur, membres or membrets
d'éperon.—Sherwood. Gimmow of a giörd, a belt, girth, band ; tunna-giórd,
door, cardo.—Huloet in Way. Trevisa the hoop of a cask. Goth. gairda, G.
speaks of an iron “made as it were a gurt, girtel, a girdle.
peire tonges i-iemewde (ygemewed) as ON. gardr, gerdi, a fence, hedge; genda,
tonges in the myddes.' Jimmers, jointed girda, to inclose or surround with a fence
hinges.—Ray. (Jonsson); also to gird (Haldors.), girda
From Lat. geme/li, Fr. jumeau.r, ju sig sverdi. Girdi, a hoop, band; gird's-
melles, twins. In the same way the Bret. vidr, hoopwood; girding, hedge, fence,
gevel, a twin, is applied to each of the inclosure, girdle, belt ; girtr, girded,
parts in a double instrument, as a pair of hooped.
tongs. The term was then applied to the To Gird, 2.—Gride. To gird or gride
separate members of the works in a com was formerly used in the sense of striking,
plicated piece of machinery, or to any piercing, cutting ; and thence metaphori
mechanical device for producing motion. cally, gird, a sharp retort, a sarcasm.
My acts are like the motional gimbals And girdeth of Gyle's heed.—P. P.
Fixed in a watch.-Vow-breaker in Nares. As one through-gyrt with many a wound.
Surry in Nares.
“The famous Kentish idol moved her Last with his goad amongst them he doth go,
hands and eyes by those secret gimmers And some of them he grideth in the haunches,
which now every puppet play can imitate.’ Some in the flanks, that pricked their very
—Hall in Todd. “But whether it were paunches.—Drayton.
that the rebel his powder failed him, or The primary image is the sound of a
 GIRL GLADE 3O3

smart blow with a rod, or the like, giving For the same reason it is also called periº,
rise to a root which under numerous or feirić in Lang., from £eiro, stone.
modifications is applied to the act of To Glabber. To speak indistinctly as
striking or cutting, or any sharp sudden children that have not learned to articu
action, as kicking, starting forwards. late properly.—Jam. Cat. Aarlar a g/ops,
Gamelyn— to gabble, praepropere festinanterque
—gert him full upon the nek
That he the bone to brak.-Gamelyn, 598.
ºlacial.
; gloft, the sound of a gulp of liquid.
Lat. glacies, ice.
ohG. gartotun, perfodiebant [ilia]—Graff. Glacis. The slope outside a fortifica
G. gerte, Du. gard, gaerde, E. yard, a tion, from the parapet of the covered way
rod. Bav. gért, gārten, switches; birkene to the general level of the field. Fr. gla
gärtn, a birch rod. E. fert, synonymous cis, a gentle sloping downwards. From
with gird, a sharp touch by word of OFr. glacer, glacier, to slide, in which is
mouth. ‘Attainte, a reach, hit, home apparently preserved the root of Lat. gla
stroke, also a gentle nip, quip, or fert, a cies, ice, Glacier, to slip, slide. — Pat. de
slight gird.’—Cot. Then, with a change Champagne. Glacynge, or wrong glydynge
of the final t into Å, firé, yiré, yark, to of boltys or arrowis.-Pr. Pm.
strike, kick, fling. To jerke, fouetter avec Glad. Du. glad, glaſ, smooth, polished,
des verges.—Sherwood. Giré, a rod, slippery, formerly #. bright (gloe
to chastise, or beat, dende).-Kil. Then metaphorically ap
You must be jerking at the times forsooth. plied to a bright and cheerful countenance,
- The Ordinary, iv. 4. Sw. glad, joyful, cheerful. Glada rume i et
Aus, lightsome rooms in a house; glattig,
To yerk, to kick hike a horse; yark, to cheerful. Da. glaſ, smooth, slippery;
strike, to beat, a stroke, jerk, snatch, pull. glad, joyous. , ON_gladr, bright, shining,
—Hal. A yaré with a whip.–Fl. Comp. cheerful, glad. In the same way Gr,
Fr. ruer, to hurl ; ruer coups sur, to pour patópóc, brilliant, shining, cheerful, joyful.
blows on ; ruer des pieds, to kick, wince, Oculi hilaritate nitescunt et tristitiã quod
jerk, fling—Cot. dam nubilum ducunt. — Quint. Con
Girl. Formerly applied to children of nected with a numerous class of words
both sexes.
founded on the notion of shining ; on.
Here knave gerlys I shall steke.—Slaughter of glita, to shine, E. g/isſen, glitter, &c. See
the Innocents, Coventry Myst. 181. Glass.
Grammar for girles I garte firste to write Glade. A light passage made through
And bette them with a balys but if they wolde a wood, also a beam or breaking in of
lerne.—P. P.
the light.— B. Glauds, hot gleams be
In milke and in mele tween showers.-Baker. The fundament
To maken with papelottes (pap, gruel) to aglotye al, meaning is a passage for the light,
with her gurles (to satisfy their children).- either through trees or through clouds.
P. P.
N. glette, a clear spot among clouds, a
Pl.D. gér, göre, a child; géren-Araam little taking up in the weather; /etta, to
(kinderey), childish tricks; goren-snak, peep ; glott, an opening, a clear spot
childish talk.-Brem. Wtb. In Ham among clouds. ON. gºtta, Sc. gleit, to
burgh gårr is now used for a girl. Swiss shine.
gurre, gurrli, a depreciatory term for a In the same way E. lawn, synonymous
irl. with glade, may be compared with N.
*śist. The ground on which an action glenna, a clear space in a wood, glan, an
is brought against one, the ground on opening among clouds; glamen (of clouds
which it lies. OFr; giste, lying place, or trees in a wood), open, allowing one
lodging, from gésir, Lat. facere, to lie. to look through ; glana, to separate as
To Give. Goth.giban, to give ; Gael. clouds, to clear up, to look, to peep.
gabh, take, lay hold of, seize. Of this The loss of the l obscures the funda
perhaps give is the causative, to cause mental identity of glade with Da. gade,
another to take. In the same way to a street, ON. gata, a street, a footpath.
take was formerly used in the sense of A similar equivalence of forms with an
deliver up to, or give. initial gl and g respectively is seen in Sc.
—to Progne he goth glabber and gabber, to gabble; G. glaſſent
And prively taketh her the cloth.-Gower.
and gaffen, N. glafa and gaffa, to gape
Gizzard. Fr. gester, Lang. grezie, or stare; ON. glingra, E. gingle, Da. glam,
from Lang. Gres, Fr. gresiſ, gravel, the clangour of bells, Fr. gamme, peal of
gizzard being filled with little stones. bells; N. glantri, Da. ganteri, foolery,
3O4 GLAIR GLARE
and in numerous other cases mentioned to play the hypocrite, to make a false
under Gaze, Geason, Gat-toothed. show.
Glair. GZeyre of eyryne or other lyke, Originally, like all words expressin
glarea.—Pr. Pm. Fr. glaire, Prov. glara, visual ideas (as explained under Bright
z/ara, Sp. clara, It. Chiara, white of egg. derived from the faculty of hearing. Gael.
Chiare, d'uovo, the white or clear of an g/am, outcry; ON. g/am, clash, clangour;
egg.—Fl. As far as the foregoing sense g/amra, to rattle ; Sc. g/amer, noise, clat
is concerned the word might well be de ter. For the passage to the idea of glit
rived from Lat. clarus, and from the white ter, compare ON. g/ingra, to rattle, jingle,
of an egg the term might perhaps be also to glitter, give a false shine.
transferred to other viscous substances. Glance. The fundamental idea is the
But this overlooks the connection with shining of a polished surface, then the
Sc. glar, glare, glaur, mud, mire, slime; slipping aside, as of an arrow striking
glorg, a nasty mess; glorgie, bedawbed against a polished surface, or of a ray
(Jam.); glorgyn, or wyth onclene thynge of light reflected from it, then a sidelong
defoylyn, maculo, deturpo.—Pr. Pm. or momentary look.
Du. g/ants, G. g/ang, lustre, splendour;
Geordie spat out
The glaur that adown his beard ran.
ON. g/is, glitter; Sc. gleis, splendour; G.,
Nichols' Poems. Du. g/eissent, to shine; g/issen, g/isſen,
G. g/itschen, Fr. g/isser, g/inser, esclincer,
Cambr. glaire, a miry puddle.—Hal. g/asser, g/acer, g/acier, to slip, slide; OE.
The radical image is perhaps that of g/ace, to polish, to glance as an arrow
something slippery, with which the idea turned aside.—Pr. Pm. Lat. glacies, ice,
of shining is closely connected. Swiss from its slipperiness, and E. glass, from
&laren, gloren, to shine; g/arig, glorig, its transparency, belong to the same root.
shining, smooth ; Fris. glar, slippery. “E Du. g/isſeren, g/instereſt, to glisten, glis
iis is g/dir,’ the ice is slippery.—Outzen. ter. Other forms are Du. glad, G. glaſſ,
Banff glaur, slippery ice. E. dial. g/ire, shining, polished, smooth ; N. g/ita, Sc.
gleer, to slide; Pl. D. g/irrig, slippery.— gleif, to shine; to g/ent or g/int, to glance
Schütze. It is however very difficult to or gleam, to pass suddenly as a gleam of
know when we have come to the bottom
light, to glide, to peep, to squint-Jam.
of one of these complicated trains of The stroke g/ented down to his belly.-
thought. The Bret. glaour, slaver, w. Berners' Froissart. w. ysg/entio, to slide.
glaſoerio, E. g/aver, to slaver, seem to Da. g/indse, to glisten, gives an inter
point in a different direction to the fore mediate form between g/int and glance,
going. while Da. glimt, a gleam, glimpse, flash,
Glaive. A long sword or bill.—B. A would unite g/int with gleam instead of
halbert-like weapon, consisting of a blade glitter. The truth seems to be that the
mounted on a long handle. W. cleady, words signifying shining are derived from
Gael. claidheamh (pronounced klliyhev a number of representations of the same
—Macalpine), a sword ; claidheamh-mor kind of sound, having commonly more or
(claymour), a broadsword. W. g/ai/, a less resemblance to each other, and this
bill-hook. Sw. glaſven, Du. g/avie, a general resemblance in the roots causes
lance, spear. E. dial. gleeve, an eel-spear. a network of relationship in the words de
—Baker. -
rived from them.
Probably direct from the Celtic, although Gland. Lat. glans, glandis, an acorn,
Diez supposes Fr. glaive to be formed a kernel in the flesh.
through the medium of Lat. gladius, Glanders. OFr. glandre, a swelling
whence Prov. gladi, glazi, glavi, as from of the glands, a sore.
adulterum, azulteri, avulteri. El col nues glandres out,
Glamour. Properly false shine, de K'em escrovele numer seout.
ception of sight. To cast glamour o'er In her neck she had naked sores, which
one, to cause magical deception. men are used to call scrofula.-Life K.
Edward in Benoit, 26.12.
It had much of glamour might,
Could make a lady seem a knight. Glare. A dazzling light; to g/are, to
Lay of Last Minstrel. shine with excess of brightness, to stare
intently upon. Glare, to glaze earthen
ON. g/dm syni, when things appear other ware.—Hal. N. glora, to shine, to stare ;
than what they really are.-Fritzn. Dan. Swiss glare, to stare. Applied in the first
glimmer, glitter, false lustre. In like instance to phenomena of hearing. Gael.
manner G. gleisen, to cast a faint lustre, g/ör, noise, speech,g/örach, noisy, clamor
 GLASS GLEE 305

ous ; Lat. gloria, renown, claritas nomi way; Sw, g/imma, to glitter; N. g/ima,
nis, splendor, amplitudo. — Facciolati. to shine bright, dazzle; g/ima, a beam of
Compare Bohem. h.as, the voice, fame ; light ; ON. Ziomi, splendour, AS. leoman,
Pol. glos, the voice; glosſly, loud, famous, to shine, OE. ſeem, Ziom, a gleam.
notorious. Lat. cAarus, which is applied ON. g/am/a, to glitter, shine. The
as well to visual as to audible phenomena, original image, as in all these expressions
is another modification of the same root. for the action of light, is a loud sound.
See next article. ON. Glamm, a ringing, rattle ; g/ymia, to
Glass.-Glaze. ON. g/er, Da. g/ar, resound; g/ymr, g/u?/17, resonance, noise;
glas, glass. From the notion of trans g/unra, g/amra, to jingle, rattle, rumble.
parency; what allows the light to shine Gr. Aduro, to ring loud and clear, as well
through. N. Glas, a window; g/isa, to as to shine ; \aptpoc, brilliant, sonorous,
shine through 5 g/ira, to be open so that clear.
one can see through ; g/osa, g/ora, to To Glean. Fr. g/after, from g/ame,
gaze, to shine; Sc. glose, gloze, to blaze, ga/eyne, a handful ; g/eſton, a bunch of
Du. g/cysen, G. g/cyssen, to shine. To hay, Straw, vegetables.—Roquef.
g/aze, in the sense of making a thing to Deus meyns ensemble, vodes ou pleyns,
shine, is now confined to the surface of Sount apelés les ga/Cyns.—Bibelsworth.
earthenware, but was formerly used in a Ainsi que le suppliant batoit un pou de
much more general application. G/acy”, g/aines, ou gerbes de bled.—Carp. G/ean
or make a thynge to shine, pernitido, (in Kent), a handful of corn tied together
polio ; g/acynge or scowrynge of harneys, by a gleaner.—Hal. GZane d'oignons, a
pernitidacio.—Pr. Prm. Fr.g/acé, polished, bunch of onions.—Diez. G/azza, gleba
shining, is familiar in the expression glacé alliorum ; ge/ina, ge/ima, ge/ida, ge/i/a,
silks. Glaze-worm, glass-worm, a glow eyn schouff off garve (a sheaf or bundle),
worm.—Hal. Looking here to like origin eyn kleyn garbe.—Dief. Sup. Du. g/itye,
with that of the twin form g/are, we find a bunch of straw or sedge, vulgo g/emia,
Fr. g/as, noise, crying, bawling ; Russ. ge/ima.-Kil. The form ge/ima leads to
g/as', the voice, Serv. glas, voice, news, AS. gº/m, gi//t, E. dial. ye/wz, a sheaf,
fame; Bohem. Ålas, voice, fame, h!asy/y, handful of corn or straw. To yeſ/n straw,
sonorous, clear; Pol. g/os, sound, voice, to lay it in order for a thatcher (i. e. in
speech ; g/osny, loud, famous, notorious ; handfuls).-Hal. To g/came corne, spici
Russ. glaz’, the eye, g/cdanie, sight, see legere.—Levins. For the change of 7/1
ing ; Serv. g/a/#, g/cdafi, to see, to seek. and z1 compare germer for germer, to bud.
Swab. glaschſ, the voice, glasſ, brilliancy, —He cart.
splendour, glasſen, to Shine, to glance.-- Possibly the formation of the word
Schmid. may be explained from Lith. g/cóys, an
To Glaver. To soothe or flatter. -- B. armful ; gºo///, g/onioſi, to embrace, to
Tog/affºr, to flatter. —Hal. To g/aver, to hold in the arms.
slaver—Hal.; to talk foolishly.— Brocket. Glebe. Lat. g/cba, a clod, lump of
W. g/aſoerion, slaver; Bret. g/aouren, earth.
g/aour, slaver, g/aourek, slavering, talk Glede. A hot ember, live coal.—B.
ative; Sc. glabber, to speak indistinctly, ON. g/oa, to glow, burn, shine; glod, live
as children; Ir. g/aſaire, g/agaire, a bab coal. G. g/lihen, to glow, be red-hot ;
bler ; g//rim, to prate. The connection g/w/h, the glowing of fire, hot coals, great
between the ideas of slavering and prat heat. Du. gloed, hot coals, g/oeden,
tling is seen in Fr. baver, to slaver, drivel, g/oeyen, to glow. See Glow.
also to famble or flatter in speaking ; Glee. AS. Glig, g/iw, music, sport,
&azard, a slaverer, babbler.—Cot. joke; g/gman, a minstrel, buffoon ; g/?o-
Glead. A kite. The names of hawks wian, g/ſwian, to sing, jest, play. ON.
are often from their gliding or hovering g/ſ', laughter (Rietz), mirth, joy (Fritzner);
motion. So w. cital, a kite, from cudio, to g/ſ/a, to divert, delight, rejoice; g/?ari,
hover; cudyll y givynſ, the kestril or a juggler, buffoon; g/ot/a, to laugh, to
wind-hover. Lith. Winge, the kite, from Sneer. Sw. dial. gly, g/yº, g/u?, sport,
Zingoti, to hover. Dan. g/enſe, kite, OE. derision ; gora g/y, to make sport of, to
g/en/ W. ysg/en/io, to slide ; and in like deride. ON. //aja, to laugh, hſagºja, to
manner E. glead from glide. divert, to cause to laugh ; /l/aci, laughter,
Gleam.—Glimmer. Du. g/immen, sport, Gr. YeMáw, I laugh.
&/ºmpen, ignescere, candere.—Kil. Pl. D. To Glee.—Gley.—Gly. To squint.
47/7tzſten, glimmern, to shine; G. g/im G/ware, glovere or gogyl-eye, limus, strabo.
mezz, glummen, to glow, shine in a covert —Pr. Pm.
20
306 GLEEK GLISTEN
The elder sister (Leah he forsoke, in something liquid, miry, and viscous.
For she glycal seith the boke. E. dial. g/º/, the slimy substance in a
Cursor Mundi in Hal.
hawk's pannel; Fr. g/cf/e, the froth of an
She had sore eyes. Sc. to g/cy, g/y, to egg, phlegm or filth which a hawk throws
look obliquely, squint. The primary out at her beak after her casting, g/c/-
sense of the verb is to shine, then to Zerºr, slimy, flegmy, filthy.—Cot. Pl. ID.
glance, to look. g/e//, slippery, E. g/ceſ, a slimy discharge.
In the founce ther ston-len stone; stepe To Glide. Du. g/jden, g/jewt, g/issen,
As glente thurgh glas that glowed and glyht. Pi. D. g/iden, g/ie/, G. g/ci/en, g/i/schen,
Allit. Poems, A. I 14. g/eissen, Fr. g/isser, to slide, slip. There
The gome glyht on the grene graciouse leves,
is obviously a close connection between
Ib. C. 453.
the notions of a glittering, shining surface
ON. g/já, g/aº, Sw, dial. g.º.d, to glance, and of a smooth and slippery one. Thus
shine; NE. G/ca, agſea, crooked; ſo g/cºſe, we have ON. g/adºr, shining, clear, bright;
to look asquint.—Jam. Gr. YAotég, slip Du. g/aaſ, bright, shining, sleek, smooth,
pery; y\otá:w, to cast a side glance. Pl. D.
siippery.—Bomb off. Devon g/º'er, slip
g/inſen, g/ien, to slip or slide. pcry. So ON. g/#7, to shine, leads to Sw.
To Gleek. To jeer, joke, jibe, or ban g/ºz, to glide, while both senses are pre
ter.—B. Du. g/ic/en (parallel with // cº served in the dialectic g/fa, to glow, to
en), to shine ; Sc. g/a/As, reflection of the
shine, and also to glide, slide, flow. So
rays of light from a lucid body in motion;E. g.oss, g/ossy, and Sw, dial. g/ºsa, to
to cast the glaiks on one, to dazzle, con shine, gleam, correspond to G. g/cfssen,
found ; g/ai/, a deception, trick; ſo //ſy Fr. g/isser, to slide. E. g'ance, to shine,
the g/ai/ºs, get the g/a:/s, to cheat, be is also used in the sense of slipping aside;
cheated. To g/aſſº, to trifle, g/ai/ºg, and here indeed we are distinctly con
folly, wantonness. ON. Wººd, to play : scious that the latter sense is taken from
OE. fo /a/e, to play : /a/#!, plaything. the oblique reflection of light from a
Glender. To stare, to look earnestly. smooth surface. The same is the case
—Hal. Also to look aside, to squint. with Sc. g/enſ, g/#!/, to flash, gleam,
Sw. g/indra (g/eºgrá–Rietz), to shine, glance, also to start aside. “T” shot corns
to glimmer ; ON. g/ºgra, to gingle, rat g//w/ºff aff his wings lahk rain affa duck's
tle, to shine delusively. MHG. g/aſider, back.”—Atkinson. Sw, dial. g/ariſ, slip
glitter, shining. pery; g/izza, g/infa, W. ysg/ºt/io, to slip,
Gleyme. Slime, glue. G/yºne or slide. In the same way N. g/ira, to peep,
rewme, reuma ; gººſe of knyttynge or properly to shine; E. dial. g/Fre, gleer, to
byndynge togedders, limus, gluten ; gey slide.— Hal. -

myn or yºgācyºn, visco, invisco.—Pr. To Glie. To squint, to look askew.

Pm. Viscus, g/cme or lyme.— Ortus in The elder sister he forsoke,
Way. NE. g/ime, the mucus from the For she glºsed, seith the boke.
Cursor Mundi.
nostrils of cattle.—Hal. Related to s/ime,
as Du. g///erg to s/ºczºg, slippery : Sw. dial. g/ia, to gleam, also to glide,
g///en, to escape, to E. s.4%, gºde to slide. See Glide. Compare also gleam
s/ide, Sc. g/ent to Sw, s/in/a, to slide. with NE. g/ml, to look askance.—Hal.
Probably the radical image is the slip G/ender, a slight squint, is the equivalent
periness of a viscous liquid. of Sw, g/indra, to glitter. When a sur
Glib. Slippery, smooth. –B. Pl.D. face is imperfectly polished it only reflects
g///cm, N. g/ºffa, to slip : Du. gºerg, slanting light.
E. dial. g/a/er, g////cry, slippery ; gººſe, Glimmer. See Gleam.
smooth, polite.—Hal. Da. g.://e, to slip, Glimpse. A flash of light, transient
to miss, to wink; Sc. g//, a glimpse, a glance. Swiss g//msen, a spark, g/int
glance. Lat. g/aber, smooth, without hair, men, g//misen, to glow under the ashes;
seems from the same source ; and with Du. g/m/eſt, g//wscwt, to glow, to sparkle.
out the initial g, Zabi, to slide, Zubricits, And little glowworms glimpºsing in the dark.
slippery. Lith. g/cóð, to be slippery. Nares.
Glidder. Slippery.—Hal. B. Jonson Da. g/imiſe, to gleam, flash. See Gleam.
speaks of a galley-pot being well g/id To Glisten.—Glister.—Glitter. Du.
dered, i.e. glazed. Sw. g/indra, to glim g/isſereſt, g////sferen, to sparkle, AS. g/i-
mer, shine. Da. dial. g/idder, slippery : sian, g/isſian, g/isſeman, to glisten, ON.
g/uddre, to smooth a wall plastered with g/yssa, g/y//a, g///ra, to sparkle, glitter.
clay. Sc, gluddy, g/oi/Éry, unctuous, A number of related forms are seen under
slippery; to gloit, to work with the hands Glass.
 GLOAMING GLOP 307

It would doubtless be an error to sup gloomy, overcast.—Hal. Da. dial. g/um

pose all these forms to be successively mezide, Scowling ; Sw, dial. glomma,
developed from any one root such as g/as g/ºma, to stare fixedly. The sense of
org/a/. We should rather suppose that silence is often expressed (with ellipse
the noises, which constitute the original of the negative) by words signifying
image in the expression of visual con muttering, uttering a low sound. Thus
ceptions, were represented independently Lat. musso, primarily to mutter, signi
by forms bearing a certain resemblance to fies to be silent, not to speak out ; G.
each other, which was preserved through ſnucken, to utter a slight sound, is ex
subsequent modifications when the terms plained to show one's ill-will by a surly
were applied to visual phenomena, giving silence, to scowl. The words at the head
them the false appearance of descent of the article seem to have a similar ori
from a common root. Thus we have Fr. gin. AS. clumſan, to murmur, mutter,
&las, noise, bawling ; Prov. g/aſ, yelp, and thence to keep silence. “Gif bisceo
cry, chatter of birds, E. clasſ, c/a//er, pas clºniaſh mid ceaſlum thaºr he sceol
which when appropriated by the faculty dan clipian’: if bishops mutter with their
of sight produce forms like g/ass, gºoss, jaws (i.e. keep silence) where they ought
g/a/ (polished), g/i//er, g/isſer. A form to speak out.—Bede. C/u/niend, murmur
closely allied with g/isſert and glºsſer is ans.—Lye. Chaucer uses clum, as we do
applied to phenomena of hearing or the mitºn, by way of an interjection exhorting
sense which apprehends them in Du. to silence.
Zuystereſt, to whisper, or to listen, Pl. D. They sittin still well nigh a furlong way,
/us/ern, g/us/crn, AS. //ys/vº, to listen, Now Paternoster, c/um, seide Nicholay,
i. e. to attend to low whispering or rust And clum quoth John, and clum seid Alison.
- - Miller's Tale.
ling sounds. In the same way Da. Azii/-
tre, to rattle, crackle, Ánistre, to crackle, N. &/umme, AE/umisa, to strike dumb, to
titter, may be compared with grºsſre, take away the power of speech by fear or
ON. gneisſa, to sparkle. The Fr. “c/a/er magic.
is used with reference to both senses. From simple silence to the scowl of ill
Esc/a/, a clap, crack; escaí de lumière, will is an easy step.
a glimpse or flash of light; esclaſant, She looked hautely, and gave on me a glum,
crashing, cracking, ringing, glittering, There was among them then no word but mum.
flashing.—Cot. Skelton.
Gloaming. AS. g/oming, g/ommitzig,
twilight, the time of day when the light Thus from N. A ſumsa, speechless, we pass
shines obscurely beneath the advancing to Lincoln clum/se, reserved, forbidding ;
shade of night like fire under ashes. Da. N.E. g//m/se, sulkiness. “He did not tell
me, and he's a clumſ/se man, I should ha’
dial. g/omme, to glow, to begin to burn
or shine ; Swiss g/ºmsen, G. g/immen, been ii. 86.
skarred to ax him.”—Ralf Skirlaugh,
g/ummert, to burn in a covert way, to The trouble of mind which hinders
glow under ashes. Da. g/i/t/e, to gleam; speech is then, contrary to the usual
Pl. D. g/iemäen, to peep, to dawn. course of metaphor, transferred to the
Scarcely had Phoebus in the gloaming East material world, and the word gloom or
Yet harnessed his fiery-footed team.–F. Q. g/um applied to the thickness which dis
Ultimately from the figure of sound, sig turbs the transparency of air or water.
nified by forms like Swiss g/w/isen, to Pl. D. glum (of liquids), thick, turbid.
rumble, ON. g/u?/tra, g/y/l/a, to clank. In the same way ſouring, properly sig
To Gloat.—Glout. To look fixedly, nifying frowning or scowling, and Sw.
from desire or absorption in thought. G. muſen (from muſe, the chaps, snout),
g/o/zen, formerly to shine, then to look chapfallen, sad, gloomy, are applied to
fixedly, to stare ; Sw. dial. g/o//a, g/uſ/a, gloomy, overcast weather. --

to peep. To Glop. – Gloppen. To g/o/, to

-glomerate. Lat. g/omits, a ball of stare ; to g/o//en, to frighten, to feel
astonished.
thread ; g/omero, to wind into a ball, to
collect into a mass. Thou wenys to glºyne me with thy grete wordez,
Morte Arture in Hal.
* Gloom. – Glum. – Glumpy. To
g/ombe, to look gloomy, to frown.—B. ON. glºa, N. g/ad/a, to stare, gaze, gape.
‘Whereas ye sat all heavy and glom Hence ON. g/?r, g/a://i, fatuus, E. g/ou/-
myng.’—Chaloner. G/umping, surly, fºg, silent or stupid, to be compared
sulky; g/um, a sour cross look; sullen, with gloiſt, to stare at, to pout, look sulky,
20 *
308 GLORY G.N.AW

as glo//cm with gloſſen, startled, sur the same way P1.D. starren, snårrent,
prised.—B. See Gloat, Glout. snurren, to whirr; snarre, a spinning
Glory. Lat. gloria signifies fame, but wheel ; Sw, snorra, to hum like a top,
the E. glory has quite as much reference purr, sound the r strongly, also to whirl,
to visible splendour as to spoken renown. to turn ; E. sºlarſ, to make a grumbling
oN. glora, to glitter. See Glare. sound, to make knots like an overtwisted
Gloss. Lustre. ON. g/ossi, b/ossi, cord. Dan. A tºrre, to coo; /*urre, a knot
flame, brightness; glossa, b/ossa, to blaze, or tangle in thread. Sw, dial. Korra, to
sparkle, glow. Sc. to g/iss, to cast a grumble, purr, whirr, to roll up, to twist,
glance with the eyes. See Glass. snarl (of thread). -

Gloss.-Glossary. Gr. )\ºtoa, the To Gnash.-Gnast. From a repre

tongue, a language, a special word, sentation of the sound made by the clap
whence g/ossarium, a dictionary. ping of the teeth. Fin. maskaſa, to clap
Glove. ON. g/off. or knap the teeth ; maskia, to smack the
To Glow. See Glede. jaws, as a pig in eating ; Da. glasſe,
Glue. Fr. glu, birdlime; w. g/ud, Anasāe, gnia's/e, Sw. gºtiss/a, to crunch,
tenacious paste, glue. Lat. g/ufen, glue. gnash, grind the teeth ; Du. Anasschen,
The fundamental idea is shining, then Anas/en, Kºlarsen, Amarren, to gnash; G.
slippery, slimy, tenacious, gluey. Sc. Anastern, Anaſtern, to crackle, rattle. OE.
g/ci/, g/c/ſ, to shine, g/id, g/ad, gaid', gmaste, to gnaste, or g/lasshe with the
PI. D. g/e//, slippery. ON. g/arta, wet. teeth, grincer. — Palsgr. in Way. ON.
Fr. g/cf/e, E. dial. g/u?, phlegm, slime ; gnisła fönnum, to gnash the teeth.
Sc. g/idaſer, slippery, g/udder, to do dirty Gnast or Knast. The wick or snuff -
work ; to g/oiſ, to work in something of a candle. Lichinus, g/last of the can
liquid, miry, or viscous. Lith. g/i//us, dell, candell weyke ; gnast, Amasſ, emunc
smooth, slippery, slimy, sticky. Compare tura.-Pr. Pn. Your strengthe shall ben
also Gr. )\iaxooc, slippery, tough, glutin as a gnast of a flax top (favilla stupae—
ous : y\otóc, slippery, nasty, clammy. Vulg.)—Wicliff. In the latter version
Glum. See Gloom. gmast is replaced by deed sparke, or deed
To Glut.— Glutton. The sound of sparcle.—Way. I should without doubt
swallowing is represented by the syllables refer it, with Way, to ON. gneisſ, a spark,
g/u/, g/o/, g/u/, g/tº, guð, gºtſk, giving were it not for the Pol. Anota, the wick or
Lat. g/w/-g/w/, for the noise of liquid snuff of a candle, Lith. Anaſas, wick.
escaping from a narrow-necked opening ; Thus the OE. gnast, or Anast, may proba
3/w/ire, to swallow ; Fr. g/ou/, ravenous, bly be identified with Pl. D., Da. Knast, a
greedy; W. g/ot/, g/w//, gluttonous ; knot, knag, gnarl in wood, originally sig
Cat. g/o/, a mouthful ; N. g/u/a, g/6%a, nifying (like wick) a knot or tuft of
to swallow, eat greedily ; Sw. g/upsk, fibrous materials dipped in grease. See
ravenous; E. g/u?/e, to swallow up, g/ub Knot.
&er, a glutton ; glaſſ, graſk, gulch, glutch, Gnat. Sw. Anoff, gradd, a midge.
to swallow.—Hal. Fr. g/oughouter, to From the humming sound with which it
guggle, sound like a narrow-mouthed pot signals its attack. Sw. Aztofa, to murmur,
when it is emptied. grumble. N. grictſe, Knetta, to crackle,
Glutinous. Lat. glutinosus, from glu rustle, give a faint sound. Dae graff
few, glue, paste. ikje 'ti'naa, there was not the least sound
To Gnarr.—Gnarled. To gnarr or from him. G. milcke, a midge, stands in
merr, to growl, snarl, grumble. ‘Better the same relation to mucken, synonymous
is a morsel of bread with joy than a house with N. gnette. Nicht einen muck von
full of delices with chiding and guerring.’ sich geben, not to give the least sound.
—Chaucer. Du. gnorren, Amarren, Amor To Gnaw. ON. gnaga, Da. gnawe, G.
rem, grunnine, fremere, frendere, to growl, magen, Du. An agen, Ánaltzven, to gnaº.
snarl; Sw. A narra, to creak; knowra, to To maggle, to gnaw.—Hal. From the
murmur, growl, Dan. Anurre, to growl, to sound of the teeth against a hard sub
purr as a cat. Then, because a body stance. Fin. ma/Aia, G. &macken, to rap.
spinning rapidly round makes a whirring The same sound is also represented
sound while the string to which it is sus with a final / or ò, f or d. G. &nd//en,
pended knots and twists, Sw. Amorla, to to crackle, gnaw, eat; Ánaiſſell, to gnaw
twist, to curl ; E. gnarr, a hard knot in a a bone, Du. Anabòe/en, to gnaw, gnash,
tree—B. ; gnar/ed, knotted. I guarre in E. zibble, Fin. ma/isſa, leviter crepo, inde
a halter or corde, I stoppe one's breath murmuro (knarren, murren); ſtatisfa, to
or snarle one : je etrangle.—Palsgr. In sound like gnawing mice; natustaa, to
 GNOSTIC GOBLET 309

gnaw ; G. Kytaſtern, to crackle; Da. glad Another arrangement gives E. dial. g/uče,
are, to grumble. to suck in, to gobble up (Hal); Cat. g/o/,
Gnostic. Gr. Yvoortröc, possessing the a gulp, draught, sup, mouthful of liquid.
faculty of intimate knowledge, from The same idea is conveyed by Fr. goó,
Yiyviðarw, to know. - avaler tout de goë, to swallow at a gulp.
To Go.—Gang. ON. ganga, perf geck, “The little land he had—the lawyer swal
hºſt gengid’, N. ganga, gaa, to go on lowed at one gob.”—Barry in R. Fr. gober,
foot, walk. G. gehen, gºgangen, Du. gaen, to gobble, gulp down, eat greedily. From
to go. the image of gobbing or gulping is taken
Goad. Properly a rod. Goad, an ell a designation for the throat, mouth, chops.
English.-B. See Gad. Fr. Prendre un homme au gobeſ, to take
Goal. Gael. geal, white, anything him unawares, properly, to seize him by
white, a mark to shoot at. The Gael. the throat. E. goó, an open or wide
however seems an unlikely source for a mouth.-B. Gaei. goë (contemptuously),
word of this nature, nor does it appear the mouth ; Pol. geóa, Boh. huòa, the
that the mark in shooting was ever known mouth, chops; Illyr. guða, snout.
by the name of goal in E. A more plausi Again, we have Fr. gobet, a mouthful,
ble origin may be suggested in It. galla E. goó, gobbet, a lump, bit, morsel.
or gala, a bubble ; stare a gal/a, to float, He gaping wide his threefold jawes
and metaphorically to prevail, to get the Al hungry caught that guóðe.–Phaer.
upper hand, to carry the day. The Fr. Guðs of gold.—Bale. To work by the
avoir le ga/ is used in precisely the same gob, by the piece or job.-Hal.
meaning (Trevoux), and the expression It must be observed however that in
was introduced into E. as to get the goal. the Walloon of Mons goë is a stroke or
“There was no person that could have blow (a notion often connected with that
won the ring or got the gole before me.’— of a lump), and also a bit or lump. /*aye
Hall. Rich. III. m'ein ein goë, give me a bit. Goð d'homme,
It is obvious from the form of the ex a stump of a man. Chaucer speaks of a
pression that neither in E. nor in Fr. was gobbet of St Peter's sail. ‘Gobbets of
retained any consciousness of the origin wood.’—Burnet. It, gobôo, a hump or
al image, but the expression being spe hunch.
cially applied to success in an athletic Goblet.—Gotch. Fr. gobeau, a vial,
contest, such as racing or football, the or strait-mouthed vessel of glass, a great
term gal or goal seems by a literal inter goblet ; gobe/eſ, a goblet, or wide-mouthed
pretation to have been affixed to the bowl to drink in.—Cot.
boundary or standard the attainment of The names of vessels for containing
which was the test of victory. Fr. gal, liquids are often taken from the image of
the goal at football.—Trevoux. pouring out water, expressed by forms re
On the other hand comp. Lith. gatlas, presenting the sound of water guggling
end, extremity, aim ; ende, zweck, ziel ; out of the mouth of a narrow-necked ves
Let. gals, end, point, extremity. sel. Thus It. go22are, to revel, properly
Goat. ON. geit, a female goat; geit to guzzle, Swiss götsche/n, to plash, sound
Jafr, a male goat. as water shaking in a vessel, are con
Gob.—Gobbet. See Gobble. nected with It. go220, a cruse, any glass
To Gobble. 1. To make the guttural with a round body and long narrow neck
cry of the turkey-cock; to gabble, chat (Fl.), and E. go/ch, a large pitcher—Hal.;
ter. Cat. Aar/ar a głoffs, to hurry out Fr. godailler, to guzzle, or make good
one's words. cheer, Swiss grade/n, gºtte/n, to guggle,
2. To swallow hastily, from the noise sound as water in a vessel, with Fr. godeſ,
of swallowing, as guttle, guzzle, guggle, a jug, It gotto, a pot, or drinking-glass ;
Fr. godailler, from other representations and perhaps Swiss gugge/n, to guzzle, E.
of the same sound. In Fr. degobiller, guggle, with E. ſug. So also Hesse &/ºzi
Du. gobelen, ON. grabba, to vomit, the term After, a narrow-mouthed flask, from the
is applied to the upward instead of down clunking sound. ‘Bauculum, ein ghizd
ward gush. In these imitative forms the dorſ, quod effundendo sonitum facit, dass
position of the liquid is very variable, and g/iinckelf.’ ‘Gutfroſ, ein geschirr das
it is easily lost or inserted, as we have unten weit und oben engist—die da Auf
often had occasion to see. Thus gobble fern, AE/unckern, oder wie ein storch
is related to guſſ, as G. schwappeln to schnattern wenn man drauss trincket.’
Du. sºyal/en (Kil), to dash or splash, E. —Kurhess. Idiot. In the same way Fr.
waméſe to walm, spatter to spurt, &c. gobeloſer, to guzzle or tipple, gobeſeſ,
3 Io GO BLIN GOOL

gobeau, a drinking-glass, and possibly Cost of Caergwyn. It will be observed

Bret. g66, cóſ, a cup, seem connected that the Kobold in Germany is peculiarly
with E. gobh/e, representing the sound of a miner's superstition, while Cardigan
liquids in the throat. The OE. ſuff, a shire has been a mining district from the
jug, shows the change of the initial g to times of the Romans. From his knock
J, as in jºg, compared with gºgg/e. ing propensity the Kobold is sometimes
Goblin. Fr. gobe/in, a Hobgoblin, called Meister Hämmerling.
Robin goodfellow, Bug.—Cot. The Gob God. G. gotſ; Pers. A/toda.
lin was generally conceived as a super Gog.—Goggle. To gog, cog, jock,
natural being of small size but of great fog, shag, shog, are parallel forms express
strength, dwelling underground in mounds ing motion brought to a sudden stop.
or desert places, not generally ill-disposed See Cog. Gog-ſnire, a quagmire, or
towards man, and in some cases domes shaking bog. Gael. gog, nod ; gogach,
ticated with him and rendering him serv nodding, wavering ; gog-cheannach, nod
ice. Hence the frequent addition of a ding, tossing the head in walking ; gag
familiar appellation, as in Hob-goblin, shuil, a goggle-eye, a full rolling eye.—B.
Hob-thrush.-Cot. in v. Lutin. It was To gogg/e is thus like coggle or joggle, to
known in Germany by the name of Ko be unsteady, to roll to and fro. “ Then
bold, and was supposed particularly to passid they forth boystly gogyng with
frequent mines, being thence called Berg their hedis.”— Chaucer, Prol. Merch. 2nd
geist, Berg-männchen, or Mine-spirit, Tale. Swiss gagen, to rock, gage/u, to
Mine-dwarf. Another German name is joggle. As such expressions as zwitter,
Matthew Kobalein, equivalent to E. Hob chițer, signifying a broken, tremulous
goblin. The Goblin is mentioned by sound, are applied to a tremulous mo
Ordericus Vitalis, ‘Daemon enim quem tion, so it seems the representation of a
de Dianae fano expulit adhuc in eaclem broken sound, the separate elements of
urbe degit, et in variis frequenter formis which are of a jarring nature, are applied
apparens neminem laedit. Hunc vulgus to a rougher and more disjointed move
.gobelinum appellat.” He is known in ment. Bav. gagłern, to cluck like a hen,
Brittany by the name of gobi/in, and is to stutter, stammer; Sw.gaggi, the cluck
there also supposed to engage in house ing of a hen, gigagen, to hihaw, bray like
hold drudgery like Milton's Lubber-fiend, an ass. In the same way are related
to curry the horses of a night, for instance. Bav. gigken, to make inarticulate noises,
It is among the Celts probably that the giggle, stutter, and gifte/n, to palpitate,
origin of the name is to be looked for. shiver, tremble.
The Welsh appellation is cob/yn, pro Goit. — Gote. — Gowt. A ditch or
perly a knocker, from coão, to knock, to sluice.—Hal. A mill-stream or drain.
peck; coö/yn y coed, a woodpecker. Du. gote, G. gosse, a kennel, conduit,
An explanation of the name is given in spout, sink. One of the numerous cases
a passage which is the more satisfactory in which there has been an interchange
from the fact that the writer seems to of an initial d and g. Prov. doſz, Fr.
have no idea of any connection between doiſ, doig, Mid. Lat. doitus. “Concessi
the word goblin and the superstition he dictis fratribus stagnum de Placeio et
is describing. ‘People will laugh at us nemus, cum terra quae est per duos doitos
Cardiganshire miners,’ says a correspon usque ad molendinum de Placeio, sicut
dent quoted in ‘Bridges' Guide to Llan doitus exit de valle de Tesneres.’—Carp.
dudno,” “who maintain the existence of Lang. goussa and doussa, to give a
Ánockers in mines, a kind of good-natured douche. See Dock.
impalpable people, not to be seen, but Gold. ON. gull, gold, gulr, yellow.
heard, and who seem to us to work in Golf. A Scotch game in which a ball
the mines. The miners have a notion is driven by blows of a club. Du. Kol/,
that these knockers or little people, as we a club ; spee/Koł/, a bat to drive a ball ;
call them ’ (compare G. berg-männchen— Áo//ball, a ball used in such a game.
Adelung), “are of their own tribe and pro Gondola. It gondola, dim. from gonda,
ſession, and are a harmless people, who a small boat, which in its turn is from
mean well.’ “He said that the lad had a Gr. Kövöv, a drinking-cup.
great faculty—he could hear the knockers. Good. G. gut, Gr. dyabóc.
The what? asked Anna. The knockers, Gool.-Gully. A ditch, trench, pud
repeated he, for the Welsh fancy that dle.—B. Gully-hole, a sink. Swiss gićſ/e,
they hear the spirits of the ore at work in mist-gliſle, a puddle, the drainings of a
the yet unopened mine.”—Mrs Howitt, dung-heap. Du. Gulle, palus, vorago,
 GOOSE GO RSE 3 II

gurges.—Kil. Limousin goo:///ia, gºo://- gayº, ſavºre, a point, peak, sharp stalk of
Zio, a puddle. From the sound of water grass or heath. Hence E. gore, to pierce,
guggling or splashing. Fr. dial. gou://er, transfix with a pointed instrument as a
to splash, dirty ; gotti//a/, a puddle; goºſe, spear or the horn of an animal, now
a throat (Jaubert); gouloſ, the pipe of a almost confined to the latter application.
sink or gutter. See Gullet. Fin. Aºi, a borer, also a gore or angular
Goose. See Gander. piece in a garment. AS. ſtaz'egar, an in
Gooseberry. Corrupted from G. Kraus strument for boring, where the sense of
beere, Kräuse/Weeze (otherwises/ache/-äccre), piercing is expressed by the syllable gar,
Du. Aroes-, Arrºys-, Kroese/-besie, Lat. uva the former part of the word being ex
crispa, from the upright hairs with which plained under Auger.
the fruit is covered. G. Kraits, crisp, Du. Gorge. Fr. govge, a throat; It, gorgo,
Åroesert, Årøysen, to curl, the notion of a gurgle, a bubbling or swallow of waters,
curly and of bristly hair being commonly a gulph, whirlpool, a roaring noise, or
expressed by the same term. Compare vehement boiling of waters, a spout or
It. riccio, a curl, also the bristly husk of gutter-Fl.; gorgog/io, a gargling or rat
a chesnut ; arricciarsi, to stand on end. tling in the throat; goºgaze, gorg/cg
The form Kroese/-besie gives rise to Mid. gaze, to gurgle with violent boiling, to
Lat. grossitſa, croseſ/a, Fr. groise/ſe, gro purl and bubble. Obviously from a re
sc//e. presentation of the gurgling or guggling
The idea of an undulating, curly sur sound made by the motion of air and
face is commonly expressed by the figure water intermixed. Lat. glarges, a whirl
of a broken, quivering sound. Fr. gre pool. Arab. g/arghara, a gargle, rattle
2://er, to crackle, shrive! ; Prov. grazi//ar, in the throat. Esthon. Azzº, G. gºvge/,
to twitter ; G. Aráuse/n, to trill, quaver, the gullet, throat.
warble, also to curl. See Curl, Frizzle. Closely allied to a series of forms in
Gorbelly. A glutton, or greedy fel which the r is replaced by an /, gulch,
low.—B. A.S. and N. gor, filth ; in N. gulp, gulf, gully, &c.
also applied to the half-digested food in Gorgeous. Fr. gorgias, gourgias,
the stomach of a ruminating animal, or gawdy, ſlaunting, sumptuously clothed ;
generally the contents of the intestines; glorying or delighting in bravery, also
gorvaamſ, the first stomach of a rumin proud, lofty, stately, standing on his pan
ating animal; gorkagjº, gov/ose (a gore tofles.—Cot. Se gorgiaser, to flaunt, to
tub, or gore-sack), a gluttonous, lazy fel be proud of the bravery of his apparel.
low ; gora, to stuff oneself. E. Gorcrow Probably a metaphor from the strutting self
(a consumer of gore, or filth), ON. gov/or, importance of a peacock or turkey-cock.
a raven. So from jačof, the craw, faire faāof, se
Gore. 1. Clotted blood.-B. AS. gor, glorifier, faire l'orgueilleux.-Dict. du bas
wet filth, mud, dung, blood ; N. gor, wetLangage. In the same way se rengorger,
mud ; gor/o/n, a muddy bottom ; gormlyr, to bridle, to hold back the head and
a soft swamp of mere mud. OHG. /oro, thrust forwards the throat and chest
mud, oose ; horazvīg, muddy, dirty. (gorge); to play the important, affect an
Gore. 2. To Gore. Gore, the lap or air of pride. So G. &risſen, properly to
skirt of a garment; a pointed piece let in hold up one's breast, figuratively to be
to a garment to widen it. proud, to be pompous, to bridle up one
The Du. gheere was used in both these self. Sich aſſeſ was driisſen, to be proud
senses ; gheere, gheereſte, lacinia, sinus of a thing. Bohem. Ard/o, the neck,
vestis, limbus, et pars qua largior fit ves throat; //ai/; se, Ard/fatti, to be proud,
tis.-Kil. It, gherome, the gusset, gores to be puffed up, to strut.
of a shirt or smock, side-pieces of a cloak; Gorgon. Gr. Topyóvec, Lat. gorgones,
also the skirts of a coat.—Fl. Fr. giron, the three daughters of Phorcys.
the lap or bosom. Gormandise. Fr. govermand, a glut
The original meaning seems to be a ton. The verb must have signified to
point or corner, then the corner of a gar eat greedily, though only preserved in
ment, lap, corner-shaped piece let in to a Rouchi gotºrmer, to taste wine, Sp. g.or
garment. Compare Lap. Sáaitſ, a point; mar, to vomit. Compare Du. gobe/ent,
a/s/o-s/au/, the point of an axe: să:auſeſ, Fr. d’ºgobi//er, to vomit, with E. goóð/e, to
pointed, angular ; ON. skatºſ, lap, lappet, eat voraciously. Gorºrmozy/ha, gour
skirt, identical with G. schoos, bosom. mol/ira, to make a noise with water in
The sense of point is preserved in As. rincing the mouth.-Dict. Castrais.
& ir, ON. geir, a spear, or javelin ; N. Gorse.-Gorst. A prickly shrub, the
312 GOS II AWK GRAD

growth of waste places. From W. gorgs, part affected ; of which we preserve an

ºorest, waste, open. A gorsty bit, in the other instance in the guffa serena, or loss
Midland counties, is a piece of ground of sight without visible affection of the
overgrown with furze, Limousin gørºso, eye. The Sp. has goſa azzerica, or gout,
place covered with stones and brambles ; disease of the joints; goſa caduca, the
a'egourssa, to clear land for cultivation. falling sickness, or epilepsy ; Du. goete,
Bret. Mann, gorse; /annou (in the pl.), the palsy.
waste places. In the Fr. parts of Brit Govern.—Governor. Fr. gouzerner,
tany the plant gorse is called Zande, the Lat. gubernare.
name given to the barren, shrubby plains Gown. It gonna, W. gºvn, a gown ;
about Bordeaux. gwnto, to sew, to stitch.
Goshawk. A hawk used in the chase To Grab.-Grabble. A large number
of geese. G. ganseadler, goose-eagle. of words are found in English and the
‘Auca, gos, aucarius, gos-ſa/itc.'-Gl. related languages, apparently springing
AElfr. from the root grad, graft, graſ, with senses
Gospel. As. God's/e//, ON. gud's-s/id//, having reference to the act of seizing or
the word of God. Goth. spi//on, to tell ; clutching. To graff, to seize ; to graffèſe,
As. S/c//, ON. sſia//, discourse, tidings. to handle untowardly, to feel in muddy
Gossip. Godfather or godmother, re places—B. ; “Gra//ing in the dark with
lated in the service of God. AS. sº, peace, out moonlight through wild olive-trees
and rocks.”—North's Plutarch in R. To
alliance, relationship ; sióscife, Du. sióðe,
gesibºe, G. siſ/schaft, relationship ; ON. the same class belong gra///e, gripe,
gudyiſiar, spiritual relationship. grasſ, große.
At the present day the word is hardly Sw, graſºa, to grasp, Du. grabºelen,
used except in the sense of familiar chat, to seize greedily, to scramble for ; Lith.
tattle, the most familiar intercourse. So greſſi, to seize or grasp at anything ;
Fr. commère, godmother of one's child, graſſ/v/i, to feel, handle, feel for ; grºſys,
or fellow-godmother, also a tattler, gos a rake ; Illyr. grabiſi, to rake, to rob ;
sip ; commièrage, tattling, gossip. Die grebs/i, to scratch, scrape, comb wool.
alberne weiberträtcherei dieser gevat Pol. grabić, to seize, to rake, graſºi, a
ferinnen - the silly tattle of these gossips. rake, or fork; Bohem. Jirabati, to rake or
—Sanders. Pol. Æum, godfather; Áwmta& scrape; Russ. grab/if', to pillage, steal ;
sie, to live on the most familiar terms. G. graft/e/n, grafsen, to grope; It. grap
Gossomer. Properly God-summer. Aare, to seize greedily upon, grapple, or
Prestis crowne that flyeth about in som catth with a hook; graffare, to hook,
mer, barbedieu.-Palsgr. G. der sommer, scratch, scrape, gripe. Goth. greifan,
fliegende sommer, sommerſäden (sum ON. greifa, Dan. Øribe, G. greiſen, to
mer-threads), J/arien /ăden, Unsrer Zie seize;
claw.
Dan. 97 có, a dung-fork; Fr. griffe,
&en frauen ſäden, from the legend that
the gossomer is the remnant of our The radical image seems the sound of
Lady's winding-sheet, which fell away in scraping or scratching, suggesting the
fragments when she was taken up to idea of scraping together, obtaining pos
heaven. It is this divine origin which session by violent means, seizing. Hence
is indicated by the first syllable of the E. a designation is found for the instru
term. In like manner the Lady-cow is ments of scratching or clutching, claws,
in Brittany la Žetite vache du bon 1);cu, hooks, forks, rakes, and thence again are
in G. Marien-Aºſer, or Goffes kil/i/ein. formed verbs expressing the actions of
Gotch. An earthenware drinking ves such implements. Lat. crepare, to creak;
Ptg.ca/?ir, to cry, to scrape; ON. skrafa,
sel with a belly like a jug. It gozzo, a
giass with round body and narrow neck;
to creak, grate, jar, skraſa, to sound as
dry things rubbed together; N. shrafa,
go!/o, a drinking-glass. See Goblet. Dan. Skrabe, to creak, make a harsh
Gouge. Sp. grabia, Fr. gouge, a hol grating noise; Pol. Skrobad, to scrape, to
low chisel. Pol. Kopač, to dig, hollow, scrub. Bret. Skrača, to steal ; skraža, to
scoop out. clutch, to seize, to rob; Áraſa, Arava, to
Gourd. Lat. cucurbita, Fr. cougourde, scratch, to seize ; Arafa, to hook, to seize
gourde. by violence; W. Kraſit, to scrape ; Lang.
Gout. From gutta, a drop. A rem grafta, lightly to scratch the earth; Gr.
nant of the medical theory which attri yoãºu', to write (properly to scratch);
buted all kinds of disorders to the settling Gael. grabh, sgriobh, write; sºrrob, scrape,
of a drop of morbid humour upon the scratch, comb ; N. grava, to scrape, to
 GRACE GRANGE 313

rake together; G. graben, to grave (i.e. shining surface, bloom of the human face.
to scratch) in stone or metal, to dig. No doubt the term may have its origin in
Grace. . Lat. grafia, from grafts, the finer or coarser grains of which stone
pleasing: It. aggradire, to please. Lith. is composed, and the expression may
gražus, fair, agreeable ; grai'ilas, orna have been transferred from stone to wood
ment. Gael. gradh, love, fondness; grad/t- and leather, but the former explanation
ach, lovely, dear; A graſſaſh, my dear. appears to me most probable.
Grade.-Gradient.—Gradual. Lat. Grains. Brewers' Grains. See Drain.
gradus, a step, gradior, to advance by The Grains. A harpoon, fork for
steps. striking fish. , Dan. green, branch, bough,
Graff—Graft. Fr. grºff, a slip or prong of a fork. Sc. grain, grane, branch
shoot of a tree for grafting ; Du. grºffe, of a tree, or of a river, prong of a fork.
a cutting either for grafting or setting in Illyr. gravia, a branch, an arm of a river.
the ground, also a style for writing. From See Groin.
Lat. graphium, a style, or pointed instru -gram. Gr. Ypſtºw, originally only to
ment for writing on waxen tablets. ‘Gra grave or scratch, then to write or draw ;
phium vel scriptorium, gra’ſ.”—Gl. Ælfr. Ypáulia, what is written or drawn, a letter,
In like manner Sp. migron, a sprig or a writing or drawing.
shoot of a vine, from Lat. mucro, Mod. Hence Anagram, a writing whose let
Gr, kêvrpiqua, a graft, revrpávo, to graft, ters are to be made up again (in a differ
from révrpov, anything pointed. Grafting ent order); //ºgram, a short writing on
was often called the penning of trees. a subject ; //iagram, a figure, plan, what
Grail.—Greal. The San-greal (saint is marked out by lines; Ze/gram, what
grea/, the holy dish) was the dish out of is written from afar.
which our Lord ate at the Last Supper, * Gramary. Magic.—Jam. Fr. gri
and in which Joseph of Arimathea caught moire, moſs de la grimoire, conjuration,
his blood at the crucifixion. exorcisms.-Cot.
Yet true it is that long before that day Perhaps from Fris, grijmme, machſ
Hither came Joseph of Arimathey, gr://nwte, ghost, bugbear; grijmmerye
Who brought with him the holy grayle they say,
And preacht the truth.-F. Q. in R. (Spookerij, bang-makerij), ghost-walking,
terrifying.—Epkema. And probably the
Lang. grazal, greza/, a large earthen appellation arose from the roaring noise
dish or bowl, bassin de terre de grès. made by the person representing a ghost
Grais, grez, potter's earth, freestone. for the purpose of striking terror. As.
Prov. grasaſ, graza/, “un grasal ou jatte grimefan, to roar; Fr. griðouiſ/is, the
pleine de prunes.”—Raynouard. Grais rumbling of the bowels, griàouri (as G.
or grès seems the Latinised form of the Aoſter-geist), a rumbling goblin; Sw. dial.
Breton &raig, hard stone; ever Add Ardg, grimſ, noise, disturbance, bluster.
un pot de grès. So N. gryta, a pot, from Fris.gr/mgruwle, terror. But grimoire
Agrioſ, stone. may merely signify gibberish, the unin
Grain. Scarlet grain or kermes is an telligible mutterings of the conjuror, as E.
insect found on certain kinds of oak, from gringriðber, the technical jargon of a
which the finest reds were formerly dyed. lawyer.—Hal.
The term grain is a translation of Gr. Grammar. Fr. grammaire, Prov.
róxxoc, given to the insect from its re gramaira for grammadaria, from Lat.
semblance to a seed or kernel, whence grammaticus, Gr. Ypappariköc.—Sch.
the colour dyed with it was called kökkivoc, Grampus. From Lat. grandis fiscis,
or in Lat. coccineus, as from Æermes, the or perhaps crassus fiscis, Fr. gras pois
oriental name of the insect, It. carmesino, son, as for?esse from forcus Afscis. “There
crimson.
we saw many grandAisces or herringhogs
The term grana is applied in Sp. as hunting the scholes of herrings.”—Josselin,
well to the dye itself as to the cloth dyed 1675, in Webster. “Le flet et le pourpeis
with it, and also metaphorically to the et l'estourgeon et le poisson quiest nommé
fresh red colour of the lips and cheeks. crassus //scis.”—Metivier, translation of
Hence probably the grain of wood or of the Tablier de Fecamp, 1216.
leather, the ornamental appearance of the Granary.—Granulate. Lat. grana
surface dependent on the course of the rium, granum.
fibres. The grain of leather is the shining Grand. Lat. grands, large, plentiful.
side, in Fr. grain, or fleur de cuir, fleur Grange. A barn, receptacle for grain
in the sense of brilliancy, lustre. The or corn, then the entire farm. Mid. Lat.
Sp. tez is explained by Neumann grain, gºalled, granica, a barn, from granum,
3I4. GRANGE GRANT

corn. “Si enim domum infra curtem in made satisfaction to the mayor of the
cenderit, aut scuriam (€curie) aut graneam town and the creditor. “Solvat dominis
vel cellaria.”—Leg. Alam. in 1)iez. “Ad decem libras vel alias gra/jfccf. cum eis,’
casas dominicas stabulare, fenile, grani or otherwise come to agreement with
cam."—Leg. Baiuv, ibid. From the first them, make satisfaction to them. “Icel
of these forms It. grangia (a barn for lui Guillame compta et /i/ grº à l'oste de
corn, a country farm—Fl.), Fr. grange, l'écot de lui et ses compagnons,’ satisfied
from the second the OFr. granche, in the the host for the scot of him and his com
same sense. Fr. granger, grangier, a panions. ‘Faciemus vobis grantum nos
farmer. Da. Wade, a barn, is applied, aS trum de dictis mille et quingentis marchis
E. grange, to the farm belonging to a et tenebimus ostagia apud Leydunum
monastery. donec integre de dictis 1500 marchis fuerit
To Grange. To truck or deal for satisfactum :” where /accre grantum is
profit. ‘The ruffianry (brokerage) of obviously to make satisfaction by actual
causes I am daily more and more ac payment of the money.
quainted with, and see the manner of We have next the verbs grafare, gran
dealing which cometh of the Queen's fare, gratificare, Fr. greer, in the sense of
straitness to give these women, whereby doing an agreeable thing, bestowing a
they presume thus to grange and truck gift, making over an interest, assenting to
causes.”—Birch. Mem. of Q. Eliz. in R. an arrangement. ‘Quia illud dictis ab
From grange, a farm, Sp. grangear, to bati et conventui grafavi et in verbo veri
farm, till, and thence to gain or acquire; tatis concessi.” “Ego in bono proposito
grangeo, gain, profit. - et sano concessi et gra/a/its sum praecep
Granite. A kind of stone formed of tori et fratribus militiae Templi unum
grains of different minerals compacted sestarium mestillii.” “Item nos episcopus
together. It granito, kernelly or corny, supradictus gravitamus, laudamus, com
as honey, figs, soap, or oil in winter; also mittimus et concedimus domino comiti
a kind of speckled stone.—Fl. in feudum.” The corresponding terms in
Grant. Much difficulty is thrown on French are ‘loons, grºoms, approuvons.”
the etymology of this word by the con If the foregoing forms had stood by
currence of forms which can hardly be themselves, the derivation from gra/r/s
traced to a common origin. would not have been doubtful, but paral
From Lat. gratus is formed It, grado, lel with these are found graan//m (ad
Prov, graf, Fr. gr., will, liking, consent, sººn graamfºrt, to his satisfaction—
and thence It. gradºre, aggradare, aggra Carp.), graan/agium (Fr. granfeis, pay
dire, Fr. greer, agreer, E. agree, to ap ment, satisfaction—ibid.), Fr. craamſer,
prove, allow, give consent to. In Mid. cream/er, creamcer, to promise, engage for,
Lat. grafits, or graſum, was used as to bind oneself, crêancie, créanche, cycanſ,
a substantive ; ‘sine grafiz meo, without craftſ, assurance, contract, engagement,
my consent. ‘Idem feodum a manu mo obligation. Now it is hardly possible
nachorum alienare non possumus nisi that grant could be converted by mere
.grafo et voluntate Ducis Burgundiae.’ corruption into graant, creauſ, the double
‘Nos dedimus in alio loco praedicto Bal a in the OFr. being an almost certain
duino excambium illius terrae ad graſum sign of the loss of a d, as in adge from
The insertion edage, caable from cada&ſe, baer, deſer,
sitiºn,’ to his satisfaction.
of the nasal converted graſum into gran from Čadare. On this principle Fr. crº
Altºn, in the same sense. ‘Et si non pos ance would be the equivalent of a Lat.
sim warantizare dabo ei escambium alibi creden/ia, trust, confidence, assurance
ad situm grantum et valitudinem illius “Ego B. archiepiscopus accipio te Ray
terrae, to his satisfaction according to the mundum in fide et credenſia mea loco
yalue of the land. ‘Ad grantum et vo sacramenti.”—Chart. A.D. I 157, in Carp.
luntatem Archiepiscopi Remensis.’ Fa O Fr. craant, believing. “Sire si com
£ºſe gratum and ſacere grantum, or gra c'est voirs et s'en somes craant.”—Roquef.
*/care, are found indifferently in the The Bret, cred, the root of credi, Lat. cre.
Sense of making satisfaction. Et side dere, to believe, is used in the sense of
bitor inventus fuerit in civitate antequam assurance, obligation, security, créance,
$”t suum ſecerit, tamdiu tenebitur in caution, garant.—Legonidec. The pro
Carcere donec redimatur de centum solidis nunciation of the N. of France, which
Ttum jurabit se non reversurum in dic regularly changes an initial gr, into cr
tº civitatem donec ſecerit gratum ma (converting gras, grappe, grand-dieu, into
J" is et creditoris,' until he shall have cras, Crappe, crand-dieu-Hécart), would
 GRAPE GRAVEL 3I 5

leave so little difference between cranter, * To Grate. It is probable that grate,

to confer an advantage, from grafits, and as applied to scraping nutmeg or ginger,
craanter, to assure, from creaſere (both is directly taken from Fr. graſſer, to
used with equal frequency in legal instru scratch, scrape, rub, the equivalent of G.
ments in the act of transferring a right), Árazzen, ON. Krassa, to scrape or tear.
that it is not surprising if the two were On the other handgraſe, expressing harsh
confounded. We find accordingly the g sound, would seem to be a development
of gratus united with the aa of craanter, of the root gar, £ar, representing sharp
and grafare, granfare, used in the sense sound, as shown in Lat. Queror, to lament,
of creamfare. ‘Super istas pactiones G. guarren, to cry, M.H.G. Kerren, guerreſt,
omnes saepe nominati Domino de Leg to give a sound, to cry, to creak like a
niaso graan/averant (engage, pledge wheel; Swab. grazen, garreſt (knarren),
themselves) quod tenebunt, &c.’ ‘Prae to creak ; Sp. chirriar, to creak or chirp ;
missa omnia et singula immobilia tenere E. ſar, to sound harshly ; Lat. garrire, to
et fideliter adimplere promiserunt et gra chirp, to chatter. The addition of a fre
zazeruzzº.” quentative termination is shown in Bav.
Grape. Fr. graft/e de raisins, a bunch garregen, Lesachthal gerracen, guerra
of grapes; It. gra//o, a seizing ; dar di zen (D. M. ii. 346), to creak; MHG.
graffo, to seize ; gra//a, the stalk of grázen, to cry harshly. “Man hörte diu
fruit, the part by which it is held ; gra/- ors da lute grâzen.” ON. grafa, to cry.
fare, grasſlare, to seize, gra//o/a, a hand Walach. cdrtí, to creak as a wheel.
ful, as much as one's hand can grasp at Grateful.—Gratitude.—Gratify. Lat.
once, graft/o, graspo, graft/o/o, graspolo, grafus, pleasant, acceptable, gratifiado,
a bunch of grapes. See Grab. the emotion of a thankful spirit ; grafi
Graphic. -graph. Gr. Ypápw, I write, ſicor, to do what is agreeable or obliging.
inscribe ; Ypapñ, a drawing, writing ; Grafe/u/ presents an instance of an E.
ypaſperóc, suited for writing. suffix attached to a purely L. word. See
Grapnel. A small anchor composed Grace.
of hooks turned in opposite directions. Grave.—Gravitation. Lat. gravis,
Fr. graſ/ºi/, graffin, the gra/ſe of a ship. heavy, weighty, severe.
—Cot. See Grab. Grave. A burying-place. G. graff,
To Grapple. It graft/are, aggraft Du. graſ, grave, Pol. g7 6%, grave, tomb.
Żare, to clutch, tograpple : dar di gra/po, Lith. gradas, a coffin, grabe, growa, a
to seize. See Grab. ditch. Du. graze, a ditch, furrow, any
To Grasp. It graspare, to grasp, to thing dug, a spade ; graven, to dig. See
grapple. Grab.
Bav. ras/e/n, rasſen, to scrape. “Im To Grave. Fr. graver, to carve; G.
merzu auf einer saiten raspen, to be graben, Du. graven, to carve, to dig.
always scraping on one string. Also to Compare Bret. Aroſ, Araw, scratch, and
scrape together, to grasp. “Sie rasſen (with inversion of the vowel) AS. ceozyan,
das nie ihr ist in ihren sack, they scrape to Carve.
into their sack that which is not theirs. * Gravel. It. graveſ/a, gravel, sand,
Swab. raspen, to pluck, to gather. A/res grittiness, also the gravel in a man's
faſt, colligere, vellere ; gaſtresſ, praedia bladder or kidneys.-Fl. Fr. grave,
(for praeda).-Schm. Sp. raspar, to rake, grewe, sand or gravel, a sandy shore;
scrape, to steal. See Grab. grave/ſe, gravois, gravier, small gravel,
Grass. AS. gars, gras, Du. gars, gras, sand ; grave/de, tartar, the stony sedi
grass; grase, groense, groese, the green ment that forms in wine.
sod, cespes gramineus.-Kil. The N. The analogy of G. graus, rubbish, frag
&ras applies to every green herb ; gras ments; gries, gravel, chips of stone (from
&runi, a nettle ; gras-gardr, a kitchen griese/n, to fall in small particles), leads
garden. There can be little doubt that to the suspicion that Fr. grave, gravier,
the word is from the same root with grow,gravel, corresponds to G. grau/en, grait
of which also Lat. grament is a participial Ae/, Holstein gruben, gruven, crushed
form. Du. groese, vigour, growth, in corn, pearl barley, anything in small
crease; Dan. Gröde, vegetation, growth. lumps as hail, &c., from grau/e/n, to fall
Grate. A frame composed of bars in particles, corresponding to Pol. Æropic,
with interstices. Lat. crates, It, grafa, to fall in drops, Kropla, Kropka, a drop, a
47-afe, a grate, hurdle, lattice. Lith. Ara dot, Russ. Aroft/lo, I sprinkle, Serv. &rof
zas, Aroſas, a grate, grated window; Pol. /enje, sprinkling. Krupa, grots, pearl
Arafa, grate, lattice. See Crate. barley. A ruffy padaſa, it falls in grains,
 316 GRAVES GREET

it is a hoar frost. It grebare, to rammel, thing down in black and white for com
rubble [i. e. to fall in ruins); grebäno, mitting it to writing, Fr. grive/de, a scroll
rubble, stones of ruinous walls.-Fl. Let. or schedule.—Cot. Doubtless also it is
graut, to fall in dust, and rubbish; grub from its particoloured face that the badger
Żu/i, gruhbulis, rubble, broken ruins of is called gray, as the general colour of
walls. Lith. gruwu, gristi or grizzi, to the fur is not more gray than that of the
fall in ruins ; gruwus, ruinous. rabbit or hare.
Graves.—Graving-dock. Graves, the It is remarkable that there seems to be
dregs at the bottom of the pot in melting a connection between Du. graauw, grouw,
tallow. To grave a ship is to smear the gray, and grouwen, to shudder (Kil.),
hull with graves (for which pitch is now graat/wen, to snarl or growl (Bomhoff),
substituted), and a graving-dock is a as between griffs, gray, and grijsen, to
dock from which the water can be let off snarl, grijayen, gri/zelen (Epkema), G.
in order to perform that operation. Sw. grantsen, to shudder; and this widespread
1jus-greſwar, tallow graves; Pl.D. grebe, relation leads to the supposition that gray
grewe, G. gruben, grieben, gricſºn, OHG. and grijs, Fr. gris, are radically con
griebo, griubo, “quod remanet in patella nected. It is shown under Grisly that
de carnibus frixis.’ Apparently from the radical sense of grizzled or gray is
OHG. grieben, greuben, gratºjan, to fry, dusted or powdered over, and as grizzled
to melt in a pan. ‘’Frixáre, grieben, and Fr. gris are from gresiſ/er, to fall in
rösten ; frixus, geschmelzt, gegrettöf,” powder or small particles, so perhaps
cacraupta frixam."—Gl. in Schm. Gi gray may be explained from Let. graut
roupit, groubit, friget-ggroubić, olio (where the f is only the sign of the in
frigatur—&acraupit, frixum.–Graff. Gri finitive), to fall in dust or ruins, whence
tºpo, G. grafen, a pan. gruhbulis, grubbuli, rubbish, fragments.
On the other hand the radical signifi Lith, gruwu, grºsti or gruţi, to fall in
cation may be lump, separate bit, from ruins; gruwus, ruinous. See Gravel.
the same root with G. gratºen, small To Graze. To scratch, to rub, to pass
lump, hail, grain, Russ. Artſ/d, grits, along the surface; Lang. graſa la tere,
AE, upitzui, crums, Serv. Arupitza, bit, frag to scratch the ground, to skim over the
ment, Illyr. Arupa, Áru/iſsa, hail, grits, surface (effleurer).
grain. See Gravel. OG. grâbe/ein, small Grease. It grascia, grassa, grease ;
bits of bread fried in grease (Schm.), would Fr. gras, fat ; graisse, grease; Gael.
square with either derivation. In the creſs, grease, tallow. Lat. crassus, thick,
glossaries cited by Dief. cadula is ren fleshy, fat.
dered smal3-grieffe, -grib, -cro//e, bring Great. G. gross, Du. groof.
ing us to Yorkshire crafts or taſ/ow-crafts. Greaves. Armour for the leg. Fr.
Cracoke (crawke or crappe, H. P.), releſe grewe, the shin, shin-bone ; greziºre,
of molte talowe or grese.—Pr. Prm. Bav. wound on the leg.—Pat. de Champ. Sp.
griegken, graves. The hard skin of roast grewas, greaves.
pork scored in lines is called crack/ºng, Greedy. Goth. gredags, hungry; pro
and the same term is given in Scotch perly crying for food.
Acts to the refuse of melted tallow.—
Jam. Papelotes ſpap, gruel],
—to aglotye with here gurles,
* Gray. ON. grair, As. grag, Pl.D. That greden after fode.—P. P.
graag, grate, Du. grauw, grouw, gray.
Gr. Ypaic, Ypaic, Ypaia, an old woman. The —to satisfy their children that cry after
Graiai, according to Hesiod, were so food. In like manner G. begierºg, de
called from being born with gray hair. sirous, greedy, may be explained from
OHG. graiw, grai, canus, griseus, anilis. gieren, which, according to Japix, is used
Fris. grave/graa, gray; graveling, twi in Friesland in the sense of crying. -

light, the gray of the evening ; Dan.
gravling, Du. grewel, grewinck, Sw:
Agráfsvin, a gray or badger, as Fr. grisard,
from gris, gray.
The original meaning is probably parti
coloured, as seen in Fr. grive/e, speckled,
black and white, or dun and white (Cot);
whence grive, E. dial. gray-bird, a thrush,
from its speckled breast. So also, in the
same way that we speak of taking some
Green. The colour of growing herbs.
ON. gra, at groa, to grow, to flourish ;
granzi, green. Du. groeyen, to grow ;
groen, green. In like manner Lat. wirere,
to flourish, viridis, green. Lith. Żółas,
green, Želti, to become green, to sprout,
grow.
To Greet. Du. groeſent, grize!en, to
salute, also to irritate or provoke, to ac
cuse.—Kil. OHG. grozjan, grizozyan, ir
 -GREG GRIN 317

ritare, provocare, salutare. W. grºsaw, The origin is the representation of a

a welcome. crackling or chirping sound by Fr. gre
-greg-. Lat. grex, grºgi's, a flock, herd; siſ/er, grisſer, griſ/er, to make a noise like
as in Fºregions (taken out of the com broiling meat, or the note of a cricket.
mon herd, select, excellent), Congregate, From the notion of a broken or quaver
&c. ing sound we pass to that of a quivering
Grenade.—Grenadier. Fr. grenade, movement in Fr. griller, Du. grillen, to
a pomegranate, also a ball of wild-fire shiver, or tremble; griller d'impatience,
made like a pomegranate. —Cot. An iron to tremble with eagerness.
case filled with powder and bits of iron, To Grill. Fr. griller, to broil. From
like the seeds in a pomegranate. the noise of frying or broiling. See last
-gress. Lat. gradus, a step ; gradior, article and Brilliant.
..gressumi, to step, to go. Aggression, Grimace. Fr. grimace, a crabbed
Congress, Progress, &c. look, wry mouth. The noises made by
Greyhound. ON. grey, grey-hundr, a an angry animal are represented by the
bitch.
syllables gram, grim, grown, which are
Grid-iron.—Griddle, w, greifio, to thence applied to the various expressions
scorch or singe ; grešºv//, a grid//e, an of anger, vexation, ill-temper ; Du. grim
iron plate to bake cakes on, gridiron, men, to snarl, grin, cry, make faces,
bakestone; Gael. gread, burn, scorch ; pucker up the face, wrinkle.—Kil. It.
Sw, gradaſa, to roast, bake; gradaſ-fanna, grima, wrinkled.
a frying-pan.
The terms for roasting, broiling, frying * To Grime.—Begrime. Sw, dial., N.
are commonly taken from the crackling grima, Da. grime, a spot or streak of dirt
sound of the grease dropping in the fire. on the face, ON., AS. grima, Da. grime, a
Fr. gregiſler, to crackle as flesh on coals, mask (a blackened face); grim, griſm,
to frizzle, gredi//er, to frizzle, crumple, or Soot; grime (Moth), Du. griemen, grement,
pucker with heat.--Cot. degrement, begremle/en (Kil.), begromme/en,
Grief. Fr. grieſ, aggrievance, oppres to blacken, begrime, spot; greme/, Fr.
sion, trouble; grewer, to oppress, over grimail/º (Jaubert), spotted, particoloured;
charge, disquiet.—Cot. It gravare, to Sc. grummeſ, Sw.grums, grumme/, dregs,
aggrieve, oppress. From Lat. gravis, grounds, mud ; grumla, to make thick,
heavy. We speak of heavy-hearted, heavy to trouble ; ON. groma, filth, dirt; It.
in spirit. “And he took with him Peter groma, gromma, scurf or dirt that
and the two sons of Zebedee, and began sticks to anything, slime of fish, crust
to be sorrowful and very heavy.” that forms in wine vessels, roughcast on
* Grig. A word only known in ordi a wall, dregs or mother. The radical
nary speech in the proverb, As merry as image may be the sprinkling or powder
a grig. It is used provincially in the ing over, letting fall in small particles, as
sense of a grasshopper or cricket. Ten shown in the case of Grisly. A griming
nyson in ‘The Brook' speaks of ‘high of snow or of ashes is a sprinkling. Fr.
elbowed grigs that leap in summer grass.’ gremiſſer, to crumble ; gremille, grou
And this is undoubtedly the sense which mi//on, groumignon, a crum, clot, single
the word bears in the proverb, the cricket berry; grume, grime, one of a bunch of
or grasshopper from their lively chirp berries—Jaubert ; grume, a grain; gru
having always been taken by the writers me/, a pellet.—Roquef. Lat. grumus, a
of fable as the type of a careless, joyous little heap. E. crum, crim, a small bit.
life. “Up bounded the long line of Otando To Grin. The representation of the
men to the rescue, laden with provisions sounds expressive of ill-temper gives rise
and as merry as cricke/s.”—Du Chaillu, to a series of forms of much general re
Ashango, p. 154. AS. graºghania (the semblance. Du. grimmen, griisen, grºin
gray-coated), a cricket, grasshopper. sen, to grin, snarl, grind the teeth, wry
‘Fugelas singeth, gylleth graghania’— the mouth, cry; grinnen, grinden, to grin,
birds sing, the cricket chirps. or snarl; grijnen, to grumble, griſnig, ill
Grill. Cold, shivery. humoured ; N. grina, to wry the mouth,
While they han suffred cold full strong, curl the nose, grina//, sour-looking,
In wethers grille and derke to sight.—R. R. harsh, raw (of the weather). Fr. gronder,
In the original, far ſe froid et divers grogner, to snarl, scold, grumble, growicer,
feº/s. Du. g., iſ/ºn, to shiver; griſ/g, to roar as the sea, grincer, to grind the
frilleux, shivery, griſ/g weer, cold, raw teeth ; It grignare, to snarl as a dog, to
weather. grin. Lat. ringi, to snarl, to be angry, to
3.18 GRIN D GRIT

grin, or open the lips, whence ric/us, the particles as snow, hail, sand, to shudder.
open mouth, gaping jaws. ‘Das seinem alten zuhörer ein schauder
To Grind. The primary sense of the über die haut riese/fe,'—which made a
word is in all probability the grinding of shudder creep or trickle over his skin.
the teeth, regarded as a symptom of ill Sw, ºysa, to shudder ; zysſig, horrible.
temper, and designated by representa Grisly, 2, or Grizzly. — Grizzled.
tions of the snarling sounds of an angry Speckled, of mixed colour, of mingled
animal. Du. grimment, grinnen, grinden, black and white. G. greis, an old man,
ringere, hirrire—Kil. But perhaps the gray; Du. grºſs, Fr. gris, It. g7 iso, grigio,
long i of grind brings it nearer Du. griſ gray. We have explained in the last
sen, grijnsen, ringere, fremere, frendere article the origin of G. griese/n, gruse/n,
(Kil.), with the corresponding Fr. grincer, to fall in morsels or small particles, Fr.
to grind the teeth. G. griesgram, grum gresſ/Zer, to drizzle, reem to fall ; gresi//e,
bling, out of temper. From grinding the drizzled on, covered or hoar with reem.—
teeth the term is transferred to the break Cot. To this last exactly corresponds E.
ing small by a mill. In these imitative grizzled, applied to what has the appear
words the interchange of an initial frand ance of being powdered or covered with
gr is very common. So Lat. /remiere, to small particles. So Fr. centaré, gray, as if
murmur, grumble, rage at, corresponds to powdered with ashes. Swiss grieseleſ,
Du. grimmen, as Lat. /reſidere, to gnash gresseſ; g, grainy, lumpy ; griseſ, grisse/et,
the teeth, also to grind or break small, to griese/cſ, speckled.
E. grind. See Grist, Grum. Grist. Grain brought to a mill to be
Grip.–Groove. Du. grºſſe, grifte, ground. Fr. grº, grus, gruţ, grust, grain
groeze, a furrow, ditch, groove, grº//e/, either for grinding or for making beer.
'greſ/e/, a little ditch, kennel. G. grºe, Le Suppliant conduisit une charretée de
a pit, ditch, hollow dug in the ground, grain oil grº pour mould re au moulin.—
from graben, to dig. ... See Grab, Grub. MS., A.D. 1477, in Duc. Hensch. In the
Gripe. Du. g7%en, G. greiffºn, to same sense grusſ, A.D. 1383. Sometimes
seize ; Fr. griffe, claw, talon, griſer, the word has the sense of bran. The
griffer, to clutch or seize ; It graffare, grinding of corn is taken from the grind
to scratch, scrape, hook, gripe ; griſo, a ing or gnashing of the teeth, and in the
gripe, claw, or talon, griſare, to clutch. same way grisſ, corn to be ground, seems
See Grab. properly to signify grinding. Grist, to
Grisly. 1. Frightful, horrible, what gnash the teeth—Hal. ; grisſ-bat, gnash
causes one to shudder. G. dial. grauen, ing of the teeth.-Layamon. Pol. grysé,
&raitsen, grasen, griesent, griese/n, gruse/n, to gnaw, nibble ; Du. Arijsselen, Ārijssel
grºsse/n, grasse/n, Fris. grese, Sc. grise, Zanden, to grind the teeth.
groºve, groose, to shudder; E. dial. grow, Gristle. Universally named from the
growze, to be chill before an ague fit.— crunching sound it makes when bitten.
Hal. Grysy/, horridus, terribilis.-Pr. Prm. AS. grys//an, Du. Arijsse/eſt, Arijsse/-/art
G. grâss/ich, Fris, gris/i/, terrible. devi, E. dial. grist, to gnash or grind the
The radical image is the rustling sound teeth ; Pol. grysé, to gnaw. Swiss AEros
made by the continued fall of a number Žeſent, to crunch ; Arös/e/e, gristle. Du.
of small particles, whence the significa Ános/en, guarsen, to gnash; Anos/e/&een,
tion passes to the idea of drizzling, trick gºlarsòeen, gristle. So we have Boh.
ling, shivering. Sc. grassiſ, grisse/, girs chrawsfaſi and chrausſécła, Illyrian hers
sil, to make a rustling or crackling noise; Áati or herstafi and herskav, herstaz, ;
Fr. grezi//er, to crackle ; gresſ/Zer, to Magy. Zorczogni, to crackle, forcz, gristle;
hail, drizzle, sleet, reem to fall. — Cot. Alban. Aerºse/g, I crunch, Žerºse, gristle.
“There was a girst/in of frost this morn Grit. Sand, or gravel, rough hard par
ing ' (Jam.), i.e. a sprinkling. G. griese/n, ticles.—Webster. AS. greaf, sand, dust.
to fall in small particles, to trickle, and Thiſ scealſ great efan, thou shalt eat dust.
thence to shudder, which is felt like a ON. gryoſ, stones; N. gryoſ, stone, peb
trickling or creeping over the skin. ble; Sw, dial. grut, grud, gravel, par
Gruselen, formicar cutis.-Stalder. “Eine ticle, small bit; Da. dial. gryt, a small
geschichte die uns eine gansehaut tiber bit, trifle; Sc. grefe, sand, gravel; MHG.
den ricken griese/n lässt.’ ‘Dass mir's griez, gruz, grain of sand, gravel, least
durch die haut grâsse/ſ.”—Sanders. In bit ; Lang. gru/, a single berry, a grain.
the same way AS. hrist/an, to rustle, is ‘N’a un gruţ ‘’ he has a grain of it (of
connected with G. riese/n, to make a rust folly). —Dict. Castr. As. ‘nan grot and
ling sound, to trickle, to fall in small gytes:” not a particle of understanding.—
 GRITS G ROOM 319

Boethius. Pl. D. gruf, grºws, rubbish, doves ; grwan, to make a droning noise,
fragments; gruf um murf, what is broken to hum, murmur. Fr. growder, to snarl,
to pieces. Du. gritſ, trash, refuse. Lith. grunt, groan, grumble. Prov. growth ir,
grudas, a grain of corn, pip of fruit, dropgrowtir, Fr. grogner, to mutter, murmur.
of dew, morsel of something to eat; Let. Groat. Pl. D. grote, originally groſe
grated's, a grain. Gr. Ypirm, Lat. gritſa, schware, the great Schware, in contradis
scrufa, trash, frippery, seem to come from tinction to the common or little schware of
the same source. which there were five in the grote.—Brem.
It is shown under Grisly that from the Wtb.
representation of a rustling sound are Grocer. Fr. grosserie, wares uttered,
formed Fr. gres;//er, to drizzle, to fall in or the uttering of wares, by wholesale;
reem or hail, G. grise/l, griese/n, to fall marchan/ grossier, one that sells only by
in small particles, to trickle down, and the great, or utters his commodities by
from the same source are doubtless Let. wholesale.—Cot.
graut, Lith, gruţi, grus/i, to fall in dust Grogram. Fr. grosgrain (coarse
and ruins. From these verbs must be grain), a kind of stuff.
explained G. graits, Let. grants/º, rubble, Groin. I. The snout of a swine. From
fragments, Swiss griese/, drift of fallen the grunting of the animal. It grºgmire,
stones, G. gries, gºess, coarse sand, grºgnare, to grunt ; gridgno, grugno/o,
gravel, Du. grºs, gries, dust, sand, snout of a pig ; Prov, growthºr, Fr. gro
gravel, Sw. gritſ, gravel, coarse sand, gºer, growgner, OE. to groin, to grunt ;
rubble, rubbish, Pol grizz, rubbish, rub Fr. groſſºg, groin, snout ; E. dial. grunny,
ble, grizzla, clod, clot, Fr. grºs, skinned snout of a hog ; grant/e, muzzle.
grain, gruel.--Cot. It is a slight modifi The gallows gapes after thy graceless gruntle.
cation from the final s of grits, grics, to Dunbar.
the t of griſ, groſ, grief, and the same Metaphorically OFr. groing, cape, pro
variation is found in the representative montory, tongue of land jutting into the
forms at the root of the entire series. sea.—Roquef. Hence E. groin, a wooden
Cot. gives greſſ/Zer, as well as greziſ'er, jetty built into the sea for the purpose of
to crackle. E. dial. cro///es, crumbs, also letting the gravel accumulate against it
the pellety dung of the rabbit, hare, goat, for the defence of the coast.
seems to be named from its pattering From the same source is the old name
down in separate particles. Northamp of ‘The Groin,” erroneously supposed to
ton griffle, to crumble off, pairs off with be a corruption of Corunna.
G. griese/n. ‘The dirt grid//es from your Portum Verrinum sic intravere marinum.
shoes.” In the same way we have Sc. [Vocatur le Groyne, et est in mare ut rostrum
ariſ. We, Sw, dial. dreſſ/a, to spill or to porci ubi intraverunt terram.]–Polit. Poems,
let fall in small portions, alongside of E. Cam. Soc. I 12.
dricz/e. Betwix Cornwall and Bretayne -

He sayllyt ; and left the grunyie of Spainye

Grits.-Grots or Groats. Du. gruf, [i. e. Corunna]
gorf, G. grizze, Pol. grºcq, Lith. grizcze, On northalft him; and held thair way
Lang. gruda, grain husked and more or Quhill to Savill the Graunt cum thai.
less broken, or sometimes the food pre Barbour.
pared from it. The formation of the 2. Groin, formerly more correctly grine,
word may be illustrated by Lang, gritſ, a the fork of the body, as Fr. ſourchure, a
single berry, a grain of anything, whence fork-like division, the part of his body
grufa, gruda, to pick the grapes from the whence his thighs part. — Cot. Dan.
stalks; gruda also, as Da. dial. gro//e, green, branch of a tree, prong of a fork;
gruffe, to grain corn, i.e. to grind off the Sw, gren, branch, arm of a stream, the fork
skin, leaving the eatable grain alone. of a pair of trowsers; grena sig, to fork, or
Lang. graſs, grains of maize so treated. separate in branches; rida greats/e, en
See Grit. -
fourcher un cheval, to ride astride. Sc.
The same connection between the de grain, grane, branch of a tree or a river.
signation of a grain or of grits or ground In the same way Lap. siterre, the branch
corn, and of gravel or small stones, is of a tree or of a river, also the groin.
seen in N. gryon, food prepared of corn or Groom. Du. grown, a youth. – Kil.
meal, gruel, Sw. gºv/l, grits, groats, Swiss Grome, grume, a lover, a warrior, and
grien, pebbles, gravel. like puer in Lat. and garºon in Fr. it is
Groan. Directly imitative. Du. groo also used for servant.—Jam.
men, gemere. W. grºwn, a broken or Every man shall take his dome
trembling noise, a groan, the cooing of As well the mayster as the grome.—Gower.
- -,
320 GRO OVE GROW

Fr. gromme, serviteur, voiturier; gromeſ, stone ; steen gritus, rubble of old walls;
gro/neſe/, serviteur, garçon de marchand feegruits, the grouts or spent leaves of
ou d'artisan.-Roquef. In modern E. it tea.—Schütze. Grow!-a/e, poor ale run
is appropriated to a servant attending on from the growf's or grains of the first
horses. In our old Parish Registers it is brewing.—Hal. See Grit.
sometimes used for bachelor or unmarried Grove. — Greve. Greaves, trees,
man. ON. gromſ, homuncio.—Egills. A boughs, groves.—Hal.
parallel form with Goth. guma, OHG. So gladly they gon in grezes so green.
go/to, OE. gome, man. OSax. &riadºgamo, Sir Gawaine and Sir Gal. in Jam.
E. bridegroom. AS. gracſ, a grove.
Groove. Du groewe, a ſurrow, ditch, Grovelling.—Grouf. Sc. on growſ,
pit ; G. grube, a pit, hole, grave, from agriºſ, flat, with the face downwards.
.graben, pret. grub, to dig. See Grab. Ağru iſ lay some, others with eyes to skyes.
Du. groewen, to engrave, hollow out. Jam.
Grope. To feel with the hands. Lith. Sterte in thy bed about full wide
..gróð/i, to grab (greiſen nach etwas), to And turn full oft on every side,
Aviv downward grouſe and now upright
seize, graſſy/i, to grab, handle, grope. [i. e. with face upwards].-R. R.
Cat. gra/ºts, claws, hands; a gita/re gra The addition of the adverbial termina
fas, on all fours. See Grab. tion ſing or /ings, as in dark/ings, b/ind
Gross. Thick, coarse. Lat. crassus, Zings, &c., gave gro/Wings, face down
Fr. gros. ward.
A Gross. The great hundred of twelve Therfor groffynges thow shalle be layde
dozen.
Then when I stryke thow shalle not see.
Grotto.—Grotesque. It groſſa, a Towneley Mysteries.
cave, den, cellar.-Fl. Fr. dial. croſſer, Grovelynge or grove/yngys, adv. resupine
to dig, encroffer, to bury—Vocab. de —Pr. Pn.
Perri; croſſoſ, pit, little hole—Pat. de Horman translates with s/ºwnge grotte
Champ. ; croſſon, a dungeon.—Roquef. Zynge by froná in facieſ” dormizione.'
From the sense of scratching, expressed The ON. has d grº/it corresponding
by graf (Fr. graſſer, to scratch), as G. exactly to on grouſe, agriºſ, above men
&raſ, grube, E. grave, from the same tioned. A / /a//a, Ziggya, &c., d gruft, to
sense expressed by grab. fall, lie, &c., face downwards. It has
Grofesſyue is the style in which grottoes besides the verbs gruſa, grºſſia, to bend
were ornamented.
down the head, lie face downwards, to
Ground. Goth. grundus (grundu scramble on all fours.-Fritzner.
7'adºws, ground-wall, foundations); ON. The radical image is shown in It. gruf
grºwr, Lith. grunſas, Pol. grunſ, fare, gruſo/are, to grunt, [and thence] to
Gael. grunnd. -
grub or root up the ground with the snout
. Group. It gru//o, a knot or lump of as a hog doth.-Fl. Hence griſo, the
anything. W. crºb, croſ, a hunch. snout, and E. grove/, grub//e, to work
Grouse. Otherwise called the grey with the snout in the ground.
/en. From Fr. gridis, griesche, speckled, Okemast and beech and cornell mast they eate
grey. Pozzle griesche, a moor-hen, the Grove/ſing like swine on earth in foulest wise.
hen of the grice or moor-game.—Cot. Chapman.
Grout. ON. grazºr, Da. gröd, Du. Whoever tasted lost his upright form
.gr/y/e, gorſe, E. growſ, gruel, properly And downward fell into a grovelling swine.
Comus.
consisting of grots boiled with water, but
often of meal and water. The word is To grub is to root in the ground like a
then applied to other matters of similar pig, and in Suffolk ſo ſay a chi/º grº
consistency, especially to thin mortar ////g is to lay it face downwards.-Moore.
poured in between the joints of stones for Again, the image of a pig rooting with
the purpose of solidifying a structure. the snout gives Dan. dial. g77te (of a
See Grits. ploughshare), to dig its nose into the
Grouts. Now commonly called grounds, ground. ‘Skaret gruer ikke nok:” the
the dregs of tea or coffee. N. gruf, dregs; point of the share is not enough bent
grº/en, grouty, muddy ; Du. grufe, grºwſe, downwards. At Zigge fad grit or mase
dregs–Kil. ; grief, refuse, trash, what is grºws, to lie groveling:
cast out as small and useless ; Gael. To Grow. 1. ON. groa, Du. grocyºn,
gruid, dregs. A parallel form with Du. to grow, flourish, heal.
§: rubble, fragments, chips, bran ; 2. To grow, to be troubled.—B. To
1.D. gruus, rubbish, coarse sand, broken grow or gy, to be aguish ; grows onte,
 GROWL GRUEL 32I
fearful, loathsome.—Hal. Dan. Gru, (often pronounced as groffle or gruffle), to
horror, terror, grue, to shudder at ; G. poke about as with a stick in a hole, to
rauen, to have a fear united with shiver feel about among a number of things for
ing or shuddering ; Du. grouwen, gru one in particular.—Cleveland Gl. Grub
welen, gruºwen, to shudder at. Perhaps bare in the erthe or other thynggys
from the connection between vibration (grovělare, H. growblar, P.), fossor, con
and sound. Fris. grouwen, grouweljen, fossor; grubynge (grublyng, H. grow
to thunder—Epkema ; Lith. grauju, &linge, P.), confossio.—Pr. Prm. “He
grauti, to thunder; Illyr. gruhati, gru looked at the fish, then at the fiddle, still
vati, to boom like cannon, to resound. grubbling in his pockets.”—Spectator.
The Fris. grouweljen leads to Fr. grouler, Pl.D. grubbeln, grabbeln, grawweln, to
grouiller, to rumble, also to move, stir, feel over with the hand, to grope about, to
scrall. Pl. D. grulen, to shudder at, to have grub in the dirt. There may perhaps
horror of. Fr. (Jura) grouler, to shiver.— here be some confusion of forms from
Hécart. A shuddering is like a creeping different roots, and grub may be from the
over the flesh. The growing or grauling same source with grovel, to root as swine,
of an ague is the shuddering or creeping an act which affords a most familiar
feel which marks the approach of the fit. image of grubbing up. The final b ap
Another synonymous form is growze, to pears in Suffolk grubblins, for grovelings,
be chill before the beginning of an ague or face downwards, and in Sw, dial. grub
fit (Hal), corresponding to G. grausen, as &la, to mutter, compared with It. Gruſo
&row to G. grauen, to shudder. The lare, to grunt or root as swine.
growing or grouling of an ague is the Grudge. Grutchyn, gruchyn, mur
shivering which marks the first approach muro.—Pr. Prm. Fr. gruger, gruser, to
of the fit. grieve, repine, mutter—Cot. ; groucer,
Growl. A muttering, snarling sound. grouchier, groucher, to murmur, reproach,
Rouchi grouler, to grumble, mutter, rum complain. “No man was hardi to grucche
ble ; N. gryla, to grunt, growl, bellow ; (either to make pryvy noise, mutire—
Gr, Ypºičw, to grunt ; Fr. grouller, Vulg.) agenus the sones of Israel.” —
grouiller, to rumble. Wicliff in Way. Gr. Ypiºsiv, to say
Grub. The origin of this word may Ypv, grumble, mutter; utºsºv uſire Ypú
perhaps be illustrated by It, gargogliare, &eiv, not to let a syllable be heard.
to rumble or growl in the bowels, to bub Then, as grumbling is the sign of ill
ble, boil, purl, or spring up as water, also temper, to grudge, to feel discontent;
to breed vermin or wormlets; whence grudge, ill-will. The It. cruccio, coruccio,
gorgoglio, gorgoglione (Lat. curculio), a Fr. courrour, wrath, has the same origin,
weevil breeding in corn. The root, re although much obscured by the insertion
presenting a broken confused sound, is of the long vowel between the c and r.
applied to an object in multifarious move Fr. courechier is found exactly in the
ment, as boiling water, then to the gener sense of E. grudge.
al movement of swarming insects and to That never with his mowthe he seide amys
an individual insect itself. Lang. gour Negroched agens his Creatour iwis,
goulia, Fr. grougouler, grouiller, groul [sa bouche n'en parla un seul vilain mot encuntre -
Aer, to rumble or croak as the bowels, the And son Creatour.]
like in the same manere tho
two latter also to move, stir, swarm, Suffrede Nasciens bothe angwische and wo—
abound, break out in great numbers; And nevere to his God made he grochchenge,
grouillis, a stirring heap of worms; It. Nethir for tormentis ne none other thinge.
garðuglio, Fr. grabuge, a great stir, coil, [tout autresi souffri Nasciens ses grans peines—
garboil, hurly-burly, gribouiller, to rum assez en boin gre sans courechier ne à Dieu
ble ; Pl.D. Áribbeln, to simmer, to bubble nea autre.]—St Greal, c. 27, 63.
up, to stir, crawl, be in general motion ; On the same principle, G. groll, ill-will,
G. Kriebeln, to swarm, crawl; griibeln und spite, may be compared with E. growl.
grabbeln, to be stirring and swarming in The grudging of an ague is a modifi
great multitudes, as maggots or ants.- cation of the synonymous grouse, men
Küttn. Hence E. grub, a maggot, as It. tioned under Grow, 2 ; as Fr. gruger, of
gorgoglio, from gorgogliare. Pl.D. grusen, to crumble or break into
* To Grub. To dig up something small bits. I groudge as one dothe that
buried in the ground, as the stumps or hath a groudging of the axes, je frilonne
roots of trees. Yorks. grob, to probe, to and je fremis.”—Palsgr. in Way. See
examine, as the hand dives into the corner Grisly.
of the pocket—Whitby Gl.; to grobble Gruel. Fr. gruau, gruant, oatmeal,
2I
322 GRUFF GUILD

groats — Cot. ; gruel, gruez, meal.— Gudgeon. Lat. gobio, Fr. gouvion,
Roquef. Bret. groel, goure/, groats; W. goujon, a small slimy fish. Rouchi, Cha
grual, gruel. N. graut, Dan. &rod, por passe come un gouvion, that is easily
ridge ; Lang. tºda, husked oats or swallowed. Faire avaler des gouvions,
grain, more or less broken in husking; to make one believe a lie. — Hecart.
gruda, to husk or pill grain, to pick Hence to gudgeon, to deceive, befool.
grapes, skin beans, from gru, gruf, a Gudgil-hole. A place containing
single berry, a grain.—Dict. Castr. Lith. dung, water, and any kind of filth.-Hal.
grudas, a grain of corn, pip of a fruit, Swiss Rom. guadaouilli, to dabble in
drop of dew. See Grits. wet.—Bridel.
Churlish, dogged.—B. Pro Guerdon. Fr. guerredom, guerdon, It.
perly hoarse in tone. To gruffle, to growl. guideralone, recompense, reward. From
—Hal. Grisons grufflar, to snore. OHG. widar/ðn, AS. witherlean, with a
To gruff, to express discontent or vex change from / to a, perhaps through the
ation—Atkinson ; to grunt, to snore.— influence of Lat. domum. , AS. wither,
Whitby Gl. It gruffare, gruſo/are, gro against, in return for, and lean, reward.
folare, to grunt.—Fl. See Grim. —Diez.
Grum.–Grumpy. E. dial. grum, Guess. Du. ghi'ssen, to estimate, reck
grumpy, angry, surly, sulky—Hal.; grum, on, guess ; ON. giska (for gitska), N.
sour-looked—B.; AS. grom, grum, fierce. gºssa, Dan. gisse, gyette, Walach. gict
Da. Grum, ferocious, atrocious. G. gram, (Ital, c), to guess, gicitoriu, a diviner,
trouble, sorrow ; grimm, wrath, rage ; guesser.
3rimmig, raging, stern, crabbed ; Gael. A frequentative from ON. geta, to get,
Afruaim, a surly look ; gruama, sullen, conceive, think, make mention of (i.e. to
gloomy; Manx groam, a sad or sullen pronounce one's opinion). At geta minni,
look. All from the expression of angry in my opinion. Geta god's til, to augur
feelings by muttering or snarling sounds. well of.
Bav. gramen, to grind the teeth ; gries Guest. Goth. gasts, stranger; gasti
Agramen, to murmur ; W. grem, murmur god's, Gr. pixóševoc, hospitable ; G. gast,
ing, grinding the teeth ; grwm, a mur ON. géstr, Russ. gosſy, Bohem. host, Pol.
mur, a growl (Spurrel). Du. grimmen, gość, guest. Lap. Quosse, guest, Quos
to snarl, growl, grin, grind the teeth, rage, sotet, to entertain, Quossot, to act as
cry; grommen, Fr. grommeler, E. dial. guest ; W. givest, visit, entertainment,
grumph, to grumble, growl. Prov, gri inn, lodging, gwestat, a visitor, guest;
mar, to groan, sigh ; grim, morose, sad. Bret. hostiz, guest, host. The Lat. hostis,
To Grumble. Fr. grommeler, Du. enemy, supposed to be connected through
&rommen, grommelen, to murmur, mut the sense of stranger, is probably from a
ter; Sw, dial. grubbla, grummsa, to different source.
mutter discontentedly ; W. grwm, a mur To Guggle. Fr. glouglou, Mod.Gr.
mur, growl ; grymial, to grumble, scold. YAoûk\ov, guggling, the sound of water
G. brummen, to growl or mutter, is a mixed with air issuing from the mouth of
parallel form. a vessel; kovk\ovki.w, Swiss gungeln, gun
To Grunt. Lat. grunnine, Fr. grog sche/n, to guggle, giggeln, to tipple; Pol.
mer, grongmer, G. grunzen, to grunt, growl, glukač, to rumble in the belly.
mutter; Fr. groncer, to roar as the sea Guide.—Guy. It, guidare, Fr. guider,
§ a storm, gronder, to snarl, grunt, grum guier, exhibit the Romance form corre
le. sponding to G. weisen, Du. wifsen, Sw.
Guard. Defence, protection. It. visa, to show, direct, guide. G. ſemanden
guardare, to look, guard, ward, keep, zurecht weisen, to show one the right
save, to beware; Fr. garder, to keep, way. Sw. visa homom in, show him in.
guard, watch, heed, or look unto ; garer, From G. weise, Du. wiſse, ghijse, Bret.
to ware, beware, take heed of.-Cot. The gig, kiz, W. givis, Fr. guise, the wise,
senses of looking after and taking care of mode, way of a thing. See Guise.
or guarding against are closely united. Guild. Dan. 8 iſde, feast, banquet,
‘Now look thee Our Lord.”—P. P. To guild, or corporation; Pl. D. gilde, a com
look seems to have been the original pany, corporation, society of burghers
sense of Lat. servare. ‘Tuus servus meeting on stated occasions for the pur
servet Venerine faciat an Cupidini,' let pose of feasting and merrymaking. The
your slave look.-Plautus. Serva / as primary meaning is a feast, then the
Fr. gare / look out ! take care company assembled, and the same trans
For the origin of the word see Gaure. ference of signification will be observed
 GUILE GULF 323

in the word company itself, which signi formerly in use in Germany. Crusius,
fying in the first instance a number of in his Swabian Chron, translated by
persons eating together, has come to be Moser. 1733, says : “Formerly behead
applied to an association for any purpose, ing was not done in Germany with a
and in the case of the City Companies to sword, but with an oaken plank on which
the very associations which were formerly was a sharp iron. This plank was like a
denominated Guilds. flogging-bench, had on both sides upright
It is a mistake to connect the word slides (grund-leisten), on which the plank
with the G. geld, payment. The real de was ; under that a sharp cutting iron.
rivation is to be found in w. gwyl, Bret. When the poor man was bound on the
goel, gouil, a feast, or holiday, gouélia, bench, as if for flogging, the executioner
to keep holiday; Gael. (with the usual (truckenscherer) let fall the plank which
change from the w. gºw to finitial), ſeiſ/, hung by a cord, which with the iron struck
a feast, holiday, fair, or market ; Manx off his head.”—Deutsch. Mundart. iv. 225.
ealley, festival, sacred, hallowed. The Guilt. Properly conduct which has to
Irish feil, or ſeighil, is explained the vigil be atoned for, which has to be paid for.
of a feast, sometimes the feast itself, Swiss gilt, Dan. geld, debt. ON. gial/d,
leading to the supposition that the word debt, return of equivalent. In the same
is a mere corruption of Lat. vigilia. way Dan. skyld, debt, guilt, offence, G.
But the W. and Bret. forms could hardly schuld, a fault, guilt, crime, also a debt.
have been derived from that origin, and AS. gildan, Dan. Aftelde, G. gelten, to re
we find a satisfactory explanation in a quite, pay, atone, to return an equivalent.
native root, w. grwylio, to watch, be ‘He ne meahte mine gife gy/dan.’ He
vigilant, to look for ; gºuyled, to behold, could not requite my gift.—Caedm. Vor
to see, gwylad, keeping a festival, the let ous oure yeldinges, ase and we vorle
notion of keeping or observing being teth oure yelderes and ne ous led naght
commonly expressed by the figure of into vondinge ac vri ous uram queade—
looking. Bret. gwel, look, sight, action Paternoster in Dialect of Kent, 1340, in
of seeing. In a similar manner from Reliq, Ant. p. 42.
wake, to be vigilant, to watch, we have Guise. Fr. guise, W. givis, Bret. gig,
the wakes, the festival of the patron Æiz, equivalents of the G. weise, E. wise,
saint, W. gºwyl-mabsant, G. Kirchweihe mode, way, fashion. The word is very
(weihen, to consecrate), where the ideas widely spread, being found with little
of waking or keeping and consecration alteration in form in the same sense in
or holiness are connected together in the some of the Siberian languages. Wotiak
same way as in Manx ſealley. Æyzi, manner; nokyai, in no-wise. Other
The Du. form gulde, a feast (populare wise we might find an explanation in the
convivium), also a guild or corporation, Bret. gia, kiz, the fundamental meaning
closely resembles Goth. dulths, Bav. dula, of which seems to be footsteps, whence
a feast. Osterdula, Easter. In modern the sense of a track or way, mode or
times duld is applied to a fair or market, fashion, might easily be developed. Bret.
commonly kept on the saint's day of the mond war he gig, to go back (literally to
place. Dulden, like Bret. goelia, to so go upon his gig), can only be explained
lemnize. Tuldan, celebrare; tultlih, so by giving to giz the sense of footsteps.
lennis.-Kero in Schmeller. Guitar. Fr. guiterre, guiterne, a git
Guile. OFr. guille, deceit, fraud; Du. tern.—Cot. Lat. cithara, a harp.
ghijſen, ludificare, fallere. — Kil. Pl.D. Gules. Fr. gueules, red or sanguine
gigeln, beggeln, to beguile, properly to in blazon.—Cot. From the red colour of
deceive by juggling tricks, from gig, ex the mouth. Gueule, the mouth, throat,
pressing rapid movement to and fro. See gullet.
Gig, Dodge, Juggle. The same contrac Gulf. It golfo, a gulf or arm of the
tion is seen in the parallel form wile, AS. sea, a pit, deep hole, whirlpool.—Fl. Fr.
wige/e, from the notion of wiggling or golfe, a whirlpool or bottomless pit, also
vacillating. “And wigeleth as fordruncen a bosom or gulf of the sea between two
mon that haveth imunt to vallen.’—An capes. – Cot. The G. meer-busen, Lat.
cren Riwle. AS. gewiglian, to juggle, sinus, bosom, gulf, would point to a de
conjure. rivation from Gr. kóAroc, of exactly the
Guillotine. The well-known imple same meaning with Lat. sinus. But the
ment said to be invented by Dr Guillotin sense of whirlpool, abyss, must be from
in the French Revolution. It was however Du. gulfen, goſpen, E. gulf, to swallow;
but the revival of a mode of execution ODu. golpe, gurges, vorago.—Kil. The
21 +.
324 GULL GUN

truth appears to be that here, as in so oneself, to wet oneself up to the knees,

many other cases where we are puzzled dirty the bottom of one's clothes, gol/ha,
between two derivations, they may both a puddle ; go/ho//i, go//o/gi, gua/loſsi, to
be traced to a common origin. We have sound like fluid in a cask. Fr. goule,
only to suppose that the meaning of kóAtroc mouth, throat–Jaubert; gouler, to flow
was originally the throat or swallow, then —Pat. de Champ. ; goulée, goulette, a
the neck, and was finally applied to the gulp or mouthful of wine; gouluement,
bosom in the same way that the neck is greedily, like a gully-gut ; Lat. gula, the
frequently made to include the bosom in throat. All from the sound of water
common speech. mixed with air in a confined space. Sc.
Gull. I. A sea-mew. It. gulone, W. guller, buller, to make a noise like water
gwylan, Bret, gwelan, from the peculiar forcibly issuing through a narrow open
wailing cry of the bird. Bret, gwela, N. ing, or as when one gargles; to guggle.
Fris. gallen, to weep. E. dial. to gowle, — Jam.
to cry. Gulp.–Gulch. Du. goſpen, ingurgi
For unnethes is a chylde borne fully tare, avidé haurire—Kil. Lang. gloup,
That it me begynnes to gow/e and cry. a gulp or mouthful of liquid ; gloupel, a
Hampole in Hal. drop ; E. dial. gulk, to gulp or swallow.
Gael. faoileann, ſaoilleag, a sea-gull. Da. dial. gºvulpe, to make a noise in the
2. A dupe. To gull, to deceive, de throat in swallowing liquids. ‘Han
fraud. A metaphor from the helplessness drikker saa det gºvulperiham.' N. gulka,
of a young unfledged bird, on the same Da. gulfle, to gulp up, disgorge, vomit,
principle that the Fr. miais, a nestling, is Aulke, to gulp ; Aulë, Fin. AEu/AEAEu or
applied to a simpleton ; a novice, ninny, Æurčku, the gullet; E. gulch, a gully or
withess and inexperienced gull.—Cot. The swallow in a river. All from a represent
meaning of gull is simply unfledged bird, ation of the sound made in swallowing
in which sense it is still used in Cheshire. liquid.
As that ungentle gull the cuckoo's bird.—H. iv. Gum. Lat. gummi, Gr. réuut, gum,
It is especially applied to a gosling in the the congealed juice of trees.
South of England. Gumption. Understanding, intelli
“And verily 't would vex one to see them, who
gence. From gaum, to observe, attend
design to draw disciples after them, to lead a crew to, understand.—Atkinson.
of gulls into no small puddles by having obtained * Gums. Du. gumme, G. gaumen, the
the repute of being no meanly understanding palate ; Lang. goumé, a goitre or swelled
ganders."—Trenchfield, Cap of grey hairs, p. 8, throat. . From Da. gumle, to mumble,
1671. Sw, dial. gummsa, gamsa, gemsa, gimsa,
Probably from Dan. guul, Sw. gul, yellow, jammia, jumla, to chew slow and with
from the yellow colour of the down, or difficulty, probably, like the synonymous
perhaps of the beak, as in Fr. befaume, mumsa, mumla, E. mump, mumble, imi
properly yellow beak, a young bird with tation of the sounds made in chewing
yellow skin at the base of the beak, me like a toothless person with the lips closed.
taphorically ‘a novice, a simple inex Gun. The signification of the word at
perienced ass, a ninny.”—Cot. It. Aippi the earliest period to which it can be
one, a pigeon (properly a young bird, traced is clearly shown in the Practica of
from pippiare, to peep or pip), metaphor John Arderne, a surgeon of the time of E.
ically a silly gull, one that is soon caught III., cited by Way in Pr. Pm., who, after
and trepanned.—Fl. Hence a pigeon, giving a recipe for a kind of “fewe volant’
a dupe at cards. consisting of charcoal, sulphur, and salt
Gullet.—Gully. Fr. goulet, a gullet, petre, proceeds — “cest poudre vault a
the end of a pipe where it dischargeth gettere pelottes de fer ou de plom ou d’
itself, the mouth of a vial or bottle; goulof, areyne oue un instrument qe l'em appelle
a pipe, gutter. E. gully-hole, the mouth gonne.” The sense is marked with equal
of a drain where the water pours with a clearness where the word is used by
guggling noise into the sink; Bav. gillen, Chaucer in the House of Fame, *
Swiss gille, a sink; Champagne goi//is, Swift as a pellet out of a gunne
ordure ; Du. gullen, to swallow greedily, When fire is in the pouder runne.
suck down ; E. gull, to guzzle or drink The ordinances of the household of E.
rapidly.—Hal. I gulle in drink as great III. which commence 1344, printed by
drinkers do [swallow with a noise]. Je the Ant. Soc., enumerate “Ingyners 57,
engoule. — Palsgr. 576. Swiss Rom. Artellers 6, Gommers 6.’ It must be ob
go!!hi, gaula, to bedabble, bedrabble served that the name is exclusively English,
 GUNWALE GYVES 325

and it may well be that it appeared first in compared with bumba, to resound. ON.
the designation of the gunner, from Fr. gulla, to sound as liquids in a cask.
guigneur, an aimer with one eye, as a His guts began to gothelen
gunner taking his level ; guigner, to wink As two greedy sows.-P. P.
or aim with one eye, to level at a thing Swiss gudeln, gudern, to guggle, pad
winking.—Cot. Introduced into English, dle, rumble in the bowels; gildel, the
where it suggested no reference to the paunch. G. Kutteln, guts, tripes, garbage;
idea of aiming, the word would seem to entºutte/n, to gut. Pl.D. Álit, guts, bowels;
be taken from the new-fangled implement Æit'n, to gut.—Danneil. Du. Kuit, spawn
which the gunner worked, and to which or roe of fishes. Sc. AEyte, the belly.
the name of gun would naturally be given. Gutta-percha. Malay gatta, gum.—
Gunwale. Wales are outward timbers Crawford.
in a ship's sides on which men set their Gutter. Fr. gouttiere, a channel or
feet when they clamber up, and the gun gutter; esgout, a dropping of water as
wale is the wale which goes about the from a house-eaves, also a little sink,
uttermost strake or seam of the upper channel, or gutter.
most deck in the ship's waist.—Bailey. From the noise of water dripping, Pl.D.
Gurgeons. The siftings of meal. Fr. gudalern, to gush out, to fall in abund
gruger, to granulate, crunch, crumble. ance. Dat water guddert vam dake, the
Du. gruizen, to reduce to gruis, or small water pours from the roof. De appel
bits. Fr. s, grits. See Grits, Grist. gudalert vam boom, the apples shower
Gurnard. —Gurnet. Fr. gournauld, down from the tree. From some such
grougnaut (Cot.), now, grenaut, from form has arisen Lat. gutta, a drop.
grogner, to grunt, grumble... “The Gur Guttle.—Guzzle. To eat and drink
net is known to emit a peculiar grunting with haste and greediness. From the
sound on being removed from the water, sound of liquids passifig down the throat.
to which disagreeable habit it owes its ON. gutla, to sound as liquids in a cask.
designation.”—N. & Q. Mar. 9, 1861. An Swiss gudeln, gildern, gutteln, gutzeln,
other Fr. name is grondin. In Norway to shake liquids in a flask, to dabble in
it is called knurſisk, from Dan. Amurre, liquids; gud/ig, thick, muddy from shak
to grumble, mutter; also hurr, equivalent ing. Lat. g/uſglut, for the sound of liquid
to oe. whlar, to snarl. Gronder, to whlarre,escaping from the mouth of a narrow
yarre, grunt, grumble.—Cot. necked vessel; glutio, to swallow; Swiss
To Gush. G. giessen, Du. gosselen, to gieseln, to gormandise. Fr. desgouzi//er,
pour; Swiss gusseln, to dabble in wet, to to gulp or swill up, to swallow down.
sleet; gusslig, muddy, thick (of liquids); Fr. godailler, It. go22are, go22avigliare,
gusslete, slosh, dirty mixture. E. dial. to make good cheer, to guzzle, guttle. It.
gushil, a gutter; fº...", a sink. gozzo, a throat.
From the sound of dashing water. I Guttural. Lat. guttur, the throat.
gowsshe, I make a noise as water doth Probably from some such form as those
that cometh hastily out : je bruis.- mentioned in the last article.
Palsgr. Gymnastic. Gr. Yvuváčw, to train in
Gusset. Fr. gousset, a fob or pocket, muscular exercises, which were practised
and thence the arm-pit, the piece of cloth naked. Tupwóc, naked.
or of chain mail which covers the arm-pit Gyves. W. geſyn, fetters. Bret. Æeſ,
in a shirt or a suit of plate armour. trunk of a tree, stock or stump, log of
From Fr. gousse, It. guscio, the pod or fire-wood, fetter, manacle. It is the same
husk of pease, beans, &c. word with Lat. cippus, a stake, Fr. cep,
Gust.—Gusto. Lat. gustus, taste, or the stock of a tree, a log, or clog of wood,
the sense of it. such a one as is hung about the neck of
Gust. ON. gustr, giostr, a cold blast a ranging cur; [hence] ceſs, a pair of
of wind, It. guscio di vento, agreeing with stocks for malefactors, also (less properly)
E. dial. gush, gussock, a gust. shackles, bolts, fetters, &c. It ce/po in
Guts. Perhaps so named from the all the same senses.
rumbling sound, as ON. bumbr, the belly,
 HAG
326 HABERDASHER

to signify a stroke with a sharp instru

Haberdasher. Haberdashers were of
ment or an effort abruptly checked. Sw.
two kinds, haberdashers of small wares, Jacka, to chop, hack, i. to peck, pick,
sellers of needles, tapes, buttons, &c., and chatter with the teeth, stammer, stutter,
haberdashers of hats. The first of these cough constantly but slightly (Rietz), as
would be well explained from ON. hapur we speak of a hacking cough ; /*a*A*/a, to
task, trumpery, things of trifling value, mmer, to cough.
scruta frivola, ripsraps.-Gudm. A poor staThe Fr. hacher, to mince, produces E.
-

y
pett habe rdas her (of smal l ware s), mer hash (a word of modern introduction),
cerot.—Sherwood. properly to mince, then to dress meat a
The haberdasher of hats seems named second time, because meat so dressed is
e f ed
from som kind of stuf call hape rtas ,
commonly cut into small pieces. Aachis,
of which probably hats were made... ." La a hackey or hachee, a sliced gallimawfrey
charge de hapertas, xiid L-Liber Albus, or minced meat.—Cot.
225. “Les feez deleyne d'Espagne, wad Another application of Fr. Jºacher is to
mal, mercerie, canevas, feutre, lormerie, the hatchings of the hilt of a sword by
, rdashrie,
peil habe ireux,
esqu es
et les autr which it is made rough for the hand. To
choses ge l'em acustument par fee, vid.'- hat;h, to make cross cuts in an engraving.
Ibid
Hab erdine. Poor-john. A kind of N. The
. 231. - haë, a score or incision.
hatching of eggs is the chipping
cod-fish cured. Du. abberdaan, Fr. habor or breaking open of the egg-shell by the
dean, from the last of which, docked of pecking of the bird. G. hacken, to peck,
the first syllable, seems to be formed E. hecken, to peck, to hatch young. In the
Žoor john, a kind abl ap
e. salt-
of che fish. . . same way Pol. Álué, to peck, to chip the
Habit.—Habit Lat. habitus, egg as young birds do when hatched.
from habeo, to have ; a freq. from which }%/ud, to peck out, as the eyes; wyk/u.f
is habitare, to dwell in, inhabit. sie, to creep from the egg, to be hatched.
Habnab. Hit or miss, from AS. hab Hackbut. See Arquebuss.
Man, to have, and nabban (ne habban), not Hacqueton. See Gambison.
to have. It. Fatto o guasto, had or ſtað, Haft. AS. haft, a handle, holding,
done or undone, made or marred.-Fl. captive ; haſtas, bonds; haſting, a hold
I put it
Ev’n to your worship's bitterment, ha&nab,
ing ; haſtene, captivity. on. Theyza, to
I shall have a chance of the dice for it.
fetter; heſtr, fettered, hindered. Dan.
B. John son, Tale of a Tub, iv. 1. heſte, to bind, fasten, to arrest. G. haſt,
Hack. A cratch for hay. See Hatch. fastening,, clasp; hold or firmness, at
Back—Hackney. Sp. haca, OFr. tachment impris onment; in haſ sitzen,
Zaque, haguet, a pony; Sp. hacantea, a to be in durance ; haſten, to hold fast,
nag, small horse somewhat bigger than a stick. Du. hecht, heft, handle; hechten,
ony. . It achinea, Fr. haguenée, an am Aeſten, to fix, fasten, bind; hegt, hecht,
heft, handle ; hecht, fast, firm, tight.
ng hors
#BliThe e. ary meaning seems a small
prim From the notion of having or holding,
Hor se as dist inguished from the powe rful as G. handhade, a handle, from haben, to
animal required for warlike service ; then have.
a 5 only inferior horses would be let for Hag. AS. harges, hagfesse, ODu. hage
hire, it was specially applied to horses tisse,che, MHG. hacke, hāckel, hecse, Swiss
used for that purpose. hags a witch; haggele, the night hag,
a female demon that walks on certain
And loved well to have hors of price.
He wend to have reproved be nights, a witch. Hagged is emaciated,
Of theft or murder if that he scraggy like a witch, with sunken eyes.
Had in his stable an hackney.—R. R. A hagged carion of a wolf and a jolly sort of
It has much the appearance of being de dog with good flesh upon 's back fell into com
ed fro
rivTo m E. mag. pany.—L'Estrange.
Hack—H ash.-Hatch. The syl Im abgemagerten angesichte, im entzündeten
1able hºck, in which the voice is sharply auge dergreisin die brandmale des hexenthums
zu erkennen.—Sanders.
2 hecked, is used in all the Gothic dialects
 HAGARD HALE 327

Hagard. Fr. hagard, hagard, wild, the male of the salmon ; AS. hacod, a
strange, froward, unsociable. Faucon pike, a fish with projecting under-jaw.
Aagard, a wild hawk, one that preyed for Halberd. A long-handled axe, from
herself before she was caught. The word Swiss halm, the helve or handle of an
seems synonymous with It. ramingo, Fr. axe, and OHG. parten, G. barte, a broad
ramage, E. brancher, signifying a hawk axe. He/m-ackes, bipennis.-Gl. 12th cen
which has lived among the branches, and tury in Schm. -

is therefore not tamable like one that is Now has Arthure his axe and the halme grypes.
taken from the nest. Fr. ramage, of or - Sir Gawayne and the Gr. Kn.
belonging to branches, also ramage, hag The word was however early misunder
ard, wild, rude. Espervier ramage, a stood as if it signified an axe for crashing
brancher, ramage hawk.-Cot. From G. a helmet. He/m-parten, cassidolabrum.
Aag, a wood, forest, thicket, grove.— —Gl. 15th century in Schm.
Küttner. The origin of the latter half of the word
Haggis. A sheep's maw filled with seems from Bohem. brada, a beard, chin,
minced meat. Fr. hachis, a hash. Nor whence bradaty, having a large beard or
man Patois, haguer, E. dial. hag, to chop chin; bradatice, a wide-bearded or broad
or hack; hag-clog, a chopping-block. axe. Gr. Yévvc, the under-jaw, is used
To Haggle. E. dial. hag, to hew, chop for the edge of an axe. Comp. also Lap.
or hack, to haggle or dispute ; to haggle, skaut, the point of an axe, skauffa, beard.
to chop unhandsomely.—Hal. To keep To Hale.—Haul. To pull or drag.—
agging at one is to tease or provoke him; B. G. holen, to fetch, drag, tow. Athem
not to be confounded with egging one on. holen, to draw breath. Du. haelen, to
The radical meaning of the word is to call, send for, fetch, draw. Fr. haler, to
keep pecking at one, as Fr. picoter, or E. hale, haul, tow.
bicker. Ils sont toujours à picoter, they It will doubtless seem a far-fetched
are ever pecking at one another, bicker origin to derive the expression from the
ing.—Tarver. Sw. dial. hagga, to hew, notion of setting on a dog, but it is one
Aakka, to hack, to peck, to scold, keep that is supported by many analogies.
finding fault with, tease. Pl.D. hick The most obvious mode of driving an
Jacken, to wrangle.—Danneil. Swiss animal is by setting a dog at it, and from
Aaggeln, to wrangle. Fris. hagghen, driving an animal to the impulsion of an
rixari.-Kil. Du. hakkelen, to stammer, inanimate object is an easy step. Pl.D.
stutter, haggle. The same metaphor is Aissen, to set on a dog; de schaoſ, hissen,
seen in Fr. chapoter, to hack or whittle, to drive sheep ; Bret. hissa, issa, to incite,
also to haggle, palter, dodge about the to push on, to draw up the sail.-Dict.
price of.-Cot. Langued. in v. isso. From Fr. Aare / cry
Hail. AS. hagol, hagle, G. hagel, N. to encourage or set on a dog, are formed
hagi, hail ; hagla, to hail, to fall in drops, /harer, to incite, set on, attack, harier, to
trickle ; higla, to fall in fine drops; higl, harass, urge, molest, provoke, and thence
drizzling rain or snow. NE. haggle, to OE. harr, or harry, properly to drive as a
hail ; Sc. hagger, to rain gently. From beast by means of a dog, then to drag by
the pattering sound of hail or rain. Sw. force. ‘He haryeth hym about as if he
Aacka, to chatter with the teeth ; E. dial. were a traytour. I hazye, or mysseentreat
Aacker or hagger, to tremble with cold.— or hale one, Je harie. I harry, or carry
Hal. by force, je traine and je hercelle.”—
To Hail. I. To wish one health. Palsgr. in Way. , ‘The corps of the sayde
Goth. Hails / AS. Hal was thu / Hail! byshope with his two servauntes were
equivalent to Lat. salve / be of good Aaryed to Thamys side.”—Fabian. ibid.
health. See Hale. And develles salle harre hym up evene
2. To hail a ship is from a different In the ayre als he suld stegh to hevene.
source, and the word should here be Hampole, Ibid.
written hale. Pl.D. anhalem, to call to Then with a derivative el, Fr. hare/e, out
one, to address one passing by. Du. cry; hara!er, to tease, to vex; hare/e, a
Aalen, haelen, to send for, call. See To flock or herd (from the notion of driving,
Hale. as Gr. dy#Am, a herd, from dyw, to drive);
Bair. Du. haer, G. hadr, hair. hasler (for harler), haller, haler, to halloo
Hake. A kind of cod. Doubtless or hound on dogs—Cot. ; oe. harl, to
from having a hook-shaped jaw. N. hake harass, drive, cast.
Jºsé, fish with hooked under-jaw, especi King Richard this noble knight Acres nom so,
ally of salmon and trout; Swiss haggen, And harlede so the Sarrazins in eche side about,
 328 HALE HALT
That the ssrewen ne dorste in none ende at route.
R. G. 487.
Hallucination. Lat. hallucinari, to
be in error, to blunder.
Sc. harle, to pull or drag. Halm.—Haulm. The stalk of corn.
About the wallis of Troy he saw quhat wyse G. halºm, Gr. rāAauoc, Lat. calamus, cul
Achilles harlit Hectoris body thrys.-D. V. mus, Fr. chau/me, straw.
Halo. Lat. halo, Gr. iiMac, the disk of
To hauri, to drag or pull.—Hal. the sun or moon.
On the same principle It. tirare, to Halse.—Hawse. OE..halse, G. Du.
draw, hale, allure unto—Fl., may be con Aals, the neck.
nected with the tarring, tirring, or set And if so be that thou find me false
ting on of dogs. Another day, hang me up by the haſse.
Hale. Sound, in good health. Goth. Chaucer in R.
/ai/s, sound, healthy; gahails, entire ; To Halse.—Three distinct words are
AS. hal, healthy, sound, whole, safe; hal here confounded.
&edon, to heal; Du. heel, whole, entire,
unbroken, sound, healthy; heylen, heelen, 1. To halse, or hawse, Du. halsen, he/-
to heal. ON. heill, whole, sound, pros sen, omhelsen, to embrace, take one by the
perous. Gr. 8Aoc, entire, whole, sound ; neck, from hals, the neck, as Fr. acco/er,
iyúc rat 6Aoc, safe and sound ; W. holl, to coll or clip about the neck, from Fr.
all ; hollol, whole. The root appears in col,
Prm.
cou, neck. Halsyn, amplector.—Pr.
Lat. with an initial s instead of the aspir 2. To halse, or hai/se, ON. heilsa, Sw.
ate. Salvus, unbroken, uninjured, sound, halsa,
in good health ; salve / hail salus, health,Dan. hilse, to salute, to wish one
from ON. heiſsa, health.
health ; solidus, sound, entire, whole;
And the eleven sterres haſsed him all.—P. P.
solus (undivided), alone. Sanscr. sarva,
all. Manx slane, whole, total, hale; 3. To halse, or hawse, to raise, heave, or
slaney, whole, healed ; slaynt, health. drag up, from It, algare, Fr. haulser, haus
The radical identity of hale and whole ser, to raise. “Everything was hawsed
is shown in wholesome, healthy. above measure; amerciaments were turned
Half. Goth. halbs, half; on. halfa, into fines, fines into ransomes.”—Sir T.
alfa, region, part, side. Swiss halb, the More in R. The word was especially used
side of a body; summet-halb, southwards; in nautical matters. It algare le vela, to
schatten-halb, northwards. It is probable hawse (now exchanged for hoist, a radi
that side is the original meaning of the cally different word) sail. ‘He wayed
word. OHG. in halbo, in latere (montis); up his anchors and haſsed up his sails.”—
ſha/pun, latere (dominus erit in latere tuo); Grafton in R. The hawse-holes, the holes
a/a/alba, on all sides.—Graff. Lap. pele, in the bow of a ship through which the
side, half. Mo felen, at my side ; mubben cable runs in halsing or raising the an
Aelen, on the other side. chor. Fr. haulserée, the drawing or
Halibut. A large kind of flat fish. haling of barges up a river by the force
Du. heil-bot, from heil, holy, and bot, bot of men ashore.—Cot. Hence E. halse,
visch, a flat fish. ON. heilagyiski. to tow, halser, or hawser, a thick cord
Halidom. ON. heilagr démr, things for towing vessels. It alzana, a halse, a
of especial holiness, the relics of the saints, rope or cable for to halse, hale, or draw
on which oaths were formerly taken. barges against the stream; also a crane
Hall. AS. heal, Lat. aula, It. sala, Fr. to hoise up great weights; alzaniere, a
salle. OHG. sal, house, residence ; Bret. /halsier, or he that haleth a barge.—Fl.
sal (as hall in E.), a gentleman's house in Halt. 1. To stop. G., Sw. halt / hold !
the country. stop ! Fr. faire halte, to stop, stay, make
Halloo. Sp. jalear, to encourage a stand.—Cot.
hounds to follow the chase. Fr. halle / 2. Goth. halts, ON. halltr, lame; half
an interjection of cheering or setting on of tra, N. haltra, halta, to halt, limp, or go
a dog; haller, to hallow or encourage lame; Wall. haleter, chaleter, to limp.
dogs.-Cot. The Pl. D. exclamation hallo/ on. malhaltr (mál, speech), stammering.
is used as a subst. in the sense of outcry; The notion of impeded speech or gait,
Aallón, to halloo.—Danneil. as in stammering or limping, where in
To Hallow. AS. halgian, to keep holy, stead of flowing in a uniform course the
to consecrate. ‘Mi cume thauh hit action seems to consist of a succession
thunche attre, hit is thauh heaſuwinde.’ of jogs or uneven impulses, may be ex
Though my coming seems bitter, yet it is pressed by forms representing in the first
healing.—Ancren Riwle, 190. See Holy. place broken sounds, then abrupt move
 HALTER HAMES 329
ments or efforts. Thus we have Sc. the opposite direction is an easy step.
Aotter, to rattle as thunder; NE. hoſter, If the explanation of the cry offered under
to shake, jolt, move limpingly or lamely. Hem be correct it will follow that the N.
“Hottering on nae better an a lamiter.” homa, Dan. humme, to back (and thence
—Atkinson. Sc. hatter, to rattle, batter, ON. h5m, E. ham, the rump or back parts.
speak thick and confusedly. of the thighs), are from the cry homme t
hamm / back 1 and not vice versä.
Helmys of hard steill thai hatterit and heuch.
Gaw. and Gol. 2. Bav. hammen, Du. hamme, E. ham,
a salted thigh of pork, can hardly be dis
Aſottle, anything unsteady, as a young tinct from ham, the back part of the
child beginning to walk; to hatch, hotch, thigh. If there be a radical connection
to move by jerks. Bav. hott / hott / re with Sp. jamon, Fr. jambon, ham, It.
º: the jog of a trotting horse. Swiss giambone, any great leg, thigh, gammon
ttern, hotzeln, hotzern, to jolt, jog, or pestle of a beast (Fl.), it must be be
shake, stumble; hotzen, to move up and cause It. gamba, Fr. jamba, a leg, are
down; hotz, hutz, a spring or start; Sc. from the same source with E. ham.
Aat, haut, to hop, to limp. Haut staff To Hamble.—Hamel. OHG. hama/,
an loup, hop step and jump. The Sc. mutilated, hamalon, to mutilate ; beha
Aaut would correspond to an E. halt, and melt werdent, truncantur membris.—
thus by the introduction of an 1 from the Graff. Probably the translation of As.
broad sound of the vowel, as in falter, Aamelan by to hamstring is a piece of
£alter, in jolt compared with jot, in G. false etymology, as that is certainly not
Aolper, a jolt, compared with Bav. hoppern, the meaning of the hambling of dogs, and
to jog, in Pl.D. taltern compared with E. does not agree with the sense of the word
fatters, we arrive at N. haltra and E. halt, in the cognate dialects. G. hammel, a
to limp. castrated sheep; Bav. hammel, a wether,
Halter. OHG. halaſtra, halftra, Du. also a sheep without horns; hummel
Aalſter, halgtre, halchter, halster, halter, dock, a goat without horns; NE. hum
a halter ; Bav. halfter, halster, a pair of meld, without horns; to hummel, humble,
braces; ON. hogld, a buckle, noose, han to break off the beards of barley; Sw.
dle ; N. hoga, % hovel, holdr, a noose, dial. hammla, to lop or pollard trees.
buckle. Conpeditus, gehalffter, cum qui Perhaps the course of derivation may
bus ligant pedes equorum.—Vocab. A. D. run from Du. hompelen, to stumble, to
1430, in Deutsch. Mund. iv. limp ; Sw, dial. hambloter, hamloter (of
Ham. 1. The back part of the thighs, an old man), stumbling, tottering; E. dial.
not of the knees, as often explained. The hamel, to limp, to walk lame, and thence
Aam-strings are the strong sinews passing in a factitive sense to cause to go lame, to
from the hams to the lower leg. Du. disable from going, to restrain, to disable
Aam, hamme, poples. ON. h5m, the rump; in any way, to mutilate. ON. hamla, to hin
Aam-ledr, leather from the back of horses der one from doing anything, to disable
or oxen. ‘Thvi setur thu hūmina vid him; hamla einn at höndum ok fötum, to
hönum.’ Why do you turn your back to cut off his hands and feet; hamladr, dis
him 2 Hama (of horses), to turn their abled by wounds or bonds from appear
rumps to the weather. N. homa, to back, ing to prosecute his right; hamla, hām
to move backwards, shift the rump to one ſuband, the withy that binds the oar to
side ; Dan. humme, to back a carriage. the pin; Du. hamme, kuhamme, a shackle
Fin. humma / cry to make a horse back; for a cow.—Kil. See To Hamper.
hummastaa, to make a horse back or stop. Hames. – Haums. – Hearms. The
According to Outzen the cry homme Z or two crooked pieces of wood which en
Aumme / is in general use over Friesland compass a horse-collar and to which the
and Denmark, in order to keep a horse traces are fastened. The stuffing of hay
quiet when one approaches him or wants or straw by which these were prevented
to do something to him. The essential from galling the shoulders of the horse
meaning then is, still ! be quiet ! in ac was called hamberwe, or hanaborough, a
cordance with the G. use of the Pl.D. coarse horse-collar, made of reed or straw
hum Z humme / to stop a person from —Hal., from berwe, or borough, shelter,
doing anything, or to make a horse back protection against the hames. The same
into the shafts of a carriage. G. hamm / elements in the opposite order may be
cry of prohibition to children; hamm / recognised in E. dial. baurghwan, brau
hamm 1 let it alone. From the sense of chin (a collar for a horse made of old
stopping to that of backing or moving in stockings stuffed with straw, Grose),
 33O HAMLET HANK
and Sc. brechame. “The straw brechame ster. In Du. transformed by a false
is now supplanted by the leather collar.” etymology to hangmak, hangmat.
—Jam. Hamper. Mid. Lat. Aanaperium. Pro
The origin of the word hame is seen in perly a receptacle for cups. Fr. hanap,
the Wall. hème, a splint or thin piece of a drinking vessel; G. mapſ, a porringer,
wood, corresponding to G. schiene, a bowl, platter.
splint, band to keep things close (arm To Hamper. — Hobble. — Hopple.
schiene, bein-schiene, armour for the arm The idea of inefficient impeded action is
or leg). The old writing of the Walloon commonly expressed by the figure of im
word was rhine, and the change from perfect or impeded speech, an image im
the hissing sound of sch to that of the mediately admitting of oral representa
simple aspirate is in accordance with the tion. The signification is then carried
usual course of the dialect. Hène di on to the cause or instrument of impedi
gorai, attelle de collier de cheval.— ment, to the act of hindrance, bringing
Grandgr. It will be observed that the to a stand, confinement. Swiss staggeln,
Fr. atte/les (the haumes of a draught to stammer, is identical with E. stagger,
horse's collar—Cot.) also signifies a splint. to walk unsteadily, and figuratively we
OFr. eschames, chames, laths, shingles.—- speak of being staggered by a statement,
Roquef. being brought to a stand by it, stopped
Flem. haem, a horse-collar. The word in the course we were proceeding.
is sometimes used in the singular in that On the same principle Du. haperen, to
sense in E. “The deponent remembers stammer, hesitate, falter, stick fast; ha
to have seen her father carry a horse and perwerk, bungling, bad work; hapering,
Aem to Muirtown.”—Jam. A.D. 1806. stammering, boggling, hindrance, ob
Hamlet. AS. ham, a village, town, stacle.—Halma. The nasal pronuncia
farm, property, dwelling; Goth. haims, tion gives Sc. hamp, to stammer, also to
Fr. hameau, a village. halt in walking, to read with difficulty,
Probably the fundamental meaning is and E. hamper (in a factitive sense), to
simply a portion, in accordance with the cause to stick, to impede, entangle.
radical sense of the word ham (pars ab Again we have Sc. habò/e, habber, to
scissa cujusque rei, frustum—Wachter.); stutter, to speak or act confusedly, to
ſtamme, hompe, a piece or lunch of some /abble a lesson, to say it imperfectly ;
thing eatable; boterham, a piece of bread Du. hobbelen, to jolt, to rock, to stammer,
and butter; ham, hamme, a piece of and (with the nasal) hompelen, as E. hob
pasture; wilgheham, an osier-bed. Dor ble, to totter, to limp or walk lame ; Sc.
setsh. ham, an inclosed mead.—Barnes. hobble, to cobble shoes, to mend them in
In the same way certain open pieces of a bungling manner; Pl.D. humpeln, to
pasture at Cambridge were called Christ's limp, to bungle. Sw. happla, to stam
Pieces, Parker's Pieces. In Friesland mer, hesitate, stop short ; E. hopple, to
the term ham is used to designate a piece move weakly and unsteadily.—Hal. Then
of marshland, or the piece of land in in a factitive sense to hobble or hopple a
which a village is situated.—Brem. Wtb. horse, to hamper its movements by tying
Hence the name would naturally be its legs together.
transferred to the village itself. Swiss Hand. Common to all the languages
Aam, heim, the inclosed plot of land in of the Gothic stock, and probably named
which a house is placed, house, dwelling as the instrument of seizing. ON. henda,
place. In the same way we have G. Lat. prehendere, to seize.
Jºeck, a flap, piece, patch, a small piece Handsome. — Handy. What falls
of land, a spot, place, while ſlecken is the readily to hand. G. handsam, conveni
common name for a village or small ent ; Du. handsaem, dextrous, conveni
town. ent, mild, tractable ; OE. hende, court
To Hammel. See Hamble. eous ; N. hendt, adapted; hendug, Dan.
Hammer. GD. hammer, ON. hamar. Jia'ndig, behandig, handy, dextrous.
A representation of the sound of blows. To Hang. ON. hanga, pret. heck, AS.
Hammock. An American word de hon, pret. hoſt, to hang. In the same
signating the long suspended nets in way ON. ſanga and fit, pret. fºck, AS. fort,
which the natives slept. “A great many pret. foh, to fang or get hold of; ON.
Indians in canoes came to the ship to ganga, pret. gécé, AS. gan, to go or gang.
day for the purpose of bartering their The primitive meaning seems, to fasten
cotton and hamacas or nets in which they on a hook, ON. hack.
sleep.’—Columbus' 1st Voyage in Web Hank. Hank, a rope or latch for
 HAN KER HARANGUE 331

fastening a gate, a handle. To have a been joined, a settled contract; hand

Jiank on another, to have him entangled. sala, fidem dextra stipulari, to join hands
To keep a good hank upon your horse, to On 11.
have a good hold upon the reins.—Hal. From handsa/, a contract, were named
Aſank, an inclination or propensity of the Hansaſs-stadir, the Hanse Towns, a
mind. confederation of towns on the Baltic and
The fundamental sense of hank is to North Sea united by mutual agreement
cause to hang, to fasten. “He han/yd for the security of trade. From this
not the picture of his body upon the original the term hanse was applied in a
cross.”—Hooper in R. G. henken, häng more general sense to a mercantile cor
en, to hang or fasten something upon poration. Fr. Hanse, a company, society,
another; gehenk, henkel, what serves to or corporation of merchants (for so it
hang something, a belt, girdle, the ear of signifies in the book of the ordonnances
a pot; Pl.D. henk, a handle; N. hadnē, of Paris); also an association with, or
a bunch, cluster of things hanging toge the freedom of, the Hanse, also the fee
ther. Hank in the sense of a settled or fine which is paid for that freedom ;
tendency or propensity of mind may be hanser, to make free of a civil company
explained by the G. expression, sein herz or corporation. G. himse/n, to hansel, to
an et was hangen, to set his heart upon a initiate a novice.—Küttner. Here it will
thing, to fix his affections upon it. be observed we apparently get back to
on. hauné, E. hamſé, a wreath of thread the original form of the word, although
wound round a reel, is from the notion the second syllable of the G. verb is the
of fastening, in the same way that the usual frequentative termination, and not
synonymous hasp is from the same ra the element sell, signifying to deliver, in
dical notion. the original expression.
To Hanker. To be very desirous of * Hantle. A considerable number.—
something.—B. Du. hungkerent, to seek Jam. From handful, as Northampton
eagerly, applied in the first instance to spunful or spuntle, a spoonful.-Mrs
children seeking the breast.—Kil. From Baker. Staff, boutle, a boukful or pail
the whinnying cry by which they make ful. Hesse hampel, a handful.
known their want. Flem. hungkeren, Hap.–Happy.—Happen. Hap, luck,
hinnire; E. hummer, to whinny, as when is what we catch, what falls to our lot.
the horse hears the corn shaken in the Happy, fortunate, having good hap. To
sieve. The same figure is used in Du. happen, to befall. So NFris, hijnmen, to
janken, to yelp as a dog for a piece of seize with the hand, and reflectively to
meat; hyjankt om dat ampt, he hankers happen ; ON. herida, to seize, also to
(aspire avidement) after that office.— happen.
Halma. Fr. happer, to hap or catch, to snatch
Hansel.—Hanse-Town. Hansel, or or grasp at.—Cot. Du. habben en smað
more fully good-hansel, is an earnest, ben, captare; haffen, to snap like a dog,
something given or done to make good a seize, catch, take.—Kil. Pl. D. Haff),
Contract. Happs, imitation of the sound made by
Sendeth ows to gode hans the jaws; happ'n, to take with the mouth
An c. thousand besans.—Alisaunder, 2930. so as to let the sound happ be heard ;
In the way of good-hansel, de bon erre.— happig, eager, greedy.—Danneil.
Palsgr. Then applied to the first use of To Hap. To wrap up. Probably a
a thing, as that which confirms the pos corruption of whap, from w/aft. Lappyn',
session. or whappyn' in clothes—involvo.— Pr.
The formation of the word (hand, and Prm. See Lap.
AS. syllan, sellan, ON. selia, to give, be Harangue. The old derivation from
stow, deliver) has been commonly mis the ring or audience addressed in a
understood as if it signified delivery of solemn discourse is probably correct.
possession, giving a thing into the hand Consedere duces, et vulgi stante corond–.
of another. The real import is a striking The MHG. ring was applied to the lists or
of hands, a giving of the hand in token inclosure for a combat, or to the space
of conclusion, making the expression cleared for a combat, just as with us the
synonymous with hand/ast. AS. hand ring is the technical term for the inclosure
fastan, to pledge one's hand ; Sc. hand in a fight with fists. The term was also
fast, to betroth by joining hands.-Jamie applied to the audience in a court of jus
son. ON. Handsal, stipulatio manufacta, tice, to the circle of witnesses in a solemn
an agreement upon which hands have betrothal.—Zarncke, ii. 707. From the
332 HARASS HARICOT

first of these senses must be explained It. Harbour. In the Frankish kingdoms
aringo, arringo, a list or tilt yard ; from of the middle ages, when the whole
the second, arringare, to arrange or set scheme of government was military, the
in array [properly to make a ring, to army was taken as the type of the public
place the audience for hearing], also to service in general, and so heri (G. heer,
make an oration or set speech in public, army) in composition must be understood
to address a ring, [and thence] aringa, in a more general sense than its etymo
arenga, arringa, a public set speech or logy would import. Thus heriffannum,
declaration, an harangue; arringo, arring properly the duty of military service, or a
Aghiera, a pulpit or chair wherein orations money composition for non-performance,
are made, a balcony.—Fl. The deriva was applied to any exaction for the public
tion from ring explains the double sense service ; heriffergum (G. bergen, As. Beor
of It. aringo, which would remain un gan, to shelter) was the duty of lodging
accounted for if arring are, to harangue, the officers of the crown on public service,
were identical with E. arraign, OFr. or a contribution for that purpose. ‘Ut
aregnier, araisner, Mid. Lat. adrationare. nec pro waitā, &c., nec pro heribergare
The syllable ha in Fr. harangue repre nec pro alio banno heribannum comes
sents the h in OHG. hring, as the ha in exactare praesumat, nisi, &c.’—Leg. Car.
Aanap, the h in OHG. hnapf; or the ca in Mag. in Muratori, Diss. 19, p. 53. In
caniſ, the AE in knife. later times the word was applied to shel
Harass. Fr. harasser, to tire or toil ter, lodgment, hospitality in general, as in
out, to vex, disquiet, harry, hurry, turmoil. G. herberge, It albergo, Fr. auberge, an
—Cot. From the figure of setting on a inn, or house for the harbouring of travel
dog to attack another animal. Fr. harer lers; OE. harborough, to harbour, or give
un chien, to set a dog on a beast; harier, shelter to.
to harry, hurry, vex, molest.—Cot. The I was herbarweles and ye herboriden me.
angry snarling of a dog is represented by Wicliff in R.
the sound of the letters rr, ss, st, ts, tr, Then went forth our pinnaces to seek harbo
and as the sounds of the angry animal row, and found many good harbours, of the
are imitated in order to excite his anger which we entered into one with our shippes.—
and set him on an opponent, a variety of Hackluyt in R.
words are formed from the foregoing radi Bret. herberc'hia, to give shelter, lodging,
cal letters with the sense of setting on, hospitality.
inciting, provoking, irritating, teasing, Hard. Close, compacted, difficult.—
annoying. We may cite Lat. hirrire, to B. G. hart, N. hardr, Goth. hardus. Gr.
snarl ; W. hyr, the gnar or snarl of a dog, káproc, kpároc, strength.
a word used by one who puts a dog for Hardy. Fr. hardi, Bret. her, hardis,
ward to fight, a pushing or egging on ; It. ardito, daring ; ardire, to dare. Fr.
hys, a snarl ; hysian, hysio, to cause to harier, hardier, OE. hardy, hardish, to
snarl, to urge, to set on ; hys / used in excite, set on, encourage. From the figure
setting on a dog. Walach. hirit, to snarl, of setting on a dog, Fr. harer un chien.
to set on, incite, irritate, se hirit, to quar w. hyrrio, hyrdalio, to set on, irritate, push,
rel. E. dial. to harr, to snarl; to hare, thrust, drive, make an onset; hºwrdd, an
to hurry, harass, scare.—Hal. N. hirra, assault, onset; Rouchi hourderles chiens,
hissa, to set on a dog. Dan, irre, to to set them on.
tease, opirre, to irritate, provoke. In the ‘Ayrte hine hord-weard,' the treasure
same way E. to tar or ter, to set on a dog, keeper animated himself—Beowulf 51.83.
to provoke; Dan. tirre, to tease, to See Harass.
worry. Hare. G. hase.
Harbinger. One sent on to prepare To Hare. To scare or terrify. “To
harbourage or lodgment for his employer, ſhare and rate them at every turn is not
thence one who announces the arrival of to teach them, but to vex and torment
another. them to no purpose.”—Locke on Educa
As. heribyrigan, OE. harborow, Sc. her tion. Fr. harer un chien, to set on a dog.
bery, herbry, to harbour or give lodgment See Harass.
or quarters to. Hence herbryage, har Haricot. A dish described by Cot. as
bourage, lodging, from which would be made of small pieces of mutton a little
formed harb'rager, harbrenger, as from boiled, then fried. Hotchepot of many
message, messenger, from scavage, scaven meates, haricot.—Palsg. The meaning
ger. Barbour uses herbryour in the same of the word seems to be, hacked or chop
signification direct from herbºy. ped, cut up into small bits, the name of
 HARK HARRIDAN 333

Jaricot being also given to a kind of beans

harmr, grief, sorrow, injury; harma, to
the pods of which are sliced for dressing,
grieve ; Sw, harm, anger, vexation ;
in Du. snijóoonen, from snijden, to cut.
harmlig, provoking. G. harm, affliction,
trouble; gram, grief, sorrow, vexation ;
Wall. halcoter, to joggle, to haggle; dial.
of Bayonne haricoter, to haggle (Grandgräm/ich, peevish, morose.
gagnage), Rouchi haricotier, a huckster.Harmony. Gr. apuovia, from épuéc, a
suiting or fitting together.
AHarigoter, to jog ; hargoter, to haggle,
wrangle.—Roquef. The word seems Harness. G. harmisch, armour. Fr.
formed from hack or hag, hacoter, hal harnois, It. armese, all manner of harness,
coter, harcoter. equipage, munition, furniture, or tackling,
Hark-Hearken.—Hist. To hark, for sea or land ; wearing clothes, also an
to whisper.—Jam. ON. hark, Bohem. engine or device.—Fl. Harnois de gueule,
Aré, noise, hyciti, to murmur, rustle. belly-furniture, meat and drink.-Cot. The
The effort of listening is directed to catch meaning of the word is thus habiliment,
low sounds; accordingly we intimate our furniture, probably from Sp. guarnear,
wish that a person should listen by a re guarnescer, to garnish, trim, adorn, to har
resentation of the low sound to which ness mules; guarnés, parts of a tackle-fall ;
is attention is to be directed. Thus the guarnicion, garniture, trimming, (in pl.)
Latins represented the low rustling sound armour of defence ; harness of horses.
made by a person moving by the letters Ptg. guarnecer, to provide, furnish, equip.
st A which were also taken as a command Harp. G. harſe, Fr. harpe. The in
to listen or to keep still. The correspond strument was probably named from the
ing E. term is hist / which may be ren way of sounding it by plucking the strings
dered either hark 1 or be silent with a hook or with the fingers. See
Hist! hold awhile [hem 1 st mane], Harpoon.
I hear the creaking of Glycerium's door. To Harp or Hark back. To return
Colman's Terence in R.
to an old subject.
w. hust, a low or buzzing noise; husting, The waggoners' cry to make horses
a whisper. back is in Devonshire hadp/ or haap
In the same way hark / is originally &ack / To ha-ape, to stop or keep back.
the representation of a rustling sound, —Hal. The cry in Da. dial. is hop dig/
then an intimation to listen. G. horchen, At hoppe en vogn, to back a waggon.
to listen. In Holstein hoppen or huppen, to rigge
Harlot. Not originally appropriated huppen. In Westerwald the cry is hiſ/
to a female, nor even to a person of bad and thence houſe, to turn back; gehouſ,
character. going backwards. When to hadſ back
He was a gentil harlot and a kind, was used in a metaphorical sense among
A better felaw sholde a man not find. people who were ignorant of the waggon
º Chaucer. Prol. ers' cry, a meaning was given to it as if it
A sturdy harlot went hem ay behind was a metaphor from harping on an old
That was hir hostes man, and bare a sack, string, or listening to the hounds that
And what men yave him, laid it on his back. have struck the scent behind us. “What
Sompnours Tale. is the use of tormenting yourself by con
It seems to have simply signified a young stantly harping back to old days?—
man, from W. herlawd, her/od, a youth, a Dumbleton Common, 1867; I. p. 156.
stripling, herlodes, a damsel; then to Harpoon. Fr. harpon, a barbed iron
have acquired the sense of a loose com for spearing fish, also a cramp-iron; har
panion. ‘These harlottes that haunt fin, a boat-hook. From harper, to seize,
bordels of these foule women.”—Parson's to gripe; se harper l'un d l'autre, tograp
Tale. Harlotry, scurrilitas.-Wiclif. ple ; harpi, greedy, snatching or grasping
Ephes. c. 5. A similar development of at ; harpe, claws, talons; Lang, arpo, a
meaning is seen in Fr. hardel, hardeau, claw; arpi, to clutch or scratch. Gr.
a youth, a ribald, vaurien, mauvais sujet. apráčw, Lat. rapio, to seize, snatch, carry
—Roquef. Harde/le, a young girl. The away.
Lat. adulter would seem originally to Harpy. Gr. "Apºrvia, Lat. Haraya, a
have signified no more than a young man. fabled ravening fowl with a woman's face.
Gerro, a tryfelour or a harlott.—Medulla. Harridan. This word is one of those
An harlott, balator, rusticus, mima, jocu that are to be explained by the Walloon
lator, nugator, scurrulus. To do harlotry, corruption of an initial sch to h, several
scurrari.-Cath. Ang. in Pr. Prm. examples of which are given under
Harm. AS. hearm, evil, harm ; on. Hoaming. On this principle the Du.
334 HARROW HASEL

schaerde, scheure, a breach or nick, be hars, harsh, rough, pointed, bitter; OF.
comes Wall. hard (d silent—Grandg.), harske, or haske, as sundry frutys, stypti
Aar, haur, breach, nick, gap.–Remacle. cus.-Pr. Prm. Harsh or astringent in
Hence hardé, haura', gap-toothed. Vete taste is what makes the throat rough and
Jardaie, vieille brèchedent, old gap the voice hoarse, and it will be observed
toothed woman ; hdraé-dain, bréchedent, that hoarse is written with and without
corresponding exactly to Du. schaerdtan the r (hoos, hoorse, raucus—Pr. Pn.), in
dig, serrae modo dentatus. The simple the same way that we have hask and
union of the elements har, breach, and harsk. “He hath a great haskness, gravi
dain, tooth, would construct still more asthmate implicatur.”—Horman in Way.
exactly the E. harridan. In the same ‘Dates are good for the harrishness,
way Westerwald réff, reſº, a heckle or or roughness of the throte."—Turner's
iron comb for plucking off the heads of Herbal, ibid. ... “Sorbum, an harryshe
flax, is in Swabia applied to a broken row pear.’—Elyot, ibid.
of teeth. Westerw. zahnráhſ, a gap in * Hart. As, heort, hearut, on. hjärtr,
the teeth; Swab. raffel, zahnraffe/, a OHG. hiruz, G. hirsch, a stag. As Lat.
broken-toothed person, abusive term for cervus shows a connection with Gr. ripac,
an old woman.—Schmid. Lat. cornu, a horn, the word is supposed
Harrow! A cry of distress, OFr. to mean the horned one, the m of horn, as
hare / harau / Crier haro sur, to make the mu of cornu, not being radical. So
hue and cry after. Harauder, haroder, from Magy, scarv, a horn, szarvas,
to cry harrow ! to cry out upon, exclaim horned, a stag.
against, revile. Bret. harao / cry when Harvest. G. herbst, harvest, autumn ;
one is hooted. Bohem. hr / hrr / inter ON. haust, autumn, hausta, to harvest;
jection of excitement (frementis), hurrah / Bret. Eost, August, harvest; eosta, to
OHG. haren, to cry out. Sc. harro! an harvest.
outcry for help, also often used as a cheer The Du. has oogst, harvest; oogsten,
or encouragement to pursuit. to harvest, whence Ihre conjectures that
A harrowing sight is one which leads all these forms, oogst, aust, haust, are
to the exclamation harrow ! from Lat. Augustus, and G. herbst, E. har
Harrow. Harowe, erpica, et traha, west, are a further corruption by the creep
Anglice a slede.—Pr. Prm. Dan. harv, a ing in of an r.
harrow. Sw, dial. harv, a hay-rake. Fin. To Hase. To urge, drive, harass,
Jara, a brush-harrow made of the branches especially with labour.—Webster. Others
of pine-trees; hargata, to harrow; harawa, explain it, to amaze, to scare. To fright
a hay-rake; Esthon. harrima, harjama, with a sudden noise.—B.
to brush, to comb ; harjas, a brush ; Perhaps from taking away the breath.
Harri, a brush, heckle, comb. G. harke, To hase, to breathe short.—Hal. N.
a rake, Fr. herce, a harrow, are probably harsa, to pant with fatigue and exhaustion.
other modifications of the same radical But the more probable origin is perhaps
form. the notion of urging, driving, from the cry
To Harry.—Herry. To daunt, to (Finnish) has / has / used in setting on a
fright, to scold at, handle roughly.—B. dog ; hasittaa, to set on, incite, Fr. haser,
Sc. herry, hirry, harry, to rob, spoil, pil to irritate, vex, stimulate.—Roquef. ‘Le
lage, ruin by extortion. AS. her gian, her suppliant dit a icellui Bordier, Tu as
ian, to plunder, afflict, vex. Fr. harrier, affolé mon fils ; leguel luy repondi que si
Jardier, to molest, provoke, vex, toil, tur /e haseroit (if he provoked him) que si
moil. ON. heria, to make an inroad on. feroit a lui mesme.”—Record, A.D. 1450,
N. heria, to plague, oppress, ruin. Dan. in Duc. Henschel. Lap. hasketet, to set
/large, harje, to ravage. The origin on dogs; Sw, haska £4 migon, to hurry
seems shown in Fr. harer, to set on a dog one on, urge one on ; haska bort, to drive
to attack. See Harass. away.
The word was also written harow. Hasel. N. hasl, Du. haze-moot, hazel
The harrowing of hell was the triumphant moot, the common nut. From the con
expedition of Christ after his crucifixion, spicuous husk or beard in which it is
when he brought away the souls of the enveloped. Dan. hase, the beard of nuts.
righteous, who had died and had been Da. dial. hads, haser, the beard of corn;
held captive in hell since the beginning fas, Sw. ſtas, the beard of nuts. Bav.
of the world. /losen, fºsen, the husk of corn. E. hose
Harsh. G. harsch, hard, rough, aus was formerly used in the same sense.
tere; Dan. harsk, rancid; Sc. harsk, Follicoli, the hull, hose, peel or thin skin
 HASH HATCH 335

that encloseth any wheat or rye when it AEarwa-hassa (Karwa, hair), having shaggy
is green.—Fl. hair as a dog or bear. See Housings.
Hash. Cooked meat cut into small Haste.—Hate. These words proba
pieces for the purpose of being dressed a bly both have their origin in the cry has /
second time. Fr. hachis, a hachey or /ias / (Fin.), used in setting on a dog to
Aachee, a sliced gallimawfrey or minced attack or pursue, an act which in one
meat.—Cot. From hacher, to hack or point of view affords the image of urging
mince. or hurrying on, and in another of hostility,
Haslet.—Hastener. A hog's haslet, contest, and hate. See Heat. Fin. has
or harslet, the liver, heart, and lights of a ittaa, Esthon. assitama, Lap. hasetet,
pig. Corrupted from hastelets. Fr. has hasketet, to set on dogs ; Sw, haska or
tille, hasterel, hasſemenue, the pluck or hasta £á nágon, to hurry one on, to urge
gather of an animal. The sense is little one on ; haska eſter odjur, to pursue wild
roastings, from Fr. haste, a spit, also a beasts ; haska ut, to drive out; ON. hasta
piece of roast meat. Hastelle, hastellet, d, to threaten, scold ; hasta, to haste ;
Aastille, a skewer, splinter, whence E. Aastr, höstugr, severe. OHG. hazon, to
Aastler, or corruptly hastener, a skreen to hate, to pursue ; hazjan, G. hetzen, to set
reverberate the fire on roasting meat. on, to incite ; Swiss hatz, anger, rancour,
Aastlere, that rostythe mete, assator, as hatred (Stalder), in Austria, wrangling,
sarius.-Pr. Prm. OFr. hastier, the rack quarrel ; E. hasty, easily roused to anger,
on which the spit turns; to haste, to excitable ; Mid. Lat. asto animo, with hos
roast.—Hal. tile intention ; adastiare, to provoke to
First to you I will schawe, war; It. aschio, rancour, malice; aschi
The poyntes of cure alby rawe; are, to bear malice. Fr. haster, hater,
Of potage, hastery and bakun mete. aastir, ahastir, aafir, to irritate, provoke,
Liber Cure Cocorum in Way. excite ; haster, häter, to hasten. Hesser,
All from Lat. hasta, a spear, transferred to incite, animate, also to hate.—Roquef.
to the signification of a spit. It is singu ‘Aucuns desdits de Mons aastirenz de
lar that the Du. should have arrived by a paroles ceux de Villers.”—Record, A.D.
totally different track at so similar a 1401. ‘Raoulin plain de mauvais esprit
form as harst, a roast, herdsten, harsten, respondit au suppliant, Se tu me hastes,
to roast, apparently from heerde, hearth. je te battraitres bien.”—A.D. 1375. ‘Be
—Kil. AS. hyrstan, to fry. rart dit a Chauvet que s'il le hałoit que il
Hasp.–Hapse. AS. harps, a lock, luy donroit un bouffeau ou buffe.’—A.D.
latch, or bolt of a door ; G. haspe, haspe, 1404, in Duc. Henschel. Lap. hastet, to
the hinge of a door, catch into which the challenge to fight, may explain Lat. hostis,
latch falls; ON. hes/a, a clasp, buckle, an enemy.
also a hasp or hank of thread ; thread ON. etia, to irritate, set on, to contend.
wound round a wheel so as to make a At etia oddum, to fight with spears.
closed link. Sw. haspa, a latch, Du. Etiag å einn, maligno affectu concitari in
Aaspe, haspel, It. aspo, aspolo, E. hasp, a aliquem. At, instigation to fight, contest.
reel to wind yarn on.— B. Mid. Lat. atia, rancour. With the initial
From the snapping sound made by a h, OSax. huoti, irritatus, infensus; AS.
clasp in closing. For the same reason a /lettan, to persecute, pursue. ON. hata,
clasp is also called a snap, and clapps / G. hassen, to hate. Goth. hatis, anger,
(whence clapse, clasſ) is an imitation of Jatyan, to hate. The same equivalence
the same sound. Pl.D. happen, happsen, of forms with and without an initial h is
to snap with the jaws so as to let the seen in OSax. hatol, AS. atol, hateful,
sound happ, or happs, be heard.—Dan cruel.
neil. Fr. haffe, a clasp; happer, to The connection between the ideas of
snap or snatch. setting on of animals to fight, and the
On the same principle Du. gaspe, angry passions, is also seen in Gael. stuig,
£hesſe, a clasp, may be compared with E. incite, spur on, set dogs to fight (Lat. in
Agasp, to snap after breath. stigare), and Gr. ori,yoc, hatred.
Hassock. A tuft of sedge or rushes, a Hat. ON. h5tfr; Fris. hatte.
mat; has sock-head, a matted head, bushy Hatch.-Hack. Two words of differ
entangled head of hair.—Hal. Sc. has ent derivations are probably confounded.
sock, a besom, anything bushy, a large 1. To hatch, to fasten, from Du. haeck,
round turf of peat used as a seat.—Jam. a hook, Pl.D. haken, to hook, hold fast.
Fin. hassa, a shaggy entangled condition; Idt haket, it sticks fast, haeret res; to
Aassapdd (pdd, head), tangled hair; haken, to button.—Brem. Wtb. ‘If in
 336 HATCH HAW

our youth we could pick up some pretty broken sound, a quivering movement, to
estate ’twere not amis to keep the door E. tatter, a rag. In the same way we
/hatched.”—Pericles. To this form must have Du. hateren, to falter—Kil, hutteren,
be referred the hatches of a ship, the to stammer—Halma, Sc. hotter, to rattle,
valves which shut down the hold ; also shudder, shiver, totter, Swiss hottern, to
hatches, floodgates to stop the course of shake, leading to E. hater, and Bav. hut
water.—B. ten, a rag. So also Swiss hudeln, to
2. Du. heck, a barrier of lath or trellice wabble, dangle, compared with hudel, a
work, a grating, gate, portcullis; E. hatch, rag. See Dud.
a half-door, frequently grated—B. ; hack, Hauberk.-Habergeon. OFr. hau
a rack for hay (a grating of rods through berc, It usbergo, Prov.ausberc, from OHG.
which the hay is pulled down); Sw. hdck, Aalsberc, AS. healsbeorg, a coat of mail,
a hedge of branches, a palisade, coop for from heals, the neck, and beorgan, to
fowls, rack for horses; Fin. hdºki, a cage cover or defend.
or hurdle made of wattles. The diminutive Fr. haubergeon, a
The root of this second division seems habergeon, is explained by Cotgr. a little
preserved in Esthon. haggo, bushes, coat of mail, or only sleeves and gorget
twigs, rods; Fin. hako, g. hawon, fir of mail.
branches, whence hakeri, a hut of poles, Haughty. Formerly haut, hautain,
hakuli, a palisade. Walach. hacu, twigs, from Fr. haut, high, hauty, lofty; haut a
branches, rods, hatsishu, hatshiuga, brush la main, hautain, proud, surly, stately.—
wood. Cot.
To Hatch. To break the eggshell and The fader hem louede alleynog, ac the geongost
allow the young to come out. See Hack. mest,
Hatchel. — Hassel. — Hackle. — For heo was best and fairest, and to hautenesse
Heckle. The toothed instrument for drow lest.—R. G.
combing flax is widely known by this Such minds as are haute, puffed up with pride.
name throughout Europe. Du. hekel, G. Udal in R.
hechel, Fin. hakyla, Walach. heſhela, het Lat. altus, It. alto, high ; altiero, Sp.
sela, Magy. hdhel, a heckle. Bohem. altivo, haughty.
Machlowati, woehlowati, to heckle. Haunch. OHG. hlancha, and by the
Probably from the hooks or teeth of loss of the h, lancha, G. lamke, the flank.
which the instrument is composed. “And On the other hand, by the loss of the 1,
yet the same must be better kembed with It. anca, Fr. hanche, the haunch or hip.
Aetchel-teeth of iron (pectitur ferreis In the same way the OE. clatch is con
Jamis) until it be clensed from all the nected with catch on the one side and
gross bark and rind.”—Holland, Pliny in latch on the other. See Flank.
R.
Haunt. From Bret. hent (correspond
Hatchet. Fr. hacher, to hack; hach ing to Goth. sinth, AS. sith), a way, henti,
ereau, hachette, a hatchet or small axe. Fr. hanter, to frequent, to haunt.
Rouchi hape, an axe, haplete, apiète, a To Have. Lat. habere, Goth. haban.
hatchet.
Hate. See Haste.
Haven. ON. hoſn, OFr. havene, havle,
mod. havre, a haven ; ON. haſna, to re
Hater. Properly a rag, then in a de fuse, abstain, desert; at haſna bodi, to
preciatory sense a garment. refuse an invitation ; vinirmar hafna
I have but oon hool hater, quod Haukyn, hönum, his friends desert him ; at haſna
I am the lasse to blame,
Though it be soiled and selde clean.-P. P. sig (to withdraw from the perils of the
sea), to betake oneself to port.
AS. harteru, clothing; G. hader, a rag, Havock. W. haſog, destruction, waste.
tatter, worn-out clothes; Bav. hand Hai haſog / a cry when cows are com
Åadern, handkerchief ; prang hadern, mitting waste in a neighbour's land.
frills; hudel, huder, rag, tatter. Pl.D. Perhaps originally a cry of encourage
hadder, tatter, verhadderm, verhiddern, to ment to a hawk (AS. haſoc) when loosed
entangle, ravel. The designation of a rag upon his prey.
is commonly taken from the figure of
shaking, fluttering in the wind. Thus in Cry havock 1 and let loose the dogs of war.
E. tatter, to chatter — Hal., Du. tateren, Haw.—Hawthorn. As, haga, a hedge,
to stammer — Halma, Bav. tattern, to piece of enclosed land, dwelling-house.
prattle, to shiver, tatterman, a scarecrow Hence haga-thorn, hedge-thorn, haw
(an image of rags fluttering in the wind), thorn, the fruit of which are haws. G.
we see the advance from the image of a hag, a hedge, enclosure, shrub, thicket;
 HAW HEARSE 337

Mag-aſſel, a crab ; hage-dorn, hawthorn, hain, hay, grass; Fin. heina, Lap. suoine,
dog-rose. Lith. szemas, Magy, szema, hay.
To Haw. To make sounds like haw, Hazard. Sp. azar, unlucky throw on
Jazv, between one's words in speaking. the dice, disaster. It gara, a die, the
Hawbuck. A Johnny-raw, a silly game of hazard, an unlucky cast ; 2ara
clown. Swiss holzbock, homo stupidus, a chi tocca, bad luck to him to whom it
incogitans.—Idioticon Bern, in Deutsch. falls. Mod.Gr. Zápt, a die; Alb. 2ar, a
Mundart. die, luck. Arab. az Zahr, a die.
Hawk. As, hafoc, ON. haukr, G. hab Haze.—Hazy. Haze, a thick fog ; it
icht, ohG. hapuh, w. hebog, Lap. haſºak, Jazes, it misles small rain.--B. Possibly
Aaukka, Fin. hawiłła, haukka. The im from ON. and AS. has, hoarse, the signifi
mediate origin seems preserved in Fin. cation passing on from thickness of voice
Jawia, voracious, while the ultimate de to thickness of atmosphere.
rivation is probably to be found in the To Haze.—Hazle. To dry linen.—
root hap, exemplified in Fr. happer, to Hal. “Those that by that happy wind of
seize, Lap. hapadet, to grasp at. From thine didst hagle and dry up the forlorn
the same root hauki, a pike, known for dregs and slime of Noah's deluge.” —
its voracity among fish, as the hawk Roger's Naaman the Syrian in Trench.
among birds. Fr. hasler, häler, to dry in the air, to
To Hawk. 1. w. hochi, to hawk, to wither from drought. Rouchi hasí, dried
clear the throat. Magy. h44, clearing the by the heat, burnt. N. haesa, to dry in
throat, phlegm. An imitation of the the wind, to breathe hard ; hars, a frame
sound produced. Dan. harke, to hawk, work for drying hay and corn in the field;
/harkla, to spit. Sw. haes, cocks of hay.
To Hawk. 2. Hawker. A hawker To Heal.—Health.-Holy. G. heil,
is one who cries his goods for sale about whole, sound, entire, in good health ;
the streets or ways; to hawk, to cry goods /heilig, inviolable, inviolate, secure from
for sale. N. hauka, hua, huga, to cry, to injury, sacred, holy. Gr. 6\oc, whole,
shout. Pol. huk, roar, din, clangour;
entire. With an initial s instead of h (as
in Lat. sal, compared with Gr. &Aç, W. hal)
Aukač, to whoop, hoot, hallow. W. Aw, a we have Lat. so/us, alone (undivided), pa
hoot, hwa, to hallow, to shout ; hºwchw / rallel with Gr. 6\oç ; salvus, sound, and
a cry of hollo, a shout, scream ; Bret. folta, salus (salut'), corresponding to hallow,
ioucha, to cry, to shout ; Fr. hucher, Pic. /health. As the healing of a wound is the
Auguer, to call or cry. Hence Mid. Lat. joining of the skin and covering up of the
Auccus, uccus, cry; huca.gium, or crida wound, the word seems connected with
item, criagium, the duty payable on cry AS. he/an, to hill or cover, though it is by
ing the sale of wine. “Chacun tavernier
de St Nicolas est tenu de nous rendre et no means clear that the latter signification
is the earliest in the order of develop
poier chacun an, pour chacun tonneau ment.
que il vend en l'an, maille pour criage, et Heann. See Hame.
nous sommes tenus de crier leur vin a
Heap. Pl.D. hoop, G. hauſe, ON. hopr,
leur requeste.”— Record, A.D. 1289, in AS. heaf, a heap, crowd.
Duc. Hensch. “Videlicet quod huca To Hear. Hark / /hist / /ist / are all
gium seu clamor tabernarum et collatio representatives of a low whispering or
Aucagii seu clamoris in Majoria—et omne rustling sound; then used interjectionally
jus quod habet in celleriá, et in collatione to direct attention to sounds of that na
ejusdem, nobis—libera manebunt.”—A. D. ture, and consequently used in the sense
1269 in Carp. of listening, striving to catch sound, using
We might be tempted to explain from the ears. It is probable that hear may
this source the designation of the huck have a like origin. Swiss Aſſor/ an in
ster, who went about the town selling and terjection used to still an unquiet ox; Be
doubtless crying their goods. “Qe nul still Hence hāren, G. auſhören, to cease,
hukster estoise en certain lieu mais voi be still.
sent parmi la vile.”—Liber Albus, 690. Goth. hausjan, to hear.
But a wider comparison compels us to To Hearken. From hark / with the
refer huckster to another source. insertion of an e under the influence of a
Hawser. See Halse. reference to hear.
Hay. Goth. havi, grass; AS. hedg, Hearse. We find this word applied
hég, ON. hey, Du. houwe, hauw, hoy (Kil), to the solemn obsequy at funerals, or to a
grass cut and dried for fodder. Esthon. funeral monument. In modern times it
22
 HEAT
338 HEART
is confined to the carriage in which the ‘Ficca ſacca, faint .not, hold out, pull up
coffin is conveyed. ‘A cenotaph is an a good heart.”—Fl I plucke up my
empty funeral monument—in imitation of herte, or I take good herte to me.—
which our hearses here in England are Palsgr. -

set up in churches during the continuance If thou beest true and honest,
of a year, or for the space of certain And if thou findest thy conscience clear from it,
mont hs.”—Weever in Todd.
Pluck up a good heart.—B. Jonson. Tale of a
Tub, act 3, sc. 2.
The gawdy girlonds deck her grave, Kyng Alisaunder though hym weare wo,
The faded flowers her corse embrave, He tok him god hearte to.—Alisaunder, 6928.
Ohevie herse /–Shepherd's Cal. When the knight perceived that he could
The origin is the Fr. herce, a harrow, an escape no way—he took a good heart and ran
implement which in that country is made among the thickest.—Dr Faustus, c. 52.
in a triangular form, not square as with As a stag in good condition (a good
us. Hence the name of herce or herche
hart) was in hunting language called a
was given to a triangular framework of hart of grease (Grisons vacca da grass, a
iron used for holding a number of can fat cow), to pluck up a good heart seems
dles at funerals and church ceremonies.
to have been punningly converted into
Aſeerce on a dede corce, piramis.-Pr. plucking up or taking a hart of grease,
Pm. “In reliquis vero festivitatibus qui corrupted, when the joke was no longer
bus accendi solet machina illa ferrea quae understood, into heart of grace.
vulgo Erga vocatur, pro illa lampadibus Hearth. As, heorth, G. herd, area,
vitreis illustretur.’—Statut. Abbat. Clu
floor, hearth. Generally the floor or
niac. in Duc. “Feri a quint ã, &c. et sab ground on which any operation is carried
bato herchia debet esse ad dextrum cornu
on. OG. Herth, the soil. Tacitus (De
i s t
magn altari et ibi deben esse 26 cerei moribus Germanorum) says, “In com
lo
illuminati ad matutinas.”—“Vo quod 24 mune Herthum, id est Terram colunt.”
torches et 5 tapers, quolibet taper pondere Swiss herd, soil, ground, earth; herdàp
Io librarum praeparentur pro sepulturá ſel, potato ; herdºg, earthen ; herdelen,
meå abscue uſ/o alio hercio.'—Testam. to have an earthy taste.
Jonan. de Nevil, A.D. 1386, in Duc. Heat.—Hot. ON. hita, hiti, heat, boil
Hensch. “Cujus quidem sepulturae seu ing ; heifr, hot, angry; G. hitze, heat,
funeris nostri exeguias more regio volu passion, anger; heiss, hot, vehement, ar
mus celebrare, ita quod pro praedictis ex dent.
equiis iv hercia excellentiae convenientes
-

We have seen under Entice that the

regali—in locis subscriptis per executores figure of setting on a dog to fight gives a
nostros praeparentur.” — Test. Ric. II. designation to the act of lighting a fire,
Rymer, vol. 8.75, in Duc. Hensch. The and even to the materials of combustion,
quantity of candles being the great dis in Lat. titio, Fr. tison, a fire-brand. And
tinction of the funeral, the name of the if the same line of inquiry is pushed a
frame which bore them came to be used little further it will be hard to avoid the
for the whole funeral obsequies, or for conclusion that the G. hitge and E. heat
the cenotaph at whose head the candles have their origin in the same figure. If
were placed, and finally for the funeral the G. hetzen, anhetzen, to set on dogs to
carriage. fight or attack, to incite, inflame, provoke,
At Poules his masse was done, and diryge Sw. hetsa, to set on, to heat, and the like,
In hers royall, semely to royalte. stood by themselves, no one would doubt
Hardyng, Rich. II. in Way.that the idea of heating the passions of
Herce, a dede body, corps.-Palsgr. the animal was the foundation of the
Heart. Goth. hairſo, Gr. rapčia, rpaëta, expression. But when we compare the
ršap, Lat. cor (cord"), It. cuore, Fr. caeur, hissing or snarling sounds used in setting
Gael. cridae, Lith: szirdis, Russ. serace, on dogs, Fin. has / as / Lap. hos / Serv.
Sanscr. hrid, hardi. osh / Pl.D. hiss / w. hyr / E. ss / st/ ts /
Heart of Grace. To take heart of
It isg/ uzz / we find it impossible either
grace or pluck up heart of grace, to be of to suppose that these are derived from a
good heart. I take herſe a gresse as one word signifying heat, or to separate the
dothe that taketh a sodayne corage upon G. and Sw, forms above mentioned from
him. They lyved a grete whyle as cow the other verbs manifestly founded on
ards, but at the last they took herte a the cry of instigation, Lap. haseteſ, haske
gresse to them.–Palsgr. tet, hotsa/et, Serv. oshkati, N. hirra, Dan.
Apparently from a punning version of tirre, Pl.D., hissen (E. tiss, to hiss), Sw.
the expression to take a good heart.
 HEATH HELE 339

fussa, Du. his schen, hitschen, hiſsen, hus covered. Swiss himmel, skin which forms
sen (Kil.), It. i22are, 1122are, tizzare, on the surface of liquids after standing.
stigzare, to incite, set on, provoke. From Heavy.—Heft. As. heſig, ON. hoſugr,
izzare, to provoke, we have izga, anger— heavy; héſgi, weight, the object of the
Fl., and in like manner from G. hetzen, act of heaving. Heft, weight, pressure.
Aitze, passion, fury, ardour, heat. Sw. —Hal.
Jeísa, to set on, to heat; heſsig, hot, Hecatomb. Gr. ixaráuſ?n (traröv, a
burning ; hetta, heat, passion. hundred, and 3oic, an ox), a sacrifice of a
Heath. Goth. haithi, Gypóc, the open hundred victims.
country; haithivisks, dyptoc, wild; ON. Hectic. Lat. hectica, a fever, from Gr.
Æeidi, a waste, heidi jörd, waste, barren £rruköc, habitual, from £xw, to have, hold.
land, heath ; haudr, uncultivated land ; Hedge. AS. hegge, G. hag, a bush,
G. heide, a heath, waste, barren extent of shrub, thicket, enclosure, hedge; hecke, a
country; heide-Åraut, heath and other thicket, a quickset hedge. Du. had g,
plants that grow on barren wastes. The hegghe, a thorn-bush, thicket, hedge, also
plant heath is no doubt so named from a hurdle.—Kil. Haag-doorn, hawthorn.
growing on barren heaths. Suffolk hetch, a thicket, a hedge. Fin.
Heathen. Goth. haithno, 'EAAmvic, /aſſo, fir-branches, Esthon. haggo,Walach.
Marc 7. 26. G. heide, a heathen. The hacu, bushes, twigs, rods. See Hatch.
word bears a singular resemblance to Gr. To Heed. As. hedan, Du. hoeden, G.
*0wn, the Gentiles, but if it were derived hiitem, to keep, guard, observe. Hoeden
from that source it must have passed de beesten, to watch cattle.
through the form of Lat. Ethnici, which Heel. AS. hel, ON. haell, Du. hie/.
could hardly have produced G. heide. To Heel. As. hyldan, to incline. ‘Hyra
We must then suppose that it is the andwlitan on eorthen hyldun.” They bent
equivalent of Lat. paganus, meaning ori their looks on the earth.-Luc 24. 5. ON.
ginally country people, from Goth. haithi, halla, to incline, to lean towards; hallr,
the open country. Du. heyde, heyden, inclined towards, inclination ; hella, to
homo agrestis et incultus, a clown, a pour — Egilsson; Dan. helde, to slope,
pagan, heathen.—Kil. decline, lean, to tilt a vessel, to pour.
To Heave. Goth. haſjan, ON. heſia, Perhaps this last may be the original
AS. hebban, G. heben, to lift. sense of the word. To hele, or hell, to
Heaven. As heaſon, Goth. himins, pour out.—Hal.
OHG. himil, heaven, G. himmel, a canopy, ‘And belyve he garte helle down the
an arched or vaulted covering, the sky, water on the erthe before alle his men.”—
heaven. MS. Hal. ‘Hwon me asaileth buruhwes
The sound of v and m immediately be other castles theo thet beoth withinnen
fore an n frequently interchange. Dan. /ie/deth schaldinde water ut’—four scald
hewne, N. hemma, to revenge ; OSw.faſ. ing water out.—Ancren Riwle, 246. In
man, famnan, always; AS. eſne, in com the same way Fr. verser, to pour, seems
position emne, even, equal ; ON. sofna, to preserve the original meaning of Lat.
Sw, somma, to fall asleep ; ON. saſna, As. vergere, to decline, incline. ‘ Spuman
somniam, to collect. There can then belittle tesque mero paterae verguntur.”—Statius.
doubt that Goth. /timizes and OSax. Wieb Heifer. As. heafore, E. dial. heckfor,
am, AS. heaſon, are from the same root, heifker. Heßfere, juvenca—Pr. Pm.;
probably a verb signifying to cover. The hecſorde, a yong cowe, genisse.—Palsgr.
word was understood by the Saxons them Du. hokkeling, a heifer, from hoć, a pen
selves in this sense. ‘Sage me for hvil or cote. The second syllable of heifer
cum thingum heaſon sy gehaten heaſon 2 may be a modification of G. ſerse, a heifer.
Ic the sage for thon he beheleth eall that Height. See High.
hym beufon byth.” Tell me why heaven Heinous. Fr. haimeur, from haine,
is called heaven 2 I tell you because it malice, hate, rancour; hair, OFr. hadir,
covereth all that is beneath it.—Dialogue to hate.—Diez.
of Saturn and Solomon. A consciousness Heir. OFr. hoir, Lat. hares.
of the same meaning is indicated in a To Hele.—Hill.—Hile. To cover.
passage of Otfrid quoted by Ihre. So Hillier, a tiler.
himil thekit tha2 land. As wide as Thei hiſcd them I telle thee
heaven covers earth. From the same With leves of a fige tree.
root OSw. himín, the membrane which A poor person says, “It takes a great
covers the brain ; himmel's Áorm (for him deal to hill and fill so many children.’
dóst £orn), skinless barley; hemlig, secret, Goth. huljan, G. hillen, to veil or cover,
22 *
34o HELL HEMORRHOIDS

to wrap; hiſ/e, clothing, mantle, cover. without arrangement. — Sanders. See

oN. hylia, to hide; G. hillse, the covering Hurly-burly.
of a thing, hull, husk, pod. As helan, to Helve. As, he/ſ, Bav. helb, helben, halb,
conceal, cover. - Swiss halm, handle of an axe or hammer;
Hell. The place of the dead, or place G. helm, handle of a tool, stock of an
where the ...” are punished. ON. Hel, anchor. OG. helm-parten, axe with a long
death ; Hel, Helia, the Goddess of death. handle, halberd.
At sld i hel, to strike dead; hel-blair, Hem. The hem of a garment, from
death-pale, livid ; he/-blinda, fatal blind the verb to hem, is that which binds round
ness; hel-sot, death sickness; he/-viti, the edges and prevents them from ravel
the punishment of the dead, whence Dan. ling. It was formerly used in the sense
/ie/wede, Hell. Magy. halni, to die, halott, of a border of any kind, and not merely
a corpse. Gr. 3\{abat, to die. - a sewing down of the edge as at present ;
Helm. I. Helmet. Goth. hiſms, ON. fimbria, limbus, ora.-Pr. Prm. It is re
hia/mr, G. helm, It. Sp. elmo, Fr. heaume, markable that Sw, stamma, to stop, to
helmet. NE. helm, a covering.—B. OPtg. staunch, also signifies to hem or border.
elmo, a covering, ‘unum eſmum labora —Rietz. See to Hem.
tum pro super ipsum altare.”—Record, On the other hand it is possible that
A.D. io97, in Diez. Perhaps the same Aem may be a parallel form correspond
notion of protecting may be the root of ing to seam, as W. hal, to Lat. sal, salt;
Du. helm, the creeping grass which pro but the evidence upon the whole points
tects the sandy shores of Holland. the other way. w. hem, a hem, seam, bor
From AS. helan, ON. hylia, to cover, der. N. Fris. heam, hem; suum, seam.
protect; hy/ma, hilma, to cover, hide ; —Johansen.
hi/ming, concealment; i hilmingu, under To Hem. To confine, surround, en
pretext; hiſmir, protector, (poet.), king. close.-R. G. hemmen, to stop the mo
Lith. scalmas, Russ. sch/em, schelom, a tion of a body, to skid the wheel of a
helmet. waggon, to stop the course of water, to
2. Helme or the rothere of a ship, temo, thwart or hinder a proceeding. Sw.
plectrum.— Pr. Prm. ON. hjálm, hjálmun, Admma, Pol. hamować, to restrain, check,
rudder; hid/munvö/r, Du. /ie/m-stock, the put a stop to ; hamuſec, restraint, curb.
tiller. In all probability the helm may The immediate origin is probably the
be the he/ve or handle by which the ship G. interjection of prohibition Hamm /
is managed. OE. halme, handle. He/me (Küttn.) or Humm / (Brem. Wtb.) Stop!
of a rothere of a shyppe, la manche du Let it alone Hamm holln (in zaum hal
gouvernail-Palsgr. See Helve. ten), to keep under control.-Danneil.
* Help. Goth. hiſpan, ON. hia/pa, G. The sound of clearing the throat is re
helſen, Lith. sze/ºff, to help, to take care presented by the syllable hem / ex
of; gelösti, to help, to save ; gilófi, to plained by Worcester, an exclamation of
receive help : pagalba, help, assistance. which the utterance is a sort of half
The sense might well be explained from voluntary cough, and which, being the
OHG. halpa, halba, side, half. To side preparation for speaking, is used for the
with one is to take his part, to help him. purpose of calling to a person at a dis
So from Fin. puoli, half, side, is formed tance.
puo/taa, to side with one, to defend him. He hemmed audibly twice or thrice, which was
Helter-skelter. Sw. huller om bul known in the family as a sign that he wished the
attention of the crowd to be directed to him.—
ſer, hult om bult, hummel um drummel,
Pl.D. huller de buller (Danneil), G. hoſter Dyce, Bella Donna, i. 29, 1864.
di polter, halder de qualder, are interjec To hem a person (Du. hemmen, hummen),
tional expressions representing racket, to call him by crying hem —B. From
rattling noise, and thence applied to a thence to the notion of stopping one is
noisy, hurried, disorderly mode of action. a natural transition ; Du. hemment, sis
Sw. buller, noise, rattle, bustle; G. pol tere, retinere.—Biglotton. We then pass
term, to make a hammering noise, to do on to the notion of checking, controlling,
something with noise and racket. ‘Hol confining. See Ho.
ter-poſter / ein fürchterliches, getöse.”— Hemi-. Gr. ºut, signifying half ; #itovc,
Sanders. For the element skelter com half.
pare Sw, skálla, to yell; Sc. ske//och, Hemorrhage. Gr. aluoppayia, a burst
Gael. sgal, shriek, yell, howl. “Halder ing forth of blood, alua, and 6hyvvut, to
de Qua/der aus dem Spanischen über break, burst.
setzen reicht nicht hin:’ hand over head, Hemorrhoids. Gr. aipofficic, aſſuoëotòoc,
 HEMP HERON 34 I

a gushing of blood (alua, blood, and 650, by a keeper, or the keeper himself, some
to flow, póoc, a flowing). times take their designation from the act
Hemp. Lat. cannabis, Du. henniff, of driving, as Gr. dy#Am, a herd, from dyw,
G. hanſ, ON. han/r, Lith. Æanape. to drive, and in E. a drove of cattle.So
Hen. A female fowl. ON. hamm, he, from Magy. haitami, drive, to drive, to pas
Aun, she ; hani, G. haſhn, a cock ; huhn, ture cattle; haitsär, a shepherd. Now
Aenne, a hen. Sw. hammar och honor, the driving of cattle is vividly repre
cocks and hens, males and females. Dan. sented by the setting on of dogs and
/tan, he, male ; han-kat, male cat; han the cries used in exciting them. So
spurv, cock-sparrow ; hane, a cock, male from hiss A the cry to a dog, we have
of domestic fowl; hun, she, female of Pl.D. hissen, to set on ; de schaoſ, hissen,
animals, hen of birds. It should be ob to collect the sheep by the aid of a dog.—
served hum becomes hen in the oblique Danneil. In Welsh the cries herr / hyrr /
cases. Pl.D. heeken and seeken, male and representing the snarl of a dog, are used
female of animals, cock and hen of birds. in hounding him on to fight, whence
Henchman. A supporter, one who Ayrrio (N. hirra), to set on a dog, and ap
stands at one's haunch. So It. fiancare, parently Ayrddio, to irritate, to impel, to
to flank, by met. to urge or set on ; (in push, to drive.—Lewis. Roquefort gives
heraldry), to support arms. A sidesman Aoure / as a cry to animate a dog, ex
is a parish officer who assists the church plaining Rouchi hourder un chien, Fr.
wardens. harer un chien (Cot.), to set on a dog ;
Hend.—Hent—To seize. Goth. fra-, and as the last of these forms seems to
tes-hintham, to take captive ; OHG. heri give rise to Fr. hare/le, a herd, so from
Alºnſa, As. huth, capture, prey; OFris. Aarer, hourder, w, hyrrio, hyradio may
Vanda, henda, to seize, ON. henda, to perhaps be explained harde, hourde, herd.
seize, to happen, the connection between BIere. See He.
these ideas being shown under Happen. -here. -hes. Lat. haereo, harsi, to stick.
* I hente, I take by violence, or I catch, Adhere, to stick to ; Adhesive, having a
Je happe.”—Palsgr. Sw. hd.nda, to hap tendency to stick to ; Cohere, to stick
pen. It is perhaps from this sense of together.
the verb rather than from the noun hand Hereditary.—Heritage. Lat. haeres,
that was formed the OE. hende, courteous, haredis, an heir, Fr. hdritage.
agreeable, in accordance with G. geſa/- Heresy.—Heretic. Gr. apsaic (aipia,
Aig, falling in with the feelings of another, to choose, take), a choosing, an opinion,
complaisant, agreeable. a Sect.

The original image is snapping with Heriot. AS. here-geata, wig-geat, wig
the jaws at something; Sc. hamsh, hauntsh, gea/we, warlike habiliments, from here
to snap or snatch at, violently to lay hold or wig, war, and geat we, apparatus.
of — Jam. ; OFr. handher, to grasp or Hi in wig-geatawum
snatch at with the teeth.-Cot. “Men— Aldrum methdon.
havyng on her shuldres and on her helmes They in warlike habiliments ventured
sharp pikes that if the olifaunt wold their lives.—Beowulf.
oughte henche or catch hem (posset ap The latter part of the word is identical
prehendere), the pricks shulde let hem.’ with Lith. Ødiſawos, ready; Walach. gata,
—Trevisa in Way. ready, complete ; gatí, to prepare; gatire,
Hepatic. Gr. ºrap, jiraroc, the liver. apparatus.
Heptarchy. Gr. trā, seven, and Hermit. Gr. pmuirng, a dweller in the
&pxn, principality. wilderness, a solitary, from ipſiuoc, waste,
Her. Adjective of OE. hed, she. lonely. Fin. erd, journey, fishing or hunt
Herald. Fr. hdrauld, herauf , It. ing expedition ; erdmaa (maa, land,
araldo. OHG. haren, to shout. See region), distant station, desert, unculti
Harrow. vated place.
Herb. Fr. herbe, Lat. herba. Hero. The Gr. #owc may probably be
Herd. Goth. hairda, ON. hjörd, G. the equivalent of Lat. vir. The primitive
Merde, a herd or flock of cattle; on. hirda, sense seems preserved in Fin. uros, adult
to keep, preserve, watch, take care of ; male, male of animals, brave man, man
Airda, hirdingi, Du. Aerder, Dan. Ayrde, exhibiting the manly character in an
G. hirt, a herd, shepherd ; hirten, to tend eminent degree ; uro-teko (teko = act),
cattle. Fr. harde, hourde, the village factum heroicum.
herd, a herd of deer.—Roquef. Cot. Heron.—Egret. The AS. hragra ex
The collection of cattle driven or tended hibits the most comprehensive form of
342 HERRING HIE

the name, whence, on the one hand, G. Aite is commonly used in the sense of
reiger, Pl.D. reier, and on the other Sw. cheer or encourage.
hâgr, Dan. haire. The augmentative Hibernate. Lat. hyems, winter; hiber
termination produces It. aghirone, afrote, mus, wintry; hiberno, to pass the winter.
Fr. egron (– Vocab. de Berri), hairon, Hicket.—Hiccup.–Hiccough. Du.
Aeron, in contradistinction to aigrette, hik, hickse, huckup, Bret. hik, Fr. hoquet,
egrette (with the dim. termination), the OE. snickup, hiccup. Du. hikken, snik
small heron or egret. Fr. heronceau, a Æen, hicksen, OE. year, to sob. All direct
young heron, gives E. heronshaw. representations of the sound.
The origin of the name is probably Hide. G. haut, Du. huyd, ON. hud,
the harsh cry of the bird. W. cregyr, a Lat. cuffs, Gr. oxiroc, skin of a beast. ON.
screamer, a heron; creg, hoarse. Ayda, to skin a beast, to give a hiding or
Herring. Fr. hareng, G. hairing. flogging.
Hesitate. Lat. Aasifare, freq. from To Hide. To conceal, to cover. Du.
ha’reo, to stick, stick fast. Aoeden, hueden, to keep, protect, cover.
Hetero-. Gr. £repoc, other, as in hete W. huddo, to cover, shade, darken. N.
rodor, of another (Čáča) opinion ; hetero Aide, the lair of a beast, hide seg (of a
geneous, of another (yévoc) kind. bear), to seek covert; ON. hyd-björn, a
To Hew. ON. hoggva, to strike, to bear in hybernation.
cut ; AS. heatvian, Du. hauwen, G. hauen, Hide of Land. As much as could be
to hew. E. dial. hag, to hack. See tilled by a single plough. The word is
Haggle. still used as a measure of land in Nor
Hex-. Gr. £, six ; he ragon, having way.
six (ywvid) angles; herameter, having six Hideous. Frightful. OFr. hide, hisde,
(uérpov) measures. hidour, hisdour, dread.
Hey-day.—Hoity-toity. G. Heyda / Tel hide en a et telle fréour
Heysa / exclamations of high spirits, Caoir se laisse de paour.
active enjoyment. Hence E. hey-day, the Fab. et Contes, 1, 354.
Kant elevit le cors sans vie
vigour and high spirits of youth, where
Hidor ot de ce qu'elevit.—Ib. 4, 324.
the spelling is probably modified under
an erroneous impression that there is La forès estoit hisdouse et fade, the
something in the meaning of the word forest was grisly and enchanted.—Diez.
which indicates a certain period of life. La char par hidour en homme fremist,
At your age flesh in man quakes for dread.— Bibles
The heyday of the blood is tame, it's humble, worth.
And waits upon the judgment. Two derivations are suggested ; first,
In the same way Sw. hoſta, to shout, from Lat. hispidosus, bristly, rough, his
explains E. hoit, to indulge in riotous and p'dos, hisdos, as male-sapidus, -sapa'us,
noisy mirth—Webster; to hite up and Fr. mau-sade, vapidus, Fr. fade. This
down, to run idle about the country— derivation is supported by OFr. hispide,
Hal. ; highty-fighty, frolicsome, thought which is explained by Roquefort, sale,
less. – Thomson. “He lives at home, vilain, degoutant, hideux, affreux. On
and sings and hoifs and revels among his the other hand it would be more satisfac
drunken companions.”—B. and F. Cot tory if an origin could be found in a word
grave explains estre en ses gogues, to be signifying dread or horror. In this point
frolic, lusty, al/a-hoit, in a merry mood. of view we have Goth. agis, OHG. agi, ege,
Il est à cheval, he is set on cock-horse, AS. ege, fear, dread; OHG. egidi, egiso,
he is all a-hoight, he now begins to flaunt AS. egisa, MHG. egese, eise, horror; OHG.
it.—Cot. egelih, akis/ih, M.H.G. egelich, eges/ich,
Hence hoiſy-hoiſy, and in a somewhat eislich, Du. heyselich, heisig, eyselick,
weaker sense hey-day, are frequently used eysig, horrible ; eysen, ifsen, to shudder;
as exclamations implying that the person Da. haeslig, horrible, hideous ; Sw. hisna,
addressed is all a-hoit, in an excited state, to shudder. The adoption of an initial h
or is assuming airs unsuitable to his posi in the Du. and Scandinavian forms and
tion. Hoity-toity Well to be sure in Fr. hisdeur, hideur, would be anal
We have in this exclamation the origin ogous to the course in G. heischen, M.H.G.
of Fr. hait, liveliness, gladness ; haiter, heischen, eischen, from OHG. eiscón, to
to cheer up, to like well of, dehaiter, to demand, where the initial h appears in
discourage, to be ill at ease, souhaifer, to the course of the 13th century.
wish for, which has given much trouble To Hie. AS. higan, higian, to en
to etymologists. In Pembrokeshire to deavour, to hasten; higen, diligent. To
 HIERO HIND 343

pant is explained by Richardson, to blow It hath lesse mercy than beare, wolfe, or tyger,
quickly and shortly, and consequently, to And in those countries is called the hyger.
Taylor in Nares.
pursue eagerly, to desire with strong emo
tion; and our present word affords an Any sudden inundation of the sea is
other example of the same train of thought. called an egor, at Howden in Yorkshire.
Du. highen, to pant; Dan. hige, hive, —Kennet in Hal. From ON. A. gir, the
Ate eſter veiret, to pant, to gasp for god of the sea, then used for the sea
breath ; hige, to pant for, to covet. In itself. Agfa, to frighten; agir, terrifier;
the same way the Lat. azeo, to desire agiligr, terrible.
earnestly, to strive for, seems connected Hilarity. The root of Lat. hilaris,
with Gr. dw, to breathe. Higan, like E. cheerful, seems preserved in Fin. hilaan,
sigh, is a direct imitation; W. igian, to hi/lata, ludibundus strepo, laetus tumul
sigh, to sob. tuo; hila.staa, strepens ludo ut pueri;
Hiero-. Gr. ispác, sacred. Hieroglyph hilaus, strepitus lusorius.
ics (y\tºw, to engrave), sacred sculptures. Hill. Du. heuvel, hovel, G. hugel, hill.
Aierarchy, sacred governance. Pl.D. hull, gras-hull, a mound, tuft of
High. — Height. As. heah, Goth. grass growing more luxuriant than the
Åaiths, ON. ha, G. hoch, W. uchel, high. rest.—Brem. Wtb. Du. hobbel, a rising,
Higler.—To Higgle. Higler, one unevenness in the ground.—Danneil. It
who carries about provisions for sale.— would seem that the radical notion is
Webster. Hegler, one who buys provi what is heaved up. Fris. Hovel, hoevel,
sions brought up out of the country in a tumour, hunch in the back.-Kil.
order to sell them again by retail.—B. Hilt. ON. hyalt, the guard of a sword
To higgle, to chaffer, to be nice and at each end of the handle; fremra hyal
tedious in making a bargain.-Webster. tit, the guard or cross-bar which pro
Zºo higgle is to haggle about petty mat tected the hand, and eſra hyaltit, the
ters, and if higler and higgle stood by knob or pummel which prevented the
themselves we should without hesitation sword from being dragged out of the
regard *ś as the original and explain hand; hyölt (plur.), the two together or
it as a diminutive of haggle. But the entire handle. Hiſt, garde de l'épée.—
comparison of the G. correlatives seems Sherwood. Du. hille, hilte, holte, holde
to show that higgle is derived from higler (Kil.), OG, he/2a, hiſ/ge, hilltz, holez (Dief.
rather than the converse. Sup, in v. capulus), Boh. gylce, hilt; It.
Bav. Augéler, hugèner, Swab. hukler, e/3a, elso, guard of a sword.
huker, Du, hoecker, hucker, Pl.D. haiker, Hind. 1. ON. hind, a female deer. G.
G. hdke, hóēer, an engrosser, huckster, hinde, hindinn.
provision-dealer; Westerwald hitschler, Hind. 2.—Behind.—Hinder. G. hin
Nassau hitzler, one who carries about ten, hinter, behind. The structure of his
meal or corn in sacks on a horse for sale. own body constitutes the ultimate stand
Swiss hode/n, hude/n, to traffic in corn ; ard of position to every individual, and
Æorn-hudler, an engrosser, regrater of thus the different members of our bodily
corn, corn-broker. Bav. Abdeln, to drive frame might be expected to supply the
a petty trade ; , hód/#auern, peasants figures by which the relations of place
going to load salt, who bought up corn are expressed. In E. accordingly we
on their route and carried it to dispose of make use of the head, foot, face, hand,
at their market. Alsace hutzeln (West side, back, in expressing those relations.
erwäld. Idiot.), Swab. hocklen, to carry The oblique cases of Fin. Korwa, the
on the back; Pl.D. huck-bak, hukke-bań, ear, or paid, the head, are used adverbially
pickaback. See Huckster. to express the relations of beside or above.
Higre.—Eager.—Aker. The commo In like manner from hanta, Esthon. hdna,
tion occasionally made in certain rivers the tail, are formed expressions connected
by the meeting of the tide and current is with the idea of what is behind ; Fin.
known by the foregoing names. AAEyr of Admmittàd, to follow; hdnayri, a follower;
the sea flowynge, impetus maris.-Pr. hdinndissd, behind ; Esthon. hammāliste,
Prm. , Taylor the water poet describes from behind, reversed. Hence we may
the phenomenon on the coast of Lincoln explain behind as signifying at the tail or
shire, back of. The hinder end is the end at
—the flood runs there with such great force, the tail of. To hinder is to put one back
That I imagine it outruns a horse; wards. So from Galla dubo, tail, duba,
And with a head some four foot high that rores, behind, after, in time or space.
It on the sodaine swells and beats the shores ;— Hind. 3.--Hine. A servant, husband
344 HIN D-BERRY HIVE

man, peasant. As hina, hine (for higna, Hist!—Whist 1–BIush ' An inter
higne), a domestic; hine-ea/dor, the good jection demanding silence and attention.
man of the house ; hine-man, a farmer, A person in a savage state of society ap
higna-ſader, paterfamilias. The word prehending nocturnal danger would have
properly signifies member of a family, in his attention on the stretch to catch the
which sense the Sw. Ayun is used at the faint rustling sounds made by the most
present day. De dro ſyra hyon i hushål cautious approach of an enemy. Hence
Zet, they are four persons in household. in order to intimate to his own friends his
77enste/ijon, man or maid servant; ar desire for silence and attention he would
beds-hjon, labourer. Hence elliptically E. imitate the sounds for which he is on the
/line, a domestic labourer. ON. hion, watch, by such forms as st A hist / whist
family; N. hjon, married pair. Compare representing the sounds made by move
Lat. ſamulus with familia. ment of any kind, whisper, mutter; w.
From AS. hige, hiwa, family; hiwen, ust, hist, or hust, silence.
servants. See Hive. Lat her yelp on, be you as calm 's a mouse,
Hind-berry. G. him-beere, the rasp Nor lat your whisht be heard into the house.
berry. As the name of hart-berry, As. Ferguson in Jam.
/leort-berg, now corrupted to whortle W. hust, a low buzzing noise ; husting, a
berry, whorts or hurts, was given to what whisper, mutter ; ust, a hist or hush, a
is otherwise called the bilberry, the rasp silence. “After janglinge wordes cometh
berry was named after the female of the Auíste, peace and be stille.”—Chaucer.
same animal, or hind. It gifto, a slight sound ; non fare un
Hinge. The hooks on which the door gitto, not to let a whist be heard ; zitto º
is hung. OE. hing, to hang. Du. henghen, hush | Piedm. sissé, E. dial. tiss, to hiss;
to hang ; henghe, henghene, hook, handle, Du. sus / tus / hush | sus, silence. Dan.
hinge.—Kil. tys 1 hush | tysse, to hush, to silence.
Hint.—Inkling. The meaning of History. Gr. taropia; orwp, one know
both these words is a rumour or a whisper ing, fully acquainted, from tanui, I know.
of some intelligence. Parallel with E. Histrionic. Lat. histrio, a stage
/ium, representing a murmuring sound, player.
the oN. has uma (without the initial h), To Hit. ON. hitta, to light on, to find.
to resound ; ymia (umdi), to whizz, whis Their hittuz d veginom, they met in the
tle ; ymta, to whisper or rumour. Hann way. Compare Fr. trouver, to find, with
wmti d thvi, suspicionem dedit, he gave G. treffºn, to hit. Bav. hutzen, to strike.
a hint, an inkling of it. Ymir, rumour Die bock hutzen an einander, butt against
evulgatus, a hint. Dan. ymte, to whisper, each other. Illyr. hitati, to cast, throw.
talk softly, secretly of Sw, hafva hum Hitch.-Hotch. Hitch, motion by a
omnágot, to have an inkling or a hint of jerk ; also a loop. To hotch, to move the
something. For the change from ynte to body by sudden jerks.-Jam. Hotchin
Aint compare emmet, ant. and lauchin, Swiss gehotzelt seyn, laugh
Inkling is from a frequentative form of ing till one shakes. Bav. hutschen, to
the same root, ON. uml, Dan. ymmel, rock, to hitch oneself along like children
murmur, ynple, to whisper, to runour— on their rumps. Du. hutsen, huſselen, to
Molbech, whence E. ink/ing, by a change shake, to jumble. Fr. hocher, to shake.
analogous to that which holds between G. Swiss hotschen, to hiccup; hoschen, to
sumpf and E. sink, G. schrimpſen and E. knock; hottereſt, hotzen, hotzeln, hotzern,
shrink. to shake, to jog, jolt. Bav. Hot 1 hott /
Hip. G. hiſ?e, Du. heuffe, the hip, syllables by which is expressed the trot of
flank, thigh. N. hupſ, the flank. Sc. a horse or the jogging movement of his
/lifts, the buttocks. - rider. Hotte/n, to jolt.
Hip.–Hep. The fruit of the rose. N. Hithe. As hyth, a port, haven.
hjupa, Ayupa, Sw, hjupon, Dan. hybe, AS. Hither. See He.
to/2. Hive. Goth. heiv, ON. hill, family,
#ww.tamu. Gr. in troměrapoc; household ; hion (pl.), family, husband
introc, a horse, and trórapoc, river. and wife. AS. hige, higo, hiva, a house
Hire. AS. hyre, Du. huur, G. heuer, hold, family; hdner-hive, a hen's-nest.
w. htºr, wages, payment for service. Hence a hive of bees, the swarm which
To Hiss. Hiss, whizz, ſizz, are imita constitutes one family or household. Du.
tions of the sound represented. E. dial. /houwen, houden, houwelicken, hijlicken,
to tiss, to hiss. Piedm. issé, sissé, to hiss to marry. AS. hiwra-den, a family, G.
on a dog. heurath, marriage.
 HO HOBBY 345

Ho.—Hoa.--Whoa. A cry to stop Romans demanded tribute of Arthur he

horses. Hence to ho, to stop, to cease. sent them instead the body of their king
Fr. ho, interjection to impose silence or on a rich bier, “and grette Rom-weres
stop an action.—Roquef. alle mid graeten hu.re,’ and said that he
O my dere moder, of thy wepyng ho, had sent them the tribute of the land.—
I you beseik do not, do not so.-D. V. Layamon iii.
And at a stert he was betwixt hem two, Hob.-Hobble. The image originally
And pulled out a sword and cried, Ho / represented is action by a succession of
No more, up peine of lesing of your hed. efforts, as Sc. habò/e, to stammer or stut
Chaucer.
ter; E. hobble, to limp, to move unevenly
Out of all ho, beyond all restraint. by broken efforts; hob, a false step, an
Hoaming sea. A foaming sea. error.—Hal. Du. hobbelen, to stammer,
Vent. What a sea comes in to jolt, to rock as a boat; Bav. hoppelen,
Mast. It is a hoaming sea. We shall have /offern, hoppen, to jog up and down, as
foul weather.—Dryden, Tempest in R. a bad rider on a trotting horse. The ex
Much of the French that has passed into pression is then transferred to what pro
English belongs to the Walloon or Bur duces a hobbling motion, Du. hobbelig,
gundian dialect, where an initial s or sch E. dial. hobbly, rough, uneven ; hobbles,
is generally replaced by an h. Thus rough stones; hob or hub, a projection.
Wal. hauder is the Fr. &chauder, E. scald; The hob of a fire-place is the raised stone
Wal. houſe, Fr. escouter, E. scout, Wal. on either side of the hearth between
Aouzion, Fr. escouvillon, a clout. In the which the embers were confined. Hub,
same way the G. schaum, Fr. escume, cor the projecting nave of a wheel, a thick
responds to Wal, houmé, to scum the pot; square sod, an obstruction of anything,
Aoumress, a scummer—Remacle, leaving the mark to be thrown at at quoits, the
no doubt that a hoaming sea is a foaming hilt of a weapon.—Hal.
sea, although we do not apply the term In another direction the sense of a jolt
scum to that element. G. see-schaum, the ing, clumsy gait suggests the idea of
foam of the sea. clumping shoes, or of the clown who
Hoard. I. Goth. huzd, treasure, ohG. walks with such a gait. Thus hobnails
Aort, AS. hord, treasure ; breast-hord, the are the nails set in the thick soles of a
soul, the treasure of the breast ; Swiss country shoe, thence transferred to the
Æord-reich, very rich. nails of a horseshoe; hob-prick, a wooden
2. A hoarding is a fence of boards. peg driven into the heels of shoes.—Hal.
Probably from Fris. schardinge, separa A/ob, hoà-clunch, a country clown.—-Hal.
tion, by the same change which is seen A hob or clown, piedgris. – Sherwood.
in Wall. hdral, from ON. skard, Du. Hoð-goblin, a clownish goblin, a goblin
schaerde, a breach, separation, fragment. who does laborious work, where the first
* Alle schardinge, dat is schedinge tus syllable is commonly taken as the short
chen den huisern und tuinen sall men for Halbert or Robert.
maeken van plancken.” All divisions be Hobbedehoy. A youth not yet come
tween houses and gardens shall be made to man's estate, otherwise written hob
of planks.-Ost Fris. Landrecht. in Brem. bityhoy, hobbledehoy. Perhaps considered
Wtb. in v. scherung. See Hoaming. as a young cock. Gaºkerdihae, the cry of
Hoarse. As. and ON. hd s, G. heiser, the cock.--Dialect of Henneberg in Fran
Du. heesch, O Flanders heersch, hoarse. conia. Deutsch. Mundart. iii. 407.
Płoos, hoorse, raucus.-Pr. Prm. E. dial. To Hobble or Hopple horses. See
Jooze, a difficult breathing in cattle ; Hamper.
Aoazed, hoarse.—Hal. N. hasa, to pant, Hobby.—Hobby-horse. The horse
breathe hard, to wheeze. is commonly named in children's lan
Hoary. As. har, hoary. ON. haera, a guage from the cries used in the manage
mattress, gray hair; Fr. haire, a hair ment of the animal. Thus in E. the cry
shirt; ON. haerdr, comatus, haired, also with which we are most familiar is gee A
gray-haired, hoary ; at harrast, to become to make a horse go, and the nursery
hoary ; haerulangr, having long hair; name for a horse is geegee. In Germany
/aeru-kall (kall, old man), a gray-haired hott is the cry to make a horse turn to
man. the right (or generally to urge it to exer
The sense of hoary then would seem to tion), ho to the left, and the horse is called
arise from a singular ellipse. Motte-pard (Danneil), hutſen-ho-peerd
* Hoax. AS. husc, hosc, OS. hosk, OE. (Holstein. Idiot.), hottihuh (Stalder), as in
hur, sarcasm, taunt, jeer. When the Craven highly, from the cry hait / In
346 HOCK HODGEPODGE
Finland humma, the cry to stop or back ried. Sc. hut, a square basket used in
a horse, is used in nursery language for carrying out dung to the field, of which
the horse itself. The cry to back a horse the bottom is opened to let the contents
is in Westerwald hiſ / whence houſe, to fall out.—Jam.
go backwards. Devonshire had/, / or To H To jog.
/aap back / Dan. dial. hoppe dig / back Here farmers, gash in riding graith,
From the cry thus used in stopping a Gaed hoddin by their fellows.-Burns.
horse are formed Craven houpy, Fris. To hoddle, to waddle.—Jam. To hodge,
/oppe, a horse in nursery language— to ride gently.—Hal. Bav. hoſt / hotº º
Outzen ; Holstein hippe-feerdken, and E. sound by which they express the jogging
Aobby-horse, a child's wooden horse. It of a trotting horse or of his rider. See
is apparently from this source that we Halt.
must explain Esthon. hobbo, hobben, Lap. Hoddipeak.
Adpos, Gr. ºn roc, a horse, G. hoppe, a What ye brain-sick fools, ye hoddy-peaks, ye
mare, Fr. hobin, E. hobby, a little ambling doddy-poules.—Latimer in Nares.
horse, and hobelers, hobiners, the light They count peace to be the cause of idleness,
horsemen mounted on such horses. and that it maketh men hodipekes and cowards.
Hock-Hough. Hock, the joint of a —Christopherson, 1554. Ibid.
horse's leg from the knee to the fetlock; Du. hoddebek, hobbel/e}, stammelbek
/ough, the back of the knee. AS. hoh, (bec pour bouche—Dict. du bas Lang.), a
the heel, ham (calx, poples, suffrago), stammerer. As hobbelen is to stammer,
Aoh-ſot, hoſt-spor, heel, hoh-scanc, the leg, as well as to jolt or jog, and the senses of
Aoh-sin, the ham-string, sinew of the broken speech and broken impulsive
knee. G. had se, hare, the knuckle or movement are commonly united, it is
foot-joint of the hind leg in horses, &c. only in accordance with the general
—Küttn. To hock, hough, hockle, hor, analogy that the element hod, which has
to cut the hamstring. To hor is also to just been seen in the sense of jog, should
scrape the heels and knock the ancles in signify stammer in the compound hoade
walking.—Hal. bek.
The radical signification is probably * Hodgepodge.—Hotchpot. Hodge
the member used in kicking ; hoh-sin, the podge or hotch potch has the appearance
sinew exerted in kicking. To hock, to of a native term significant of a mash, the
kick (Lincolnshire).-Latham. G. hacken, materials of which have lost their original
to dig, break with a pick, peck like a form in the pasty consistency of the mass.
bird; hacke, the heel. He thrusteth them in together, making of them
Hocus-pocus. Hocus-focus (Du. ho an hoche-poche, all contrarye to the wholesome
Æus-bokus—Halma; Fr. Joccus-bocus) is doctryne of Saynt Paule.—Bale in R.
the gibberish repeated by the juggler all In these rhyming forms we should look
over Europe when he performs his tricks. for the root of the expression to the
It has been supposed that they are a jeer second element. We find accordingly E.
at the sacramental words hoc est corpus, dial. pudge, podge, a puddle ; G. patschen,
but it is most improbable that the juggler Aantschen, Swab. batschen, Hesse bitschen,
(whose interest it is to please everybody) to dabble in the wet, to splash, to tramp
should have made his performances the in mud and melting snow ; bitsch-wetter,
vehicle of a flagrant outrage on Catholic or hâtsche-batsch, sloshy weather of rain
feeling. and melting snow; G. patsch, puddle,
Perhaps the rigmarole may have arisen mud ; pantsch, a mixture of liquors, a
from Pol. huk, puk, noise, bustle, clatter. mash; Banff potch, a puddle, a disor
Aarobić huka-puka, to raise a bustle. dered condition of affairs; to potch, to
Hod. A tray for carrying mortar; a trample into mud, to walk through water
coal-scuttle. Fr. hotte, a scuttle, dosser, or mud in a dirty manner, to work in a
basket to carry on the back–Cot., G. liquid or semiliquid in a dirty manner.
Aotte, a dorser in which grapes are The reduplicative hotchpotch conveys
gathered. the idea of continued potching, of a
Perhaps the radical idea may be shown thorough potch. Bav. hetsche petsch, haws
in Sc. hot, a small heap of any kind ; a boiled with sugar to a pap. -

Aot of muck, as much dung as is hodded The reduplicative form of the word is
or jogged down in one place. Huddel, a lost in Fr. hochef of, a gallimaufrey, a
heap ; to hud, to collect into heaps.- confused mass of many things jumbled
Hal. The hod is then the basket in together. — Cot. Here then, as in Du.
which a hot of dung or of mortar is car hutspot, a haricot or stew of chopped
 HOE HOLM 347

meat and vegetables, the word seems to Pull !—Dict. Castr. But as the cry is
be borrowed, and from Fr. again to have used for the purpose of animating each
come back to us in the shape of hotchpot. other to the work, it may be one of the
Aſotchepotte, tripotaige ; hotchepotte of numerous derivatives from the figure of
many meates, haricot.—Palsgr. setting on a dog. Bret. issa, or hissa, to
Ye hau cast alle hir wordes in an hotchepot. set on, to push, and, in nautical language,
Chaucer. to hoist.—Dict. Lang
In legal phrase a child is said to bring Hold.—Hull. The hold of a ship, the
his special property into hotchpot when hollow part, from Du. holte, abstract of
he mixes it up with the common inherit hol, hollow, as truth of true. Het hol,
ance and takes share and share with the de holte van't schiff, the hollow space, the
other children. whole curvature of the ship.–Père Marin.
Hoe. Fr. houe, hoe, or, as it was spelt Accident has in E. appropriated hold to
by Evelyn, haugh. Fr. houer, to dig up, the inside, hull to the outside aspect of
break up ground with a hoe. Du. hou the body. Sc. how, hollow, the hold of a
wer, a pick or hoe, from houwen, to hew, ship.
to hack. The hate fyre consumes fast the how,
Hog. Bret. hoc'h, houch, swine, from Ouer all the schip discendis thePºluºy.
/toucha, to grunt. So Lap. snorkeset, to
grunt ; snorke, a pig; Fin. maskia, to To Hold. AS. healdan, Sw. h4//a, to
make a noise like pigs in eating (G. keep, observe, hold. ON. halla, guard,
schmatzen), maski, a call for pigs, a pig. custody, support, opinion. Du. houden,
“In driving or any way persuading this G. haſten, to keep, preserve, observe. See
obstinate race, we have no other impera Behold.
tive than hooe, hooe, in a deep nasal, gut
Hole.—Hollow. Du. hol, G. holl,
tural tone appropriately compounded of
hollow; ho/ile, Du. hol, a cave, den, hole;
a groan and a grunt.”—Moor, Suffolk /io/le stemme, a hollow voice, vox fusca,
Words, in v. sus. sus. It is remarkable non clara —Kil.
that these latter syllables are used in call From the dull sound of hollow things.
ing pigs to their swill, agreeing with Lat. Fin. hollata, holista, cavum sonum edo,
sus, while the old cry, mentioned by to give a hollow sound; wesi holaa, aqua.
Latimer, of fºur, fºur, puts us in mind of cum sono et copiose fluit ; wſki holaa,
Zorcus ; ON. purka, a sow. the crowd murmurs. Hollastaa, to mur
Hog. —Bloggel. — Hoggrel.—Hog mur; hollottaa, to speak confusedly;
get.—Hoggaster. A young sheep of Æolina, a hollow sound, confused mur
the second year. Devonshire, Hog-colt, mur, noise of waves or of people talking;
a yearling colt. Du. hokkeling, a heifer, Aolo, anything hollow ; holo-puu, a hol
beast of one year old. From being fed in low tree.
the hok or pen. Honde-hok, a dog ken Holiday. See Holy.
nel; schaaffen-hok, a sheep cote. Holly. AS. holegn, OE. hollen, w, celyn.
Hoggins. Sand sifted from the gravel Hollyhock. Rose d'outremer, the
to be laid on roads. From the jogging garden mallows, called hocks and holly
motion of the sieve. ON. hagga, to move, Aocks.-Cot. W. hocys, AS. hoc, mallows.
to jog. The hollyhock was doubtless so called
Hogshead. A measure for liquids. from being brought from the Holy Land,
Du. ochshood, oghshood, Sw. orhuſwud. where it is indigenous.
Hoiden. A rampant, ill-bred, clown He leaped across the dry bed of the winter
ish wench.-B. But it was not confined torrent, and soon returned in triumph with a
to the female sex. Another form of large bright trophy of pink hollyhocks,—Domestic
Aeathen, Du. heyden, homo agrestis et Life in Palestine, 323.
incultus ; heydensch, agrestis, incultus, Holm. An island; a hill or fenny
paganus.-Kil. ground encompassed with brooks—B. ;
To Hoise. — Hoist. Fr. hisser, Sw. deposit of soil at the confluence of rivers.
hissa, Dan. heise, to hoist, distinct from —Hal. , N. holm, a small island; a spot
Fr. hausser, It. aleare, E. halse or hawse, distinguished from the surrounding land,
to raise, from Lat, altus. bit of grass among corn; separate bit of
The origin of hisser may be a repre pasture. Du, holm, a mount, sand-bank,
sentation of the heavy breath accompany river island. AS. holm, water, sea; holm
ing a violent tug at a rope. Lang. isso A &rºt, an ocean-house, ship. Holmas dælde
cry of men pushing or pulling at a heavy Waldend ure, Our Lord divided the
load. Amen toutes / isso / All at once WaterS.
'348 HOLOCAUST HOPE

Holocaust. Gr. ÖAóxavarov; 6\oc, the orders. Thu me besceawasſ manes manner
whole, and raiw, to burn (in sacrifice). Aad, regardest no man's person or condi
Holograph. Gr. ÖAoypaptw, to write tion. Had oſer/logedon halgan lifes, de
all in one hand ; 6\oc, entire, whole. spised a state of holy life.—Caedmon.
Holster. Now confined to a case for
Bufan haſgum hadum, out of holy orders.
pistols. Du. holster, a case for pistols, Hoof. Du, hoeſ, Dan. hov.
soldier's knapsack. AS. hed/ster, a den, Hook. Du. hoeck, haeck, P1.D. hake,
cave, hiding-place, from he/an, to cover, Pol. and Boh. had, a hook. Related to
as ON. blomstr, a flower, from bloma, to Gr. dyroc, dyköAoc, dyrupa, dyrºv, bend,
bloom. He sette theostra healstur, posuit hook, Öyroc, bend, hook, and Lat, uncus,
tenebras latibulum suum. crooked, angulus, a hook, corner.
I wol herborowe me Hoop. Du. hoºp, hoeffel, ring, hoop.
There I hope to huſstered be, Hoepee/ken, a bunch of flowers. Hoop, a
And certainly sickerest hyding heap, crowd, globe. Swiss hup, huupp,
Is under humblest clothing.—R. R. 6145.
convex; hupi, a knob; Fr. houſe, a tuft.
Holy. ON. heilagr; G. heilig, Du. To Hoop.–Whoop. Fr. houper, Swiss
hey/ig. From G. hell, Du. hey!, health. hopen, hupen, huu/ften, to call out ; Bret.
See Hail. /iopa, to call to a distance. AS. wop, out
Holiday, Du. heyligh-dagh, a day to cry, lamentation ; Fris. wop, cry, wopa,
be kept sacred, unpolluted by work. to call ; Goth. woffan, to crow as a cock;
Homage. The acknowledgment of ON. op, clamour, cry. Gr. 59, oróc, voice.
the tenant under the feudal law that he To Hoot. To cry like an owl; to
was his Lord's man, in the terms, ‘Deve make a cry of derision or contempt. Fin.
nio vester homo.' Thence applied to any hutaa, to shout, to call ; huuto, clamour,
tribute of respect to a superior. vociferation. N. hut, cry to silence a dog.
Home. See Hamlet. W. h.wt / off with it, away ! hwtio, to hiss
Homicide. Lat. homicida, homo, and out. Gael. ut/ ut/ interjection of disap
cardo, to slay. probation or dislike. N. hussa, to frighten
Homily. Gr. Öuixia, the act of inter or drive out with noise and outcry. Bav.
course with one, conversation, discourse; Auss / huss / cry to set on a dog, also to
from Šukoc, an assembly. drive away dogs, pigs, or birds; Swiss
Homo-. Homoeo-. Gr. opuéc, common, Auss / cry of setting on a dog or hissing
joint, agreed ; buotoc, like, resembling. a man ; huss use / out ! off with you! pro
Aomogeneous, Homologous, &c. perly to dogs, then to men.
Hone. A fine kind of whetstone, N. To Hop. G. hiſ/ºſen, N. hoºpa, Du.
Jein, hein-bryni, Sw. dial. hyon, a hone. hoppen, hoppelen, hup/elen, hobben.—Kil.
w. hogi, to incite, set on, to sharpen ; From the figure of broken speech, or
/hogalen, hogfaen, a whetstone. Fin. hioa, speech by a succession of distinct efforts,
Aiowa, to sharpen; hiwua, to be rubbed, we express the idea of motion by a
worn, polished. succession of muscular efforts, or of
Honest. Lat. honestus, from honos, hopping, as distinguished from equable
honour, respect. motion. Sc. habble, habber, Swed.
Honey. Du. G. honig, ON. humang. happla, to stammer, stutter ; E. hobble, to
Honour.—Honourable. Lat. honor, limp ; Bav. hoppelen, hoppern, hoppen, to
honorabilis. jog up and down. Here, as in so many
Hood. A covering for the head. Pl.D. other cases, the frequentative is the ori
hoden, hoen, G. hithen, to keep, guard; ginal form of the word, from whence we
Pl.D. hode, G. huth, guard, keeping ; arrive at the apparent radical hop, ex
Pl.D. hood, G. hut, a covering for the pressing a single muscular effort. It is
upper part of a thing, a hat. Finger-hut, usual to cry to a stumbling man or beast
a thimble ; licht-hut, an extinguisher. Hop ! Hop '—Küttner. . It is also used
Pl.D. hodjen, hätjen, a hood. Du. hoeden, to represent the successive beats of con
to keep, cover, protect ; hoed, hat, hood. tinued action.
-hood. ON. hattr, manner, custom ; Hurrel Hurre! Hop Hop!
hditta, to use, to be wont. Bav. haif, the Ging's fort in sausendem galopp !
condition of a thing ; von finger hail Hop. G. hopfen, Du, hoppen, Fr., hou
auf, from youth or youth-head up. Le //on, ÖFlem. hommel ; on, humall, hops.
diger hait, unmarried state. OHG. heit, Hope. G. hoffen, Du, hopen. In OE.
person, manner. Allo thrio heiti, all the word was used in the sense of simple
three persons. Zi niheineru heiti, in no expectation without reference to any plea
wise. "AS. had, person, sex, habit, state, sure to be derived from the event. So
 HOPPLE HOST 349

oG. hoffºn. Das thier hoff, werhoff, i. e. hull, husk, hose, peel or thin skin that en
stands waiting.—Schwenck. closeth any wheat or rye when it is green.’
To Hopple. See Hamper. —Fl. Dan. dial. hads, haser, the beard
Borde. A Turkish word signifying of corn ; ſas, Sw.fmas, the beard of nuts;
tribe. OHG. ſesa, ptisana, siliqua. W. h5s, hosan,
Horizon. Gr. Öpičw, bound or limit, hose, stocking ; 9d yn ei hosan, corn in
from époc, a boundary. its cover, before the ears burst out.
Born. Goth. haurn, Lat. cornu, Bret. Hospice.—Hospital. Lat. hospitium,
corn, Gr. ripac, Heb. Keren. a lodging for strangers; hospitalis, con
Bornet. G. horniss. From the buzz nected with guests, from hospes, -pitis,
ing noise. W. chzwyrnu, to hum, whizz, landlord, entertainer, host, and conversely
snore; chzwyrmores, a hornet. Du. horn the person entertained, guest. Russ.
se/, horse!, hornet, gadfly ; horse/en, to Gospody, the Lord God ; gospodin, the
gad, to buzz; hor, a plaything, consisting master of the house, lord, gentleman ;
of a toothed disk that is made to spin Boh. hospod, lord; hospodar, host, master
with a humming noise. of the house, landlord ; hospoda, inn,
Horrid.—Horrible. Lat. horreo, to hospice.
shudder. Dan. dial. hurre, to shiver. Host. 1. Fr. hostie, the consecrated
Horse. ON. hross, G. ross, horse; N. wafer in the sacrament; Lat. hostia, a
Jhors, a mare. Sanscr. hresh, to neigh. sacrificial victim.
Aſorse-radish, Pl.D. mar-reddić, from the 2. A landlord. It ospite, Fr. hospſe,
ancient mar, a horse, from some notion hoste, hāte from Lat. hospes, hospit'. See
of the plant being wholesome for horses. Hospice.
Horse-courser. Also written horse 3. An army. In the troubled times
scourser, a horse-dealer, from OFr. coura following the breaking up of the Roman
tier, couracier, a broker. As one of these Empire the first duty of the subject was
forms was contracted in modern Fr. into to follow his lord into the field when re
courtier, the other passed in E. into quired. The summons to the perform
courser. Couratier, mediateur ; —de ance of this duty was expressed by the
chevaux, maquignon, courtier, marchand. terms bannire in hostem, to order out
Roquef. Maguignon, a hucster, broker, against the enemy, or to order out on
horse-courser.—Cot. Courser of horses; military service. “Quicunque liber homo
courtier de chevaux.-Palsgr. in hostem bannitus fuerit et venire con
From the Fr. noun we had formerly to tempserit plenum heribannum componat,’
course, to deal as a broker. • i.e. as it is explained, let him pay a fine
of sixty shillings.-Edict of Charlemagne
This catel gat he mit okering (usury), in Muratori, Diss. 26. The term hostis
And led all his lif in corsing.
Metrical Homilies of 14th century. then, which primarily signified the enemy
against whom the expedition was to be
The word was then corrupted to scourse, made, was compendiously used for the
or scoss, explained, to change—B. ; to military service itself, and is frequently
change, truck, barter. Horse-scourser, taken as synonymous with hostilis ex
maquignon.—Sherwood. For the origin peditio, or exercitalis expeditio, being then
of Fr. courtier, see Broker. used as a feminine noun. A supplication
Horticulture. Lat. hortus, a garden, is addressed to Charlemagne, “ne epis
and colo, cultum, to till, dress. copi deinceps sicut hactenus vexentur
Hose. A stocking, covering for the Mostibus' (i. e. with demands of military
legs. Fr. house, houseau ; It. uosa, Bret. service), ‘sed quando nos in hostem per
/teus, euz, G. hosen, ON. hosa. Du. hose, gimus’ (which may be translated either,
boots, leathern casings. If a covering when we march against the enemy, or
for the leg be the original meaning of the when we proceed on military duty or join
word, it would find a satisfactory explana the ranks), “ipsi propriis resideant in
tion in Gael. cas, cos, the foot or leg; parochiis.’ The same immunity is ex
cois-eidiadh (literally leg-clothing), shoes pressed in a charter of A. D. 965, ‘nec ab
and stockings. The Gael. initial c often hominibus ipsius ecclesiae hostilis ex
corresponds to E. h, as cuiſ, a whip; peditio requiratur.” In a law of Lothaire
cuileann, hollin or holly. But it is more a certain fine is imposed on those who,
likely that the original meaning is the having the means, neglect ‘hostem bene
sheath, husk, pod of pulse, grain, &c. facere,' while those are excused who
Bav. hosen, pod, husk ; Dan. hase, the ‘propter paupertatem neque per se hos
beard or husk of nuts. ‘Follicoli, the tem facere, neque adjutorium praestare
350 HOSTAGE HOVE

possunt.' It. bandire hoste, to proclaim parent from Döhne's description of the
war.—Fl. dental click of the Caffres, in which “the
The expression would easily pass from tip of the tongue is drawn in a pressing
military service to the army on duty, and or sucking manner against the upper
thence to any numerous assemblage. front teeth and gums, and quickly struck
Hostage. No doubt Vossius' deriva away, so as to make a slight noise or
tion is correct, from obses, obsid’, a surety, smack.” The same representative forms
pledge, hostage ; offsidatus, hostage-ship, give rise to Yorksh. hutter (Whitby GI.),
whence obsidaticus, ostaticias, as shown Du. Aaſeren (Hexham, 1647), fatereſt
by It. statico, stadico, hostage. Mid. Lat. (Bomhoff), G. foſtern (Ludwig), to stam
Offstagia, ein leystunge, birgschafft ; off mer, stutter; Ptg. tofaro, stammering.
stagium, gisselunge, giselschafft ; obsta See Philolog. Trans. 1866.
&ius, vel obses, gissel (G. geisel, a hostage), Hough. See Hock.
eyn frides pfant.—Dief. Sup. Hound. G. hund, Gr. riov, ruvác, a
Hostel.—Hotel. Fr. hostel, hôtel, a dog. Perhaps from his howling voice.
lodging, inn, house, residence. Hostler, OHG. hunon, gannire ut vulpes.—Dief.
properly the keeper of an inn, but now Sup., Esthon, hunt, hundi, a wolf, from
applied to the servant at an inn who Aundama, to howl. Sc. hume, to whine
looks after the horses. From Lat. Jos as children.
pit', guest, hospitium, hospitaculum, a Hour. Lat. Mora.
lodging-house, inn, place where strangers House. Goth. hus, G. haus, Magy.
are entertained. In Mid. Lat. hospitale hdiz, Lat. casa.
was used in the same sense, whence hos
pital, hostel, hotel. See Hospice. Housel. ON. hunsl, husl, the sacra
Hostile. Lat. hostilis, hostis, an ment, properly the sacrifice, as Fr. hostie,
enemy, foe. Lat. hostia, the host or consecrated wafer,
IBIOt.See Heat. properly the victim sacrificed. Goth.
Hottentot. Schouten, who visited the Alºns/, sacrifice, hums/jan, to offer sacri
Cape in 1653, a year after the settlement fice; unhunslags, unpropitiable, dorovčoc,
of that colony by the Dutch, says that 2 Tim. iii. 3.
‘the natives were called by us and other * Housings. Fr. housse, a short man
Europeans Hottentots, by reason of their tle of coarse cloth worn in ill weather by
clucking speech.’ “Some words,’ says countrywomen about their head and
Dapper, “they cannot utter except with shoulders ; a footcloth for a horse, a
great trouble, and seem to draw them up coverlet for a bed (in which sense it is
from the bottom of the throat like a tur mostly used in spitles for lepers).-Cot.
key-cock. Wherefore our countrymen A horsecloth, saddle-cloth, cover of chairs,
in respect of this defect and extraordi of carriages, hammer-cloth.-Spiers. The
nary stammering in language have given housse of a draught-horse is explained by
them the name of Hottentots, as that Halma as a sheep or goatskin hung to
word is ordinarily used in this sense as a the neckstrap (collar 2). The original
term of derision to one who stutters and meaning of the word seems to be a tuft
stammers in the use of his words.’ This or bunch of fibrous matter, a rug or
passage may perhaps only show the very shaggy covering. It may be the original
early period at which the term Hottentot of which E. has sock, a tuft of coarse grass,
was applied by the Dutch to a man of is the dim. Fr. houssu, rugged with hair;
uncouth speech, un homme d’un langage crims houssus, thick locks or tufts of hair;
extremement obscur ou desagréable.— moufon .houssu, a sheep well woolled ;
Halma. houssure de laine, a fleece or great lock
of wool; housser, to sweep or dust with
In all discourse they cluck like a broody hen,
seeming to cackle at every other word, so that a besom or brush. The word in Lang.
their mouths are almost like a rattle or a clapper, is ourgo, in Prov. houssa.
smacking and making a great noise with their To Hove. Sc. hove, how, huſº, huff,
tongues.—Dapper's Africa by Ogilvy, p. 595. is explained by Jam. to swell, to halt, to
It was this clicking or stuttering which tarry, stay, lodge, remain. The proper
seems to have been represented by the meaning of the word is to huff or blow,
syllables hot-en-tot, hot and tot, when the and thence, on the one hand, to puff up or
name in question was given to the natives swell, and on the other to take breath, to
whose uncouth speech excited so much rest, repose. ‘Mr J. Hay says that the
attention. That such syllables are well whole body is hoved and swelled like a
adapted to represent the sounds is ap loaf.”
 HOVEL HUE 35 I
Morcar erl of Gloucestre myd ys ost by side gaining is from the element common to
In ane valleye howede the endyne vor to abyde.
- R. G. 218. the foregoing appellations of a petty
dealer. I hucke as one doth that would
To pant and take breath is a natural bye a thynge gode cheape, je harcele.—
figure from which to express the idea of Palsgr.
resting from labour, then resting, ceasing, The name may probably have been
waiting. So N. pusta, to breathe, to rest applied in the first instance to a pedlar
a little ; £º a short rest. or one who carried his pack upon his
Hovel. A shed open at the sides sup back. G. hocken (Pl.D. in de hucke sitten),
ported on posts. It is used by W. of to sit in a cowering attitude, G. hocken,
Worcester for a canopy over the head of a au/hocken, Pl.D. op de hucke nemen (up
statue, according to Hal., in which sense den hukčak nemen.—Brem. Wtb.) to take
it would exactly correspond to Mid. Lat. one on his back.-D. M. v. 248. See
capella (see Chapel), and may be ex Hug. In the same way, from the paral
plained from Du. huiſ, huive, a hood, the lel form Swab. hutschen, to shrug or sit
tilt of a waggon. In like manner E. hut cowering, we pass to Alsace hutglen, to
is related to OG. hot, W. hotan, hotyn, a carry on the back, Westerwald hitschler,
cap, a hood. On the other hand, the Nassau hitsler, one who carries about
word may be related with OFr. hobe, a meal or corn for sale in sacks upon a
coop or hutch, Fr. Fland. hobette, Champ. horse.—Westerw. Id.
Aobe, hobette, huge, hugette, a cabin, hut. In Mid. Lat. huckster was rendered
w. hogſ, hogldy, a hovel, may be bor aurionarius, auriatrix, from a supposi
rowed. tion probably that the verb to huck was
To Hover. Properly, of a hawk, to connected with Lat. augeo, auctum, to
keep itself stationary in the air by a quiv increase, viz. to raise the price.
ering movement of the wings. Du. hugg Huddle. The radical image seems to
Aeren, huyveren, kuyveren, to quiver, be a swarm of creatures in broken move
shiver. —Kil. Bailey has to hover, to ment, thence a confused mass. To huddle
shiver for cold. It is probably from the is thus to make a confused mass; to
figure of shivering that the word is used Auddle on one's clothes, to throw them
in the sense of standing in expectation. on in a disorderly heap ; to huddle
“The landlord will no longer covenant together, to press together in a crowd.
with him, for that he daily looketh after Sc. to hod, to jog, to houd, hodale, to
change, and hovereth in expectation of wriggle, waddle, rock; Banff. to howd,
new worlds.”—Spenser in Todd. Du. howdle, to move up and down with a
Auivergheid, shivering ; fig. irresolution, slight motion as a thing floating, to rock
hesitation.—Bomhoff. a child in the arms, to carry about in a
How. AS. hu, hwa, G. wie, Du. hoe, clumsy manner; Sc. howder, to swarm.
Dan. hwor. It seems the particle which Menyies o' moths an' flaes are shook,
forms an element of the relative pronoun An' in the floor they howder.
who, what, and should mean mode, form, Banff. huthir, to walk in a clumsy hob
specific appearance. bling manner, to do work in a hasty un
To Howl. Lat. ululare, Fr. huller, skilful manner. Swiss hottern, to shake;
Aurler, G. heulen, Du. huylen, Gr. ÖAoAb Adderlen, hätterlen, to waddle, totter ;
Zeiv, to cry out. hoodschen, to crawl; hudeln, to flutter,
Howlet. An Owl. wabble ; hudern, to entangle. Bav.
Hoy. Du. huy, Fr. heu, a kind of hude/n, hudern, to do in a hasty and
vessel used in Brabant either for tracking careless manner. Swab. hudlen, huttlem,
or sailing. -
to hurry over, do in an imperfect man
Hubbub. Outcry, disturbance. A re ner; G. hudeln, Du. hoefelen, to bungle.
petition of hoop / representing a cry. Hue. I. AS. heav, hiw, form, fashion,
Huckle-backed.—Huck-shouldered, appearance, colour; hiwian, to fashion,
See Hug. shape, transform, pretend; hiwung, crea
Huckle-bone. Hug-bone, hubbon, hug tion, pretence. Often explained from
Aſant, the hip, hip-bone. /teawan, to cut, as the cut or shape of a
* Huckster.—To Huck. Du. hoecker, thing. But perhaps heavan, yºvan, to
Aucker, Pl.D. haiker, G. h5&er, Bav. hugºer, show, is a more likely origin, making
Augèler, hugéner, Swab. httker, huk/er, appearance the radical meaning of the
a petty dealer, higler, huckster. As we word. Bav. hau / look.
argued that to higgle was from higler, so 2. Fr. huer, to hoot, shout, make huc
it appears that to huck or haggle in bar and cry. Bret. hua, huda, to cry to
352 HUFF HUGGER-MUGGER
frighten wolves, to hoot or cry in de as E. huckle-backed, crump-backed.—Jam.
rision; W. hwa, to halloo, to loo, to hoot. Du, hurken, as well as hucken, to crouch
To Huff—Hoove. To puff or blow, –Kil.; ON. (with transposition of the r),
analogous to E. whiff, or G. hauchen, to hruka, crouching, shrugging ; at sitia i
breathe or blow, from a representation of eirne hruku, as NE. to ruck, to squat on
the sound. the hams.
And blowen here bellewys that al here brayn On the same principle that the fore
brestes, going are derived from the interjectional
IIuf/puſ/seith that on, haſ/pdf/seith thatother. forms ugh / uk / the Bav. hutsch/ interj.
Satire on the Blacksmiths. Rel. Antiq. 1.240. of cold, gives rise to Swab. hutscheln,
To huff up, to puff up, swell with wind. “In hautscheln, to shiver with cold; hutsch,
many birds the diaphragm may be easily shivery, and hutschen, E. dial. to hutch,
Auffed up with air.’—Grew in Todd. ‘Ex to shrug.
crescences, called emphysemata, like unto Huge. The effect of cold and fear or
bladders puffed up and hooved with wind.” horror on the human frame being nearly
—Holland's Pliny in R. the same, the interjection ugh Z is used
Then, as an angry person puffs and as an exclamation as well of cold as of
blows, a huff, a fit of passion ; to take horror, and disgust. Hence ug (the root
huff, to take offence; to give one a huff, of ugly, tºgsome, &c.), in the sense of
to speak like an angry man to one, to shudder, feel horror at ; ON. ugga, to fear;
give him a rebuke. ‘Fort joyeux de ce Sc. to ug, OE. to houge, to feel horror at;
que le conte avait ainsi espouffé le dit Bret. heuge, aversion, disgust. See Ugly.
procureur,' had given the procureur a The meaning of huge then is, so great as
good huff-Motley 2. 20. to CauSe terror.
To huff one at draughts is so called be The knight himself even trembled at his fall,
cause the move is accompanied by blow So huge and horrible a mass it seemed.—F. Q.
ing on the piece. Dan, blase en brikke,
to blow on a piece, to huff at draughts;In the same way Bohem. hruza, hor
Pol. chuch / I huff you; chuchad, to ror, shudder, also a great number, a fear
ful number.
blow.
Hug. The utterance induced by the * Hugger-mugger.—Hodermoder.—
shudder of cold is represented in differ Hudgemudge. Adverbial expressions
ent dialects by the interjections ugh / u / applied to what is done in a concealed or
wk / hu / schu / shuch /–Grimm 3. 298; clandestine manner.
Wall. chouk / interjection expressive of And yet I pray thee leve brother
cold.—Remacle. From this interjection is Rede thys ofte, and so lete other,
formed Du. huggeren, frigutire, to shiver. Huyde it not in hodymoke.
—Kil. Myrc. Instr. Parish Priest, p. 62.
From the same source the E. hug sig The radical image, as in the case of
nifies the bodily attitude produced by the cuddle, is a whispering together. Banff.
sensation of cold when we shrug together Audgemudge, a side talk in a low tone, a
into a heap with the back rounded and suppressed talking: ‘The two began to
the arms pressed upon the breast. “I hudgemudge wi'ane anither in a corner.’
Jugge, I shrink in my bed. It is good To hudge, to rumour, to speak in secret.
sporte to see this little boy hugge in his G. mucken, to mutter, Swiss muckeln,
bed for cold.”—Palsgr. The reference to muggeln, to murmur, to speak secretly
cold is afterwards lost, and the word is of a thing; gemuggel, murmur, rumour. G.
applied to the mere pressure of anything muck represents a suppressed utterance,
between the arms against the breast. the least sound a person makes when endea
Parallel forms are G. hocken, Du. hucke, vouring to keep still, and thence mucken,
Sw, huka sig, Da.sidde paa hug, to crouch, to suppress an utterance, to keep still. N.
sit cowering; Du. huckschouderen, to mugg, secrecy; mugge, to do anything
shrug the shoulders, explaining E. huck in secret. Sw. le i myugg, to laugh in
shouldered, crump-shouldered, huckle one's sleeve. A similar train of thought
backed, hump-backed. may be observed in Lat. mutire,
The introduction of an r (always useful mussare, mussitare (to say mut), to
in the expression of shivering) gives Fris. mutter, say anything in a low voice, to
horcken, to shrug with cold — Kil. ; E. be silent, to make no noise, to keep a
Aurch, to cuddle, hurkle, to shrug up thing secret; Fr. musser, mucer, to hide,
the back-Hal. To hurkle, to crouch, conceal, keep close, lurk in a corner—Cot.
draw the body together ; hurkle-backit, —‘Cil que musce les furmens : qui ab
 HUGUENOT HUMDRUM 353

scondit frumenta.” — Proverbes 11. 36. N. hu//a, sulla, tral/a, to lull, quiet by
‘Don muscee esteint ire : munus abscon singing in a monotonous voice; mulla,
ditum extinguit iras.”—Ib. 21. 14. Banff. to mutter, speak soft and unmeaningly.
hushmush, a secret talking, a rumour. Hull. I. The chaff of corn, cod of
In modern use hugger-mugger is rather pease.—B. G. hill/e, a clothing, veil,
applied to what is done in a muddling cloke. See To Hill.
or mean and disorderly manner than to 2. The body of a ship. See Hold.
what is done in secret, a sense which Hullabaloo.—Hurly-burly. Words
may be illustrated by Banff. husch/e. formed to represent a confused noise,
muschle, a state of great confusion, very hence signifying uproar, confusion. As
often employed to indicate the confusion a singular instance of nearly identical
that may arise in money matters, or when words devised in widely different coun
anything is done in which many people tries to represent the same image, we
are concerned, a muddle. Huschle, the may cite Turkoman qualabálach, clam
noise made by any material (generally our, row, mob, crowd.—F. Newm. Åara
soft) thrown down or falling of itself. balik S. s.-Hunting Grounds of Old
In a huschle, in a confused mass. “The World. Illyr. /a/abuka, uproar, noise.
aul’ fehl dyke cam doon in a husch/e aboot Boh. halabala, helter-skelter ; Sanscr.
ther lugs.” Here huschle or huschle Aalahalá, shout, tumult, noise.—Benfey.
muschle represents a confused sound, as To Hum.—Humble-bee. G. hum
of a number of people or of things fall men, summen, Du, hommelen, Lat. bom
Ingº. &ire, bombifare, all from direct imitation,
#uguenot Swiss Rom. einguenot, to hum or buzz as a bee. G. hummel, a
higueno, protestant (Bridel in v. tsassi), drone, humble-bee ; Lat. bombus, Gr.
seem to support the most plausible of Bóuſłoc, a humming ; 3opſ36Atoc, a humble
the many derivations offered, from G. bee, bumble-bee.
eidgemossen, confederates. To Hum, To delude. To hum and’
* Hulk. Formerly a large merchant Æaw is to stammer and be at a loss what
ship. to say. Hence to hum one in a factitive
Having collected together about fourscore sense is to cause him to hum and haw,
hulkes (navibusonerariis).-Golding, Caesar in R. to perplex him. ON. hwums, repressae
Two hulkes wherein certain goods appertain vocis sibilus, astonishment; at hvumsa,
ing to Englishmen were taken by Frenchmen.— to confound. Hann hwumsadis vid, he
Cardinal Wolsey in R. was so confounded he could hardly stam
It. olca, orca, a great ship or hulk. Fr. mer out a word. On the other hand con
Aourque, ou!gue, a hulk or huge flie-boat. sider Ptg. gumbir, to hum, zombar, to
—Cot. The original meaning of the jeer orjest.
word is probably shown in OE. horrock, Human. — Humane. Fr. humain,
the hold, or place where the cargo was Lat. humanus, belonging or appropriate
stored. to a man, from homo.
O boy that fled to one of the Flemysh shippis Humble.—Humility. Lat. humilis,
and hid him in the horrok.-Capgrave, 234. low, from humus, the ground.
Humbug. A modern term. Perhaps
The hold may have been so called from for humbug, from a union of hum and
N.E. hurrock, a heap or quantity, from the buzz, which seem to be taken as signify
heap of sacks which formed the cargo, ing sound without sense.
and was in ON. called bulki, bulk. ON.
Aruga, a heap. Sir, against one o'clock prepare yourself,
On the other hand the horrock or hold Till when you must be fasting; only take
Three drops of vinegar in at your nose,
may have been viewed as the place where Two at your mouth, and one at either ear,
the water collects. Lat. orca, urceus, To sharpen your five senses, and cry hum
Lang. dourc, dourco, a jar; Flem. duré, Thrice, and then bug as often.—Alchemist.
zerk, the bilge of a ship. N. holk, a pail, Preserved or reserved 'tis all one to us,
tub. Sing you Te Deum, we'll sing Hum and Bus.
To Hull. 1. To float, ride to and fro Heraclitus Ridens, ii. 56, in N. & Q.
on the water.—B. Fr. houſe, the waves Buz, quoth the blue fly,
or rolling of the sea. Du. Aolle or hol Hum, quoth the bee,
Aſaandezee, a hollow or agitated sea. Bug and hum they cry,
2. To coax or fondle. And so do we.

She hul/id him and mol/id him and took him

Catch, set by Dr Arne in N. & Q., June 18, 1864
about the neck.-Chaucer. Beryn. Humdrum. What goes on in a hum
23
354 HUMID HURLYBURLY

ming and drumming or droning way; long hundred still occasionally used in
monotonous, common-place. trade reckoning. In Saxon reckoning
Humid. —Blumour. Lat. humidus, the term hund forms an element in the
moist, humor, moisture. designation of the decads after three
Hump.–Hummock. Du. hamme, a score ; hund-seoſontig, seventy ; hund
lump of something eatable, a piece of teontig, a hundred ; hund-twelftig, a hun
land; hompe, a hunch, piece cut off dred and twenty. The union of the As.
something ; hompe broods, a hunch of elements hund, tig, may pretty clearly be
bread. OSw. hap, hump, a piece of land. recognised in the Gr, covra, Lat. ginti,
The immediate origin seems the notion the termination of the decads below a
of a projection, a modification of form hundred, while the same element appear
which may either be regarded as traced ing in quadringenti, guingenti, 4oo and
out by a jogging motion, or as giving a 500, connects hund with Lat. centum, W.
jolt to those who pass over it. It must cant. From the Goth. taihun-téhund, a
also be borne in mind that a jolting hundred, it would seem that hund is a
movement is represented by the figure of docked form of taihun, ten, which would
a rattling sound or broken utterance. agree with its appearance in the decads
Thus we have N. glamra, sérangla, to below 100. Hund-seoſon-tig, ten seven
rumble, rattle; glamren, skranglen, rough, times. The termination red is explained
uneven ; Du. hobbelen, to stammer, also by Ihre from the practice of reckoning on
to jog, jolt, rock; hobbe/ig, rough, un an abacus composed of several wires,
even ; E. hobble, to move with an uneven where each bead has a different value
gait; hob, hub, a projection. Then with according to the wire or line on which it
the nasal intonation Pl.D. humpeln, is placed. OSw. rad, a line.
Aumpumpen (Schütze), to limp ; Bav. unger. Goth. huhrus, hunger; hugr
Aumpen, Du. hompelen, to limp or stum jan, huggºyan, to hunger.
ble; hompelig, rough, uneven ; E. hump, To Hunt. To pursue with hounds.
a projection ; N. hump, a knoll. The See Hound.
same relation holds between E. limp, to Hurdle. Du. horde, a hurdle, fence of
go unevenly, walk lame, and lump, a branches or osiers; horden-wandt, a
projection, excrescence, piece cut off. wicker wall. G. hirde, a frame of rods,
And see next Article. hurdle, grate; hirdung, a fence made
Hunch. To hunch, to give a thrust with hurdles, which is probably not to be
with the elbow—B. ; to shove, to gore confounded with E. hoarding, a fencing
with the horns.—Hal. The meaning of of boards. Fr. hourdis, wattle-work for
the word is thus a jog with something walls, gave rise to Mid. Lat. hurdicium, a
pointed, and thence a projection (Lat. wicker defence in sieges.
projicere, to strike outwards); then, as Et quae reddebant tutos hurdicia muros.
the prominent part of a loaf or the like is
the readiest cut off, a hunch of bread, a ON, hurd, a door, properly a wicker gate.
piece separated for the purpose of eating. The origin is Swiss hurd, a pole.
In the same way we have lunch, a Hence Rouchi hour, hourde, a framework
thump, and lunch, a lump or hunch of of poles to keep hay from the ground in
bread, or the like ; bunch, to thrust or a barn; hourdache, a mason's scaffold.
strike, and bunch, a knob ; while each of Perhaps the word may be identical with
these synonyms ending in ch have a E. rod, by transposition of the r.
parallel form in mp, hump and hunch, To Hurl. To make a noise—B. ; to
lump and lunch, bump and bunch, dump rumble as the wind—Hal.; but now only
or thump (dumpling, a knob of dough or to drive through the air with a whirring
paste) and dunch. noise. Sw. hurra omkring, to whirl
Hundred. ON. hundrad, from hund round ; Bohem. chrleti, to throw or hurl.
and rad, ratio, reckoning, number. Hund Du. hor, E. dial. hurr, a toy composed of
margr (mangr, many), to the number of a toothed disk made to spin round with a
a hundred. The term raed, a reckoning humming sound ; Dan. hurre, to hum
(a counting up to ten), corresponds in Sw. or buzz; Swiss hurrli, a humming-top.
to the G.2ig or E. ty in the formation of Hurlyburly. The whirring noise
cardinal numbers; attraed, eighty, myraed, made by a body moving rapidly through
ninety, and sometimes the hund-raed the air is represented in G. by hrr.”
comprised twelve raea's instead of ten. Murr t br/ burr A ‘Arr 1 weg ist's :’
This was called the hundraed toſſraed, of whizz it 's gone. The representative
twelve tens or 120, corresponding to our syllables are then variously combined to
 HURRA HYDR- 355

signify bustle, noise, disturbance. G. Belongs to the same imitative class as

Aurliðurli, hurlur/iburli, with rapidity Aurl, hurly-burly, &c. N. hurra, to
and violence (Sanders); Fr. hurluber/u, rattle.
Aurlubre/u, hustuberlu (Jaubert), in a Husband. From ON. bud (the equiva
bouncing way, abruptly. Pl.D. huller lent of G. bauen, Du. bouwen), to till, cul
de-buller, Sw. huller-om-buller, Du. tivate, prepare, are bu, a household, farm,
/o/der-de-bolder, head over heels, con cattle ; budna'i, bondi, N. bonde, the pos
fusedly, in a hurry. sessor of a farm, husbandman; husbond
Hurra ! Exclamation of excitement.or husband, the master of the house.
Bav. hr/ hr' ' interjectio frementis. Probably Lap. banda, master, Ædite-banda
Hurricane. Fr. ouragan, Sp. huracan, (káte, house), master of the house, with
from a native American word probably the derivative bandas, rich, may be bor
imitating the rushing of the wind. Comp. rowed from the Scandinavian.
E. hurl, to rumble as the wind ; hurlwind, Hush. See Hist.
a whirlwind ; hurleb/ast, a hurricane.— Husk. Du. hulse, hu/sche, husk, chaff,
Hal. covering of seeds, huysken, case in which
To Hurry. This word had formerly anything is kept, also as huſse, the pod,
a stronger meaning than that in which it chaff, or seed-vessel.—Kil. The Walach.,
is now commonly used. It is explained which changes & for £, has hospá, husk,
by Junius violenter dejicere, raptim pro chaff, pod.
pellere. The origin is a representation of Hussar. Magy. husgar, a light horse
the sound made by something rapidly man, skirmisher, soldier adapted to harass
whirled through the air. Thus G. husch the enemy. From Swiss huss/ Magy.
is explained by Küttner, a term express us2 / uszu / cries used in setting on a
ing quick motion accompanied by a hiss dog, are formed Du. hussen, huschen,
ing sound, and it as well as hurr Z are Magy, uszitani, husgitani, to incite, set
used interjectionally in the sense of quick! on to attack; N. hussa, to chase with
make haste Swiss hurrsch, a sound in noise and outcry. See Harass, To Hurry.
tended to express a rapid action accom Hussy. Corrupted from huswiſe.
panied by a whizzing sound, whence in Hustings. The municipal court of
terjectionally, hurrsch / out with you ! the city of London, where probably the
OHG. hursc, quick; hurscyan, arhurscyan, elections were first conducted, and hence
to hasten. Kehursche dina chumſt, hasten the name may have been transferred to
thy coming.—Notker. G. hurtig, quick, the polling-booths at an election. ON.
brisk. The Teutonista gives huri / as a thing, Dan. ting, court of justice, assem
cry to urge on horses. “JHurt est inter bly. The husting was the house or do
jectio festinantis quod loquitur auriga mestic court.
equis quando pellit currum vel redum vel To Hustle. To shake or push about.
hujusmodi.”—Jun. The equivalent cry in Hustle-cap, a game in which halfpence
France and Italy is arri / harri / (a cart are shaken about in a cap and then
erly voice of exciting—Cot.), whence Sp. thrown into the air. Du. hutsen, hutselen,
arriero, a driver of mules. Arri.' arri / to shake to and fro; N. huska, huste, to
ga, ga, debout, debout, cry to excite to rock, swing. Fr. housfiller, to pull about,
work-Dict. Castr. Harrer / quicker tug each other like fighting dogs; Champ.
an exclamation to a horse in Townley Aourdebiller,to shake, hourballer, to illuse.
Mysteries.—Hal. Hut. W. hotan, hotyn, a cap, hood,
Hurst. Du. horst, a brake, bushy OG. hot, a cap. ‘Digitabulum, ſinger
place ; Swiss hurst, a shrub, thicket; G. Auot, -hot, -ſhut.—Dief. Sup. OSax. hutte,
/orst, a tuft or cluster, as of grass, corn, care, protection.—Kil. Du. hut, hutte,
reeds, a clump of trees, heap of sand, hut, cabin.
crowd of people. Hutch. Fr. huche, a chest or bin ;
To Hurt.—Hurtle. Du. horten, Fr. Champ. huge, hugette, a coffer, shop, hut,
heurter, It. urfare, to dash against. W. cabin. Du. hok, a pen, cote for animals;
Awrad, a stroke, blow, brush, onset, Æonijnen-hok, a rabbit-hutch ; N. hoºk, a
hyrdaio, to drive, thrust, butt, irritate. To small apartment, bedchamber.
Aurtle, to clash or dash together, is the Hybrid. Lat. hybrida, a mongrel,
frequentative-form of the same root. animal born of heterogeneous parents,
And whenever he taketh him he hurt/ith him explained from Gr. 3pic, outrage, viz. an
down.—Wiclif, Mark 9. outrage on the laws of nature.
The noise of battle hurtleth in the air. Hydr-. Gr. ºwp, -aroc (in comp.
Julius Caesar. tºpo-), water. Hence hydraula (at Moç, a
23
356 HYDRA IF

pipe), an organ sounded by water, then trepòoA), excess, going beyond the mark,
transferred to a machine driven by water; excessive praise. .
Aydraulics, the science of fluids in action. Hyphen. Lat. hyphen, from Gr. ºv
%. what generates water; hydro (tºp' ºv, under one), together.
phobia (pó3oc, fear), the disease charac Hypo-. Gr. iró, Lat. sub, under.
terised by dread of water, &c. Hypochondriac. Gr. Xóvãpoc, a car
Hydra. Gr. Épa, a water-serpent ; a tilage ; rā Śroxévôpia, the soft part of the
fabulous monster so named. body under the cartilage of the breast,
Hyena. Gr. invia (from tic, a sow, the supposed seat of the disorder.
swine), literally, a swine-like creature ; Hypocrisy. Gr. brokpivouai, to answer,
from the rigid hair along the back. to speak in dialogue, play a part upon
Hygrometer. Gr. Ypoc, damp, humid, the stage, met. to play a part, dissemble,
and airpov, a measure. pretend ; tróxploic, -aia, playing a part,
Hymen. Gr. 'Yu') v, a name of the hypocrisy, outward show.
deity of marriage, a nuptial song. Hypothesis. Gr. ºró3soug (ºró, under,
Hymn. Gr. tuvoc, a song, a poem to and rišnut, to set, place), a placing or
the honour of God. setting under, something set under, a
Hyper-,-Hyperbole. Gr. trip, above foundation, a supposition or assumption.
or beyond ; tırsp;34AAw (34AAw, to cast or Hysteric. Gr. Warspiroc, pertaining to
throw), to overshoot, exceed ; whence affections of the (taripa) uterus.

I. G. ich, ON. e.g., Lat. ego, G. Ryū, töltörmc rotirov roi; pyov, unacquainted with
Sanscr. aham. this work ; ičiūral cará rov tróvov, persons
Ice. ON. is, G. eis, Du. ifs. The Pl.D. unaccustomed to labour; ióworncrº Aóyº,
aisen, Du. ifsen, to shudder, which have rude in speech.
been indicated as the origin of our word, Inscius et brutus, simplex, idiotague, follus,
are probably themselves derivatives, in Indoctus vel insipidus conjungitur istis.
accordance with Fr. se glacer d'horreur, John de Garlandia de synonymis.
d'épouvante. , Magy. jeg, Lap. jagna, The word was used in the 16th century in
Fin.jdd, Gael. eigh, eidhre, eighre, W. ia, a weaker meaning than at present. Idiot,
ice; Bret. ien, cold. neither fool ne right wise ; half innocent.
Icicle. As, ises gicel, Pl.D. ishekel, —Pr. Pm.
Du. ifskekel, iskegel, N. isjukel, isjökul, Idle. Empty, vain, unemployed. G.
Da. dial. isegel, icicle. ON. jokull, piece eitel, Du, iſdel. Iidel van hoofde, mad;
of ice, field of ice, jaki, piece or mass of iſdelen haerinck, a shotten or empty her
ice. Hann er stödugr eins og jaki, he ring.—Kil. Wedel (of texture), loose, not
stands as steady as a block of ice. Sup tight, pierced with many small holes;
posed by Aufrecht to be of the same stock fedele plaats, an empty place.—Halma.
with OIr, aig, Gael. eigh, W. ió (for tag), ON. audr, empty, vacant ; G. dde, waste,
1CC.
void, desert; Fr. vuide, voide, empty,
Idea.—Ideal. Gr. iča, look, appear waste, wide, hollow.—Cot.
ance, of a thing, its fancied form. Idol.—Idolatrous. Gr. etówkov, a
Identical. From Lat. idem, the same,
likeness,
whence Fr. identité, identifier, identigue. an image. representation, of a god, namely,
Idiom. Gr. ióiwua, a peculiarity of, or
mode of expression peculiar to, any given Idyll. Lat. idyllium, from Gr, sióüA
language, from 16toc, private, personal, Atov, a brief poem.
peculiar to one in particular. If Goth. iba, num, whether? jabai,
Idiot. From Gr. idioc, one's own, pri if ; ohG. ible, ubaoba, ob, if, whether;
vate, ičwormc, a private person, one who hence condition, doubt; ano ibu, without
has no professional knowledge, unprac doubt, without condition, as OFr. sans
tised, unskilled in anything. Mod.Gr. nul si. Du. of, oſt, if, whether, or ; G. 0%
 IGNEOUS IMPREST 357

whether. ON. ef, if ; eſa, ifa, to doubt; worse; empirer, to make worse, impair.
OSw.jeſwa, to doubt, suspect. To Impeach. Prov, empachar, em
Igneous.-Ignite. Lat. ignis, fire. £aitar, to embarrass, hinder; empaig,
Ignoble. — Ignominy. — Ignorant. hindrance. It impacciare, OFr. em
From the root of Lat. gnosco, to know, Aescher, to encumber, trouble, hinder.
are formed gnarus, knowing, skilful, no Poitrine empeschee, obstructed chest;
bilis (for gnobilis), illustrious, widely empescher le ſieſ, to take legal possession
known, momen (for gnomen), name, fame. of the fief. To impeach one of treason
Hence with the privative in-, ignarus, is to fasten a charge of treason upon him.
unknowing or unknown ; ignoro, not to Now the notion of encumbering, clogging,
know ; ignobilis, of no reputation ; igno or impeding is very generally taken from
minia, discredit, ill-fame. the figure of entangling with a sticky
Ilk. The same. See Such. material. Sc. claggy, unctuous, miry; to
Ill. Goth. ubils, G. iibel, evil. ON. c/ag, to daub with clay, to clog; and
illr, evil, bad. clasſ is used in a forensic sense for en
Image.—Imagine. Lat. imago, -inis, cumbrance, burden on property, or for
a resemblance or representation of a thing. impeachment on character. In the same
According to Festus from imitor, to imi way G. Kummer (the equivalent of E.
tate. cumber, encumber), sometimes used for
Imbecile. Lat. imbecillis, feeble; ex the dirt in the streets, signifies arrest,
plained as if it signified one without a seizure, attachment of goods. To pester,
(bacillus) staff. But the sense is rather to embarrass, trouble, encumber, is the
one who leans upon a staff. Fr. empaistrir, to entangle in paste or
To Imbrue. It. bevere, to drink, beve glutinous material.
rare, to give or to cause to drink. On the In like manner the root of It. impac
same principle Fr. beuvre (Pat. de Berri), ciare may be G. paſsche, puddle, mud,
to drink, would form beuvrer, to cause to from patschen, to paddle. Einen in der
drink, whence (by the same inversion as Aatsche stecken lassen, to leave one stick
found in Fr. breuvage, bruvage, from ing in the mud, leave him in the lurch.
beverage) embreuver, to moisten, soak in, It. impacciuccare, to bedaub.-Fl. It
soften with liquor; s’embruer, to imbrue may however be from Gael. bac, stop,
or bedabble himself with.-Cot. hindrance, as indicated under Dispatch.
To Imbue. Lat. imbuo, to moisten or Imperial,—Imperative. Lat. impe
soak. Bua was a nursery word for drink. rium, command, dominion, empire.
Imitate. Lat. imitor, imitatus. Implement. What is employed or
Immaculate. Unstained. Lat. ma applied in the exercise of a trade. Fr.
cula, a spot or stain. employer, emplier, to employ.
Immense. Lat. metior, mensus, to To Imply. Lat. implicare, Fr. im
measure; immensus, unmeasured, beyond A/i7uer, to enfold, enwrap, involve.
measure. See Measure. Import. Sense or meaning.—B. See
To Immolate. Lat. mola, meal with Purport.
salt sprinkled upon the sacrifice; immolo, To Importune.—Importunate. Lat.
-as (so to dress the victim), to offer, to importunus, unseasonable, inconvenient,
sacrifice. troublesome, seems to be formed as the
Imp. A scion, shoot, graft, figuratively opposite to opportunus. Hence to im
offspring, a child, but now only applied portune, to be troublesome to. See Op
in a bad sense, a child of Hell. portune.
The origin is Du. Aote, Dan. pode, Imposthume. A corruption of Fr.
Pl.D. pact, a shoot, slip ; whence Pl.D. apostume, apostème, from Gr. diróornua
paten, inpaten, Du. pooten, inpoofen, to (literally, what separates or stands apart),
plant, to set ; Dan. Aode, Limousin em an abscess.
£eouta, Bret. embouda, OHG. impiton, Impregnable. What cannot be taken.
impten, AS. impan, G. impfen, to graft; OFr. A regner, Lat. prehendere, to take.
in the Salic laws impotus, Limousin em Imprest. Money given out for a cer
peou, a graft. . The total squeezing out tain purpose to be afterwards accounted
of the long vowel is remarkable. The for. “There remaineth in sundrie pro
Du. Aote is related to E. put, as Du. botte, vicions—as well with certein money de
Fr. bouton, a bud, to Du. botten, Fr. livered imprest for the provision of the
bouter, to put forth as a tree in the household, who have not yet accounted
spring.—Cot. for the same.’ ‘In provicion 4–. In
To Impair. Lat. Aejor, Fr. Afs, fire, Arest 4– viz. in the hands of, &c.’—
358 IM PUDENT INSTIGATE

Household account of Princess Elizabeth, fundamental signification, were used for

Camden Miscell. vol. ii. In prest, in servant, It...ſante was used for an attend
ready money. ant, a man or woman servant, a knave or
Impudent. Lat. impudens, shame varlet upon the cards, a footman or sol
less ; pudeo, to be ashamed ; pudor, dier serving on foot; fanteria, infantry,
shame. As shame is the painful emotion foot-soldiers.-Fl.
produced by the reprobation of those to Inferior.—Infernal. Lat. infra, be
whom we look with respect, or of our neath, below; inſerior, nether, lower;
own better self, it is probable that the infernus, nethermost, lowest.
word is derived from the interjection of Ingle. Fire. Gael. aingeal, fire, light,
reprobation, Pu / Phu / Fu / F / ori sunshine.
ginally expressing disgust at a bad smell; Ingot. Originally the mould in which
Ahu / in malam crucem.—Plaut. Pudet the metal was cast, and not the bar itself.
me, it shames me, they cry fu / upon The alchemist in the canon yeoman's tale
me. See Putrid. gets a piece of chalk and cuts it into the
In-. Ig-. Il-. Im-. Ir-. Lat. in, Gr. shape of an ingot which will hold an
iv, in, on. In comp. it usually corre ounce of metal.
sponds to Gr, av-, E. un-, as in incon He put this once of copper in the crosslet,
And on the fire as withe he hath it set—
stant, inaccurate. Before words begin
And afterward in the ingot he it cast.
ning with a labial the n is changed to m,
as in impenitent, imbrue, immense. Before G. einguss, the pouring in, that which is
g, l, and r, the n is assimilated with the infused, a melting vessel, ingot mould,
following consonant, although, as in the crucible.—Küttn. From eingiessen, Du.
first of these cases the g is not doubled, ingieten, to pour in, cast in.
the n seems to be simply lost. Thus we Inguinal. Lat. inguen, the groin.
have Lat. ignarus for in-gnarus, ignobilis Ink. Gr. ºyravarov, Lat. encaustum,
for in-gnobilis. Illegal, what is contrary the vermilion used in the signature of the
to law ; irrepressible, what cannot be emperor. Hence It, inchiostro, incostro,
repressed. Fr. encre, enque, Wall. eng, enche, Du.
Incendiary. Lat. incendium, a burn in/ºf.
ing, from incendo, to kindle ; candeo, to Inkle. Tape, linen thread. Fr. li
glow, to be on fire. gneul, lignol, strong thread used by shoe
Incense. From Lat. incendo, incensum, makers and saddlers; ſignivol (corre
to kindle, to set on fire, we have to incense sponding apparently to It. digniuolo),
in a met. sense, to kindle wrath. shoemaker's thread.—Roquef. From the
From the same source Fr. emcens, E. first of these forms are E. lingel, lingle,
incense, a composition of sweet gums for Zingan.
burning in churches. Nor hinds wi' elson and hemp lingle,
Incentive. Lat. incino, to sing or Sit soling shoon out o'er the ingle.
make music to; incentivus, that sings or Ramsay in Jam.
sounds to, and thence (from the incite The second form lignivol may probably
ment of martial or dance music), that explain oe. Ziniolf. Lynyolf or innioſ,
stirs up or incites to. Non tubae solum, threde to sow with schone or botys, in
sed etiam Spartanae tibiae incentivum dula, licinium.–Pr. Pm. The loss of the
aliquod feruntur habuisse.— Paneg, ad initial 1, of which we have here an ex
Constantin. ample, would convert lingle into ingle or
Inch. Lat. uncia, the 12th part of a inkle. From Lat. linum, flax, Fr. ligne,
Fº as an inch is the 12th part of a Sc. ling, a line; Fr. linge, linen, cloth of
OOt. flax; Sc. linget-seed, flax-seed.
Indigenous. Lat. indigena, a native, Inkling. See Hint.
born in the country (in question). Indu, Inn. ON. inmi, within ; inmi, a house,
indo, and endo are given as old forms of the lair of a wild-beast; inni-bod, a feast
in, corresponding to Gr. ºvčov and #vróg, at home. Sc. in, inn, lodging, dwelling.
within. 'Evêoyevic, born in the house. The Bruys went till his innys swyth (to his
Indite. OFr. endicter, from Lat. in lodgings).-Barbour. -

dico, indictus.
Infant. —Infantry. Lat. infams, a To Inn. To bring in, carry home. “I
child before the age of speech, from in, inne, I put into the berne.”—Palsgr.
negative, and for, ſari, Gr. ºnut, to speak. Inquest. Lat. inquirere, Fr. enguerre,
Fr. enfant, child, son. Then as Lat. to inquire; enqueste, an inquiry. -

£uer, a boy, or E. Knave, with the same Instigate. Lat, instigo, to incite, prick
 INSULAR IRRITATE 359

forward ; Gr. oričw, to prick; oriyuñ, a pression of angry passion, and are also
prick, point; oriyuác, a pricking. imitated by man in the cries used to
Insular. Lat. insula, an island. rouse the passions of the animal and
Integer.—Integral.—Integrity. Lat. excite him to attack. Thus from the
integer, entire, properly untouched, from same root are developed forms signifying
in and tago, tango, to touch. snarl, anger, incite, set on. From the
Inter-. Lat. inter, between, among ; continued sound of the letter r, the littera
as in Intercede, Interject, Interlude. hirriens, are formed Lat. hirrire, w, hyr
Interior.—Internal. Lat. intra, with rio, E. harr, to snarl ; Fin. dri, snarling
in ; interior, further in ; internus, inner like a dog, angry; drista, to snarl, to
ImoSt. rage, irá fremere; drryttää, to set on,
Interloper. Du. enterloper, a contra irritate, make angry. The cry used to
band trader, one who runs in between incite a dog is represented in w. by
those legitimately employed. Du. loopen, the interjection herr'ſ hyrr/—Richards,
to run. agreeing with N. hirra, to incite, and
Intoxicate. Lat. toxicum, Gr. roštröv, (without the initial has in Lat. ira) Dan.
poison, said to be from rāšov, a bow with irre, offirre, to tease, to provoke, incite ;
the arrows belonging to it, from the latter G. verinen, verinren, exasperare.—Dief.
being smeared with poison. *::::: See Irritate.
Intrigue.—Intricate. It intrico, in is.-Iridescent. Gr. ipic, the rain
trigo, intrinco, any intricateness, en bow.
tangling trouble, or incumbrance.—Fl. To Irk-Irksome. As earg, slothful,
Lat. intrico, to entangle; extrico, to dis dull, timid ; ON. argr, recusans, reformi
entangle, extricate. Trica, impediment, dans—Andersen. AS., eargian, torpes
trifles. cere prae timore, Sc. ergh, to feel reluctant,
To Inveigle. To allure, entice or to refrain from for timidity.
deceive by fair words.-B. From It. Dear Jenny, I wad speak t'ye wad ye let,
invogliare, to make one willing, longing, And yet I ergh, ye're ay sae scornfu' set.
or desirous.-Fl. “She gave them gifts Ramsay in Jam.
and great rewards to inveigle them to To irá is to make one ergh, to dull one's
her will.”—Indictment of Ann Boleyn in inclination to action, to tire or become
Froude. It is probably from a false no weary.
tion of the etymology that we find it spelt My spouse Creusa remanit or we came hidder,
aveugle. ‘The marquis of Dorset was— Or by some fate of God's was reft away,
so seduced and aveugled by the Lord Or gif sche errit or irkit by the way.—D. V.
Admiral that, &c.”—Sharington's con —Erravitne vià, seu lassa resedit.
fession, A.D. 1547, in Froude, v. I32. Iron. Goth. eisarn, Du. iser, isern, G.
Invidious. Lat. invidia, envy. eisen, W. haiarn, Gael. tarum.
Invite. Lat. invito. Irony. Lat, ironia, from Gr. sipavsta,
Invoice. A bill of particulars sent an assumed appearance, pretence; tipwy,
with goods. The word could never have one who speaks with a sense other than
been formed from Fr. envoi, the envoy or the words convey, a dissembler.
concluding address with which a publica To Irritate. Lat. irritare, to incite,
tion was formerly sent into the world. stir up, provoke. A compound of in and
As most of our mercantile terms are a simple ritare, and not a frequentative
from It., we may with confidence trace of the root irr seen in Dan. offirre, G.
the derivation to It. avviso, notice, in verinren, N. hirra, Fin. drryttäd, to pro
formation, by the insertion of an n, as in voke, mentioned under Ire.
Fr. attiser, E. entice. The invoice is in The snarling sounds of fighting dogs
fact a letter of advice (It. lettera a'aw are imitated by different combinations of
viso), giving notice of the despatch of the letters r, s, t, rr Z ss / st/ ts / tra
goods with particulars of their price and rt / giving rise to so many forms of the
quantity. verb signifying to set on, to attack, or
Iodine. Gr. lºng, of a violet tinge or uarrel, on the principle explained under
colour. the head above-mentioned. Thus, from
Ire. Lat. ira, OFr. ire, iror, anger; the imitation by a simple r, are formed
iré, irie, irieus, irous, angry; AS. irre, Lat. hirrire, to snarl, N. hirra, to incite,
anger, yrsian, to be angry. Lat. ira, wrath ; from the sound of s,
The origin is in all probability a repre Pl.D. hissa, Du. hissen, his schen, hus
sentation of the snarling sounds of quar schen, to set on ; from st, Bohem. stwaff,
relling dogs, which exhibit a lively ex Gael. stuig, to set on, and perhaps Gr.
 360 ISINGLASS JACK
artyoc, hatred ; from fs, It. i2.2 ſ u23 A Iso-.. . Gr. tooc, equal, as in isothermal,
cries to set on a dog—Muratori, izzare,
adizzare, Sw. hitsa, G. hetzen, to set on,
& equal heat; isochronous, of equal time,
C.

It. i22a, anger; and, with the vowel in Issue. Fr. issu, sprung, proceeded
serted between the consonants, Fr. tiser, from, born of, from is sir, to go out, to flow
E. fice, entice, Sw, tussa, to incite, pro forth, and that from Lat. exire, to go out.
voke; from tr, E. to ter or far, G. gerren, -it. Lat. eo, itum, to go; whence
to provoke to anger; and from rit, G. erºus, an erit or going out, transitus, a
reitzen, Du. rifsen, Sw, reta, Lat. irritare, transit or going through.
to provoke, incense. To the same root It... Du. het, it; ON. hinn, hin, hitt,
may be referred Gr. ºpic, -têoc, Lat. riva ille, illa, illud.
(for ritsa), strife, Gr. ºpebiºw, to provoke. Itch. Ich yn or ykyn or gykyn, prurio.
Isinglass. G. hausenblas, the bladder —Pr. Pm. G. ſicken, to itch. The de
of the (hausen) sturgeon, as well as the signation is taken from the twitching
preparation made from it, by us corruptly movements to which itching irresistibly
called isinglass, probably from connect impels us. Swab. ſucken, to hop or
ing the name with the employment of the spring ; Bav. gigkeln, to shiver, or twitch
substance in icing or making jellies. under the influence of tickling, desire,
Island.—Isle.—Isolate. The spelling anger. Das herº gieglet ikm, corei sub
of island has been corrupted, and the Sultat. Einige gige/n so gezvaltig mach
etymology obscured, by the influence of dem heuraten , — itch so for marriage.
isle, a word from a totally different root, Ergigkern, to cause to tremble, to frighten.
viz. Lat. insula, It. isola, Fr. isle, while Gigºen, gigkezen, to utter broken sounds,
island, AS. igland, is properly eye-land, a to stutter, giggle.—Schmeller. Then from
spot of land in the midst of water, as the broken sounds the signification passed on
eye in the midst of the face. Fris. ooge, to abrupt movements.
eye, and also island, as in Schiermonni Iterate. Lat. iterum, again, a second
Atooge, the white monk's isle, Spikeroge, time.
Wangeroge, islands on the coast of Fries Itinerant. Lat. itinerari, to take a
land. As. ig has the same sense in Scea journey, from iter, itineris, a journey,
pige, Sheppey or Sheep's Island. Dan. route.
die, eye, 6 or öe, isle. The true etymology Ivory. Fr. ivoire, Lat. ebur.
is preserved in eyot, ait, a small island in Ivy. AS. fig, G. ephew, OHG. ebeheue,
a river. W. eiddew, Gael. eidhean.

To Jabber.—Javer. The sound of mon man. Jagues, nias, sot, grossier.—

noisy, indistinct, unmeaning utterance is Roquef. jaquerie, an insurrection of the
represented by the simplest combinations peasants. The introduction of the word
of gutturals and labials, babble, gaggle, in the same sense into England seems to
gabble, Sc. gabber; and with the initial g have led to the use of Jack as the familiar
softened to j, E. jaðber, gibber, javer, Fr. synonym of John, which happened to be
jaboter, to mutter, chatter, tattle. }an here the commonest name, as Jaques in
ge/yn or jaweryn, garrulo, blatero, garrio France.
— Pr. Pn. ; javver, idle silly talk; Since every Jack became a gentleman,
favvle, to contend, wrangle—Hal. ; Fr. There's many a gentle person made a Jack.
Rich. III.
favioler, to gabble, prate, or prattle.—
Cot. The term was then applied to any me
-jacent. Lat. faceo, to lie. chanical contrivance for replacing the
Jack. 1. The Jewish Jacobus was personal service of an attendant, or to an
corrupted through Jaquemes, to Jagues implement subjected to rough and fami
in France, and James in England; and liar usage. Jack of the clock, Fr. Jacquelet,
Jagues, being the commonest Christian a mechanical figure which struck the
name in the former country, was used as hours on a clock. A roasting-jack is a
a contemptuous expression for a com contrivance for turning a spit by means
 JACK JAM 361
of a heavyweight, and so superseding the signify to cause to pant, or show signs of
service of the old turnspit. A jack, a exhaustion.
screw for raising heavy weights. A boot Jag.—Jig.—Jog. We have had oc
jack (G. stieſel-knecht, literally boot-boy), casion, under Gog and elsewhere, to re
an implement for taking off boots. Rou mark the way in which the roots repre
chi gros-jacque, a large sou.-Hécart. A senting in the first instance tremulous or
jack-towel, a coarse towel hanging on a broken sound are applied to signify quiv
roller for the use of the household; jack ering or reciprocrating movement, or the
&oofs, heavy boots for rough service ; kind of figure traced out by bodies in
&lack-jack, a leathern jug for household motion of such a nature. Now the sylla
service; jack-plane, a large plane for bles gig, gag are often used in the repre
heavy work. Sentation of harsh broken sounds; Gael.
Jack. 2. Jacket. The E. jack, Fr. gagaich, Bret, gagé, to stutter; E. gag
Jague, It. giacco (whence the dim. jacket; g/e, to cry as geese; Swab. gigacken, to
Fr. Jaguette, a short and sleeveless coun gaggle as geese, bray as an ass; Swiss
try coat—Cot.), is another example of ggagen, to bray; Bav. gagãern, gagke
the depreciatory application of the term 2ent, to cluck as a hen, cough harshly and
in the sense of substitute or servant. A abruptly, to stutter; gigkezen, gigken, to
jack was properly a homely substitute for utter broken sounds, stutter, giggle; gick
a coat of mail, consisting of a padded or gack, in nursery language, a clock, from
leather jerkin for defence, with rings or the ticking of the pendulum (D. M. v.);
plates of iron sewed on it. Fr. jaque Gael. gog, the cackling of a hen, also the
mard, a wooden image against which to nodding or tossing of the head; E.gog
practise tilting, a jack of the clock, also a mire, a quagmire, shaking mire; Swab.
coat or shirt of mail-Cot. Rouchi jaco gagen, gage/en, to jog, jiggie, move to and
tin, a jacket, from jacot, dim. of Žagues. fro; Swiss gage/n, to shake, be unsteady
Jackanapes. A coxcomb; jack the as a table ; gagli, a giglot, a girl that
affe, a monkey. can't sit still. Then, with the initial gº
Jack of Dover. softened to a f, E. jag or jog, an abrupt
Full many a pastie hast thou lettin blode, movement, a thrust brought to a sudden
And many a jack of Dowyr hast thou sold stop, a projection, indentation.
That hath been twyis hot and twyis cold. Some jagit uthers to the heft
Chaucer, Prol. to Cook's Tale. With knives that sheip could scheir.
The Dance. Evergreen.
In accordance with the E. use of jack, to
signify anything used as a substitute or The North and South joggins are in
put to homely service, Fr. jaques is a dented cliffs on opposite sides of a river
name given by pastry-cooks, implying fog in Nova Scotia, which seem to jog in and
that a piece of meat or pastry is old and out in correspondence with each other.
hard.--Roquefort in v. Jaquet. The re -Lyell. A foggle in masonry is a pro
maining part of the expression is proba jection in a stone fitting into a hollow in
bly a punning repetition of the same idea. the adjoining one for the purpose of bolt
I am informed that a heated-up dish is ing them together
still among the waiters called a dozer or The prefix of an s in w. ysgogi, to
doover, doubtless do over. shake, unites the forms having an initial
Jack-pudding. A buffoon or jug .g. or j, with E. shag or shog, to shake or
gler's servant set to entertain the crowd jog-Hal. ; shaggy, jagged, rugged ; ice
by coarse tricks, among which eating in shoggle, a projecting point of ice ; on.
a ridiculous manner pudding, soup, &c., skaga, to project ; skagi, a promontory.
occupied a conspicuous place. The thin vowel in jig, jiggle, implies a
lighter movement of a similar kind to that
I had as lief stand among the rabble to see a
jack-pudding eat a custard as trouble myself to signified by jag or jog.
Jail. See Gaol.
See a play.—Shadwell in Nares.
* Jakes. . A privy; in Devonshire any
G. hans-wurst (jans, Jack; wurst, pud kind of filth.-Hal. G. gauche, jauché,
ding); Fr. Jean-potage, jean-farine, a filthy, stinking liquid; mistgauche, the
showman's buffoon.
drainings of the dunghill; schiff;auche,
Jade. To jade, to wear out with ex bilge water. Probably the word signifies
ertion; fade, a worn-out horse. Sp. jada, only slops, splashing. See Jaw, 2.
the flank, from Lat. ilium; iſadear, jadear, Jam. The thickened juice of fruit. Mod.
the flanks to play, to pant, palpitate; Gr. Kovui, broth, juice, &ovui rāv trºpikºv,
fadeo, palpitation. Hence to jade would juice of fruit.
 362 JAM JAW
To Jam.—To press in between some sounds not understood. It. gergo, ger
thing that confines the space on either gone, Fr. jargon, gibberish, fustian lan
side like the jambs of a door; to fix be guage, a barbarous jangling.—Cot. In
tween jambs. the same way Wall. gazowy, to warble, is
In a stage-coach with lumber cramm'd, also used in the sense of speaking jargon.
Between two bulky bodies jamm'd.—Lloyd in R. Fr. Aatois, explained by Palsgrave (p. 261)
Jamb. Fr. jambe, a leg, also the as the recording of birds, is now used to
faumö or side-post of a door.—Cot. See signify a provincial dialect.
Jaundice. Fr. jaunisse, the yellow
Game.
To Jangle. Formerly to chatter as a disease; jaune, yellow.
bird, then to chatter, talk idly, tattle, theJaunt.—Jaunce. Two ways of writing
same word, as Fr. tancer becomes E.
wrangle, quarrel.
taunt. The fundamental meaning is to
Thy mind is lorne, thoujanglest as a jay.
Man of Law's Tale in R. jolt or jog. To younce, to bounce, thump,
and jolt, as rough riders are wont to do.
Lang. jhang/a, to cry, to yelp. OFr. —Forby.
jangler, to prattle, tattle, jest, flatter, lie.
—Roquef. Like jingle, the representa Spurgalled and tired by jauncing Bolingbroke. Rich. II.
tion of a clattering sound. G. gank, chid
ing, jangling. Du. fangelen, janken, to Fr. ſancer un cheval, to stir a horse in
Janty. Fr. gentil, pretty, agreeable. the stable till it be swart withal ; also as
yelp.
E. ſaunt.—Cot. Manx ſonse, a jolt or
To Japan. To varnish, because the wince ; fonseragh, wincing, acting in a
best kind of varnished goods came to us wild, untamely manner.—Cregeen. Sw.
from the country of Japan. dunsa, Dan. dundse, to thump, to fall
To Jape. The same softening of the heavily.
& which is seen in jabber compared with A jaunt or ſance is then used in the
Aſabóle connects the OE. gab, to lie, mock, sense of an outing for pleasure or exer
deceive, with jape. The radical meaning cise, as Fr. aller se faire cahoter un peu ;
is chattering, idle talk. Fr. japper, to Sw. ſara ut at skaka żd sig, to take a jog,
yelp, in low language is used in the sense to take exercise.
of chatter.—Gattel. Avoir bone ſafe, ben Faith would I had a few more jeances on't,
del ſafe, to have the gift of the gab.— An you say the word send me to Jericho.
Hécart. N. gyelfa, to make a wry face, B. Jons., Tale of a Tub, ii. 4.
twist the mouth.
* Javelin. Fr. javelin, a weapon of
Jar. Fr. jare, Sp. jarra, It. giara, a size between the pike and the partizan ;
from Arab. garrah, a water-pot.—Diez. javelof, a gleave, dart, or small javelin
But It. giara has also the same sense as Cot. It giave/lotto, giaverina, a javelin
Fr. grès, sand, gravel, sandstone. Giara that may be hurled as a dart.—Fl. Bret.
then, like Prov. grasal, may originally be
a pot-de-grès, an earthen pot. See Grail. gavlod, gavlin, M.H.G. gabićt, OE. gave
/ock, a javelin or dart. Neumann ex
To Jar. To creak, make a harsh
plains Sp. fabalina, as a boarspear, from
noise, as things that do not move jabali, a wild boar, but the double form
smoothly on each other. Hence jar, dis of the word is against that derivation.
agreement, variance, quarrel. ‘Christians Jaw. Jawe or cheek-bone, mandibula.
being at jarre among themselves.”—Bale —Pr. Prm. Fr. joue, the cheek, was for
in R. Swab. garren, Bav. garrezen, to merly used in the sense of throat, jaws.
creak like a wheel or shoe, or the hinge ‘Garde la ley et le conseil et vie ert à ta
of a door; Sp. chirriar, to creak or chirp; alme et grace a tes jowes :'—et erit vita
Lat. garrire, to chirp, to chatter. animae tuæ et gratia ſaucibus tuis-Pro
Jargon. Properly the chattering of verbes.
birds, analogous to forms like AS. cear The cries of different animals, yelping
Æian, OE. chark, chirk, to creak or chirp ; of dogs, chattering of birds, give rise to
Lith. Kirkti, to creak or cluck; karkfi, to numerous depreciatory expressions for
whirr, cluck, gaggle ; czirksti, to chirp, talking, and thence furnish designations
twitter; Magy. Csergeni, to rattle, rustle. of the mouth, throat, jaws, as the instru
Fr. jargonner, to gaggle as a goose ; far ment of talk. Thus from Pl. D. AEiffen,
£ouiller, to warble, chirp, or chatter. Åeffen, to yelp, is #iffe, the jaw ; from
But she withal no word may sowne Du. Aaeckelen, Fr. caqueter, to cackle, is
But chitre, and as a bird jargowne.—Gower in R. Pl.D. Adže/, in the same sense as Kiſº,
Hence figuratively for an utterance of the instrument of talk. Holt dog ecnnial
 JAW JIB 363
de Käkel, hold your jaw one moment. Altieri. Rouchi, girie, tromperie, mau
Hence, throwing off the frequentative vaise plaisanterie.—Hécart.
termination, Du. Kaecke, the jaw, cheek. Jelly. Fr. gelée, the juice of meat or
So from gaghelen, to gaggle, Fris, gºgheſ, fruit which congeals on cooling ; geler,
the throat, palate— Kil. ; from Wall. to freeze.
chawer, to cheep, cry, chaweter, to chatter Jeopardy. From Fr. jeu parti, Mid.
as daws, E. chaff, to chirp, chatter (chaſ Lat. focus partitus, an even chance, a
finch, a chirping bird; chough, a chatter choice of two alternatives.
ing daw), we pass to chaff-bone (Hal), Dan moine je vos partirai
chaw-bone (Palsgr.), jaw-bone; chave!, Deus geus, li malves lesserez,
chawl, chowl, the jaw. Dan. Kiavle, to Et à meillour vos en tanrez.
wrangle, kiaºwe, the jaw. To kaw, to cry Fab. et Contes, 4. 24.
as rooks or daws, to gasp for breath, leads Or regardez que vous ferez
to Du. Æauwe, a daw; Æauwe, Kouwe, a Que je vous vueil un geu partir.-Ibid. 4.293.
jaw, throat, cheek. Again, from gabble, Jerk.-Jert. A lash of a whip, a hasty
confused talk, passing into ſavvle, to con pull or twitch-B. “A shake, fert, or
tend, wrangle (Fr. ſavioler, to gabble— blow with the cord of a caveson.’—Cot.
Cot.), faul, to scold or grumble (parallel W. terc, a jerk or jolt.
with Dan. Kiavle), — Hal., to jaw, to Jerkin. Lang, ſhergaou, an over-coat;
wrangle, we have gab, the mouth, the Fr. jargof, a kind of coarse garment worn
faculty of speech, fowl, foll, the jaw, and by country people.—Cot. Du. furé, a
(with the same relation to jowl as was child's slop or pinafore. OFr. ſasque, a
seen in Kaecke, the cheek, compared with quilted jacket worn under the cuirass.;
Ääkel), Fr. jowe, E. ſaw. It will be ob fazequen, a coat of mail.—Roquef.
served that an initial & or ch frequently Jest. See Gest.
interchanges with f, even in the same Jet. Fr. #:Lat. gagates. ‘The
language; Fr. foſu, E. chu/y; E. fowl, geat which otherwise we call gagates car
chowl, jaw, chaw, Du. Kauwe, Dan. rieth the name of a town and river both
Æiave.
in Lycia called Gages.”—Holland, Pliny
Jaw. 2. Jawhole. Sc. jaw, the dash in R.
of the sea ; jaw-hole, a gully-hole, sink To Jet. To strut, to carry the body
where slops are thrown. Fr. gachis, stately or proudly. “I fette with facyon
splashing; G. gauche, slops; mist-gauche, and countenance to set forthe myselfe, je
the draining of the dunghill; schiff me braggue.”—Palsgr. in Way.
gauche, bilge-water. From Lat. factare, It. giatfare, OFr.
Jay. A bird noted for its chattering facter, fatter, to brag or vaunt, also to
cry. Fr. geai, gai, a jay, chough, daw; swing, toss, shake up and down ; ſac
Sp. gaio, graio, a jay; Du. Kauwe, Æae, tance, bragging, proud ostentation.—Cot.
a daw.—Kil. Russ. gai, croaking, E. In the same way Lith. mesti, to cast;
caw, cry of rooks. Compare It, gazza, a melyti, to cast to and fro, to brag, to strut.
pie, with gazzerare, Fr. gazouiller, to Jetty. Fr. jettee, a cast, also a jetty
chirp, warble. or jutty, a bearing out in buildings, also
Jealous. Fr. jalour, from Lat. 2elus, the bank of a ditch, or the earth cast out
zeal, emulation, jealousy. of it when it is made.—Cot. Jetteis, earth
-ject. Lat. facio, factum, in comp. cast out of a ditch.-Roquef. Hence E.
-jicio, -jectum, to cast, throw, whence jetty, a bank carried out into the water.
OFr.jecter, Fr. feter, to cast, to put or Jewel. Fr. joyau, foue/. It. gioia,
push forth, and the compounds inject, joy, delight, a gem, jewel, a precious
thing; gioie, gioielle, all manner of jewels.
eject, project, &c. —Fl. See Joy. In Mid. Lat. by errone
Jeer. Written geare, geere by Spencer ous etymology focale.
and Gascoigne. Junius has jeer, yeer, to Jewise.—Juise. Fr. juise, judgment,
deride, for which he cites Du. gieren, from judicium, as benéiſon, from benedic
cum stridore et strepitu alicui illudere. tio. “Si proeves varient eient jujyse de
Gieren, to cry loudly, to holloa.-Halma. pylorie et la partie perde sa demande.’—
The form yeer tells against ON. déra, to Lib. Alb. 665. -

make sport of, from diri, a fool. Florio To Jib. To start backwards. The
has giara, giarra, a cheating trick or jià-sail is a sail which shifts of itself from
cozening deceit ; giarrare, giarare, to side to side as required by the wind. Du.
sand, to gravel, by met. to cheat or coney giften (of sails), to turn suddenly,–
catch. Giarda, mockerie, jest, trick.- Halma. OFr. regiõer, regimõer, to kick
364 JIFFLE JORDAN
or wince. “Uor also sone so thet flesch Northern pronunciation, jock), in the
haveth al his wil, hit regibbeth anon ase sense of a person if in inferior position.
fet kalf.’—Ancren Riwle 130. Jibby, a jocky was specially applied to the servant
gay frisky girl.-Hal. who looks after horses, now almost con
To Jiffle.—Jiffy. To jiffle, to be rest fined to the rider of a race-horse.
less-Hal. A jiffy is an instant, a turn To Jog. See Jag.
of the hand. To jib, to turn rapidly Join.—Juncture. Fr. joindre, from
back; Fr. gibelet, a gimlet, an instrument Lat. jungere, the nasalised form of the
that pierces by turning round; W. cipio, same root which gives Gr. Zečyvvut, to
Jºſipio, to snatch. join, &öyov, a yoke. Sanscr.yuj, join.
Jig. To move to and fro or up and Joist. The joists are the sleepers on
down, a merry dance ; jiggetting, jolting, which the floor of a room is laid, the bed
shaking, going about idly; a figger, any of the floor. Gyst, that gothe over the
piece of machinery that moves with re flore, solive, giste.—Palsgr. in Way. Fr.
ciprocating action. Fr. figuer, to throw giste, a bed, place to lie on, from gesir,
the legs about.—Pat. de Champ. Hence Lat. facere, to lie. The term sleeper, with
vulgarly gigues, the legs, and gigot, a leg which railways have made us so familiar,
of mutton. Bav. gigſ (contemptuously), is a repetition of the same figure.
the feet.—D. M. v. See Jag. Joke. Lat. focus, jest, sport; focari,
Jilt. Sc. gillet, a giddy girl, probably It giocare, Prov, jogar, Fr. jouer, to
for giglet or giglot, a flighty girl; ‘giglet sport, to play. The root of the word
Fortune.”—Shakesp. To jilt one is to seems preserved in Lith. jugstu (Eng.
behave to him like a fillet, to be incon j) or fungu, jugti, to be merry; jaugtis',
stant to him. pajugti, to rejoice; jugulis (exactly cor
responding to E. ſuggler), one who makes
A fillet broke his heart at last.—Burns. sport for the company, a jovial person.
To Jingle. An imitative form like Jolly. It giulivo, Fr. joli for joliſ,
fingle or G. Klingeln, to which last it is gay, fine, also merry, jocund; foliefſ,
related as chink to clink. Comp. also Fr. foliveté, prettiness, mirth.-Cot. Not
clinquaille, Quinquaille, chinks, coin.— from jovialis, but from ON. fol, E. yule,
Cot. Da. gungre, to resound, ON. glingra, Christmas, the great season of festivities
to jingle. Let. jvingsch / (Fr. J) repre in rude times.—Diez. N. jula seg, Du.
sents the sound of a mowing scythe or a joelen, to live a joyous life, to make
glass window breaking ; ſwingschkehſ, to merry.
jingle (klingern), as when a window is Jolly-boat. Dan. jolle, a yawl, jolly
beaten in. boat. The original meaning is probably
To Job. 1. To peck, to strike with a as in Fr. falle, jalaye, a bowl; Du. joſ
pointed instrument. Byllen or jobbyn as leken, a trough. Dan. folle aſsted, to
bryddys, jobbyn with the byl, rostro.— bowl along. See Gallon.
Pr. Pim. The nut-jobber is a synonym of To Jolt. The representation of the
the nut-hatch, a bird which breaks open sound of a blow admits of infinite varia
nuts with blows of the bill. Bohem.
tion. To jot, jotter, to jolt roughly—
dubati, Pol. deiobad, to peck; daiob, Gael. Forby; to jock, to jolt.—Hal. To fulæ,
Agob, the beak of a bird. to sound as liquor shaken in a cask—
Job. 2. An undivided piece of work. Forby, to shake, splash, jolt.—Hal. To
jobbel, jobbet, a small load.—Hal. To jolle, to knock. He fowl'd their heads
work by the job, to undertake a definite together—Mrs Baker. A foult-head, or
piece of work. In the same sense, to jolter-head, like logger-head, seems to be
work by the gob (Hal), and gob, gobbet, a from the notion of wagging the head to
lump or portion. Wall. gob, a blow, a and fro, and not from the idea of thick
piece; gob a' homme, a dump of a man. neSS.
Baye m'ein ein gob, give me a bit of it. Jonquil. Fr. fonquille, Sp. funguilla,
—Sigart. Pl.D. stoot, a blow, a job or the sweet yellow Narcissus with rush-like
piece of work done at one time. Brescian
Żót, a stroke, blow; latird a bêt, to work leaves. Lat. juncus, rush.
Jordan. Properly an earthen pot,
by the job. -

Jobation. To jobe (at the university), synonymous with gally-fºot, Du:glei-pot,

to reprimand.—B. §obation is still in a clay or earthen pot. Like gally-fºot, in
use for a taking to task, such as Job re modern times the term was specially ap
ceived at the hand of his friends. plied to the vessels in medical use. Our
Jockey. From jack (or, with the host in the Canterbury Tales, addressing
 JOSTLE JUBILANT 365
the Doctor of physick, invokes blessings Ce m'est avis qu’en Lotineis,
upon
justerent li dux e li reis.
Chron. Norm. 2. Ioz6o.
—thy urinalles and thy jordanis. —the Duke and the King met together.
Hollinshed speaks of a pretended “phy Mont champ joute au sien, my field
sicus et astrologus' being exposed with abuts upon his, as G. stos.st daran, liter
two “jorden pots’ hung round his neck, ally, strikes against it.
for having deceived the people by a false The origin may be traced to ON. thys,
prediction; ‘duae ollae quas fordanes vo OHG. thug, dog, OSw. dyst, dust, noise,
camus.’—Walsingham in Jam. Dan., Sw. uproar, tumult. , Dero wellono dog, fragor
jord, earth. In like manner Northampton undarum.—Notker.
7urnut, a pig-nut, for earth-nut. Med dyst swa at stanga gingo sunder.
To Jostle. To thrust or push with With a crash, so that their spears flew in sunder.
the elbows.-B. A frequentative from Chron. Rhythm. in Ihre.
OFr. jouster. See Joust. Dan. dyst, combat, shock, set-to. Vove
Jot. To jot, to touch, to jog, to nudge. en dyst med en, to try a fall with one.
—Hal. I jotte, I touch one thynge against Hence ranna diost, or rida diust, to joust.
another, je heurte. What needes thou to Jovial. Cheerful, merry; qualities
jotte me with thine elbowe ?–Palsgr. Du. supposed to belong to one born under the
jotten, Fris. jottjen, jotskjen, to jolt.— influence of the planet Jupiter or Jove,
Epkema. To fall fot on one's rump, to as melancholy was promoted by the in
plump down.—Forby. To jot a thing fluence of Saturn.
down, to note it in a book at the moment Jowl.-Jole. Properly the jaws, throat,
it occurs. gullet, often specially applied to the head
Then from the connection so frequently of a fish. A foll of sturgeon.—B. and F.
observed between the ideas of a short Geoules of sturgeon.—Howell. Brancus,
movement and a lump or piece of some a gole, or a chawle.—Vocab. in Pr. Prm.
thing, jot is used for a small portion, v. Chavylbone. }olle, or heed, caput.
what is jotted or thrown down at once. }olle of a ſysshe-teste. Jawle-bone of a
The resemblance to Gr. iºra is acci wildebore.—Pr. Prm. and notes. ‘The
dental. Comp. Sw, dial. datta, a touch, chowle or crop adhering to the lower side
a blow; detta, to fall ; dutta, to touch orof the bill.”—Brown. Vulg. Err. in R.
nudge one ; dett, a dot or speck, a lump, The E. forms seem to have equal claims
bit; dott, a wisp or tuft of hay, wool, to a Fr. and AS. ancestry; OFr. Gole,
&c. E. dot, a small portion ; a dot of golle, geule, Fr. gueule, the mouth, throat,
phlegm. The interchange or equivalence gullet, also the stomach itself; gueullard
of an initial d and f is of frequent occur (the equivalent of E. Jowler, Chowler), the
rence, as in jag, dag, job, dab, a lump ; muzzle of a beast, also a wide-mouthed
E. founce, and Sw. dunsa, to thump. fellow.—Cot. On the other hand, AS.
Journal—Journey. From Lat. dies, geagl, jaw, throat, geoſtas, geahlas, the
a day, came diurnus, daily, and thence jaws. Viewed in connection with the
It. giorno, Fr. jour, a day, with their de latter forms, fowl or ſole would differ from
rivatives; journal, a notice of daily events; jaw only in the addition of a final el or l,
journée, a day's work, a day's travel or and the same relation is seen between
journey. The original sense of the word chowl or chawle, and Du. Kauwe, kouwe,
is preserved in journeyman, a workman AEuwe, throat, gullet, cheek, jaw, chin,
at daily wages. gills.-Kil.
Joust. It giostrare, Fr. jouster, to Joy. Lat. gaudere, gavisus sum, It.
tilt. Derived by Muratori from It. chios godere, gioire, OPtg. gouvir, Prov-gaugir,
fro, chiostra, Lombard ciostra, the en jauzir, Fr. jouir, to enjoy; Ptg, goivo,
closed yard in which a tournament was Prov. gaug, joi, It. gioia, Fr. joie, joy.—
held. But the word has a more extended Diez.
meaning than this derivation would ac Jub. A jug.
count for, and the radical signification With brede and cheese and good ale in a jubbe.
seems to have reference to the shock of Miller's Tale.
the combatants. Limousin dzusta (d2 = It gobbio, goggo, a bunch in the throat,
Eng. 7), to knock at a door; Fr. jouster, goitre, craw, or crop of a bird, by met.
fouter (whence E. fostle), properly to any glass with a round big body.—Fl.
knock, then, with softened significance, See Goblet.
to meet together, to join, to abut. See Jubilant. Lat. jubilare, to shout for
Jot. joy. -
366 JUDGE JUNKET
Judge.—Judicious. Lat. juder (jus sugar.—Cot. From Arab juleå, juláš,
dico), It. giudice, Fr. fuge. Pers. gul-āb, rosewater.—Diez.
Jug. A vessel for drink. Jug or To Jumble.—Jumbre. To rumble,
judge was formerly a familiar equivalent then to shake together. I jumbylle, I
of Joan or Jenny. Jannette, judge, make a noyse by removyng of heavy
Jennie (a woman's name); Jehannette, thynges. I jumble as one dothe that
jug, or Jinny.-Cot. Now the vessel can [not?] play upon an instrument, je
which holds drink is peculiarly liable to brouille.—Palsgr.
familiar personification. We have black Ne jombre no discordant thing ifere.
jack (a jack of leather to drink in-Min Chaucer. Fr. and Cr. 2. 1037.
sheu), a leathern jug ; Susan, in the dis Da. Skumfe, sæumple, to shake, jolt. N.
trict of Gower, a brown earthenware Fris. shumpeln, to jolt; N. skump/a, to
pitcher.—Philol. Proceed. 4. 223. But shake liquid in a vessel.
see Goblet. To Jump. Sw, guppa, to rock, to tilt
* Juggler.—To Juggle. The fug up ; Bav. gumpen, to jolt, spring, jump ;
gler was a person whose business was to gumper, the plunger of a pump. Con
find amusement for the company on fes nected forms are OFr. regiber, regimber,
tive occasions by music, recitation, story to kick, giber, to throw about the arms or
telling, conjuring, &c. The word is com legs; Lang. çhimba, to jump, to kick.
mon to all the Romance dialects, from Sw, dial. skumpa, to jog, jolt, jump, run
whence it has passed with more or less to and fro; N. skumpa, to shove, to nudge;
corruption into the other European lan Da. skumpe, skumple, to shake, jolt. It.
guages. It takes its rise in Lat. focus, inciampare, to stumble or trip upon.
sport, jest, focor, to sport, to play, focu Jump. 2. A throw, cast, hazard.
Aator, a jester, joculatio, festivity, sport. Our fortune lies
“joculationes cantusque exercebunt.”— Upon this jump.—Antony and Cle.
Firmicus in Forc. From joculator were Plump, without qualification or condition,
formed It. giocolatore, OFr. jugle.or, Fr. exact.
ſong/eur, and E. ſuggler, while It. gioco I'll set her on ;
Zaro, giullaro, Sp. Prov, fog/ar, point to Myself the while to draw the Moor apart,
jocularis as their immediate origin.- And bring him jump where he may Cassio find
Diez. G. gaukeler, Du. guycheler, Åoke'er Soliciting his wife.
(ludius, gesticulator, mimus, joculator Ye shall find it make jump six hundred
Kil.), with Boh. Kuglar, keykjr, Pol. sixty six.-Bale in R. In this sense the
Aug/ar, are probably borrowed. In a word, like the synonymous plump, re
passage cited by Roquefort, where a jong resents the sound of a lump thrown down
Zeur recites his different arts of entertain
in the midst. Żum, a sudden jolt or con
ment, he begins, “Ge suis juglerres de
vielle’—I am a player on the vielle. He cussion from encountering an object un
aWares.
soon comes to tricks of sleight of hand. Junior. Lat. junior, compar. of juve
Bien sai joer de l' escanbot (exchange)— mis, young. See Young.
Etsi sai meint beau geu de table, Junk.-Junt. junk, a lump or piece.
Et d' entregiet (sleight of hand) et d'artumaire —Hal.Old junk is cable or thick rope
(magic) cut up into short lengths for the purpose
Bien sai un enchantement faire.
of unravelling. ‘A good junt of beef.”—-
It is from this latter part of the juggler's Allan Ramsay. Swiss fante brod, a hunch
art that the verb to juggle has acquired of bread.—Idioticon Bernense. Parallel
the sense of conjure, trick, delude: forms are chunk, a log of wood ; chump,
Jugular. Lat. jugulum, the throat. a log or thick piece. The chump-end
* Juice. }ows of frutys or herbys or of the sirloin is the thick end. Cob, a
other lyke. Jus, succus—Pr. Pm. Fr. lump or piece; cobbin, a piece of an eel
jus, juice, sap, moisture, broth–Cot. Lat. —Hal. ; on. Auðbr, a short thick piece;
jus, jusculum, liquor of things boiled, N. Kubba sund' ein stock, to cut a stick to
broth, pottage. The meaning of juice bits; kubb, kumb, knubb, a short thick
corresponds more exactly with Lat. suc piece.
cus, which in Lang, becomes jhuc, Sp. Junk. 2. Malay jung, a vessel of con
siderable size.—Crawford.
jugo. Lang. jhuca, to suck.
Julep. It giulebbe, Fr. juleft, a drink Junket. It giuncata, any junkets,
made of distilled waters and syrops, or of viz. dainty fresh cheese, so called because
a decoction sweetened with honey or brought to market upon fresh rushes.
 JURIS KEEL 367
—Fl. Thus we may see on Yorkshire right, law, equity; whence jurare, to
cheese the marks of the straws upon affirm with legal rites, to swear; jurata,
which it has been set to drain. Fr. Jon Fr. jurée, a jury or selection of men
cade, a certain spoon-meat made of cream, sworn to administer the law; jurist, one
rosewater, and sugar.—Cot. The name skilled in the law, &c.
of junket is still given in Devonshire to a Just.—Justice. Lat. justus, what is
similar preparation. Sc. sunkets, pro in accordance with (jus) the rights of
visions, food. men.

From delicacies of the foregoing de To Jut. Fr. ſecter, jetter, to cast,

scription, to junket has come to signify to throw, put or push forth ; ſorjetter, to
feast, to frequent entertainments. jut, lean out, hang over.—Cot. Lat. jac
Juris.-Jurist.—Jury. Lat. jus, juris, tare, to throw.

To Kaw.—To Keck. To Kaw, to seem originally derived from the repre

fetch one's breath with difficulty. To sentation of a sharp sound. The sylla
Aeck, to make a noise in the throat by ble kik, in Sw. Aik-hosta, represents the
reason of difficulty of breathing—B. ; to shrill sound of the throat in whooping
retch, hawk, clear the throat. — Hal. cough. OE. chy##yn as hennys byrdys
Hence Æecker, squeamish. G. kauchen, (to peep as a young chick) pipio—Pr. Pm.
Aeichen, to gasp for breath ; Du. Aichen, Chick is also used to represent the sound
to pant, cough, sob; Lap. Adkot, Édklot, made by a hard body breaking, and
to nauseate, properly doubtless to retch. thence a crack or chip, and it is perhaps
Rebbers. Refuse sheep taken out of from the image of the light shining
the flock-B. ‘A ebbers or cullers drawn through a crack that the notion of peep
out of a flock of sheep.’—Nomenclator ing is derived. Thus we speak indiffer
in Hal. From Du. Kippen, to pick out, ently of the peep of day, or crack of day.
to cull. But it may be simply from the notion of
Recks.-Kecky.—Kex. The dry hol shining, so often expressed by a root
low stalks of last year's growth, especially originally representing a sharp sound.
of umbelliferous plants. Aer, an elder Lap. Kičet, to shine.
pipe.—Sherwood. W. cecys, reeds, canes; Keel. ON. Ajölr, Ajöll, keel of ship,
cecysen, cºgid, Corn. cegas, Bret. Cegiº, and poet. a ship ; AS. ceol, OHG. Kioſ, a
Lat. cicuta, hemlock. ship, G. Kiel, Fr. Quille, It. chiglia, the
Kedge. 1. A small anchor. ON. Kaggi, keel of a ship. The word seems to have
a cask fastened as a float to the anchor passed from the Gothic to the Romance lan
to show where it lies. From the float guages, and perhaps the G. Kiel, the quill
the name seems to have been transferred or stem of a feather, may exhibit the figure
to the anchor itself. from whence the keel of a vessel takes its
2. Brisk, lively. Kygge (#ydge, H.), or name, the ribs of the vessel parting off on
joly, jocundus, hilaris.-Pr. Prm. Sc. cady, each side like the web of a feather from
Æeady, caid'gy, caigie, wanton, lascivious, the midrib or stalk.
then cheerful, sportive. OSW. Adt, lasci Keel. 2.-Kayle.—Skayle. G. Kegel,
vious, also cheerful ; Da. Kaad, wanton, Fr. Quille, nine-pins. Du. Keghel, kekel,
frolicsome. Sw. Aditijas, to be on heat. icicle. OHG. chegil, Kegil, a pin or peg ;
Sc. caige, to wax wanton. Sw, dial." 2elt-Éegil, a tent-pin. G. keil, a wedge.
Æagas, to be eager; Kägg, libidinous, on If the element -icle in icicle signify ice, as
heat. Lat. catulio, to caterwaul, to be on we have supposed, and has no reference
heat. to form, it would seem that kegel in the
Kedge-belly. A glutton ; Kedgy, pot sense of cone or peg radically signifies
bellied; to Æedge one's belly, to stuff one's something in the shape of an icicle.
belly. N. AEaggie, a keg, small cask, jar, To Keel.
a heap or close-packed mass ; figura While greasy Sue doth keel the pot.
tively, a round belly, thickset person.
To Keek. N. Kika, Du. Aijcken, to Commonly explained to cool, or by
peep. Keek, feeſ, and feet are all used others, to scum. The meaning however
in the sense of looking narrowly, and all which would best suit the context is to
368 KEELSON KEVEL

scour, a sense warranted by the patois of of 1385-96, ‘pro ij Aympe allec' for two
central France, where we have guil/aud, barrels of herrings. Da. dial. Kimer, a
slippery, polished, shining ; acquiller, to cooper. In Bremen kimker is a cooper
SCOUllſ. who makes tubs, not casks.
Yº: póeles et póelons,
marmites et les chaudrons.
To Ken. ON. Kenna, N. Ajenna, to per
ceive by sense, recognise, observe.
Kennel. 1. Fr. chenal, a gutter or
Equiller la vaisselle, to scour. Quiller, kennel; Lat. canale, pipe, channel, water
as couler, to slip or slide.—Jaubert. conduit.
Reelson.—Kelson. The piece of tim 2. Fr. chemil, It. canile, a place where
ber lying upon the keel in which the mast dogs are kept. Lat. canis, dog.
is stepped. Kenspeckle. Northampton skench
The topmast to the keelsine then with halyards back, easy to recognise, conspicuously
down they drew.—Chapman, Homer.
marked. Sw. Ædnspak, N. Ayennespak,
Dan. Kió/-swin, N. Aiole-svill, from svill, ready at observing, quick at recognising
G. schwelle, a sill or beam on which some what has once been seen, from Ayenna,
thing rests in building. to recognise, and ON. spakr, wise, prudent.
Reen. G. Kithm, daring, bold; auf So Sw, dial. minnespak, good at remem
etwas kiihn sewn, to be keen after some bering. In E. Kenspeckle the sense is
thing ; kauf-kiihn, eager to buy. OSw. inverted, so as to indicate a quality of
Æðn, Ayn, quick, prompt, daring. the object instead of the observer, the
To Keep. AS. cepan, to observe, be latter part of the word being modified as
intent upon ; cepan his hearmes, to seek if to signify the marking by which the
his injury; ſteames cepan, fugam capes object is distinguished.
sere, to be intent upon flight. To take * Kerb. A stone laid round the brim
Æeep of a thing, to take notice of it. To of a well, &c.—B. Any edging of strong
Æeep a day holy is to observe it as holy ; solid stuff which serves as a guard to
to keep your word, to observe it. Fris. something else.—Todd. “Elm scarce has
Æijpen, to look. — Epkema. A similar any superior for kerbs for coppers.’—
train of thought is seen in the case of Evelyn.
hold, the primitive sense of which seems Perhaps for crib, which is technically
to be that which is now expressed by the used in the sense of a strong wooden
compound behold. framework. It may, however, be simply
Reg. N. Kaggje, a small cask, a jar ; curb, as it is often spelt.
W. cazug, a bowl ; Sc. cogue, cog, a hooped Kerchief. Fr. couvrechieſ, a covering
wooden vessel, a pail ; Gael. cogan, a for the head ; OFr. cheſ, chief, head.
small drinking-dish. Kernel. 1. ON. Ajarni, pith, heart,
Rell. A child's caul, any thin skin or kernel ; Fr. cerneau, kernel of a nut, &c.
membrane ; any covering like network ; G. Kern, pip of fruit, core, inmost or best
the net in which a woman's hair was con art of a thing, pith of a tree. Probably
fined.—Hal. “Rim or Æell wherein the rom Korn, grain ; Körnen, kernen, to
bowels are lapt.”—Fl. See Caul. reduce to grain.
Kelter. Readiness for work. He is 2. Fr. carneau, creneau, the battlement
not yet in kelter. — Skinner. Sw, dial. of a wall; cremelé, imbattled; cren, a
£iltra sig, to kilt oneself, or tuck up one's notch, nick, jag. See Cranny.
clothes, as one preparing for work, operi Kersey. Fr. carisée, creseau, Sw. Żer
se accingere. Jºz/19.
* Kemlin.—Kimnel. A flat tub used Restrel. Burgundian cristel, Fr. cres
in brewing, for scalding pigs, or the like. serelle, Quercelle, a hawk of a reddish
A emplin, Æemlings (B.), Aembing (Hal), a colour. The G. synonym rôthel-weihe,
brewer's vessel. Du. Kam, kamme, a from rôthel, raddle or red chalk, points
brewery.— Kil. OFr. cambe, a brewing. to an origin in G. rod-crite, creta rubea.
“Nus ne puet faire cambe, ne brasser —Dief. Supp.
chervoise negoudale sans son congié.’ Rettle. G. Kessel, Goth. Æatil, Bohem.
It may be doubted however whether Russ. Kotel.
the word is not rather connected with Sw. Kevel. A bit for a horse, gag for the
dial. Kimb, Fin. Æimpi, a cask stave, corre mouth. Kevel, mordale, camus. –Pr.
sponding to Pl.D. Kimm, E. chimb, the Prm. N. Ajevla, to gag a kid to prevent
projecting ledge of a cask. Sw, dial. it sucking. ON. Keſli, Dan. Kievle, a short
Aimma, a tub, cask; birkimma, a beer staff, peg, rolling-pin. W. ce/, Lat. cºpus,
cask. Mr Atkinson cites from a record a stock. See Gyve.
 KEY KIDDIER 369
Rey. I. AS. carg, Fris. Kay, Lat. clavis, signifying abrupt impulsive action. Tyrol
Gr, k\sic, k\mic, a key of a lock. The gagen, goglen, to gesticulate, to toddle as
Lat. and Gr. forms are from claudere, a child; gicken, to stick; gigſ, a con
clausum, k\etw, to inclose or shut, as G. temptuous expression for the feet. Fr.
schlüssel, a key, from schliessen, to shut. dial. giguer, gigasser, to leap, throw about
Thus analogy would lead us to derive the legs; gigailler, s'ébattre, s'agiter.—
Key from W. cau, to shut, making it Jaubert Gl. du Centre de la Fr. Gigue,
identical with w. cae, an inclosure, hedge, gigot, a leg.—Dict du bas lang. Hence
garland, Bret. Æač, a hedge, or dyke. may be explained W. cicio, to kick; cic, a
It is remarkable that Walach. Æyae or foot; ciczer, footman—Jones; cicztyr, in
AEye', a key, an undoubted descendant of fantry.—Richards.
Lat. clavis, is almost identical with the The same correspondence between the
E. word, and perhaps this identity in the expression of abrupt utterance and mus
derivatives may proceed from a radical cular action of a similar kind is seen in
unity of the parent forms, teaching us to stammer and stamp, stutter and G. stos
regard W. cau, the origin of cae, an in sen, to hit or kick; Pl.D. staggeln, to
closure, and of E. key, as the analogue of stammer, and E. stagger, Sc. habble, to
Lat. claudo, the origin of clavis. The stammer, and E. hobble.
2 of claudo might easily fall away, as the Eickle.—Rittle. Ticklish, unsteady,
1 of G. schliessen, or Sw, sluta, in E. shut, easily moved. Kickish, irritable; kiddle
while the final d disappears as com (of the weather), unsettled.—Hal. N. Kita,
pletely in Gr. k\sia, as in W. cau. Evi to tickle, to touch a sensitive place ; kitl,
dence moreover that cae had once a final tickling, irritation, shrug ; Æit/a, to tickle,
d may be found in Du. Kade, Æaai, kae, a touch a sore place, to rub one's shoulders
dyke or causey; gomer-kade or —kaai, a or arms; ON. Aida ser, to scratch oneself.
dyke which confines the waters in sum Sw. dial. Kikklot, rickety, unsteady.
mer only ; winter-kaai, one which with Rickshaw. From Fr. Quelquechose,
stands the winter floods. something, applied to an unsubstantial
Rey. 2.-Quay. Fr. Quai, Ptg. caes, nicety in cookery, and thence extended to
Bret. Æae. The Bret. Æae, inclosure, unsubstantial gratifications of other kinds.
hedge, dyke, as well as quay, and Du. “There cannot be no more certain argument of
A:ade, Æae, dyke, causey, would look as if a decayed stomach than the loathing of whole
a quay was regarded in the first instance some and solid food, and longing after fine quel
simply as a dyke or embankment along queschoses of new and artificial composition."—
Bp. Hall in N. and Q. ‘Fricandeaux, short,
a river's side. But the true explanation skinless, and dainty puddings, or quelâchoses
seems to be that given by Spelman, made of good flesh and herbs chopped together.’
‘Caia, a space on the shore compacted —Cot. ‘ (Brainsick.) Yet would I quit my pre
tensions to all these rather than not be the author
by beams and planks as it were by keys.” of this sonnet, which your rudeness hath irre
The name of Æey is given in construction coverably lost. (Limberham.) Some foolish
to any bond used for firmly uniting se French Quelquechose, I warrant you. (Br.)
parate parts. Thus Aey-stone is the stone Quelquechose / O ignorance in supreme perfec
which binds together the two sides of an tion He means a kekshose. (Lim.) Why
arch. ‘A’ey, to knitte walls togedyr, then a Kekshoes let it be, and a kekshoes for your
clef.”—Palsgr. ‘A’ey, or knyttynge of song.”—Dryden, Kind Keeper.
two wallys in unstabylle grounde, lora Kid. I. ON. Kid, a young goat: G.
mentum (concatenatio lignorum, as the Kitze, a female cat, a goat; Æitzlein, a kid.
word is elsewhere explained—Dief. Supp.) See Kindle.
vel caya. A cyage, or botys stonding, Kid. 2.-Kidnap. In rogues' slang
ripatum.”—Pr. Pn. Kid is a child, agreeing with Lith. Kudikis,
Ribe. A sore on the heel. Devonsh. a child. Hence Æidnap, to nab or steal
Æibby, sore, chapped.—Hal. children. -

To Kick. Words signifying vibratory 3. A brush-faggot. W. cidys, faggots;

or abrupt movement are commonly taken cidysen, a single faggot.
from sounds of a similar character. Now 4. A pannier or basket.—Hal. Possi
Bav. gagłern, gagéezen, AEackezen, kick bly connected with the last sense as being
ern, AEickezen, are used to represent abrupt made of twigs. Bav. AE8tz, Kötzen, kiitzen,
sounds, such as the clucking of a hen, a hod or basket for carrying on the back.
dry short coughing, stammering, tittering, Boh. Koss, a basket, anything made of
£ggling. Gºgégagé, in nursery language wicker.
a clock, a ticker. Hence gig, gag, Āić, Kiddier.—Cadger. A packman or
appear as roots from whence spring forms travelling huxter. Aiddler, Æidger, one
24
37o KIDI) LE KING

who buys up fowls, &c., at farm-houses, lander is so called from resembling an

and carries them to market.— Forby. ordinary petticoat kilted up for conveni
Persons who bring fish from the sea to ence of walking. Sw. Kilta barn, to
Newcastle market are still called cadgers. swathe an infant, to make a bundle of it.
—Brocket. As fed/er, pedder, from the Kin.—Kind. AS. cyn, Goth. Æuni,
ped or basket in which he carries his kind, family, race; Kuns, kunds, related,
wares, so it is probable that kiddier, cad of the same family; alyakums, of another
ger, are from Kid. . See Kid, 4. family, foreign. AS. maddrena cyn, gener
Kiddle. A basket set in the opening ation of vipers ; moſtcyn, mankind. ON.
of a weir to catch fish, an implement fre Ayn, race, family, sex; Áynd, offspring ;
quently denounced in our old municipal Du. G. Kind, child. E. Kind, kindly, ex
laws, probably on account of its destruc press the loving disposition towards each
tiveness. Fr. Quideau, a wicker engine other proper to the members of a family.
whereby fish is caught.—Cot. Bret. Æide/, When Hamlet accuses his uncle of being
a net fastened to two stakes at the mouth “a little more than kin and less than kind'
of a stream.—Legonidec. From kid in he is simply contrasting the closeness of
the 3rd and 4th senses. Boh. Åoss, basket, the connection with the absence of cor
anything made of wicker; Kossatka, a responding affection.
wicker cage for fishing. The origin is AS. cemnan, to beget, the
* Kidney. - root of which, cent or gen, is somewhat
Take tho hert and tho mydrav and tho kidnere. masked in the reduplicate forms, Lat.
Liber cure cocorum, p. 10. gigno (gigeno), Gr. Yivouat (yiyevouai, Yiy
In the receipt for hagese, p. 52, the kid vouai), but is manifest in the derivatives
ney is called mere simply. G. miere was genitus, genus, gens, yávoc, offspring, race,
used for the testicles as well as the kid kind, sex, Yeved, yśvé0\ov. Bret. gana,
neys, being both glandular bodies of geneſ, to beget; W. cented/ ( = Gr. Yávsø
similar shape; enſniereſt, to castrate. Aov), a race; Gael. gºn, beget; gineal,
Hence kidnere may be quid mere, the nere offspring ; cine, cineadh, race, family.
of º guid, ON. Avidr, Sc. Ayte, kite, the To Kindle. 1. To produce young,
belly. applied to cats and rabbits. Probably a
Riderkin. Du. Kindekem, Kinneken, nasalised form of £ittle, notwithstanding
a small barrel. Comp. Du. Kind, E. child. w. cemed/u, to beget. It may be observed
To Kill. AS. cwellan, to kill; czvelan, that Dan. Killing (for kitling) is applied
to die. to the young of both the hare and the cat.
And preyid him that he wolde to him sell See Kitten.
Some poison, that he might his rattis que/l. 2. To produce fire. ON. Kynda, to set
Pardoner's Tale. fire to ; Ayndill, a light, torch, candle ; N.
The primitive meaning seems as in Avende, chips and shavings for kindling
Dan. Quarle, to strangle, choke, smother. fire ; Myndel, Áynnel, a torch, whence E.
G. gua/m, a suffocating fume, thick va cannel coal, coal that burns like a torch.
pour; Fin. Auo//a, to die, to lose strength Lat. candere, to shine, to glow ; incen
and vigour; £uolen weſeen, aquà suffo dere, to kindle, inflame, incite.
cor; Kuolettaa, to kill. If choking be the Probably a metaphorical application of
primitive meaning, we may observe a like the idea of giving birth to, expressed by
relation between Fin. Kuolla and Lat. the root gan, gen, ken, in accordance with
co//um, neck, as between mecare, to kill the analogy which leads us to speak of
(properly to choke), and E. neck. the extinction of life or extinction of flame,
Kiln. An oven for burning bricks or although in this case the metaphor runs
lime, drying malt, &c. w. cylyn, OSw. in the opposite direction.
Æð/na, kiln; N. Aylma, a drying-house for Kindred. The latter part of the word
corn. Sw. dial. Æy//a, Æð//a, Kölna, to is AS. rarden, condition, equivalent as a
kindle fire. Lat. colina, culina, the termination to E. ship. On tha rardenne,
kitchen or fire apartment. See Coal. on the condition.—Leg. Inae. 63. Geſer
Kilt. The radical meaning of the word rarden, companionship ; magrarden, re
is preserved in Sw. Aylsa, a bunch or lationship ; teon-raden (feoman, to accuse,
cluster, Du. Ki/dt brods, a hunch of bread. reproach), quarrel, dispute; E. hatred, the
Aldaerna sitta i en Ay/sa, her clothes condition of hate.
hang all in a bunch. Hence OSw, op King. G. König, ON. Konungr, Kongr,
Æi/fa, Dan. Kilte, to kilt one's clothes, to king. Lith. Kunigas, Kuningas, Lett.
truss or gather them up into a bunch. Æungs, lord, noble, an address commonly
The kilt or short petticoat of the High given to the pastor; Lit. Kuningene, the
 KINK KNACKER 371
pastor's wife; Lett. Æundziła, dominion ; cladio, to hover—Pugh ; cud, velocity,
Żeninsch, king. Said to be from Goth. flight.—Spurrell. So Lith, lingoti, to
Åuni, race, signifying head of the race, as hover; linge, kite.
Goth. thiudams, a king, from thiuda, a 2. A belly. See Cud.
people. But suspicion is raised by forms Eith. Acquaintance. AS. cuth, G.
like Tartar chan, Wotiak Kun, king, empe Åund, known. From AS. cemnan, G. Ken
ror, kunlen, queen, Aunoka, lord, chief. men, to know. Aith and kin, acquaint
* Kink. Du. Sw. Kink, a twist in a ance and relations.
cable, &c. Also a rheumatic stiffness of Ritten.—Kitling.—To Kittle. N.
any part, as a stiff neck (Atkinson), a Ájetla (of cats), to bring forth young;
crick in the neck. NE. kench, a twist or Ájetling, a kitten ; Fr. caller, to Æittle as
sprain.-Hal. Kneck, among sailors, is a cat.-Cot. ‘Gossype, whan your catte
explained by Bailey in exactly the same £ytelleth I pray you let me have a kyt
sense as kink, viz. the twisting of a rope Zynge.”—Palsgr. in Way.
or cable as it is veering out. It seems to At first sight we have no hesitation in
me probable that kneck or knick is the regarding Æittle and kitling, as well as
original form of the word (analogous to £itten, as derivatives from the parent cat,
crick above mentioned), representing in but it may be doubted whether the name
the first instance a short quick move of the animal be not derived from the
ment, a turn or twist. ON. Anic/ja, hayk verb signifying to bring forth young,
Aja, to snatch, to clench or turn back the rather than vice versä. Bohem. Åofiti se
end of a nail, &c.; hmickr, haykkr, a (of sheep, cats, dogs, &c.), to produce
snatch, a trick, a twist in wrestling. young ; Lat. catulus, a whelp; Dan.
To Kink. I. Said of children when Æilling (for kitling), the young of hares
their breath is long stopped through or cats. To the same root apparently
eager crying or coughing.—B. An imita belong G. Kitzlein, E. Kid, a young goat;
tion of the shrill sound of drawing the G. Aitze, a she-goat, she-cat, and possibly
breath under such circumstances. Chin the word cat itself may have the same
cough, king-cough, Du. Kick-hoest, kink origin, as the names of animals are ori
Joest, whooping-cough. Sw. Aikma, to ginally very ill defined, and the designa
have the respiration stopped; Aikma aſ tions of general relations of age or sex
skratt, to chink with laughter. are apt to be appropriated to particular
Kirtle. As. cyrtel; Sw. Dan. Ájortel, species. Thus the word stag, which
a garment either for man or woman. seems properly to signify a male, is in E.
Kiss. Goth. Æukyan, G. A.iissen, W. appropriated to the male deer, while N.
cusaw, cusannu, Gr. Kuvéw (fut. Küow, stegg is a gander or male fowl; E. bitch,
rūgow), to kiss; Sanscr. Æuch, kus, ON. a female dog ; Fr. biche, a female deer.
Æoss, kiss. Knack. A snap with the fingers, a
Analogy would lead us to seek the de trick or way of doing as it were at a
rivation in a word signifying mouth. N. Snap.
mutt, mouth, mutte (in nursery lang.), to Knacks we have that will delight you,
kiss; Lat. os, mouth, osculum, kiss; Boh. Sleight of hand that will invite you.
Auba (=Gael. gob, E. gab), the mouth, B. Jonson in R.
Aubička, kiss; Prov. cais, mouth, jaws,
acaissar, to kiss. In the same way Goth. Ir. cnog, a knock, crack, &c. In the
Æukjan may be compared with N. Kok, same way, from Du. Knappen, to snap,
throat, swallow. Anap, alacer, celer; Anap-handig, dexter,
Kit. I. A pail, bucket. Du. Kit, kitte, manu expeditus.-Kil. Avoir le chic, to
a hooped beer-can. have the knack of doing something.—
2. Brood, collection. Du. Kudde, a Jaubert.
flock; Bav. Kiitt, a covey of partridges; A nick-knacks, trickery, gesticulation,
Swiss Kiitt, an assemblage or crew of articles of small value for show and not
for use.
people; Sette Commune Autt, Kutta, an
assemblage ; kutte va bei, a swarm of But if ye use these knick-knacks,
bees ; kitten sich, to assemble. This fast and loose with faithful men and true,
You'll be the first will find it.—B. & F. in R.
Kitchen. Lat. coquina, It. cucina, G.
AEiiche, Du. Kokene, Æeukeme ; from Lat. Enacker. A saddler and harness
coquere, to boil. See Cook. maker—Forby; one that makes collars
Kite. 1. A bird of prey, w. cºd, and other furniture for cart-horses.—
kite ; cudyll y gwinſ, the kestrell or Grose S. & E. country words. Doubtless
wind-hover. Bret. Æidel, a hawk. From from ON. hnackr, saddle.
2
372 KNAG KNOB

At the present day the name of Knacker a stout boy. So also ON. hnaus, a clod;
is chiefly known as signifying one whose Sw. Anós, a knoll ; Dan. Amos, a lad.
business it is to slaughter old worn-out Lang. esclafo, a slab of wood, chip, lump
horses, an office analogous to that of the of stone ; uno be/ escapo de ſilio, a fine
German Schinder or Abdecker, the flayer, grown girl.
who had to dispose of the bodies of dead To Knead. ON. hnoda, gnyda, Du.
animals, and of course first stripped off Æneeden, G. &meten, to knead ; Dan.gnide,
their skin, the only part of any value. to rub; Pl. D. gmide/n, to smooth by rub
It would seem that in England this office bing with a flat implement. W. cnitfio,
fell to the Knacker or coarse harness to strike, twitch, rub gently; Bohem.
maker, as the person who would have the hnefit, haſ sti, Pol. gnies’c’, to press or
best opportunity of making the skins pinch (as a tight shoe), to knead.
available. In Flemish patois loroin is ON. gmyr, tumultus, strepitus; gnya,
the skinner of dead beasts, from lorum, a gmuda'i, to rush violently, to rub, to knead.
strap.–Vermesse. Stormurinn gnyrd husum, or gnardir à
Knag. A projection, a knot in wood. Ausum, the storm beats upon the house;
“The great horns of beetles, especially gmydr, the rushing of waters. -

such as be knagged as it were with small Knee.—Kneel. G. knie, Gr. Yévv, Lat.
teeth.’—Holland, Pliny in R. A word genu.
formed on the same plan with jag or cog, Knell. Sw. Amall, explosion, loud noise,
signifying in the first instance a sudden N. gnell, gnoll, moll, shrill cry; Mid. Lat.
jog, then the corresponding projection in mola, a bell; Dan. Anald, crack of a whip,
the path of the jogging object, a projec explosion.
tion from a solid surface. Ir. cnag, a IKnick-knack. See Knack.
knock, crack; creagach (properly jolting), Rnife. Du. Kniff, G. Kneif, Cat. ganivet,
rough or uneven ; Sw. Amag/ig, rugged; knife; Fr. camiſ, penknife. An instru
Dan. Ānag, a crack, crash, a wooden peg, ment for nipping or snipping; G. Kneiſen,
cog of a wheel. It. mocco, mocchio, any Ameipen, to nip or pinch ; kneif-schere,
bunch, knob, snag, or ruggedness in tree snippers; Du. Knippen, sniffen, to clip,
or wood.—Fl. shear; knif-mes, a razor ; W. cneifio, to
Knap. To snap, to break with a clip, shear, poll.
snapping noise. G. &nd/ºpen, to crackle, Knight. Properly a young man, then
crack, to gnaw, bite, nibble, to nip, twitch a man at arms, fighting man; kar' tºoxiv,
or break off; also as E. Ánap (among the soldier who fought on horseback with
hunters), to ſeed upon the tops of leaves, armour of defence. AS. cniht, a boy, youth,
shrubs, &c.; to knapple, to gnaw off-B. servant ; cniht-cild, man-child. Swiss
Fin. ma/pata, to snap at, pluck, snatch, Anecht, strong active youth ; knechten, to
mappia, to pluck as berries; Du. Knappen, put forth strength, show activity.
to snatch, to nab. The word is so exactly synonymous
Knapsack. From the notion of chew with G. Knabe, knaffe, E. knave, that we
ing or gnawing, G. and Du. Ana//en ac are disposed to attribute to it a like origin
quires the sense of eating. Wir haben in Du. Anocht, a knot.—Kil.
nichts zu knappen, we have nothing to To Knit. To form knots, to make a
eat. Hence knap-sack, a provision-sack. texture, like that of stockings, formed of
Knave. As. cmapa, G. Knabe, knappe, a succession of knots; also to bind toge
a boy, youth, servant, a depreciatory ther. Pl.D. Anutte, a knot; knutten, to
term of address to an inferior. make into a knot, to knit. See Knot.
Knob.-Knop.–Knock. The sound
But he that nought hath ne conveiteth to have
Is rich, although ye hold him but a knave. of a crack or blow is imitated by the syl
W. of Bath. lables Amap and knack, with such varia:
tions in the vowel and in the character of
Du. Knegt (the equivalent of E. Knight), the final consonant as may seem to suit
a boy or servant, as well as Anape, have the nature of the particular sound in ques
acquired a depreciatory sense analogous tion. Hence are developed two series of
to E. Amaze. Hy is een knegſ, een Ánape, forms, ending in a labial and a guttural
he is a rogue. respectively, and expressing ideas con
The original meaning is probably a nected with the notion of striking, as the
lump (of a boy), from Ana/ or knof, a blow itself, the implement with which it
knob or bunch, as the word boy itself is given, the track of the blow, a pro
has formerly been explained on the same jection, jutting out, prominence, lump.
principle. Gael. cnaf, a knob, knot, lump, Thus, with a labial termination, we
 KNOCK LACHES 373

have Gael. cmap, to strike, to beat; a gnosco, to know. The original root seems
button, lump, boss, hillock; W. cm w/a, a to be gen or ken, with the sense probably
knob, a club ; E. Anap, the top of a hill, of seize, get, apprehend.
or anything that sticks out—B. ; Anoff, a It is singular that the Lat. cognoscere
bud; Du. Knopfe, Anoop, a knot, a bud; should be reduced in the course of degra
G. Knopf, a knob, button, ball, head; Pl.D. dation to a form nearly identical with E.
Anobbe, Anubbe, anything thick and round, Ánow. Cognoscere, Namur conoche, and
a knotty stick, a flower-bud; Anobken, a thence by the change usual in Walloon
small loaf ; Dan. Anub, a log, block; of the sound of sch into h, Wall. Æinohe,
Anubbet, knotty; Anubbe, to bang, to to know.
thrash. Knowledge. Formerly knowleche, the
With a guttural termination, G. Knack, last syllable of which is the ON. Zeik, N.
a crack or snap ; misse Amacken, to crack /ei/je, usually employed in the composi
nuts; Gael. cnac, crack; E. Knock, to tion of abstract nouns. In AS. and OE.
strike; Gael. cnoc, a hillock, eminence ; it took the form of lac or leic; AS. reaſ.
W. cmwc, a knob, lump, bunch ; Ir. cna Mac, robbery; OE. schend-ſac, derision;
gain, to knock, to rap ; cnagach, rough, wouhlac, seduction; ſear-ſac, fear; god
uneven ; cnagaid, hump-backed ; Gael. Zeic, goodness — Ancren Rivle ; Pl.D.
cnag, a knob ; E. Ánag, a projection. &ruu/-/ag, E. wedlock. It is remarkable
Enock. See Knob. that the termination lik has exactly the
Enoll. A round hillock; a turnip.– same force in Turkish ; ſichigi-lić, the
B. An expression of the class of those trade of a cooper; Kalem-lik, the function
explained under Knob. ON. Anal/a, to of a pen; adem-lik, the quality of man;
beat with a stick; Anal/r, a cudgel; G. dagh-lik, mountainous country; beyaz
Ænollen, a knob, bunch, lump, figuratively Aić, whiteness; (bakmak, to look) baſſ
a clown. Pl.D. Ánulle, a hunch, a mak-lik, the act of looking. Turk. Zika,
crumple. face, countenance; OE. laeches, looks, ges
Enot. Another of the forms signify tures.—Layamon.
ing a knob or projection, derived from Knuckle. Du. Anokel, the knotty or
the image of knocking or striking. Du. projecting part of the joints; Anoke/s van
Ænodse, Knudse, a club ; Ánodsen, Knudsen, den rug-graef, the vertebrae of the back ;
to beat ; knodde, a knuckle, a knot; Ánut Anoke, Ánock-been, the ankle; Anoke, a
tel, a cudgel; Pl. D. Anutte, G. knote, a knot in a tree, a bone, because the bones
knot; Lat. modus, a knot, knob. Dan. in the living body become conspicuous at
Anude, knot, bump, protuberance. See their projecting end ; G. knochen, bone;
Knob. -

Anochel, a knuckle, knot, or joint, the

Know. AS. cnawan, OHG. cnahem, joints of the fingers, ankle, toes. See
Sanscr. ſná, Pol. 2nad, Lith. Żinoti (3 = Knob.
Fr. j), Gr. Yuyvºorw, Lat. (genoo, genosco)

Label. OFr. lambel, a shred or rag Jats, It. Jaccio, Fr. lacºs, a lace, tie, snare,
holding but little to the whole, a label; noose ; Prov. Massar, Zachar, Fr. Macer, to
Iambeaua, rags, tatters. Lambeaua or lace, bind, fasten. The lacing is thus
Zabeaua was also the name given to the the binding of a garment, and the name
fringe (laciniis) hanging from the military has been appropriated to the border of
cloak—Duc. ; OE. lamboys, the drapery gold or silver tissue, of silk or open thread
which came from below the tasses over the work used as an ornamental edging to
thighs.-Hal. G. lappen, a rag, lap, lobe; garments of different kinds. See Latch.
dumpen, a rag, tatter; It. Membo, the skirt Lacerate. Lat. Macer, torn, ragged ;
or lap of a garment, anything that flaps Jacinia, a jag, snip, piece, rag, lappet of a
or hangs loose; Milan. /amp, a lap, skirt, gown. Gr. Aakic, a rent, tatter; Aariºuſ,
rag, slice. See Lap. to tear. From the sound of tearing, Gr.
Labial. Lat. labium, a lip. Xàoxw, Aakov, to crack, creak, sound,
Labour.—Laboratory. Lat. labor. Screann.

Lace. Lat. laqueus, Prov. lac, Zaz, Laches. Negligence.

374 LACK LAD

Then cometh lachesse, that is, he that whan he Than they of Haynault bought little nagges to
beginneth any good work, anon he wol forlete ride at their ease, and they sent back their lac
and stint it.—Parson's Tale. &ettes and pages.—Berners, Froissart in R.
OFr. Jasche, slack, remiss, faint ; Lat. Fr. Jaguais, a footman ; OFr. naquet, ſta
/arus, loose. See Loose. Quais, an attendant at a tennis-court;
Lack. 1.-Lake.—Lacker. Lack, an magueter, to stop a ball at tennis, also to
East Indian resin of a red colour, the pig wait at a great man's door, to observe
ment extracted from which is /lake. Fr. dutifully, attend obsequiously.—Cot.
Jacque, sanguine, rose or ruby colour.— The name seems to be taken from the
Cot. Lacquered ware is ware covered macket's office of catching the ball. Fr.
with a varnish of lack. “The lack of mayue-mouche, a fly-catcher. A sharp
Tonquin is a sort of gummy juice that sound is represented by the syllable Anacº,
drains out of trees. The cabinets to be as in G. Knacken, to crack, Fr. naguer, to
Jackered are made of fir or pine tree.”— gnaw with a snapping sound like a dog ;
Dampier in R. Du. Zak-werk, lackered maqueter des dens, to chatter with the
ware. The name is then extended to teeth. Thence the term is applied to any
other kinds of varnish. Fr. Zacre, a ce quick abrupt movement, as in the sense
ment of rosin, brimstone, and wax.-Cot. of catching, or in Bav. Artacken, a stroke;
It. Macca, white lead, also a kind of white Fr. nagueter de la queue, to wag the tail.
varnish ; laccare, to paint or daub over The interchange of an initial / and n is
with Zacca, to paint as women do their not infrequent, as in It. Wiveſ/o and nive/lo,
faces.—Fl. Lat. Aympha and nympha, N. lyājel and
2. Lack had formerly two senses, iden my//e/, a key ; Sp. Zutria and nutria, an
Otter.
tical with those of Du. Zack, /aecke, want,
defect, fault, blame ; laecken, to decrease, Laconic. Gr. Aarovuróc, after the man
become deficient, also to accuse, to blame. ner of the Lacônes or Spartans.
Of these senses the notion of fault or Lacteal. Lat. lac, lactis, milk.
blame might be incidental to that of de Lad.—Lass. Lad was formerly used
in the sense of a man of inferior station.
ficiency or want, but it is probable that
the two uses of the word are from totally Sixti and ten
different sources. Starke laddes, stalworthe men.—Havelok.
The origin of lack, want, is seen in To make lordes of laddes
Swab. lack (properly slack), slow, faint. Of land that he winneth,
And fremen foule thralles
To lack then is to become slack, to cease,
That follwen noght his lawes.—P. P. 1325.
to be wanting. In like manner G. ſlau, When laddes weddeth leuedies.
faint, feeble ; diese waare wird ſlau, this Prophesy of Thomas of Ercildoune in
article lacks or is no more sought for— Havelok. Gloss.
Küttner, the demand becomes slack. Du. It would seem to be the same word with
Maeckende waeremerx decrescens; laecken, OHG. lag, libertinus (G. freige/assner);
minuere, decrescere, deficere paulatim, frilaz, manumissus; hant/az, libertus.-
deesse.—Bºil. Namur lauk, slack ; Wall. Graff. “Sunt etiam apud illos (Saxones) qui
/aker, to slacken, cease, give over. I n' edhilingi, sunt qui frilingi, sunt qui Zazzi
1áže min d” ploure, it does not cease to illorum linguà dicuntur, Latinâ vero lin
rain.-Grandg. Again, from E. dial. ſash, guá hoc sunt ; nobiles, ingenui, atque
/ask, slack, loose, watery; to lasé, to serviles.”—Nithardus in Graff. G. Wasse,
shorten, lessen.—Hal. -

Du. laete, a peasant bound to certain rents

On the other hand lack, in the sense of and duties, corresponding to our copy
blame, seems to be for clack, c/ag, Pl.D. hold tenures. The word is Latinised in
Alak, Alaks, G. Kleck, a spot, blot, stain, various ways, litus, lidus, ledus, adscrip
disgrace; einem enem Alak anthangen, to titius, servus glebae. —Duc. “Et Saxones
fix a blot upon him. Sc. clag, an encum omnes tradiderunt se illi et omnium ac
brance, charge, impeachment. “He has cepit obsides tam ingenuos quam et lidos.’
nae clag till his tail, no stain on his cha —Annales Franc. ibid. In the Frisian
racter.
laws the composition of a litus was double
He was a man without a clag, that of a slave and half that of a freeman.
His heart was frank without a flaw.
Mid. Lat. leudus, /eudis, a vassal, subject,
Pl.D. een lak, (or more frequently) enen AS. leod, a people, G. Zeuſe, people, Goth.
Alak in de ware smiten, to find fault with jugga-lauds, a young man, may probably
wares; Sw, lak, vice, fault. be distinct.
Lackey.—Lacket. The difficulty in identifying E. lad with
 LADDER LAKE 375

OHG. lag arises from the fem. lass (for Boºj Krawicka, God's little cow, has the
Aaddess), which is not in accordance with same meaning. The comparison of a
the Sax. idiom, and would look like a beetle to a cow seems strange, but in
derivation from W. llodes, a lass; llawd, other cases the name of cats, dogs, sheep,
a lad. are given to insects of different kinds,
* Ladder. As. hlardre, ohG. hleitar, and Pol. Ærowka, little cow, is the name
G. leiter (fem.), Pol. letra, a ladder. given to the dung-beetle. The large
Possibly the word may signify a pair of black beetle, popularly called Devil's
poles or spars. G. latte (in some cases), a coach-horse, is in ON. Jötun-ori, the
bar or pole, a young, slender, and straight Giant's ox, the Jötun in Northern mytho
tree in a forest.—Küttn. Pl.D. lade, the logy filling the place of the Devils in
shoot of a tree.—Brem. Wtb. Laede (ger. Jewish, while the ox or beast of the
sax. sicamb.), tabula, asser.—Kil. AS. plough is exchanged in modern times for
Jatta, asseres.—Lye. Sw, dial. ladda, Da. the more conspicuous coach-horse.
dial. laetter, vogn/aetter, or leirer, E. dial. The other name, Lady-bird (by which
/adders, lades or ladeshrides, the frame Lady-cow is being rapidly supplanted),
work of bars fixed on the side of a wag was probably given as seeming more ap
gon to carry corn. Sw, dial. laider, two propriate to a flying creature; but bird
spars fastened to each other at a certain may here be a corruption of bode or bud,
interval, and used as the framework of a
a name given to insects of different kinds,
as sharn-bode, dung-beetle, wool-bode,
waggon to carry casks or large stones. G.
Jade, a framework of different kinds. Du.
hairy caterpillar.—E. Adams on names
of insects in Philolog. Trans.
Maede, we'vers-laede, the comb or reed,
composed of two rods fastened to each To Lag. To trail behind, to flag. As
other by a number of teeth (like a ladder) in muscular exertion the limbs are made
between which every thread of the warp rigid, the idea of the opposite condition,
passes singly. See Lathe. faintness, laziness, slowness, is expressed
Lade. I. Lade, a ditch or drain.— by the figure of what is loose or slack.
Hal. A lade, mil/-/ade, or mill-leat, is W. l/ag, loose, slack, sluggish; Gael. lag,
the cut which leads water to a mill. AS. feeble, faint; Esthon. Zang, lamé, loose,
dad, a canal, conduit; Du. leyde, water slack; Gr. Adyapoc, slack, pliant; Aayyáčw,
Zeyde, acquaeductus, aquagium.–K. AS. Aayyāw, to slacken ; Bav. lugé, loose, not
dadan, Du. leyden, to lead. tight.
* To Lade. —Load. —Ladle.—Last. The origin of all these terms is a repre
ON. hada, to lay in regular order, to pile sentation of the sound of a loose body
up, to build a wall, to pack herrings, to flapping or rattling. E. dial. log, logger,
pave a floor; hlad, anything piled up or to oscillate, shake as a loose wheel; G.
laid in regular order; Da. lade, to load, Mocker, loose, &c. See To Log.
OHG. hladan, G. laden, to load. As. Lagoon. Lat. lacuna, a ditch, pud
Aladan, hlod, gehladen, to pile up, to dle, drain, a little hole or hollow place, a
load, also to draw water, to bring bucket gap ; It lacuna, laguna, a moor, wash,
after bucket to the receptacle, analogous fen, ditch where water stands, a drain.
to piling up objects on a heap. H/aedle, a — Fl. Sp. laguna, stagnant waters,
ladle or implement for lading liquids. marshes.
Alast, ON. hlass, G. last, the loading or Lair. A lying place, now confined to
burden of a ship, E. last, a certain quan a lying place for beasts.
tity of corn, fish, wool, &c. The mynster church, this day of great repayre,
In a secondary sense to lade (of ships) Of Glastenbury where now he has his leyre.
is to let in water, to leak. Hardyng in R.
—the ship
Whiche was so staunche it myghte no water lade. Du. leger, bed, sleeping place, lair of a
Hal. beast, camp or place occupied by an
army; Dan. leir, camp ; from Du. leg
Lady. As hlaflig. gen, to lie ; te bedden, te ve/de leggen, to
Lady-cow.—Lady-bird. The name lie in bed, to camp. AS. leger, a lying,
of a well-known, small, spotted, hemi whether in the grave or in bed ; legeres
spherical beetle, dedicated to Our Lady, wyrthe, worthy of burial; also the cause
as appears by the German name Marien of lying or disease; place of lying or
Æðſer or Gottes-Åith/ein, in Carinthia bed; lying with or adultery; leger-gyld,
Frauenkiele. In Brittany it.is called Za OE. lair-wite, a fine for adultery.—B.
£etite vache du bon Dieu, and Bohem. Lake. I. A pigment. See Lack,
376 LAM LANE

2. Fr. lac, Lat. lacus. basket; fanterlanfant, trifles; tamfern, to

To Lam. To give a beating to. ON. tattle, to trifle. Equivalent expressions
/emya, to give a sound drubbing, N. laemja, are Lang. ta-ta-ta / Fr. tarare / a fiddle
to beat. Du. lam-slaen, enervare verbe stick' pshaw (Boileau); and also lan
ribus; lam, flaccid, languid, weak; lamme ture/u/ lanturlu / fudge stuff! (Spiers),
/eden, membra dissoluta ; Piedm. Jam, nonsense ! (Tarver), of which the promi
loose, slack. To lam then would be to nent syllable, lant (as tant in G.), has
beat faint, to exhaust with blows, anal been made the basis of verbs signifying
ogous to Dan. mor-banke, to give a sound to talk nonsense, to trifle; lantiberner, to
drubbing, literally to beat tender. weary with idle stories (Dict. bas lang.);
Lamb. Esthon. lammas, lamba, Fin. Janterner, to talk nonsense, trifle with, to
Mammas, lampaan, a sheep; lampuri, a fool (Spiers); lantiponner, to talk non
shepherd. Lap. Zióðe, a lamb. sense, to trifle, harceler quelqu'un en le
Lambent. Lat. Jambo, to lick with tiraillant.—Trevoux. Then as lantiberner
the tongue. A nasalised form of lap. seems contracted to lanterner, so lanti
Lame. Broken or enfeebled in some fommer would produce lamponner, ex
of the members. Serv. lomiti, to break; plained by Cot. as synonymous with
Zoman, broken, tired ; Pol. lamač, to /anterner, to dally or play the fool with,
break; lamanie w mogach, gout in the to cog, foist, fib. The primary meaning
feet; Dan. Jam, palsied, paralytic ; Du. of lampoon then would be a piece of
1eme, lemte, mutilatio, vitium—Kil. ; ON. foolery or nonsense, making fun of a
1ami, broken, enfeebled, impaired ; lami, person, and incidentally a satirical attack.
a break, fracture; lama, to weaken, im * Lamprey. Fr. lamproie, It. lam
pair; lam, a fracture, enfeebling ; lama, preda, Lat. lampetra, “a lambendis petris,'
membris fractus vel viribus; fot-lama, from licking stones.—Voss. In support
far-lama, incapacitated in the feet, in the of this etymology Trench cites the OE.
power of walking. names suckstone and lickstone. ‘A little
It must be admitted that the meaning fish called a suckstone, that stayeth a
of lame sometimes approaches very closely ship under sail, remora.”—Withal.
that of Du. laſ, lam, flaccid, languid, Lance.—Lanceolate.—Lancet. Lat.
weak ; Pied. lam, loose, slack; N. lama, dancea, Gr. Aóyxn, a lance, spear, spear
/amen, fatigued, exhausted, unstrung. head.
Comp. Du. lammeſick, languide, remissé, Land. Goth., ON. land.
segniter, with E. lamely, lamme sancé, in Landscape. A delineation of the land,
conditum et ineptum carmen, a lame from AS. sceapan, to shape or form. So
production; lamme leden, membra dis N. fiel/skap, the outline of a range of hills.
soluta ; lam-slaen, enervare verberibus, E.g. Æienne land 'e paa fiel/skap, I know
to disable or make lame by blows. the land by the line of hills.
Lament. Lat. lamentari. Lane.—Lawn. Du. laen, an alley,
Lamina.-Laminate. Lat. lamina, opening between houses or fields. Sc.
a thin flake or slice. Joan, loaning, an opening between fields
Lammas. On the first of August, the of corn left uncultivated for the sake of
feast of St Peter ad Vincula, it was cus driving the cattle homewards.-Jam.
tomary in AS. times to make a votive Fris. lona, lama, a narrow way between
offering of the first-fruits of the harvest, gardens and houses. Dan. dial. laane,
and thence the feast was termed Hlaſ Jane, a bare place in a field where the
masse, Lammas, from hlaf, loaf. In the corn has failed ; lane, an open or bare
Sarum Manual it is called Benedictio place ; E. lawn, lawnd, an open space be
novorum fructuum.—Way in Pr. Prm. tween woods; W. llan, a clear place, area,
Lamp. Gr. Maputrác, whence Lat. lam or spot of ground to deposit anything in.
fas. Gr. Aéutro, to ring, sound loud and The fundamental idea is probably the
clear, then to give light, to shine. ON. opportunity to see through given by an
glam, glamr, clang, rattle, noise; glampa, opening between trees or the like ; N.
to gleam, glitter, shine. glana, gleine, to stare, to look steadily, to
Lampoon. The syllables tdterletät, open (as clouds) and leave a clear space;
tanterlantant, representing sound with g/an, an opening among clouds; glazten
out sense, are used in Pl.D. as interjec (of a wood or of clouds), open, separate,
tions, like ſiddlededee / expressing con so that one may see through ; glenna, a
tempt for what a person says. Täterletàt, clear open space among woods, grassplot
a toy trumpet, or the noise which it between cliffs and wood ; gleine, an open
makes; ene olde tdterletdt, an old tattle Space.
 LANGUAGE LASH 377

Language. Lat. lingua, a tongue, Lap—Lappet. The flap or loose skirt

language, whence Fr. langue, langage. of a garment. Like flap, c/ap, slap, a re
Languid.—Languish. Lat. langueo, presentation of the noise made by a loose
to be faint, without life and spirit. Gr. sheet striking against itself or any surface.
Aayyāw, Aayyáčw, to slacken, give up ; Ady ON. lapa, slapa, to hang loose; Du. lab
ywv, a loiterer. See To Lag. beren (of sails), to shiver in the wind ; G.
Laniard.—Lanyel.-Langet. It is Zapp, slack; lappen, anything hanging
probable that langet, langel, lamyel, a loose, rag, tatter, clout; bart-lappen, the
strap or thong, tether, strip of ground, wattles of a cock; thr-läppehem, lobe of
must be separated from Fr. Manière, E. the ear; AS. lappa, a lap or lobe of the
daniard, a narrow band, a thong; lamier, liver.
the lash of a whip.–Forby. The former A lapwing is a bird that flaps its wings
are certainly from Lat. lingula, a little in a peculiar manner as it flies.
tongue, narrow pointed object, It lingua, To Lap. 1. Fr. Zapper, to lap or lick
a langet or spattle, lingueſla, linguetta, up; Gr. Aérrio, to lap, then to drink
the point or langet of a pair of scales, a greedily; Lat. lambere, to lick; Fr. lam
tenon.—Fl. Langot of the shoe, latchet. per, to drink, to swill. In E. cant the
—Kennett in Hal. Langelyn or bynd term lap is used for liquid food, wine,
together, colligo, compedio.— Pr. Pm. pottage, drink. From the sound of lap
Zanière on the other hand seems from ping up liquids with the tongue.
Mongière (a long narrow towel—Cot.), sig 2. To lap or w/ap, to wrap. ‘Laffyn
nifying a strip. Limousin loundieiro, Fr. or whappyn yn clothes, involvo.’ “Plico,
allonge, piece that one adds to lengthen to folde or lappe’—Pr. Pm. ‘He was
anything. Allonge or longe was also wlappid in a sack (obvolutus est sacco).”
used in the sense of It. langolo for the —Wicliff. From the root w/ap spring
Munes or lewins of a hawk, the leather It. inviluppare, Fr. envelopper.
thongs by which his legs were attached To lap in the present sense is to bring
to the wrist in carrying him. Fr. longe, the lap or flap of the garment round one ;
Wal, long, signifies also a long strap fast the forms wilap and flap corresponding
ened to the halter of a horse, whence the together, as Du. wrempen and E. /rump.
expression to lunge a colt, in breaking Lapse. Lat. labor, lapsus, to fall, sink
him in, to hold him with a long rope and down.
drive him round in a circle. Larboard. The left side of the ship
The g of long disappears occasionally looking forwards. Du. laager, OE. leer,
in the Fr. dialects, as Wal. lon, slow, left. ‘Clay with his hat turned up o' the
long, far.—Remacle. Lim. loung, loun, Zeer side too.”—B. Jonson in Nares. Du.
slow, tedious, long. It lungi, Fr. loin, far; Iaager-hand, the left hand, from laager,
eslongier, eloigner, to put to a distance. lower, as hooger-hand, the right hand,
Bret. louan, a thong or strap, especially from hoog, high. It is, however, against
that by which the yoke is fastened to the this derivation that the word is written
ox's head. /addeðord in the Story of Jonah, Allit.
Lank. Du. slank, G. schlank, slender, Poems of xiv. Cent., E. E. Text Soc.
pliant. A nasalised form of the root Larceny. Fr. larcin, robbery, from
which appears in E. slack, Gael. lag, weak, Lat. latrocinium, robbery; latro, a rob
faint, with the fundamental signification ber.
of absence of rigidity. Du. lank, the Lard. Lat. Mardum, bacon, bacon fat.
flank or soft boneless part of the side ; Bret. lard, fat, grease ; larda, to grease,
Devonsh. lank, the groin. to fatten.
Lansquenet. G. lanzknecht, a soldier Large. —Largess. Lat. langus, of
serving with lance. great size, copious, liberal, whence Fr.
Lantern. Fr. lanterne, Lat. laterna, Iargesse, liberality, gifts.
as if from AS. leoht, light, and -erm, place, Lark. As laſerc, Sc. laverock, Du.
an element seen in domern, judgment Zeeuwercke, lewerck, lercke.
place, hedderm, hiding-place, bacces-erm, Larrup. To beat. Du. larp, a lash ;
oven, and lihtes-ern, a lantern. In lu larpen, to thresh in a peculiar manner,
cerma the same element is joined with lur, bringing all the flails to the ground at
lucis, light. once.—Bomhoff.
The spelling of lanthorn, which so long To Lash. I. To strike with a sound
prevailed, was doubtless influenced by ing blow, as when a whale lashes the sea
the use of transparent sheets of horn for or a lion his flanks with his tail. To lash
the sides of the lantern. out, to throw out the heels with violence;
378 LASS LATHE

/asher, a weir, from the dashing of the mand), so to last, from Goth. laist, AS.
water. Like clash or slash, a represent Jast, a trace, footstep, is to tread in one's
ation of the sound. Esthon. Maksuma, footsteps, to follow, to fulfil :
to smack, to sound like waves when they Span thu hine georne
/ash the shore. G. Klatschen, to yield that Thaet he thine lare laste :
sound which is represented by the word urge thou him zealously that he may fol
Ålatsch; lashing with a whip, clapping of low thy instruction. — Caedm. x. l. 58.
the hands, clashing of arms.-Kūttn. Du. Goth. /aisſan, aſardaist/an, to follow
A/eſsen, to clash, clack, crack, to fling; after; fairlaistjan, to attain. The legal
Åleſs, lash, slap. expression in pursuance of is used in the
2. To bind or fasten anything to the sense of in fulfilment or execution of.
ship's sides.—B. Du. Zasch, a piece set on To Latch. To catch. AS. laeccan,
or let into a garment, also the place where gelaeccan, to catch, to seize ; Gael. glac,
the joining is made, the welding of two catch. The word seems to represent the
pieces of iron together, splicing of rope sound of clapping or smacking the hand
ends ; /asschen or lassen, to join two down upon a thing, or perhaps the snap
pieces together ; Dan. /aske, to baste, of a fastening falling into its place.
stitch, mortise; N. ſasāje, a gore or patch; Latch.-Latchet. From Lat. laquetts,
aare/askje, the patch of hard wood let are formed Fr. Jays, It. Maccio, any latch
into an oar to protect it from the rul or lachet, binding-lace or fillet, halter,
locks; Bav. lassen, ein/assen bretter in snare to catch birds or beasts — Fl.;
eimander, to scarf boards together, to let Rouchi lache, a noose, leash, lace; lacheſ,
one into the other; die gelass or ge/assen, as Fr. laceſ, a tie or fastening. Pol. Japač,
the joining. to catch, corresponds to E. Match, as snap
Lass. See Lad. to snatch, clap to clack, Lat. capere, to
Lassitude. Lat. Jassus, weary. E. catch.
Last. I. Contracted from latest, as Late. ON. laſr, OHG. laz, slow; G.
best from befst. G. letzt, Bav. lessf, Pl.D. /ass, faint, negligent, lazy; Bav. lass,
/est. Zi legzist, zu lazzost, demum ; 21. slack, loose, slow. The radical meaning
dem lesſen, extremo.—Gl. in Schmeller. is, doubtless, slack, unstrung, then inact
2. A burden. ON. hlass, AS. haest, Du. ive, slow, behind hand. See Loiter.
G. last, a load ; ON. hdada, to load, to -late. -lation. Lat. fero, latum, to
pile up, G. laden, to load. bear, bring ; conſero, to bring together;
3. The form of a shoemaker. Du. Meest, collatio, a comparison, whence to collate,
make, form, shape ; G. leisten, model, to compare ; to translate, to carry over ;
mould, form, size. “Ein Spanischer ross, praclatus, advanced before the rest, a pre
ob es gleich klein von leist, ist es doch Zafe, oblation, an offering; legislate, to
adelich von gestalt,' though small of size carry laws.
is noble in form. “Ein pfarrer soll ein Latent. Lat. lated, to lie, or be con
bildner und leist sin zu leben sinen un cealed, or unnoticed.
terthanen, a pastor should be a model to Lateral. Lat. latus, lateris, a side.
his parishioners. Lath.-Lattice. Fr. Du. G. latte, a
The origin is probably AS. last, Goth. thin piece of cleft wood; G. latte is also
Maist, trace, footstep ; wagen-gelaist, the used for a pole or rod, a young slender
trace of the wheel; the impression of a tree in a forest. The primary meaning
thing showing the size and form without is doubtless the shoot of a tree. Russ.
the substance of the original. loga, a rod, branch, twig ; G. Mode, a
To Last. Properly, to perform, but sprig or shoot ; Bret. lag, a pole, fishing
now confined to the special sense of per rod ; W. llath, a yard, or measure of three
forming the duty for which a thing is feet ; Gael. slat, a switch, wand, yard.
made, enduring. When we say that a Fr. Mattis, E. lattice, lath-work.
coat will last for so many months, we Lathe. A turner's frame, called by
mean that it will serve the purpose of a Cot. a lathe or lare. G. lade, a frame,
coat for so long. G. leisten, to fulfil, per what holds or incloses something else;
form, carry out. “And theiben false and the framework of a plough or harrow, a
traiterous and lasten noght that thei chest, coffer, receptacle. A imm/aden, the
bihoten.”—Sir Jno. Mandeville. jawbones in which the teeth are held ;
As Lat. sequi, to follow, gives ersegui, bettlade, a bedstead ; Kamm/ade, the
to follow out, perform, accomplish ; or basis which holds the teeth of a wool
G. fo/gen, to follow, befo/gen, to perform card ; fischlade, a drawer. Du. laede,
(beſehl befo/gen, to perform one's com Zaeye, a receptacle, case, chest ; laede van
 LATHER LAY 379

de wagge, the receptacle for the tongue laid with fresh-washed linen, to perfume
of a balance. Commonly connected with and preserve it from mildew. It lavanda,
E. Zade, to lay up, lay in order. Linc. a washing.
Iath, to place or set down.—Hal. ON. Laver. A sea weed, otherwise called
/i/ada, Sw. lada, OE. lathe, a barn, a re sea liver-wort, looking as if the word
ceptacle for hay, corn, &c. See To Lade. were a corruption of /iver.
It is possible, however, that the radical Lavish. Prodigal. Fr. lavasse, or
meaning may be a construction of bars /avace d'eaux, an inundation. The idea
or rods. Laede, tabula, asser.—Kil. See of unthrifty dealing is often expressed by
Ladder. the dashing abroad of water. It guag
Lather. NE. lother, to splash in water. zare, sguazzare, to dabble or plash in
—Hal. ON. lodra, to foam; 16dr, foam water; guazzare, to lavish in good cheer;
of the sea; Sw. sap-lóder, soap-suds; sguazzare, to lavish his estate—Fl.; Sw.
Bav. Moder, suds, dirty water from wash A/uſtra, properly to dabble, correspond
ing ; Swiss ladern, littern, plaidern, plait ing to Sc. b/uiter, in a similar sense, and
term (from an imitation of the sound), to to Dan. //udder, slush, mire; Sw. plut
dabble in water, make wet and dirty, let tra bort penningas, to squander money.
fall liquid dung (of cows); Ku/pldaler, And squander itself is a repetition of the
cow-dung ; verlätteren, to dawb with same metaphor.
cow-dung; G. plaitschern, to paddle or Law. ON. Zag, order, method, custom,
dabble in water; Dan. Aladder, mud, law. From /eggia (heſi /agt), to lay. So
mire. Lat. statutum, statute, from statuere, to
Latiner. Fr. Matinier, one who speaks lay down; G. gesetz, law, from setzen, to
Latin, an interpreter. set ; Gr. 6sopéc, law, from ribnut, to lay.
Latitude. Lat. latus, broad. Lawn. I. See Lane.
Latten. Brass, tinned iron. Fr. laifon, 2. A kind of fine linen, Fr. Zinon, from
It latone, oftone, brass ; latta, tin plate. which however the E. word can hardly
From being used in the shape of plates. have been derived. Sp. lona, canvas, a
—Diez. Piedm. lata, thin narrow piece texture agreeing with lawn in being open
of iron or other metal, plate, blade. Way and transparent. It is remarkable that
cites a document of the 15th century /awn, an open space between woods,
which speaks of ‘latten, or Cullen (Co seems to be so called from the oppor
logne) plate.’ tunity it affords of seeing through.
Laudable.—Laudatory. Lat. laus, Lax. -lax. Lat. larus, loose, slack;
-dis, praise. latare, to make loose, relax.
Laugh. G. lachen, Du. lachachen, Lay.—Laity. I. Lat. Maicus, OHG.
Machen–Kil. ; from the sound. Meigo, lath, /ei/, Du. Week, from Gr. Xatróc,
To Launch. Fr. lancer, It. lanciare, of the Aačc or people, as opposed to the
violently to throw, hurl, dart ; lanciare clergy.
wn cervo, to rouse a stag. Probably 2. A song, metrical tale. Prov. Zaïs,
Zancia, a lance, is from the verb, and not song, piece of poetry, song of birds, clang,
vice versä ; a weapon to be hurled. A cry; /ais de/s sonails, the sound of bells.
nasalised form of E. lash, to throw out. Tuit s'escridon a un lais, all cried out
Laundry. —Laundress. It lavare, with one voice.—Rayn. As the old Fr.
to wash ; lavanda, suds, anything to poets (as Diez observes) regard the lay
wash with ; Fr. Maſſage, washing ; lazan as specially belonging to the Bretons, it
dière, a washerwoman ; Sp. lavadero, a is natural to look to the Celtic for the
washing-place; lavandero, a washer; la origin of the word.
zºanderia, the wash, linen for washing. Les cuntes ke jo sai verais,
To the last of these forms corresponds E. Dunt li Breton unt fait lor lais,
Vus cunterai assez briefinent.
Zaundry, the washing department, and Marie de France.
from laundry is formed laundress.
Laurel.—Laureate. Lat. laurus, the W. llais, a sound, note, tone, voice; Gael.
laurel, laureatus, one crowned with laurel.Zaoidh, Zaoi, a verse, hymn, sacred poem;
Lave. —Lavatory. Lat. laware, to ON. hdiod, liod, voice, sound, also as As.
wash, bathe, lavator, one that washes. leoth, a lay or short poem ; G. lied, song;
Radically connected with ON. logr (g. Goth. /iu/hon, psallere, to sing hymns.
Magar), AS. lagu, water, liquid. ON. Zang, Lay, 3–Lea.—Laystall. Lay-land
bath, water to wash in ; lauga, Da. Move, or fallow-land might plausibly be ex
to bathe, to wash. plained land laid up from immediate use,
Lavender. Fr. lavende, from being in accordance with Sw, lºgga igen en
38o LAY LEAK

dker, to lay up a field or leave it fallow. morsel to eat.—Roquef. Zeche, lic/te,

But the word is undoubtedly the analogue Aiyuette, Zºgue//e, a morsel. — Pat. de
of Du. ledig, leeg, empty, vacant, fallow ; Champ. Properly a tongue, from lescher,
/edig-land, G. ſeede, lehde, an unculti to lick, as G. Zecker, the tongue of cattle,
vated piece of ground; der ledge stand, from Zecken.
unmarried life, celibacy. Lead. Du. lood, loot.
Let wife and land lie lay till I return. To Lead. ON. leida, to lead ; Zeid,
-
track, way ; at smua di /eid, to turn on his
B. and Fletcher.
Another form of the word is E. ley, lea, traces, to turn back. The Goth. Maitham,
As. Meag, leah, the untilled field, pasture. ON. Zida, to move on, go, pass, would
seem to be a derivative, related to ſeida,
Plenty shall cultivate each scaup and moor,
as facére, to lie, to face're, to cast, or as G.
Now lea and bare because thy landlord's poor.
diegen, E. to lie, to G. legen, E. to lay.
Ramsay.
Though many a load of marl and manure laid Leaf. G. ſauð, Du. loof, loove, the
leaves of trees. The radical meaning
Revived his barren leas which erst lay dead.
Bp Hall in R.
seems something flat. Magy. lap, the
A clover-ley is a field in which clover has leaf of a book; Lith. Japas, a leaf; la
been sown with the former crop, and Aa/Ka, the shoulder-blade.
which is left without further cultivation League. I. Mid. Lat. leuca, Fr. lieue,
after the crop is carried. Dan, dial. lei, a measure of distances, properly the stone
fallow ; leid ager, novalis ; leid jord, which marked such a distance on the
cessata terra.--Molbech. public roads. “Mensuras viarum, nos
Laystall. Properly lay-stow, where miliaria, Graeci stadia, Galli leucas.’—Isi
Jay has the same sense of vacant, unoc dore in Dief. Celtica. Gael. leug, leag, a
cupied, as in lay-land, an empty place in stone; liagan, an obelisk; W. Z/ech, a stone.
which rubbish may be thrown. ‘The 2. Fr. Migue, It. degua, an alliance, from
place of Smithfield was at that daye a Lat. ligare, to bind.
Zaye-stowe of all order of fylth.”—Fabyan Leaguer. I. Du. leger, a lying, lying
in R. place ; the lair of cattle, lying-place of an
Lay. 4.—Layer. A lay, a bed of mor army in the field; beſegeren, to be/eaguer
tar.—B. In the same way Fr. couche, a or pitch one's camp for the attack of a
layer, from coucher, to lay. Du. laag, fortress ; whence leaguer, a siege, having
lay, layer, bed, stratum ; /eger, a lying essentially the same meaning with the
place. Pl.D. lage, a row of things laid in word siege itself, which signifies the seat
order, tier of guns ; afteger, a layer or taken by an army before a town for the
offset of a plant laid in the ground to same purpose.
strike root. 2. A small cask. G. legger, wasser
To Lay. ON. leggia, G. legen, to lay ; legger, Sw, watten-leggare, water-cask in
ON. liggia, G. liegen, to lie, to lay oneself apl.ship. Probably from ON. logg, N. logg,
legger, Sw, lagg, the rim of the staves
down. The first of the two seems the
original form, with the sense of thrusting, of which a cask is made ; lagga, to set
casting, striking. Sw, lagge fa ent, to staves together; lagger, laggðindare, a
lay on, to strike; ON. hoggva och leggia, cooper; on. lagg-wid, wood for cask
to strike and thrust ; lag of Æesio, a making. -

thrust with a javelin ; Sw, lagga til Leak, Du. lekken, water to penetrate,
!ands, to reach the shore; lagga sig, to to drip; lekwijn, wine that leaks from a
lie down. cask; lekzak, a bag for straining. The
In the same way Lat. facere, to cast ; radical meaning seems, to drip. Lith.
facére, to lie. Maszas, a drop ; laszºti, to drip, to leak.
Lazar.—Lazaretto. Lazar, a leper, E. latch-pan, a dripping-pan; latch, leech,
from Lazarus in the parable. Du. La a vesseſ pierced with holes for making
zarus-haus, a lazaretto, hospital for lepers, lye ; leach-troughs, troughs in which salt
pest-house. is set to drain; lecks, drainings; to deck
Lazy. Bav. lag, slow, late ; Du. losig, off, to drain, and hence to leck on or latch
Ieusig, flaccid, languid, slack, lazy—Kil. ; on, to add fresh water after the first wort
Pl.D. lºsig, lesig, loose in texture, slow, has been drawn off in brewing.—Hal.
weary; G. lass, slack, slow, dull. Sw, bjørk-laka, the juice of birch-trees;
Lea. See Lay. sa/-läka, brine ; laka pā, as E. to leck, or
To Leach. In carving, to cut up. Fr. latch on in brewing. The same root is
Jesche, a long slice or shive of bread.-- seen in Lat. liquo, to strain, filter, melt ;
Cot. Lechette, lisquette, a tongue of land, ſiguatum vinum, strained wine ; liquari,
 LEAM LECHERY 381
to melt away; liquor (as Sw.Jaka), juice, Gl. Isidor. From laro, Fr. laisser, to let
liquid. - go. Bav. geldss, a noose for catching
Leam. A parallel form with gleam. birds.
oN. ljomi, splendour; ljoma, to shine. Not to be confounded with Fr. lacgs,
Glemyn or lemyn as fyr, flammo;-as It laccio, Sp. lago, a slip-knot, Snare,
light, radio.—Pr. Prm. tle.
Here, as in so many other cases, we are Leasing. OE. lies. Goth. Zaus, emp
able totrace the designation of phenomena ty, vain; lausazauras, an idle talker ;
of sight after those of hearing. ON. N. los, loose, lascivious, shameful ; AS.
Alſomr, resonantia, clamor ; N. ljom, re Meas, empty, false; leasian, to lie, leasere,
sonance, echo ; AS. hilemman, to crackle a liar ; Du. loos, pretence, false sham ;
as flame ; hlem, a sound. looge wapenkriet, a false alarm ; loose
Lean. As. hlane, lane, Pl.D. leen, deur, a false door.
slender, frail, lean ; It. lemo, lean, meagre, Least. See Less.
faint, feeble, also leaning towards, easily Leat of a Mill. From G. leiten, to
credulous, and yielding to fair words.— lead. Das wasser in einen garten leiten,
Fl. The radical signification seems to be to convey water into a garden. Einen
what leans from the want of sufficient fluss anders wohin leiten, to turn the
substance to keep it upright, hence feeble, course of a river; wasser-leitung, aque
thin, spare in flesh. duct, conduit, canal. See Lade.
To Lean. AS. hlymian, Du. leunen, G. Leather. G. leder, w. Ilethr, Du.
Mehmen, Dan. laene, It. lenare, to lean, to Jeder, leer, Bret, ler.
bend towards. Russ. Álonit', to bow To Leather. In familiar language, to
down ; Álowishsya, to slope, incline, tend thrash or beat one ; and Swab. lederm is
to ; Gael. claon, incline, go aside, Squint ; used in the same sense. So we speak of
claointe, bent, sloping; Gr. k\ivu, to make giving one a good hiding, as if it were
to bend, turn towards, turn aside ; Lat. meant as a dressing of his hide or skin,
clino (in composition), to bend towards. and similar expressions were current in
To Leap. ON. hlaupa, to run, spring ; Latin. Corium perdere, —redimere, to
Aleypa, to make to spring, to shoot for suffer blows, –forisſacere, to deserve
wards; hlaupast, to escape, elope; G. them.
*#. to run. Leave. Permission. As, leaſ, geleaſ,
eap-year. ON. hlaup-àr, the inter Pl.D. loſ, love, ON. lof, permission; loſa,
calary year which leaps forwards one day Zeyſa, G. erlauben, AS. lyſan, alyſan, to
in the month of February. The Du. permit. The radical meaning, as shown
schrikkel-jaer has a similar meaning, under Believe, is applaud, approve, and
from schrikken, to spring or stride ; in a weaker degree, allow, permit.
schrik-schoen, skaits. To Leave. Goth. laiba, As. laſ, on.
To Learn. Goth. leisan, to know; leiſar (pl.), Gr. Moirác, leavings, overplus,
Jaisyan, AS. laeran, Sw. laera, G. lehren, to remainder ; ON. leiſa, Gr. Asiteuv, Apatrá
teach ; Du. leeren, to teach, to learn; AS. velv, to leave ; Goth. aftſman, Sw. bliſwa,
Zeornjan, G. Zermen, to learn. OHG. léra, G. bleibein, to remain. Carinthian lópen,
AS. Adri, E. lore, learning. Goth. laisa to leave remaining ; lapach, remnants.
reis, a teacher. Leaven. Fr. levain, the sour-dough
Lease. Fr. lais, laissement, the lease or ferment which makes the mass pre
or instrument by which a holding of any º for bread rise in a spongy form;
kind is let to a tenant, or given into his rom lever, Lat. Zevare, to rise.
hands to turn to profit. The lessor and Lechery.—Lickorous. From Fr. les
Messee are the persons who give and accept cher, lecher, to lick, were formed lescheur,
the lease respectively. Fr. laisser, G. las Zechereau, a lapper up of, a lickdish, slap
sen, to let ; lass-gut, lass-hain, a farm or sauce, lickorous companion.—Cot. Lé
wood let for a period at a certain rent. cherie, gourmandise. - Dict. de Berri.
Bav. verlassen einem etwas, to let some From G. lecken, to lick, lecker, dainty,
thing to one on lease. lickerish, nice in food; in familiar lan
To Lease. To glean. Goth. Iisan, guage, a lively degree of a sensual desire.
1as, lesun, to gather; Lith. lesti, to peck Der lecker steht thm darmach, his chaps
as a bird, to pick up. water at it, he has a letch or latch for it,
* Leash. Mid. Lat. Maara, Fr. laisse, as it would be expressed in vulgar E.
Iesse, a leash to hold a dog, a bridle or false Latch, a fancy or wish.-Hal. E. lickerish,
rein to hold a horse by, any such long Jickorous, dainty. Lat. ligurire, to lick,
string. Mid. Lat. laxamina, habenae— to be dainty in eating, eagerly to long for.
382 -LECT LEE

The gratification of the palate was then E cantin gli augelli ogni in suo latino.—Dante.
taken as the type of other sensual plea Fr. Jatinier, an interpreter.
sures, and G. leckerer is not only a dainty The foregoing explanation would never
mouthed man, but in a wider sense one have been questioned if it were not for
who makes the gratifying of his appetites the use of lºid or /ede in the same sense
his chief business.-Küttn. OFr. Mécheor, as leden. Ilk land has its ain leid—Sc.
Aecherres, lescheur, glutton, epicure, one prov.
given to the pleasures of the table or the Translait of new thay may be red and song
flesh, adulterer, loose companion. The Ouer Albion ile into your vulgare lede.
E. Zechery has become exclusively appro D. V. in Jam.
priated to the applied sense, while in ON. hlíod, a sound, the sound of the voice;
France lecherie, as we have seen, pro h/ioda til, to address one ; hſioda, Sw.
vincially retains the original meaning. !yda, to signify. Huru /ydde breſwet 2
The same train of thought which pro what did the letter import 2 Lagen /yder
duced the change of meaning in Mechery sd, so the law says. Láte, cry, voice.
led in the middle ages to the use of Lat. Fog/ar haſwa olika liten, fowls have diſ
Zurus, lururia (classically signifying ex ferent notes.
cess in eating and drinking), in the sense Ledge. A narrow strip standing out
of fleshly indulgence; luaus, bose lust; from a flat surface, as a ledge of rock, the
Zururiosus, horentriber. — Dief. Supp. /edge of a table. ON, Zºgg, Sw. lagg, Sc.
‘ Oncºues n'orent compagnie ne atouche Zaggen, the projecting rim at the bottom
ment de carnelle luxure.”—St Graal, c. of a cask. Ledgins, the parapets of a
xxix. 152. In the E. translation—'nether bridge.—Jam. .
in weye of lecherie lay hire by.” And pro Ledger. A leiger or ledger ambassa
bably this use of luxuria in the sense of dor was a resident appointed to guard the
/echery may justify the conjecture that interests of his master at a foreign court.
/urus in the primary meaning of excess
in the pleasures of taste has the same in Now gentlemen imagine that young Cromwell's
Antwerp, ſeiger for the English merchants.-
origin with G. Zecker, E. lickorous, and Fr. Lord Cromwell in Nares.
Zecherie, in a representation of the sound Return not thou, but legeir stay behind
made by smacking the tongue and lips in And move the Greekish prince to send us aid.
the enjoyment of food. The Gr. YAvrüc, Fairfax Tasso, ibid.
and Lat. dulcis (for d/ucis), sweet, seem
to show that the sound of a smack was The term was also applied to other cases
represented by the syllable g/uck or d/uck, in which an object lies permanently in a
which when softened down to luck would place. A ledger-bait in fishing is one
supply the root of /uarus. See Luck. “fixed or made to rest in one certain place
-lect.—Lecture. Lat. lºgo, lectum, to whenton.
you shall be absent from it.”—Wal
pick, gather, thence to read. Hence Elect,
to choose from ; Collect, to gather to It happened that a stage-player borrowed a
rusty musket which had lien long leger in his
gether; Select, to pick out and lay apart. shop.–Fuller in R.
Lede. A kettle.
And Ananias ſell down dede Hence leiger-books are books that lie
permanently in a certain place to which
As black as any fede.—Manuel der Pêchés.
Ir. luchd, a pot or kettle. they relate. ‘Many leiger-books of the
JDrum-slede, a kettle-drum.—Fl. in v. monasteries are still remaining, wherein
macchere. they registered all their leases.”—H. War
ton in R.
Leden. Speech, language.
In modern book-keeping the term
The queintering /edger is applied to what the Fr. call the
Thurgh which she understood wel everything
grand livre, the principal book of account.
That any fowle may in his leden sing.—Chaucer.
The origin is Du. legger, he who lies
From AS. lyden, leden, Latin, the Latin or remains permanently in a certain place,
speech, then language in general. Of the supercargo, or person appointed to
J.edene on Englisc, from Latin into E. look after the interest of the owners of
JHe cuſhe be dale /yden understanden, he the cargo in a ship, their leiger-ambassa
could partly understand Latin. — Pref. dor in that respect ; also an old shop
Hept. Mara is on ure lyden, biternes, keeper, a book that does not get sold.
Mara in our language is bitterness. The Lee. Shelter. Lee-side, hiebord, the
same application has taken place in It., sheltered side of the ship. Lee-shore, the
where latino is used for language. shore opposite the lee-side of the ship,
 LEECH LEPIDOPTERA 383
and consequently the shore exposed to tion; laet-banke, the court of the tenants,
the wind. AS. hileo, hileow, shade, shelter. court-leet. In England court-leet is the
ON. hdl/a, hāja, N. Ziva, to protect, shelter ; court of the copyhold tenants, opposed to
ON. /i/i/, a shield (Lat. clypeus), defen courf-baron, that of the freeholders of a
sive armour. Du. Wuw, shelter from manor, copyhold being a servile tenure.
the wind. Het begint te łuwen, the See Lad.
wind abates. Dat luwt wat, that gives Left. Du. Wucht, luff, Lat. lawus, Pol.,
some relief. Luwte, AS. hleowth, place Boh. Jewy. Perhaps the light hand, in
sheltered from the wind, apricitas. Hence opposition to the stronger, heavier right ;
Sc. lythe, shelter, and met. encourage AS. swithre, the stronger, the right hand.
ment, favour. The Zythe side of the In Transylvania Zicht is used for schlecht,
hill. Possibly the radical image may poor, slight. Fris. Zichte lioeden, the
i ill.
shown in ON. hilid, side, slope of a common people. Boh. Jewiſi, to slacken;
Jewny, light, moderate.
Leech. A physician, healer, then the Leg. ON. leg gr, a stalk or stem; arm
blood-sucking mollusk used for medicinal /eggr, the upper joint of the arm ; hand
purposes. ON. laeknir, Goth. leikeis, /eggr, the forearm ; gras-leggr, a stalk of
Zekeis, a leech, leikinon, to heal; Boh. grass.
Aek, medicine; lediti, Fin. laidiketa, Gael. Legacy.—Legate. Lat. legare, to de
Meighis, to heal. pute, to assign, to bequeath by will.
We are inclined in the first instance to Legal. — Legislate. — Legitimate.
suppose that the notion of curative efforts Lat. Zer, legis, law.
may be taken from the type of an animal Legend. — Legible. Lat. legendus,
licking his wounds; Gr. Asixsw, Goth. p.pcpl. fut. of lºgo, I read. See -lect.
/aigon, Gael. ligh, to lick. But it is more Leguminous. Lat. legumen, pulse, as
likely that the radical idea is the applica pease and beans. Explained from Zego,
tion of medicinal herbs. Esthon. rohhi, to gather, as being gathered by hand.
grass, herb, potherb, medicine; rohhi Leisure. Fr. Moisir, from Lat. licere,
isema, to apply medicaments. Lettish as plaisir from placere.—Diez. Prov.
sahle, grass, herb ; sah/es (pl.), medicine, Zeger, legor, leisure, permission, oppor
sah/igs, medicinal. Bret. louzou, /čeu, tunity. OFr. Meist, loist, licet, it is per
pot or medicinal herbs; louzaoui, to use mitted, it is lawful.
medicaments, dress a wound ; louzaouer, Leman. A mistress, for leſman, from
1ézeuour, a herborist, mediciner. W. AS. leoſ, loved, dear, as woman for wiſ
Ilysiau, herbs; Ilyseua, to collect herbs. 7/2a1/2.
Manx /huss, leeks, lentils, herbs; lus-thie,
houseleek. The final s exchanges for a 4. Thyswille
mayde hym payde suythe wel, myd god
he hire nom
(which is probably the older form) in And huld hyre as a leftmon.—R. G. 344.
Russ. Bohem. luk, G. Wauch, ON. lauár,
E. leek, potherb, onion, whence in all To Lend. — Loan. ON. līā, Goth.
probability the lock or Zick, G. luege, Zeihwan, G. lehem to lend money at interest;
which forms the termination of many of /ehen, a fee, or estate given in respect of
our names for plants; hemlock, charlock, military service; ON. lºn, Dan. Jaan, a loan,
garlick, houseleek, Swiss weg/uege, wild thing lent; OHG. lehanon, G. lehnen, Sw.
endive; Korn/uege, galeopsis ladanum. Jána, to loan or lend.
It is to be remarked that houseleek was Length. See Long.
cultivated as a vulnerary. Gael. luibh, Lenient.—Lenitive. Lat. lenis, mild,
Juigh, herb, plant. soft, gentle. ON. linr, Sw. len, lin, Da.
eek. See last article. /ind, G. linde, ge/inde, soft, gentle, pliable.
To Leer. See To Lour. Lent. AS. lengten, lencten, laºntent, Du.
Lees. Fr. lie, sediment of wine; Lang. /ente, OHG. langes, lengo, lengen, G. lenz,
Jigo, sediment, dregs, mud. Wall. Zize, Swab. glentz, Sw. ladig, lading, lading,
Namur Zige, yeast. Bret. Mechid, sedi Zaing, laig, spring.
ment, from lec’hia, to lay, to set down. Leopard. Lat. Leopardus, supposed
W. Zlaid, mire. by Pliny to be the issue of a she lion
Leet. G. Masse, lass-bauer, the name (leana) by a male panther (pardus).
given in many parts of G. to tenants sub Leper. Gr. Astrpèc, scaly; the skin
ject to certain rents and duties. Lass becoming scaly on those afflicted with the
6ank, the court of the lassi, court leet; leprosy ; Aetric, a scale, husk, peel.
Zass-schofſen, leet-jury. Du. laet, a pea Lepidoptera. Gr. Astric, Xstriðoc, a
sant tenant, subject of a certain jurisdic scale, and irrepov, a wing.
384 LESION LETTUCE

Lesion. Lat. laedo, lasum, to hurt, restless, and the like, is G. los, loose, free;
injure. Zos-binden ein Żſerd, to untie a horse, to
Less.-Least. In all kinds of action set him loose. Num bin ich von ihm los,
the idea of relaxation is identical with now I am free of him ; namenlos, rastlos,
that of diminution. We say indifferently, without a name, without rest.
his zeal never for a moment relaxed, or Lessee. See Lease.
never grew less; Lat. remittere is ex Lesson. Lat. lectio, the act of read
plained by Andrews to loosen, slacken, ing (lego, I read), whence Fr. leſon, Prov.
relax, and also to abate, decrease ; as leisso, lesso.
slack by Richardson, relaxed, weakened, To Let. To let is used in two senses
diminished. The sinking of the waters apparently the reverse of each other, viz.
is expressed in Genesis by decrease, in Ist, to allow, permit, or even take mea
Chaucer by aslake, or slacken sures for the execution of a purpose, as
The water shall aslake and gone away when we say let me alone, let me go, let
Aboutin prime on the nexte day. me hear to-morrow; and, 2nd, to hinder,
Now the root lass is widely spread in the as in the phrase without let or hindrance.
sense of loose, slack. It lasso, weary, The idea of slackening lies at the root
faint; Fr. lasche, slack, flagging, faint ; of both applications of the term. When
w. Ilaes, Bav. lass, OE. lash, slack, loose. we speak of letting one go, letting him do
And in OE. less was written lass, the something, we conceive him as previously
dasse Bretaine.—R. G. 96. To lass, less, restrained by a band, the loosening or
or liss are constantly used in such a man slackening of which will permit the ex
ner that they may be explained with equal ecution of the act in question. Thus Lat.
propriety to slacken or to diminish, to Zarare, to slacken, was used in later
times in the sense of its modern deriva
grow or make less.
The day is gone, the moneth passid, tives, It lasciare, Fr. laisser, to let. Laras
Hire love encreaseth and his lasseth. desiccare, let it dry; modicum lara stare,
His love slackens, grows weak, or becomes let it stand a little while.—Muratori, Diss.
less. ‘For their strength dayly lassed.’— 24, p. 365. So from Bav, lass, loose,
Froissart in R. In the following passage slack, slow, G. lassen, to permit, to let.
the abstract idea of diminution is more The analogue of Bav. lass is ON. latr,
distinct. lazy, torpid, slow, the original meaning
So that his owen pris he lasseth of which (as observed under Late) was
When he such measure overpasseth. doubtless slack, whence E. let, to slacken
In the application to pain it is commonly (some restraining agency), to permit.
At other times the slackness is attribut
written less or liss.
But love consent another tide ed to the agent himself, when let acquires
That onis I may touch and kiss, the sense of being slack in action, delaying
I trow my pain shall never liss.-R. R. or omitting to do.
—shall never slacken or abate. And down he goth, no lenger would he let,
And with that word his counter door he shet.
And thus with joy and hope well for to fare Chaucer.
Arcite goth home lessid of his care :
The Duke of Parma is ill and will not let to
—i.e. with his care abated or diminished.
send daily to the Duke of Medina Sidonia.—
G. leschen, to slake, to abate the strength Drake to Walsingham in Motley.
of, and thence to extinguish fire. Da. lade, to let, to permit or suffer some
Like a man that hurt is sore thing to be done; also to omit; lade aſ,
And is somdele of aking of his wound to leave off. Goth. latjan, galatjan, to
Ylessid well, but heled no dele more.
delay.
Chaucer in R.
Then in a causative sense, to let one
When less had thus acquired the sense from doing a thing, is to make him let
of feebler, smaller, in weaker degree, a or omit to do it, to hinder his doing it.
superlative was formed in analogy with Bav. lag, late; letzen, to retard, impede,
most, best. Lest in the sense of Lat. 7uo hinder.
minus, to the end that not, was originally Lethargic. — Lethe. Gr. Ah9m, ob
dess. livion, whence Añ9apyoc (apyoc, inactive),
But yet lesse thou do worse, take a wife. An6apyuköc, drowsy, forgetful.
Chaucer. Letter.—Literal.—Literature. Lat.
—i.e. in abating or slackening the tend Mittera, whence Fr. lettre, letter.
ency to do worse. Lettuce. Lat. lactuca, Fr. laitue, doubt
2. The termination less in hopeless, less from the milky juice.
 LEVANT LIBERAL 385
To Levant. To run away from debt. form ; OSw. Mygn-eld, lygnu-eld, ODan.
Sp. levantar, to raise; levantar el campo, Zugn-eld, lightning.
as Fr. Zever le figuet, to decamp. Levity. -levi-. Lat. lºvis, light, trifling,
Levee. See Levy. vain ; allevio, to make light.
Level. Lat. libella (dim. of libra, a Levy.—Levee. -lev-.—Levant. Fr.
balance, also used in the sense of a Zever, to lift, raise, set up, also to levy,
plummet), It, livella, a plummet. “Locus collect, gather.—Cot. The E. levy is from
qui est ad libellam aequus.’—Varro. The the form levée, the act of raising or ga
OFr. had livel, liveau, while in modern thering. Levée de soldats, a levy of sol
niveau, as well as in It. nivello, the in diers;–des impôts, a levy of taxes. The
itial l has been exchanged for an n. Level, Scotch say to liſt a debt, to obtain pay
rewle, perpendiculum.—Pr. Prm. Levell, ment, to get it in. Se lever, to rise or get
a ruler, niveau.-Palsgr. up ; le lever du roi, the attendance of
Lever. Fr. levier, an instrument for the French courtiers on the getting up of
raising weights, from lever, to raise. the King. Hence E. levee, a compli
Leveret. Lat. lepus, It. lepore, Fr. mentary attendance of guests on a person
dièvre, a hare; It. Mepretto, a leveret or in authority. From the ppl. pr. levant,
young hare ; Fr. levreter, a hare to have the rising of the sun, we have the Levant,
young ; levreteau, levrault, a leveret. the region of the East, specially applied to
Levesell.—Lessel. A shed, gallery, the countries under the dominion of the
portico. Turk.
He looketh up and doun till he hath found Lat: levo, to raise, is undoubtedly con
The clerkes hors, there as he stood ybound nected with levis, light. See To Lift.
Behind the mille, under a levesell.—Reve's tale.
Elevo, to raise up, to elevate.
The gay levesell at the taverne is signe Lewd. Originally illiterate, untaught,
of the wine that is in cellar.—Parson's as opposed to the educated clergy; then
tale. inferior, bad, wicked, lustful. AS. laewd,
The original sense is a shade of green 1a2wde, laicus.-Bede 5. 6. 13. 14. Laºwede
branches; G. laube, Pl.D. lºve (from man, laicus homo.—AElfric. Gram. “CEg
laub, foliage), an arbour, hut, gallery, ther ge preosthades, gemunuchades menn
portico. Dan. /övsal, Sw. löſsal, a hut and that lawede folc:’ as well the men
of green branches; Dan. /övsa/s-fest, the of the priesthood and monkhood as the
feast of tabernacles. The termination lay people.—Lye. From leod, people;
sal is frequently used in G. to form sub OFris. lioed, litted, men, people, common
stantives from verbs ; tribsal, tribula people; lichte Zioeden, the laity. Liuda
tion; schicksal, lot ; scheusal, an object mon, liodamom, man, of the people. Russ.
of aversion, &c. Ziodi, the people ; liodin, liodyanin, a
Levigate. Lat. levigare or larvigare, secular person.
to make smooth, from laevis, smooth, Mewde, not letteryd, illiteratus;–un
polished. knowynge in what so hyt be, inscius,
Levin. Lightning. ‘Fulgur, leuen ignarus.-Pr. Prm. Leude of condycions,
ynge that brenneth.’— Ortus. ‘To levyne maluays, villayn, maugraneux.-Palsgr.
or to Smyte with lewenynge.”— Cath. Zeude or naughty wine, illaudatum vel
Ang. ‘Fulgur, fulmen, lewenynges ; ful spurcum.—Horman in Way.
gurat, (it) lewnes.”—MS. Vocab. in Way. Lexicon. Gr. Asăucóv, from Attic, a
It is evidently identical with N. ljon, ljun, word; Aéyw, I speak.
Dan. lyn, lynild, Sw. dial. Aygna, Ayvna, Liable. Commonly explained from
lightning, a flash of lightning. The Lat. ligo, Fr. lier, to bind; under obliga
proper meaning of the word seems flash ; tion to. But no Lat. ligabilis or Fr.
dynende öine, flashing eyes. Fabian in Jiable is brought forwards. The word
describing a comet says that “out of the seems purely English, and it looks as if
East part appeared a great levin or beam it were barbarously formed from the verb
of brightness, which stretched toward the to lie as inclinable from incline, with the
said star.’—Way in v. So many words sense of lying open to.
connected with the idea of shining are Libel.—Library. Lat. Wiber, a book,
found with initial g/ as well as a simple l, whence libellus, a little book, famosus
that we may probably connect lewen or /ibe//us, a scandalous publication ; /ibra
1evin with Sc. gleuin, to glow. rium, a chest or place to keep books in.
So that the cave did gleuin of the hete.—D. V.
Liberal,—Liberate.—Liberty. Lat.
But N. lygne, to lighten, seems the older /iber, free.
25
386 LIBERTINE LIFT

Libertine. Lat. libertinus, a freed Zougen, lougmen, negation, falsehood ;

man, Fr. libertin, a dissolute person, one OS. /ognian, AS. /ygmian, to deny, Lett.
freed from moral restraint. leegſ, to deny, refuse. So in Gael. breug,
License. -licit. Lat. liceo, licitum, a lie; breugaich, give the lie, gainsay.
to be lawful, whence licentia, permission The fundamental meaning of a lie is vain
to do a thing, unrestrained action. Illicit, idle talk, and to deny or refuse is to make
unlawful. the speaker talk in vain. Gael. leog, idle
Lich. Lich-gate, the gate where the talk; leogair, trifler; Ir. liogam (as Gael.
corpse is set down on entering a church ôreug), to flatter. In a Vocab. A.D. 1470,
yard to await the arrival of the minister. cited by Adelung, loggen is translated
Lich-wake, the watch held over a dead nuga, derisio.
body. Goth. leik, G. leiche, AS. lic, lice, The origin seems preserved in the Fin
corpse. nish languages, where Fin. Wiika, Esthon.
To Lick. I. G. lecken, Goth. laigon, liig signify by, beside, beyond what is
Gr. Asixw, It. leccare, Lith. lakti, Fin. natural or right. Esthon. ſominne, drink;
Maćkia, Russ. lokat', to lick or lap, to sup Ziig-ſominne, drunkenness; futus, hair,
up liquids with the tongue. Pers. Jay Zig-juus, false-hair, a wig ; nimmi, a
Æerden, literally to make lay, to do what name, liig-nimmi, a nick-name, surname;
is characterised by the sound lag, shows te, a way, liig-te, wrong way, by-path;
the imitative character of the word in theand fajatus, speech, liig-payatus, false
clearest light. hood, trifling. Bret. gaou, awry, wrong,
2. To beat. w. Ilach, a slap ; llachio, false, gaolavarout, to lie.
to slap, to thresh ; llachören, a cudgel. Lief.-Liever. As lieſ, as soon ;
Licorous. See Lechery. lieſer or liever, rather. Du, lieſ, dear,
* Lid. As. hlid, gehlid, a covering, pleasing, acceptable; dat is mij lieſ, I
door. In the AS. Gospel, Matt. xxvii. 60, am glad of it; lieſ hebben, to love. See
it is said that Joseph rolled a great stone Love.
for a hlid to the sepulchre. OHG. hlit, Liege.—Allegiance. The Mid. Lat.
lid, covering ; uparlia', covering, the litgius, ligius, Prov. liſge, lige, Fr. līge,
mercy-seat (which covered the ark). was a term of the feudal law, signifying
Pl.D. lid, cover ; ogen/id, G. augenlied, the absolute nature of the duty of a tenant
eyelid. OFris. hlid, lith, covering, roof; to his lord. Liegeman, a tenant who
‘mit ene plonckene hſide:” [a well] with a owes absolute fidelity; liege-lord, the lord
covering of planks. The foregoing would entitled to claim such from his tenant.
be satisfactorily accounted for from As. Mid. Lat. ligancia, lºgiantia, ligeitas,
Aſidan, behlidan, to cover, close, OFris. &c., allegiance, the duty of a subject to
hlidia (Stürenberg), to cover, but the ON. his lord.
seems to indicate that the primary sense The notion that the word was derived
is an opening, then what closes it up, in from Lat. ligare, signifying the tie by
the same way that the primary sense both which the subject was bound to his lord,
of door and of gate seems to be an open appears very early, but is not entitled to
ing or passage. ON. hºlid, a vacant space, more respect on that account. The deri
an opening, gap in a hedge, dyke or wall vation adopted by Duc. is far more satis
closed with a hatch or gate. It is ap factory; from litus, lidus, ledus, a man
plied to the vacant space on a wall where of a condition between a free man and a
one of a row of shields has been taken serf, bound to the soil, and owing certain
down, to a pause in a battle. Gardsh/id, work and services to his lord. Litimo
opening in an inclosure, gate, wicket. mium, lidimonium, litidium, the duty of a
Da., Sw., led, wicket, gate, barrier. litus to his lord. See Lad.
To Lie. I. Goth. Zigan, lag, legum, Lien. An arrangement by which a
to lie ; lagjam, to lay ; Fris. liga, lid'sa, certain property is bound to make good
liaisa, lizze, to lie; Russ. lojit (Fr. 7), to a pecuniary claim. Fr. Wien, from Lat.
lay; lofitsya, to lie down. Lat. Zegere, to Zigamen, tie. See Limehound.
lay, as appears from colligere, to lay to Lieutenant. One holding the place
gether, to collect. Gr. Aéysiv, originally of another. Fr. lieu, place, and temir, to
to lay, then to lay to sleep ; \{ysoga, to hold.
lie, Aéxoc, a couch, bed. Serv. Zojati, to Life.—Live. Goth. Ziban, G. leben, to
lay ; legati, to lie. ON. leggia, to lay; live; leið, body. Du. liiſ, body, life.
Aiggia, to lie. See Lay. Lift. OE. Ziff, Zuſt, the sky, air.
2. Goth. liugan, G. Ziigen, Slavon. Wii Tho hurde he thulke tyme angles synge ywis,
gati, Pol. Igaš, Boh, hlāti, to lie, ohG. Up in the luſte a murye song.—R. G. 28o.
 LIFT LIGHT 387
sº; Goth, luſtus, the air; Pl.D. lucht, lugt, /ufſen, Lat. levare, as compared with liſt,
y, Lt. Du. Zucht, locht, air, sky, breath ; N. lukt, is no essential part of the root of light.
lirtſ, ON. loft, air, sky. Ligament.--Ligature. Lat. Zigare,
gang, Pl. D. Zucht signifies light as well as air, to bind, tie. -

SYıl Light. I. Goth. /iuhath, light ; lauh

and the enjoyment of the two are so inti
tºmit: mately connected that we can hardly moni, lightning ; G. licht, light; ON. lios,
%d. doubt the identity of lucht, light, with Gael. leus, Lat, lur, light; lucere, Bret.
sūd 1ucht, lugt, luſt, air ; and must suppose Mucha, luia, Fr. luire, to shine; w. Ilúg,
D, 110, that Zuſt has arisen from lucht by the light; lygad, the eye; ſlugorn, Lat. lu
us.” same tendency to soften aspirates which cerna, Gr. Aëxvoc, a light, lamp, &c.; Bret.
is seen in the pronunciation of cough, as Augern, shine, brilliancy; Gr. Asukóc,
he Fiſk compared with the spelling, or in E. soft, white ; Abrm, the dawn; Sanscr. luj, loé,
Éshū. compared with G. sacht. The absence of 1och, shine, see.
whº is light and air is expressed in Du. by the 2. G. leicht, Du. licht, leycht, ON. lettr,
intº same word bedompt, signifying dark, ob Pol. lekki, Boh. Mehky, Serv. lak, Russ.
, a. scure, and also close, stifling.—Bomhoff. Aegok, Sanscr. Maghu, Lat. levis, of small
mni, 4 Gr. diów, to light up, blaze ; duðmp, the weight, easy. The Gr. Aaxic, small,
lift, sky. mean, is generally recognised as identical
º:
W-ſºul To Lift. Pl.D. liſten, lichten, to raise with levis, which it unites with the Slavo
º into the lift (Pl.D. lucht, OF. luſ?) or air. nian forms.
wº Liſten is also used in the sense of giving As lightness is a tendency upwards to
air. ON. loft, air, sky; d loft, up in the wards the light and air, it may take its
5001; air, aloft; loffa, Dan. /öſte, to raise or designation either from light (lua), or
dāſ, lift. Swab. Zupſ, a breathing, moment of from Pl.D. lucht, the liſt or air, words
| breath-taking (comp. Pl.D. Zucht halem, which have been shown to be radically
. Sº to draw breath); /uffſen, to lift; AS. hili identical. The air is the most common
ſian, to rise up, to raise or lift. type of lightness, and it is besides the
It must be admitted that the idea of only thing which interposes no impedi
lifting may also be explained as making ment to the passage of light. Thus light
a thing light, making it rise upwards, and ness and light are naturally associated
the verb seems often to be formed in this together; heaviness and darkness. N.
manner. Thus from Lat. levis, light, /et, light (levis); letta (of the weather),
Ievare, to lift; from Bohem. Mehky, light, to clear up, to become bright and un
lehditi, to lift. The Pl.D. lichten may be covered. See Lift.
formed either from lucht, the air, or from To Light.—Alight. The different
Zicht, light, and it is used as well in the senses of the verb to light afford a good
sense of liſt as of that of lighten, die instance of the intimate association in our
anker lichten, to weigh or raise the an mind between light and air. To light on
chor; ein schiff lichten, to lighten a ship, a thing, to fall in with it, is to have light
to take out the cargo ; die casse lichten, on it.
to take money out of the chest, an appli I hope by this time the Lord may have blessed
cation which may be compared with E. you to have light upon some of their ships.-
shop-liſting, removing goods clandes Carlyle's Cromwell, 2.384.
tinely from a shop, or Sc. to liſt a debt, In the same way the native of New Hol
perhaps to empty or make void the debt, land to signify meeting with a thing says
to receive the money. Lower Rhine lºſte, that it makes a light. “Well me and
to steal, Goth. hliſtus, a thief, hliſan, to Hougong go look out for duck ; aye, aye.
steal, may be connected with AS. hliſian, Bel make a light duck.” Which rendered
to raise, by Fr. enlever, to take away. into English would be, ‘We don't see an
Dan. Aet, light, not heavy, lette, to lighten, duck’ [don't meet with or light on any].
to lift, to weigh anchor. —Mrs Meredith, Australia. In Pl.D. a
The vacillation in the apparent deriva similar idea is expressed by reference to
tion of all these words may be explained the air. Het was as wen he ulut der lucht
by the ultimate identity of the parent ſult, it was as if he fell out of the lift or
stocks. Lightness is a tendency upwards, air; of one who unexpectedly comes to
towards the light and air. To make a light.
thing light (in the sense of not heavy) is To alight from horseback, to light upon
to bring it towards the light, or, what is the ground, are probably to be understood
radically the same word, towards the lift from the notion of lightening the convey
or air. It must be remembered that the ance on which the agent was previously
final f, which is lost in AS. hiliſian, Bav. .borne, Dan, let, light, not heavy; lette,
25 +
388 LIGHTEN LIKE

to lift up, to raise; at lette anker, to więked-Jokesf.-P. P. In Finn. where

weigh anchor; at lette een af sadelen, to the sound of Æ is frequently softened to
raise one from the saddle, to help him to that of y, the Lap. lake becomes lai,
alight. genus vel indoles rei, explaining Lat.
Lighten.—Lightning. Goth. Wºu -/is, G. -lei, and E. -ly. Fin. silld latilld, in
Aath, light ; /iu//jan, lauhaffan, to light that manner. Miin on laini (-ni = meus),
en ; /au/imoni, lightening ; G. licht, light, that is my habit. Mitälaija, of what
/euchten, to lighten ; W. 1/1%g, light, //uch kind ; Kahta/aija, G. 2 weierlei, of two
ed., As. Ziget, flash, lightning. So far kinds. Esthon. luggo, lukko condition,
lightning seems simply to be regarded as manner, thing.
a flash of light, the type of brilliancy, but The same element may be recognised
in other cases we meet again with that in OE. leche, laºche, looks, countenance,
singular confusion of the ideas of light likeness.
and sky or air, which has been observed Lathlece Japaher
under Lift and Light, and the phenome Heo leiteden mid egan.-Layamon Brut 1.8o.
non is regarded as sky-fire. N. lukt, air, —loathly looks they flashed with their
sky, heavens; /u/ting, lightning; ON. eyes.
Moff, air, sky; lopſ-e/dr, sky-fire, light He—thas worde seide,
ning.
Mid Seorhfulle laichen.—Ibid. 1. 145.
Lighten. Pl.D. lichten, to lift, to —with sorrowful looks.
lighten. Ein schiff lichten or leichten, to
He gealp that he wolde fleon
lighten or unload a ship ; die Kasse lich On ſugeles larche.—Ibid. I. 122.
tem, to take money out of the chest ; eine
tonne /., to empty a cask; die anker l., to —he boasted that he would fly in the
weigh anchor. image of a fowl.
Lights. G. die leichte leber (the light Goth. man/icha, OHG. manalihho, AS.
liver), the lungs, from their light spongy manlica, an image, representation of a
texture. Russ. legkij, light; legſºoe, the man.
lungs. The course of development is probably
Like. -ly. The Goth. termination look, countenance, appearance, form,
Jeiks, equivalent to Gr. -Aikoç, Lat. -lis, G. mode of being. Pers. lika, facies, vultus,
-lich, and E. -ly, is used to indicate the forma—Diefenbach ; Serv. lik, counte
nature, form, or appearance of a thing. nance, Russ. lichiko, little face, litze, the
Goth. galeiks, of common form, alike ; face, mien, person, agent.
samaleiks (Lat. similis), of the same In like manner from Lap. muoto, face,
nature, like ; sildaleiks, wonderful ; sva appearance, form, image, is formed muo
/eiks, so-formed, Gr. rmkikoç, Lat. talis, tok, like ; muotolas, likeness. Attje
such ; hºwiłeißs, armkikoç, qualis, how muotok, like his father, having the form
formed, which. of his father. In Fin. the same word con
The same element is preserved as a veys the sense of Lat. modus, of which
substantive word in Lap. lake, mode, indeed it probably explains the origin ;
manner. Kutte lakai, Auſte laža, in miin modoin, in that manner; monella
what manner * how 2 Paha-laka, in bad modolla, in many manners. It then forms
manner, badly; mainetes laka, blame an adjectival termination, muotoinen
lessly. The addition of an adjectival (contracted to moinem), alicujus formae,
termination produces a form, lakats gestaltet, ahnlich, equivalent to Lap. lakats
(sometimes standing by itself), equivalent above-mentioned ; sen muotoinen or semi
to Goth. -leiks or Lat. -lis. Tydskeslakats, moinem, of that nature (as from lai, sent
of cold nature, chilly ; kálkoslakats, of Mainen, in the same sense); isansā muo
slow nature, slowish ; aktalakats (akta, toinen (isſi, father), like his father. So
one), OHG. amalih, AS. anſic, G. dhn/ich, also from kuwa, form, figure, image, Ku
of one nature, equal, like ; Lap. tolakats, wainen, resembling ; from haſhmo, form,
like thee, thine equal ; tann/akats, Lat. appearance, hahmoinen, resembling. The
taſis, like this ; mannlakats, qualis, like Lap. has also wuoke, form, figure, appear
which. A remarkable approach to the ance, manner (perhaps from the same
Lap. form is preserved in the OE. lok, root with Gr, sixw, I seem, sixtov, an image;
used in forming the comparative and with the digamma Fitzw, Fuktów); fan
superlative of adjectives in liche. Thus wuokai, in this manner, as tan lakai
from grisliche, grisly, Robert of Glouces above-mentioned. Hence wuokak, like,
ter forms grisloker, and in the same way equal, and wuokok or wuokasats, as an
we find tilokest— R. G., light!oker, adjectival termination equivalent to E. ly;
 LIKE LIMEHOUND 389
£iddnak-wuokasats, or piddnak-lakats, loose trailing garment; limmelen, to
dog-like ; akta-wuokok or akta-lakats, swag, hang loose as stockings ill-gar
uniformis, aequalis. tered ; lampohr, langohr, a hanging ear;
To Like. N. lika, Lap. likot, to be to Aimpen (G. lappen), a flap, piece hanging
one's taste, to find to one's taste. N. loose, rag, dewlap of an ox; Swab.
A or lika du da 2 how do you like it 2 Mumm, fagged ; lummelig, lummerig,
Lap. Zat munji liko, that likes me well, hanging down, having lost its stiffness;
it gratifies my taste. As the gratification Zumpſ, spongy, soft ; ſummelen, liimpe/n,
of taste is the primary type of all enjoy /impeln, to act carelessly and indiffer
ment, it may be suspected that the root ently.
of our present word is the same repre Limbo. A place in the outskirts of
sentation of the smacking of the tongue Hell in which the souls of the pious, who
which gives rise to E. licorous, licorish,
died before the time of Christ, were sup
dainty, given to the pleasures of taste.posed to await his coming, and where
See Lechery. To like then, or it likes the souls of unbaptised infants remain.
‘Limbus ponitur pro quadam parte in
me, would be exactly equivalent to the G.
schmecken. Wie schmeckt thmen dieser ferni, quatuor enim sunt loca inferni,
wein 2 How do you like this wine? Scilicet infernus damnatorum, limbus
Diese antwort schmeckte intn gar nicht, puerorum, purgatorium, et limbus patrum.”
the answer was not to his liking. Swiss —Joh. de Janua in Duc.
gschmäke, placere.—Idiot. Bernense. So Then applied to a place of confine
in Du. monden, to please, from mond, the ment, Fr. /imbes, the purgatory of un
mouth. Dit antwoord monade den koning baptised children; also a low and un
niet ; did not please the king.—Epkema savoury room in prisons.—Cot. In /imbo,
in v. muwlckjen. in prison. The origin is It. lembo, a lap
Lily. Lat. lilium, Gr. Asipuov, OHG. or skirt of a garment, hem, border. See
lilja. The original sense of the word Limber 2.
may probably be preserved in Esthon. Lime. I. Anything used for sticking
Mil, lillik, lilli, Alb. ljouff, a flower; things together ; hence applied to two
Basque lili, a flower, also to blossom. very different substances, glue or bird
Mod.Gr. MovMotöl, a blossom ; MovMov lime, and the calcareous earth used as
ëutºw, to flourish, bloom, blossom. cement in building. G. leim, Du. Wijm,
Limb. AS. lim, Da. lem, a joint of glue, any viscous substance which joins
the body; ON. limr, branch, bough, bodies together.—Küttn. ON. lim, glue;
limb. The word might plausibly be de veggia-lim, wall-lime, lime, mortar. It
rived from the notion of joining. “Loketh is the same word with Lat. limus, slime,
that ye been euer mid onnesse of one mud, E. loam, Du. leem, clay, terra ar
herte ilimed together.”—Ancren Riwle, gillacea, lenta, tenax, glutinosa–Kil., and
256. Limunge, joining ; unlimed, se with s/ime, any viscous, semi-liquid, gluey
parated.—Ibid. The i however of ON. material. ‘Slime had they for mortar.”
/im, glue, lime, is long ; of limr, limb, —Genesis. Esthon. Zióðe, smooth, slip
short. See Lime. pery. Lith, limpu, lifti, to stick; lippus,
The limb of the moon, in astronomy, sticky ; Pol. lep, bird-lime, lepič, to glue,
is a different word, from It. lembo, skirt, paste, mould, lººki, gluey; Boh. lipati, to
border. See Limbo. stick, mould in clay; lepiti, to paste,
Limber. I. we limbers, shafts. The glue, daub.
Jimber of a gun is the shafts with their 2. A lime-free is so called from the
pair of wheels. In nautical language glutinous juice of the young shoots. A
/imbers are the rollers laid under a boat bud or twig held in the mouth speedily
when it is drawn up on the beach. Fr. becomes enveloped in jelly, and it pro
Iimon, shafts. See Linchpin. bably was used for boiling down to bird
Limber. 2.-Limp. The radical sig lime. Pol. leſ, bird-lime, lipa, lime-tree.
nificance is the same as that of flabby, Limehound. A dog held in a leash,
flaggy, or flaccid; not having strength to a greyhound. Fr. limier, a bloodhound
stand stiff, and so tending to flap upon or limehound.—Cot. From Lat. līgamen,
itself, supple, pliant. W. Alabio, to slap; a tie, OFr. liamen, a tie, a packet; Lang.
1/ibin, lleipr, flaccid, drooping; ON. limp /iama, to tie up in a bundle; Piedm.
faz, to faint, become slack. Swiss lamp /iamet, a tape, little tie of riband ; Milan.
en, to hang loose, to fade, to move in ſigamm, Bret. Miamm, band, tie ; Grisons
a spirit. ss manner; lampig, lampe/ig, Zigiar, liar, to bind; ligiom, liom, liam,
faded, loose, flabby, hanging; gelamp, a a band.
 390 LIMIT LINGUIST

Limit. Lat. limes, limitis, a bound, To Line. Sw. dial. lina, to double a
terminating point or line. garment on the inside with linen, then
To Limn. Fr. enluminer, to illumin with any other texture.
ate, to sleek or burnish, also to limn ; Linen. Lat. linum, G. lein, ON. lin, flax.
en/umineur de livres, one that coloureth Ling. I. N. Zaanga, Dan. Zange, Du.
or painteth upon paper, an alluminer.- Zinge, lenge, a kind of codfish.
Cot. “Excellent—for the neatness of the 2. A kind of heath. ON. ling, any
handwriting, adorned with illumination, small shrub, especially heath. N. blaabar
which we now call limning, in the mar Ayng, the bilberry plant.
gin.”—Wood, Fasti in R. Lingel. Two words seem confounded,
Limp. See Limber. of which the first signifies a little tongue
To Limp. Pl. D. lumpen, lulken, lum or thong of leather (B.), from Lat. ligula,
schen, to limp. Dan. Jumpe, to limp, go Zingula, any tongue-shaped object, pro
lame. Fr. cloſer, cloguer, clocher, to montory, spatula, tenon. Fr. Migule, a
limp-Cot.; clampin, qui marche diffi little tongue, lingell, tenon.— Cot. Sc.
cilement.—Vocab. de Bray. Lith. Ælum Zangel, danget, linget, a tether; NE. lan
bas, lame of one leg, limping ; Ælumbis, got, the latch of a shoe.—Grose.
lame of one leg, a bungler; Ælumboti, to In the second sense lingel is used for
limp ; Alumbenti, G. klopfen, to knock at shoemaker's thread, from Fr. ligneul,
a door; Alumpu, klupti, to stumble ; shoemaker's thread, or a tatchingend.—
Alumpas, a wooden shoe; E. dial. clump Cot. “Lingell that souters sew with,
ers, thick heavy shoes ; to clump, to chefgros, lignier. Lynger, to sew with,
tramp, to clunter, to walk clumsily.— poulcier.”— Palsgr. in Way. Liniel is
Hal. still used in this sense in the north of
The fundamental image is the clump England, and lingan in Scotland. See
ing gait of a lame man, consisting of a Laniard, Inkle.
succession of knocks, represented by the Linger. G. verlängern, Du. lingen,
Fr. clop, clok, in cloper, cloguer (softened verlangen, verlengen (Kil.), to lengthen
to clocher); aller clopin-clopan, to go out, to be long about a thing.
clop-clop, to limp. G. Alofſen, to knock. Lingey. Limber.—B. Bav, lungig,
The same relation is seen between E. soft, limber. See Loiter.
clunch, a thump or blow (Hal), and Sc. -lings. -long. -linges or longes,
clinch, Lap. linkot, to limp; linkes, lame; ding, long, were frequently used as an
Sw. Junk, jog-trot ; lunka £d, to jog on. adverbial termination in the older stages
Limpid. Lat. limpidus, transparent, of our language. AS. on baccling, back
clear. ward ; meadunga, -inga, OE. medelingis,
To Lin.-Blin. To cease; properly medelonges, of necessity; darklings, in
to slacken P G. linde, Lat. lenis, soft. the dark ; grovelyngys or grovelynge
Linchpin. Bav. lon-, lunnagel, loner, (Pr. Prm.), face downwards. G. blindlings,
N. lumnstikke, Pol. lon, Bohem. launek, blindly ; ricklings, backwards, rittlings,
ODu. lunisa (Schm.), AS. lynis, Pl.D. sitzlings, &c. The element has much re
15use, liinse, liinsch, the peg that holds semblance to Sw. lunda, lonnom, Da. lun
the wheel on the axle. des, Goth. laud, in the expressions salunda,
ON. hlunnr, limbers, in nautical lan Goth. Svalaud, in such wise; samma
guage, the bars of wood on which a boat Junda, Goth. Samalaud, in the same way,
is dragged ashore or supported when so Sw, dial. Skakker lonmom, in shaking wise,
dragged up; hlummr, the handle of an as if one had a fever.
oar. Gael. lumn, a spoke or lever, the The origin of these last is referred
shaft of an oar. OHG. lun, obex, paxil by Ihre to Goth. Mudja, face, laudja,
lus; lan, clavus in axe.—Gl. in Schm. form.
Swab. lamme, land, shafts; lander, a lath; ON. lund, mind, disposition, will, mode,
G. geländer, bannisters. Mid. Lat. Monum, wise. A allar lundir, by all means;
spoke of a wheel; limo (Fr. limon, shafts), med lengom lumdom, in nowise. Fin.
a linch-pin.—Dief. Supp. Juonto, form, disposition, nature ; W.
Line.-Lineage.—Lineament. Lat. 1/un, form, likeness, shape; yn llyn, in
Jinea, originally a linen thread or string, this manner.
a fishing-line, then a line, track or trace, Linguist. Lat. lingua, the tongue, a
the line of descent from father to son, language. .. . .;
whence lineage, a line of ancestry; linea There can be little doubt that lingua
ments, the lines of the features; to de is from the same source with lingo, lic
Aineate, to trace out. - tum, to lick, viz. from the Smacking or
 LINIMENT LIST 391

clacking of the tongue in the enjoyment flabbe, lip, mouth ; Lith. lupa, lip ; lupos
of food. See Delight. (pl.), mouth ; Zulu lebe, under-lip of
Liniment. Lat. limimentum, from linio, animals; Amakosa umlebe, lip.
to rub softly, to besmear. From the sound made by the tongue
- 1. ON. hlekkr, Da. laenke, a and lips in lapping. Lat. lambere, w.
chain, fetter; h!ekkjahund, Da. laenke //eipio, Bret. lipa, to lick; Sw. lappja,
hund, a banddog; lankeled (led, limb, to lap ; lappja Žd allt, to taste of every
joint), link of a chain. N. le&#, a ring, thing. Fr. lippee, a mouthful; lippu,
link, tether, especially one made of withy; thick-lipped.
Mekkja, a chain. The radical image seems Liquid.—Liquor. Lat. liqueo, to melt,
to be a crook or bending. Sw. dial, lynka, to flow.
ON. lykéja, crook, bending, twist. G. Liquorice. It lecurizia, Fr. reglisses,
Menken, to bend in a certain direction, to Gr. YAvküppiča (y\vküç, sweet, and piza,
turn, to steer; lenksam, pliable, supple; root).
gelenk, a joint. Lith... linkti, to bow, to -lision. -lide. Lat. laedo, laºsum, in
turn ; lenkti, to bend in a certain direc comp. —lido, to hurt, properly, as shown
tion; linkes, bent; linkus, pliable. Fin. by the compounds, to strike. Hence
Jenko, a bending, anything bent; lenkki, Elision, from elido, to strike out; Colli
a hoop, withy band. sion, from collido, to strike together.
2. A torch of pitched rope or paper. To Lisp. Du. lispen, lispelen, Sw.
Probably from Du. lonte or lompe, a gun laspa, to lisp, speak imperfectly; G. ſlis
ner's match of twisted tow, by a change pern, ſlistern, to rustle, whisper.
similar to that which we see in G.
To List.—Listless. As, lystan, to
schrimpſen, E. shrink , G. sumpſ, E. have pleasure in, to raise desire, or give
sumé, sink. See Linstock. pleasure to. Me /yste, it pleaseth me.
Linnet. Fr. linotte, G. Zein-ſinke, flachs The lyst mu liotha, thou art now desirous
finke, from feeding on linseed, the seed of of songs. Dan. Zyste, to desire, take plea
flax. It linosa, flax-seed, a linnet. sure in. De Aan ſaae hºwad de lyster, you
Linstock. A short staff of wood split, can take what you list. ON. lyst, plea
which holds the match used by gunners sure, desire. Pl.D. lusten, gelisten, to
in firing cannon.—B. Sw. luntstake, Du. desire. Mi lustet mig meer, I have no
1ompe, lonte, a gunner's match, made like more appetite. Dat luste ik nig, I do
a loose rope of twisted flax or tow.— Kil. not like it, have no taste for it. G. lust,
As lompe signifies also a rag, the name, pleasure.
as Ihre and Adelung suggest, is in all Ilistless is the condition of one who has
probability taken from the match having no pleasure in his work, and therefore
been made in the first instance of twisted
acts without energy.
rags. The form lonte may be a corrup
Ainsi s'avancérent de grand volonté tous che
tion of lompe, but it is by no means valiers et ecuyers et prinent terre.—Froissart, 4.
necessary to make that supposition. The c. 18.
term lompe, G. lumpe, lumpen, a rag, is
from a root signifying fluttering or flap hadI haue nothing so good lust to my work as I
yesterday.—Palsgr.
ping, hanging loose, of which many mo
difications are given under Limber. Now List. It lista, listra, any kind of list
this image is often represented by forms or selvedge, a guarding or border about
with a final d, nd, m, as well as by those any garment, [hence] the lists of tilting
with a final b, mb, m. Thus we have Du. or tournaments, also a row, file, or rank
slodderen, as well as slobberen, to flag or of anything set in order.—Fl. G. leiste,
bag; slons, slums, loose ; Pl. D. slunten, a stripe or strip; Du. lijst, edge, border,
slumnen, rags; sluntje, Du. slodde, slomp, margin, strip, catalogue. The It. liccia,
a slut. Da. dial. lunte is used for a dizza, list or selvedge of cloth (Fl.), lists
twisted band of straw, hay, or sedge, to of a tiltyard, Sp. liga, Fr. lices, lisse, the
bind sheaves or the like. fence of a tiltyard, lisière, list of cloth,
Lintel. Fr. linteau, Sp. /intel, dintel, hem of a garment, outskirt of a wood,
the head-piece of a door or window.—B. can hardly be distinct, though they seem
Probably from the form lon, lumn, or to have come through a different channel
Jund, signifying a timber, pole, or bar, from the forms with a final t, and may
mentioned under Linchpin. probably spring direct from a Celtic
Lion. Lat. leo, -nis, Gr. Akww. source, while the final t is a Teutonic
Lip. Lat. labium, Gael. liob, liop, lib, modification of the same ultimate root.
Wall. lºpe, Sw, lappe, lip; Vulg. G. labbe, Bret. lº's, haunch, border, skirt; lºzen,
392 LISTEN LIVELIHOOD

selvedge, list, border; /*3, OFr. deleg, A clerk had litherly beset his while.
beside, near ; W. ys/ſys, side, flank. But if he could a carpenter beguile.—Chaucer.
Dehors les murs a unes lices (a rampart) Luther laws, bad laws; luther dede,
Debon mur fort a carneaux bas.-R. R. wicked action.—R.G. Du. lodderem int
Without the diche were list is made bedde, in de sonne, to lie lazily in bed, to
With wall batailed large and drade. lounge in the sun. Lodder, a loose, lux
Ibid. Chaucer, 42Oo. urious man ; lodderigh, lodderlick, scur
Listen. We might readily derive As. rilis, luxuriosus, meretricius.-Kil. Swab.
h/ystan, to listen, from ON. hºust, an ear; lottern, umlottern, to lounge about. The
at hlusta til, or at leggia hlustir vid, to idea of looseness is conveyed by a repre
give ear to, to listen. But probably hilust, sentation of the flapping sound of loose
the ear, is so called as the organ of listen clothes, or the splashing of liquids. Du.
ing. W. clust, ear, Gr. k\tºw, to hear. The Zobberen, to trample in water or mire;
probability is that the sense of listen is slobberen, to slap up liquids, slubber up a
developed in a manner similar to that of business—Bomhoff; slobberen, slodderen,
Aist / or hark / signifying in the first in to flag, hang loosely—Kil. ; s/odder, s/od
stance a low rustling sound, then the derer, a slattern, sloven ; Gael. luidir, to
direction of the attention to catch or paddle in mud or water; ludraig, to be
watch for such a sound. The Du. luys spatter with foul water; ſudragan, an
ferent signifies to whisper, and also to untidy person, Judair, a slovenly person.
listen; Pl.D. lustern, glustern, to listen. Esthon. loddisema, to hang loose ; lodda
OHG. hlosen, AS. hlosnian, Bav. losen, Zadala, loose and slack. Swiss lodelen,
/usen, Zusmen, lustern, to listen. Swiss Zode/en, not to be properly tight; lodel,
Zisele, to speak in a low voice; Carinth Zödeli, a lazy, litherly man.
ian lisen, to be still, to listen.—Deutsch. Litho-.—Lithograph. Gr. Atôoc, a
Mundart. AS. h!ysa, hliosa, fame, glory, stone ; lithograph, a drawing on stone.
must originally have signified rumour, a Litigate.—Litigious. Lat. Zis, litis,
buzzing sound. strife, a law-suit, whence litigare, to go
to law. As st/is was an ancient form of
In like manner ON. hljod, ljod, Da. Wyd,
Sound, voice; also silence, a hearing ; Zis, it may be conjectured that the word
ON. hlyda, OE. lithe, to listen; Da. Ayde originally signified a taking of sides, from
(to listen to), to obey. See To Lithe. W. yst/ys, a side. To bandy words (from
Litany. Gr. Auravsta, a supplicating ; It. banda, a side) is to conflict in words.
Aurh, prayer ; Atagopal, Airouai, to pray. All side in parties and begin the attack.-Pope.
Lith.-Lithe. Goth. lithus, AS. lith,
Du. ltd., G. glied, a joint, limb, bodily See Plead.
member. ON. lidr, a joint, knot; N. Zide, Litmus. Du. lakmoes, an infusion of
to bend the limbs; lidig, what bends or a lake or purple colour; moes, pottage,
moves with ease, pliable, convenient. E. broth.
Althy, lithe, lithesome, lissome, active, Litter. Fr. litière (from lit, bed), the
supple, pliant, gentle. bedding of cattle, or straw on which they
To Lithe. To relate, to listen. lie, whence E. litter, things strewed about
in confusion.
Lystenith now to my talkynge
Of whom I wylle you lythe.—MS. Hal. Fr. litière signifies also, as Lat. lectica,
And underlynde in a launde lenede I a stounde It lettiga, Sp. lechiga, a covered couch
To lithen here laies and here loveliche notes. in which one is borne by men or horses;
P
lechigada, Fr. ventrée, portée d'une truie,
ON. hajod, sound, voice. I einu hljodi, &c., a litter of pigs, puppies, &c., the col
with one voice. Hjoda or ljoda, to re lection of young which the mother has
cite. The word was then elliptically carried in her belly at one time as in a
used for an opportunity of speaking, si litter.
lence, attention. At beidaz hiliods, to re Little. Goth. leitils, ON. litill, ohG.
quest a hearing. Hence hilyda d, to listen. luzil, Du. Wuttik, OE. lite, lute.
Lither.—Luther. Loose in a moral Littoral. Lat. littus, littoris, the sea
sense, without energy, bad. G. liederlich, shore.
loose, disorderly in business or conduct. Liturgy. Gr. Astroupyia, a public ser
Ein liederlicher, schlotteriger mensch, a vice or ministration, from Asiroc (Aačc, Astºc,
man negligent in dress, whose clothes people), public, and ºpyw, to work.
hang loose and dangling. Liederlich ar To Live. See Life.
beitent, to work slightly, carelessly, slubber Livelihood. Properly lifelode, way of
a thing over. life, from ON. leid, AS. lad, way. Lyvely
 LIVER LOB 393

hede or quickness, vivacitas ; lyvelode, or conduct; leidarstiarna, loadstar, star of

lyfehode, victus.-Pr. Prm. OHG. lib/eit, º leida, AS. laedan, to lead, con
mensura victiis.-Regula Sti. Ben. in uCt.
Schilter. Loaf. AS. hiaſ, Goth. hlaibs, hlaifº,
I—bidde mi paternoster and mi crede Russ. chlieb, Pol. chleb, Fin. laipe, bread,
That God hem helpe at hore nede loaf ; Lat. libum, a cake.
That helpen me mi /i/ to lede. To Loaf-Loafer. A loafer, in mo
Wright, Anecdota Litt. Dame Siriz, p. 7. dern slang imported from America, is an
Mod. Gr. tropoc, way, road ; trópoc ric idle lounger, perhaps from Sp. gallofear,
&wijc, way of life, livelihood. See Load to saunter about and live upon alms;
Stone.
galloſéro, idle, lazy vagabond. Grisons
Liver. As. lifºre, G. leber, liver. Russ. gaglioſa, a scrip (the badge of a beggar)
Aliver', the pluck, or liver, lungs, and wind or pocket. But more probably perhaps
pipe. Perhaps the liver, from colour and from G. lauſen, to run, to go to and fro,
consistency, may be regarded as a mass to haunt ; whence gassenlaufer, an idler
of clotted blood. ON. lifraz, G. leberen, of the streets; irrlaiſer, landlaiſer, a
to clot, congeal ; gelebert blut, clotted landlouper or vagabond.—Sanders.
blood. Da. dial. lubber, anything coagu Loam. AS. lam, Du. leem, G. leim,
lated ; E. loppered milk, curdled milk. Mehm, clay, tenacious earth. Lat. limus,
Livery. Fr. livrée, from livrer, to mud, clay. See Lime.
deliver; something given out at stated Loan. ON. lain, a loan, to be distin
times and in stated quantities, as clothes guished from laun, G. John, AS. lean, a
of a certain pattern to distinguish the reward, wages. See Lend.
servants or adherents of the donor, or the To Loathe.—Loth. AS. lath, hateful,
supply of victuals or horse-provender to evil, injury. Me lath wars, I was loth ;
which certain members of the household
Gode tha lathustan, the most hateful to
were entitled. Lyvery of cloth or other God. G. leid, what is offensive to the
gyftis, liberata, liberatura.-Pr. Pn. feelings. Weder gu liebe noch zu leide,
Livid. Lat. liveo, to grow pale, wan, neither from love nor hatred. Es thut
discoloured.
mir leid, I am sorry for it. Du. leed,
Lizard. Fr. legard, It. lucerta, lusar grief, sorrow, evil, injury; leeden, taedere,
do, Lat. lacerta. Bret. Alazard, a green fastidire. Fr. laid, loathly, ugly.
lizard, from glag, green. The original image is probably the
Lizard-Point. From having been a disgust felt at a bad smell. Bret. lous,
place of retirement for lazars. Several stinking, dirty, impure, obscene, ugly.
places in a like situation are known by Lathand is used in the Flyting of Ken
this name in Brittany, where there is now nedy and Dunbar in the sense of stinking.
commonly a ropewalk, ropemakers being Laithly and lowsy, lathand as a leek.
a proscribed race, supposed to be leprous.
Loach. Fr. loche, a small freshwater Lob.—Looby. The radical image is
fish, which possibly is named from being of something not having strength to sup
taken understones. Bret, loc'ha, to stir, port itself, but hanging slack, dangling,
take up, remove from its place; loc'heta, drooping. To lob, to hang down, to
to take up the stones of the shore in look droop ; to lob along, to walk lazily, as
ing for small fish. Speaking of the loach, one fatigued ; lob, looby, a clown, a dull,
Yarrell says, “Its habit of lurking under lumpish, lazy, or awkward person.
stones often prevents its being observed.’ Grete lobies and long, and loth were to *
—Brit. Fishes, I. 376.
The miller's-thumb, the hiding loach, But as the drone the honey hive doth rob,
The perch, the ever-rubbing roach.-Browne. With worthy books so deals this idle loë.
Load. AS. hlad, load ; hladan, to Gascoigne.
load ; ON. hladi, a heap; hlada, a barn; Du. loboor, a pig or dog with hanging
hlad, a street, road, paved place; hladimn, ears, a raw, silly youth ; lobbes, a booby ;
piled up, laden; hlass, a load, waggon /abberlot, one who loiters about the streets;
load. N. lad, a pile, heap of things laid Wall. loubreie, idleness, vagabondage ;
in order. -
ON. lubbaz, to loiter about, segniter volu
Loadstone.—Loadstar. AS. laid, ON. tari; lubbi, a dog with shaggy coat and
1eid, a way, journey. AS. laid-man, a hanging ears, a lazy servant; Fin. luop
leader, director ; lid'scipe, a conducting. Aata, to do anything slowly; luoppio, a
oN. leidar-breſ, a safe-conduct; leidar sluggard; W. llabi, llaòwst, a long lub
stein, a loadstone, stone of the way or of ber, big clouterly fellow.
394 LOBBY LOIN

The origin of all these terms seems to Loft.—Lofty. ON. lopt, the sky or
be a representation of the sound of things air, also the open space in the roof at the
of a flabby or loose structure flapping top of a house; d loft, on high, aloft.
upon themselves, dangling, or dashing. Dan. Moſt, ceiling, loft. See Lift.
Du. flabberen, to flag, flap as sails; lab * Log. An unshaped lump of timber,
beren, to shiver in the wind; slobberen, to a piece of firewood, in which sense clog
hang loose and slack, to slap up liquids, is also used ; a Yule-log or a Yule-clog.
eat awkwardly; lobberen, to trample in So we have lump and clump, E. lob, a
wet and mire ; Esthon. lobbisema, to large lump, a clown (Hal), and Sw, dial.
tattle (the idea of much talking being Alabó, a log or block. It is probable that
commonly expressed by terms taken from cloë, clod, clog, as well as the weaker
the dashing of liquids); lobbi, sleet, a forms loë and log, are formed on a com
mixture of snow and rain; W. llabio, to mon principle. See Clod.
slap. The log of a vessel is a contrivance for
Łobby—Lodge. Lobby, antechamber, retaining the distant end of a line un
porch, gallery. . G. laube (from , laub, moved in the water while the vessel runs
foliage, as OFr. ſoillie, a hut, from feuille, on, for the purpose of ascertaining the
a leaf), an arbour, bower formed of the rate of sailing. Originally perhaps a
branches of trees; lauberhütte, a booth simple log thrown out behind. To lie
or hut of green branches. Mid. Lat. lobia, like a log is to lie perfectly unmoved.
Maubia, laubium, an open portico, clois To Log.—Logger. To log, to oscil
ters. “Deambulatorium quod propriè di late.—Hal. To logger, to shake as a
citur lobium, quod fit juxta domos ad wheel that has been loosened and does
spatiandum.’—Joh. de Januá. Grisons not move correctly.—Forby. Dan. logre,
daupia, laupchia, lauchia, labgia, lodgia, to wag the tail; Sw. dial. loka, to work a
gallery in a church, open gallery in front thing to and fro in order to get it loose;
of a house. It loggia, an open gallery, Fr. locher, to rattle, to shake from loose
banqueting-house, fair porch in the street ness; Bav. lugk, lugker, Swiss lug, luck,
side.—Fl. Fr. loge, a lodge, shed, cote G. locker, loose. Esthon. loggisema, to
or small house, booth in a market. rattle, wabble.
Lobster. AS. lopust, logystre, Lat, lo A parallel series with a dental instead
custa marina. A similar interchange of of guttural termination is found in Bav.
£ and k is seen in Dan. visk, E. wisp, dotter, loose, slack, and lottern, to shake;
N. lopp, a lock of wool, hay, &c., E. lock. die bank lode’t (lottert), the bench jog
Local.—Locate. Lat. Aocus, a place. gles, is unsteady. Swiss lodelen, to be
Lock. 1. ON. lo&#r, Da. lok, G. locke, loose, not properly fast; lodern, to dangle,
AS. loc, a curl or ringlet of hair; /ocge to hang loose and slack; Du. lodderent
wind, curled hair; Du. locke, vlocke, a int bedde, to lie loose in bed; lodderbank,
lock or flock of wool or the like ; on. a couch. Corresponding forms in the
Mockr, a lock of hair, curl. guttural class are Pl.D. luggern, to lie
Lock. 2.-Locker. Goth. lukan, Du. lazily in bed; luggerðank, a couch.
Joken, luycken (Kil), ON. loka, Da. Mukke,
to shut, close, fasten; l. een inde, to lock Logic. -logy. Gr. Aóyoc, a word
one up ; / op, to open, unlock. ON. loé, spoken, Aoyuköc, of or belonging to reason,
a cover, anything that serves for fasten and to words as exponents of reason ;
ing, shutter, latch, and fig, conclusion, whence ij (réxvn) Aoyuki), the art of reason
end. , Du, luik, shutter, AS, loc, a place ing in words.
shut in, cloister, prison, fold; also what Logwood. “Whereas of late years
fastens, a lock. there hath been brought into this realm
A locker is a receptacle made by a seat of England a certain kind of ware or stuff
with a moveable top. Sw, lock, Da. laage, called Logwood, alias Blockwood.’—Stat.
cover ; laagebank, a locker. Du. Ioker, 23 Eliz. c. ix.
loculamentum, theca.-Kil. Loin. Fr. Jombe, the loin. Longe, the
Lodge. Fr. loge, a hut or small apart loin or flank, the fleshy part of the neck,
ment. See Lobby. , Hence loger, to so back, and reins cut along the back
journ, abide for a time; which however Cot. Du. longie, loemie, lumbus vitel
agrees in a singular manner with Russ. linus.-Kil. Wal., OFr. logne, Sc. lunyie,
Mojit' (Fr.j), to place, to lay; lojitsya, to loin.
lay oneself down, lie down; Serv. loja, Usually derived from Lat. lumbus, by
lying place. Illyr. lojiti, to lay; loj. the common change of mb into ng. Mid.
nitza, a sleeping apartment. Lat. lumbus, lungus, lende, lem, Schleg
 LOITER LOLLARD 395

brat.—Dief. Supp. Fr. longue, the loin. letter l is the consonant naturally sounded
—Cot. See Lumbago. with the protruded tongue produces Swiss
To Loiter.—Lounge. The Teutonic lallen, E. /o// or /i//, to /i// out the tongue
dialects abound in verbs of a frequenta as a dog that is weary.—Fl. Bav. lallen,
tive form, which are used in the first in to speak thick, as one with too large a
stance to signify the flapping or shaking tongue, and (speaking contemptuously) to
of loose things (frequently also the dash talk, reminding us of Gr. Aaxsiv, to talk.
ing of liquids), then to express a slack Bav. lallen, lullen, to suck as an infant;
and unstrung way of doing anything, or Du. le/len, to suck, to tattle, chatter;
simply a total absence of activity and Zelle, le/leken, the tip of the tongue, or
exertion. Hence are formed nouns (to any similar object, nipple, uvula, lap of
which the loss of the frequentative element the ear; Swiss lalli, Bav. Zeller, the
often gives the appearance of radicals in tongue ; Dan, lalle, to prattle ; Fin. lail
stead of derivatives), signifying the flutter Adttád, to speak thick, mutter, tattle.
ing object, a slothful, negligent person, or Then from the imperfect speech of in
adjectives of corresponding meaning. Du. fancy, Bav. gelall, childish play, sport,
slobbern (see Lob), sloddern, G. schlottern, lovers' toying; Pol. lala, a baby ; lalka,
to flap, wabble, dangle; Swiss lottern, to a doll; E. /o/, to dandle, fondle.
joggle; Bav. lottern, lotteln, to waggle, He lolled her in his arms,
tremble, go lazily (schlapp einhergehen); He lulled her on his breast.—Hal.
Fin. lotto, anything dangling ; Bav. lotter, Du. lollen, to coddle oneself, warm one
Mottel, loitel, a lazy or loose-living man; self over the coals.
Motterbank, a couch for repose ; Du. lod The same transfer from imperfect
deren int bedde, in de sonne, to lie lazily speech to imperfect action, which we have
in bed, to idle in the sun; Pl.D. luddern, seen in famble and ſumble, gives ON. lall,
to be lazy; Du. lunderen, to dawdle (cunc the first imperfect walk of a child; lalla,
tanter agere)—Kil. ; Swiss lodelen, /öde to toddle ; lalli, a toddling infant; lolla,
/en, to be loose, not properly fast ; ſodeli to move or act slowly; loll, lolla, sloth ;
arbeit, loose, imperfect work; umelödeln, E. loll, to lounge, give way to sloth ; Du.
to loiter about ; lode/, /ödeli, careless, Zollebancée, a couch, lounging bench ;
negligent person; lodern, to dangle, hang Swiss lähli (maulaffe), a booby, soft per
loose and slack, loden, a rag ; Du. loteren, son; 26/en, umelöhlen, to lounge about ;
Zeuteren, to vacillate, loiter, delay—Kil. ; Mod.Gr. Awköc, silly, foolish ; Fin. Zolli,
ON. lotra, to loiter, go slow and lazily. Melli, a lazybones, slothful, effeminate
With a change to the guttural class of person; lallatella, lollittella, to lead a
consonants may be cited E. logger, to loose or slothful life; ON. loll, lolli, sloth.
shake; G. locker, Swiss lugg, luck, loose; Lollard. The meaning of the word, as
Pl.D. luggern, lungern, to lie abed, in appears from the last article, is simply a
dulge in sloth, luggerðank (as Du. lodder sluggard. But in OE, to loll was specially
bank), a couch. applied to the idle life of persons wander
Then with the passage from the sound ing about and living at other men's cost.
of 8 to that of ch, which is so usual in For an hydel man thousemest—
Fr. and E. dialects, Fr. locher, to shake, Other a spille tyme,
Other beggest thy lyve
joggle; Swiss, lotschen, to wabble, be Aboute ate menne hatches,
negligent, slack; umelotschen, to move Other faitest upon Fridays
about as if all the joints were loose ; lot Other feste days in churches;
schi, a person of loose character; Bav. The whiche is lollerene life.
zerlatscht, latschet (of things that ought P. P. p. 514, Wright's ed.
For all that han here hele
to be fast or stiff), loose, clammy ; E.
And here eyen syghte,
dial. louch-eared, having hanging ears.- And lymes to laborye with,
Mrs Baker. The addition of the nasal, And lolleres lyfusen,
as in ludderm, lundern, luggern, lungern, Lyven ayens Godes lawe
above-mentioned, converts Swiss lotschen And love of holy churche.—p. 527.
into luntschen (of clothes), to hang flap In this sense the term was applied to
ping and dangling, to move lazily ; tıme the devotees mentioned under Bigot, who
Żuntschen, to lounge about, lie idly about in the 13th and 14th centuries went about
without sleeping ; Westerwald lonzen,
preaching reformation of life, and excited
lungen, to lie in bed out of season ; Bay.
the indignation of the church by not join
Iungen, lunzeln, to slumber, lunzig, soft,
ing the regular orders. ‘Eodem anno
limber, E. dial. lingey. (1309) quidam hypocritae gyrovagi, qui
To Loll.—Lill. The fact that the Lollardisive Deum-laudantes vocabantur,
396 LOLLIPOPS LOOK

per Hannoniam et Brabantiam quasdam slack; das seiſ /ugget, the rope slackens,
mulieres nobiles deceperunt.”—Hocsemius i. e. when it is longer than is necessary to
in Duc. Afterwards the term was appro reach to the point required. St lengent
priated to the followers of Wicliff in Eng iro unriht also seiſ, they stretch out their
land. Lollaerd, Lollebroeder, Alexianus wickedness as a rope.—Notker. Sint
monachus, Waldensis.-Kil. AEelengit, relaxantur—Kero; Gilengit wer
Among other opprobrious names given dent, prolongabuntur.—Graff. A slug is
to the same class of devotees, they were one who drags on without exertion, is
also called Beghards, Mid. Lat. Begardi, slack or slow in action, is long about his
Bigardi, a term signifying one who car work. To lag behind (w. Ilag, slack,
ries a bag, identical with E. beggar. sluggish, Gael. lag, faint) is to linger, to
For they bereth no bagges be long in coming up.
Ne non botels under clokes, The representatives of Lat. languere
Whiche is Lollerene lyfe.-P. P. (from the root lag, slack, faint) are occa
Lollipops. It has been shown under sionally synonymous, or are perhaps con
Loll that the sound made by speaking founded with verbs formed from the adj.
with the protruded tongue is represented Zong. Fr. languir, to droop, faint, hang
by the syllables lal, le/, lol, whence Bav. the head, also to linger, idle it, be lither.
/allen, to suck, lullen, to suck the tongue, —-Cot. Languir dans une prison, to
thumb, &c.; le/ler, the tongue. To lull, linger in prison. Donnez lui cela, ne le
to suck. faites pas languir. Languedoc langhi,
My lytylle childe lyth alle lame to be ennuied, to find it long, also, as G.
That lullyd on my pappys. verlangen, to long for. Langhisse de
Slaughter of the Innocents, Coventry Myst. 182. vous veire, I long to see you.
The latter part of the word is from papa, Loof. The windward side of a ship.
the infantine expression for eating, as To loof or luff, to turn the ship towards
mama for drink. Papa is used by chil the wind, and, as a ship to windward of
dren in the Tirol to signify a desire for another has the power of escaping it, if an
eating, and hence they apply the term . . good sailor, alooſ, on loof, is out
of reach.
Aappe, paſſpele, to anything nice to eat;
2ucker-pappele, Pl.D. zucker-popp, sweet It is not easy to make out exactly what
ies, lollipops.-D. M., iv. De påpernát part of the ship the loof originally was.
un de appel, de sãben semme/poppen un Du. loef is a rullock or oar-pin, scalmus,
de ein zuckerpopp : the gingerbread and but the loof was a timber of considerable
the appel, the seven cakes and one sugar size, by which the course of the ship was
plum.—Olle Kamellen, p. 4. Sp. repapi directed ; it would seem to be the large
Marse, to overload one's stomach with oar used by way of a rudder, or perhaps
dainties. Pol. Aapinki, dainties, tidbits. the tiller.
Lollipops would thus signify sucking Weder stod on wille,
dainties. Wind mid than beste,
Lombar-house. A pawnbroker's shop. Aſeo rihten heare loues,
—B. And up drogen Seiles,
Lithen over saestrem.
They had put all the little plate they had in
the Lumber, which is pawning it.—Life of Lady The weather stood at will,
G. Baillie in Trench. The wind at the best,
Du. Lombaerd, faenerator, usurarius; They righted their looſs
And up drew the sails,
Iombaerde, taberna seu mensa usuraria. Voyaged over sea stream.
—Kil. Lombaerd, lombert, lommert, Layamon 3, 242.
place where they lend money on pledge. ‘Paié a A. pur un mast de rouge sapin de cent
—Halma. From the trade of dealing in pees longe, un loffe, une verge et une bowespret
money commonly followed by Lombards apertenant à dit mast, Æð 17s. 7d.’ ‘Ascendentes
in the middle ages, whence in London, vero naves et velificantes perrexerunt itaque au
Lombard Street, the street occupied by dacter obliquando dracenam, quae vulgariter
bankers. dicitur lof, ac si vellent adire Calesiam, sed Angli
maris periti—subito cum se scivissent ventum
Lone.-Lonely. From alone, G. al exhausisse (had got to windward), versa dracena
lein, all one, simply one. See Alone. ex transverso vento Sibi jam secundo insecuti
Long.—To Linger. Goth. laggs, ON. sunt hostes alacriter."—Matth. Paris in Bart.
dangr, Lat. longus, Pol. dugi, long. Cotton, p. 108.
Probably from the notion of slackness, Du. Joeuen, deflectere sive declinare navi
which is coincident with that of length gio, cedere.—Kil. -

in many cases. Swiss lugg, luck, loose, To Look. Bav. luegen, Swiss lugen,
 LOOM LOP 397

to look ; lugi, a spy-glass, telescope ; to slip away. Sw, dial, glipa, to gape,
Zugen, eyes; ON. glugga, to spy, look stand open ; gliº, a crack.
narrowly after ; gluggr, window, hole ; Loop-hole is frequently used in the
Dan. glughul, peep-hole ; Wall. louki, to sense of a secret means of escape, as G.
look, to spy; OFr. louquer, Fr. loucher, sch/u//-loch, a hiding-place, hole into or
to look askance, to squint; It allucciare, through which one may slip, a loop-hole,
to fix the eyes on a thing ; Lang. lucado, evasion, or shift. Du. tergluip, ter sluip,
Wall. loukëte, a gleam of light; loukerote, secretly; sluiſºdeur, a secret door, figura
a glance, a small opening, peep-hole. tively loop-hole, evasion ; sluip-hoek, a
Loom. An utensil, tool. lurking-place.
The Homes that I labour with Loose. Slack. Du. los, loose, slack,
And lyflode deserve free ; Goth. laus, loose, empty, void, of
Is Paternostre and my primere.—P. P. none effect; laus vairtham, to come to
nothing ; laus as a termination,-less ;
Lome or instrument, utensile; loome of akramalaus, fruitless ; andelaus, endless;
webbares craft, telarium.—Pr. Prm. Uten 2ausguithrs, empty-bellied, fasting; lausa
silia, and/uman.—AS. Vocab. in Nat. vaura's, an idle talker; laujan, to loose,
Ant. Du. alem, alaem, utensilia; werck separate, make void.
alaem, tools.-Kil. Gael. lamp, hand, Loover. A loouer or tunnell in the
handle. roof or top of a great hall to avoid smoke,
To Loom. To show a faint light, to fumarium, spiramentum—Baret; louer of
be seen dimly, as a ship at a distance or a hall, esclère.--Palsgr. Vedetta, a lour
in a mist. It lume, light, and fig. know or high lantern on the top of a house.—
ledge, notice, hint.—Alt. Aver lume, to Fl. Yorkshire love, lover, a chimney.—
have knowledge of a thing. Piedm. lumé, Craven Gl. ON. Zióri, the opening in the
Venet. Jumare, to observe attentively. roof of a house to let out smoke, a win
The word may, however, have come to dow ; N. fore, air-hole in the roof to let
us from a Northern source. ON. h.jóma, out the smoke ; fora, to clear up ; ljör,
Sw. dial. hljumma, ſumma, lomma, luma, opening among clouds; g/ira, to peep, to
to resound ; ljumm, lomm, resonance, show light through ; glira, a streak of
sound, rumour; lymt, lämt, hint, rumour. light, crack in a wall. Pl.D. gluren,
Fd en lymt om, to get wind of. Thence Zuren, to peep, to lour. See To Lour.
a glimpse or imperfect sight of an object. The accented dº and 14 of the ON. are in
Seen lymt, to get a glimpse. ON. hºſómar, other cases represented in E. by the aid
it is rumoured. of a v; ON. frt, Yorkshire frav, from ;
Loon.—Lown. A lazy, good-for-no ON, diºra, E. dover, to slumber; ON. littn,
thing fellow. Du. loen, homo stupidus, E. levin, lightning.
insulsus.—Kil. Probably from the notion Lop. Loft-eared, la/-, lopper-, lave-,
of inactivity and slowness, as most of łouch-, slouch-eared—Baker, having hang
these contemptuous appellations; lungis, ing ears; lop-sided, having one side hang
Jooby, Fr. lambin, G. lummel, &c. Lim. ing down. Fin. Moffa, lotto, anything
Zoung, loun, Rouchi lon, slow, tedious. hanging or dangling ; loppa-korwa, a
ODu. lome, slow, lazy. hanging ear; loppa-huuli, a hanging lip;
Loop. Gael. lub, bend, bow, noose, ON. lapa, slapa, to flag, hang loose ;
loop; lubach, crooked ; lublin, a curved slabeyrdr, N. lap-àyrt, lav-àyrt, lop-eared.
line; lubshruth, a winding stream. The origin is the sound made by soft
Loop-hole. A peep-hole in the wall or loose things flapping or falling. Du.
of a castle, from whence to shoot in safety slobberen, slodderen, G. schlottern, Esthon.
at the enemy. Lang- loup, a small win loddisema, to hang loose and slack; Du.
dow in a roof. lodderen, Swab. lottern, to lie loosely
Lat no light leopen yn at loverne at loupe.—P. P. stretched, to lounge; loppern, Swiss lof
term, to shake about, not to hold fast.
Du. #. to peep, to lurk; of zijne See Lob.
Zuipen liggen, to lie in wait ; g/uifen, to The form louch-eared may be com
peep ; gluiper, one that wears, his hat pared with Bav. latschen, lotschen, to go
deep in his face, so as to hide his eyes, about or do anything slackly and lazily;
one that acts secretly. De deur staat of verlatscht, latschet (of things that ought
eene gluip, the door is ajar. N. glupa, to to be fast or stiff), slack, soft, clammy.
gape ; glaapa, to stare ; gloff, a hole, an Melting snow becomes latschet, to be
opening ; g/öy/a, to gape, not to shut compared with E. slush, sludge. Dan.
fast ; Dan. g/ippe, to wink; Du. g/ºpen, slaske, to dabble, paddle, also (of clothes)
398 LOP LOUT

to flap about one ; Bav. Zafsch, a wide loquor, locutus to speak, whence Elo
mouth, a mouth with louch or hanging quent, Obloquy, Colloquy, &c.
lips; ON. loka, to trail, hang loose ; 16År, Lord. As. hlaſord, ON. lawardr.
anything hanging. Lore. AS. laire, teaching. See Learn.
* To Lop. Laff or loff, the faggot Lorimer. Fr. lorain, is formed from
wood of a tree.—Mrs B. It lappare, to Ioramen, a derivative of Lat. lorum, a
lap or lop trees.—Fl. Perhaps to be strap, in the same way as Fr. airain,
explained from Cotgrave's “estagner, to brass, from aeramen, a similar derivative
gueld trees, to lop or cutoff their branches,’ of aes, aeris. Hence Fr. loremier, lormier,
reminding us of Pl.D. lubben, E. Ziff, to corresponding to Lat. loraminarius, a
geld. maker of straps. “Quiconque veut estre
Loppered. Coagulated, of milk or /ormiers à Paris, cest a savoir faiseurs
blood. OHG. leberen, gelebern, to co de frains et de lorains, estre le peut
agulate; lebermere, congealed sea; ON. franchement.”—Livre des Mestiers, p.
diſra3, to clot; Dan. dial. lubber, any 222. Champ. lorain, lorein, a bridle,
thing coagulated or gelatinous; Du. strap ; loire, a strap; lorimier, lormier,
Alobber-saen, clotted or curdled cream. a saddler, worker in harness of leather.
The radical image is the flapping of Bret. len, skin, leather; leren, strap; Du.
soft and wet or loose things, which are Aeder, leer, leather.
commonly expressed by the same term, To Lose. AS. lesan, Goth., fraliusan,
as in Dan, s/aske, to dabble, paddle, to G. verlieren.
flap as loose clothes; Du. lobberen, to Lot. - Goth. hlauts, G. loss, ON. hlutr,
wade and trample in the mire; lobberig, lot ; hluti, portion ; hluta, to cast lots,
gelatinous; Mag. lobogni, to waver, flut obtain by lot.
ter; lobozni, to splash ; Swab. loffern, Lotion. Lat. lawo, lautum or lotum,
to be shaky ; lopperig, loose ; Wester to wash.
wald lapperm, to shake to and fro, wabble Loud. ON. hljod, sound ; G. lauf,
as an unsound chair, flap as loose clothes; sound; and as an adj. loud.
Swiss labbig, lappig, watery, labòerete, To Lounge. See Loiter.
watery food; Banffsh. labber, to make a * To Lour.—To Leer. To ſour and
noise with a liquid, sup a liquid hastily; Zeer are cognate forms descended at no
E. s/obbery, wet, sloppy; Du. slobberen, distant period from a common ancestor.
to flap as loose clothes, related to E. slab, The radical image is shown in ON. hdora,
thick, as Du. lobberent to lobberig, gela hlera, to listen, whence we pass to the
tinous. notion of privily observing, peeping, look
Make the gruel thick and slab.-Macbeth. ing in a covert way. G. lauern, Da. lure,
to listen, eavesdrop, watch ; Pl.D. luren,
Ir, slaib, mud, ooze. ‘The slob embank to watch in a covert manner, to wait his
ment.”—Times, Oct. Io, 1861. opportunity, to keep back in a sly way;
The same relation holds good between Zuurhaftig, of a sly and covert nature ;
Bay. schlottern, to dabble in wet, to flap /.. weer, doubtful or suspicious weather,
as loose clothes, and schlotter, coagulated weather which seems to harbour ill in
milk, mud, dirt ; schloti, mud, dirt, thaw tentions. Luren, gluren (of the weather),
ing weather; Swab. sch/udern, to slob to lour, to look with covert aspect, to
ber, spill, slop; geschluder, slops, dirty threaten rain. To lour, to look sour or
liquid. grim, to begin to be overcast with clouds.
It must be observed that when a body
is of a mixed consistency between solid The Du. equivalent loeren shows the
and liquid, it will be considered as thick passage to E. leer, to cast a cunning or a
or thin according to the extreme with wistful look.-B. Loeren, to peer, peep,
which it is compared. A substance must leer; specially with desire to possess one
be of a watery consistence in which we self of something.—Bomhoff. N. glira,
can splash and dabble, and on the other to peep, wink, half close the eyes, to be
hand it is only when a liquid is thickened open so that one can see through. It is
and becomes gelatinous that it is capable mere accident that lour signifies to spy,
of retaining a tremulous or wabbling mo with covert feelings of ill-will, and leer
tion. Thus words of the same immediate with those of desire.
derivation come to have directly opposite Louse. W. Lau, G. laus.
meanings, as Swiss labòig, and E. slab, Lout. A clownish, unmannerly fellow.
above-mentioned. —B. Du. Woeſe, Æloete, homo agrestis,
Loquacious. -loqu-, -locu-. Lat. insulsus, stolidus.-Kil. Perhaps from
 LOUT LUBBER 399

the notion of a lump or clod, a rude, un of his own proper bowels towards us.”—
shaped, inactive thing. Milan. /otta, a Abeokutah and Camaroens, 1, 148.
clod; Prov. lot, heavy, indolent, slow. In the Tyrolese dialect schlāk (G.
“Nones lots ni coartz,” he is not sluggish schlecken, to lick), is used for pleasure,
nor cowardly. Lot, mud, dirt. enjoyment. Es ist mir Kei schläk, it is
To Lout. ON. Zitta, to stoop; Sw. luta, no pleasure to me; er ist gum ròehte
to stoop, lean, incline, go downwards, schlák cho, he is come at the right mo
slope, to tilt a cask. The primary mean ment for enjoyment, at a show, for in
ing is probably like that of glout, to look stance.—D. M. iii. 458. The Lat. delicia,
covertly, look from beneath the brows, meaning originally appetising food, is
and so to hold the head down. N. g/ytta, figuratively used in the sense of darling.
to peep; Dan. dial. lutte (of the weather), To look sweet upon one is to look with
to lour, look threatening. loving eyes. Indeed, it is probable that
Love. G. lieben, to love ; Lat. libet, the act of kissing is a symbol expressive
Jubet, it pleases; libens edere, to eat with of the feelings entertained towards the
a good appetite; libido, lubido, pleasure, object of affection by the figure of smack
desire, lust; Boh. lubiti, libiti, libowati, ing the lips over a delicate morsel. Thus
to love, to have pleasure in ; libitise, to the expression of devouring with kisses
be pleased; libost, will, pleasure; liby, would be but a return to the original
sweet, agreeable, pleasant; libati, to kiss, image. -

to taste; Pol. lubić, lubować, to have an On the foregoing theory Lat. voluptas
inclination for, to relish, to like; /uby, would imply the representation of the
lovely, sweet, delicious; Serv. Ayubav, smacking of the palate, by a root vlup
love ; lyubiti, to kiss; Russ. liobit’, to alongside of lub, analogous to E. ſlip, or
love; maliobovatsya, to have pleasure in ; fillip, for a smack with the fingers, or to
łobzat’, to kiss. So Fris. muwlcájen, to the old w/aft, for lap, It. wiluppare, vo
kiss, also to have pleasure in, from muwlle, luppare, to wrap.
the mouth. Sicilian liccari, to lick, to Low. I. ON. lagr, short, low ; Sw.
flatter, to make love; liccaturi, a lover; ldg, Du. laag, low.
Jicchettu, the flavour of wine; licchiteddu, Low. 2. ON. logi, Sw. lage, Dan. lue,
taste, savour. love, AS. lag, lig, flame; Gr. 9Aół (ºNoyc),
As kissing is the most obvious mani *Aoyác, flame ; px{yw, Lat. flagrare, to
festation of love, we might naturally sup flame, to burn. The origin is seen in
pose that the word was derived from Du. flaggeren, to flap, to flutter, from the
these Slavonic words signifying kiss. wavering action so characteristic of flame.
But it is more probable that they have In the same way, from Du. fodderen, to
both a common origin in a representa be in a wavering state, lodderen (properly
tion of the sound of smacking the tongue to hang loose), to lounge, Swiss lodern,
and lips, which gives rise to the Lat. to flap as loose clothes, we pass to G.
Iambere, labium, E. lap, lip, Walach. Modern, to waver, to blaze. So also from
dimba, the tongue; Esthon. libbama, to E. logger, Magy. Jogni, to oscillate, shake
lick; Fr. lippée, a good morsel, a snack; to and fro, Dan. /ogre, to wag, we are
Bret. lipa, to lick; liffouz, delicate, tasty. led to ON. logi, flame. The same train
It will be observed that the Bohem. of thought is seen in Magy. lobogni, to
Iibati is both to kiss and to taste, exactly waver, flutter, and lob, flame, lobbanni, to
as E. smack is used in both senses, or as blaze, flame.
NFris. macke, to kiss, compared with To Low. As hlowan, Du. loeien, G.
Fin. makia, sweet, well tasted. Now the Juiem, to low. Lith. loti, to bark.
pleasure of taste is commonly taken as Loyal. Fr. loyal, OFr. lºal, from Lat.
the type of all gratification. The rude Jegalis. Lex, legis, Fr. loi, law.
tribes met with in a late expedition to Lozenge. Fr. lozange, a little square
wards the sources of the Nile expressed cake of preserved herbs, &c., also a quar
their admiration of the beads shown them rel of a glass window, anything of that
by rubbing their bellies.— Petherick, form.—Cot. From Piedm. Sp. losa,
Egypt and the Nile, 448. And Burton Lang. laouzo, a slate, flag, flat stone for
shows that joy and affection is expressed paving, commonly set cornerwise, in
in the same way on the W. of Africa. which the idea of a lozenge mainly differs
“At the peroration he expressed the glad from that of a square. Boh. daćice, a
ness of the Alake to see us at his capital; tile ; d.lažiti, to pave.
as for himself, he rubbed his bony hands Lubber.—Lubbard. A lumpish, slug
on his lean stomach to show the yearning gish, clumsy fellow.—Worcester. Da.
4OO LUBRICATE LUKEWARM

/ubhet, N. lubben, thick, fat, obese; Jubb, hair or ears. Lugga nägon iskägget, to
Jubba, one who is thick and fat; Sw, dial. pull one by the beard ; i örat, to lug one
lubbig, thick and clumsy; lubber, a thick, by the ear; luggas, to pull each other
clumsy, lazy man ; lubba, the same of a about.
woman. Du. Zompsch, lumpish, dull, His ears were laving like a new-luggal sow.
lazy; ſomfert, a coarse fellow. See Lob. Bp Hall.
Lubricate. Lat. lubricus, slippery. It is not easy to say whether the verb is
Lucid.—Lucifer. Lat. lur, lucis, light; derived from the noun or the converse.
Juced, to shine. Russ. lutsch, Zutschá, a Certainly the meaning of the E. verb is
ray; /utschina, a match ; Serv. lutsch, a exactly such as would arise from the me
torch ; /utscha, a ray of the sun. taphor of pulling by the ear. On the
Luck. G. g/lick, Du. Zuk, geluk, hap other hand it is not obvious what there is
piness, enjoyment, prosperity, fortune. in common between the ear and the fore
The appearance of composition with the lock except as affording means of laying
particle ge in Du. geluk is probably falla hold of an animal and leading him along.
cious, as it is very common to find parallel In the latter point of view to lug may be
forms with an initial /, and g/, or cl re to drag along like a rope trailing on the
spectively, as Du. g/uyffen and luyſen, to ground. Swiss lugg, loose, slack; lug
spy, E. gloom and loom, glowre and lour, gen, to be slack; das seil lugget, E. lug,
g/out and lout, clump and lump, clog and anything slow in movement; luggard, a
Mog, &c. sluggard; lugsome, heavy, cumbrous.-
The origin may perhaps be found in Hal.
the enjoyment of food taken as the pri A kind of weight hangs heavy at my heart,
mary type of all pleasure, and expressed My flagging soul flies under her own pitch
by the syllables g/uk, glick, lick, repre Like fowl in air too damp, and lugs along.
senting the sound of smacking the tongue Dryden in R.
in the enjoyment of taste. “Comment —drags or trails along.
trouves-tu le liquide du Pere L. Parfait; Perhaps lug was originally, as Nares
oui parfait, repondit elle en faisant claquer explains it, the hanging portion of the
sa langue contre son palais.'—Montepin. ear, then the ear in general. Coles ren
w. gweſus-glec, a smack with the lips; ders it in Lat. auris lobus, auricula in
Gr. YAtxoplat, to desire earnestly, properly, fima.
as Lat. ligurio, to lick the chops at ; Lukewarm. Pl.D. služwarm, Juá
YAvküç, sweet ; G. leckerbissen, delicacies. warm, might be plausibly explained from
See Like. sluken, to swallow, swallowing hot. But
Lucre.—Lucrative. Lat. lucrum, w. Ilug, partly, half, llug-dwym (Spurrell),
gain, profit. Ilug-oer (Jones), lukewarm (twym, hot ;
Lucubration. Lat. lucubrare, to study oer, cold), must be explained from another
or work by lamplight; from lur, lucis, quarter. The corresponding forms in the
light. other Celtic dialects are Manx lieh, half,
-lude. -lus-. Lat. ludo, lusum, to party, side (lieh-doal, half-blind; lieh-oor,
play, sport, mock; allude, to jest at, to half an hour); Gael. leas, leath, leth, half,
allude in discourse ; deludo, to deceive. partly, by (leth-shuill, one eye; leth
Ludicrous. Lat. ludicer, . ludicris, ruadh, reddish ; leth-ainm, leas-aimm,
connected with sport, laughable, from nickname; leas-athair, step-father), Bret.
Audus, play, sport. /ez, haunch, extremity, border, and as a
See Loof. preposition, near, by the side of ; lestad,
* Lug.—To Lug. Zug, the ear of an step-father, by-father.
animal, the ear or handle of a pitcher, The sensible image is preserved in
iron pot, or the like. In stave-made ves Bret. leg, Manx /hesh, the haunch, hip,
sels the end of the stave which projects whence OFr. deleg, hard by, by the side
beyond the rest and serves as a handle is of. N. lid, side, edge; paa den eine Ze'a,
the lug, whence probably Sc. leglen, a on the one side. The signification of
milking pail with such a handle. The half comes from our bodies being alike
fºot lugs are the perforated ears of metal on the two sides, and the Gael. leth is ap
rising above the brim of the pot and re plied to a single one of any of the mem
ceiving the ends of the moveable bow. bers of which we have a pair. The Ir.
The meaning of Sw. lugg is somewhat Zeath is used with the points of the com
different, the forelock or hanging hair of pass as E. side; leath-theas, on the south
the forehead ; Da. dial. lugget, shaggy. side, southwards. From the notion of
Sw. lugga, like E. to lug, is to pull by the what is on the side of, we pass to that of
 LULL LUN CH 4OI

addition, excess, superfluity. The E. be zommeling, G. geriimpel, old furniture,

sides has the sense of moreover, in addi lumber. Dan. Skram/e, to rumble;
tion to, and on this principle must doubt skramleri, lumber, trumpery.
less be explained Ir. leatha, Gael. leas, The foregoing analogies speak so deci
gain, profit; Ir, leatha-daighim (daighim, sively in favour of the derivation from the
to give), to increase, enlarge. The G. noise made by throwing things together
beiname, a byname, is identical with Fr.
in a disorderly way, that there is no occa
surmom, a name over and above, or sur sion to argue against the fanciful deriva
name. The same connection of ideas is tion from the obsolete lumbar, a pawn
seen in Esthon. Ziggi, near, hard by, liig, broker's (Lombard's) shop, where the
Lap. like, additional, excessive, superflu goods are never exposed to the public eye,
ous, which we can hardly avoid identifying and are moreover necessarily kept in the
with the Celtic elements above mentioned. most perfect order.
Compare Lap. like mamm, Esthon. /iig 2. To lumber, in the sense of encum
nimmi, a nickname or surname, with the bering the decks of a ship, seems to be
Celtic forms, and Esthon. Wiggi-te (fe, distinct from the foregoing. ODu. lum
way), with Gael. leth-rod, a by-path. In mer, lemmer, impedimentum, molestia—
Lap. Zikai, besides, the E. translation dis Kil. ; Dan. belemre, Du. belemmern, to
tinctly shows the way in which the idea encumber, impede, lumber; beleznmerun
of excess has arisen. der spraak, impediment of speech.-Hal
To Lull. N. lulla, to sing to sleep ; ma. This sense seems to arise in analo
E. lullaby, the song used for that purpose; gy with Sc. lagger, to bemire, and thence
Zull, repose, quiet. The origin is the re to encumber. Du. lobberen, to wade or
petition of the syllables la la la in mo trample in the wet ; Da. dial. ſummer,
notonous song. G. lallen, to sing without anything semifluid, as gruel or mud.
words, only repeating the syllable la.— Veien staaer i et lummer, the road is all
Küttn. Serv. Ayu, Ayu, cry to a child mud. Lumre en vag, to daub a wall
while rocking it; /yu-lyati, to rock; with clay and water.
Russ. ulioliokat', to set a child asleep by 3. Lumber, sawn or split timber. See
rocking and singing ; liolka, a cradle, Limber.
Esthon. laulma, to sing, laul, a song. Luminary.—Luminous. Lat. lumen,
From the repetition of mainstead of /a, a clear light, commonly explained as if
arise Mod.Gr, váva, lullaby, and in Fr. for lucmen, from the root luc of lux, lucis,
nursery language, faire mono, to sleep. &c.
It. nanna, a word that nurses use to still Lump. Corresponding to clump, as
their children, as lullaby ; mannare, to log to clog. N. lump, a block, thick
lullaby, sing, rock or dandle children piece; on. Ålumbr, Alumpr, Dan. Klump,
asleep; minnare, minnellare, to rock, sing, a lump; Du. Mompe, a rag, tatter, piece,
lull. lump ; lompen, to strike, to use one
Lumbago.—Lumbar. Lat. lumbus, roughly. E. lump also represents the
loin. The radical meaning of the word sound of a blow.
is probably the soft boneless part, as G. And the flail might lump away.—Clare.
weiche, the flank, from weich, soft. Swab.
Jumpſ, soft, spongy; Hesse, lumm, slack, In Du, lompe, G. lumpen, a tatter, it
loose, flabby; lumbe, the flank or loins. seems to represent the dangling, flapping
To Lumber. To rumble, to move movement of a tatter, and thence to be
heavily with noise and disturbance. Sw. extended to a separate portion of any
dial. Ajumma, lumma, lomma, lumra, thing. Bav. lampen, to dangle; lamp
Iomra, to resound. “I lumber, I make a ende ohren, lop-ears, flapping ears; lamp
noise above one's head : Je fais bruit. et, torn, broken, loose. So N. lape, to
You lumbred so above my head I could dangle; lappe, a little piece; loff, a flock
not slepe for you.”—Palsgr. Hence lum of wool, hay, &c., or of sheep; Fr. loppe,
ber, old furniture, thrown with noise and lopin, a gobbet, lump, morsel, a lock of
disregard. So from G. poltern, to racket, wool.
make a noise, polter-kammer, a lumber Lunar. — Lunatic. Lat. luna, the
room; Pl.D. poſteri, racket, lumber. Du. moon; lunaris, lunaticus, one affected
rommelen, to rumble (I romble, I make by the changes of the moon, mad.
noise in a house with remevyng of heavy Lunch.-Luncheon. A lump of some
thynges—Palsgr.); alles door elkander thing eatable. Closely related to lump,
rommelen, to turn things topsyturvy; being formed from the flapping sound of
rommelpot, rommelzo, higgledy-piggledy; a dangling thing represented by a final &
26
402 LUNE LURE

instead of f. Bav. Zugſ, luck, loose; take privily. With a terminal s, ohG.
Picard. Zoyue, a rag ; Fr. Zogueſ, the latch h/osen, losen, Swiss losen, to listen. Then
of a door (from rattling up and down), with a terminal & (as in E. smirk com
Jocher, to joggle, make a noise as a thing pared with Bav. smieren, to smile), OHG.
that is loose ; Champ. lochon, a hunch of Zosgen, losken, to listen (zu ze imo los
bread, of which luncheon is the nasalised Æende, attentos. – Graff), to lie hid ;
form, as lump of Fr. loppe, above men OFlem. Auyschen observare, insidiari, la
tioned. Lunch also, as lump, was form tere, latitare.—Kil. G. lauschen, to listen,
erly used for the sound of a blow. Dunche lie listening, lie in wait, look out secretly,
or lunche, sonitus, strepitus ; dunchinge peep ; Sw, dial. luska, to eavesdrop,
or lunchinge, tuncio, percussio.—Pr. Prm. privily listen ; N. luska, Da. luske, to
It is in this sense that it is the source of watch an opportunity, lurk, skulk. With
the nearly obsolete lungeous, rough in a final t instead of AE, ON. hlusta, to listen,
play, violent. corresponding with MHG. luzen, to lie in
Lune.—To Lunge. See Laniard. wait for, to lie hid ; luzer, luzemer, a
Lung. ON. lunga, G. lunge, Du. longhe, listener, eavesdropper, watcher; hasen
Moose, lichte. As the two last of these luger, hasenluster, one who snares hares ;
names are from the light spongy texture er/uzen, to entrap, get by lying in wait for.
of the organ (Du. loos, empty), the origin In the series with a final r, ON. hlóra,
of lung is seen in Bav. luck, lugé, lung, Alera, to listen; standa d hleri, as Da.
loose. Aichenholz ist gedigen und hart, staa faa lur, G. auf der lauer sein, to
tannenholz lung und weich, oak wood is hearken privily, to lie upon the lurch
solid and hard, fir wood loose and soft. Küttn. Da. Zure, to listen, eavesdrop,
Sint Æelengit, relaxantur.—Kero. Lith. lurk, lie in wait; G. lauern, to lie in wait,
Aeng was, light. lurk, watch, lie upon the lurch or upon
ungis. A lazy dreaming fellow, a the catch. An der thir lauern, to listen
slow-back.--B. Fr. longis, a dreaming at the door. Die katze lauert auf die
lusk, tall and dull slangam.—Cot. Rouchi maus, lies upon the catch for the mouse.
/onginer, to do everything slowly. Piedm. Then with the addition of a formative k,
Jongh (of persons), slow, lazy, irresolute. as in E. sculk from Du. schuilen, to seek
Not so much from long in the sense of shelter, in Fris. smillen, smilleken (Out
taking much time as from the original zen), smilke (Junge), to smile, or in G.
notion of slack, inactive. lauer, lurke, lorée, weak wine, swipes, we
Lupine. Lat. Zupinus, It. lupine, a pass to NFris. Workin, to listen, and E.
kind of pulse, as if from lupus, translated Auré, properly to listen, watch, then to
in Venet. ſava lovina, G. wolf's bohne, lie watching, lie hid. Compare Da. dial.
wolf's beans. But possibly the word may der er lurk i veiret, when the weather
really have come from a Slavonic source. although fine shows signs of change, it
Pol. lupina, shell, cod, husk; luftić, to lours, looks suspicious, with Pl.D. luur
flay or strip. Mod. Gr. Aov{3i, the pod or haſſig weer, suspicious weather.
husk of a bean. Bailey explains lurch, to steal or pilfer,
Lurch. I. To be left in the lurch. A to lie hid ; lurcher, one who lies upon
metaphor from the gaming-table. It. the lurch or upon the catch, as G. auf der
1urcio, Fr. lourche, ourche, G. ſurg, lurtsch, /auer, auf der lausche sein. In the sense
a game at tables; also a term used when of filch it corresponds to G. erlauschen, to
one party gains every point before the obtain by lurking. Pl.D. luksen, privily
other makes one. It marcio, a lurch or to wait for, also to possess oneself of the
slam, a maiden set at any game.—Fl. property of another in a secret way.—
“A person who is lurtz at tables pays Danneil. Lurch is to be understood in the
double.”—Hans Sachs in Schmeller. Fr. Sense of taking privily away, in the pas
lourche, a lurch in game; il demeura sage of Bacon, where it is often explained,
Aourche, he was left in the lurch.-Cot. to devour. ‘Too near [to great cities]
* To Lurch.--To Lurk. These are Murcheth all provisions and maketh every
originally variations in pronunciation thing dear,'—filches them away.
only, differing from each other as church The lurchline is the line which the
and /ºi/%. fowler lying on the lurch for birds holds
, The train of thought may be traced in his hand, and by which he pulls over
through two parallel series of forms the net upon the birds; to be compared
having a terminal s and r respectively, with G. ſauschgarn, a net used in catch
and signifying listen, watch, observe se ing hares or foxes.
cretly, lie in wait, lie hid, seek to entrap, Lure. G. Zuder, a carcass, carrion,
 LURID LYRE 403
bait for wild animals. It. Judro, Fr. Iustig, merry, jovial; Wall. lustih, quick,
Zeurre, a falconer's lure, a bait. Hence lively; It lesto, agile.
G. ludern, lildern, E. allure, to entice. Lustre.—Illustrate. It. Justro, lust
As the stink of carrion is its chief cha rore, Fr. Justre, Du. luister, luster, gloss,
racteristic, the origin may be Bret. Zoua, glister, splendour. It. Justrare, Fr. Just
Zoullour, dirty, disgusting, properly stink rer, to give a lustre or gloss to ; Du.
ing, whence louz, a badger. Zuisteren, lusteren, to glitter, glister, shine.
Lurid. Lat. luridus, of a livid colour. Lat. illustris, clear, bright, conspicuous.
* Luscious. Fresh or /ussy.ouse as The word seems radically identical with
meate is that is not well seasoned or that E. g/ister, g/isten, to sparkle, shine, Bav.
hath an unpleasant swetnesse in it, fade. glast, splendour; Pl.D. glustern, to look
— Palsgr. The suggestion of Hickes at with sparkling eyes, from the last of
that the word is a corruption of delicious which we pass to Lat. Austro, Fr. Justrer,
has been treated as absurd, but the ab to survey. Sol cuncta suá luce lustrat,
sence of any foreign analogue makes us surveys, brightens and irradiates.
Lute. I. The stringed instrument,
look to an English origin, and it is cer Arab. el ud.
tain that the first step in the corruption
of delicious was taken in the curtailment 2. A paste of clay to stop the necks of
of the de. retorts. Lat. Zutum, mud.
-lute. -luv-, -lu-. Lat. luo, lutum,
Mete and drink ynughe they hade lavo, lautum and lotum, Gr. Aoûw, to
With Zicious drinke and clere.
wash ; diluo, to wash off. Hence loſion,
Sir Amadas, xxvii. p. 38. a washing ; to dilute, to pour in water;
Moreover luscious was used in the sense diluent, washy; diluvium, a washing
away, an abundance of water, deluge.
of delicious. Frigalleries, dainties, lick Lute-string. A kind of shining silk,
orish morsels, luscious acates. – Cot. corrupted
from Piedm. lustriño, a name
The same change of meaning from sweet given on account of its lustre.
ness to excess of sweetness is seen in Du.
Luxury. Lat. Iurus, loose, slack, out
smets (from smetsen, to smack the chops), of joint, whence lurus, lururia, a giving
which is rendered by Bomhoff delicious, loose to enjoyment, dissoluteness, excess,
delicate, and by Kil. praedulcis, mulseus, profuseness,
insulsus, et nauseam provocans nimiä Lyceum. Gr. Ağrstov, the name of a
dulcedine.
public Institute at Athens.
Lusk. A slug, or slothful fellow.—B. Lye. Lat. Zir, liarivium, G. lauge, an
The idea of listening, watching, waiting infusion of the salts of ashes to soak linen
on, leads to the sense of suspension of in. Esthon. Wiggo, a soaking; Ziggoma,
action, sluggishness or torpor. Thus we to set to Soak ; ligge, wet, boggy; Fin.
have Sw. Jura, to lurk or lie in wait, also Miłoan, Zijota, to soak (as flax) in water;
to take a nap, to doze; ON. lura, to be liko, place where soaking is done; Lap.
sluggish, to doze (Haldorsen); Pl.D. Zigge, mud ; Boh. lauh, luh, lye ; lu
Iuren, to be slow and listless. Again, G. (plur.), boggy places ; Russ. luja (Fr.j),
Zauschen, OHG. losgen, losken, to listen, a pit, bog, marsh ; Serv. lujati, to soak
lie in wait; im bette lauschen, to slug it in lye ; Bav. Zühen, to rinselinen. Luh
abed. — Küttn. Bav. lauschen, to act Aen, luere, luſhit, lotus, lavatus.-Gl. in
lazily, to loiter. Dan. /uske, to skulk Schm.
about ; Fin. Juoska, a sloven, slut. See Lyre.—Lyrical. Gr. Atpa, a species
Lurk.
of stringed musical instrument, Avpur&c,
Lust.—Lusty. Goth. Justus, will, de connected with the same, or with the
sire. See List. Lusty, Dan, lystig, G. poetry sung to it.

26 +
4O4 MACARONI MAGGOT

Macaroni. It maccheroni, macaroni, Sufficeth thee, but if thy wittes mad,

originally lumps of paste and cheese To have as gret a grace as Noe had.—Chaucer.
º: up into balls, but now ribbons Maddyn or dotyn, desipere.—Pr. Pm.
of fine paste squeezed through orifices of The origin is the confused incoherent
different shapes. talk of mad people. Swiss made/n, to
From maccare, to bruise or crush, mutter, maidaelen, Bav. maden, schmä
whence also maccatelle, balls of mince dern, to tattle, chatter; E. to maddle, to
meat; macca, beans boiled to a mash. rave, be delirious, confused in intellect, to
From macaroni being considered the pe lose one's way. “As soon as I gat to tº
culiar dish of the Italians, the name seems moor I began to maddle.’ Maddlin, a
to have been given to the dandies or fine blockhead, confused, foolish person.—
gentlemen of the last century, when the Craven. Gl. Du. mallen, to toy, to rave;
accomplishment of the Italian tour was ma/en, to muse, to dote; mal, foolish,
the distinction of the youngman of fashion. silly, mad. A similar train of thought is
The meaning of Macaronic poetry is found in Swiss mausen, to mutter, speak
thus explained Éy Merlinus Coccaius, who unintelligibly ; N. masa, to tattle, also (as
was apparently the inventor of the name. Du. malen) to tease or deave some one
Ars illa poetica nuncupatur Ars maca with importunity; masast, to doze, to
ronica, a macaronibus derivata, qui ma begin to dream ; E. magle, to wander as
carones sunt quoddam pulmentum, farina, if stupefied—Hal. ; mazzle, to trifle, to do
caseo, butyro compaginatum, grossum, a thing unskilfully; mazzlin, trifling.—
rude, et rusticanum. Ideo macaronica Craven. Gl. See Maze.
mil nisi grassedinem, ruditatem et voca It matto, foolish, mad, stands alone in
bulazzos debetin se continere.—Preface to
the Romance languages.
the Macaronics. Fr. macaronique, a Madrigal. It madrigale, madriale,
macaronick, a confused heap or huddle mandria/e, Sp. mandrial, mandrigal, a
of many separate things.-Cot. kind of irregular lyric poem, properly a
Mace. It mazza, any kind of beetle, pastoral, from Lat. mandra, It mandria,
mallet, or club, with a knob or head at a fold, herd.—Diez.
the end, a serjeant's mace; mazzo, a To Maffle. To stammer, speak im
bunch, cluster, packet ; Fr. masse, a perfectly, or move the jaws like a young
lump, round piece of anything, a club ; child. The action of the toothless jaws
masse d'eau, herbe d masses, reed-mace, of infancy or age is represented by vari
typha. ous combinations of the labial articula
Macerate. Lat. macerare, to make to tions, ba, ſa, ma. Du. maffelen, moſſe/ent,
waste away, to soften by soaking ; macer, to stammer, to move the jaws—Kil. ;
lean, wasted. Rouchi mouſeter, to move the lips; Bav.
Machine. Lat. machina. See Me muffeln, to mumble, chew with toothless
chanic. jaws; Rouchi baſſier, to slobber; baſiiou,
Mackarel. Fr. maquereau, It. macca one who slobbers, stammers, talks idly;
rello, from the dark blotches with which Swiss baffeln, maſſ:/n, to chatter on in a
the fish is marked ; It. macco, a mark as tedious way; E. ſaffle, to stammer, to
of a bruise ; maccola, macchia, a spot, trifle; to ſamble (OE. ſame/en), to stutter,
stain ; Sp. maca, bruise in fruit, spot, murmur inarticulately; OE. babelen, ma
stain ; Venet. macar, It. ammaccare, to melen, to babble, mutter. .
bruise. In the application of the term to Magazine. Sp. magacen, almagacent,
a pander there is a confusion with Du. a/macen, It, magazzino, Fr. magasin,
maeckelaer, a broker, matchmaker, pro from Arab. al-makhzen, a storehouse,
perly one skilled in pointing out the blem from the root khagana, to store, to keep.
ishes of the goods in which he deals, —Dozy.
from maeckel, a spot or blemish. See Maggot. w. magu, to breed; magad,
Broker. a brood, a multitude; magiad, a breed
Mad. To mad, to rave, wander, be ing ; magiaid, magiod, worms, grubs.
beside oneself. By a like train of thought It gorgogliare,
 MAGIC MALKIN 405

to purl, spring, or bubble as water, and quod praedictus Dux haberet quaecundue
figuratively to breed wormlets or weevils bona et catalla vocata manuofera capta
in pulse or corn; whence gorgoglio (Lat. et, capienda cum quâcunque persona
curculio), a weevil or corn-maggot. infra terram et feodum praedicta, ac per
Magic. Gr. uayukóc ; uáyoc, a magi eandem personam coram quocunque ju
Clan. dice deadvocata,’—Charta Ric. II. in Duc.
Magisterial.—Magistrate. Lat. ma “Probatores cum manuopere capti,’ ap
gister, a master. provers taken with the goods in their
Magn-. — Magnitude. — Magnify. possession.—Fleta. This gave rise to
Lat. magnus, Gr. uéyac, Sanscr. maha, the E. expression of being taken with the
great. Hence Magnanimous (animus, mainour, afterwards corrupted to taken
mind), great-minded; Magnificent great in the manner, in flagranti delictu.
doing, &c. “Mainour, alias manour, in a legal sense de
Magnet. Gr. Máyvnç, Mayvärnc, a notes the thing that a thief taketh or stealeth.
dweller in Magnesia; A190c Mayvärnç or As to be taken with the mainour (Pl. Cor. fol.
179) is to be taken with the thing stolen about
Mayvilowac, Lat. magnes, the Magnesian him : and again (fol. 194) it is said that a thief
stone or magnet, from having first been was delivered to the sheriff together with the
brought from that country. mainour."—Cowel in Nares. ‘Even as a thiefe
Maid.—Maiden. Goth. magus, a boy; that is taken with the maner that he stealeth.’—
Latimer, ibid.
magaths, a maid, young girl ; AS. magu,
oN. mogr, son, OFris. mach, child; OHG. See Manure.
magad, G. maga, maid, maid ; OHG. vićg, Mainpernor—Mainprise. Mainper.
mach, ON. magr, relation ; Swiss mags mors were sureties, into whose hands a
chaft, relationship, affinity; Gael. mac, person charged with an offence was given,
W., Bret. mab, map, son ; W. magu, Bret. to answer for his appearance when re
maga, to breed. quired. Mainprise, a committal to the
Mail. 1. Chain armour. Fr. maille, care of such sureties. From Fr. main,
It maglia, macchia, the mesh of a net, hand, and ferner, premer, prendre, Lat.
loop, ring, from Lat. macula, spot, hole, prehendere, to take.
mesh of a net. E. mail, speck on the Mainsworn. See Mean.
feathers of a bird.—B. Perdrix maillée, To Maintain. Fr. maintenir, Lat.
a mailed, menild, or spotted partridge.— manu tenere, to hold by the hand.
Cot. W. magl, a knot, stitch in knitting, Majesty.—Major. Lat. major, comp.
mesh, snare. of magnus, as Gr. Hsićwy, of péyac, great.
2. A portmanteau or trunk to travel Hence majestas, greatness, grandeur.
with, for carrying letters and other things. Make. See Match.
—B. Fr. male, a male or great budget. To Make. G. machen, Du. maecken,
—Cot. Hence mail, in the modern ac maken.
ceptation, the conveyance of the public Mal-. Lat. malus, bad, ill.
letters. OHG. malaha, It. mala, Bret. Malapert. Over-bold in speech or
mal, coffer, trunk, case ; Gael. mala, bag, action, saucy.
purse, husk, shell; maileid, a bag, wallet, Ne malapert, ne renning with your tong.
budget, the belly. Chaucer, Court of Love.
To Maim. See Mayhem. Locke uses malpertness. In modern lan
Main. Chief, principal. Goth. magan, guage cut down to pert. ‘Pert, saucy or
ON. mega, to be able; megin, strength, the homly, malapert.”—Palsgr.
principal part of a thing ; megin-herinn, From Fr. appert, ready, nimble in that
the main army; megin-land, the main he does–Cot.; mal-appert, ready to a
land, continent. Magn, strength, size. fault, over-ready. It aperto, open, con
Mainour.—Manner. Mid. Lat. manu fident, or bold.—Fl.
opus, the rendering of Fr. manacuvre, was He sayde, Come I to the, appert ſole (saucy fool),
used as well in the sense of actual occu I salle caste the in the pole.—Sir Percival, 68o.
pation as of an object in the occupation Male. Fr. masle, maile, from Lat. mas
or possession of any one. In the former culus.
sense it is said by R. de Hengham that it Malice.—Malign.—Malignant. Lat.
is a disseisin “cum manuopus alicujus malitia, malignus, from malus evil,
impeditur, when the occupation of any wicked.
one is hindered. In the latter sense the Malkin. A clout to clean an oven.
term was specially applied to goods found From Mall, Moſ/, the kitchen wench, on
in the possession of any one and made a principle similar to that which gives
the subject of judicial investigation. “Et the name of Jack to an implement used
4O6 MALLARD -MAND

for any familiar office; boot-jack, roast best for me to go? I stand in a mammer
ing-jack. £ng.”—Terence in E. in Nares. Pol. mo
The kitchen maſkin pins mtotad, to stammer, stutter.
Her richest lockram 'bout her reechy neck,
Clambering walls to eye him.—Coriolanus. Mammet. A doll, a puppet.
This is no world
Mallard. Bret. mallard, Fr. malard, To play with mammets and to tilt with lips.
a drake, or male duck.-Pat. de Berri. H. IV.
Malleable.—Mallet. Lat. malleus, a Swiss mammi, as E. baby, babby, a new
hammer. It maglio, a mallet, beetle, born child, a doll; mammelen, to play
sledge; magliare, to pound, to beat ; Fr. with dolls. The E. mammet, a doll, was
mail/et, a hammer; mail/oter, to pound. ultimately confounded with maumet, an
Pol. mlot, Russ. molot, a mallet, beetle; idol, from which it has erroneously been
mo/ofity, to thresh ; moloty, to grind. derived. Maumet, a child's babe.—Gould
Illyr. mlat, a flail, a hammer; mlatiti, to man. Maument, marmoset, poupée. —
thresh, to beat. Palsgr.
Mallow. Lat. malva, Gr. uq\áxm, from O God, that ever any man should look
HaMäoow, to soften, ua)\akóc, soft, the Upon this maumet, and not laugh at him.
herb being still in the East supposed to O. Play in Nares.
possess softening virtues. See Mawmet.
The mallow—is very much used by the Arabs Mammock. A piece or scrap. Pro
medicinally; they make poultices of the leaves to perly the remnants of eating, what has
allay irritation and inflammation.—Domestic Life been mambled or mumbled. “He did so
in Palestine, p. 323.
set his teeth and tear it. Oh, I warrant
Malmsey. Wine of Malvasia, in the how he mammocked it.”—Coriolanus. Sp.
Morea. Malvasia, malvatica, Malmsie mamar, to suck, to devour victuals. Magy.
wine, Candy wine.—Fl. Pl.D. ma/masier, mammogni, to mumble, in nursery lan
ma/mesien. Du. malvaseye, vinum Arvi guage to eat.
sium, Creticum, Chium, Monembasites.— Man. Goth, man.
Kil. Sp. malvasia, marvasia. Manacle. Fr. manicles, manettes (now
Upon that hylle is a cite called Malvasia, where menottes), hand-fetters—Cot.; from ſnain,
first grewe Malmasye, and yet dothe; howbeit it hand.
groweth now (A. D. 1506) more plenteously in To Manage. From Fr. main, the
Candia and Modena, and no where ellys.-Pil hand, are manier, to handle, wield; man
grimage of Sir R. Guildford. Cam. Soc. p. 12. *ge, the manage of a horse; It. maneg
Malt. G. ma/2, ON. malt. The de giare, to manage, handle, exercise, trade
rivation from malen, to grind, indicates —Fl.; Mid. Lat. mainagium, occupation,
no characteristic feature of the thing sig actual possession. “De quibus erant in
nified. Tooke's derivation, from It. mol possessione et mainagio.”—Aresta Parl.
Zire, Fr. mouiller, to soak, would have A.D. 1257. Thence the term was trans
more probability if the name of malt were ferred to the furniture requisite for the
not unknown to the Latin dialects. But occupation of a house, and (in the shape
the true explanation is pointed out by of the modern menage) to the household
Tacitus when he says that the Germans of the occupier. “Domos, castra et alia
made wine of hordeum corruptum, the maneria quae sine mainagio competenti
process of malting being confounded by repererat, decentibus utensilibus instrux
them with that of rotting. ON. melta, to erat.”—Regest. Parl. A.D. 1408, in Duc.
dissohye, digest, rot; maltr, rotten; melta Meinage is still used in Languedoc in
bygg fil Å; to digest barley for the sense of kitchen furniture. Lava lou
brewing, to malt. mainajhé, to wash up the dishes. The
Mamma.-Mammal. A word com erroneous insertion of an s in the old way
posed of a repetition of the easiest arti of writing the word, mesmage, gave rise
culation of the human voice, ma, ma, and to the supposition that it was derived
thence applied to the objects of earliest from mansionata (mansionaticum), me
interest to the infant, the mother and the sonata. The identity with E. manage is
mother's breast. Lat. mamma, the breast, seen in the expression bon mesnagier,
Du. mamme, the breast, mother, nurse.— one who understands the conduct of a
Kil. Fin. mamma, breast, mother. The household, a good manager.
designation is common in all regions of -mand. — Mandate. Lat. mandare,
the globe. mandatum (manu-dare, to hand-give), to
To Mammer. Properly to stammer, command, commit. Hence Command,
thence to hesitate. “What way were it Demand, &c. - º
 MAN DARIN MANURE 4O7

Mandarin. A Chinese officer, a name colare, to dirty, infect, also to abuse, beat,
first made known to us by the Portuguese, bang.—Altieri (percuotere altrui forte
and like the Indian caste erroneously sup mente—Vanzoni), properly to maul or
posed to be a native term. From Ptg. disfigure him by blows. Mid. Lat. macu
mandar, to hold authority, command, /are, vulnerando deformare. “Si labium
govern. Mid. Lat. mandaria, jurisdiction, superius alicujus ita maculaveritut dentes
dominion.—Carp. appareant.”—Leg. Alam. in Duc.
Mandible. Lat. mandibulum ; mando, Cat. magular, Sp. magullar, to bruise,
to chew, eat. mangle, contuse.-Neum. Again, with
Mandrake. Lat. mandragora, a plant the nasal intonation, Bav. mangel, a fault,
supposed to be used in magical incant defect, bodily injury, complaint, blame ;
ations. In Fr. still more strangely cor einen mengeln, einen mangel bringen,
rupted, through mandeglaire (Palsgr.), Mid. Lat. mangulare, to do one an injury.
into main de gloire. Johannes. B. praedictum Bernardum—de prae
Mane. ON. mijn, W. m.wmg. dicto cultello percussit, quod videns praedictus
Mange. An itching affection of the Bernardus qui per praedictum Johannem man
skin in dogs. Fr. démanger, to itch, from gulatus erat.—Litt. remiss. A.D. 1361 in Carp.
manger, to gnaw, to eat, as Sp. comer, to Piedm. mangoje', to mangle, spoil by
itch, from comedere, to eat.—Diez. rough usage.
Manger. Fr. mangeoire, an eating E. maul, to disfigure by ill-treatment,
place, from manger, Lat. manducare, to is an expression of precisely the same
eat, originally to chew.—See Munch. meaning, from G. mahl, Sc. mail, E. mole,
Mangle. It mangano, a tent-post, a spot; Sc. mail, to discolour, stain.
mill-post, upright of a crane, press for Indeed, it is probable that mahl and
linen; manganella, a machine for casting mackel may spring from different modifi
great weights, a crane, lever; Fr. man cations of the same root.
onneau, an engine whereout stones, old Maniac. Gr. Havia, madness; Maivo"
iron, and great arrows, were violently pat, to be mad.
darted.—Cot. Mod. Gr. Máyyavov, a ma Manifest. Lat. manifestus, evident,
chine to calender linen, a mangle, press ; open to observation, that may be laid
uayyavoriyadov, a well winch or wheel, hold of by hand. Scelus manifestum ac
instrument to draw water from a well.
deprehensum.–Cic. The signification of
G. mange, mangel, mandel, machine for -festus in the word is clear enough, al
giving a gloss to linen, calender, mangle. though its origin is not explained satis
The word is commonly explained as a factorily.
corruption of Lat. machina, a machine, Manipulate. Lat. manipulus, a hand
or mechanical device.
ful, bundle, company.
Machinas jaculatorias quas mangana et pe Manner. It maniero, from manarius,
trarias vocant.—Will. Tyrius in Duc. Quomodo
id faciant, qua arte, quibus manganis, quibusve for manuarius, manageable, that may be
instrumentis aut medicamentis.-Duc. Henschel. handled ; maniera, Fr. manière, the
Mod.Gr, uayavsia, machination, plot, de handling of a thing, way of dealing with
it, course of proceeding.—Diez.
vice, imposture.
To Mangle. To disfigure. In Sc., Manor. Mid. Lat. mansus, mansum, a
without the nasal, to magi/, maigil. residence, from mamere, to remain, to
Thare he beheld ane cruell maglit face.
dwell; ‘in cujus pago manet.”— Leg.
- D. V. 181. 21. Salic. Prov. maner, OFr. manoir, dwell
Bot rede lele, and tak gud tent in tyme ing-place, mansion, the dwelling-place of
Ye nouther magil nor mismeter my ryme. the lord of a feudal estate, hence the
Ibid. 484. 30. estate itself-Diez.
Compare magil in the last quotation with Manse. — Mansion. Lat. maneo,
mangle in the following: mansum, to abide, wait, remain or con
tinue.
Tyndal shall have no cause to say that I deface
his gay goodly tale by mangling of his matter Mantle. It manto, ammanto, a cloak;
and rehearsing him by patches and pieces.—Sir Fr. mante, a covering ; manteau, Lat.
T. More in R.
mantelum, mantellum, a cloak.
The origin is G. mackel, Du. maeckel, Manu-. — Manual. Lat. manus, the
Lat. macula, Sp. mancha, a stain, spot, hand, manualis, of or belonging to the
blemish ; Wall, macule, mancule, fault, hand.
want; It macola, spot, blemish ; macolo, Manure.-Manoeuvre. Fr. manou
infection, loss, or prejudice; whence ma vrer (manu operare), to hold, occupy,
408 MANY MARAUDER

possess—Cot. Hence OE. manure, to sorry, sad.—Cot. The term is then ap

occupy or cultivate land, in modern times plied to what produces lamentation, viz.
confined to the single operation of laying ill-usage, affliction, trouble. “Guillaume
on dung or substances adapted to give H. dist a l'exposant moult arrogamment,
fertility. Garson, t'en faut-il parler 2 et se plus en
The first man ured Western ile parloit qu'il le marriroit,’ that if he said
By Cham and Japhet's race. -
any more of it he would give him some
Warner, Albion's Engl. thing to complain of.-Litt. Remiss., A.D.
‘The commonwealth or policie of England 1390, in Carp.
—is governed, administered, and manured The E. mar is often used in the same
by three sorts of persons.”—Smith, Com sense.
monwealth in R. For if thou knew him, out of doute
Fr. manouvrier, an artificer, handi Lightly thou shouldest scapen out
craftsman.-Cot. ‘Ut illi coloni — non Of thy prison that marreth thee.
denegent carropera et manopera ex anti Chaucer, R. R.
quá consuetudine,’ car work and hand The signification then passes on to the
work.-Edict. Car. Calv. idea of disturbance, hindrance, delay, de
Many. Goth. manags, much, managei, feat of a purpose, misleading, bringing to
a multitude ; G. mancher, Fr. maint, nothing. “Et ipse pacifico animo donat
many; Russ. mnogii, Boh. minohy, Illyr. illi comineatum, tantum ut ipsi et in suo
m/ogi, much, numerous ; in the last of regno vel suis fidelibus aliquod damnum
which we have perhaps the explanations aut aliquam marritionem non faciat,” pro
of Lat. multus. Fin. moni, Esthon. vided that he should do no damage or
monni, Lap. madde, many. mischief, should give no cause of com
Map. Lat. mappa, a table-cloth ; plaint to him or his subjects.-Cap. Car.
mappa-mundi, a delineation of the earth Calv. in Duc. “Post obitum meum
on a cloth. ‘Maffa, togilla (a towel); absºlue ulla marritione ad dictum monas
mapa etiam dicitur pictura vel forma terium firmiter pertineant, without any
ludorum, unde dicitur Mapa mundi.”— disturbance.—Goldast, ibid. “Absºlue
Papias. “Considerantes quod ipsa pic ulla marritione vel dilatione reddere fa
torum varietas mendaces efficit de loco ciant,' should pay without dispute or de
rum varietate picturas, quas Mappam lay.—Cap. Car. Mag. in Duc. “Et nemo
mundi vulgus nominat.”—Gervase of Til per ingenium suum vel astutiam praescrip
bury in Duc. tam legem—marrire audeat vel praeva
o Mar. The usual sense of defacing leat,' should obstruct or make the law of
or spoiling may probably be derived from none effect.—Ibid. ‘Ut nullus bannum
the figure of a person wrying his mouth, vel praeceptum Domni Imperatoris—in
making ugly faces, os distorquens, de nullo marrire praesumat, neque opus ejus
pravans, deturpans. stricare vel minuere vel impedire—et ut
The knave crommeth his croppe er the cock nemo debitum suum vel censum suum
crowe, marrire ausus sit,” make difficulties about.
He momeleth ant moccheth ant marreth his —Ibid. OHG. marryan, gamarºfan, to .
mouth.-Political Songs, Cam. Soc. hinder, make void. Bimartez, irritum
Now it is shown under Mock and Mould fecistis (mandatum); farmarrit, irritum,
that the terms signifying wilful distortion sine effectu; marrisal, laesio, impedimen
of the face are commonly taken from the tum ; merriseſi dera gungon, impediment
muttering or grumbling sounds of a per of speech.-Graff. Du. merren, to ob
son or animal in a bad temper. We may struct, delay, entangle ; merren-tacken,
accordingly derive the marring of the lime twigs for entangling birds.
mouth from Swab. marren, to growl The sense of going astray, losing the
angrily, as dogs or cats, to quarrel in way, is derived from the troubled state of
loud and angry tones. Hence also may one confounded with affliction. OFr.
be explained Prov. and Fr. marrir, to esmarri, afflicted, overwhelmed, troubled,
complain. ‘Laquelle servante trouva que astonished.—Roquef. It marrine, to go
illui deſailloit une dariole—et pour ce que out of one's wits through fear or amaze
elle en faisoit noise et grant marison (she ment, to miscarry as letters do, to stray.
made outcry and great lamentation), lediz —Fl. OFr. marrir chemin, to lose the
M. son frere oyant ces paroles et grans way ; Lang. mari, strayed, lost. AS.
ºnarremens, &c.’—Litt. Remiss., A.D. 1385, mearrian, to go astray.
in Carp. Marri, angry, fretting, discon Marauder. Fr. maraud, a rogue,
tented, vexed at, aggrieved, afflicted, beggar, vagabond, knave; marauder to
 MARBLE MARMELADE 4O9
beg, play the rogue–Cot.; marauder, Mark. I. AS. mearc, a mark, sign,
marander, chercher a escroquer, chercher boundary; ON. merkia, to mark, perceive,
de quoi vivre; maramdaille, troop of signify.
beggars.-Roquef. The radical image is perhaps shown in
Perhaps the latter mode of spelling Lith. merkti, to wink, to give a sign ;
may indicate the true origin, from It. me merkimas, a wink; aki's mirksnis, the
renda, OFr. marande, a luncheon; one twinkling of an eye.
who goes about looking for prog. Wa 2. Half a pound, or eight oz. of silver.
lach. merende, provisions for the way; The word in this sense is equivalent to a
merendare, a knapsack. measure or a certain amount marked off.
Marble. Lat. marmor, Fr. marbre, ON. méré, a measure of different kinds;
Du. marmer, marble; marmelen, to mar eight oz. of silver, 48 ells of cloth; half a
ble or colour so as to resemble m. ; mar pot of liquids. The same connection
me/ (Wall. marbeul), a marble, or little holds between Sw, mail, a mark, and mdl.,
ball of marbled clay.—Halma. a measure. So also a nail, an eighth of
March. . Fr. marcher, to tread, step, a yard, from the nails by which they are
pace, walk, to proceed. It marciare, tomarked in a yard measure.
march. When the important part of an Market.—Merchant. Lat. mercari,
army consisted of horsemen the most to traffic; mercatus, trade, market; ON.
obvious way of expressing the movement markadr, market.
of troops would be by a term equivalent To Marl.—Marline.—To Moor. To
to OFr. chevaucher (from cheval), to ride marl, to ravel as silk.-Hal. Marlydor
on horseback. Thus we should identify snarlyd, illaqueatus, innodatus.-Pr. Prm.
marcher with Manx markee, to ride, from The use of mar in the sense of trouble,
Bret. marc'h, a horse. But Diez asserts disturb, hinder, has been already explain
that the word is not an old one (a point ed. The signification then passes on to
on which it is mostly difficult to speak the idea of delaying, entangling, binding.
with confidence), and therefore cannot Du. marren-vlichte, entangled locks, ca
come from a Celtic source, and he quotes pilli pedibus pullorum gallinaceorum
from Rutebauf the expression “aller de involuti, quibus pullorum gressus impe
marche en marche,” to wander from bound diri solet.—Kil. Marren-tacken, mistle
ary to boundary, as suggesting a probable toe, from whence lime is made to entangle
origin of the word. birds. Marren, meeren, to delay; mar
Marches. The borders of a country. ren, maren, to bind.—Kil. OSax. mer
Fr. marche, boundary. AS. meanc, a rian, Fris. meria, to hinder, to delay;
mark, sign, boundary, limit. Goth. mere, bands, fetters.-Richthofen. Du.
marka, border; gamarko, confines. marren, or meeren, is especially used in
Mare. I. w. march, OHG. marah, nautical language in the sense of Fr.
marh, AS, meanh, ON. marr, a horse; amarrer, or E. moor, to bind the ship to
OHG. meriha, merha, AS. maere, myre, Du. the shore ; meertouw, a cable. In a
merrie, Pl.D. maire, a mare. somewhat different application Du. mar
2. Nightmare. ON. mara, Da. mare, /en (for marrelen), to marl, or fasten the
marerid, G. mahr, Pl.D. maar, moor, Du. sail to the bolt-rope, whence meerling,
nagt-merrie, Fr. godemare, cauchemar, marilyn, Fr. merlin, E. marline, line of
the nightmare. ON, mara trad hamn, the untwisted hemp tarred used in that oper
nightmare oppressed him. Möru-eldr ation. Fr. amarrer also is used not only
(ghost fire), Will-o'-the-wisp. Pol. mara, in the sense of mooring, but of marling;
vision, dream, nightmare. Wyglada fak amarrer, renforcer les manoeuvres d'un
mara, he looks like a ghost. Albanian vaisseau; mar/-reep, cordes de merlin
morea, Boh. mºra, incubus ; mºry, pour amarrer les voiles aux vergues.—
ghosts, lemures nocturni. -
Dict. du P. Marin.
Margin. Lat. margo, -inis, a brink or Marl. From Du, margh, marrow, is
brim. formed marghelen, to fatten land, to make
Marigold. Du. goud, gold; goud it more productive, to which effect it was
bloeme, yellow marigold ; goud-wortel, formerly common to spread over it a cal
chelidonium majus, a plant with deep careous earth, thence called marghel,
yellow juice. Fr. goude, w, gold, gold marl, terra adeps sive medulla. —Kil.
mair, Gael. lus Mairi (Mary's plant), Marmelade. A confection, originally
marigold. of quinces; Ptg. marmelada, from mar
Marine.—Maritime. Lat. mare, Goth. melo, a quince, and that from Mid. Lat.
marei, ON. marr, w. mar, the sea. malomellum, melimelum, Gr. Mexium\ov
4IO MARMOSET MARSHAL

(uğAl, honey, pińov, apple), a sweet apple. nify to exercise border right, to do oneself
Marmoset. A monkey, from his chat right in a border-quarrel by seizing the
tering cry. Bret. marmouz, Fr. marmot, property or the persons of countrymen
marmoset, a monkey ; marmotter, to of the wrong-doer. “Lesquels habitans
mutter. Sp. marmotear, to jabber. n'ayant voulu tenir et payer ledit accord,
Marmot. It. marmotta, marmontana, le prestre s'en retourna aux Anglois et fit
OHG. muremum/i, murmenti, Swiss mur par iceulx Anglois marquer, piller et
met, murment/t. Diez approves of the prendre prisonniers les bonnes gens de
derivation from mus montanus, but the laditte paroisse.”—Litt. Remiss. A.D. 1389
G. murmel-thier doubtless points out the in Carp. “Bernardus nobis supplicavit
true derivation in Fr. marmotter, to mut ut nos sibi licentiam marcandi homines
ter.—Adelung. Another Swiss name of et subditos de regno Portugalliae et bona
the marmot is mungg, munk, from mung eorum per terram et marem ubicunque
gen, munken, to mutter. eos et bona eorum invenire possit con
Maroon. I. A negro escaped to the cederemus, quousque de sibi ablatis in
woods. Sp. simaron, Ptg. cimarrao (in tegram habuisset restitutionem.”—Lit. Ed.
America and the W. Indies), of men or iii. A. D. 1295, in Rymer ii. 69.
animals that have taken to the woods and The authority for exercising this right
run wild. Perhaps from sima, a cave, as of reprisal was called letters of Margue,
taking refuge in caves. The fugitive ne sometimes corruptly written Mart, as if
groes are mentioned under the name of giving a market for the disposal of prizes
Šymarons in Hawkins’. Voyage, , § 68, taken from the enemy.
where they are said to be settled near There was a fish taken,
Panama. A monstrous fish with a sword by his side—
And letters of mart in's mouth from the Duke of
I was in the Spanish service some twenty years Florence.—B. and F., Wife for a Month.
ago in the interior of Cuba, and negro Cimarrón,
or briefly cimarrón, was then an every-day phrase Marquess.-Marchioness. Fr. mar
for fugitive or outlawed negroes hidden in the Quis, It. marchese, G. markgraſ, origin
woods and mountains.—N. & Q. Jan. 27, 1866. ally, count of the marches or border terri
2. The colour of a chestnut, Fr. mar tories.
7°ozz. Marram. The bents and grass that
Marque—Letters of Mid. Lat. mar grow in the sea-sand and bind it together.
cha, Fr. marque, is commonly explained N. maralm, for mar-halm, ON. mar-halmr,
as an authority given by a prince to any sea-grass, zostera, &c. Halmr, straw,
of his subjects, who have been wronged haulm.
by those of a neighbouring sovereign, and Marrow. 1. ON. mergr, Dan, marg,
have not been able to obtain justice at marz, Du. margh, mergh, G. mark. Per
his hands, to pass the marches or bound haps from its tender friable structure. E.
aries of his states and do themselves right dial. merowe, delicate; A.S. meanu, merwe,
upon any of his subjects or their property. Pl.D. moer, Du. murw, Fr. mur, tender,
But probably this is not the exact mode soft, delicate; ON. mor, fat, lard, tallow ;
in which the expression is connected with meria, mardī, to bruise, pound; N. maren,
the notion of marches or borders. Marca decayed; marma, to decay.
or marchafio seems to have been an ellip 2. A mate, companion, fellow ; a rogue.
tical expression for a borderer's quarrel, —B.
in which sense the latter term is used in Marry. Properly of women, to join to
a letter of James of Aragon to Philip le a husband, Fr. mari, Lat. maritus.
Bel, A.D. 1310. “Cupientes attamen, ut Marryl “Marry [oath], per Mariam.’
semper fecimus, evitare pro posse, ne Coles.
inter nostros et vestros subditos, marcha Marsh. Fr. mare, a pool, pond, stand
tiones quae scandali ac dissentionis pos ing water; marais, OE. mareis, a marsh;
sent materiam suscitare, aliquatenus ori Du. maerasch, moerasch, marsh; It ma
rentur.”—Carp. By a similar ellipse mar rese, maresco, any moorish or fenny place;
care seems to be taken for the right of maroso, fenny, full of bogs, puddles,
pasturing in a conterminous forest. ‘Scien plashes, or rotten waters. Omnis con
dum quod in nemore de Lantagio non gregatio aquarum, sive salsae sint, sive
poterunt dicti fratres marcare.’—Carp. dulces, abusive maria nuncupantur.-
Marchagium or droit de marchage in Isidore in Diez. E. mere, a piece of
Auvergne was the right of pasturage in water. See Moor, 2.
the opposite marches. Marcare or mar Marshal. Mid. Lat. marescalcus, the
chiare then may easily have come to sig master of the horse, from OG. widhre, a
 MARSUPIAL MASK 4II

horse, and schalk, a servant, a word mask and ghost are so frequently desig
which in later times has, like its synonym
nated by the same word. Lat. larva, a
Æ/tave, come to be used in an opprobrious
mask, also a ghost or noxious spirit; G.
sense. Remains of the ancient significa
mummie, a mask, mummel, a bugbear;
tion are preserved in Fr. marechal, aBav. butz, a mask, a bugbear; ON. grima,
blacksmith, shoer of horses. a mask, AS. grima, a witch, or female
The marshal was the officer under exercising supernatural powers of evil
whose cognizance fell everything pertain analogous to those attributed to ghosts.
ing to the use of arms, the regulation of In the same way the word mask was used
tournaments, &c. Hence to marshal, to to signify a hideous covering for the face,
place in order. See Constable. and also a ghost or witch. Ugutio in the
Marsupial. Gr. Mapairwov, a small 12th century explains mascha, simula
bag. crum quod terret, quod vulgo dicitur
Mart. Contracted from market. Swiss wiascarel, quod opponitur faciei ad ter
marcht, mart, market; marten, to traffic. rendos parvos. Gervase of Tilbury gives
Martial. Lat. Mars, the god of war, the name to a bugbear or object of nightly
war itself. terror. “Lamias, quas vulgo mascas, aut
Martin.—Martlet. Several kinds of in Gallică linguá strias, physici dicunt
bird are named after St Martin. Fr. nocturnas esse imagines quae ex grossitie
martin-pécheur, a kingfisher; oiseau de humorum animas dormientium perturbant
.St Martin, the ringtail, a kind of hawk ; et pondus faciunt.”—Duc. In the Lom
martinet, Piedm. martlet, a swift (Lat. bard laws Lat. striga, a witch, is ex
apus), a bird with very small feet, whence plained by the word masca, and at the
martlet, in heraldry, a bird represented present day we have Lang. masc, a sor
without feet. E. martin is applied to the cerer; masco, a witch, a hag ; Piedm.
swallowkind in general. The same con masche, ghosts; masca, a witch ; mas
version of m to l, as in martlet, is seen in caria, incantations, magic. With the
Martlemas for Martinmas, the feast of latter term must be classed OHG. mas
St Martin. crunc, fascinatio.—Schm. Piedm. mas
Martyr. Gr. uáprup, a witness. cra, Sp. mascara, It. maschera, a mask.
Marvel. Fr. merveille, It. maraviglia, The syllable masc in the foregoing
from Lat. mirabilia, wonderful things.- forms is probably identical with the root
Diez. of Gr. 3aokaiva, Lat. fascino, to bewitch,
Masculine. Lat. masculinus, mas, and possibly with Arab. maskh, changing
a male. into a deformed shape, especially men
To Mash. Lat. masticare, Sp., Ptg. into animals (Catafogo), a most dreaded
masticar, mascar, Prov. mastegar, masch exercise of the sorcerer's power as well in
ar, machar, Fr. mascher, maicher, to chew; the East as in Greece and Rome. If
Lim. motsa, to pound, crush, bruise, mince; we look for the origin of so deeply-rooted
Wall. machi, mahi, to mix; Walach. mes a form we may suspect that it took its
tecá, to chew, to mix; Lang. maca, rise in the simplest way of making an
machuga, to bruise, to chew; Swab. mot object of terror, by daubing the face with
gen, to dabble in water; Bav. maintschen, soot. Du. maeschen, maschelen, masch
mdtschen, to quash, mash (potatoes, fruit, eren, to Smut, stain, daub ; Lang. mas
&c.); maischen, G. meischen, to stir the cara, Fr. machurer, Swiss Rom. matzura,
malt in hot water; Bav. maisch-botig, matschera, to smut or daub with soot.
mash-tub; Sw, maiska, to mash for beer; Walach. maskará, disgrace (blot), igno
Gael. measg, to mix, stir; masg, to mix, miny. Pol. mazgač, to daub, soil; mas
infuse, steep, as malt or tea; Sc. to mask 2kara, hideous face, monster, scarecrow.
the tea. Lat. miscere, It. mesciare, mes The same connection is seen between
cere, to mix, mesh.-Fl. Fr. macquer, to E. grime, to blacken or dirty, Sw, dial.
bruise hemp, break up the stalk; It. mac grima, a spot of soot on the face, and
care, smaccare, to bruise, squeeze, mash; ON. grima, a mask, Cleveland grim, a
Prov. macar, machar, to bruise, batter, death's-head on a gravestone, church
shatter. grim, Sw. Kirkjugrim, a church ghost.
Mask. The origin of a mask seems to AS. grima, a witch.
be the nurse covering her face, as in the The use of masks in festive entertain
game of bo-peep, to frighten the infant. ments seems to have led to some inter
The hidden object of terror behind the change on the shores of the Mediter
mask or screen gives rise to the notion of ranean between the foregoing maschera,
a ghost or bugbear, and hence it is that mascara, and Arab. maskhara (from sak
412 MASLIN MASSACRE

hira, to deride, make a jest of), jest, allowed to remain was called the missa
sport, also a jester, buffoon, story-teller; catecumenorum, while the missa ſidelium
tamas&hara, to laugh at, to jest, also to included the main part of the service in
mask oneself, whence motamaskhir, a which the sacrifice of the Mass was cele
mask or masked person ; maskhara, a brated.
mask.-Dozy, Mahn. Mod. Gr. uadrapac, 2. Lat. massa (properly dough), a lump,
Slovak masskara, a jester. Bosniac mask mass ; Gr. uárow, to knead ; Mod.Gr.
ara, a jest, laughable matter. Häagw, uagiºuſ, uadovXtºw, to chew, eat,
Maslin.-Mastlin. A mixture of differ mumble ; Lith. maiszyti, to mix, stir,
ent kinds, as wheat and rye; brass, as work dough. See Mash.
composed of copper and zinc. The im Massacre. Commonly derived from
mediate origin is OFr. mestillon (still in OFr. macelier, maceclier, macecrier, a
use in Champagne), other forms of butcher (Lat. mace//us, meat-market, wra
which are mesteil, and the modern méteil, cellarius, meat-seller); to slaughter with
messling or masslin, wheat and rye as little compunction as a butcher his
mingled.—Cot. From It. mesco/are, to sheep, and this supposition would seem
mix, with the change (very common in to be corroborated by the form massacher,
It.) of sc into st. used by Monstrelet when speaking of the
Mason. Fr. maſon, Prov. massó, OHG. massacre of the Duke of Orleans in 1407.
meigo, mezo, steinmego, G. steinmetz, Mid. ‘En outre la le retournèrent et si très ter
Lat. mafio, machio, mason. From OHG. riblement le maschaclèrent qu'il fut pre
meizan, Goth. maitan, to cut, whence sentement mort très piteusement.”
mezaras, mezzi sahs (G. messer), a knife; And if Fr. massacrer were only used in
meizil (G. meissel, a chisel), steinmezil, a the sense of the E. word there would be
Stone-cutter. little doubt in the case. But massacrer
Mass. 1. Fr. messe, It messa, Sp. is also applied in the sense of bungle,
misa, the sacrifice of the mass, or Catho make bad work, and it seems pretty cer
lic celebration of the Lord's Supper. The tain that this signification is taken from
derivation from It. messa, Fr. mes, a the figure of mumbling, inefficient chew
course or service of dishes at table, Sp. ing. Thus we have Venet. mastegare, to
mesa, table, fare, entertainment, would chew; masſegare le parole, to mumble in
correspond more to the Protestant than speaking ; masſegare, also, to hack, hag
the Catholic feeling of the service. gle, cut with a blunt instrument; maste
The origin of the word seems certainly gare un lavoro, as Fr. massacrer une be
Lat. missa for missio, dismission, as re sogne, to bungle or spoil a piece of work.
missa for remissio, confessa for confessio, So It. biasciare, to mumble, biasciare un
and other similar instances cited by Du lavoro, to bungle.
cange. ‘Is qui — priusquam psalmus Again, with more or less corruption,
caeptus finiatur ad orationem non occur Lang. mastriga, to chew; Piedm. mas
rerit, ulterius oratorium introire non audet, trojč, to mumble, chew with toothless
nec semetipsum admiscere psallentibus, gums, also (like the equivalent Lang.
sed congregationis missam stans pro fori mastroulia, as well as Castrais mastega,
bus praestolatur, &c.’—Cassianus in Duc. mastinga, Milan. mastina, Prov. mastri
Hence the words at the end of the service, mar, mastrignar, Milan. mastrugmar) to
Ite missa est, you are discharged. “In fumble, spoil by handling, crumple. In
ecclesiis, palatiisque sive praetoriis, missa another series of forms the t of the root
fieri pronuntiatur cum populus ab observ masticare is exchanged for a c. Lat. mar
atione dimittitur.” — Avitus Viennensis, illa, It. mascilla, the jaw ; Cat. marina,
ibid. The reason why this name was the tooth of an animal, Sp. mascar, OFr.
specially given to the sacrifice of the mass mascher, Castr. mara (which must not be
was that that service commenced with supposed to be contracted from masti
the dismission of the catechumens after care), to chew; Castr. marga, Fr. ma
so much of the service as they were al chonner, to mumble, Milan. manschiugné,
lowed to attend. ‘Missa tempore sacri to fumble, Lang. mascagna, to hack or
ficii est quando catecumini foras mittun disfigure meat in carving, whence It.
tur, clamante Levita (the deacon), Si quis scannare, to massacre, murder. Now
catecuminus remansit exeat foras; et the same insertion of the r which we have
inde Missa, quia sacramentis altaris in seen in Venet, mastegar, Lang. mastriga,
teresse non possunt quia nondum regene to chew; Milan. mastinar, Prov. mastri
rati sunt.”—Papias. The part of the mar, to mumble, fumble, would convert
service at which the catechumens were Castr. maarga (pronounced maschega)
 MAST MATE 4I 3

into maregra, Fr. maschacrer, maschacler, flower of the snowball tree, knot in wool
the primitive meaning of which when or cotton, tow.
used in the sense of slaughter would thus, Match. 1.—Make. AS. maca, gemaca,
like that of Lang. mascagna, be to hack gemacca, a companion, mate, match;
or disfigure with wounds, a sense which macalic, fit, meet; ON. maki, a spouse,
it plainly bears in the quotation from an equal; N. mažje, a mate, especially of
Monstrelet. birds, one of a pair, as shoes, &c., the like
Mast. 1. ON. mastr, G. mast, It. of anything. Probably one of the same
masto, mastro, Fr. midt, the mast of a make or mould. N.E. make, or mack,
ship. kind, sort ; mammak, mankind. The
2. The fruit of oaks or beeches used for same corruption of the sound of the AE as
fattening hogs. Du. mesſen, to feed, in make, match, is found in Fris. meitsen,
fatten, stuff; mest-dier, a fed beast; meitsſen, to make.
mest-voeder, fattening food; G. mast, the * 2. Fr. meiche, the wick or snuff of a
fattening of animals, the season or food candle, match of a lamp, harquebuss,
for fattening; mastew, to fatten. &c.; tent for a wound.—Cot. Also
Possibly mast may be a modification mêche de cheveur, a lock of hair. Ptg.
of the root pasc in Lat. pascor, to feed, mecha, gunner's match, match to light a
pastus, food ; vescor, to eat. . W. pasg, candle, wick, tent. It miccio, micco,
feeding, fattening ; pasg dwrch, a mast match, wick. From Gr. uča, the snuff
hog or fatted hog ; bodyn m/asg., to be or snivel of the nose, which in Mid. Lat.
in feeding, to be fed in a stall. myra, myrus, mirus, acquired the sense
Master. Lat. magister, It. maestro, of the wick of a lamp or candle. ‘Myrum
mastro, Fr. maistre, maitre. ex stuppä amianthi.”—Duc. Lang. mecha
Mastic. Sp. almastiga, Arab. mas (Grandg.), Castrais meco, mucus of the
taka, Gr. uadrixm, mastic, from uadrixáv, nose, wick of a lamp or candle ; Lang.
to chew, from the habit of chewing mas mecheiro, beak of a lamp, part that sup
tic.—F. Newman. ports the wick. The analogy between
Masticate. Lat. masticare. See the snuff of a candle and of the nose has
Massacre. been widely felt. Comp. It mocco, moc
Mastiff. The Fr. must once have had cio, snivel, snuff or end of a candle, tip of
the form mastiſ, from whence the E. name the nose. Fr. moucher, to snuff a candle,
is taken, as well as the old masty, which to blow one's nose. Piedm. moch, snuff
is our usual way of rendering the Fr. ad of candle, wick. In classic Gr. utºa was
jectival termination iſ, as in jolly from the applied to the nozzle of a lamp. From
old folif; resty from restiſ: ‘If a mastie the wick of a lamp the designation was
had bit me or an asse given me a blow.’ transferred to similar bundles of fibrous
—Primaudaye, Fr. Acad. by T. B. C. matter, as a lock of hair, tent of a wound.
1589. A masty dog—Hobson's Jests; Mate. 1. ON. mitti, aequalis, sodalis,
masty cur—Du. Bartas in Hal. Fr. Du. maet, medmaet, maetken, comrade,
matin, It. mastino, are formed with a dif fellow, mate. We have at first little hesi
ferent termination. The meaning seems tation in identifying the word with OHG.
to be a large dog. Venet. muastino, large gamazi, gimazzi, conviva, one who takes
limbed, solid, strong ; E. dial. masty, very food with one, from ma2, ON. matr, food,
large and big, doubtless from G. masten as companion from panis, bread; a deri
(to mastyn beestys—Pr. Pnn.), to fatten. vation which seems corroborated by N.
Swiss mastig, fat, obese.—Schmidt. Idiot. mat/ag, a company at table, convivial
Bern. in D. Mundart. Mestyſ, hogge or party : ON. motunautr, companion at
swyne (mast-hog), majalis. Mestſ, table. But the short a in ON. matr, meat,
hownde, Spartanus.-Pr. Pm. compared with the accented 4 in maiti,
Mat. Lat. matta (in plaustro scirpea mate, leads us to connect the latter with
matta fuit—Ov.), Pol. mata, Fr. natte, G. mditi, Du. maetr, OHG. maiza, measure ;
matte. Properly, a bunch or tuft of rushes whence gamógſ, aequalis, G. gemd'ss, con
or the like. Sp. mata, a bush, thicket, formable, suitable, meet. Thus mate and
lock of matted hair; Pol. moſ, motek, a meet would be essentially identical, and
skein ; motaº, to embroil, entangle ; It. in effect E. help-mate and help-meet are
zuatassa, a skein of yarn, a lock of hair or often confounded. In the sense of one of
wool; Fr. motte, 3 lump, clod ; mattes, a pair, however, mate is probably a cor
curds ; mattele, clotted, curdled, knotty; ruption of the obsolete make. See Match.
cieſ maſtone, a curdled sky, covered with The term mate, in the sense of com
fleecy clouds; Wall. maton, clot of milk, panion, fellow, is much used among sail
4I4 MATERIAL MAUNDY

ors in addressing each other, whence grubbing-axe ; Serv. motika, a hoe; Gael.
probably the application of Du. maete, madog, a pick-axe.
maetken (remex—Kil.), to a common Mattress. It materazzo, Fr. materas,
sailor, one of the crew, the origin of Fr. matelas, Sp. almadrague, Arab. almd
matelot (for materot), G. matrose, a sailor. tráh, a quilted cushion, mattress.-Diez.
In our service mate is used in the sense of But perhaps we need not seek a foreign
assistant; cook's mate, boatswain's-mate. origin, and the meaning of the word may
2. Check-mate, at chess, from Pers. be a collection of flocks; Sp. mata, a
schach mat, the king is dead.—Diez. lock of matted hair; It. watassa, a flock
3. Downcast, subdued, faint of hair or wool; W. mat, a mat, mattress.
Him thoughte that his herte wolde all to breke Mature. Lat. maturus, ripe, ready.
When he saw him so pitous and so mate, Maudlin. Given to crying, as the Mag
That whilom weren of so gret estate. dalene is commonly represented. Hence
Knight's Tale. crying or sentimentally drunk, half drunk.
Which sory words her mighty hart did gº; Maugre. Fr. malgré, in spite of,
against the will of ; mal, ill, and gre, will,
Fr. mat, faded, quelled, subdued ; Sp. pleasure. See Agree.
mate, unpolished, faded ; matar, to To Maul. To disfigure by ill usage,
quench, extinguish, kill, to slack lime ; from ON. mail, G. mahl, a mark, stain,
Du. mat, exhausted, broken with labour, blot, in the same way that mangle is from
overcome ; G. matt, feeble, faint, insipid, Lat. macula, Wall. macule, mancule, a
dull, flat. Ein mattes licht, a faint light. spot, defect. To mawl in Lincolnsh. is
Das bier schmeckt matt, tastes flat. Gael. to dirty, to cover with dirt. Somersetsh.
2meat, feeble, soft, faint-hearted. Pol. maules, the measles.—Hal. See Mole.
mat, pale in colour, dim. See Amate. Maulstick. A painter's stick. G.
Material. — Matter. Lat. materies, mahlen, to paint.
materia, stuff of which anything is made. Maund. Fr. mande, mamme, a maund,
Maternal. — Matrimony. — Matron. open basket, pannier having handles ;
Lat. mater, -tris, a mother; matrona (re banne, a hamper or great basket; benne,
spectfully), a married woman, a wife. a basket, great sack for corn or coals,
Hence maternal, belonging to a mother; bin. NFris. miujmn, a turf or wood chest.
matrimony, motherhood, the marriage Perhaps from. W. mawn, turf. . -

State. To Maunder. To mutter, grumble,

Mathematics. Gr. uaômuarixóc; uá to wander in talking, to wander about
6nua, a study, system of teaching, from thoughtfully.—Hal. Bav. maudern, to
Mav6ávu', to learn. murmur, mutter, be out of temper; E.
Matins. Lat. matutinus, in the morn dial. maundring, grumbling. Sc. mant,
ing, early ; Fr. matin, morning. maunt, to mutter, stutter; Gael, mann
To Matriculate. To register a student dach, manntach, lisping, stuttering.
at the university. Lat. matrix, matricula, Maundy. The ceremony of washing
a list or catalogue; matricula fauperum, the feet of poor persons, performed in
the list of poor receiving relief, whence imitation of our Lord at the institution of
matricularius, Fr. marreglier, marguil the Last Supper, when after supper he
Zier, the person keeping such a list, over washed his disciples’ feet, saying, “Man
seer of the poor, or churchwarden. datum novum do vobis, &c.’ Hence the
Matter. In the sense of pus from a office appointed to be read during the
sore it would seem to be an ellipse for ceremony was called mandatum, or in Fr.
matière purulente, an expression of the mandé, Et post capitulum ab omni con
same kind with matière fecale, ordure, ventu mandatum pauperum sicut in
excrement. ‘On dit qu'une plaie jette de Caena Domini peragitur.—Orderic. Vit.
la matière quandelle suppure."—Trevoux. in Duc. Et per totius anni spatium
The ellipse is widely spread, Gr. 5Am, unaquaque die tribus peregrinis hospiti
matter, substance, being used in Mod. bus manus et pedes abluimus, panem
Gr. in the same sense of matter or pus; cum vino offerimus.-Petrus Cluniacus.
Sp. 7materia, Du. materie, pus. ibid. This was what was understood by
A singular coincidence of sound is seen the phrase mandatum trium pauperum.
in Fr. maturer, to ripen, mature, also to The mode of keeping the maundye is
matter, to suppure; maturation, sup succinctly described in the Life of St
puring, growing to a head, resolving into Louis. En chascun juesdi assolu li rois
matter.—Cot. lavoit les piez a treize poures—et donoit
Mattock. Lith. matikkas, matikka, a a chascun d'eus quarante denjers, et apres
 MAUSOLEUM MAYHEM 4I 5

il les servoit en sa personne a table ;-et faint taste of things beginning to decay
auscuns de ses chapelains disoient / office and breed worms. -

du mandé endementières que il lavoit les Mawmet. The hatred of Mahometan

piez as poures.—Roquef.
Here the monks their maundie make with sundrie religion of the Saracens be regarded as
solemne rights
And signs of great humilitie–
Each one the other's feet doth wash.
Naogergus Popish Kingdom in Todd.
In England the memory of the Maundy
is kept up by the distribution of small
silver coins called maundy money by the
royal almoner on Holy or Maundy Thurs
day. The writers of the time of the Re
formation frequently gave the name of
maundye to the sacrament of the Last
Supper itself.
Mausoleum. Gr. Mavookstov, the fa
mous tomb of King Mausolus.
ism produced by the crusades made the
the type of idolatry, whence Fr. mahom
met, an idol.-Roquef.; mahumerie, idol
atry, idolatrous temple. ‘ Ont parlé en
cuntre le autel de Bethel e encuntre les
mahumeries de la contrée de Bethel.”—
Livre des Rois. The name of Mahomet
was better preserved in E. maumetry,
idolatry; mawmed, mamet, mawment, an
idol. Mawment, ydolum, simulacrum.—
Pr. Pn.
A temple heo fonde faire y now, and a maw.med
amidde
That ofte tolde wonder gret, and what thing
men betide.—R. Gloucester.

Mauther.—Modder. A girl. “You ‘The sinne of maumetrie is the first that

talk like a foolish mauther.”—B. Jonson. God defended in the ten commandments.”
Commonly contracted to mau’r.—Forby. —Parson's Tale. In process of time the
AModer, servaunte or wenche.—Pr. Prm. word was confounded with mammet, a
Probably one of those cases in which the
name of woman is taken from the womb, puppet, originally a doll.
or distinctive feature of a woman. G. Maxim.—Maximum. Lat. marimus,
greatest; marima sententia, the weightiest
bármutter, OHG. muater, Du. moeder, the
womb. The mother or womb, matrice.— sentiment. A marim is a principle of
Sherwood. Chaucer uses moder for the the highest authority.
matrix of an astrolabe. Lith. widtere, a May. — Might. Goth. magan, ON.
woman, a wife.
mega, Sw. mai, to be able ; Goth. mahts,
Compare Bav. fud, feminal, also a wo G. macht,mohu, Swiss mucht, Boh. moc, might,
man; ſºdel, a girl, a daughter.—Schm. power; mocy, to be able ; Russ.
mogu, moch’, as Lat. valeo, to be able, to
It. mozza, a girl, is also used in the other be of health ; moguch', strong, moguta,
sense.
bodily strength; Lith. mokéti, to be able,
Maw. Du. maag, G. magen, OHG. to understand. Some of the G. uses of
mago, stomach ; Esthon. maggo, sto the word look as if the primitive mean
mach, also taste; Fin. mako, stomach, ing were a capacity to stomach or use as
maku, taste. The stomach is the organ food. Wein mag ich nicht, I cannot take
to which the faculty of taste is subservient. wine, it does not agree with me. Graben
G. mogen, to stomach, to relish. Du. mag ich nicht, I cannot dig. Du. mog
moghe, appetite; moghen eenighe spijse, hen een ighe spijse, to relish any food, to
to relish any food; moghelicæ eten, to eat like it, to be willing, to be permitted ;
with appetite ; moghelicke spijse, appe moghe, appetite, also power. A similar
tising food.—Kil. Esthon, maggus, Fin. train of thought is seen in Esthon. Köht,
makia, sweet, well-tasting. belly, maw, and köhtma, to be able.
The origin may be the smacking of the Mayhem.—To Maim. To maim (cor
tongue and palate in the enjoyment of ruptly for main), to disable by wounds.
food. Du, smakken, to make a noise in Maym or hurte, mutilacio. Mamkyn or
eating. In Fris. macke, to kiss, the sound maynyn, mutilo. Man/yd or maymyd
of a smack is represented without an mutilatus.-Pr. Pm. Sc. mangyie, man
initials, as in the Finnish forms maiskia, yie, menyie, defect, fault, maim, hurt.
to smack the lips, maiskis, a smack with Wal. mehaim, defect, blemish, inconve
the lips, kiss; appetising morsel; maisto, nience. “Li měhain d' l'afaire, c'est ki—
taste.
the mischief of the thing is—.” It ma
Mawk.-Mawkish. ON. madžr, Sw. gagna, blemish, vice, defect, putrefaction
matº, mask, N. maká, a worm, grub ; in fruit, magagnare, to spoil, taint, vitiate,
Yorksh. mawk, a maggot, a whim or rot (Altieri); Prov. magagnar, magan
fancy. As white as a mawk-Whitby /ar, magaynar, OFr. mahaigner, me
Gl. Hence mawkish, insipid, with the Aaigner, Mid. Lat. mahannare, to wound,
416 MAYOR MAZER

disable. Bret. machan, mutilated, mu magle, to wander as if stupefied.—Hal.;

tilation ; mac'hana, to maim. to mazzle, to trifle, loiter, do anything
The foregoing can hardly be distinct unskilfully.—Craven. Gl.
from ON. mein, injury, hurt, trouble, fault, Some neither walks nor sleeps, but maging stands.
hindrance. Da. meen, defect, blemish, Hudson's DuBartas.
hurt; meenlös, innocent, unblemished ; To amaze, to make one maze, to stupefy.
meenslaae, to cripple, disable by blows; A maze is a network of paths contrived
meen/ydt, disabled, crippled ; OHG. mord to perplex those who enter it, and hinder
wnd main, slaughter and destruction.— their finding the way out.
Schmeller.
The interchange of 32! and dail, as in
The radical image seems to be indi fuzzle, ſuddle, identifies magle or mazzle
cated by W. man, menyn, spot, speck. with Swiss madeln, to mutter; maddelen,
Compare w. Mair wyry heb ſann, Mary to tattle, and E. maddle, to rave, talk con
maid without spot (Richards), with OHG. fusedly, wander in thought, miss one's
dhiu unmeina magad, the unspotted maid. way. Pe masen, says May to January
The original root, however, must have when she wishes to persuade him that
ended in the guttural which closes the his eyesight deceived him, that his wits
first syllable of It. magagna and its equiv were madding.
alents, and may perhaps be traced in Sp. Mazer. A broad standing cup or
Prov. macar, It. maccare, to bruise, to drinking-bowl.—B. The proper mean
batter; Sp. maca, a bruise in fruit, spot, ing of the word is wood of a spotted or
stain ; It. macca, a print, freckle, or mark speckled grain, from OHG. masen, a spot,
as of some bruise, also spoil or havoc.— scar; masa, cicatrix; blatter-masen, pock
Fl. The nasalisation of the root gives marks. – Schmeller. Du. maese, spot,
Sp. mancha, stain, blot, defect ; It., Sp.
stain, mark; maeser, maser, Bav. maser,
manco, defective, maimed, imperfect; Fr. bruscus, a knotted excrescence on the
manchot, one-handed, wanting a limb ; boles of different kinds of trees which
manguer, to want ; Du. manck, maimed, furnishes wood of an ornamental grain
lame; mancken, to limp, fail, want; OE. for turners, cabinet-makers, and others.
manked, maimed. From the same root, G. maserle, maserbirke, alder or birch
with the addition of a different termina furnishing wood of such a nature. Du.
tion, Lat. macula, G. mackel, a spot, stain; maes-hout, maeseren-hout, OHG. magaltra,
Sc. to magil, to disfigure, and with the mazeldera (G. massholder), maple, from
nasal, G. mangel, want, defect, E. mangle, the speckled grain of the wood. Fr.
to disfigure. madre, a thick-streaked grain in wood ;
Mayor. OFr. maieur, maeur, maier, madrer, the grain of wood to be full of
the chief magistrate of a town, from Lat. crooked and speckled streaks. – Cot.
major, greater. Mid. Lat. major domus, ‘Venderres de hanas de fust et de madre,
the officer in charge of the household; de auges—et de toute autre fustaille.”—
major equorum, the master of the horse, Registre de Metiers, 112, Docum. Inedits.
officer in charge of the royal stable; Here we see cups of ordinary wood (fust)
major monasterii, chief of a monastery, distinguished from those of maser (madre)
abbot. The majores villa were persons or wood of speckled grain, but both in
placed over the other inhabitants to ad cluded under the name of ſustaille or
minister the concerns of the township in wood-work. In a deed of the Count of
the name of the lord, analogous to the Autun, “Et anapo corneo magno cum
Starost of a Russian village. ‘Ut Pres illo de mazaro.”—Duc. In an account of
byteri curas seculares nullatenus exer the royal sideboard, A.D. 1350, we find
ceant; id est, ut neque Judices neque mazer and cedar-wood used for the han
TMajores villarum fiant.” “Nequaquam dles of knives. “Deux paires de couteaux
de potentioribus hominibus Majores fiant, a tranchier—l’une paire a manches de
sed de mediocribus qui fideles sunt.”— cedre garnis de virolles et de tinglettes
Capit. Car. Mag. in Duc. The mayors d'argent dorées—et l'autre paire à man
ches de madre semblables.” But the chief
of the communes in France fill a similar
place at the present day. use of the material being for drinking
Maze. Incoherent, senseless chatter vessels, the Fr. magerin, mazelin, as E.
is taken as the most obvious symptom of mazer, is found in the sense of a cup.
a confused or unsettled mind. Swiss Gerbert appelle, Baillez moi cyle vin,
mausen, to speak unintelligibly; ON. masa, Dessus ma table mettez mon mazelin.
Rom. de Garin in Duc.
to jabber, chatter; N. masast, to drop
asleep, to begin to dream; E. dial. to See Measles.
 MAZZARD MEASLES 417
Mazzard. A burlesque word for the member; Lith. manyti, to think; minti,
head, whence to mazzard, to knock on to be informed of; memas, understand.
the head, to brain one. Sometimes writ ing, skill; numanyti, to perceive, recog
ten mazer, “Break but his pate, or so ; nise, observe, be of opinion; Bohem.
only his mager, because I'll have his mnett, to think, to be of opinion; miniti,
head in a cloth as well as mine.”—O. to think, believe, understand; Russ.
Play in Nares. mnitsya, to seem; Sanscr. man, to think,
There is little doubt that Nares' con to deem.
jecture is right, that it comes from mazer, The mind, Lat. mens, is the seat of the
a bowl. In a similar way It. gueca, pro thinking or meaning faculty.
perly a gourd, and thence a drinking Mean. I. Low, common, poor, pitiful.
cup, is used to signify a skull.
Mead. I. W. meda, G. meth, Du. mede, All manere of men, the mene and the ryche.
P.
drink made of honey and water; Gr.
Hé9n, strong drink, drunkenness; utów, The origin seems OHG. main, properly a
wine ; Lat., W. mel. Gr. usXi, Bohem. spot, stain. Diu unmeina magad, the
*ted, Pol, miod, Fin. mesi, gen. meden, unspotted maid.—Isidore in Schmeller.
honey; Fin, mesi also, honeyed beer; Main, mein, are then used for injury, im
Lith, medus, honey, middus, mead, wieszti, pure, unholy. Das der aid rain und
to Sweeten with honey, to brew mead. nicht main sey, that the oath should be
Mead. 2. Meadow. Properly land pure and not false. Maintaid, meinswe
affording hay; Du. maeyland, from macd ridi, perjury (E. mains wear, mansworn);
ent, ºttaeyen, Lat. metere, to mow. Bret. mein rat, evil counsel; mein spraža,
medi, to cut, to mow ; Bav, mad, the blasphemy; mein #t, maleficium. Lap.
mowing, hay-harvest, place where grass maine, bodily failing, sickness, fault ;
is mowed ; berg-mâd, mountain-mowing, stuora maine (stuora, great), the small
piece of steep mountain sward; amaa, pox ; ON. mein, sore, injury, crime; mein
Second mowing, aftermath. Zaus, innocent, without injury. W. man,
Meagre. Fr. maigre, Lat. macer, lean. a spot, mark, place; man geni, a mark
Meal. 1. Du. mael, meel, flour, from from birth, as a mole.
maelen, Goth. malan, G. malen, Boh. The transition to the idea of common,
m/yti, W. malu, Lat. mo/ere, to grind. expressed by AS. gemane, G. gemein, may
W. mál, what is ground or bruised; ya! be illustrated by the words addressed to
maledig, ground corn. Peter in his vision, ‘What God has
2. The food taken at one time; a cleansed that call not thou common.” So
meal's milk, what is taken from the cow in Mark vii. 15, Goth. gamainſan, Gr.
at a milking. Sc. mail, rent, tribute, an kowtºvstv, is rendered defile in the English
amount of money to be paid at a fixed version, while in the Latin it is rendered
time. The radical idea is seen in G. coinquinare, to stain, in the first part of
mah!, a stain, spot, mark, sign, hence a the verse, and communicare, to make
bound, limit, the time of a thing's hap common, in the second.
pening ; ein-ma/, once ; abermal, again, 2. Intermediate. Lat. medius, It. mezzo,
&c.; zum leſzten mahle, for the last mid, middle ; mezzano, a mediator, any
time; ON. mail, the time of doing any middle thing, between both, indifferent.
thing, and specially for taking food. Mál Prov. mejan, meian, middling. Alsgrams,
er at tala, there is a time for speaking. als meians, als memors, to the great, the
A/or gunmail, middagsmál, breakfast, din middling, and the small. Fr. moyen, in
ner time; d md/um, at meal times. At different, moderate, a mediator, a mean,
missa mail (of cattle), to miss a milking. course, way.—Cot. The means of doing
AS. mael, what is marked out, separate a thing is the course which has to be trod
part. . Tha tha's marles was meanc agon in order to accomplish it, the intermediate
gen, then of the time was the mark past. path between the agent and the object to
—Caedm. Maelum, in separate parts ; be accomplished. The mean time is the
biº-ma-lum, darl-malum, by separate bits time between the present and that when
or deals. Hence piece-meal, by separate the thing spoken of is to be done.
pieces. See Mole. Meander. Gr. Mauávěpoc, the name of
To Mean.—Mind. Goth. muman, to a winding river in Asia Minor.
think, intend, will ; muns, meaning, Measles. A disease in which the body
thought, intention; on, muna, to remem is much marked with red spots. Du.
ber; G. meinen, Du. meemen, to think, maese, spot, stain, mark ; maese/en, mae
believe, intend; Lat. meminisse, to re seren, maeseren, negº, measles.—
2 -
418 MEASURE MEET

Kil. Bav. masen, spot, mark; blatter cannot be derived from Lat. medius. ON.
masen, pock-marks; straich-masen, wheal, midla, to divide.
mark of a blow; wund-masen, scar. The To Meddle.— Mell. — Medley. It.
name of a spot might well be taken from mischiare, mescolare, Sp. dial. mezclar,
the act of dabbling in the wet, dawbing, mesclar, Fr. mesſer, medler, meiller(Chron.
dirtying. Pl.D. musselm, Swiss schmus des Ducs de Norm.), to meddle, mingle,
se/n, schman/selm, Du, bemeitzelen, to dab mell.
ble, dawb ; Pol. magad, mazgad, to dawb, Heraute Guert tant estrivérent
blot, soil, smear. Ke par parole se medlerent.—Rom de Rou.
Perhaps measly bacon, together with —they quarrelled.
OHG. mase/sucht, mise/sucht, leprosy, OFr. The same change of consonants is seen
mesel, a leper, are to be referred to a dif in Lat. masculus, OFr. mascle, madle,
ferent source. Valencian mesell is ap male, and in Fr. meslier, E. medlar-tree ;
plied to one who has an internal or con Prov. mesclada, Fr. melée, Mid. Lat. mel
tagious disorder, and especially to pigs Meia, medley, confusion, quarrel ; calida
which when slaughtered produce meas/y melleia, Fr. chaude mélée, corrupted to E.
meat. From the Arab. moseſ, consump chancemedley.
tive, pple past of the verb salla (to waste Medial. — Mediate. — Mediocre. —
away?), applied to animals as well as men.
Medium. Lat. medius, middle, medio
—Dozy. cris, middling, mediator, medialis.
Measure.—Dimension. -mense. Lat. Medical.—Medicine.—Remedy. Lat.
metior, mensus sum, to measure; whence medicus, a physician, from medeor, to heal,
mensura, Fr. mesure, E. measure, dimen cure, apply remedies. Hence remedium,
sio, a measuring between two points, di a cure or remedy. Gr. Hà8opiat, to coun
mension; immensus, unmeasured, im sel, advise.
mense. See Mete. Meditate. Lat. meditari, to study,
Meat. Goth. mats, food, matjan, to design.
take food, to eat; ON. mata, OHG. mag, Mediterranean. Lat. mediterraneus;
food, dish. Bohem. maso, Pol. mieso, medius, in the middle, and terra, land.
flesh, meat. The nasalised vowel of the Medlar. By Chaucer written medle
latter would seem to bring in Lat. mensa, tree. From Lat. mespilus came OFr.
table, as an equivalent form ; Walach. mesle (mesple), the fruit; meslier, the
masá, table, food, entertainment. tree, and from the latter, E. medlar. See
Meddle.
Mechanic. Gr. anxauxöc, from pinxavi), Meed. Gr. utobóc, Goth. mizdo, Boh.
a contrivance, machine. mzda, reward, recompence; G. mieihe,
Medal. It medaglia, Fr. medaille, in hire.
later times any ancient coin, but origin Meek. Goth. muks, on. myukr, Du.
ally it seems to signify a coin of half a muyck, soft, mild ; muyck oeſt, ripe fruit;
certain value. Obolus dicitur medalia, id muycken, N. mykja, to soften ; Boh. mok,
est medietas nummi–Willelmus Brito in liquid; mokry, wet ; mokwati, to be wet;
Duc. Medalia, en half pennynck.-Dief. Pol. moknað, manakać, to steep, or soak;
Supp. Usavansi all’ hora le medaglie in mieknað, to soak, to soften ; miekki, soft,
Firenze, che le due valevano un danaio tender. In other forms the AE of the root
picciolo.—Novelle Antiche in La Crusca. is softened to a palatal ch, Boh. moditi,
La buona femmina che non avea che due Pol. moczye, to steep, showing perhaps the
medaglie (two mites) le quali ella offerse root of Lat. macerare.
al tempio.—Ibid. Sometimes it is used Meet. Fit, suitable, according to mea
for half a livre, and indicates a coin of sure.
silver, or even of gold. Chie, chivago There's no room at my side Margret
tanto d'una cosa,—che cosa che valesse My coffin's made so meet.
—so exact.—Sweet William's Ghost.
una medaglia, comperasse una livra.-La
Crusca. Medaglie bianche d'argente.— AS. mete, ON. mitti, G. maass, Lap. muddo,
Ibid. Viginti quinque medalias auri measure ; AS. gemtet, ON. matulegr, Lap.
Carp. With the loss of the d it became muddak, fit, meet ; G. gemáss, conform
Prov. mea/ha, OFr. maaille, maille, the able. See Mete.
half of a penny in money or weight. To Meet.—To Moot. ON. maſt, d
Bret. mezeſ, mell. ‘Bonne est la maille maſti, against, opposite ; moſt-öyr, a con
qui sauve le denier.”—Cot. With so de trary wind ; marta, Goth. gamotjan, to
cided a signification of one half in value meet ; ON. midt, AS. mot, gemot, a meet
it is a bold assertion of Diez that the word ing, assembly. Hence E. moot-hall, a
 MEGRIM MEMORY 419

court hall, place of assembly; to moot a tal maynada (Rayn.); tel seigneur, tel
question, to discuss it as in an assembly. mesnie (Cot.): like master, like man.
As the ultimate meaning of opposite is Melancholy. Gr. us\ayxoxia, from
face to face, and to meet is to come face uéAac, black, and x0xh, bile.
to face, the origin may be indicated in Melasses. Sp. melaza, the dregs of
Lap. wuoto, countenance, face, a root honey, also treacle, or the drainings of
which will again be found doing import sugar; melote, conserve made with honey,
ant duty under Mode. In like manner molasses, or treacle.
Fin. mená, nose; mendita, to meet. Meliorate. Lat. melior, better.
Megrim. A pain in the head, sup Mellow. Thoroughly ripe, and hence
posed to arise from the biting of a worm. freed from all harshness or asperity, grati
Amigraneus, vermis capitis, Angl. the fying to the senses of taste, sight, or hear
mygryne, or the head worm.—Ortus in ing. G. (Westerwald) méll, soft, ripe;
Pr. Pm. Hence, as caprices were also (Fallersleben) mélich, mellow, on the
supposed to arise from the biting of a point of rotting.—D. M. V. The radical
maggot, the name of megrim was also meaning is a degree of ripeness approach
given to any capricious fancy. ing to dissolution. Mellow, or almost
The origin of the word is Gr. ºuxpavia, rotten ripe.—Fl. in v. Mezzo. Du. molen,
pain affecting one half of the head ; kpa meluwen, to decay—Kil.; molauuenten,
viov, skull. tabescentibus (membris)—Schmeller. To
Meiny.—Menial. Fr. mesnie, a meyny, decay is to fall away to bits. Bav. me/w,
family, household, company, or servants. melo, melē, meal, powder; milben, mil
—Cot. It masnada, a troop of soldiers, wen, to reduce to powder; gemilbet sa/2,
a company, a family.—Altieri. powdered salt; Goth. malwyan, on.
The word is very variously written in mölva, to break small. With the final &
OFr. maisgnée, maignée, maisgnie, mais or w exchanged for m, G. malm, dust,
nie, mainie, mesnie, menie, &c. It is de powder; Du. molm, dust of wood or turf;
rived by Diez from Lat. mansio, It. magi molmen, to moulder away, to decay;
one, Fr. maison, as if through a form ma E. dial. maum (for malm), soft, mellow,
gionata, Fr. maisonmee, in the sense of a soft, friable stone; Manx m/io/m, to
houseful or household. And this deriva moulder, make friable; m/tollim, m/ho/-
tion would seem corroborated by forms mey, friable, ready to fall to pieces, (of
like Prov. maizonier, OFr. masonier, fruit) mellow ; Pl. D. mill, anything re
masnier, mesnier, the tenant of a hired duced to powder; mill/g, powdery (of
house ; mesmage, menage, housekeeping, earth), mellow. Dat land is to millig,
household. too loose.—Danneil. Du. mollig, soft,
On the other hand Lat. minus matus mellow in taste; G. mo/sch, Fr. more,
(for minor natu) gives rise to OFr. mains molle, mellow, over-ripe; w. mallu, to
né, maisné, younger child, Piedm. masná, rot.
Lang. méina, a boy, child. For the loss Melody. Gr. usAwóia, from ºff, song,
of the m in minus compare Ptg. menoscaffo, and ué\oç, sweet sound, music ; the latter
mascaffo, diminution, Sp. menospreciar, doubtless from usAi, honey. Gael. milis,
Fr. méspriser, to depreciate. From the Sweet, musical ; mil, honey.
forms masná, méina, we are led to
Cat. masnada, maintada, Lang. maānada, liquidTo Melt. Gr. 11;\8w, to melt, make
Prov, maintada, family, properly assem smelta,; Du.ON. melta, to digest, make rotten;
blage of children, then household serv wen, molen,smelten, to melt ; Du. melu
AS. molsnian, to rot. The
ants. ‘ Oquelo fenno o bien souen de ideas of melting and rotting coincide in
so méinado.’ that woman takes good the fact that the object falls insensibly
care of her children. “Oquel home o de away from a solid state. See Mellow.
bravo méinado.” that man has pretty Member. Lat. membrum.
children.—Beronie. “Céo suntles mesme's
Noe solun les poeples et lour nacions.— Membrane. Lat. membrana, the thin
Hae familiae Noe juxta populos et nationes skin of anything, parchment.
suas:’ these are the generations of Noah. Memory. — Memoir. — Remember.
From the children of a family to the de Lat. memini, meminisse, to remember;
pendants and servants is an easy step in memor (for mnemor), mindful, remember
signification. “Avint issi que Absalon ing. Gr. uwéopal, to think on, of which
encuntrad la maignie David :' accidit the perfect uépivnual is used like memini
autem ut occurreret Absalom servis in the sense of I remember ; pivfluwy (cor
David.-Livre des Rois. Tal senhor, responding to mº), mindful. From
27
42O MENACE MESS

the same source with mens, mentis, and was maar kindersfel, the fight was but
E. mind. child's play, or was mere child's play.
Menace. Fr. menace, It. minaccia, Daar is madr 200 ziel, there is but so
Lat. mind", minacia, threats. much, merely so much.
To Mend. Lat. emendare, to take 3. Du. meere, ON. marri, a boundary ;
away a fault, menda. Milanese menda, Fin. maari, Lap. mere, a definite point,
It. rimendare, to mend or darn clothes. mark, bound ; meritet, Fin. midratd, to
Mendacious. Lat. mendar, mendacis, define, appoint, determine; madrā-pdi wal,
false, lying; mentior, -iri, to lie. appointed day; Lith. mara, measure,
Mendicant. Lat. mendicans. right measure, moderation; meris, the
Menial. Belonging to the meiny. mark at which one aims.
OFr. maisnier, one of the mesmeſe, meiny, Meretricious. Lat. meretrix, a harlot,
or household.—Carp. See Meiny. one who prostitutes her body for gain ;
Menild or Meanelled. Memmeld, mereo, to earn.
speckled, as a horse or thrush ; meanels, Merge. -merse. -mersion. Lat.
small black or red spots in a horse of a mergo, mersum, to dip in, plunge over
lightish colour. W. man, a spot ; menyn, head. As in Emerge, Immerse, Submer
a small spot.—Jones. See Mean, I., Slon.
Maim. Meridian. Lat. meridianus, meridies
-mense.—Mensuration. See Mea (medius dies), mid-day.
sure. Merit. Lat. mereo, meritum, to de
Menstruum. A chemical solvent. serve.

Lat. menstruus, of or belonging to a Mermaid. ON. mar. is often used in

month ; from the notion that chemical composition in the sense of sea. Mar
solvents could only be duly prepared in menmill, a sea-dwarf; marºſlatr, level as
dependence on the changes of the moon. the surface of the sea; marºflá, sea-flea,
Mental. Lat. mens, mentis, the mind. &c. G. meer, W. mor, the sea.
See To Mean. Merry. — Mirth. Lap. murre, de
Mention. Lat. mentio, connected with light; murres, pleasant; murritet, to
mens, the mind. take pleasure in ; Gael. mir, to sport,
Mephitic. Lat. mephitis, an ill, sul play; mire, mireadh, playing, mirth; Sc.
phureous smell emitted by putrid water or merry-begotten, a bastard, a child begot
the like. ten in sport or play.
Mercenary. Lat. mercenarius, hired, Mesentery. Gr. usoevréptov ; uéooc,
retained for pay; merces, pay, money middle, in the middle, and Évrepov, an in
made by service. testine.
Mercer. Fr. mercier, a tradesman Mesh. The knot of a net. Lith.
that retails all manner of small ware; mazgas, a knot, bunch, bundle, bud of a
mercerie, small ware.—Cot. Lat. merces, tree; megsti, to knit, make knots, weave
Wares. nets; magatas, netting needle; G. masche,
Merchant.—Mercantile. OFr. mar a noose, a mesh ; AS. maesce, a mesh,
chant, It. mercatante, mercante, a traf mar, net; ON. mésévi, Dan. maske, a
ficker; mercatare, to cheapen in the mar mesh ; Du. masche, a blot, stain, mesh.
ket, to buy and sell ; mercato, market; It is observable that Lat. macula is also
mercare, Lat. mercari, to bargain, to buy. used in the same two senses.
Mercy. Fr. merci, a benefit or favour, Mess. I. A service for the meal of
pardon, forgiveness, thanks for a benefit; one or of several. A mess of pottage, a
It. mercede, mercé, reward, munificence, dish of pottage. Fr. mtés, mets, a service
mercy, pity, thanks. Lat. merces, merce of meat, a course of dishes at table.—Cot.
dis, earnings, desert, reward. A similar It messa, messo, a mess of meat, a course
train of thought is seen in Du. mild, libe or service of so many dishes; among
ral, munificent, mild, gentle.—Kil. merchants the stock or principal put into
Mere. 1. Fr. mare, Du. maer, mer, a a venture. From Lat. missus, sent, in
pool, fish-pond, standing water. See the sense of served up, dished, as it was
Marsh. sometimes translated in E. “Caius Fa
2. Lat. merus, It. mero, unmixed, plain, britius was found by the Samnite Embas
of itself. It may be doubted whether the sadors that came unto him eating of rad
E. use of the word may not have been in dish rosted in the ashes, which was all
fluenced by the Du. maar, but, only, no the dished he had to his supper.”—Prim
more than. 'T is maar spot, it is but audaye Fr. Academie, translated by T.
sport, or it is a mere joke. Dat geveg/ B. C. (1589), p. 195. It is a curious
 MESSAGE MEW 42 I

coincidence that OHG. mag (Goth. mats, mediately after his physics, or treatises
Bav. mass), meat, food was used in the on natural philosophy.’—Gillies.
same way, “Do der Cheizer an dem tische To Mete. Goth. mitan, G. messen,
saz, und man vor in truoc daz erste maz,' Lat. metiri, Lith. matoti, to measure;
brought in before him the first course.— mestas, Gr. uérpov, a measure.
Schm. Mete.—Mett. A boundary mark, OFr.
2. Properly mesh, a mixture disagree mette. “Comme la ville de Muande soit
able to the sight or taste, hence untidy située près des fins et mettes de notre
ness, disorder. ‘Mescolanza, a mesh, royaume.”—Chron. A.D. 1389, in Carp. v.
mingling, mish-mash of things confusedly Danger. Lat. meta, a boundary stone,
and without order put together; mesco/are, especially that marking the extremity of
mescere, mesciare, to mesh, mix, mingle.’ a race; Serv. metya, a bound ; metyiti,
—Fl. See Mash. to abut upon ; Russ. meja (Fr. /), Bohem.
Message. — Messenger. From Lat. meg, boundary; meznik, boundary stone;
missus, sent, arose Prov., OFr. mes, a mezowati, to abut on.
messenger, Mid. Lat. missaticum, OFr. Meteor. Gr. Heršwpoc, lofty, on high ;
message, a message. ‘Missaticum per Heršwpa, things seen or happening in the
patrias deportare non nobis videtur— region of the stars.
idoneus.’ — Epist. Leon. III. in Duc. Method. Gr. 1:008oc, a way, mode of
‘Daemones nostra missatica deferentes.” speech or action ; usrā, and Ödöc, a way.
Willelmus Brito. ibid. The insertion of Metre. -metry. Gr. uérpov, a measure,
the n in messenger is analogous to that a measured line, a verse, metre ; sic
in scavenger from scavage, porringer Hérpa ri0éval, to put into verse.
from porridge, harbinger from harb'rage. From the same root with Lat. metior,
Messuage. A dwelling-house with to mete or measure.
some land adjoining.—B. OFr. mesuage, Metropolis. Gr. unrpároMic; uhrmp,
messuage. Manoirs, masures logées aux mother, and tróAtç, city.
champs que la coustume appeloit ancien Mettle. Vigour, life, sprightliness.-
nement Mesuage.—Consuetudo Norm. in B. A metaphor taken from the metal of
Duc. a blade, upon the temper of which the
From Lat. manere, to dwell, were de power of the weapon depends.
rived a variety of forms signifying resid To Mew. Fr. miauler, G. miauen,
ence ; Fr. manoir, a manor; Mid. Lat. mauen, It. miagolare, Magy, midkolni, to
mansura, Fr. masure, a poor house ; cry as a cat.
mansio, Fr. maison, a house; mansus, Mew. I. A gull, or sea swallow ; Du.
mansa, Prov. mas, OFr. mes, mase, a meeuw, G. move, mewe, Dan, maage, ON,
small farm, house and land sufficient for maſſr, mair, N. maase, Fr. mauce, mouette.
a pair of oxen. From mansus came man Mew. 2. It muta, muda, any change
sualis (terra mansualis, the land belong or shift, the moulting or change of
ing to a mansus), mansuagium, masua feathers, horns, skin, coat, colour, or
gium, and masagium, a dwelling-house, place of any creature, as of hawks, deer,
small farm, or the buildings upon it. snakes, also a hawk's mew.—Fl. Fr.
Masucagium, masata, and other modifi muer, to change, shift, to mue, to cast
cations, were used in the same sense. the head, coat, or skin; mue, a change,
Metal. — Metallurgy. Gr. ºrax\ov, any casting of the coat or skin, as the
Fierax\ovoyéw (#pyáw, $pydłopa, to work, mewing of a hawk; also a hawk's mue,
labour at). and a mue or coop wherein fowl is fat
Metamorphose. Gr. usrauðppwatc.; tened.—Cot. The mew of a hawk (Mid.
Puerá, implying change, and Hopp.), form, Lat. mutatorium, muta), a place to con
figure. fine a hawk in while moulting, and thence
Metaphor. Gr. Merapopá, a transfer to mew, to confine, to keep close, “Domus
ring to one word the sense of another; autem mutaº apta et ampla sibi quaeratur
": to carry over, transfer. et de mutd. Quando perfectus est, trahatur.’
etaphysics. Gr. usrá ra puoirá, —Albertus Magn. in Duc. MHG. muzen,
after physics. ‘From this part of Aris to moult, muzkorp, a coop for a hawk
totle's logic there is an easy transition to when moulting. See Moult.
what has been called his metaphysics, In London the royal stables were called
a name unknown to the author himself, the King's Mews doubtless from having
and given to his most abstract philoso been the place where the hawks were
phic works by his editors, from an opinion kept, and from this accident the name of
that those books ought to be studied im mews has been appropriated in London
422 MIASMA MILK

to any range of buildings occupied as ner. Swab. muff, with wry mouth; Swiss
stables. miſſen, to wrinkle the nose, to deride;
Miasma. Gr. utaºua, something foul Castrais miffa, to sniff. Snuffing the air
and polluting, from Huaiva, to be foul, in through the nose is a sign of anger and
fect. ill-temper. G. schnufſen, schnuppen, to
Mica. A mineral found in glittering be offended with a thing, to take it ill, to
scales. Lat. mico, to glitter. snuff at it.
To Mich. To miche in a corner, de Might. See May.
liteo—Gouldm. ; mychyn, or pryvely Migrate. Lat. migrare, to remove
stelyn smale thyngis.-Pr. Prm. From from one place to another to dwell in it.
the same origin with smouch, to keep a Milch.-Milk. To milch was used as
thing secret, to steal privily. Swiss mau the verb, milk, the substantive. Smogi
chen, schmauchen, to do in secret, conceal, ufo, sucked or milched dry.—Fl. A
make away with. Fr. musser, Rouchi miſch-cow is a cow kept for miſching. A
mucher, to hide, to skulk. It. mucciare, like distinction is found in the use of work
-ire, to slink away privily ; smucciare, and worche. “Alle goode werkys to
-ire, to slip or slide. Grisons miitschar, wirche.'—St. Graal, c. 31, l. 284. Con
mitschar, to slip away. versely, G. milch, milk; melken, to milch.
Micro-. Gr. uirpèc, small, minute, as The primary sense of the word seems
in Microcosm (cóapioc, the world), Micro to be to stroke, thence the act of milking,
scope, &c. and the substance so procured. Gr.
Midden.—Middil. Midding, a dung apéAyw, to milk, to Squeeze out ; Lith.
hill.—B. A myddynge, sterQuilinium ; milău, milästi, to stroke, soften by strok
myday/, or dongyl, forica. — Pr. Pm. ing, to milk a cow, gain a person by blan
Dan. mägdywge, modding, Sw, dial. mod dishments, tame down an animal. Ap
ding, midding, N. moºdunge, motting, maláyti, to soothe, to tame; miläikkas, a
metting, a dunghill, from Sw. maā, Dan. milker; meléama, a milch cow. Lat.
mög, muck, and dynge, heap. mulcere, to stroke, to soothe. “Audaci
Middle.—Mid. Goth. midja, Gr. ui mulcet palearia dextrá.’—Ovid. Muſgere,
ooc, Sanscr. madhya, Lat. medius, OHG. to milk. Bohem. mleko, milk.
mitti, mitter, ON. midr, G. mittel, middle ; Mild. G. mild, soft, gentle; ON. mildr,
ON. midill, means; midla, to divide. lenient, gracious, munificent ; milda, to
Midge. G. milcke, a small fly. Pro soothe, appease ; AS. mild, merciful,
bably from mucken, to hum, murmur, as kind ; mildse, miltse, mercy, pity; Goth.
Fin. mytiainen, a midge, from mutina, tummilds, without natural affection; mild
mytind, murmuring, whispering. See itha, pity; Lith. mylèti, to love ; mylus,
Gnat. Pol. mucha, dim. muszka, Bohem. friendly, mild, gentle ; meile, love; meil
maucha, a fly. Du. mosie, meusie, a gnat. iti, to be inclined to, to have appetite for ;
—Kil. Lat. musca, Fr. mouche, a fly. meilinti, to caress; susimilsti, to have
Midriff. The diaphragm, or mem pity on ; Bohem. milowati, to love ; mi
brane dividing the heart and lungs from Most, love, grace, favour, clemency; Pol.
the lower bowels. AS. hriſ, entrails; mily, lovely, amiable; milosierdzie, com
uſerre and nitherre hriſe, the upper and passion, mercy, pity. Serv. milye, deli
lower belly. Du. midde/riſt, diaphrag ciae, darling.
ma, septum transversum.—Kil. Pl.D. Perhaps the fundamental image may
riſ, rift, a carcase, skeleton. OHG. hreve, be the sweetness of honey. Gael. milis,
reve, belly; ſon reva sinero muoter, from sweet, millse, sweetness.
his mother's womb.-Tatian. Mildew. G. mehlthau, OHG. militou,
Mien. Fr. maine, countenance, look, mildew, rust on corn. AS. meledeaw, It.
gesture; Bret. min, beak of a bird, snout melume, meligine, Mod. Gr. dépoušAt,
of a beast, point of land, promontory; W. honeydew. Goth. milith, honey. It is
min, the lip or mouth, margin, brink; probably owing to the whitish appearance
min-vin, lip to lip, kissing; min-coca, to of some kinds of mildew, as if meal had
pop with the lips. In the same way AS. been scattered over the leaf, that the
neb, the beak of a bird, is used to signify name of so different a phenomenon as
the face, and Lat. rostrum, a beak, be honeydew has been transferred to it.
comes Sp. rostro, face. Mile. Fr. mille, Lat. millia passuum,
Miff. Ill-humour, displeasure, but a thousand paces or double steps.
usually in a slight degree. G. muffen, of Militant.—Military. Lat. miles, -itis,
dogs, to growl, to bark, thence to look a soldier.
surly or gruff, to mop and mow.—Kütt Milk. See Milch.
 MILL MINISTER 423

Mill-. Lat. mille, a thousand ; in very small. From Lat. minutus, small,
Millennium, a space of a thousand years ; although Diez would derive Fr. mince
Millepede, an insect with a thousand feet, from OHG. minnisto, G. mindesto, least.
&c. But a derivation from the superlative
Mill. As, mylen, w. melyn, Du. molen, seems very improbable. It seems more
Bohem. mlyn, G. mithle, Gr. ui/An, Lat. likely that mince is from the verb mincer,
mola, molendinum, Lith. malunas, a mill. and that that is the equivalent of It. min
Lith. malti, Lat. molere, G. mahlen, Goth. /11/22/1/e.

malan, Russ. moloty, Boh. militi, W. malu, Gael. m?n, soft, tender, smooth, small,
to grind ; mail, what is ground, a grind pulverized ; m?nich, make small, pulver
1ng. ize ; W. main, small, slender, fine.
Milliner. Supposed to be originally Mind. Lat. mens, mentis, the faculty
a dealer in Milan wares, but no positive of memory and thought ; meminisse, ON.
evidence has been produced in favour of minna?, to remember ; minna, to put in
the derivation. mind ; G. meinen, to think ; mahnen, Lat.
Milt. The spleen, also the soft roe in monere, to put in mind; Gr. uwhum,
fishes. It. milza, ON. milti, the spleen. memory; Gael. meinn, mind, disposition.
There can be little doubt that the name Mine.—Mineral. Gael. meinn, w.
is derived from milk, and is given for a mwn, mwyn, ore, a mine, vein of metal,
similar reason in both applications. The maen, a stone; It mina, Fr. mine, mi
same change of the final & to t is seen in nière, a mine; It minare, Fr. miner,
ON. myaltir, N. myelte, a milking ; and a to dig under-ground ; Bret. mengleus,
name slightly altered from that which quarry, mine. Mineral, what is brought
signifies milk is given in many languages out of mines, or obtained by mining.
to the soft roe of fishes, and to other parts To Mingle. G. mengen, Du. mengen,
of the bodily frame of a soft, nonfibrous meugelen, Gr. utyvöstv, to mix.
texture. Pol. mleko, milk; melcz, milt Miniature. Mid. Lat. miniare, to
of fish, spinal marrow ; melczko, sweet write with minium or red lead ; minia
bread, pancreas of calf: Bret, leag, milk, tura, a painting, such as those used to
Jegen, milt. Du. melcker, miſte, Fr. laite, ornament manuscripts.
Lat. lactes, are used in the same sense,
while in G. and Sw. the name is simply Minion. Fr. mignon, a darling, a fa
fish-milk. vourite, dainty, elegant, pleasing ; daim
Mimic. Lat. mimus, Gr. Hipoc, a far mignon, a tame deer ; mignot, a wanton,
cical entertainment, or the actor in it, favourite, darling. From OHG. minni,
hence an imitator; upº, an ape. It is minnia, love ; minnon, Du. minnen, to
not unlikely that the mimes were origin love; minnen-dranck, a love potion ;
ally identical with our mummers, maskers minnaer, a lover; Bret. mińon, friend ;
who go about performing a rude enter mińomach, friendship ; miſſioniach, love.
tainment, and take their name from the The G. minnen very early took a bad
representation of a bugbear by masking sense, insomuch that a printer at Augs
the face. Basque mama, to mask one burg in the year 1512, printing a work of
self in a hideous manner; Pol. mamić, Father Amandi, explains that on account
Boh. mamiti, to dazzle, delude, beguile; of the unseemly senses in which the word
Fris. mommeschein, deceitful appearance. mynn had come to be used, he had
Epkema. NFris. maam, a mask.-D. throughout substituted for it the word
M. See Mummer. /ieb.-Schmid. Schwäb. Wtb.
-min-. Eminent.—Prominent. Lat. The origin may perhaps be found in
emineo, to stand out beyond the rest; ON. minmast, Sw, munna, minna, Nassau
promineo, to project, stand out. Unsatis mundsen, to kiss (Rietz), from ON. mummr,
factorily explained from maneo, to remain. the mouth, as Lat. osculum, from os.
The root seems preserved in Bret, min, To Minish. Fr. menuiser, to make
snout, nose, beak, mouth, point of land, small ; mente, Gael. meanbh, Lat. mintu
promontory; w. min, lip or mouth, mar tus, small ; AS. minstan, to grow small ;
gin, edge; miniog, sharp-pointed, edged. Sw, minska, to lessen, abate, make small;
To Mince. r. mincer, to cut into Lat. minor, Goth. minnigo, less; W. main,
small pieces; mince, thin, slender, small; main, small, fine, thin ; Gael. m?n, soft,
It minuzzare, Fr. menuiser, to crumble, smooth, gentle, pulverized, small.
break or cut small ; It. minuzzame, mi Minister. One who serves, one in in
muzzoli, minutelli, shreds, mincings ; ferior place, from minus, less, as opposed
minuti, pottage made of herbs minced to magister, the person in superior place,
424 MIN NOW MISCHIEF

from magis, more. — R. Martineau in Mire. ON. myri, marsh, boggy ground;
Athenaeum, No. 1417. Du. modder, moeyer, moer, mire, mud;
Minnow. Provincially mengy, men mocr; bog, peat ; moeren, to trouble, make
mows, mennam, a small kind of fish. The thick and muddy. See Moor.
form minnow is identical with Gael. * Mirk.-Murky. ON. myrkr, dark
meanbh, little, small. Meanóh-öhith, ness; myrka, to darken, grow dark; Boh.
animalcule; miniasg, small fish, minnow. mrak, darkness, twilight ; mradek, a little
Memnous or mennys is Fr. menuise, fry of cloud ; muracmy, cloudy; Lap. murko,
fish, small fish of divers sorts.-Cot. mist, fog. Illyr. merk, dark; merkaufi,
Menusa, a menys.—Nominale in Hal. to grow dark. Lith. merkti, to wink;
Memmam is from Fr. minime, least, ap wämerkti, to shut the eyes. To wink at a
plied to the smallest in several kinds, as thing is to shut the eyes to it, to make it
a minim in music, a minim or drop in dark. Boh. mirkati, to wink; and, im
medicine. personally, it becomes dark; mrčáse, it
Minor. Lat. minor, less. becomes dark, vesperascit, noctescit. A
Minster. Lat. monasterium, AS. myn like relation may be observed between
stre, OFr. monstier, a monastery, then Walach. wurgu, gray; murgesce, it be
the church attached to it, large cathedral comes dark, advesperascit, and Pol.
church. mrigad, to wink.
Minstrel. Lat. ministerium, Fr. min Mirror. Fr. miroir, from mirer, to
istère, mestier, occupation, art. OFr. contem late, admire, Lat. mirari.
memestrel, a workman. “Yram enveiad IMſirt, See Merry.
al rei Salomon un memestre/merveillus kiMis. A particle in composition im
bien sout uvrer de or et de argent—e de plyingseparation, divergence, error.
quanque westiers en fud.” – Livre des Goth. missaleiks, sundry, various; mis
Rois. Confined in process of time to sadédins, misdeeds, sins; missataujands,
those who ministered to the amusement a misdoer. ON. mis, d mis, amiss, other
of the rich by music or jesting, just as in wise than as it ought to be, unequally;
modern times the name of art is special gera mis, hoggva mis; misborinn, mis
ly applied to music, sculpture, painting, radinn, &c., mishafr, misdiupr, unequally
occupations adapted to gratify the fancy, high or deep; misleggia, to lay unequally.
not the serious necessities of life. Thessi vetr misleggst, this winter is un
Li cuens manda les menestrels, steady in temperature. Missal, lucky
Et si a fet crier entrels. and unlucky by fits ; misgå, to make an
Quila meillor trufe (jest) sauroit oversight ; misgaungr, a wrong road ;
Dire nefere, qu'il auroit missa, to lose ; N. i myssen, amiss, wrong;
Sa robe d'escarlate neuve.—Roquef. misſara, to go astray. See Miss. W.
Faire mestier, to divert, amuse. methu, to fail, to miss ; methenw, a mis
With ladies, knights, and squiers, nonner.
And a great host of ministers, It is remarkable that mes or mis, from
With instruments and sounes diverse.
Chaucer's Dream. minus, less, is used in composition in the
Romance languages exactly in the same
Mint. The place where money is way as mis in the Gothic. Sp. menoscaffo,
struck ; Du. munte, G. minze, Lat. Fr. mescheſ, mischief; Sp. menospreciar,
moneta, money, the stamp with which, or Fr. mespräser, me?riser, to put slight
the place where, it was struck. Du. mun value on, to misprise, to make light of ;
tem, to mint, or strike money. mesprendre, to mistake ; wiesalliance,
Minute. — Minutiae. Lat. minutus, unequal alliance; It. misſare, to misdo ;
little, small, from minuo, minutum, to misleale, disloyal, &c. But probably the
make less. A minute is a small division use of the particle in the Romance dialects
of an hour, and a second (minuta secunda) may really have been derived from the
is a sixtieth of a minute, as that of an influence of the Gothic mis. The Gael.
hour, or a second sixtieth of an hour. uses mi in the same way; as from adh,
Minutes. The rough draft of a pro prosperity (AS. eadig, blessed), middh,
ceeding written down at once in minute misfortune.
or small handwriting, to be afterwards Misanthroper—Mis-. Gr. ºuráv0pw
engrossed or copied out fair in large troc; puckw, I hate, and div6pwrog, a man.
writing. See Engross. Miscellaneous. Lat. misceo, to mingle.
Minx. A proud girl.-B. Mischief. Sp. menoscabo, Ptg. menos
Miracle.—Admire. Lat, miror, aris, cabo, Cat. menyscap, Prov. mescap, detri
to wonder. ment, loss; Fr. meschief, mescheſ, misfor
 º

MISCREANT MITE 425

tune, from caffo, cheſ, head, end, and -miss. -mit.—Mission. Lat. mitto,
minus, less ; what turns out ill. missum, to send, cast, throw, whence
Miscreant. Fr. mescréant, misbeliev Commit, Emit, Remit, Remi’ss, &c.
ing ; mescroire (minus credere), to believe Mist.—Misle.—Mizzle. ON. mistr, G.
amiss. mist, Du. miest, thickness of the air,
-mise. — Demise. — Promise. Lat. mist ; missen, mies/en, mieselen, nebulam
mittere, missum, to send, becomes Fr. exhalare, rorare tenuem pluviam ; miese
mettre, to put, lay, set, whence demettre, Zinge, nebula. —Kil. AS. mistian, mis
to put out of, let go, lay down ; demis, trian, to grow dim. His eagan ne mis
let go, given over, and thence E. demise, redom, his eyes were not dimmed.—
the laying down of the crown on the death Deut. 34. 7. The fundamental idea
of the king; a demise of lands, a making is probably the effect of the mist in
over to another person. So from pro obscuring the view, expressed by the
mettre, promis, is E. promise. figure of muddling water, and the word
Miser. — Miserable. — Misery. Lat. appears closely related to E. muzzy, in
miser, wretched, in sad plight, pitiful, distinct in outline, confused with drink.
miserably covetous. Pl.D. musseln (sudeln), to work in wet
Misletoe. ON. misteſteinn, AS. mistel and dirt; bemusselm, to bedaub (Schütze);
tan, miste/ta, Du. G. misſel. The latter musseln (muuschen–Schütze), to drizzle,
part of our word is ON. teinn, a prong or mizzle ; musslig wader, drizzly weather,
tine of metal, N. tein, a small stick, shoot Danneil. When the seaman speaks of
of a tree. See Toe. dirty weather he is not thinking of the
Misnomer. A misnaming. Fr. nom dirt under foot, but of the thickness of
mer, to name. the air and dirtiness of the view. So
Misprision. Fr. mesprison, error, from ON. mor, clay, peat, moſa, to dawb
offence, a thing done or taken amiss, with mud; nu méar i ſjallit, the hills
from mes/rendre, to mistake, transgress, are obscured by mist or snow. Pl.D.
offend.—Cot. smudden, smuddle/m, smullen, smudderm,
Miss. A contraction from mistress, properly to dabble in the wet, to dawb,
or mistris, as it was formerly written, not smear, dirty; dat weder smullet, idt
however by curtailing the word of its last smuddert, it drizzles, it is moist, dirty
syllable, but more likely by a contracted weather ; smudderregn, smuttregn, G.
way of writing M* or Mis. for Mistriss. schmutzregen (schmutz, dirt) mizzling
Jan. 2. Mr Cornelius Bee bookseller in Little rain. Gael. smod, dirt, filth, dust, driz
Britain died Novr. xi. His two eldest daughters zling rain, moist haziness.
Mis Norwood and Mis Fletcher, widows, execu Fin. muta, Esth. mutta, mud, soil, Fin.
trixes.—Obituary of R. Smith, 1674. Cam. Soc. musta, Esth. must, black, seem to be
related forms. “Der wolken dunst und
To Mis. Davis on her excellent dancing.
Dear Mis. delight of all the nobler sort,
schwarze mist.”—Opitz.
Pride of the stage and darling of the court. Mistress. Fr. maistresse, maitresse,
Flecknoe. A.D. 1669, in N. and Q. 1851. fem. of maitre, master.
* Mite. A minute portion of a thing,
So Lang. Mas. for Mademoiselle. anything very small.
To Miss. To deviate or err from.—B. The ants thrust in their stings and instil into
ON. missa, to lose ; Du. missen, to fail, to them a small mite of their stinging liquor.—Ray.
miss. Dan. miste, to miss, to lose. Craven smile, a small quantity. Sw.
The original meaning may perhaps be dial. smit, Gael. smiot, a particle. It is
preserved in Dan. misse, to wink or blink; probable that mite is a modification of
missende öinen, blinking eyes; at misse mote, expressing diminution by the thin
med Öinen, to blink. Then (by a train of ning of the vowel. An intermediate form
thought similar to that which leads us to is seen in Cleveland moit, a small particle.
speak of blinking a question, for slipping 'The meat was eaten up, every moit.’ ‘There
on one side, failing to meet it directly) to was nowther head nor hair on't, moit or doit,'
miss, to fail to hit, to go astray. Blench every fragment had disappeared.—Whitby Gl.
(from blink), a start, a deviation.—Nares. It is most probable that mite in the
Compare Dan, glippe, to wink, to slip, to sense of the smallest possible coin is
miss, to fail. Myssyn, as eyen for dym merely a special application of the gen
ness, caligo.—Pr. Pm. eral sense of something very small, in the
Missal. Mid. Lat. missale, a book same way that doit was also used for a
containing the service of the (Lat. missa) small coin. Du. miſſe, minutia, minutum,
ImaSS. oboli vilissimi genus, vulgo mita.-Kil.
426 MITICATE MOB

Fr. mate, the smallest of coins.—Cot. The equally divided, so that a small part at
derivation from minute is unlikely, al the lower end is before the mast. The
though Wicliff speaks of the poor widow poop or mizzen sail in a ship was formerly
casting in “two mynuti's, that is, a far a sail of this description, but afterwards
thing.’ the part of the sail before the mast was
Another application is to the mites in cut off for convenience of management,
cheese or the like, the smallest of insects, and it was converted into a fore and aft
hardly individually distinguishable. OHG. sail.-Röding, Marine Dict. The signi
míza, Du. mijte, mijdte, Sp. mita, Fr. fication of mezzana is mean, what lies
mite, miton, acarus. See Mote. between both ; perhaps as lying along
Mitigate. Lat. mitigare, from mitis, the middle of the ship, in opposition to a
meek, gentle, mild. square sail, which lies across it.
Mitre. Gr. uirpa, a girdle, a fillet To Mizzle. See Mist.
round the head, Shaplet, the turban of To Moan. AS. maenan, OE. to mean,
the Asiatics. mene, Swab. maunen, to speak with the
* Mitten. Fr. mitaine, miton, a winter mouth nearly shut ; maunzen, to speak in
glove ; Gael. mutan, a muff, thick glove, a whining tone.
cover for a gun ; miotag, mutag, a mitten Moat. Fr. mothe, a little earthen for
or worsted glove. The name seems to tress, or strong house built on a hill ;
have come from Lap. mudda, N. mudd, motte, a clod, lump of earth ; also a little
modd, Sw, lap.mudd, a cloak of reindeer hill, a fit seat for a fort or strong house,
skin; Fin. muti, a garment of reindeer also such a fort.—Cot. Mote, a dyke,
skin, a hairy shoe or glove ; Sw, mudd, a embankment, causey.—Roquef. ‘Le
furred glove. It may be however that motte de mon manoir de Caieux et les
the notion of a furred glove is expressed fossez entour.” — Chart. A.D. 1329, in
by the type of catskin. Fr. miton, a cat; Carp. “Sans raparelier motte ne fos
mitouſlé, furred like a cat or with cat Sez.’—Chart. A.D. 1292, ibid. It mota,
skins ; wrapped about with furs or cat a moat about a house.—Fl. As in
furred garments.--Cot. Bav. mudel, ditch and dike the same name is given
mautz, muta, the cat, then catskin, fur in to a bank of earth and the hollow
general. out of which it is dug, so it seems that
To Mix. G. mischen, Bohem. misyfi, moat signified first the mound of earth
Lat. miscere, Gr. Hiaweiv, Puyview, to mix ; on which a fort was raised, and then the
Pol. miesgad, to agitate, stir, mix, con surrounding ditch from whence the earth
fuse ; Lith. maiszyti, to mix, to stir, to had been taken. Mid. Lat. mota, a hill
work dough, knead, to make a disturb or mound on which a fort was built, or
ance; maiszytis, to be confused, to mix the fort itself. “AMotam altissimam sive
oneself in a matter; maisztas, confusion, dunjonem eminentem in munitionis sig
uproar; Gael. masg, infuse, steep, com num firmavit, et in aggerem coacervavit.’
pound, mix ; meas.g., mix, mingle ; W. —Lambertus Ardensis in Duc. “Mos
mysgu, to mix; mysgi, confusion, tumult. est ditioribus quibusque hujus regionis—
Mixen. A dung-heap ; AS. meoa, eo quod maxime inimicitiis vacare soleant
dung, filth ; Du. mest, mist, mesch, dung, exercendis—terrae aggerem quantae prae
litter, manure ; Goth. maihstus, G. mist, valent celsitudinis congerere, eique fossam
dung ; OHG. mistunnea, mistina, E. dial. quam late patentem — circumfodere, et
misken, a dung-heap. Let. mééu, mēst, supremam aggeris crepidinem, vallo ex
to sweep, to cleanse, and specially (aus lignis tabulatis—vice muri circummunire,
misten) to carry out dung, més/s, sweep turribusque—per gyrum depositis—do
ings ; Lith. méu, mēsati, to carry dung ; mum, vel quae omnia despiciat arcem in
měžinys, meszłynas, a dung-heap. Boh. medio aedificare.”—Duc.
metu, mesti, smesti, to sweep ; metla, a Mob. Contracted from mobile vulgus,
besom ; smeti, rubbish, sweepings, sme the giddy multitude.
tisko, a laystall, dunghill. In like manner Fall from their sovereign's side to court the mo
E. shard, Swiss schorete, dung, from schar bile,
ren, schoren, to scrape, to sweep out dung ; O London, London, where's thy loyalty?
w.ysgarth, offscouring, dung, from Bret. D'Urfey in Nares.
skarza, to sweep, to cleanse. And see Dryden sometimes uses mobile, and men
Muck. tions the contracted mob as a novelty.
Mizzen. Fr. misaine, the foresail of a
Yet to gratify the barbarous part of my audi
ship—Cot. ; It. mezzana, a latteen, a tri ence I gave them a short rabble scene, because
angular sail with a long sloping yard un the mob (as they call them) are represented by
 MOB-CAP MOLE 427
Plutarch and Polybius with the same character maade, measure, mode, manner, way,
of baseness and cowardice as are here described. moderation.
—Pref. to Cleomenes, 1692.
Model. Fr. modèle, It. modello, a
Mob-cap. Mob, a woman's nightcap. mould or pattern, the measure or bigness
—B. To mab, mob, mob/e, mobôle, to of a thing ; OHG. modul, Lat. modulus,
muffle up. dim. of modus, a measure.
Moderate.-Modest.—Modify.—Mo
The moon doth mobble up herself.
Shirley in Nares. dulate. Lat. moderare, modestus, modi
ficare, modu/are, from modus, measure,
Their heads and faces are mabbed in fine linen
mean, proportion.
that no more is seen of them than their eyes.— Modern. Fr. moderne, It. moderno, of
Sandys' Travels, ibid.
late times, from Lat. modo, now, but lately,
ODu. moppen, to wrap up. ‘Om tegaan as hodiernus from hodie.—Diez.
bemopt om't hooft, to go muffled up about Mohair. Fr. moire, mouaire, G. mohr,
the head.—Weiland. To moſ, to muffle sort of camlet.
up.–Hal. Du. mop-muts, a muffling Moiety. Lat. medietas, Prov. meitad,
cap ; Pl.D. moff, a woman's cap. Fr. moitieſ, half.
To mobile, mobôle, is probably a mere To Moil. I. To daub with dirt.—B.
variation of muffle, formed from Du. mop Properly to wet, the senses of wetting
pen, to mutter, as muffle from the analo and dirtying being closely connected.
gous G. muffen, muffeln, to mutter, to speak A monk that took the spryngill with a manly
indistinctly. Gael. moióleadh, mumbling. chere,
And, as the manere is, moilid all their patis
But see Mop. Everich after othir.—Pardoner and Tapster.
To Mock. Fr. se moguer, to deride.
The radical image is the muttering sounds It. molle, soft, wet ; mollare, to soak,
made by a person out of temper, repre moisten, soften ; Cat. mulyar, Fr. mouiſ
sented by the syllable mo/ or muk, which /er, to wet.
thus becomes a root in the formation of 2. To drudge ; perhaps only a second
words signifying displeasure and the ges ary application from the laborious efforts
tures which express it, making mouths, of one struggling through wet and mud.
deriding, mocking. G. mucken, to make A simple soul much like myself did once a ser
a sound as if one was beginning to speak pent find,
but breaks off again immediately, the Which (almost dead with cold) lay moiling in
lowest articulate sound, which sound is the mire.—Gascoigne in R.
called muck or mucks. Hence mucken, But it may be from Castrais mal, a forge
hammer; malha, to forge, to form by
to make mouths at one, look surly or gruff,
show one's ill-will by a surly silence, hammering, and figuratively, to work la
pouting out one's lips, &c.—Küttn. Pl.D. boriously. Compare to hammer, to work
mukken, to make faces, look sour— or labour.—Hal.
Schütze ; Milan. moccolá, to mutter, Moist. Fr. moiste, moife, Limousin
grumble ; moccaſ, to make faces ; Du. mousti, Grisons muost, Milan. moisc,
mocken, buccam ducere sive movere.— Bret. mouéz, w mayd, wet, damp.
Kil. Sp. mucca, a grimace; It. mocca, a To Moither. — Mither. — Moider.
mocking or apish mouth.-Fl. Esthon. Moithered, confused, oppressed with
mok, lips, snout, mouth. Making mouths work. Perhaps to be explained from the
is the first expression of displeasure and figure of water made thick by stirring up.
defiance to which the child has resort. Da. muddre, to work in the mud ; mud
Gr. Atokoç, mockery; uwki' w, to mock. dret, muddled, troubled, thick. But it
Mode. Lat. modus, Fr. mode, manner, may belong to G. milde, tired ; Walser,
fashion, way, means. The ultimate ex mitadt, weariness ; miladar, tired out
planation may perhaps be found in the with importunities.
Finnish dialects. Lap. muoto, face, coun Molar. Lat. molaris, a grinding tooth,
tenance, likeness, image ; Fin. muoto, from mola, a hand-mill.
appearance, form, mode, or manner; Mole. I. AS. maal, maºl, a blot, spot,
monella muodolla, in many modes; mo blemish ; G. mah/, a spot or mark; mut
men-muotainen, multiform ; Magy. maid, termahl, a mole or natural mark on the
method, manner. ON. moſt, image, model, skin ; eisenmahl, an ironmold, as it is
appearance, likeness, condition, manner, written with an erroneous d, an iron-spot;
mode; moſta, to form. Sw. matt, mea obstmahl, weinmah/, &c., a spot or stain
sure ; matta, measure, moderation, man from fruit, wine, &c. Mahlen, to paint.
ner, wise; só matta, in this wise. Da. Lat. macula, a spot.
428 MOLE MOOR

2. Fr. mole, It. molo, a pier or bank an ape, or a cat, as we say, Jack, Pug, or
built out into the sea, from Lat. moles, a Puss ; monina, monicchio, monkey.—Fl.
mass, bulk, and specially a mole in the Sp. mono, mona, monkey. Probably at
foregoing sense. first a fondling name for a cat. Fr. minon,
Mole, 3.—Mould-warp. Du. mol, mineſ, Castrais minou, mounou, puss, kit
mo/worp, G. mau/werſ, from his habit of ten, little cat.
casting up little hillocks of mould or Monsoon. Ptg. monçao, mouſao, It.
earth ; AS. wearſan, G. werſen, to cast. mussone, Fr. mousson, monson. From
Molecule. Fr. molécule, dim. of Lat. Arab. mausim, fixed epoch, appropriate
moles, a mass. Season, feast held at a certain season.
Molest. Lat. molestus, troublesome, In Yemen, says Niebuhr, they give the
grievous. name of mausim to the four months of
To Moll. See To Hull, 2. April, May, June, and July, in which the
Mollify. From Lat. mollis, soft. vessels sail from India. From the sense
Mollusc. Lat. molluscus, der. from of fixed season it easily passed to that of
mollis, soft; mollusca, a nut with a soft wind blowing from a certain quarter at
shell. the season in question. Thus the Arabs
Moment. — Momentous. Lat. mo of the Archipelago speak of the mousim
mentum (for movimentum), what causes berat, or mousim timor, the western or
a thing to move ; met. the weight or im eastern monsoon. Barros explains the
portance of a thing ; also the passing word mouſ ao in one place as signifying
instant, the least portion of time. season for sailing to certain quarters, and .
Monarch.-Mono-. Gr. uávoc, only; in another as a regular wind.—Engelberg.
Movápxnc, a sole ruler. Monster. -monstrate. Lat. mon
Monastery. Gr. uovaarhpudv, a place strum, monstrare, to point out, make a
in which the life of a solitary may be led, show of Hence Demonstrate, to point
from uávoc, alone; uováčw, to lead a soli out; Remonstrate, to show reasons against.
tary life. Month. See Moon.
Monday. Moon-day, dies Lunae. Monument. Lat. monumentum, some
Money. Fr. monnaie, Lat. moneta. thing to warn or remind, from momeo, to
Monger. AS. mangian, to traffic, advise, admonish.
trade. Hu mycel gehwilc gemangode, Mood. I. Du. moed, G. muth, on.
how much each had made by trade.— mºdr, spirit, courage, disposition of mind.
Luke xix. 15. Mangere, a trader; man 2. Lat. modus, in grammar, a certain
gunghus, a house of merchandise. ON. form of inflection indicating the mode or
manga, to chaffer, to trade; kaupmanga, manner in which the meaning of the verb
to bargain; mangari, a dealer, a money is presented to the hearer.
changer; Du. manghelen, mangheren, to Moon. — Month. Goth. mena, on.
exchangemerchandise, to trade; mangher, mana, G. mond, Gr. Håvn, Lith. ment?,
maggher, an exchanger of wares; Swiss gen. menesis, the moon; menesis, Lat.
mangeln, mankeln, to swap, exchange; mensis, Gr. Håv, G. monat, a month, the
mangeler, mankeler, G. makler, a broker. period of the moon's revolution.
Often derived from Lat. mango, a slave Moor. I. Lat. Maurus, an inhabitant
dealer, horse-dealer, but it is very un of the eastern part of Africa. From Gr.
likely that this term, which has left no Haüpoc, black. “Nigri manus ossea Mauri.’
representative in the Romance languages, “Et Mauri celeres et Mauro obscurior
should so widely have taken root in the Indus.’—Juvenal. Mavpów, to darken, blind,
Teutonic and Scandinavian. make dim or obscure. Mod.Gr. uaipoc,
Mongrel. It mongrellino, of mixed black, brown ; uavpóval, to blacken, to
breed. Du. menghen, to mingle, with stain; Boh. maur, N. mur, coal-dust;
the termination rel, as in pickerel, a small Boh. maurek, a grey cat; maurowy, grey;
pike.
Monition.—Monitor. -monish. Lat. Du. moor, a black or bay horse—Kil. ;
Serv. mor, dark blue. Probably morum,
momeo, monitum, to advise, warn. a mulberry, has its name from its dark
Monk. G. monch, Lat. monachus, Gr. colour.
póvaxoc, solitary, a monk ; uovovkia, Soli Moor, 2.-Morass.-Mire. ON. mor,
tary life, from uévoc, alone, and ºxw, to heath, moor, peat ; myri, myrr, marsh,
keep. bog, fen ; OHG. muor, palus; G. moor,
* Monkey. Bret, mouna, mounika, möre, Oberſ). mur, Du. moer, moor,
female ape.—Legon, in v. marmouz. It. marshy, turfy ground. Sw, moras, Du.
mona, monna, a nickname for a monkey, moeras, G. morast, morass.
 MOOR MORGANATIC 429

The Du. moder, modder, moyer, moer, Gael. moiſ/ead/, mumbling; Bav, muffºn,
mud, modder, moeder, moyer, dregs, mother to mutter, grumble, hang the mouth ;
or thick grounds of a liquid, and G. moder, Rouchi, mouſeter, to move the lips; Du.
mud, mire, mother or dregs of wine or maffº/en, moſ/elen, buccas movere.—Kil.
oil, seem to show that the words at the Swiss mauen, mauwen, to chew; maizel,
head of the article are contracted forms muhe/, a sour face; mºhelen, to make a
analogous to E. smoor, from smother, Sw. sour face; Fr. faire la moue, to make a
far, mor, for father, mother, E. slur, from moe or mow, to show ill-temper by thrust
sludder. The ultimate origin is probably ing out the lips. Faire la moue aur
to be found in forms like madder, modder, harengières, to stand on the pillory;
signifying to dabble or paddle, to stir up Milan, ſa la mocca al só, Fr. morguer le
and trouble the water, to make it thick ciel, to make faces at the sun or sky, to
with mud. In this sense we have Pl.D. be hanged.
madderm, moddern, to paddle in wet To Mope. To be silent, inactive, and
(Danneil), Du. modden, modde/en, to grub dispirited. From E. moſ, Du. moppen,
in the dirt, E. muddle, to dabble as ducksto make wry faces, hang the lip, pout,
with their bills in the wet, to disturb beer
sulk. In the mops, sulky.—Hal. The
or water.—Moor. Serv. mut/yati, mutili, senses of being out of temper and out of
to stir up, trouble, or make thick. Boh. spirits closely border on each other, and
mat/afi, to daub, mat/anima, confusion, are manifested by similar behaviour.
G. schmaddern, Du. smodderen, to daub, Mopsical, low-spirited.—Hal. Swiss mu
to dirty. dern (originally, like moppen, signifying
The foregoing forms must, I think, be to mutter), is used in the senses of look
entirely separated from Fr. mare, a pud ing sour, out of temper, of moping like
dle, marais, Du. maerasch, E. marsh, Lat. moulting fowls; muderlen, to go about
mare, Goth, marei, w. mor, sea, &c. in a half sleepy, troubled way.
To Moor. Du. marren, maren, to tie, “Nor shalt thou not thereof be reck
to moor; Fr. amarrer, marer, to moor. oned the more mooſe and fool, but the
See Marl. more wise.”—Vives in R. E. dial. mop, a
Moot. AS. mot, gemoſ, an assembly; fool, maups, a silly fellow ; Du. maſ,
mot-erm, mot-hus, a meeting-place, moot fatigued, dull, lazy. Şemand voor het
hall ; motan, to cite before the moot or maſje houden, to make a laughing-stock
court of justice; E. to moot, to discuss a of one.
question as in a court of justice; moot Moral.—Moralist. Lat. mos, moris,
point, a doubtful point, a point which custom, manner, rite.
admits of being mooted or argued on Morass. See Moor, 2.
opposite sides. AS. gemot, meeting, assem Morbid. Lat. morbus, disease.
bly, council, deliberation. Witenagemot, Mordant. Fr. mordre, Lat. mordere,
the assembly of wise men, or great council to bite. -

of the Saxon Kings. See Meet. More.—Most. As ma, more; tha's

Mop. Properly a bunch of clouts. It. the ma, so much the more; ma thonne,
pamnatore, a maulkin, a map of rags or rather than ; maſre ma, never more, never
clouts to rub withal.—Fl. Lat. mappa, again. Mara, greater, more. Du. meer,
a napkin, was doubtless the same word, meest, more, most. Gael. w8, mor, mēid,
and in the W. of England mop is a napkin, great, many, much ; moraich, to enlarge ;
also a tuft of grass. Gael. maā, mob, a mö, greater, greatest ; w. mawr, much;
tuft, tassel, mop ; mobach, tufty, shaggy ; mwy, greater, more ; mºwyaſ, greatest,
maibean, moibean, moibeal, a bunch, clus most ; Sp. muy, much, very ; Bret. mui,
ter, tuft, mop, besom. It is essentially muioc'h, more, most.
the same word with E. bob, a tassel, or More. Root of a tree or herb. To
dangling bunch ; Gael. babag, badan, a more, to grub up by the root. Layamon,
tassel, or cluster. speaking of people driven to the woods,
Mop is also used for a doll, a bunch of says :
clouts, whence moppet, a term of endear Hii leoueden bi wortes
ment for a child. And bi many wedes,
Bi mores and bi rotes.
To Mop and Mow. To gibber and
make faces. To mop is a parallel form Devonshire more, a turnip. G. mahre,
of precisely the same origin and significa Carrot.
tion as mock. Du. moppen, Pl.D. muffsen, Morganatic. It was the privilege of
to mutter, grumble, be out of temper; the feudatory, among the Lombards and
Swiss muffſen, to wry the face, to deride ; other branches of Teutonic race, to endow
43o MORION MORTAR

his wife on the morrow of the wedding tle dead of itself; Boh. mrcha, mrssina,
with a limited portion of his fortune, carcase, carrion, hence an old worn-out
without the assent of his heir, under the horse; Serv. mrtzina, carrion; mrtza,
name of morgengabe or morning gift — mrtatz, corpse; mriyeti, mreti, to die.
‘quod unusquisque militaris ordinis suae Fr. morine, carcase of a dead beast.
uxori, sine haeredum assensu, nomine Morning. — Morrow. Goth, maur
dotis erogare valet, antequam cum ea ad gins, G. morgen, ON. morgun, morn.
prandium discubuerit.”— Sachsenspiegel Written morowning in Capgr. Chron. 45.
in Duc. The radical meaning is probably the time
The word was variously Latinized at which the sky becomes grey. The
under the forms morganaticum, murgan grey of the morning is a frequent ex
a/e, murgitatio. The first of these forms pression for early dawn. Walach. murgu,
is used in the contract of Leopold of Aus grey; mungitu, twilight; murgesce, it be
tria with Catherine of Savoy, A.D. 1310, comes dark, advesperascit, incipit cre
where he engages ‘saepe dictae Catherinae pusculum. Lang. mounghe, black, dressed
mozgamaticum assignare ad nostrum arbi in black. On this principle Galla bora,
trium : de quo morganatico ordinare et to be grey, signifies also to dawn ; bora,
disponere poterit.”—Cited from Heinec grey, thick, dirty; boru, the morning, to
cius, Elementa Juris Germ. in N. & Q., morrow, agreeing in a remarkable man
July 16, 1864. Carp. also gives an in ner with W. boreu, morning; boreuo, to
stance of the use of the word in the same dawn. Perhaps the ultimate root of the
Sense. expression may lie in the notion of wink
At a subsequent period the name of ing, as in the case of Mirk above explain
matrimonium ad morganaticam, or mor ed. Pol. mrugač, to wink; Lith. mirgétz
gamatic marriage, was given to a second (flimmern, blinken), to glimmer, where it
marriage between a man of rank and a will be observed that blinken, by which
woman of inferior position, in which it Nesselmann explains the word, has the
was stipulated that she should only have senses both of winking and gleaming.
claim to the fortune bestowed on her by Morphew. It morſea, morfia, Fr.
morgengabe, without partaking in the moºſée.
rank, or transmitting to her children any Morse. The walrus or sea-horse. Russ.
further right to the inheritance of her morſ (Fr. 7).
husband. The word is thus clearly ex Morsel. A mouthful. Fr. morceau,
plained in the section, “De filiis natis ex It. morso, morsello, from mordere, to bite,
matrimonio ad morganaticam contracto,' as the equivalent E. bit from bite. See
cited in Duc. Henschel. “Quidam habens Mortar.
filium ex nobili conjuge, post mortem ejus Mort. A great quantity; murth, an
non valens continere, aliam minus nobi abundance.—B. ON. margſ, neuter of
lem duxit; quinolens existere in peccato, mangr, much ; mart (adv.), much ; mergd,
eam desponsavit ea lege ut nec ipsa nec copia, multitudo.—Gudm.
filii ejus amplius habeant de bonis pater Mortal.—Mortify. Lat. morior, mor
nis quam dixerit tempore sponsaliorum : tuus, to die; mors, mortis, death. Russ.
verbi gratiá, decem libras, vel quantum merely, Sanscr. mri, to die; Gr. 3poróg,
voluerit dare quando eam desponsavit, mortal.
quod Mediolanenses dicunt accipere ux Mortar. 1. A vessel to pound in.
orem ad morganaticam.’ Lat, mortarium, Fr. mortier, It. mortaro,
Morion. Fr., Sp. morrion, It. mori G. marser. Pl.D. murt, what is crushed
one, a kind of helmet, perhaps a Moorish or ground; murten, to crush, to mash;
helmet, as burganet, a Burgundian one. Bav. dermièrsen, dermurschen, to pound,
Du. Mooriaan, a Moor. grind; gemürsel, crushed stone. Mur
Morkin. A wild beast found dead, sell, minutal, est quidam cibus.-Gl. in
carrion; Schmeller. Fin. murtaa, to break; mur
Could he not sacrifice to, things broken ; murska, crushed,
Some sorry morkin that unbidden dies, broken to pieces; murskata, to crush ;
Or meagre heifer, or some rotten eve.Esthon. murdma, to break. Lat. mor
Bp. Hall in R.
dere, to break with the teeth, to bite.
The resemblance to ON. morkinn, Sw. 2. Morter, the cement made of lime
murken, rotten, is, I believe, accidental, and sand. Lat. mortarium, Fr. mortier,
as rottenness is not the essential notion G. mortel, is probably to be explained
of the thing, but accidental death. It from the materials being pounded up to
agrees exactly with Lat. morticinus, cat gether. ‘In Greece they have a cast by
 MORTGAGE MOTHER 43 I

themselves, to temper and beat in mor derstood from such expressions as those
ters the mortar made of lime and sand, quoted under Motto.
wherewith they mean to parget and cover The syllables mot, tot, gru, mik, Åić,
their walls, with a great wooden pestill.’ used in the first place to represent the
—Holland's Pliny in R. Du. mortel, slightest sound, are transferred to a slight
gravel, brick-dust; te mortel slaan, to movement, an atom or particle of bodily
beat to pieces; mortelen, to fall to pieces. substance. Thus Gr. Ypi is used in both
Mortgage. Fr. mort, dead, and gage, senses. Oiśā Ypú, not a sound, not an
pledge. A pledge of lands to be the pro atom. Sc. gru, a grain, a small particle.
perty of the creditor for ever iſ the money And so mot, which in Fr. signifies a word
is not paid on a certain day. See Mort or single element of speech, corresponds
main. to E. mote, moit, mite, an atom. The Du.
Mortise. Fr. mortaise, a notch cut in use mikken and kikken as the G. micken,
one piece of wood to receive the tenon, or for the utterance of a slight sound. Nie
projection by which another piece is mand dorst mikken nog kikken (Halma),
made to hold it. Probably from Lat. no one durst open his mouth. Hence
mordere, to bite, as morsus is applied to may be explained It. mica and cica, a jot.
the thing or place in which a buckle, Precisely analogous is the train of thought
javelin, knife, &c., sticks. Morsus robo in Gael. dièrdai/, murmuring ; dièrd, a
ris—Virg., the cleft of the tree in which hum, buzz (Macalpine), a syllable (Mac
the javelin of AEneas had lodged. leod); dièrdan, dºradan, a mote, an atom.
Mortmain. Fr. mort, dead, and main, Moth. Two series of forms are com
hand. The transfer of property to a cor monly confounded. On the one hand we
poration, a hand which can never part have Goth. matha, AS. matha, mathu, a
with it again. worm, Du. made, OHG. mado, a maggot,
Mosaick. Mid. Lat. musaeum, musi ON. madār, Sw. maſk, mask, mark, maké
vum, mosivum, musaicum, or mosaicum (Rietz), Da. maddić, E. mawk, maggot,
opus, inlaid work of figures formed by worm, Lap. mato, mafok, caterpillar,
small coloured pieces of glass. The worm, Fin. mato, matikka, worm, grub,
origin of the name unknown. serpent, creeping thing, which are plau
Mosque. Fr. mosquée, It. meschita, sibly explained from Fin. madan, mataa,
Sp. mesquita, Arab. mesdjid, signifying a to creep, crawl. On the other hand AS.
place where one prostrates oneself, from moththe, OE. mought (that eats clothes—
sadjada, to prostrate.—Engelberg. Palsgr.) Sc. mough, Du. mot, motte, Sw.
Moss. Fr. mousse, It. musco, muscio, matt, mott. The radical idea seems here
Lat. muscus, G. moos, moss; Du. mos, to be the worm that reduces to dust; from
mosch, Sp. moho, moss, mould ; mohoso, Du. mot, dust, sweepings. So from Du.
mouldy, mossy; Pol mech, Magy, moh, molm, dust of rotten wood, we have
InOSS. me/m-worm, teredo, tinea, cossus, the
ON. most, G. moos, are also used, as E. insect by which the wood is consumed ;
moss, for moss-grown, swampy, or moory from Bav. me/ (in inflection, melb, melw),
places. Donau-moos, Erdinger-moos, meal, powder, miſben, milwen, to reduce
tracts of such land in Bavaria. to powder (gemilbet sala, powdered salt),
Most." See More. we have miſbe, Du. meluwe, milwe, a
Mote. A meeting. See Moot. mite or moth ; meluwen, to be worm
* Mote. As. mot, atomus.-Matt. vii. eaten. The same connection holds good
3. Cleveland moit, a small particle; moits between Du. mul, moſsem, dust of rotten
and shivs, the particles of wood and other wood, molen, to decay (Kil.), and N. mo/,
foreign substances from which the wool ON. máſr, Pol. mol, a moth or mite. So
has to be cleansed after scouring. Sp. also Illyr. griz, a bit, sawdust (from grizti,
mota, a mote or small particle, a bit of to bite or chew), grizlitza, moth, mite.
thread or the like sticking to cloth, a Florio uses moth in the sense of mote,
slight defect. atom.
Probably distinct from Du. mot, dust, Mother. Sanscr. mafar, Gr. użrmp,
sweepings, where the radical idea seems Lat. mater, Gael. mathair, Russ. mat,
essentially different. Moit in Yorkshire mater, ON. modir.
(the equivalent of mote, mite) is used with The name of mother is given by analogy
doit (corresponding to dot or jot) in order to certain preparations or solutions from
to strengthen the expression. Neither which other substances are obtained.
moit nor doit, not an atom.—Whitby Gl. Sanders quotes a description of vinegar
The formation of these words may be un making where directions are given for
432 MOTTLED MOULDY

filling a new cask one-third with best mouth, to be perfectly silent; G. mucken,
vinegar, ‘which is only to serve as mother to make a slight sound; nicht mucksagen,
(matter) for further formation of vinegar not to say a single word.—Küttn. The
in the cask.” Mutter-ſass, cask in which equivalent phrase in Sp. is no decir chus
the materials in vinegar-making are set nt mus, in It. non dire motto me totto.
to ferment; muſter /auge, Fr. eaua mère, Hence motto, Fr. mot, a word, a single
Messive mêre, E. mother-water, mother-lie, element of speech.
the spent waters from which the salts they Mould. 1. Fr. moule, Sp. molde, a
contained have been crystallised. Mutter mould. The latter also, as It. modolo, a
erde, the mixture from whence saltpetre model. From Lat. modulus, dim. of mo
is extracted. Wine is called in Turkish dus, form.
duk/iteri-reg, the daughter of the grape. 2. Moulder. Properly, friable earth,
The name of mother is then given to garden soil, then earth in general. Fle
the turbid sediment or lees which are mish mul, gemul, dust—Kil. ; Du. mullen,
formed in the course of fermentation, oil to crumble (moulder) away, fall to pieces
pressing, or the like, and seem to be the —Bomhoff; Pl. D. mull, loose earth, rub
matrix from whence the pure product is bish, and dust of other things; Goth.
sprung. ‘If the body be liquid and not mulda, dust ; ON. mold, earth ; molda, to
apt to putrefy totally it will cast up a commit to earth, to bury; molna, to
mother, as the mothers of distilled waters.” moulder away, to fall away by bits ; melia,
—Bacon. G. wein mutter, essig muffer, mola, to crush, to break small ; moli, a
lees of wine or vinegar. Boh. maſka, crumb.
mother of a child, also dregs or lees ; With an s prefixed, Dan. smuſ, dust ;
Esthon. emma, mother ; emmakas, dregs. smule, a small particle; smule, smulare,
The word now becomes often con to crumble, moulder, smoulder.
founded with forms signifying turbidity, 3. Mouldy. From the connection be
thickness, derived from a totally different tween mouldiness and decay we are at
source. G. moder, mud, mire, also the first inclined to look for the derivation in
lees of wine or oil ; moderig, muddy, the idea of mouldering away. Sw. mul/,
mothery, thick and turbid. Pl.D. moder, mould, earth ; multna, to moulder, crum
lees; mudder, mud. Du. moeder, mo ble to dust, to rot, putrefy ; Bav. milben,
ther; modder, moeder, dregs, lees; mod mi/wen, to reduce to dust; Du. meluwen,
der, moder, mud.—Kil. See Mud. to rot.—Kil. But in truth the name
Mottled.—Motley. Dappled, covered seems to be taken, as in many similar
with spots of a different colour. Fr. cases, from the figure of a sour face ex
mattes, curds ; mattele, clotted, knotty or pressing an ill condition of the mind, ap
curdlike ; ciel mattoné, a curdled [mot plied to the signs of incipient corruption
tled] sky, full of small curdled clouds.- given by the musty smell of decaying
Cot. things. Thus we have G. mucken (pro
The notion of a spotted surface may perly to mutter), to look surly or gruff,
naturally be expressed by the figure of pout out one's lips, scowl or frown, show
spattering or splashing, dabbling in the ill-will or displeasure by a surly silence.
wet. So we have dappled, sprinkled with And figuratively es muckt mit der sache
dabs, from dabble, and in like manner or die sache muckt, the thing has a secret
mottled is related to Swab. motzen, Pl.D. fault or defect, comes to nought.—Küttn.;
matschen, E. muddle, to dabble, paddle. Bav, mauckeln, to smell close and musty.
Hesse musselm, to dirty; Boh. mat/ati, Du. moncken, monckelen, to mutter, to
to daub, smear, blot. With a sibilant look gloomy or sour; Bav. maunken,
initial OE. smottered, splashed, dirtied ; munken, munkschen, to look sour, sulk,
Du. smodderen, to daub, dirty ; W. ysmot, (of the weather) to lour, (of flesh) to smell
a spot, patch ; ysmotio, to mottle. ill, to be musty ; Henneberg minkern, to
Motto. It motto, a word, but com be musty. Sw. mugga, to mumble ;
monly used for a motto, a brief, a posy, Swiss muggeln, to mutter; E. mug, an
or any short saying on a shield, in a ring, ugly (properly a sour) face; Dan. mug
&c.—Fl. The slight indistinct sounds gen, sulky, also musty, mouldy. Bav.
involuntarily made by opening the mouth muffen, to mutter, grumble, to make a
are represented in different dialects by Sour face, also to smell mouldy or musty ;
the syllables mut, muck, mum, ui, Ypi, Pl.D. muffen, to sulk, to smell or taste
gny, kuk, tot. Hence Lat. mutire, to mouldy; It muffa, mouldiness, mustiness.
utter a slight sound ; me mutire guidem, Bav. maudern, to mutter, to sulk, or be
Gr, utºsty unre Ypúčeiv, not to open one's out of humour, to lour, as gloomy wea
 MOULT
ther ; Swiss mudern, to growl, to look
troubled, to lour, mope; G. modern, to
mould, to rot. The same train of thought
is continued in Gr, utºAw, to mutter, uvA
Aaivetv, to distort the mouth, to mock, or
make mouths; N. mulla, to mumble,
speak low and unintelligibly; Swiss
matten, mailelen, to work the jaws; mailel,
”tithel, a sour face; mauelen, G. maulen,
Pl.D. muulen, to make a sour face, hang
the mouth ; Sw, mulen, sour-looking,
gloomy, louring, overcast; mulna, to
cloud over ; Dan. mulne, to become
mouldy; mul, mould, mouldiness. See
Musty.
To Moult. For mout, the Z being in
troduced by the influence of the u.
When fethers of charyté beginnen to moute.
Hal.
Du. mutten, G. mausen, maussen, MHG.
mugen, OHG. milzón, ODu. miſtón (Graff),
mutten (Kil.), to change. There is no
reason to suppose the word borrowed
from Lat. muto, as the root is found also
in the Finnish languages, which indeed
afford an adequate explanation of its ul
timate origin. Finn. muu, other, an
other ; mutua, another place; muuttaa,
to move to another place, to change to
another form ; Esthon. mu, other; mu
duma, mutedma, to change or alter.
Comp. G. ander, another, andern, verān
dern, to change, transform.
Mound. A hedge or bank, a rampart
or fence.—B. Mounding is used in
Warwickshire for paling, or any kind of
fencing. In ordinary E. the application
has been restricted to the sense of a
raised bank of earth. The origin is As.,
ON. mund, hand, figuratively applied to
signify protection. As mundian, to pro
tect ; mundbora, G. vormund, protector,
guardian ; mindel, a ward. Perhaps
Lat, munire, to fortify, protect ; mania,
walls, considered as a means of safety
and protection, may be from the same root.
To Mount. From Fr. mont, a hill,
and val, a valley, a mont and d val, up
and down respectively; monter, to rise
up ; avaler, to let or send down, to vail
or make lower.
Mountebank. A quack who mounted
on a bench to vaunt his pretensions in the
hearing of the crowd. So It. saltimbanco,
a mountebank, from salire, saltare, to
mount, and banco, bench.
To Mourn. Originally, to groan or 2. Moist, wet.—B. “All in a muck of
murmur to oneself like a person in grief. sweat.' N. mauk, mok, liquid used in
‘Gemere, to sob, to whoor or mourn as cooking, whether water, milk, or whey ;
a dove or turtle.”—Pr. Prm. Gael, mairg möykja, to make thinner, add liquid to
nich, to groan, Sob, bewail; Fr. morne, food. Boh. mok, moisture, liquid; mok
MUCK 433
dull, louring, sad; maingne, woe; Goth.
maurman, uspupivāv, to be troubled about ;
OHG. mornen, to grieve ; Boh. mrneti, to
whimper; Walach. mormat, mormat,
Magy, morogºni, Russ. murmuižaty, to
mutter, grumble.
Mouse. Gr. uiſc, Lat. mus, ON. miſs, G.
maus. It is singular that the name of so
familiar an animal should not have been
retained in the Romance languages.
Mouth. Goth. munths, ON. munnr, G.
mund, Sc. munds, the mouth ; N. of E.
muns, the face.—B. As most of the
words signifying mouth and jaws are
taken from the action of the jaws in mut
tering, jabbering, chewing, it is probable
that the origin of munths, mouth, is shown
in forms like Swiss munzen, to chew ; E.
munch, to make a noise in chewing ; Lat.
mandere, manducare, to chew ; Gael.
manntach, lisping, stammering ; ON.
muda, to mumble ; Swiss manschen,
mangschen, Fr. manger, to eat; to manche,
to eat greedily — Palsgr. in Way; to
munge, to eat greedily.—Bp. Kennet in
Hal.
Move.—Motion. Lat. moveo, motum,
to move.
Mow. AS. mucg, muga, a heap, stack,
mow ; ON. migr, a mow of hay, a multi
tude of people ; N. muga, mua, mue, a
heap of hay ; muga, to gather into heaps;
mu&#a, a large heap; It. mucchia, Piedm.
mugia, a heap. -
To Mow. As, mawan, Du. maeden,
maeyen, G. mahen, Lat. metere, to mow.
See Meadow.
Much.-Mickle. ON. miół, mióg, N.
mykſen, Dan. megen, ON. mikill (neuter,
mikit), Goth. miſſils, Swiss michel, Gr.
uśyac, usiváAn, Lat. magnus, Sanscr. maha,
much, great. Sp. mucho is from multus,
as Auches, pap, puchada, a poultice, from
Aultis.
Muck. 1. The cleansings of cattle
stalls. N. močdungje, mokkok, a muck
heap; moč-slede, a muck-sledge. From
moka, to shovel, to cast aside with a
shovel ; moka i mold’a, shovelled into
the earth, buried; moka inop, to shovel
together; moka fios’e, to clean out the
cow-house; ON. moka flár, to clean out
the floor of the stable. Dan. muge, to
clear away the dung in stables.
In the same way G. mist, dung, seems
to be from Boh. mesti, to sweep.
28
 434 MUCKER MUFF

nauti, to be wet ; mod, urine; modifi, to work in a dirty manner; Dan. dial. mos
wet, soak, steep, to make water; Lat. sel, confusion ; maasle, to work in a
macerare, to soak. See To Buck. slovenly manner, to deal with a thing in
3. To run a muck—Malay amuk, a a disorderly way; at maasle &ornet, to
furious charge or assault.—Craufurd. tread down corn like beasts trespassing ;
To Mucker. To hoard up. Com at maas/e £enge sammen, to scrape money
monly derived from AS. mucg, It. mucchio, together. By the same metaphor in a
a heap; mucchiare, ammucchiare, to heap converse application we speak of mud
up ; ammuchio, a heaping or hoarding dling money away, wasting it in disor
up. Grisons muschma, a heap; muschnar derly, unprofitable expense. Dabbling
daners, to heap up money. Bav. moger, in the wet is often taken as the type of
goods scraped together. inefficient, unskilful action.
Mucketer.—Muckender. Sp. moca mouth To Muffle.—Muff. To wrap up the
or face.—B. The more radical
dero, a handkerchief ; It. moccare, Fr.
moucher, to wipe the nose, to snuff the sense is to deaden sound, as when we
candle, from It. mocco, Lat. mucus, the speak of muffled oars or drum ; then
snuff of a candle, the secretion of the (transferring the signification, as is so
nose. See Mucous. constantly the case, from the region of
the ear to that of the eye), to curtail the
Mucous.-Mucilage. Lat. mucosus,
from mucus, muccus, snivel, the secretion
sight, to shroud from view. “The leper
shall have his hed and his mouth moſ:
of the nose. The origin is the represent ſe/d.”—Bible 1531 in R. “When the male
ation by the syllable muż, mug of the factor comes once to be muffled, and the
sound made by sniffling or drawing up the fatal cloth drawn over his eyes.”—South.
moisture into the nose. Gael. mug, a Then simply to cover up with clothes for
snuffle ; smuc, a nasal sound, a Snivel; the sake of warmth. From this latter
smug, snivel, phlegm, spittle ; smuig, a sense are formed G. muffel, muff, Du.
snout. Gr. Håkoc, mucus ; uármc, snuff
moffel, moſſ, a muff or furred receptacle
of a wick; uča, Snivel; uvrriſp, a nostril. for the hands; moſſel (Kil), Fr. mouſle, a
Mud. Pl.D. mudde, mudder, Du. mod winter mitten.
der, G. moder, Bav. mott, motter, It. mota, The sense of damping sound itself rests
Fin. muta, Esthon. mudda, mutta. The on the figure of muttering, uttering indis
origin has been derived under Moor from tinct sounds, whence (by using the verb
forms signifying to dabble, to stir up in a factitive sense), to cause to mutter,
liquids, to trouble and make thick. Russ. to give sound a muttering character, to
mutity, Boh. mautiti, mutiti, to stir, make it indistinct. To muffle a drum, to
make thick; mut, muddy liquid, distil damp its sound. The original sense is
lery wash; mutny, thick, turbid. Pol. found in E. maffle, to utter indistinct
mºcić, to make thick or turbid, to em sounds like an infant; to muff, to muffle,
broil, confound ; mig’, mét, mud, dregs; to speak indistinctly.—Hal. G. muffen,
G. mantschen, to stir in wet or moist to express displeasure by muttering
things, to soil one's hands with stirring sounds; muffeln, to mumble or mutter,
in dirt, mud, &c.—K. Pl. D. maſschen, to to speak unintelligibly. Both muffen and
paddle in slush ; matsch, fatsch, Quatsch, muff:/n are then used in the sense of
slush, mud.—Danneil. G. muddern, to muffling up.–Sanders. The same con
stir up the mud as a ship when it touches nection between the senses of indistinct
ground. Swab, motzen, to dabble and utterance and wrapping up in clothes has
wet oneself, to daub with colours. been pointed out by Sanders in the case
Analogous to mud, from muddle, is Fr. of mumme/n, to mumble, mutter (Küttn.),
bourbe, mud, from borboter, barboter, bar also (as well as mummem), to muffle up.
bouiller, to dabble, muddle. “Ich mummle euch ein von fuss zu kopf.”
To Muddle.—Muzzy. The radical “Die rothe wang' halb eingemummt in
image, as shown under Mud, is the dab rauchwerk.’ “Die nordische winterver
bling in the wet. To muddle, to root out mummung, mántel and leib pelz.’ Mum
with the bill, as geese and ducks do.—B. me/ in Swabia is a muffler of linen cover
Thence to trouble, to make water turbid, ing the face up to the eyes, which was
and metaphorically to confuse the head worn by women in mourning. See Mum
like a person in drink. Muddled or mer.
muzzy with drink. Comp. Pol. mºcić, to Muff. 2. A fool (Nares), a stupid fel
make thick or muddy, to embroil, con low.—Hall. Properly a stammerer, from
found ; Pl.D. musseln, to daub, dirty, muff, to speak indistinctly (Hall.), as
 MUG MULLION 435

maffing, a simpleton, from maſſle, to the berry; OHG. murhouma, maurfaum,

stammer. See Hoddipeak. the tree ; from Lat. morus, Gr. uápov,
Mug. 1. Sw. mugg, an earthen cup. probably so called from the dark purple
OG. migil, fiala ; magele, mage/ſel, ma of the fruit. See Moor. It is remark
gó//a, makho/lein, Swiss mayel, Milan able however that closely resembling
miolo, a cup ; Grisons majola, migiola, forms (Lap. muorje, Esthon., Wotiak
earthenware ; It. maiolica, ornamental muli) are found in many of the Finnic
earthenware, supposed to be so named languages in the sense of berry, fruit.
from having originally been made in Mulch. Straw half rotten; Pl.D.
Majorca; but a theory of this kind is so mo/sch, Bav. molschet, objectionably soft,
frequent a resource in etymology that it soft through decay; molzet, soft, clammy,
is always necessary to sift the historical sloppy, as thawing snow or ill-dressed
evidence of the article having been actu food ; AS. molsztad, decayed; Manx molk,
ally produced at the place from whence macerate, rot; Bav, mudfern, to wear
it is supposed to be named. It seems to down to molm or dust. Das alte stró im
me more probable that majolica was de strósack ist alles dermułſert, ist ein laute
rived from the OG. mage/e, a mug, than res gemulſer, is mere mulch. See Mel
the converse. low.
2. An ugly face. It. mocca, a mocking Mulct. Lat. mulcta, a fine of money
or apish mouth ; Esthon. mok, snout, imposed.
mouth, lips; Gael. smuig, a snout, a face Mule. Lat. mulus.
in ridicule. Like many depreciatory Mullar. Fr. mollette, a stone used by
terms for mouth and face derived from painters and apothecaries for grinding
the muttering sounds of a person out of colours; moul/eur, a grinder.—Cot. Pl.D.
temper. Swiss muggeln, to mutter; mug mullen, ON. mālva, to rub down, to re
gete, a mouthful; Sw, mugga, to mumble; duce to powder.
Dan. muggen, sulky. See Mock, Muzzle. Mulled Ale or Wine, Ale sweetened
Muggy. Close and damp; to mug and spiced, derived by Way from mull,
&le, to drizzle with rain; mug, a fog or powder, dust, the spice being grated into
mist.—Hal. ON. mugga, dark, thick it. But the true meaning seems to be a
weather; Bret. mouga, to stifle, to extin beverage such as was given at funerals;
guish; mouguz, stifling; w. mag, smoke; Sc. mulde-mete, a funeral banquet ; OE.
Gael. muig, smother, quench, become moldale, molde ale, potatio funerosa—Pr.
gloomy, misty, or dark, and as a noun, a Pn., from ON. molda, to commit to mould,
frown, surliness, gloom, cloudiness, dark or to bury. At ausa lić mo/du, to
ness. The radical idea is probably shown sprinkle the corpse with mould; Fris.
in Gael. mugach, snuffling, speaking &renghen ter mouden, to bring to mould,
through the nose, and thence, as speak i. e. to bury; Sc. under the mools, in the
ing in such a tone is (in children espe grave.
cially) a sign of discontent and anger, Mullein. Fr. mouleine, molaine, G.
sullen, gloomy, cloudy. Dan. muáke, to motten-kraut, motten-same, a plant of
mutter, grumble; muggen, sulky; Ex which the seeds were considered good
moor muggard, sullen, displeased.—Hal. against moths in clothes. Moth-mullen
The application of terms signifying frown (verbascum blattaria) herbe aux mites.—
ing or sullen of countenance to dark and Sherwood. Dan. mäl, Boh. mol, a moth;
cloudy weather is very common. G. milbe, a mite.
Thus gloom is used to signify either a Mullet. A five-pointed star in heraldry.
frown or the darkness of the air; to lour, Fr. mollette, molette, the rowel of a spur,
properly to frown, expresses the threaten also a name technically given to a little
ing aspect of a cloudy sky. Du. moncken, pulley or wheel used for certain purposes.
to mutter, to frown, to lour; monckende Milan. moletta, a grindstone. From Lat.
offsicht, a louring look; monckende weder, mola, a handmill.
covered or cloudy weather; monckende Mullion.—Munnion. The short up
Æolen, ashes burning covertly. In the right bars which divide the several lights
last example is seen the passage to the in a window-frame.—B. It mugnone, a
sense of quenching or stifling. carpenter's munnion or trunnion. — Fl.
Mulatto. Sp. mulato, the issue of Sp. muñon, Fr. moignon, the stump of an
black and white parents. From mule, arm or leg; moignon des ailes, the pinion
the produce of a horse and ass. of a wing. The munnion or mullion of a
Mulberry. G. mau/beer, Patois de window is the stump of the division be
Berri molle, Sw, mulbaer, Du. moerbesie, fore it breaks off into, the tracery of the
8
436 MULLOCK MUMMERS

window. It moncome, a stump; moſtco, Schmeller. Fr. mommon, a troop of

Bret. monk, mons, mouń, stumped, having mummers, a visard or mask, also a set at
lost hand or foot. For the ultimate de dice by a mummer.—Cot. Momon, a chal
rivation, see Mutilate. lenge to a throw at dice made by a masker,
Mullock. Rubbish. aleatorium et silens certamen.—Trevoux.
The muſ!ok on an hepe ysweped was The requisition of silence gave the word
And on the flore yeast a canevas, the appearance, in English, of being de
And all this mulloé in a sive ythrowe.—Chaucer. rived from mum, silent.
Pl.D. mullen, to rub to mull or dust; And for mumchance howe'er the chance do fall
Bav. millen, to rub to pieces; gemüll, You must be mum for fear of spoiling all.
rubbish. See Mulch. Peaf-mull, the Machiavel's Dogg. in Nares.
dust and fragments of peat ; mulled To play mumchance then became a pro
bread, oaten bread broken into crumbs.- verbial expression for keeping silence.
Brocket. See Mould, 2. Mummers. Maskers, performers of a
Mult. — Multitude. Lat. multus, rude kind of masque or scenic represent
much. ation; mummery, ill-managed acting,
Mum. I. G. mumme, a thick, strong masquerading, buffoonery; Fr. mommeur,
beer brewed at Brunswick. ‘Cerevisia It mommeo, one that goes a-mumming ;
quam mamam aut mocum ridiculé appel mommeare, to mum—Fl.; Du. momme,
lant pro potu homines hujus loci utuntur.’ G. mumme, a masker, a mask. Du. mom
—Leibnitz Script. Brunsvic. in Adelung. me, G. mummel, are also a ghost, a bug
Possibly the name may have arisen bear; Basque mamu, a hobgoblin, bug
from the Sw. interjection, mum. / mum. / bear, and as a verb, to mask oneself in a
expressive of satisfaction with drink.- hideous manner.—Salaberry. The same
Rietz. connection of ideas is seen in Lat. larva,
2. The sound made with the lips closed; a mask, a ghost or goblin.
the least articulate sound that a person The foundation of this connection is
can make. laid in infancy, when the nurse terrifies
Thou mygt bet mete the mist on Malverne hulles the infant by covering her face and dis
Than gete a mom of hure mouth til moneye be guising her voice in inarticulate utter
hem shewid.-P. P.
ances, represented by the syllables Bo,
Hence mum, like hist or whist, was used Bau, Wau, Mum. It far bau bau, to
as enjoining silence; not a mum ! terrify children, covering the face.—La
When men cry mum, and keep such silence. Crusca. Sometimes the nurse turns this
Gascoigne in R. means of producing terror to sport, cover
—And gave on me a glum, ing her face with a handkerchief when
There was among them no word than but mum. she cries Bo ! or Mum ! and then remov
Skelton.
ing the terror of the infant by displaying
Mummyn as they that noght speke, her face, when she cries Peep ! or some
mutio.—Pr. Prm. equivalent word. Such is the game of
To Mumble. Pl.D. mummeln, to Bo-peef, Peep-po, Sc. Keek-bo, Pl.D.
make the sound mum, mum, in eating or A tekebu, Mumm-kiek, Mumm-mumm
speaking, to chew like toothless people, to spielen, Blinde-mumm spielen. The ob
speak indistinctly.—Danneil. Du. mom ject of terror presented to the mind of the
melen, mompelen, ON. mumla, Mod.Gr. infant by the masked nurse is the primi
pauovXiào, to mutter ; Bav. memmeln, tive type of a bugbear, and is named from
memmezen, mummeln, mumpfen, to the terrifying cry, It. bau, bau-bau, W.
move the lips rapidly in chewing like a bw, G. watt-wau, mummel, mumme. Gr.
rabbit, to mutter, mumble. Mumpfel, popu% a cry to frighten children with ;
the mouth ; einen mumpfeln, to hit one Mopu% 3árve traroc, Bo! the horse bites; :
on the mouth. popuác, uopparóc, frightful. Mounto, 6 music
Mum-chance. Originally a game of popu% påuev, rô poéspóv roic trauðtoic.—
dice by mummers or maskers, from Fr. Hesych. It. baucco, a bugbear, a wo
chance, a chance or hazard, a gaine of man's mask or muffler ; bauccare, to play
chance ; Swab. schang, a venture, a cast bo-peep, to scare children, to mask or
at dice. Mommiſſantse, alea larvatorum. muffle.—Fl. Hence the application of
—Kil. Mummschang schlagen, persona the name of mumming to a masked en
tum aleatorios nummos ponere, is positis tertainment.
lacessere collusorem, a masker to lay In illustration of the universality of the
down stakes at dice and then chal principles on which language is formed,
lenge an opponent.—Vocab. A.D. 1618 in Adelung mentions that among the Man
 MUMMY MUSE 437

dingoes in Africa the wives are kept in morfondre (moure-ſondre), to take cold,
order by a device similar to that by which from the running at the nose; fondre, to
children are terrified in Europe. A fear melt away.
fully disguised man with a loud noise Mural. Lat. murus, a wall.
threatens to devour the disobedient wife, To Murder. Goth. mauthryan, G.
and from the sounds which he utters is morden, to slay ; Fr. meurtre, a homi
called Mumbo-jumbo, substantially iden cide; ON. mord, a privy slaying, conceal
tical with the G. mummel. ment; t mordi, secretly ; mord-farm, a
Mummy. Arab. moumiya, from dagger. Bohem. mord, slaughter, mor
moum, wax.-Engelberg. dowati, to slay, may be borrowed.
To Mump. To bite the lip like a rab It is difficult to speak positively as to
bit, to beg ; mumper, a genteel beggar.— the radical signification, whether the word
B. Sc. mump, to speak indistinctly, and be connected with forms like Lat. mort-,
figuratively to hint at. The word funda death, Bohem. mrtwy, dead, mr.twiti, to
mentally represents an audible action of kill, mriti, Lat. mori, to die, and thus
the jaws, and hence either chewing, mut signify simply putting to death; or whe
tering, or making faces. ON. mumpa, to ther it may not signify knocking on the
eat voraciously; Swiss mumpſe/n, to eat head, and thus be connected with Swiss
with full mouth ; Bav. mumpſen, mump mórden, Pl.D. murten, to crush, Fin.
feln, to mumble, chew; die mumpſe!, the murtaa, to break, Esthon. murdma, to
mouth. From making faces we pass to break, to crush. In the latter language
the notion of tricks, gestures, assumed for murdma kal, to break the neck, is used
the purpose of exciting pity or the like. in the sense of killing. The Fr. meurtre,
Mumps or mowes, monnoie de singe— a murder, agrees in a similar way with
Sherwood. “Morgue, a saddened look, meurtrir, to bruise.
the mumping aspect of one who would To Murle. To crumble. w. mavrl,
seem graver than he is.’—Cot. Du. a crumbling stone ; Fin. murtaa, mur
mompen, to cheat, to trick-Bomhoff. rella, to break; muru, a fragment, bit;
Mumps. Pl.D. mumms, swelling of muria, loose, friable; Sw, mor, tender,
the glands of the neck. Probably from soft, friable; Fin. murska, broken to
the uneasy action of the jaws which it bits; G. morsch, friable, brittle, mellow,
produces. soft.
Munch. Fr. manger, It. mangiare, Murmur. A representation of a sound
from Lat. manducare, to chew. like that of running waters, the wind
Mundane. Lat. mundus, the world. among branches, &c. Lat. murmurare,
Municipal. The Roman municipia Gr. Hopputpelv. A similar element is seen
were towns whose citizens received the in Fr. marmotter, to mutter, or with an
rights of Roman citizenship but retained initial & instead of m, Mod. Gr. Bopſ3opū
their own laws. The proper meaning of &eiv, to rumble.
municeps is one who takes the offices of Murrain. OFr. morine, carcass of a
a state, from munus, an office or public dead beast, mortality among cattle; It.
function, and capio, to take. It was used morta, a pestilence among cattle. From
in the sense of citizen or fellow-citizen. mourrin, morire, to die. See Morkin.
Munificent. Lat. muniſer (from mu Murrey. Fr. morée, Sp. morado, violet,
nus, an office or public charge, also a mulberry-coloured ; Lat. morum, a mul
gift), one who performed a public duty; berry.
munificentia, liberality in the expenditure Muscle. Lat. musculus, a little mouse,
expected from a public officer, liberality a muscle of the body, the shell-fish. In
in general. the same way Gr. Müç, a mouse, is used
Muniment. — Munition.—Ammuni in both the other senses. Mod.Gr, mov
tion. Lat. munio, Fr. munir, to fortify, riki, a mouse or rat; arovrixáki, a small
strengthen, furnish or store with all man rat, a muscle of the body. Cornish logo
ner of necessaries; muniment, a strength den ſer (literally, mouse of leg), calf of
ening or fortifying; munimens, justifica the leg; Serv. mish, a mouse ; mishitza,
...tions of allegations in law.—Cot. Muni female mouse, also, as well as mishka,
ments is now only heard in the sense of the arm. Fr. souris, bothe for a mouse
records or evidences of title to property and the brawne of a mannes arme
and such family papers as are preserved Palsgr.
with them. Muse. Lat. musa. See Music.
Mur. A cold in the head. Fr. moure, To Muse. Fr. muser, to muse, dream,
snout, muzzle; mourues, the mumps; study, to regard fixedly like a fool. Il
438 MUSH ROOM MUSKET

muse quelyue part, he stays somewhere; be thou in bed with thy hede full of beis.”
musard, dreaming, gazing or pausing on, So Pol. roy, a swarm ; rojanie, musing,
lingering ; It. musorone, lumpish, heavy, reverie, dreaming; It grillo, a cricket,
pouting, musing.—Fl. by metaphor, a fantastic conceit or whim,
The absorption of one brooding over as we say, crickets or bees-nests in one's
angry thoughts is commonly expressed head.—Fl. Gabbia di grilli, sorgii, a
by the figure of the muttering sounds in cage for crickets or for mice, a self-con
which he unconsciously gives vent to his ceited gull.—Ibid. Fr. avoir des rats, to
feelings. Thus Bret. bouda, to murmur or be maggoty, to be a humorist.—Boyer.
buzz, gives rise to Fr. bouder, to sulk. The analogy of such expressions led to
The muttering sounds are however more the erroneous supposition that muisen, to
frequently represented by syllables with muse, was to be explained in the same
an initial m, mop, muff, mu%, mut, muss, manner, and muiženis, musing, was con
giving rise to a great variety of forms sig verted into muisenest, mouse-nest. Pl.D.
nifying sulking, keeping an angry silence, milsenesſer in Koppe hebben, to have
and ultimately (with the usual softening mouse-nests in the head, to be absorbed
down of the original figure), the simple in thought. Of a person so occupied
fact of being immersed in thought. Du. they say ‘Ae sut uut as een fºot vul!
moppen, to sulk; Bav. muffen, to mutter, mise,’ he looks like a pot full of mice.
grumble, hang the mouth ; Swiss muffen, Mushroom. Mussheron, a toadstole,
to sulk, be surly; G. mucken, mucksen, to champignon. — Palsgr. Fr. mousseron,
mutter, look surly or gruff, scowl, show a name given at the present day to a
one's ill-will by a surly silence—Küttn.; dark yellowish brown mushroom, eatable
Du. moncken, to mutter, to scowl; E. though coarse, and growing in forests, in
mutting, muttering, sulking, glumping— England common among heath. From
Hal.; Swiss mudern, to snarl, grumble, the mossy nature of the ground on which it
scowl, mope, sulk; N. mussa, to whisper, grows, as champignon, the common Eng
mutter, sulk; Lat. mussare, to buzz, mur lish mushroom, from champs, the fields in
mur, mutter, to brood over, to consider in which it is found. Fr. mousse, moss.-
silence. ‘Flent moesti, mussamtgue patres.’ N. & Q. Feb. 5, 1859.
“Mussat rex ipse Latinus quos generos Music. Lat. musica, Gr. Movoukh. Moi
vocet :’—the king muses on the choice of orav pipelv, to sing—Pindar; rig #ón uojaa’
a son-in-law. — Virg. Musat, dubitat in what strain is this 2–Eurip. As song
loquendo, timet, murmurat. — Papias in was undoubtedly the origin of poetry, it
Duc. Gr. ubºw, to murmur, moan, mut may be conjectured that the word is
ter, to express displeasure ; Bret. mouza, ultimately derived from a root signifying
to sulk, be out of temper, express dis the modulation of the voice in singing, a
pleasure; Swiss musen, to mope, to be sense preserved in Wal. muzer, to hum a
sunk in melancholy ; Rouchi mouser, to tune, fredonner, chantonner, to make
sulk; Du. mutzen, to ponder, muse. The music; Prov. musar, to play on the bag
appearance of a derivation from muis, a pipes; Lat. mussare, to buzz, hum, mutter.
mouse, leads Kilian to explain the word Musket. Mid. Lat. muschetta, a bolt
as a metaphor from the silent absorption shot from a springald or balista. Potest
with which a cat watches for a mouse; praeterea fieri quod haec eadem balistae
‘muysen, mures venari, tacite quaerere.” tela possent trahere quae muschettae vul
In popular thought the reference to a gariter appellantur.”—Sanutus in Duc.
mouse presented itself under a different Ne nuls tels dars ni puet meffaire,
aspect. A dreaming, self-absorbed con Combien que on i sache tire,
dition of mind is very generally attributed Malvoisine des sajettes,
to the biting of a maggot or worm, the Ne espringalle ses mouchettes.
stirring of crickets, bees, flies, and even Guigneville, ibid.
mice, in the head. In the year 1183 the The implements of shooting were com
principality of Ravenna was conferred on monly named after different kinds of
Conrad, ‘quem Itali Musca in cerebro hawks, as It. terzeruolo, a pistol, from
nominabant, eo quod plerumque quasi terzuolo, a merlin ; falconetto, a falconet,
demens videretur.” — Duc. In the pro sagro, a saker, names formerly given to
logue to the eighth book of Douglas' pieces of ordnance, while falcone and
Virgil, the author, in his sleep, speculat sagro were also the names of hawks. In
ing on all the wrong things that are going the same way the old muschetta was from
on in the world, is addressed by a man Prov. mosquet, Fr. mouchet, AS. musha
whom he sees in his sleep, “What berne foc, a sparrow-hawk, a name probably
 MUSLIN MUTILATE 439

taken, not, as Diez supposes, from its plained under Mould) Dan. mulne, to be
speckled breast (mouchete, specked), but come mouldy. From the same verb is
from Du. mossche, mussche, a sparrow, a formed Pl.D. muulsk, muu/sch (–Schütze),
word preserved in E. titmouse. Sour-looking ; muu/sé unt seen, to look
Muslin. Fr. mousseline, Venet. muso sour, to sulk.-Brem. Wtb. Hence per
/in, Mod. Gr. uovoovXi. Said to be from haps Pl. D. mulstrºg, in Lippe mustrig
Moussul in Mesopotamia. “In Mesopo (Deutsch. Mundart, V.I.), and the synony
tamia texuntur telae quae apud Syros et mous E. musty. The l of muulsá is lost in
AEgyptos et apud mercatores Venetos ap the same way in Sw.musk, se under musk,
pellantur Mussoli ex hoc regionis nomine.’ to look sour, leading to Prov. Dan. musk,
—Nomenclature Arabe at the end of mustiness; musken, musty. Hessian,
Works of Avicenna in Dict. Etym. This mutzen, to pout, to hang the mouth, to
derivation is confirmed by Arabic mous look surly or gruff, and met. to begin to
ăliyy, muslin, properly, belonging to decay; mutzig, surly, illtempered-look
Mousāl, as the name of the town is ing ; of the weather, threatening ; smell
written in Arabic. ing of decay, musty ; mutzig riechen, to
Mussulman. Turk. musslim, a fol smell musty. Fris. mixt, mutsch, mucksch,
lower of islam, a true believer; pl. muss Sour-looking, sulky, still.—Outzen.
Aimin, muss/iman, moslems. Mutable. -mute. Lat. muto, to
Must. G. missen, Du. moetem, to be change. See Mew.
forced ; Sw. maste, must ; Du. moete, Mute. The syllables mut, muk, mum,
leisure; moet, necessity, pressure. Moete, Auk, are taken to represent the slight
opera, labor.—Kil. Pol. music, &musgad, sounds made by a person who is absorbed
to force, to constrain; musiec, to be in his own ill-temper, or kept silent by his
obliged, to be necessary ; musisº sif bic,
fear of another. Hence Lat. mutire,
you must fight; Bohem. musyli, to be muttire, to murmur, mutter. Mihil mu
bound, forced to do ; musyl, one com tire audeo, I do not dare to utter a sylla
pelled ; mussenſ, compulsion, necessity. ble. G. nicht einen muck von sich geben,
Must. Lat. mustum, Fr. moust, mout, not to give the least sound. Du. Kikken,
the juice of grapes; Russ. m.sto, mest, G. mikken, to utter a slight sound. Magy.
most, juice of fruits; Sw, must, juice, sap, Kuž, kukk, a mutter; kukkanni, to mutter.
moisture, pith, substance; must i ſorden, Then by the same train of thought as in
moisture in the earth ; rotmust, radical the case of E. mum, Lat. mutus, silent,
moisture. Illyrian mastiti, to crush grapes, dumb; Serv.muk, silent; muchati, to be
to make must, to colour, daub with grease; silent; Magy. Kuća, dumb.
mast, must, colour for the face, salve, Mute. Dung of birds.-B. Fr. mutir,
grease. to mute as a hawk; esmeut, the drop
Mustaches. Mod. Gr. Härra:, mus pings of a bird.—Cot. It smaltire, to
taches, avorári, whiskers; Gr. Müoraš, digest one's meat; smaltare, to mute as a
upper lip, moustache ; uágraš, the mouth, hawk. From the liquid nature of the ex
jaws, upper lip ; Venet. mustazzo, snout, crements of birds. ON. smelta, to liquefy.
face (in a depreciatory sense); musta2zada, To Mutilate. Lat. mutilo, to cut
a blow on the mouth ; mustachiare, to short, reduce to a stump ; mutilus (of
wry the mouth ; It. mostazzo, mustachio, animals that should have horns), hornless.
snout, muzzle, face. Derived from a form Manx mut, any short thing ; muttagh,
like Lat. masticare, to chew, Pl.D. mus short, thick and blunt; smuttan, a stump;
selm, mustern, to mutter, on the principle smuttagh, stumpy, short-snouted. Gael.
illustrated under Muzzle. smut, a stump, beak, snout ; G. muta,
Mustard. Venet, mostarda, a sauce anything stumped or cut short; mutgohr,
composed of boiled must with mustard a cropear; mutzschwang, a bobtail ;
seed boiled in vinegar; Sp. mostaza, Swiss mutschig, gemutschet, mutt, g’mut
thickened must ; mostazo, mustard; mos
tig, cropped, short and thick; mutsch,
tillo, sauce composed of mustard and mutti, muttli, a beast without horns. It.
sweet wine. moggo, stumped, cut short ; mozzo, moz
Muster. An inspection of troops. Fr. 2icone, a stump; mogzare, to cut off.
monstrer, to show; monstre, monstrée, a Gris. muotsch, muott, mott, cropped, cut
view, show, sight, muster of.-Cot. short.
Musty. From Pl.D. mulen, to make The most familiar type of the act of
a sour face, may be explained Sw, mulen, cutting off the extremity of a thing is
gloomy; se mulen ut, to look sad or blowing the nose in the way it is done by
gloomy, and thence (on the principle ex those who have not a handkerchief, or
44O MUTINY MYTH

the snuffing of a lamp or candle, to which muzzle; Fr. muse/ière, a muzzle or pro
the word signifying in the first instance vender bag; muserolle, a musroll or
the wiping of the nose is commonly trans noseband.
ferred. And this I believe is the origin A depreciatory term for the jaws and
of the foregoing forms. Thus It. mocco, mouth, and so for the mouth of a beast,
moccio, mozzo (mozzi–Fl.), is the snuff is often taken from a representation of
or snivel of the nose; mocco, mocco/Q, the sounds made by the jaws in mumbling,
also the snuff of a candle, tip of the nose, muttering, or chewing. So from Swiss
also like G. mutz, applied to the penis matten, mauelen, to chew, mullen, to
(Fl.); moccare, mocciare, to blow the nose, chew, to eat, we have mauel, muhel, Fr.
to snuff a candle ; mozzare, to cut off. motte, a sour face, G. maul, chops, mouth,
Brescian mocar, to snuff a candle, to blow ON. muli, a snout ; from G. murren, to
one's nose, to take off the point of a mutter, grumble, Lang. motºre, a sour
thing, to cut off a member or a part of face, mine refrognée, also as Fr. moure,
anything.—Peschieri. mourre, the snout or muzzle—Cot.; from
The forms moccare, mocciare, become Bav. mocken, mucken, to mutter discon
in Piedm. moché, to snuff the candle or tentedly, Du, mocken, buccam ducere sive
lamp, to pinch off the shoots of the vines, movere, to pout, grumble, fret (Bomhoff),
to crop trees or plants, and mocé (as It. It mocca, an ugly mouth, Esthon. mok,
mozzare), to take off the point of any the snout, mouth, lips; from Du. moſ
thing to make it blunt; mocé la coa, le Jelen, ma/e/en, to maffle, lisp as an infant,
orie d'un can, to crop the tail or ears of a
move the jaws, Rouchi mouffeter, to move
dog. Moc, moſ, blunt, stumped. The the lips, Bav. muffen, to mutter, grumble,
nasalisation of the root, as in Lat. emumc hang the mouth, muffºlen, to mumble,
tus, gives It. monco, monchino, monche chew with difficulty, Fr. muffle, mouffle,
rino (synonymous with mocherin—Fl.), the snout or muzzle; from Bav. mump
stump of the arm. fen, mumpfeln, to mump or mumble, to
Mutiny. Fr. mutin, turbulent, un chew, mumpſel, the mouth. In the same
quiet, seditious; Du. muſten, to mutter, way It. muso seems to be derived from
murmur, excite sedition by privy whis forms like Gr. Hüºw, Lat. musso, or E.
perings; muiſery, sedition, revolt; Bav. muse, of which we have shown that the
muterm, to grumble. Mutilon, mussitare. original sense is to mutter.
—Gl. in Schm. Lat. mutio, muttio, to Muzzy. See To Muddle.
utter suppressed sounds, to mutter. Fin. Myriad. Gr. uvpiac, Io,000; uvpioc,
mutista, to whisper, mutter; mutina, countless, numberless; utºptoc, Io,000.
muttering. The radical signification is probably a
To Mutter. Lat. muttire, to utter low Swarm of ants, as we use to swarm, or
sounds. Fr. fourmiller, in the sense of to be in
Mutton. It. montone, Venet. moltone, countless numbers. AS. myra, Pl.D.
Prov. Cat. moltá, Mid. Lat. multo, Fr. miere, E. fismire, an ant; ON. maurr, an
mouton, a wether or castrated sheep, then ant; myr, a countless multitude. Gr.
sheep in general. OFr. molt, w. mollt, pivpumá, Fin. muuriainen, an ant.
mo//wyn, Bret. maout, wether. Mystery. — Mystic. Gr. uwariptov,
Mutual. Lat. mutuws, interchange Hvarixóc, from uðw, to hold secret, mu and
able, reciprocal, from each to the other. mut being used to represent the least
Probably from muto, to change, as āpot sound, the sound made with nearly
6aioc, reciprocal, from dustºw, to change. closed lips. See Mum. -

Muzzle. It muso, Fr. museau (for Myth.-Mythic. Gr. uč00c, a saying,

musel), the snout or muzzle of a beast; a fable.
It musolare, to muzzle or bind up the
 NAB NAKED 44 I

To Nab. To catch or seize, properly anything small of its kind. ON. nabbi,
to clap the hand down upon a thing ; in OFr. nabe, nabot, a dwarf, from naë, knob,
Scotland, to strike. Dan. mappe, to snatch, a lump; E. dial. Anor, knurl, a dwarf,
snatch at, pluck; map-tang, nippers; Fin. from knur, a knot.—Hal.
mappata, suddenly to seize, to snap, to In the last article has been traced the
pluck; Du. Knappen, to crack, to seize; line of thought from the root knack, Anapp
Fr. nague-mouche, a fly-catcher. (passing into mag, mab), signifying an
The sound of a crack is represented by abrupt movement, to the notion of a pro
the syllables knap or knack, which are jection, prominence, lump. In the original
thence used as roots in the signification sense may be mentioned E. dial. mag, to
of any kind of action that is accompanied jog, whence mogs, the projecting handles
by a cracking sound. G. Knappen, to of a scythe ; Dan. Anag, a wooden peg,
crackle as fire; nüsse knappen or knack cog of wheel, handle of a scythe ; Gael.
en, to crack nuts; Anappern, to chew cnag, to crack, snap the fingers, rap,
hard dry food into pieces with a certain knock; a knock, knob, peg; E. dial. mug,
noise; Fin. mapsaa, to crackle as the a protuberance or knob, a block; mug
teeth in chewing ; Fr. nagueter des dens, /tead, a blockhead, and mugget, a small
to chatter with the teeth ; Du. Knabòelen, lump, a name with which the gold work
to gnaw, nibble. ings of late years has made us so familiar.
The sense is then extended to any Nagging.—Naggy. A magging pain
quick, short movement, although not ac is a slight but constant pain, as the tooth
companied by audible noise. G. Knap ache, an irritating pain. Noggy, touchy,
£en, to nod, jog, totter, move to and fro– irritable.—Hal. N. magga, to gnaw, to
Küttn.; ein brett knappt auſ, springs up irritate, plague, disturb ; Sw, nagga, to
—Schmeller; Fin. mapsahſaa, to vibrate gnaw, to prick.
as a pendulum, to wink; Fr. nagueter de Nail. G. magel, both a nail of the hand
/a queue, to wag the tail. and a nail to fasten with ; ON. magl, nāg/,
From the notion of a short, abrupt unguis, magli, clavus ; Goth. ganagljan,
movement we pass to that of a projection to fasten with nails; Lith. nágas, nail of
or excrescence, a part of a surface which the finger, hoof, claw; maginti, to scratch;
starts out beyond the rest, and thence to Serv. nokat, Bohem. mehet, Gr. 5vvæ,
the idea of a lump or rounded mass ; Sanscr. makha, unguis; Fin. makla, maula,
Gael. cmap, strike, beat, a stud, knob, clavus. Fin. maula is specially applied
lump, a little hill ; N. nabb, a peg or pro to the nails by which the different weights
jection to hang things on ; E. dial. to nuč, are marked on a steelyard, and hence (as
to push; knoff, a bud; Anoffet, a small Esthon. nagge/) signifies a pound weight,
lump ; #nob, a rounded projection ; N. explaining the E. nail, a measure of cloth,
nobb, &nabb, NE. mab, the rounded summit viz. the length marked off by the first
of a hill, as Nab-scar, above Grasmere ; nail on the yard measure.
mob, the head; nobble, a lump; knoblocks, It is to be supposed that the artificial
nubblings, small round coals; Du. Anob nail is named from the natural implement
del, a knot, lump, hump. of scratching, as Lat. clavus, a nail, from
Nabob. Ptg. mababo, governor of a an equivalent of E. claw; and as scratch
province in the E. Indies, from Arab. ing and biting are like in effect, the word
mouwäb, pl. of măib, lieutenant, viceroy, is derived by Grimm from magen, to gnaw
prince. or bite. ON. nagga, N. magga, nugga,
Nadir. Arab. nádhir as-semt, the mygja, to rub, to scrape; Sw. magga, to
point opposed to the zenith.-Engelberg. prick.
Nag. Magge or lytille best, bestula, For the identity of Övv8 and Lat. un
equillus.-Pr. Pm. Du., Fris. negghe, guis, see Nave.
equus pumilus.-Kil. Swiss noggeli, a Naked. Goth. naquaths, ohG. makot,
dumpy woman.-Id. Bernensein Deutsch. G. mackt, ON. macguidr, makinn, makłr,
Mundart. The radical meaning is simply a Lith. nogas, Pol. magi, Gael. nochd, w.
lump, a figure often taken to designate noeth, Lat. nudus, Sanscr. magna.
 4.42 NAME NASTY

As the essence of nakedness is having anything, brow of a hill ; W. cmap, a knob,

the skin displayed, Adelung suggests Fin. boss. See Nab. The w. gwegil is
mahca, Lap. nakke, the skin, as the origin translated by Richards the noddle or
of the word. hinder part of the head, and by Spurrell
Name. If we confine our attention to the nape of the neck. In the same way
the Latin forms, Fr. nom, It. nome, Lat. Fr. nugue, the nape of the neck, is identi
momen, name, agnomen, cognomen, igno cal with Gael. cnoc, cnuic, ON. hnuk, a
tus, we have no hesitation in explaining knoll, hillock. W. cnwc, a knob, bunch,
the word from (gmoo) gnosco, to know, as lump ; cmwc y gºvegil, the back part of
that by which a thing is known. But Gr. the scull. Compare also ON. hnacki, N.
Övoua, Övvua, ill accords with such a mažje, the back of the head; G. macken,
theory, and the form nam, with more or the nape of the neck, the back.
less modification, is common to the whole Napery.—Napkin. It mappa, a table
series of Indo-European and Finnic lan cloth, napkin ; the tuft or tassel that is
guages to the extremity of Siberia. Goth. carried at a lance's end ; mappe, the jesses
namo, ON. maſn, namn, Fin. mimi, Lap. of a hawk, labels of a mitre, ribands or
mamm (mīmmet, to mark, observe), Wo tassels of a garland.
tiak nim, nam, Ostiak nem, nimta, miſſa, A parallel form with Lat. maffa, a
Magy. nev, Mordvinian /ăm, Tschere clout, as Fr. matte with E. maſ, and like
miss lem, Samoiede mim, nimde, Gael. mappa originally signifying a tuft. E.
:
ainm, W. enw, Bret. hano, Pruss, emmes, Anap or Ánoff, a bud, button, knob.
Boh. jºneno, Pol. imie, Sanscr. náman, Narrate. Lat. marro, narratum, to
Pers. maim, Turk. nám, name. Turk. tell of, relate.
nám is used also in the sense of reputa Narrow. AS. nearwe, narrow. See
tion, to be compared with Lat. ignominia. Near.
Nap. 1. A short sleep, properly a nod. Narwhal. The sea unicorn, on.
G. &nappen, to move to and fro, nod, jog, ridihwalr, so called on account of the pal
totter — Küttn; Tirol. gnappen, to nod, lid colour of the skin; nd, ndir, a corpse.
especially in slumber–D. M. v. 437. Nasal. Lat. masus, the nose.
See Nab. So Fin. muokkata, to nod ; Nascent. — Natal. — Native.—Na
nukkua, to fall asleep. ture. Lat. mascor, natus, to be born, to
2. As. hnoppa, Du. nopfle, flock or nap have sprung from ; natalis, belonging to
of cloth ; moppig, shaggy ; N. ſtaff, shag, one's birth ; nativus, natura.
pile, the raised pile on a counterpane ; Nasty. Formerly written nasky.
mappa, shaggy; Pl.D. mobben, flocks or ‘Maulavé, ill-washed, masły.”—Cot. Pl.
knots of wool upon cloth ; Du. no/ºffen, D. mask, and with the negative particle,
Sw. moppa, Fr. noper, to nip off the knots which is sometimes added to increase the
on the surface of cloth. The women by force of disagreeable things, unmask, dirty,
whom this was done were formerly called piggish, especially applied to eating or
nofsters. filthy talk.-Brem. Wtb. In the same
It seems that the origin of the word is way, with and without the negative parti
the act of plucking at the surface of the cle, Sw, snaskºg, osmaskig, immundus,
cloth, whether in raising the nap or in spurcus; maski.g, masket, dirty, nasty
nipping off the irregular flocks. Pl.D. (Rietz.), Lap. maske, sordidus—Ihre ;
mobben, gnobben (of horses), to nibble each Syrianian n/asſi, dirt ; myasties, dirty.
other, as if picking the knots from each The pig is so generally taken as a type of
other's coat. N. mappa, muffa, to pluck, dirtiness that the word may well be taken
as hair or feathers, to pluck a fowl, to from Fin. maski, a pig, as Lat. Spurcus
twitch ; mappa, to raise the nap upon apparently from porcus. Or possibly it
cloth ; Sw., moppra sik, to prune oneself may be taken from a representation of
as birds; Fin. mappata, ma/Aia, to pluck, the smacking noise which accompanies a
as berries; Esthon. mappima, G. Kneipen, piggish way of eating, and from which the
to nip, to twitch ; Lap, naffet, to cut off Fin. maski, a pig, seems to be taken. Fin.
the extremities, to crop; Gr. rvárra, maskia, to make a noise with the lips in
yvárra, to card or comb wool, to dress chewing, like a pig eating ; Dan. snaske,
cloth; Yvapax\ov, flock, wool scratched off to champ one's food with a smacking
in dressing ; kvaſsúc, a fuller, carder; noise ; Sw, smaska, to eat with a smack
kvágoc, a teasel or wool card. ing noise like a pig, to be slovenly, dirty
Nape. Properly the projecting part at –Rietz, ; Swiss nätschen, to make a
the back of the head, then applied to the smacking noise in eating; Carinthian
back of the neck. AS. cna'ſ the top of natsche, a pig.
 NATION NEB 443

Nation. Lat. natio, from mascor, na roof, the curved roofs of African huts being
fus, to be born. compared by Sallust to the hull of a ship.
Naught.—Naughty. AS. ma-wiht, ‘Oblonga incurvis lateribus tecta quasi
7taht, meaht, no-whit, naught, nothing. navium carinae Sunt.’ Ducange gives
AWaughty, good for nothing. several instances in which navis is used
Nausea. Lat. nausea, Gr. wavoria, the for the vaulted roof over part of a church.
being sea-sick, from vaúc, a ship. “Simulque et in nave quae est super altare
Nautical. — Naval. — Navigation. Sarta tecta omnia noviter restauravit.”
Lat. navis, Gr. vačc, a ship, vessel to sail; It is remarkable that Sp. cubo is the nave
navita, nauta, vaērmc, a sailor; navigo, of a wheel; It. cuba, the nave or middle
to sail. aisle of a church.
Nave. 1.-Navel. G. mabe, nabel, Nay. For me aye, Goth. miaiv, never.
Pl.D. nave, navel, nave of a wheel.— A peerless firelock peece—
Adelung. G. mabel, Du. navel, ON. maāli, That to my wits was may the like in Turkey nor
maſli, Sanscr. nabhi, the navel; Fin. mapa, in Greece.—Gascoigne.
Lap. nape, navel, centre, axis; Esthon. Neap. Scanty, deficient.—B. Neap
nabòa, navel. tide, the low tides, as opposed to the
The radical meaning of the word seems spring or high tides at new and full moon.
to be knob, the nave of a wheel being ON. meðr, narrow, contracted; ſeorueſºpr,
originally merely the end of the axle pro short-lived; Dan. me/pe, scarcely, hardly;
jecting through the solid circle which Anaf, Scanty; knappe aſ, to stint, curtail.
formed the wheel. ON. nabbi, a knoll, Near.—Nigh. Goth. mehºw (compar.
hillock; W. cmap, a knob, boss, button. nehzis), AS. neah, nigh, near; near, nearer;
The navel is the remnant of the cord by nehst, nyhst, next. Ga hider near, come
which the foetus is attached to the mo nearer.—Gen. 27. 21. ON. mai, marri,
ther's womb, and appears at the first marstr, OHG. mah, maher, nahist, Dan. (as
period of life as a button or small projec E. former) nar, maºrmere, narmest, W.
tion. It is thus appropriately expressed nes, mesach, mesaſ, near, nearer, nearest.
by a diminutive of nave, navel. In like Neat. I. Fr. met, Lat. mitidus, from
manner Gr. ÖppaNóg, Lat. umbilicus, a mileo, to shine.
navel, are diminutives of umbo, a knob or 2. ON. naut, an ox. AS. myſen is how
boss. So Boh. Aup, an excrescence; ever applied to animals in general, al
Aupeé, navel. The radical identity of though mostly to cattle. ‘Seo naeddre
dupaxóc and navel has been very generally was geappre thonne ealle tha othre ny
recognised, although the passage from tenu,” the serpent was more cunning than
one to the other has not been very clearly all other beasts. The meaning of the
made out. It seems to be one of those word is unintelligent, from AS. mitan for
numerous cases where an initial n has me witan, not to know. “Tham neatum
been either lost or added, as in E. umpire is gecynde that hi myton hwaet hi send,’
from mompair, apron from napron, auger it is the nature of beasts that they do not
from nauger. The loss of the initial n in know what they are. ‘Tha unsceadwisan
nob, and the nasalisation of the final b (as neotena, the unintelligent beasts.-Boeth
in Fr. nabot, mamboº, a dwarf), produce xiv. 3. 2. In the same way the term beast
the radical syllable in umbo and ÖppaNóc. is appropriated in the language of graziers
It is remarkable that the m of nave is lost and butchers to an ox. Mod.Gr. d’Aoyov,
in other cases, as in Du. aaſ, ave, for signifying irrational (&\oyov Züov, brute
naaſ, nave, the nave of a wheel, and in beast), is appropriated by custom to a
auger, Du. evigher for mevigher, Fin. horse (of which it is the regular name),
napa-kairi, literally centre-bit. More as E. 7teat to oxen.
over, the m which is lost in umbo and Neb.—Nib. AS. með, beak, then nose,
dupakóc is again replaced in Fr. nombril. face, countenance. Með with neb, face to
The relation of Lat. unguis, ungula, to face; með-w/ite, beauty of countenance ;
ovvé, nail, may be explained on the same ON. meðbi, Du. meðbe, snebbe, G. schnabel,
principle, regarding vux as the radical beak of a bird. Sc. með, like E. mib, is
syllable ; and here too the same loss of used for any sharp point, as the með of a
the initial n is found in the probable root, pen, of a knife. N. nibba, nibbestein,
Sw. agga and nagga, to prick. sharp projecting rock. ON. nibóa, also a
2 Mid. Lat. navis, Fr. neſ, the part of promontory; nibbag (of oxen), to butt
the church in which the laity were placed. each other.
“Navem quoque basilicae auxit.”—Orderic. As nab represents the sound of a blow
Vital. Supposed to be from the vaulted with a large or rounded implement, niž
444 NEBULA NEIVE
or neb seems to represent that of a small to our explanation), from the sound ac
or pointed one. Du. Aniº, a flip, crack; companying all effective exertion of force.
Anippen, snippen, to clip, snip. G. schna ON. gnydr, aquarum strepitus. “Illos
bel, Du. snabel, beak, is that with which sacrilegos ignes quos medſir vocant, sive
the bird snaps, smaðben, to peck, bite, omnes—paganorum observationes dili
snatch.—Kil. genter prohibeant.”—Capit. Car. Mag. in
Nebula. Lat. nebula, Gr, vºtAm, a Duc. The peasants in many parts of
thin cloud, mist ; nubes, vipoc, cloud, Germany were accustomed on St John's
Sanscr. nabhas, heaven; ºvópoc, dark eve to kindle a fire by rubbing a rope
ness; kvěpac, darkness, twilight. rapidly to and fro round a stake, and
Necessary.—Necessity. Lat. neces applying the ashes to superstitious pur
se, of need, that cannot be avoided. poses.
Neck. AS. hnecca, the back of the Needle. Goth. nethla, ohG. nádaſa,
head, neck; Dan. nakke, nape of the málda, Du. nae/de, ON. nál, Bret. madog,
neck and back part of the head. At boie W. modwydd, Gael, snathad, Manx snaid,
makken for, to bend the neck to. ON. a needle. Du. naeden, maeyen, ohG.
hnacki, N. makäſe, the back of the head; nagan, mawan, néan, G. náhen, to sew;
makke hola, the hollow at the back of the W. noden, Gael. snath, Manx snaie, thread.
neck; Du. nak, nek, niž, the nape, neck. Fin, negla, neula, a needle; Anuppi-neula
Şemand den nek keeren, to turn one's (a headed needle), a pin; neullainen (a
back to a person; stief van ne&#e, stiff stinger), a wasp. Esthon. moggel, nääl,
necked. Fr. nugue, the nape. a needle, sting of an insect; néggene,
The primary meaning, as shown under nogges, a stinging-nettle.
Nape, is the prominent part at the back In the foregoing forms we may perhaps
of the head. N. maká, a knoll, prominence detect a root mad, mag, signifying prick or
on the side of a hill. sting, which may explain Goth. madr, w.
Necromancy. Gr. verpopuavreia; vsk neidr, AS. naedare, an adder.
pöc, dead, Havreia, divination, soothsay Nefarious. Lat. ſas, right, justice;
1ng. meſas, wickedness.
-nect. -nex. Lat. necto, nearum, to Negation.—Negative. Lat. nego,
knit, join; as in Connect, Annex. Sw, neka, ON, meikvada, to say me, no, A.
Need. AS. mead, neadhād, necessity; to ; OE. to nick with may. *-

mead-nyman, to take by force; Du. mood, On her knees they kneleden adoun
G. moth, need, want, distress, affliction; And prayden hym off hys benisoun;
Russ. nudit', Boh. mutiti, to constrain; He nykkythem with nay.
Rom. of Athelstone in Hal.
Russ. muzhd, need, indigence, want.
The explanation of the word is to be To the above are opposed Lat. aio, Sw.
found in ON. gnaud, naud, fremitus, the faka, MHG. ſehen, G. befahen, to say aye
noise made by violent action of any kind, or ja to, to affirm.
the dashing of ships together, clashing of Neglect.—Negligent. Lat. negligo,
swords, roaring of flame. Skipa gnaud, neglectum, to have little regard for. Per
fremitus navium; hradilighjorvagnaud, haps formed as a negation of eligo, to
the dreadful clash of swords. Gnauda, pick out, to choose.
mauda, fremere, strepere, vel assidue pre Negotiate. Lat. negotium, business.
mere, affligere, vexare. The expression Negro. Sp. negro, Lat. niger, black.
representing the audible accompaniment Neif. A female serf. Lat. nativa.
of violent action is first transferred to the To Neigh. AS. hnagan, ON. hnºggia,
effect produced on the object upon which Sw, gnagga, N.Fris, nägern, Sussex, to
the action is exerted, and then to the Amucker, Pl.D. nichen, Fr. hennir, It.
abstract idea of violence, force, com nitrire, all representing the sound. Sc.
pulsion. Elld gnaudadi vida um eyjar, nicher, nicker, to neigh, to laugh coarsely.
the fire roared wide among the islands. Neighbour. AS. meah-bur, meah-man,
Rafr thola maud, igne violantur tecta, G. machbar, Du, butur, Dan. nabo, fem.
the roofs suffer the violence [of fire]. naboersłe, neighbour. From AS. nea/h,
Vidr thola maud, the ship endures the nigh, near, and Dan. boe, G. batten, to
battering [of the waves], vexatur fluctibus. till, cultivate, dwell. G. bauer, a boor,
AWauda, to press hard upon ; naudga, to cultivator, peasant. Dan. bo, a dwelling.
offer violence to, to compel. AS. meah-gehuse, neighbours.
Needfire. Fire produced by friction Neither. As. náther, mawther, from
of two pieces of wood (Jam.), G. mot/eur, the negative me and either.
Sw, gnida, to rub. Like need (according Neive. ON. hneſi, kneft, a fist, hand
º
 NEOPHYTE NICE 445

ful. Hence Sc. nevel, navel, to strike scent out; neuswijs, sagacious, having
with the fist ; miffer, to exchange, to pass good scent, curious.
from one neive to another. Newt. A water-lizard. Otherwise ewt,
Neophyte. Gr. veóðuroc, recently evet, eſt.
planted, applied to newly-made Chris , -nex. See -nect.
tians; vsöc, new, and pâw, to beget, give Next. As meah, near, nigh; nehst,
birth to. nyhst, nighest, next, last. Æt myhstan,
at last. Seoth then ich was ischriwen
Nepe. See Turnip.
Nephew. — Nepotism. From Lat. nerst, since I was last shriven.—Ancr.
nepos, -atis, descendant, Venet. nevodo, Riwle 320.
neodo, and thence by the common con Nias. It, nido, midio, nest; midare,
version of an internal d to u, or y, Fr. midiare, to nestle; midace, nidaso falcone,
weveu, Sc. nevoy, E. nephew. One of the an eyas hawk, a young hawk taken out of
instances in which the Lap. agrees in so her nest. — Fl. Fr. miais, a nestling,
singularly close a manner with Lat. is novice, simple and inexperienced gull.—
seen in Lap. nápat, sister's son. Cot.
Nerve. Lat. nervus, a sinew; Gr. To Nibble. Du. Knabbelen, Knibbelen,
veipov. to nibble, also (as Fin. napista) to
Nescock. One that was never from grumble, wrangle, bargain; &nabòeler,
home, a fondling.—B. Bav. nestguack, Fin. mafisia, a quarrelsome person; G.
nestèack, Pl.D. nesthiken, the youngest Anauffeln, to gnaw, pick a bone, nibble;
bird of a brood, youngest child in a family. Swiss Antibeln, to pick, work with a
G. guacº, Quackel, Quackelchen, nestºudek, pointed implement ; Pl.D. knappern,
a young unfledged bird, fig. a child of old Anupperm, Anubbern, to munch dry hard
age. Das quakelchen seines alters. From food with a crunching noise, to nibble as
quaken, to cry. Der kinder gequék; mice or rats—Danneil ; G. knappen, to
ein jammervoll ge/ueck. gnaw, bite, pick, or nibble—Küttn.; Pl.D.
Nesh. AS. ź. tender, soft, weak. Anabòeln, gnabòelm, gnawweln, to gnaw
Properly moist. Goth. natjan, G. benet audibly. Dao gnabbelt 'n mus. When
zen, to wet ; G. mass, Du. nat, wet ; Fin. the noise is somewhat finer it is replaced
neste, moisture; nuoska, Esthon. milisk, by gnióbeln, Knibbeln, nibbeln, to nibble,
wet; Lat. Motus, the (moist) South wind. eat by little bits, like a goat.—Danneil.
Nest. Pol. gniazdo, nest, breed; Bret. Fin. mapsaa, to sound as the teeth in
neia, W. myth, Gael. mead, Lat. midus. gnawing, to strike lightly.
Net. I. Goth. nati, Fin. muotta, ON. Nice. 1. From Fr. nice, foolish, sim
not, G. netz, Bret. neud. le; Prov. mesci, Ptg. mescio, Sp. necio,
2. See Neat. oolish, imprudent, ignorant ; Lat. ne
Nether. ON. medan, under; medri, scius, ignorant.
lower, medstr, lowest (adj.); G. mieder, Aincois sen joue à la pelotte
lower; AS. neothan, beneath ; neothe Comme pucelle nice et sotte.—R. R. 6920.
weard, downwards. Micette fut et ne pensoit
Nettle. G. messel, Pl.D. nettel, Sw. A nul mal engin quel qu'il soit,
mess/a, N. met/a, Dan. malde, ON. métr, Mais moult estoit joyeuse et gaye.—Ibid. 1230.
mötru-gras, from nótra, to shiver, pro In Chaucer's translation :
bably in the sense of tingling with pain. Nice [simple] she ywas but she ne mente
Cleveland nodder, to tremble, shake; Bav. None harme ne sleight in her entente.
notteln, to shake, to rock. In a similar
way G. 2itter-aal, the electric eel, from For he wes myce and knowth no widº,
2ittern, to shiver.
Neuter. Lat. neuter, neither. * 2. Probably mice in the modern sense
New. Goth. miujo, ON. myr, Bret. may be wholly distinct from the foregoing,
nevez, Gael. nuadh, Lat. novus, Gr. vioc, and may be explained from Pl.D. musselm,
Sanscr. mawa. mustern, Hessian musselm, misselm, misselm,
News. In the sense of intelligence mailseln, näselm, to sniff at one's food, to
there is probably a confusion of two words turn one's meat over like a dog with his
—I. news, Fr. nouvelles, new things, and snout, to eat without appetite, be nice in
2. Dan. mys, properly scent, wind, hint, eating, to pick and choose; messet, nice in
inkling, intimation. AS. ſaae mys, to get eating. The term then would apply in
wind of a thing, to get news of it. ON. the first instance to hesitations or scru
hnysa, to search for, spy out; haysinn, ples in eating, and subsequently in dealing
curious. Du. meuselen, to sniff after, to with other things. ‘Marcus Cato—never
446 NICHE NIGGARD
made ceremony or niceness to praise him twisted in different directions in order to
self openly.”—Holland, Plutarch. suit the meaning. And such an original
Niche. Fr. niche, It. nicchio, micchia, may perhaps be found in Lap. like
a recess for a statue in a wall, also a nick ſtamm, Fin. Ziika mimi, Esthon. Wiig nim
or nock.-Fl. A mick in the wall. mi, a by-name, surname, the first element
Nick.-Notch. It micchio, a nick or of which in the three languages signifies
nock ; mocchia, mocca, a nock, notch, or in excess of, beside. Esthon. Ziig-te (te,
knuckle, as of a bow, or of one's fingers. way), a by-way, wrong road ; , liig-juus,
G. Anic#, the clear sound of a weak or false hair, a wig. The original meaning
slender body when it gets suddenly a of the word is probably side, whence Es
chink, crack, or burst. Das glas that thon. Wiggi, Fin. Miki, near. The same
einen Anicé, the glass gave a crack. Also element may be recognised in w. Ilysen.w,
the crack or chink that takes its rise with Bret. Meshanto, a surname, nickname, the
such a sound.—Küttn. Einem Amick in first element of which is used exactly as
einen zweig machen, to crack or break a the Finnish particle. Bret. Mes-tad, a
twig. Ein reis knicken, to half break and step-father; w. llysblant, step-children;
half bend a young branch. Bret. Æ2, a haunch, border, and as a
The notion of a nick or notch may be prep. near ; W. Zºysie, to set aside; ystlys,
taken from a crack in a hard body, but a side, a flank.
more frequently probably from the image The change from an initial 1 to n is
of a sharp, sudden movement, represented seen in It. Zivello, nive//o, level; Lat.
by the sound Anicé or knock. G. nicken, Zympha and nympha, It. Manſa and manſa,
to nod, to wink; N. moſºka, to rock; orange-flower water ; Fr. Mentille and
myżje, to pluck or twitch. Then, as in mentille, a lentil, &c.
similar cases, the term is applied to an Nidget. See Niggle.
indentation or projection. So from Fr. Niece. OFr. nièpce, mièce.—Cot. The
Aocher, to nod, jog, shake, hoche, oche, a dialect of Champagne has nieńs, miès, ne
nick or notch. See Cog. It should be phew ; miè/ce, niece, from Lat. nepos.
observed that It. nocchio is not only a Nifle. A trifle. Norman mizzeſoter, to
notch but a projection, a knot or knob. amuse oneself with trifles. Nifftaff,
Nick. 2.-Old Nick. Pl.D. Nikker, trifles, knicknacks,—Hal. The radical
the hangman, also the Devil as the exe image is a snap with the fingers, used as
cutioner prepared for the condemned of a type of something worthless, as when
the human race at the great day of judg we snap our fingers, and say I don't care
ment. The same office is ascribed to that for you. Fr. miquet, a knicke, thicke,
him in the ordinary G. exclamation der snap with the fingers, a trifle, nifle, bauble,
Pſenker / hole mich der Henker / the matter of small value. G. kniff, a snap
Devil take me : not the ordinary hang or fillip with the fingers; Fr. nipes, trash,
Inan. nifles, trifles.—Cot. See Knicknack.
AS. hnaecan, Du. mekken, to kill. Den Niggard. The habit of attention to
ztek breken, to break one's neck, to kill minute gains in earning money is closely
one. So in E. slang, to scrag, to hang, connected with a careful unwillingness to
from scrag, the neck; nubbing, hanging, spend, and the primary meaning of nig
nuë, the neck. Magy. 7tyak, the neck, ard is one who scrapes up money by
myakazni, decollare, to behead. ittle and little. N. myggja, to gnaw, rub,
Nickname. EAEename or nekename, scrape; Sw. njugga iſtop penningar, to
agnomen.—Pr., Pm. ON. aukneſni, Sw. scrape up money; njugga med en i pen
6&namn, G. eich-, eke/-, 6ke/-, neck-, Öker ningar, to keep one short of money;
7tame, a surname, nickname. Taken se njugg, niggardly, sparing ; Lap. nágget,
parately we should explain aužmeſni, eke to scrape together ; N. gmika, to rub, to
mame, from ON. auk, E. eke, in addition, drudge, to seek pertinaciously for small
besides ; nickname, as a name given in advantages; gnićjen, mikjen, nugg/ent,
derision, from Fr. faire la mique, to jeer, stingy, scraping, explaining OE. niggon,
or G. necken, to tease or plague. while Pl.D. gnegeln, to be miserly, N.
Susurro, a privy whisperer that slaundereth, mikker, stingy, correspond to NE. ſtagre,
backbiteth, and nicketh one's name.—Junius a miserly person.
Nomenclator in Pr. Pm. The same ultimate reference to the
But the great variety of forms looks more idea of rubbing is found in Dan. &mide,
like a series of corruptions of a common to rub ; gnidsk, niggardly; Bav, fretten,
original, which being no longer under to rub, to earn a scanty living with pains
stood has been accidentally modified or and difficulty; It. frugare, to rub, to
 NIGGLE NODDLE 447

pinch and spare miserably, to spend or fingers. To nig is to pinch by an imple

feed sparingly, to use frugality.—Fl. ment that shuts with a snap. Dan.
To Niggle. To trifle, nibble, eat or naffe, to snap, twitch, pluck; mappe
do anything mincingly.—Hal. To work fang, nippers, pincers ; Lap. mappet, to
in a niggling way is to do a thing by re lop, crop, cut off the extremities; mappa
peated small efforts, like a person nibbling pelji, crop-eared.
at a bone. Swiss niggele, operam suam Nipple. A dim. of neb or mih. Með/e
in re parvá manuariä collocare.—Idiot. of a woman's pap, bout de la mamelle.—
Bernense in Deutsch. Mundart. To mag Palsgr. Fin. náppy, my/py, mypfyld, a
gle, to gnaw.—Hal. Sw, nagga, to gnaw, pimple, wart, bud. The nipple is in G.
to nibble; N. gnaga, to gnaw, to toil as termed brustwarge, breast-wart. Esthon.
siduously with little effect; gnika, to rub, nić, point, end.
to work slow and in a petty way. To Nithing. An abject, vile fellow, a
nig, to clip money; nigged ashlar, stone coward.—B. ON. mida, to abuse, dis
worked with a pointed hammer.—Hal. grace, befoul. Afdag di trić sinni, to
Nigh. See Near. desert his faith. A'iding r, an infamous
Night. Goth. mahts, Lat. nor (noct’), person, coward, niggard, traitor. A'id,
w. mos, Slav. moc (nots), Lith. maktis. We a lampoon, contumely, abuse. Perhaps
might fancy that the ultimate signification the word originally signified nothing
was a negation of light, me-light, me-lur, worse than a miser; ſenidingr, mat
as Ir, sorcha, light, bright; dorcha, dark; midingr, a niggard of money or of food;
Lat. nolle for me-velle. midsár, Dan. &mid'sé, sordidé tenax, from
Nightingale. G. machtigall, the bird gmide, to rub or scrape. In the N. of E.
that sings by night. ON. gala, to sing, withing is used for sparing; ‘nithing of
to crow like a cock, the origin of Lat. his pains.”—B.
&allus. No. See Nay.
Nightmare. See Mare. Noble.—Nobility. Lat. mobilis, no
Nightshade. Sw. dial. skata, a mag bilitas, from mosco, movi, to know.
pie; mattskata, a nightjar ; mattskategrás, Nock—Notch. Norm. mogue, notch ;
G. machtschade, nightshade. It. nocchio, mocco, a bunch, knob, knur,
To Nim. To take by stealth. Goth. snag or ruggedness in any tree or wood,
miman, Lith. imti, to take; ON. mema, to the knuckle-bones, hard stone of a fruit,
take, take away. See Introduction. also the nock of a bow or notch in any
Nimble. AS. numol, capax, tenax, ra thing.—Fl.
pax.-Lye. ON. mema, nam, numit, to The fundamental image is an abrupt
take, and hence, as Dan. nemme, to learn, movement suddenly checked, represented
to apprehend; nem, quick of apprehen by a sharp report, and thence an indent
sion, handy, adroit. Den nemmeste maade, ation or projection. Gael. cnag, to crack,
the readiest way. snap the fingers, knock, rap ; E. dial.
Nincompoop. A corruption of non nog, to jog. So from Fr. hocher, to jog,
compos mentis, the legal phrase for a hoche, oche, a notch. See Nick.
person not in possession of his mind. Nocturnal. Lat. mor, noctis, night.
Nine. Lat. movem, Gr. ºvvéa, ON. miu, Nod. Bav. notte/n, to move to and
W. maw, Sanscr. mavan. fro; an der thir motte/n, to shake at the
Ninny. Sp. mino, an infant, a childish door; OHG. hnuttén, vibrare. —Schm.
person; niñear, to behave in a childish ON. hnioda (hnyd, hmaud, hmodit), to
manner. Mod. Gr. viviov, a child, doll, hammer; Du. Anodse, a cudgel. To nod
simpleton ; psydºkov vivíov, a great ninny. is to make a movement as if striking
The origin of the word is doubtless the with the head. The E. word has no im
sing-song humming used to set a child mediate connection with Lat. mutus, the
to sleep. Sp. mini-mana, words without t of which belongs to the frequentative
meaning for the humming of a tune; form of the verb.
Mod. Gr. váva, lullaby; It minna minna, Noddle. The noddle, noddock, or mid
words used to still children ; minnare, dock is properly the projecting part at the
minneſ/are, to lull children asleep. back of the head, the nape of the neck,
To Nip.—Nippers. G. Knipſ, a snap then ludicrously used for the head itself.
or fillip with the fingers. Einem ein Occiput, a nodyle.—Hal.
Aniſºchen, Éliſp.chen geben, to give one a After that fasten cupping glasses to the moddle
fillip. Knippen, schnippen, to snap ; of the necke.—Burroughes in Nares.
Æmif-kailchen, Pl.D. Ánippel, Knicker, a ON. hnod, the round head of a nail; Du.
marble impelled by filliping with the #nod, knodde, a knob; Dan. Knude, a
448 NODDY NOON

knot, bump, protuberance; Lat. modus,
It. nodo, a knot; modo del collo, the nape
of the neck; modello (identical in form occasion.
with E. moddle), the ankle-bone.
Noddy. A silly fellow.—B. Modcock,
moddypol/, moddypate, a simpleton. Nod
dy-headed, tipsy.—Hal. The meaning is
probably one whose head is in a whirl.
In the same way noggy, tipsy, from nog,
to jog. Compare totty, dizzy, with totter,
to stagger. It moddo, a silly-pate.—Fl.
Norman naudin, S. S.–Cot.
Node.—Nodose. Lat. modus, a knot, purpose.—Ibid. 2. 279.
modosus.
Noggin. A mug. Gael. cnag, knock,
rap, thump, a knob, peg, pin; cilagaidh,
bunchy; cmagaine, a knocker, a gill, nog
gin, quart-measure; cmagare, a little knob,
an earthen pipkin.
* Noise. Fr. noise, rumbling, stir,
wrangle, brawl; Prov. mausa, mosa,
noysa, noise, dispute. Applied in R. R.
to the murmur of water.
S'en aloit l'iaue aval, fesant
Une noise douce et plesant.
The original sense, however (in which, in
E. it is still chiefly used), is that of dis
agreeable, importunate sound, and the
most probable origin is Lat. mora, moria
(from noceo, to hurt), something hurtful,
injury, brawl, disturbance. In mediam
noram perfertur.—Petron. Saepe in con
jugiis fit moria sinimia est dos.-Anson.
Flem. moose, noxa, malum, damnum, et
lis, dissidia.--Kil.
* Noisome. Having power to moy or time of the day, held at two, three, or four
injure.
Thei had tailis like scorpiouns—and the might
of them was to noye men fyve monethis.-Wiclif.
It. moiare, to annoy, molest, trouble ;
noia, noianza, annoyance, molestation.
-nomy. Gr. vöuoc, a law, order.
Nonce. For the nonce, for the special
Tha that word him com to
That Brutes wolden ther don,
And comen fo than anes
To faechen tha stanes.
—When news came to him what the Britons
were about to do, and that they were coming for
that only, to fetch the stones.—Layamon, Brut.
II. 3or.
To than ame icoren, chosen for the special
Nonpareil. Fr. Aareil, from L.Lat.
fariculus, dim. from Lat. Aar, equal.-
Scheler.
Nook. A corner. Four-mokede it is,
it (a piece of water) is four-cornered.—
Layamon 2. 500. Gael. niuc, a corner,
nook. Fin. nokka, the beak of a bird,
nose, point; maan mokka, lingula terrae,
a nook of land ; nokkia, to peck; Esthon.
muk, a knuckle, pummel, button ; muża,
a tip, corner, nook ; Wal. nouk, knot, ex
Crescence.
The radical meaning is a projection
either outwards or inwards, and it is *-
essentially the same with mock, notch. So
It cocca, a notch, is the same with E. cog.
Noon. The Roman day was divided
into 12 hours, from sunrise to sunset, so
that the ninth hour, hora mona, would be
about three o'clock in the afternoon. In
Norway non or nun is still used in this sº
sense, signifying the third meal or resting
o'clock, according to custom. Mona, to
lunch, to take the intermediate meal or
repose ; nonsbil, the hour of mon, about
three or four in the afternoon.
The transference of the signification
from mid-afternoon to mid-day seems to
> rº

ODu. moeyen, moyen, vernoeyen, obesse,

nocere, molestum esse; noeylick, noyelick,
noisome.—Kil. It is impossible to se
parate the foregoing from It, annoiare,
Fr. ennuyer, E. annoy, which have satis
factorily been traced to Lat. in odio esse,
and the Du. moode, unwillingly, against
the grain, probably comes from the same
source. Entirely distinct are Lat. nocere,
Prov. moger, OFr. nuisir, Fr. nuire, to
hurt, whence It. nocevole, Fr. nuisible,
injurious ; nuisance, injury, hurt.
Noll.—Nowl. The head.
a knoll, hill, top, summit ; G. Knollen, a
knob, lump, tumour, protuberance. Ver
tex, hmoll.—AS. Vocab.
Nomad. Gr. véuaç, from véuw, to pas Nona, mittag-zyt, myddach.-Dief. Sup.
ture flocks.
Norminal. Nominee. Lat. momen, a
Iſlanne.
have taken place through an alteration in
the time of the canonical services, of
which seven were performed in the day,
matutina, prima, tertia, sexta, nona, ves
pera, completorium. It is plain that four
of these must be named from the hours at
which they were originally celebrated,
but we find that mona, the fifth service,
was held in Italy about mid-day at an
early period.
Montandolo sole primala prima parte, faterza;
AS. cnoll, la seconda, sesta ; la terza, nona, e siamo a mez
zodi (the sun having climbed the third part of the
heavens performs nones, and we are at mid-day);
poi comincia a discendere, e scesa la prima parte
fa mezzo vespro, &c.—La Crusca.
Tho bygonne tenebres that into al the eorthe
were ydon
In the sixte tyd of the day that me clupeth noon.
 NOOSE NUISAN CE 449

Hit bygan at non and for to the nynthe tyde ylaste From Lat. nutrio, to suckle or feed young,
That wolde be midovernon.—Festival Metri in R.
we pass to Fr. nourrin, and thence to E.
It is probably in memory of the time at mourish. In the same way. Lat. nutrir
which the service of nones was originally gives rise to Fr. nourrice and E. nurse.
performed that it is still announced by From nourrin was formed mourriture,
nine strokes of the bell. “L’Angelus de which was converted into E. nurture, as
midi venait de sonner, mais bien des gens mourrice into nurse. For the origin of
n'avaient pas entendu les neuf coups, et nutrio see Nuzzle.
partant avaient oublié de reciter l'oraison Novel. Lat. novel/us (novus, new),
accoutumée.”—Madame Claude, p. 1, 1862. Fr. now?'e/
Noose. Lang. mous-couren, a running November. Lat. Mozember.
knot or noose ; mouzelut, knotty. Mous, Now. AS. nu, Gr. viv, Lat. nunc.
nus, mouzel, a knot.—Dict. Castrais. Noxious. Lat. norius; mora, that
From Lat. modus. which is hurtful; mocco, to hurt.
Nor. Nor, me or. * Nozzle. The nose, snout, project
Normal.-Enormous. Lat. norma, a ing part of anything, as of a bellows.-
square for trying right angles, thence Worcester. Pl. D. missel, the nose.—
pattern, rule; normalis, according to Deutsch. Mundart. v. 73.
rule, a right angle, perpendicular line ; From Pl. D. musse/n, E. muzzle, to sniff
enormis, out of rule, irregular, huge. Gr. after, to seek with the nose like a dog
yváuov, a rule. (Brem. Wtb.); Bav. muse/n, to snuffle or
North. ON. nordr, Fr. nord. speak through the nose, to poke the nose
Nose. AS. maese, G. mase, Lat. masus, into (in etwas herumsuchen); mueschen,
Lith. nosis, Pol. nos, Russ. nos’. to sniff about, to root in like a swine. In
The name of the nose is probably taken the same way Pl.D. smuss, the snout, is
from an imitation of noises made through related to smusselm, synonymous with
the nose, as G. miesen, to sneeze, Dan. musselm, above-mentioned ; Dan. snude,
snuse, to snuff or sniff. So Gael. s.rom, Bav. schmud, snout, to schnauden, schno
the nose, compared with E. snore, Gr. de/n, to snuff, pant, draw breath, and Sw.
§§yxoc, snout, muzzle, beak, face (pro dial. smok, Lith. snukkis, snout, muzzle, to
perly nose), compared with Đôyxoc, a Sw, snoka, to snoke or snook, to smell, to
snoring, psyxw, to snore, snort. See search out, pry into.
Nozzle. -nude.—Nudity. Lat. nudus, naked.
Nostril. As mas-thyrla, masthyre/, Nudge. Austrian mussen, to thrust or
from thyreſ, a hole, aperture; G. thirle, strike, especially with the fist.—Deutsch.
dim. of thiire, a door. On tham wage Mundart. ii. Pl.D. nutsche gien, to cuff.
thyr/geworht, made an aperture in the —Ibid. v. 173. Swiss motschen, to thrust
wall. — Bede. Thurhcrypth aelc thyrel, or press, to make another give way;
creeps through every hole.—Boeth. Maedle mutschen, to strike with the fist.
thyrel, the eye of a needle. See Thirl. Nuel.-Newel. As Fr. noyau, the
Nostrum. Lat. nostrum, ours, pecu spindle of a winding staircase. Moyau
liar to ourselves. is also the kernel of a nut, stone of a
Not.—Nought. As. mah!, nauht, moht, peach, plum, &c., mould in the hollow of
nought, not; OHG. miowiſht, mieht, G. micht, a piece of ordnance when it is cast, any
not, from the negative particle ni, and thing contained in a hollow envelope.
Goth. vaihts, AS. wiſht, G. wicht, a whit, From Lat. mur, mucts, a nut, Lang. mou
thing. So in Romance, from me and galh, mouaſh, kernel of nut.—Dict. Castr.
ens, a being, It. miente, nothing, OFr. W. cmewyll, kernel.
mient, not. “Detenus en garde et mient Nugatory. Lat. mugaº, trifles.
allantz à large,’ not going at large.—Liber Nugget. A lump of native gold, a
Albus, p. 215. Mient countreesteaunt, dim. of W.E. mug, a block, a knob or pro
notwithstanding.—Ibid. p. 216. tuberance; Essex nigg, a small piece.—
Note.—Notable.—Notary.—Notice. Hal. In North's Plutarch, p. 499, it is
—Notion. Lat. nota, a mark, sign ; written niggot. “After the fire was
mosco, notum, to know. quenched they found in niggots (lumps)
Noun. Fr. nom, Lat. momen, a name. of gold and silver mingled together about
-nounce. -nunc-. Lat. nuncius, a a thousand talents.’ Hence Trench in
messenger; nuncio, to bear tidings, bring clines to the supposition that nugget is
word of, tell. Hence Announce, Pro only ingot disguised.
nounce, Renounce, &c. Nuisance. Fr. nuire, nuisant, from
To Nourish. — Nurse. — Nurture. Lat. nocere, to hurt, as luire, luisant,
450 NUKE NYMPH

from lucere, to shine; nuisance, hurt, meat from the numbles. Zumbulus, len
damage, wrong, trespass.-Cot. tipratin.—Dief. Supp.
Nuke. Fr. nucyue, the hinder part of Nun. From It nomna, grandmother,
the head. See Nape. as Gr, rarăç, a priest, from papa, father;
Numb.-Benumb. Goth., As. miman, abòof from abòa, father. The first nuns
ON. mema, to take, take away; AS. beni would naturally be elderly women.
man, benam, benumen, to take away, de Nuptial. . Lat. muffo, nuptum, to
prive, to stupefy; ON. milminn, taken marry; nuptia, a marriage.
away; numinn witt, as Lat. menſe captus, Nurse. See Nourish.
deprived of sense, out of his mind. Nut. AS. hnut, G. muss, Gael. cnudh,
He may neither go ne come, W. cnau, Lat. mur.
But altogether he is benome Nutmeg. Fr. muguette, noir mu
The power both of hande and fete. guette, G., muscat muss, nur moschata,
Gower in R.
Number. — Numeral. — Numerate.
from the drug musk taken as the type of
anything highly-scented, whence also the
Lat. numerus, Fr. nombre. names of several highly-scented flowers.
Numbles.—Umbles. The old deri
Languedoc mugue, Sp. muscari, the hya
vation from umbilicus appears on the cinth ; Fr. muguet (formerly musgue?—
whole to be the true one. The numbles
Diez), woodruff, lily of the valley.
of a deer comprised various parts of the Nutriment.—Nutrition. Lat. nutrio,
inwards of the animal from the ‘avant nutritum, to nourish. See Nuzzle.
ers’ of the neck to the bight of the thighs. To Nuzzle. — Nuddle. To muggle,
Moumbles of a dere or beest, entrailles.— muddle, to creep closely or snugly as an
Palsgr. Praecordia, the numbles, as the infant in the bosom of its mother.—Mrs
hart, the spleene, the lunges and liver.— Baker. Properly to sniff after the breast,
Elyot. In Sir Gawaine and the Green to seek it out with the mouth and nose,
Knight however, v. 1340, where the cut as Bav. muse/n, nueschen, muesten, to snift
ting out the numbles is elaborately but after, pry into, search about as a swine
not very comprehensibly described, they with his snout. So, with the addition of
do not include the liver and lungs. It is an initial s, Pl.D. smusselm, to sniff, search
natural that a portion consisting of the about, especially for food. “Dat kind
soft parts about the belly should take its smusselt au den titte’—the child nuzzles
name from the navel. And accordingly up to the breast.—Brem. Wtb. E. dial.
we find the word in various forms, nun snooz/ing, nestling.—Hal. Da, smuse, N.
blicus (evidently from umbilicus), num smusſa, to snuff, sniff. In the same way
dile, numbulus, numb/us. “De bove mor muddle corresponds to forms like ON.
tuo, pectus; de porco mortuo, numblicum.’ smudda, to snift after, Bav. schnauden,
—Duc. “In quolibet porco a carnifice schnode/n, to snuff, pant, snift.
occiso ad vendendum, les numbles, et de To the latter class also belong G. dial.
quolibet bove—pectus solvere tenebun schnudern, to snuffle or speak through
tur.’—Charta, A.D. 1239, in Duc. A strong the nose, to snift, ON. smudra, smodra, N.
confirmation of this derivation appears snutra, to sniff or seek after food, like a
in the double form of the word, numbles hound with the snout. The transition
and umbles, with and without a prosthe from the last of these forms to Lat. nutrio
tic n, precisely corresponding to Fr. nom is exactly similar to that which takes
bril and Prov. ombrilh from umbilicus.
place in the meaning of E. muzzle, when
It is true that the word seems sometimes transferred from the action of the infant
to be confounded with lumbulus or lum
to that of the nurse. To nuzzle, applied
bellus, which is claimed in some charters to the infant, is to seek after the breast;
on the same occasion as the numbles in
and conversely, of the mother, it signifies
others. “Quicunque de eodem castro to press the babe to the breast, to caress,
occidit porcum ad tallam [to be sold by nourish, bring up.
retail] praestat lumbellum qui communi Mothers who to mousle up their babes
ter et vulgariter dicitur filectum (the filet), Thought nought too curious.-Pericles.
curiae dicti castri.’—Charta, A.D. 1270, in Old men long nozzled [nursed] in corruption.
Carp. Sidney in Todd.
But it by no means follows that it is Surely I take almost every one to be of that
the same part of the animal that is claim quality wherein he is musled, and afterwards
ed in both cases, and here what is meant taught by another's example.—Passenger of Be
by /umbellus is clearly explained as the nevento in Nares.
“ſilet or inside meat along the back of Nymph. Gr. viºuſºn, Lat. nympha, a
the animal, quite a different piece of water-spirit.
 OAF ODD 45 I

Oaf. A simpleton, blockhead. Form object, Ö38Xóc, 63skiakoç, a pointed pillar.

erly more correctly written auſ, ouph, Obese. Lat. obesus, gross, fat.
from ON. alſr, an elf or fairy. When an Obit.—Obituary. Lat. obed, -itum, to
infant was found to be an idiot it was go through with ; obire diem ultimum, to
supposed to be an imp left by the fairies, pass one's last day, to die; obitus, death.
in the room of the proper child carried Oblige. Lat. Zigo, to bind or tie;
away to their own country, whence an obligo, to tie up, to engage or bind in a
idiot is sometimes called a change/ing, a metaphorical sense.
term explained by Bailey, a child changed, Oblique. Lat. obliquus.
also a fool, a silly fellow or wench. Obliterate. Lat. oblittero, to blot out,
These when a child haps to be got cancel, from ob and littera, properly to
Which after proves an idiot, draw something over the letters, perhaps
When folks perceive it thriveth not, to cancel the writing on a waxen tablet
The fault therein to smother, by passing over it with the broad end of
Some silly doating brainless calf— the style. Not from litura, a blot or
Say that the fairy left this aulf
And took away the other. blur, a streak or dash through writing,
Drayton, Nymphidia in R. the i of which is short, or the compound
oblino, oblitum, to dawb or smear over.
Shakespear uses ouphe for elf or fairy. Oblivion. Lat. obliviscor, oblitus, to
—my little son forget. Perhaps from liveo, livesco, to
And three or four more of their growth we'll dress
As urchins, ouphes, and fairies.—Merry Wives. become dark. To forget is to have a
thing become dark to one.
Oak. AS. ac, ON. eyk, G. eiche. Obscene. Lat. obscanus, of bad augury,
Oakum. — Ockam. Old ropes un ominous, abominable, filthy.
twisted or reduced to fibre for calking Obscure. Lat. obscurus.
ships. AS. ācumbi, &cembi, OHG. dicambi, Obstacle. Lat. obstaculum, obstare,
stoppa, tow ; MHG. haneſ-ácamb, the to stand in the way of.
combings or hards of hemp, tow, what is Oc-. For ob- before words beginning
combed out in dressing it ; as āswinc, with a c, as in occludo, to shut against;
the refuse swingled out in dressing flax. occurro, to run up, to occur, &c.
Stuppa pectitur ferreis hamis, donec Occult. Lat. occulo, -cultum, to cover
omnis membrana decorticatur. — Pliny over, to hide, from celo, to hide.
xxix. I. 3, cited by Aufrecht in Phil. Occupy. Lat. occupo, to lay hold of .
Trans. before, to take first, from capio.
Oar. ON. ar, Fin., Lap. airo, Esthon. Ocean. Gr. diksavoc, Lat. oceanus.
aer, air. Ochre. A yellow or brown coloured
Oast. Hop-oast, a kiln for drying hops, a earth used as a pigment. Gr. ºxpoc,
word probably imported from the Nether pale, yellow; 6xpa, ochre.
lands, together with the cultivation of Oct.-. Octave.—Octagon. Gr. Ökrū,
hops. Du. ast, est, a kiln. Lat. octo, eight.
Oath. AS. ath, Goth. aith, G. eid. Ocular. Lat. oculus, an eye. See
Oats. AS. ata, Fris. oat, oat; AS. art, ye.
ON. ata, food, arti, eatables. Odd. When a number is conceived as
Ob-. Oc-. Of-. Op-. Lat. ob, against, odd or even the units of which it is com
over against. In comp. with words begin posed are regarded as piled up one by
ning with c, ſ, p, the 6 is assimilated with one in two parallel columns. If the num
the following consonant. ber be divisible by two the columns will
Obdurate. Lat. durus, hard; obduro, reach to the same height, or the highest
to harden oneself against. units will be even with each other, and
Obedience.—Obeisance.—Obey. Lat. the number is called even ; but if there
audio, to hear; obedio, Fr. obéir, obºis be a remaining unit it will project like a
sant, to listen to a command, to obey, as point above the top of the parallel column,
Gr. droëw, to hear, brakoúw, to listen to, and the number is called odd, N. odde,
to obey. from oddr, a point. The term is then
Obelisk. Gr. 36exóc, a spit, a pointed extended to any object left sticking up,
29 “
452 ODIOUS OPAQUE
as it were, by itself, for want of another Övouaroroisw, to coin words, especially to
to match it. form words in imitation of sound. "Ovopia,
Odious. Lat. odium, hatred, ill-will. name, and Troisw, to make. In later times
Odour.—Odoriferous. Lat. odor, a the word has been confined to the special
smell ; Gr. 540, perf. 6603d, Lat. oleo, to signification above mentioned. It was
smell. early observed that such words as Aiyyw,
Of-. See Ob-. to twang like a bow, aiºw, to hiss, balare,
Of –Off Lat. ab, ON. aſ, Gr. 3ré. to bleat, hinmire, to neigh, were exactly
Offal. G. dial. affall, affgeſall, refuse or such as we should frame if we attempted
dross, what falls from ; Dan. affald, fall, to represent the sounds in question by a
falling away, offal, the fall of the leaf, vocal imitation. It was accordingly sup
windfalls in an orchard, broken sticks in posed that a certain class of words had
a wood, &c. - been formed by the imitation of natural
Office.—Official. Lat. officium, bne's sounds, and as these were the only class
business, moral duty; officialis, a servant of simple words in which evidence re
or attendant on a magistrate. mained of their having been formed by
Oft.—Often. ON. opt, Goth. uſta. the device of man, the name of Övouaro
Ogee.—Ogive. It, augivo, Fr. augive, Troimaic or word-making was given to the
ogive, the union of concave and convex process to which they owe their origin, a
in an arch or fillet. name which obviously becomes improper
To Ogle. G. aiigeln, to inoculate, also as soon as we regard all language as
to eye one slyly, from auge, an eye. Fr. formed by man.
aeuil/ade, It occhiata, a glance. Onyx. Lat. onyx, from Gr. 5vvč, the
Ogre. Sp. agro, Fr. ogre, OSp. huergo, nail of the finger.
uerco, the man-eating giant of fairy-tales Ooze. AS. wos, juice; oſetes wos, juice
—Diez; It. orco, a surname of Pluto, by of fruit; wosig, juicy, moist. To ooze
met. any chimera or imagined monster. out is to show moisture at the cracks,
—Fl. Cimbr. orco, (böses gespenst) bug moisture to find its way out by small
gaboo.—Bergmann. From Lat. orcus, apertures. ON. vos, moisture; vos-Klardi,
hell. rain-proof clothes; vasla, to splash
Her marble-minded breast, impregnable, rejects through the marshes (Ávaske). E. ooze,
The ugly orks that for their lord the Ocean woo. the wet mud left by the tide. Fr. vase,
Polyolbion in Nares. owse, mud, soft dirt in the bottom of
Oil.-Olive. Lat. oleum, G. oel, Gr. waters.-Cot. N. vaasa, to work in the
*\atov, oil ; }\aia, Lat. oliva, the olive or wet and exposure, especially out at sea.
oil tree. Da. dial. 7zas, mud, puddle. Veien staaer
Ointment. Lat. ungere, and thence i eet ºvas, the way is all in a puddle.
Fr. oindre, to anoint; It. unto, salve, Quasse, to plash, representing the sound
grease; untare, onfare, to salve or smear. of mud or water under-foot. Det quasser
Old. AS. eald, G. alt, Goth. altheis, old. i stăvler, of the sound of water in the
The radical meaning is probably grown shoes. Qzaske, to plash, tramp through
zup, from Goth. alan, to nourish, bring up ; wet. N. vasſa, vassa, to wade, go in the
ON. ala, to beget, give birth to, nourish ; wet; vass blom, water-lily; vass drużk
elna, to grow, to ripen. Lat. alere, to fen, water-logged; vassen, watery. EFris.
nourish ; adolesco, to grow up ; coalesco, osen, to dabble in wet.
to grow together, &c. See Abolish. Op-. See Ob-.
Diefenbach compares Lat. aſtus, as sig Opal. A gem ‘of divers colours, where
nifying grown up in space, as old in time. in appeareth the fiery brightness of the
Omelet. Fr. aumelette, omelette, of carbuncle, the shining purple of the ame
unknown origin. thyst, the green lustre of the emerald, and
Omen.—Ominous. Lat. omen, a sign all intershining.”—Fl. Known to the
of luck, good or bad. Romans under the name of opalus, show
Omni-. Lat. omnis, all, every. ing that a Slavonic language, was then
On. G. am, Gr. divá, up, on, upon. spoken in Bohemia, whence the gem is
One. Gr. eig, uta, §v, Lat. unus, Goth. still brought. The origin is Pol. palać, to
airls, G. ein. glow, to blaze, opalad, to burn on all sides;
Onerous. Lat, onus, -eris, a burden. Serv. opaliti, to shoot, to give fire; from
Onion. Lat. unio, an onion, then, the gleams of iridescent reflection by
from the concentric scales of which it is which the stone is distinguished.
formed, applied to a pearl. Opaque. Lat. opacus, shadowy, dusky,
Onomatopoeia. Gr. Övogarotrotta, from Fr. opaque.
 OPEN ORDURE 453

Open. G. offen, ON. opinn, As. V//e, of a chariot-wheel; orbita solis, the way
open ; y/pan, G. offten, ON. opna, to of the sun.
open, to do up. ON. luka, to shut ; Orchard. Goth. aurtigards, on.jurta
u///iuka, to open ; upp/okinn, open. gardr, M.H.G. wurzgarte, AS. vyrºgeard,
Opinn is not only open, but mouth up or geard, a yard or enclosure for worts,
wards, som ligger opad. We open a i.e. vegetables, a garden. See Wort.
vessel by lifting up the cover. Orchestra. Gr. 8pxharpa, the part of
Opera. A name introduced with the the stage on which the chorus danced,
thing itself from Italy. Opera, any work, from 3px;ouai, to dance.
labour, action ; now-a-days taken for a Ordeal. As. ordal, Du. oordeel, ordael,
comedy or tragedy sung to music.—Fl. a mode of judgment by fire or water, sup
Lat. opus, pl. opera, work. posed to be decided by the hand of God ;
Operate. Lat. operari, to work, opus, the judgment kar’ tº oxiv. Du. oordee/, G.
-eris, work. Bret. offer, to do, to make. urtheil, judgment, from ON. 1%r, out of,
Ophthalmia. Gr. 303 axpúc, an eye. and theiſ, part ; a laying out of parts, dis
Opinion. Lat. opinio, opinari, to posing of the matter in proper order. In
think, believe. the same way Lat. discrimen, a parting,
Opportune.—Importunate. Lat. off separation, signifies an examination, de
fortunus, serviceable, convenient, season cision, proof.
able, as a haven at hand to a ship ; from Order.—Ordain.—Ordinary. Fr. or
ob, in front, and portus. In order to ex dre, It ordine, Lat. ordo, -inis, a rank or
press the opposite ideas the ob of oppor row, arrangement, order. Hence ordino,
tumus was changed to the negative particle to set in rows, to arrange, to ordain or
in, thus giving rise to importunits, incon settle the order of things by a decree.
venient, troublesome, out of season. Ordinary, according to order, regular.
-opt-.-Optative.—Option. Lat. op An ordinary or public dinner at cer
fare, to wish, to chuse; optio, a choice or tain hours may be explained as an open.
election. Hence adopt, to chuse for one's ing to the public of the ordinary fare of
OWn. the house. Common dyet in a mannes
Optic.—Optician. Gr. 3rrukóc, having house: ordinaire.—Palsgr.
to do with vision, from the obsolete Örro Ordnance. Formerly ordinance or
Hat, to See. ordonance, all sorts of artillery of great
Opulent. Lat. opulentus, from opes, guns.—B. An incidental application of
wealth, abundance. ordinance in the sense of arrangement,
Or. Contracted from As. 4hwaether, preparation. Fr. ordonner, to ordain,
dwther, 6ther, OE. outher. Goth. aith appoint, dispose, array, equip.–Cot.
than, OHG. edo, ON. eda, AS. eth/ha, Du. Furthermore the king and his council ordeyned
edder, eer, OHG. odo, AS. oth the, OHG. blank chartres :—had them prepared.—English
odar, Fris. auder, uder, Du. odder, oer, Chron. p. 13. Cam. Soc.
OSax. eſtha, OFris. eſther, OHG. alda, In the same work we see the passage
Swiss ald, ON. ella, Swiss alder, Sw. to the modern sense.
Dan. eller, or—Dief. The ordena unce of the kinges guns avayled
Oracle.—Oral.—Orator. -ore. From not, for that day was so grete rayne that the
gonnes lay depe in the water, and so were queynt
Lat. os oris, the mouth, are Fr., E. oral, and myght not be schott.—p. 97.
given by word of mouth ; Lat. oro, -as, The Duke of Burgoyn had layd there all his
to pray, to address words, whence oracu apparament to take Caleys, amongis which was
Zum, an oracle or declaration of the gods a horrible ordinaums, smale barelis filt full of
when consulted on human affairs ; oratio, serpentis and venymous bestes, which he thouhte
to throwe into Caleys be engynes.—Capgrave
words, speaking, speech; adoro, to pray Chron. p. 298.
to, to adore.
It ordigno, a machine, mechanical con
Orange. It arancio, Venet. maranga, trivance, applied by Ariosto to a gun.
Sp. maranja, Mod.Gr. vspá wrºtov. The Ordure. Fr. ordure, It, ordura, lor
name must have been introduced with
dura, filth ; lordo, ordo, OFr. ord, filthy,
the fruit itself from the East ; Pers. ná dirty, from ilat. luridus, dark-coloured.
renſ, Arab. náranj. The loss of the n In luridi denſes, discoloured teeth, the
gave Mid. Lat. arangia, which passed into sense comes very near that of dirty, filthy.
Fr. orange under the influence of the Mid. Lat. luridus, zwart, bleec, onreyn ;
golden colour of the fruit.—Diez. fuul.—Dief. Sup. The equivalence of
Orb-Orbicular—Orbit. Lat. orbis, forms with an initial / or n and a simple
a circular object, whence orbita, the track vowel is not uncommon. Fr. loutre, E.
454 ORE OSIER

offer; Fr. Jierre, OFr. hierre, ivy; Fr. of a ship.–FI. G. iiberlauſ, the deck of
lingot, E. ingot; Fr. laiton, It, ottone, a ship, from fiber/auſen, to run over the
brass; It. lonza, Sp. onza, an ounce; It. whole surface. Du. overloof, a covering,
//scigno/o, uscigno/o, a nightingale. The the deck of a ship.–Kil.
derivation from horridus supported by -orn-. Ornament. Lat. ornare, to
Diez is unsatisfactory. adorn, equip.
Ore. Properly the vein of metal, from Ornithology. Gr. 6pwic, SpV1Soc, a bird.
the ore being found in a thin band ap Orphan. Gr. Öppavoc, having lost father
pearing in the section like a vein running or mother.
through the rock. Calamina est quaedam Orpiment. A yellow arsenical colour,
vena terrae, is a certain ore.—Roger Ba Lat. auripigmentum.
con, Opus minus, 385. G. ader, Sw. Ortho-. Gr. Öpsoc, upright, right, true.
dider, dir, N. aader, aar, Dan. aare, a vein. As in Orthodor (Čáša, opinion, way of
Vena, odder, odir.—Dief. Supp. thinking or teaching), Orthography, &c.
The ordinary explanation identifies the Orts. Orts, or in Scotland worts, are
word with AS. ār, ar, ON. eir, Goth. aiz, the fragments and rejected parts that are
Lat. ars, arris, brass. left by an animal in feeding, and generally
Organ.—Organic. Gr. 5pyavov (from the odds and ends that fall to the ground
tpyw, to work), Lat. organum, an instru in doing any work. A cow is said to ort
ment, tool, or machine, a musical instru her provender when she tosses it aside ;
ment. Ultimately the great instrument a child orts his bread when he crumbles
of church music of pipes blown by a it down ; hence metaphorically to ort, to
bellows. reject.—Jam. The word is very widely
Organa dicuntur omnia instrumenta musico spread. Da. dial. ovred, orred, orret,
rum. Non solum illud organum dicitur quod ort, orts; Du. oor-aete, oorete, reliquiae
grande est et inflatur follibus, sed quicquid apta fastiditi pabuli; ooraefigh, fastidiens ni
tur ad cantilenam et corporeum est.—St Augus mià saturitate–Kil. ; NFris. orten, to
time in Duc.
leave remnants in eating ; Pl.D. ort, ort
Orgies. Gr. Öpyta, sacred rites; ori els, orts; orten, verorten, Örden, to be
ginally those in honour of Bacchus. nice in eating, to pick out the best and
Oriel. This word formerly signified a leave much remnants — Brem. Wtb. ;
chamber or apartment. Adjacet atrium Westerwald urgen, Swiss hurschen, urschi,
nobilissimum in introitu quod porticus orts; urschen, to ort; Bav. urdssen,
vel oriolum appellatur.—Ut non in in
firmariä sed seorsim in oriolo monachi urezen mit etwas, to deal wastefully; die
infirmi carnem comederent. — Matth.
urdss, rejection, orts.
The Du. and Bav. forms naturally lead
Paris in Duc. Oriolum, a little entrance, to the derivation suggested by Kiliaan,
from os, oris Ž It is glossed chamber in ooraete, quasi oueraete, esca superflua,
Bibelsworth.-Nat. Antiq. p. 166. what is left over in eating, and perhaps
Plus est delit en le orio/ ſº. the form of the word has been modified
Escoter la note de l'oriol [wodewale].
in accordance with this notion, but Lap.
For the queen's closet in a chapel:— arates, which is used in exactly the same
Ye schall hur brynge to the chapelle, sense, can hardly have had such an origin.
Be the oryall syde stande thou stylle.
Erl of Tholouse, l. 308. The corresponding forms in the kindred
dialects are Esthon. warria (was herunter
That lady herde his mournyng all
Ryght under the chambre wall fällt), droppings, crumbs, from warri
In her oryall there she was.- sema, to rustle, to fall out, as ripe oats;
Then said that lady mylde of mood, Fin. waret, chaff driven off in thrashing,
Ryght in her closet there she stood. from warista, to drip or fall gradually, as
Squire of low Degree, l. 180. grain from the ears of corn, or leaves in
An oriel window is one that juts out so the autumn. It is remarkable that an
as to make a small apartment in a hall. initial w is added in Sc. worts, as in Fin.
Orifice. Lat. orificium, what makes waret, compared with Lap. araſes. ‘E’en
an opening ; os, oris, mouth. ings worts are gude mornings fodderings.’
Origin. Lat, origo, -inis; orior, to — I am.
arise, take a beginning. bºilet.
Lat. oscillum, something
Orison. Fr. oraison, Lat. oratio, a swung by a rope fastened to the top of a
prayer. pole.
Osier. Fr. osier, a willow, willow twig,
Orlope. The uppermost deck in a
great ship, from the mainmast to the miz wicker basket. Probably from being used
zen.—B. It. tetto, the deck or overloope in making utensils of different kinds, for
 OSPREY OUTRAGE 455

which wicker was much employed by the Fr. loufre, Lat. Jufra, G. offer, ON. offr,
Gauls. Bret. aoza, oza, to form, fashion, Pol. wydra, Russ. vuidra.
arrange ; aozil, ozil, willow, made of Ottoman. The Ottoman empire, the
willow. Turkish empire. From Othman the
Osprey. Lat. ossifragia, a bone-breaker. founder of the dynasty.
To Oss. To offer to do, to aim at, to Ought. Anything. See Aught.
intend to do.—B. Fr. oser, to dare, ad Ought. The pret. of the verb to owe.
venture, be so bold as to do a thing ; Our. Goth., G. uns, (acc. pl.) us; un
Prov. ausar, It. ausare, osare, Venet. sar, tºnser, AS. use, ure, our.
ossare, from Lat. audere, ausum, to dare. Ounce. Fr. once, Lat. uncia, the 12th
The difficulty in this derivation is that part of a pound, and an inch, the 12th
oss belongs so completely to the popular of a foot.
É. of the language that it is very un Ousel. OHG. amisala, G. amsel, AS.
osle.
ikely to have had a Fr. derivation. W.
osio, to offer to do, is undoubtedly the To Oust.—Out. Fr. oster, to remove,
same word, but we are unable to say take away, lay aside, drive or expel from.
whether it is borrowed from E. oss, or Ostez vous de /d, get you hence.—Cot.
vice versä. We find the idea in an earlier Prov. ostar, to take away; ſorostar, to
stage of development in Fin. osata, to drive out. It is probable that this last is
aim right, to strike the mark, to be able the original meaning of the word, and
to do, to know the way; osaella, to try to that oust and the preposition out, ON. ut,
do, to imitate. Esthon. of s, end, point; G. aus, have their origin in the cry huss /
otsima, to seek ; of sama, to end. hut ' used to drive out dogs. Swiss huss /
Osseous. Lat. osseus, os, ossis, a bone. a cry to set on a dog or to hiss a man,
Ostensible.—Ostentation. Lat. os an exclamation of contempt or abhor
tendo, ostewsum (for off-s-tendo, to stretch rence; huss use A fort, hinaus ! properly
out opposite), to show ; whence the fre to a dog, then to a man. W. h.wt/ off,
quentative ostento, -as, to make a show. off with it, away ! and as a noun, a taking
Ostler. Properly the master of an inn, off, a taking away; hºwtio, to hiss out, to
but now appropriated to the servant at hoot; Gael. ut/ ut/ interj. of disappro
an inn who has charge of the stables and bation or dislike; Patois de Champ. hus,
horses. Fr. hoste/ier, a host, innkeeper, hootings, cries, out (hors), door. “Quibus
from hostel, a house, hostel, hall, palace. id agentibus conversä facie in sinistram
—Cot. The application to the sense of a partem indignando quodammodo, virtute
groom seems to have taken place at a quantá potuit, Hutzl Hutz quod signifi
very early period in England. In the cat Foras Foras . Unde patet quia ma
reign of Rich. II., W. Brewer, ‘hostil lignum spiritum videt.”— Vita Ludovici
larius W. Larke pistoris,” was condemned Pii in Duc. Sw. hut/ is used as a cry to
to the hurdle for making short weight in drive out dogs or to stop them and make
horsebread, having to stand “uno de dictis them quiet, get out, for shame ! huta ut,
panibus circa collum suum, et umo bote/ſo to drive out. In the same way Serv. osh 1
feni ad dorsum suum in signum hostil cry to drive out; oshkati, to cry osh to
larii pendentibus, with a bottle of hay at drive out. The Lap, cry is has 1 as /
his back as a sign of an hostler.—Lib. agreeing remarkably with the Gael. form
Alb. 2. 425. Jack “the hosteler of the of the preposition, as; out, out of ; Lap.
house, the companion of the tapster and /iasetet, to drive out. Fr. dial. oussi /
her paramour, in Chaucer's story of the toussi / cry to drive out a dog; usse A
Pardoner and the Tapster, is plainly the Aouste Z houste d la paille / ut A hors
ostler in the modern sense, and not the d'ici, va t'en.—Jaubert.
master of the inn. The cries addressed to animals being
Ostrich. Fr. austruche, an austridge commonly taken from sounds made by
or ostridge–Cot. ; Sp. avestrug, from themselves, the exclamation hoot / used
avis struthio; Lat struthio, Mid.Lat. in driving out dogs, may be compared
strucio, an ostrich.-Diez. with Lap. huttet, to bark. Swiss huss,
Other. Goth. anthar, OFris. ander, /tauss, a dog.
other, or, ON. anmar, Sanscr. amya, an Outrage. It, oſtraggio, Fr. oultrage,
tara, other ; Lat. alius, other, alter outrage, excess, unreasonableness, vio
(whence It. altro, Fr. autre), the other, lence, from Lat. ultra, Fr. outre, beyond,
one of the two; Lith. antras, Lett. ohtrs, with the termination age. Elle est belle
other, second. voirement, mais il my a rien doultrage,
Otter. It lontra, Sp. lutria, nutria, she is fair indeed, but no fairer than she
 456 OVAL PAD

should be. }e me vous demande rien sions; AS. (agan), pres. 4h, digon, prt. £hte;
d’ouſ/rage, I demand nothing unreason oN. ciga, à, eigiſm, 4tte, to possess; g.
able.—Cot. eigen, AS. āgen, Sc. awān, what is pos
Oval.—Ovary. Gr. 606v, Lat. ovum, sessed by one, own. To own a thing is
an egg; whence oval, eggshaped; ovary, to claim it as possessed by oneself. To
the eggbearing organ. owe money is an elliptical expression for
Ovation. Lat. ovare, ovatum, said to having it to pay to another, possessing it
be from oves, the sheep sacrificed in the for another. ON. E.g. á hestinn, that is
ovation or lesser triumph. my horse ; e.g. á lºnga Zeid, I have a long
Oven. G. oſen, Goth. auhns, OSw. way to perform ; e.g. á at gia//da, I have
ogn, omn, ON. offt, Gr. in vác, oven ; to pay, I owe ; Gud & hydrii at ther, you
Sanscr. agni, Lith. ugnis, Lat. ignis, fire. owe obedience to God, God possesses, is
Over. AS. uſan, above, upwards, from rightfully entitled to, obedience at your
above, up ; uſe-weard, uſan-weard, up hands. In the same way we say, I have
wards; uſera, higher, farther; uſemest, to pay you money, I have to go to Lon
highest ; upmost. G. auſ, on, upon, up ; don, Je dois aller a Londres. ‘The plow
offen, above, on high ; offer, upper, over ; man sayde, Gyve me my moneye. The
itóer, over; Gr. tºró, under ; trip, over ; preeste sayde, I owe none to thee to paye:’
Lat. sub, under ; super, over. i. e. I have none to pay thee, or I owe
Overt.—Overture. Fr. ouvrin, Prov. thee none.—From Wynkyn de Worde in
oörir, ubrir, OFr. aourir, a-uvrin, adub Reliquiae Ant. p. 46. A Yorkshiremen
rir, Castrais durbi, dourbi, Wall. drovi, says, Who owes this? who is the possess
to open, from Lat. deofferire, to uncover. or of this, to whom does it belong?
—Diez. Owl. ON. ug/a, Da. ugle, AS. eowle,
Owche.—Nouche. Ouche (a jewel), OHG. iuwila, MHG. iule, G. eule. Doubt
bague. — Palsgr. The original form is less from its cry. G. uhu, the screech owl.
that with an initial m. Lat. ulula, owl ; ululo, to howl.
Whan thou hast taken any thynge, Ox. A name extending to the Finnic
Of lovis gifte, or nouche or pin.—Gower in Hal. branch of languages ;Lap. wuoksa,
OHG. musca, muscſa, muskil, M.H.G. musche, Syrianian Ös, Votiak of (Fr. 7), Ostiak
mischel, Mid. Lat. musca, a buckle, clasp, tages, Turk, ogys.
brooch. Oyster. OFr. of stre, Lat. ostrea, Gr.
To Owe.—Ought.—Own. Goth. aigan, Öarptov, ON. ostra, AS. ostre.
aihan, to possess, to have ; aihts, posses

Pace. Fr. Aas, It passo, Lat. Aassus. The original meaning is shown in Es
Pacify. Lat. Aacificare, pair, facts, thon. Żakima, Fin. pakkata, to stuff, to
peace. cram; pakko, compulsion, force, neces
Pack. — Packet. G., Du. Zack, a sity, pain; Lat. Aangere, factum, to drive
bundle. Fr. Zaºuet, a small bundle. in, to fasten; Gr. Irmyvöw (root tray), to
A pack of cards, and figuratively, a pack stick or fix in as a nail, to fasten together,
of hounds; G. diebenpack, a gang of put together, to make solid, stiff, or hard;
thieves ; das pack, lumpenpack, the dregs trmyöc, firm, solid.
of the people, a pack of rogues—Küttn. Pact. Lat. faciscor, factus sum, to
A naughty pack was formerly used as a agree upon, to engage for, from pango,
term of abuse for a loose woman, as a factum, to drive in, fix, make firm ; pan
person is now sometimes called ‘a bad gere inducias, societatem, pacem. See
lot.’ Pack.
To pack, to make into a bundle; G. * Pad. I. In the most general sense,
sich packen, Sw. packa sig borſ, to be a separate mass, a pack, bundle, bunch.
gone, be packing, pack away. A jury is A pad of yarn, a certain quantity of skeins
Żacked when it is selected and put to made up in a bundle; a pad of wool, a
gether for a particular purpose, and so in small pack such as clothiers carry to a
G. die Karten packen, to pack cards in a spinning house.—Devon. Gl, in Hal.
fraudulent manner, so that one may He was kept in the bands, having under him
know how they lie. but only a pad (bundle) of straw.—Fox, Martyrs.
 PAL) ID LE PAGEANT 457
Glad here to kennel in a pad of straw.—Drayton. tread, the way trodden, or the foot as the
A pad is then a bunch of some sort of implement of tramping. G. Aatsch / like
stuffing confined in a case, a small cushion, A:/a/sch / yuatsch / watsch / represents the
quilted saddle or the like. sound made by a blow with something
The word is probably an equivalent of soft and flat. Paſsch / da lag es. Paſsc/, /
Bav. batzen, botzen, a lump of soft mate da hatte er eins auf's maul. Bav. Zafsch
rial, and is connected with the notion of en, to tramp ; /a/schen, the foot or shoe ;
paddling in something soft and wet in the Zackenpaſscher, a step i' the gutter. Pl.D.
same way that dab, a lump of something Aalsch, mud ; paſsch, paſsch-hand, the
soft, is connected with dabble. G. patsch / hand in speaking to a child, from the
(Sanders), Swab. baſsch / interjection ex sound of a pat with the soft flat hand of a
pressing the sound of a sudden fall or child. Bav. A/o/schen (contemptuously),
blow ; baſschen, to paddle in water, tramp paw, hand ; G. A/oſe, Fr. Aatte, paw; Gr.
in soft mud. Swiss baſschen, to fall to Troö’, Lat. Aed, foot.
gether, to clot. Die matrazze baſse/i/ sich, In the same way with an initial pl in
the matrass becomes lumpy. Comp. the stead of /, Pl.D. pſadern, to paddle ; E.
proverbial expression a pad in the straw, A/od, to move with heavy footfall ; Swab.
something wrong, a screw loose. ‘Here A/a/schen, //Matschen, //a/sche/n, Aſlat
lyes indede the padde within the straw.”— sche/n, to paddle; //laute, Aſlautsch, Aylote,
Hal. Swiss bâtsch, a lump, clump; baitsch a coarse, thick hand.
Aaar, a bunch of clotted hair; batsch, a * Paddock. 1. ON. padda, Du. padde,
pad of clouts sewed one upon the other ; a toad.
&ätschet, what lies one upon the other, be Probably from the notion of paddling
comes a lump, is padded out. G. Aata. in water. G. Aalschen, to splash, paddle ;
lehm, a lump of clay to stop a hole in a
furnace.
jº a frog. Dreck-pats (dirt
-

paddler), a name given in the story to the

The same train of thought gives rise to frog king.
the parallel series, G. watsch / represent 2. A small enclosed piece of pasture
ing the sound made by a blow with some near home. Commonly regarded as a
thing soft, a fall in the mud, &c.; E. wad, corruption of AS. fearroc, a park or en
a lump or piece of something soft ; wad closure, but this would be contrary to the
ding, padding or stuffing out. usual course, as da more readily changes
In the sense of a cushion there is a re to r" than the converse. Swab. Aſatt, an
markable coincidence with Fin. padja, a enclosure.
pad of hay to prevent galling by the It may signify merely a small patch or
saddle or horse collar, a mattress; Esthon. piece of land. See Pad.
faddi, a pillow, cushion. * Padlock. A hanging lock; from
2. Pad, a path ; to pad, to pace, go on Aad, in the sense of a lump or detached
foot.—Hal. Pad, in cant, the highway : mass, as distinguished from the common
padder, fooſbad, one who robs on foot. lock let into the substance of the mem
Pad (in sporting language), the foot of a ber which it fastens.
hare or fox. Pl.D. pad, the sole of the Pagan. Lat. Aaganus, fagus, a coun
foot; pad-weg, G. Aſad, Fin. Aadeſ, pateſ, try village.
a foot-path ; Pl. D. Áedalen, to tread; pad Page. I. It. faggio, Fr. Aage, pro
jen, to trip. Door diA un dunn fadyen, perly a boy, then a serving boy, attendant.
to tramp through thick and thin. Gr. Chaucer, speaking of an infant, says,
taréw, to tread; tróroc, a path; Sp. /*afear,
In cradle it lay and was a proper page.
to kick, to stamp ; pata, foot and leg of
beasts; Fr. Aatte, paw. See To Paddle. Gr. Traic, ratóóc, child; Gael. Aaisde, a
To Paddle. To move in the water young boy or girl; Manx faitchey, a
with the hands or feet.—B. Fr. Zafoul//er, child.
to paddle or dabble in with the feet, to 2. Page of a book, from Lat. pagina, a
stir up and down and trouble. — Cot. sheet of paper, as Fr. lame, from Zamina, a
Hence paddle, an implement for paddling, blade, ſemime, from farmina. See Pageant.
an oar with a broad flat blade, as Fr. Pageant. A triumphal chariot or
gasche, an oar or skull, from gascher, to arch, or other pompous device, usually
splash. The idea of splashing or pad carried about in public shows. – B.
dling in the wet frequently occurs in the Pagent, pagina.-Pr. Prm. The authori
special form of tramping through the mud, ties cited by Way in the notes on this
explaining the root pad or Aat in the passage show that the original meaning
formation of words signifying tramp, of the word was a scaffold for the pur
458 PAGOI) PALE

pose of scenic exhibition, equivalent to All from Lat. foena, retribution, punish
Lat. and It. Aegma, which is explained ment, a word which from the prominence
by Florio, a frame, a fabric, a machine, of the idea in religious teaching would
or pageant, to move, to rise, or to go readily be carried into all European lan.
itself with wheels, with vices, or with guages. See Punish.
other help. In a contemporary account Painim. A heathen, properly heathen
of the performances, cited in ‘Sharp's ism. Fr. Aaſen, a pagan; faiennisme,
Coventry Mysteries, certain pageants are faienisme, faientime, paganismus, hea
spoken of, ‘which pagiants were a high thendom, heathenland.
scafold with two rowmes, a higher and a Paint. Lat. Aingere, pictum, Fr. Alein
lower, on four wheeles.’ The compiler of dre, peint, to paint.
the Liber Albus, describing the ceremo Pair.—Par. Lat. par, alike, even.
nial at the entry of Henry VI. into Lon Fr. pair.
don, A.D. 1432, uses pagina and machina Palace. Lat. Zalatium.
as synonymous. He tells us that at the Paladin. It paladino, palatino, be
entry of the bridge, “parabatur machina longing to an emperor's court or chief
satis pulcra in cujus medio gigas mirae palace, a count palatine; also a paladin,
magnitudinis.-Ex utroque latere ipsius a knight, or famous man-at-arms of an
gigantis in effdem paginá erigebantur emperor's palace.—Fl. The knights of
duo animalia vocata antelops.’—Munim. the round table were the paladins of
Gildh. III. 459. The name was after Arthur or of Charlemagne, from whose
wards transferred to the subject of exhi exploits the heroic character implied in
bition, whether a mere image or a dra the name is derived.
matic performance. In the Chester Palaeo-. Palin-. Palim-. Palæo- (in
Mysteries each drama is introduced in the Geol.), Gr. TraMaioc, ancient ; tāAal, long
form, ‘Incipit pagina prima de celi, an ago, of old. Palin-, Palim-, Gr. ºrá\ty,
gelorum, &c., creacione.’ The word was back, again. Palimpsest, a MS. written
sometimes written pagym, or pagen, truer on a former MS. rubbed out. Gr. ºraAiu
than the modern form to the Lat. Aagina, lmaroc, from baiw, Váa, to rub off.
from whence it is derived. Nor is there It is curious that a plausible explana
reason to doubt that pagina itself is an tion of both tróAuv and träXat may be
equivalent of compago, -inës, or compages, found in the Finnish languages ; of the
from the verb pango, to fasten, signifying first in Fin. palaan, pallata (to be com
a framework of materials fastened to pared with Gr. troAéw, to turn), to roll, to
gether, just as the equivalent pegma is return ; palatus, return. From the same
Gr. triyua, a construction, from Trilyvvu, root seems to spring Lap. pale, a turn,
to fasten. "Auašav tričaobat, to build a time; tamm palem, at that time; fai palai
waggon. Lat. Aagino, compagino, to (plur.), in those times, formerly. In Lat.
construct. “Solidoque navem/aginatam o/im (from ol/e for ille, in those times),
robore.”—Paulin in Facc. Pagina, a the word signifying times is understood,
sheet of paper, is supposed to be so called while in Gr. trāAat there would be an
from the skins of papyrus compacted to ellipse of the demonstrative.
gether of which it is composed. Palanquin. Ptg. Aalanquim, a chair
Pagod. An image worshipped by the or couch carried between poles on men's
Indians and Chinese, or the temple be shoulders, from Sp. palanca, a lever, a
longing to such an idol.—B. From Ptg. cowl-staff, or pole on which a weight is
façao, a pagan, and thence fagode, an supported between two men.
assembly of idolaters, temple of the In Palate. Lat. palatum.
dians, porcelain image. Palaver. Mid. Lat. parabola, Sp. fa
Pail. It fade/la, Venet. Žáela, a pan; labra, Ptg. palavra, word, discourse.
Sp. /ai/a, a bason, a pan ; Lat. Aaſera, a The word seems to have come to us from
bowl; ſatella, a dish, a plate; Fin. Aadda, the intercourse with the negroes of the
Bret. pod, E. pot. African coast, where Portuguese was the
* Pain. Fr. peine, pain, penalty, pun European language principally known.
ishment, also pains, labour, endeavour, To hold a pa/aver was there used for a
also pain, trouble, anguish.-Cot. Du. conference, and thence the word was in
pijne, G. Aein, pain, trouble, punishment; troduced as a slang term. See Parley.
Æo//pein, zahnpein, head-ache, tooth-ache. Pale. — Paling. — Palissade. Lat.
W. poem, Bret. poan, pain, punishment, palus, It, falo, a pole or stake; Sp. Aaſo,
pains ; Gael. Atan, pain, pang, torment; a stick; G. pſahl, a pile, pole, stake : Fr.
ON. pina, to torment, to punish. pºlis, a pale or thick lath, a stake, pole,
 PALETTE PALTER 459

pile.—Cot. W. palis, a thin partition of work. Gael. fea//, a skin or hide, a

boards, wattle, lath. bunch of matted hair, a mat, coverlet ;
In a secondary sense pale signifies an Aea//aid, a sheepskin; peaſ/ach, shaggy,
enclosure, a place paled in. matted ; feaſtag, a patched cloak.
Pale, 2.—Pallid. Lat. palleo, to be pale. To Palliate. Lat. Aal/iare, to cloke.
Palette. The flat plate on which a See Pall.
painter rubs his colours. W. Ad/, a spade; Palm. I. Gr. traXáum, Lat. palma, w.
Bret. Žal, a spade, quoit, float of a mill; falſ, AS. ſolm, OHG. ſo/ma, the flat of the
It. Aala, any kind of flat and broad thing hand ; Lat. Aaſhare, ON. ſailma, to grope,
or plate, a spade, float of a water-wheel, feel for with the hands ; w. Ża/ſa/u, to
blade of an oar, shoulder-blade; paletta, grope, creep on the hands and feet.
any little flat thing with a handle, a shovel, 2. Lat. Aalma, the palm, a tree with
trowel, spattle, slice, racket. Fr. pale, a broad spreading leaves like the palm of
shovel ; palet, a quoit; palette, a sur one's hand. Hence pa/mer, a pilgrim,
geon's slice. carrying a palm-branch in sign of having
Palfrey. Fr. paleſroi, It. paleſreno, been to the Holy Land.
Mid. Lat. paraveredus, paraſredus, pala 3. The yellow catkin of the willow, the
fridus, an easy-going horse for riding ; branches of which, on account of the
veredus, a post-horse. The term is ex name, are carried on Easter Sunday to
plained by Duc. an extra post-horse, a represent the palm-branches of Judea.
horse used in the military and by-roads Pl.D. palme, bud, catkin of willow, hazel,
as weredus on the main roads, but it is alder, &c. The buds or eyes of the vine
probable that this distinction was not are also called palmen in Germany,
observed. ‘De querela Hildebrandi co whence may be explained E. palmer
mitis quod pagenses ejus paravreda dare worm, a grub or worm destroying the
recusant.”—Capit. Car. Mag. The first buds of plants.
half of the word is supposed to be the Gr. The name seems to have been given to
trapd, by, a by-horse; but it is not easy a catkin, from the woolly or feathery tex
to understand how such a compound ture. Palm of wull or loke.—Pr. Prm.
could arise. From paraſredus were Fin. Aalmu, catkin of willow ; palmikko,
formed G. Afterd, Du. paard, a horse. lock of hair; palmikoita, to plait hair or
Pall. A cloth that covers a coffin at wicker.
a funeral, a cloak. Lat. pal/ium was Palpable. Lat. palºor, to stroke
especially applied to the cloak sent by gently, to feel with the hand.
the Pope for the inauguration of a bishop. Palpitate. Lat. Aalpito, to pant or
W. fall, a mantle, a pavilion; Bret. pall beat.
en, a coverture; pa/len-welé, bed-cover, Palsy. A loss of the bodily powers,
coverlet ; /a//envarc'h, horse-cloth, hous corrupted from Fr. paralysie, Lat. Aara
ings; Gael. Aea//, a skin or hide, cover Aysis.
ing, veil. There our Lord heled a man of the palasye.
To Pall. To grow flat as liquors do, Sir John Miandeville, p. 107.
to make dull, to take off the appetite.—B. See Paralyse.
To fall, to rot.—Squire of Low Degree. To Palter.—Paltry. To paſter is
W. Aallu, to fail; pall, loss of energy, properly to babble, chatter, then to trifle.
miss, failure. To appall is to cause to Paltry, trifling.
pall, to stupefy with horror or similar One whyle his tonge it ran and paltered of a cat,
emotion. Another whyle he stammered styll upon a rat.
Gammer Gurton, ii. 3.
* Pallet. Palyet, lytylle bed, lectica.
––Pr. Pn. In like manner we find babbling for tri
And on a paillet all that glad night fling.
By Troilus he lay.—Chaucer. K. john. Why dost thou call them bałłyng
Langued. paliet, a straw or rush mat. matters, tell me? Sedition. For they are not
Prov. Aailloſa, a couch. It pagliaccio, worth the shaking of a pear-tree.—King Johann,
Cam. Misc.
a pallet or straw bed.—Fl. From Lat.
fa/ea, chaff; It. Aaglia, Fr. Aaille, straw, Sp. chisme, tattle, tale, thence lumber of
chaff. little value.
Palletoque.—Pallecote. A cassock Depreciatory terms for the exercise of
or short coat with sleeves.—B. Fr. Aal the voice are commonly taken from the
Aetoc, a garment like a short cloak with continuous sound of water or the like.
sleeves.—Cot. Bret. paſtók, a cloak of Pl.D. pladdern, to paddle, dabble; Du.
coarse cloth worn by peasants at their pladeren, G. plaudern, to tattle, or talk in
465 PAM PANNEL

excess ; N. putra, to simmer, bubble, supported by the form paine, a piece of

whisper, mutter; Pl.D. paotern (pron. wall.–Roquef. Valvarum Żagina, the
Žaw/ern), to patter, repeat in a monoton panels of doors.--Pallad. Pane or part
ous manner. From the broad sound of of a thing, pagina. Pannel, pagella,
the a in this pronunciation is introduced panellus.--Pr. Pm. The preponderating
the / of faſter, in the same way as was evidence however is in favour of the de
formerly seen in the case of ſalter, halt.
rivation from Lat. pannus, cloth, through
Patter and paſter are related together, as
Fr. Alan, a pane, piece or pannel of a wall,
E. chatter and It. cia/trare, to prattle,
of wainscot, of a glass window, &c., the
chat.
skirt of a gown, the pane of a hose or
From the notion of what is trifling, cloak.-Cot. The ſame of a hose was a
worthless, seems to be developed N. pal sheet of different colour or material let
tra, rags. into the garment.
Pam. The knave of Clubs. Pol.
Than the knyght shewed me a pane of the
Pamſil, the knave of any suit. The wall, and said, Sir, see you yonder parte of the
Swedes call the knave of Spades d'éta wall which is newer than all the remnant.—Ber
Pampen, the true Pam ; the knave of ners, Froissart in R.
Clubs the false Pam. Bav. Pampſili, the
queen of Spades (der Eichel-Ober); Cat. pany, a piece of wall, pannel of
Aamſ/i/º, Sp. panſilo, a greedy, lazy per wainscot, lap of a shirt; — de oro, gold
son. See Pamper. leaf. Panyo, cloth. Prov. Zan, rag,
To Pamper. To feed high, to indulge. clout, lap, piece ; Ptg. fºno, painmo, piece
—B. Bav. pampſºn, to stuff; sich vol/ of cloth ; – de muro, piece of wall; —
famfſen, to stuff oneself full, especially of de chaminé, mantel-piece of a chimney.
puddings ; pampſ, thick gruel. Pampf Pang. AS. Ayngan, Lat. Aungere, to
is a nasalised form of the nursery pap, prick. Poignant or pricking grief is that
food. Tyrol. pap/e/e, milk porridge; which gives a severe fang. Fr. Aoinct, a
fa//e/en, to feed with dainties, to pamper. stitch, or sharp pain in the side.
Thus the devil fareth with men and wommen. Panic. Gr. travukoc, from IIáv, the
First he stirith hem to pappe and pampe her deity to whose influence panic fear was
fleisch desyrynge delicous metis and drynkis.- attributed. -

OE. prayers in Reliq. Ant. i. 41. Panicle. Lat. panicula, the woof
On the other hand Fl. has pambére round the quill, in the shuttle, the down
(quasi pane e bere), bread and drink, also upon reeds.
a nunchions of an afternoon ; famõerdito, Pannage. The feeding of swine upon
pampered, full-fed. mast in the woods, or the duty accruing
Pamphlet. From Sp. papelete, a from it. Mid. Lat. Aastio, pastionaticum,
written slip of paper, a written newsletter, Aasmaticum, pasnagium, Žamnagium,
by the insertion of the nasal, as in Du. from Lat. pascere, pastum, to feed. “In
Aampier, paper. Sp. Aabelon, a large omnibus etiam suis memoribus ipsorum
piece of paper, a pamphlet. porcis recursum, et omnimodos fructus
Gloster offers to put up a bill : Win ad eorum pabulum, abscue eo pretio quod
chester snatches it, tears it. vulgo pasnaticum dicitur.’—A.D. 1130 in
Winch. Com'st thou with deep premeditated Duc. ‘Plains penmaiges de chevaux, de
lines, jumens, poutrains, vaches, veaux et pour
With written pamphlets studiously devised? ceaux allans à la dite forest de Cressi.’—
H. VI
A. D. I.478.
Pan-. Gr. trāv, everything. As in Fr. pasnage, pawnage, mastage, the
Panegyric (travāyvpic, a general assem money received by the lord of a forest
bly), Panorama (opáw, to see, Špapa, a for the feeding of swine with the mast, or
sight seen). of cattle with the herbage thereof.-Cot.
Pan. ON. panna, Du. Zamme, G. Aſan Pannel. Fr. paneau or panneau (from
me, Boh.pdnew, Lith. /ana. From Lat. /annel), like Prov. pannet (petit pan—
patina 2 Rayn.), is a dim. of pan, pane. The Fr.
Pander. From Pandarus, the uncle term like the E. is applied to the flat
of Troilus, who performs the part of a pieces of board enclosed in the frame
pander in the story of Troilus and Cres work of a door, &c., the rug or thick
sida, popular in the middle ages. cloth put under the load of a pack-horse.
Pane. I. The derivation from Lat. Du. panneel, rug-decksel, dorsuale, et
fagina, a leaf, page, any flat expanse, as sella aurigae.--Kil. The pannel of a jury
a sheet of marble, or piece of land, seems is the slip of parchment on which the
 PAN NIER PARAPET 461
names of the jurors are written. See Russ. Aaffa, bread ; Lat. mamma, mam
Pane. mi//a, Fin. mamma, the breast.
Pannier. Fr. panier, a basket, pro Papacy.—Papist. See Pope.
perly, as Milan. Aamera, a bread-basket, Paper. Lat. pa/yrus, Gr. Trárvpoc, the
from Lat. Aamis, bread. It, fandra, Egyptian rush of which paper was made.
fandris, any place to keep bread in, a The occurrence of forms like w. pahyr,
pantry, a bread-basket. rushes, rush candles, Walach. papurá,
To Panse. Fr. penser, to think, ex rush, is opposed to the common belief
amine, consider of, also, as panser, to tend, that the name is originally Egyptian.
look unto, have a care of, also to dress, Papillary. Lat. Aapilla, dim. from
physic, apply medicines unto.—Cot. Pan Aafula, a pimple.
ser un cheval, to dress a horse. Para-. Gr. trapá, beside, beyond.
Pansy. The flower heartsease, in Fr. Parable.—Parabola. Gr. TrapagoNº,
called pensée, thought. a comparison, , illustration, from trapa
To Pant. Fr. pante/er, to pant or BaAAw, to set side by side.
throb, to beat, also to breathe short and Paraclete. Gr. Tapáx\mroc, from trapa
thick, or often together ; fantiser, pantoi ra\{w, to exhort; in New Test. Gr., to
ser, to breathe often, to be short-winded. comfort.
—Cot. The quick beating of the heart is Parade. Great show, state; the place
represented by the syllables pit-a-pat or where troops assemble for inspection.
the nasalised pintledy-fant/edy, originally Fr. parer, to dress, adorn, hang richly,
imitating the .."; a succession of as with arras.-Cot. It. Aarare, to pre
light blows. “And the rattling pit-flat pare, make ready, for a priest to put on
noise.”—B. Jonson in R. “My heart went his vestment before he goes to celebrate;
pintledy-pantledy.”—Skinner. Then from Aarata, any preparation, trimming, set
the sympathy between the action of the ting forth.-Fl.
heart and lungs, to pant, to breathe quick Paradise. Gr. trapáčelo'oc, from a Per
and hard. sian word signifying a park or hunting
Pantaloon.— Pantaloons. Fr. pan enclosure.
talon, a pair of trousers, seems a modern Paradox. Gr. 36%a, expectation, opinion,
word. It pantalone is the fanfaloon of trapáčotoc, contrary to opinion, strange.
Italian comedy, a covetous and amorous Paraffine. A material having little
old dotard who is made the butt of the affinity with other substances. Lat. Aa
piece. The word seems to signify a rum affinis, little allied.
slovenly-dressed person, from Sp. pañal, Paragon. Fr. Aaragon, a pattern or
clout, skirt or tail of shirt; pañaſon, a touchstone, whereby the goodness of
slovenly fellow whose shirt hangs out of things is tried ; the perfection or flower
his breeches.—Baretti. Lat. Aamnus, rag, of, a paragon or peerless one.—Cot. Sp.
cloth. paragon, model, example, from the com
Pantomime. Gr. travrépupoc; one pound preposition fara con, in compari
who acts in dumbshow ; travro-, all, and son with.-Diez. Para con migo, in com
pupéouai, to imitate. See Mimic. parison with me ; fara con el, according
Pantry. — Pantler. Fr. paneſerie, to him.
place where the bread is kept ; whence To Paralyse.—Paralytic. Gr. Ağw, to
£antler, the officer who had charge of dissolve, loosen ; trapaxiw, to loosen or
that department, as butler, the officer who disable at the side, to paralyse; trapaxágic,
had charge of the buffery. paralysis, palsy ; trapakurukóc, one so af
Pap. — Papa. Words formed of the fected.
simplest articulations, ma and £a, are Paramount. Above all, sovereign, or
used to designate the objects in which the absolute.—B. Fr. paramont, at the top,
infant takes the earliest interest, the up. “Car meus est dit soit a toi, vien cea
mother and father, the mother's breast, paramont, melius est enim ut dicatur
the act of sucking or taking food. Papa tibi, ascende huc.—Proverbs xxv. 7.
and mamma are widely used in the sense Paramour. A love companion; Fr.
of father and mother. Lith. paipas, Lat. far amour, by way of love. Paramour
fa/i//a, It. pop/a, E. Aap, the nipple or (a woman), dame peramour.—Palsgr.
breast; It. pop/are, to suck; Aappa, soft Parapet. It parapetto, a ward-breast,
food prepared for infants; Zappare, to breastplate, wall breast high, from parare,
suck, to feed with pap; Sp. /a/ar, to eat; Fr. Aarer, to cover, or shield from, to
Magy. Aapa, in nursery language, eating; ward or defend a blow—Fl., and It. petto,
mama, drinking ; Walach. Aaffā, to eat; Lat. Aectus, breast.
462 PARAPHERNALIA PARRICIDE

Paraphernalia. Gr. ºspyń (pépw), the farlare, Fr. parler, to speak. Commonly
dowry brought by the wife, gain, booty ; derived from Lat. Zarabola, a comparison,
trapápépwa, Lat. paraphernalia, goods be likeness, allegory, passing into paraula,
longing to the bride (trapá) besides the Žarola, a word, whence parolare, parlare,
stipulated portion. to speak. Mid. Lat. Zarabolare was con
Parasite. Gr. airoc, wheaten bread, stantly used in this sense. “Nostri seni
food ; trapáguroc, beside the food, eating ores/arabolazerunt simul et considerave
at the table of another, a flatterer. runt.”—Cap. Car. Calv. “Caepit eum bis
Parasol. It parasole, a sun-shade, tergue appellare ; sed ille nihil homini
from parare, to ward off, and sole, the valuit parabolare, Sed digito gulam ei
Sun. monstrabat.”—Duc.
To Parboil. Lang. £erhouli, to give a It is however hard to understand how
slight boil, to part-boil. Mod.Gr. Hero the word for speaking could have had so
Bpáčw, to parboil; usao/3péxw, to half wet, forced an origin, and perhaps it may be
to wet in part. explained in closer analogy with other
Parcel. It, particella, any little parti words of like signification. We have
cle, parcel, part, portion.--Fl. Fr. Aar often had occasion to remark the fre
ce//e, a piece, little part.—Cot. quency with which the sound of water,
Parcener. See Partner. and of babbling, or much talking, are re
To Parch. Bav. pſárzen, to fry; fir presented by the same or similar forms.
£en, to toast bread. Probably direct Now &rabò/e and brazv/ are used as well
from the crackling sound of things frying. to signify the noise of broken water as of
Walach. Żaryolí (Fr. /), to burn, to singe. chiding and loud or noisy talking. Shake
Parchment. Fr. parchemin, G. per speare makes Sir Hugh Evans use priè
.gament, Lat. Aergamena, from Pergamus //es and prabò/es in the sense of idle
in Asia Minor, where it was invented. chatter. The insertion of a vowel be
Pardon. Fr. pardon, It. Aerdomo, the tween the mute and liquid would give w.
exact equivalent of E. forgive. farab/, speech, utterance, discourse ;
-pare. -pair. Lat. Zarare, to pre Aarablan, to talk continually, to chatter ;
pare ; as in Prepare, Repair, &c. Aarab/us, eloquent, fluent. If these
To Pare. Fr. parer, to deck, trim, spring from a native Gallic root it might
garnish, order decently.—Cot. Le mare naturally have been retained in the speech
chal pare le pied d'un cheval avec un of the Romanised Gauls, and adopted in
boutoir; farer les legumes d'un potager written Latin under the form of parabo
pour les mettre en vente.—Dict. Lang. !are. On the other hand, the sense of
Parer, to peel an apple.—Patois de Norm. speaking is one where it is very unlikely
The radical meaning is to set forth, to that the British language should have
prepare. borrowed from the Latin, and it is hardly
Parent. Lat. fareo, to beget. possible that parabolare could have been
Parenthesis. Gr. 6:oic, a setting (ríðn generally used in the sense of speaking at
pu, to put); trapév0soic, something put in a period sufficiently early to give rise to
by the side of. the W. word, without leaving evidence of
Parget. The plaister of a wall.—B. such a use in classical Latin.
To parget, quasi parietare, Žarietes car A similar explanation may be given of
mento incrustare.—Skinner. Pariette Sp. Zalabra, Ptg. palavra (the origin of
for walles, blanchissure.—Palsgr. in Way. our vulgar palaver), word, from G. flap
If ye have bestowed but a little sum in the perm, to babble, tattle ; Sc. b/abber, bled
glazing, paving, parieting of God's house.—Bp &er, to babble, speak indistinctly.
Hall in R.
Parlour. Fr. parloir, the room in a
Parish. Fr. Aaroisse, Lat. para-cia, nunnery where the nuns were allowed to
Gr. trapouria, an ecclesiastical district or speak to visitors through a grating.
neighbourhood ; Trápotkoç, dwelling beside Parody. Gr. 96%, a song ; trappéia
another, from trapá, by, and olzog, house. (rapá, beside), a song diverted to another
Park. Fr. Zarc, an enclosure, sheep subject, a burlesque, parody.
fold, fish-pond ; Dan. Jisk-park, a fish Paroxysm. Gr. 6&c, sharp ; Śēēval, to
pond ; It. Aarco, AS. fearroc, OHG. Aſer sharpen; trapoğüvo, to prick on, stir up,
rich, G. fferch, park, enclosure; Bret. exasperate, to grow violent ; trapośvauðc,
Zark, an enclosed field ; Lang. Aarghe, a exasperation, the violent fit of a disease.
fold for cattle ; fanga, pargheſha, to fold Parricide. Lat. parricida, for patri
cattle on the ground. cida, the slayer (cardo, to strike) of one's
Parley.—Parliament.—Parole. It. father.
 PARROT PASS 463
Parrot.—Parakeet. Fr. perroguet is a name for a hen, from the long feathers
derived by Menage from Perrot, the dim. about her neck.
of Pierre, Peter, from the habit of giving Partition.—Party. Lat. partior, Fr.
men's names to animals with which we Aartir, to devise, share; parti, the part
are specially familiar, as Magpie (for one takes or the side one embraces.
Margery-pie, Fr. Margot), Jackdaw, Jack Partner. —Barcener. Fr. parcener,
ass, Robin-redbreast, Cuddy (for Cuth Prov. partener, parsonner, to partake,
bert) for the donkey and hedgesparrow. take part with ; Fr. parcener, parsonnier,
When parrot passed into E. it was not a partaker, partner, coheir.—Cot.
recognised as a proper name, and was Partridge. Fr. perdrix, Lat. perdir,
again humanised by the addition of the Parturient.—Parturition. Lat.pareo,
familiar Poll ; Poll-parrot. Aartum, to bring forth ; partus, birth ;
Probably Menage was wrong in deriv parfurio, to be engaged in birth.
ing ferroguet from Perrot, though right To Pash. To dash, to bruise.
in the general principle. Sp. Perico, the If I go to him with my armed fist
short for Peter, also, as well as the dim. I'll pash him o'er the face.
periguito, signifies a parrot, and it is from Troilus and Cress.
this latter form that Fr. perroquet and E. The poor men half dead were beaten down
parakeet have been derived. with clubs and their heads pashed in pieces.—
North. Plut. in R.
To Parry. It parare, Fr. Aarer, to
ward off. The Lat. Aarare is known only Formed on the same plan with dash, re
in the sense of making ready, but if we presenting the noise of the blow. Swiss
examine the compounds we shall find that baſschen, to strike the hand ; batsch, a
the radical meaning must be to push. blow of the hand ; baitschen, to give a
Separare, to separate, is to push apart ; smacking sound ; to fall with a noise.
reparare, to repair, to push a thing back Die thiire 2uðdtschen, to bang to the
door. Dan. baske, to slap, thwack;-med
to its original place; comparare, to bring
things together, to place them side by wingerme, to flap the wings.
side. To ward off a blow is to push it Comp. Swiss ditsch, a smart blow with
aside. the open hand ; datsch, a clear sound, or
To Parse. To distinguish the parts of the blow which produces it.
speech and grammatical relations in a To Pass. From Lat. passus is formed
sentence. From pars orationis. Walach. Żashu, a step, and thence fashi,
Parsimony. Lat. parsimonia, pro to step, to go ; fashescu luainte, I ad
bably from parcere, to spare. vance, go forwards. The E. pace, from
Parsley. Fr. persil, Lat. petroseli the same root, is used both as a sub
zzzzzzz. stantive and as a verb. So also the
Parsnep. Lat. pastinaca, Du. fasti original meaning of go or gang is to step,
nać, Žasternak, Fr. pasquemade, paste and the generalisation from the idea of
maille.—Sherwood. The latter half of the stepping to that of progress in general is
E. name is the nep of turneſ, signifying a so natural that there is no occasion to
tap-root. See Turnep. seek for any other derivation of It. Aas
Parson. Mid. Lat. persona ecclesiae, sare, Fr. Aasser, to go on, go by, go
the person who represents the church in through.
a parish.-Blackstone. Persona signified The difficulty is to account for the Du.
dignity or office. Laicus quidam magna, passen, to accommodate, adjust, to fit, a
Aftersonae ad nos veniens dicebat.—A. D. sense which may also be traced in Fr. se
741. Proconsulares et alii Aersonati viri. Žasser, to accommodate oneself, to shift.
Viri nobiles et personati. Nul clerc s'il // se passe à peu de chose, he is contented,
n’est Prelaz ou establis en personnage ou he maketh shift with a little. Se passer
dignité, &c.—Stat. Phil. Pulch. A. D. 1294 a’une chose, to do without it. Il a des
in Duc. &iens pourse passer, he hath goods enough
Part. —Partial.—Participle.— Par to serve his turn. So in E. he is well to
ticle. Lat. pars, partis, part. pass, or well to do. In a somewhat dif
* Partisan. A halberd.—B. A par ferent sense Du. wel te žas zijn, to be
tisan or javelin to skirmish with, parti well in health.
giana.-Torriano. Fr. pertuisane, a par The point of agreement is to be found
tisan, or leading staff; pertuiser, to make in the sense of happening. The events
holes.—Cot. Lat. Aerºundere, pertusum, of the world are regarded as moving on
to pierce. wards to meet us, and they happen at
Partlet. A woman's ruff, and hence the moment when they pass by us.
464 PASSION PATE

Hence the expression, it came to pass, it pasterns of a horse, also fetters, clogs, or
happened. Fr. se passer, to happen. Ce stocks; fastofare, to pastern, fetter, clog,
Qui s'est /assé avant mous, what hap shackle, or gyve the feet.—Fl.
pened before us.-Gattel. Du. of dit Pastoral.—Pasture. Lat. pasco, pas
fas, hoc loco, hoc tempore; te žas, a tum, to feed flock or herd; whence pas
propos, a point, a saison.—Halma. Recht tor, a shepherd. W. pasg, a feeding, fat
fe pas Momen, opportuné, commodé, suo tening.
tempore, tempestivé venire.—Kil. Fr. Pat. I. A light blow, a tap or rap.
Aassable, suitable, not in excess. An imitation of the sound. The fre
Passion.—Passive.—Patient. Lat.
quentative faſter represents the sound of
fafior, passus, to suffer, endure, be af a number of light blows given simul
fected. taneously or in succession.
Paste.-Pasty. It pasta, Fr. pasſe, 2. A small lump, as a fat of butter;
fáfe, paste, dough. Sp. //asta, paste, such a portion as is thrown down on a
soft clay, anything soft; //aste, size, a plate at once, from the sound of the fall.
fine paste made of glue and lime.—Neum. So G. Altºsch, a tap, pat, or slap, a flap
Diez inclines to the derivation from Lat. with the hand, or the noise which this
pastus, food, though with some hesita blow causes; also a piece of a viscous,
tion, arising from the relation between clammy body; ein #///sch buffer, a piece
Sp. //asia and Gr. TrAágua, anything of butter of undetermined size.—Küttn.
moulded. And here doubtless he touches So also to dać, to strike with something
on a truer scent. As long as bread is in soft ; a dač, so much of a soft body as is
a state of paste it is not food. The es thrown down at once.
sential characteristic of paste is its sticky, 3. At the precise moment, in exact
plastic condition, like that of moist clay accordance with what is wanted. Fr. d
or mud. Now the idea of paddling or propos, fitly, seasonably, to the purpose,
dabbling in the wet and mud is expressed or just pat.-Cot. Now I might do it
by a variety of imitative forms beginning Aat, now he is praying.—Hamlet. The
indifferently with a £ or //, from whence word here, as in the first sense, seems
the designation of a plastic condition, or fundamentally to represent the sound of
plastic material, would naturally follow. something thrown down upon the ground,
Swab. Aſatsch, //Matsch, the sound of a as marking the exact moment of a thing
blow in water; Dan. //ad'sée, Sw. Alaska, being done, on the principle on which
paska, G. A/afschen, fatschen, to plash, the sense of jump, exact, has been ex
dabble; Dan. pladdre, E. paddle, Fr. pa plained. To cut a thing smack off is a
touiller, patrouiller, platrouiller (Pat. de similar expression. Lith. Żat, exactly,
Champ.), to dabble. I paddyl in the precise. /s2 fat Æðmo, out of the village
myre as duckes do or yonge chyldren; je itself (not the neighbourhood). Präsg pat
£astille.—Palsgr. wāja, due against the wind. Czè pat, in
In a sense somewhat further developed this very place. -

we have Gael. Alasd, plaister, daub with
lime or clay ; Gr. TrAágow, originally, to
mould in clay; tr}\agrixóc, of a pasty or
clayey texture; Du. Aleisſerent and fleis
feren, to plaister; Cat. empastre, Sp. emi
f/astre, a plaister; Cat. empasſissar, Sp.
emplastecer (in a confined sense), to daub,
plaister; OFr. empais/ros, muddy, sticky;
Lang. /asſissa, to handle awkwardly, as
we speak of dabbling in a business of
Patch. 1. It. Zezza, a clout, patch,
tatter.—Fl. Swiss batsch, the sound of a
blow, a smack; batschen, to strike the
hand, to clap, thence baſschen, patschen,
to clap on a piece, to botch, to patch ;
&afsch, a patch; baitsch, a lump, a knot;
silberbätsch, haarbdtsch.
2. Patch is also a contemptuous term
for a person ; not specially for a fool, as
explained by Nares. -

which we know but little. A crew of patches, base mechanicals.

Mids. N. Dream.
Pastern. The part of a horse's foot
from the fetlock to the heel, also a shackle A cross-patch is still used by children for
for a horse.--B. Mid. Lat. pastorium was a cross person. It seems to signify an
a shackle with which horses were tethered uncultivated person. Bav. Aafschen, to
out at pasture, and hence the joint on dabble, to blunder or fail. Paſscherey,
which the shackle was fastened.—Mura awkwardness. Der fatsch, Żafscher, an
tori, Diss. 33. The pastern is in E. some awkward fellow ; 3 guede paſsche, as Fr.
times called the shackle-joint. Mid. Lat. um bom homme, a simple fellow.
fasturale, Fr. Aastureau, pasturon, pa Pate. The radical meaning of the
Zuzon, pastern. It, pastora, pastoia, the word seems to be the brain-pan, analo
 PATENT PAVILION 465
gous to Sw, panna, the forehead. From of sounds, each of which would separately
the same root are Lat. patina, a dish or be represented by the syllables pat, taff.
pan, It. Aadeſ/a, a pan, Fr. fate, a plate, To patter as rain or hail, to fall with a
or band of iron.—Cot. Parallel forms, rattling noise. Fr. Aatatra / interj. re
with initial pl instead of p, are Piedm. presenting the noise of something falling.
plata (ludicrously), the bald head; G. 2. To repeat in a monotonous manner,
Žlatte, a plate of metal, flat surface, bald like the pattering of a shower, and not
pate, shaven crown of a priest. Ir, plaitin, from the repetition of paternosters. Sw.
a little plate, skull; plaitin al chimn, the dial. paddra, to patter as hail, to crackle,
crown of the head. chatter, prate; padra, a talking woman.
Patent. Lat. pateo, to lie open. The Fr. Aaſi-fata, Lang.patin-patourlo, words
King's letters patent are those addressed framed to represent talking with too great
to all the world. rapidity.—Dict. Lang. Pl.D. pilerpater,
Paternal. Lat. paternus, from pater, unintelligible chatter, talk in a foreign
father. language; paotern, to repeat in a mono
Path. Du. pad, G. Aſad. See Pad, 2. tonous manner, like a boy learning his
Pathetic.—Pathos. Gr. trāaxw, ºra lesson.—Danneil. N. putra, to mutter.
6ov, to suffer; traboc, suffering, passion. Lett. Autro.ht, to gabble; putro.ht pah
Patient. See Passive. tarus, to gabble [paternosters] prayers.
Patriarch. Gr. trarpia, lineage, race; Pattern. Fr. Aatron, patron, master
trarotépxmc, the chief or father of a race. of a ship or a workshop, hence a pattern,
Patrician. Lat. patricius, originally the inanimate master by which the work
a descendant of the patres, or Senators, man is guided in the construction of any
the fathers of the state. thing. Patrone, form to work by, exem
Patrimony. Lat. Aatrimonium, a plar.—Pr. Prm. “I drawe as a workeman
paternal estate. dothe a patrone with his penne. Je pour
Patriot. Gr. ºrarpia, lineage, descent, trais.”—Palsgr.
people; patria, country; trarpiórnç, a fel Paucity. Lat. Aaucus, few.
low-countryman. Paunch. It pancia, Fr. Aanse, com
Patrol. Fr. patrouille, formerly fa monly derived from Lat. panter, Walach.
touille, It. pattug/ia, a night watch. The Aântece, the belly. But perhaps the word
fundamental image is dabbling in the wet, may be nearer a living origin. Tyrol.
tramping through the dirt. Fr. Aatrole Aafschen, fantschen, to smack in eating,
iller, to paddle or pudder in the water, to eat greedily; pantsch, the belly.—Deutsch.
begrime, besmear—Cot.; Sp. Aatu//ar (as Mundart. Bav. Aamss, famssen, belly,
G. paſsche/m), to dash through muddy thick belly, short, fat child. See Punch.
places, run through thick and thin.— Pause. The act of taking breath after
Neum. Rouchi paſoquer, patrouquer, labour affords the most natural image of
Champ. Zatoi//er, platrouiller, to tramp repose, cessation. Thus we have Sw.
through the mud. The G. cavalry con Austa, to blow, to take breath ; N. fusta,
temptuously call the foot-soldier lacken to rest awhile; G. &ausen, pausen, pausten,
Aatscher, puddle-stepper. Diez puts the to puff, to swell; Lat. Aausare, to repose,
cart before the horse, and derives the pause, stop. Pausatum juvencum, a
foregoing forms from Fr. patte, the foot. bullock that has rested. Gr. traúw, to
Patron. Lat. Aatronus (augm. of bring to a stop, raûouai, to cease, may in
Aater, -tris), a protector. like manner be classed with Sc. pec'h, to
Patten. Fr. Aatin, a patten or clog, pant, W. petto, to pant, to puff, to pause,
also a skate. It. Aaſtini, wooden pattens Aeues, a place of rest, Fin. puhhata, to
or chopinos.-Fl. Fin. patina, a shoe of breathe, to pant, to take breath, to rest.
birch bark. Du. plattijn, clog, wooden To Pave. Lat. Zavire, to strike, beat,
shoe. make dense by beating ; pavimentum, a
One of the numerous series arising path or floor made dense, in the first in
from the root pat, plat, representing the stance by beating, then by being laid with
sound of the foot-fall. Sp. patear, to stones. Probably from the same root
stamp, kick, foot, to strike with the foot. with fath, with the common interchange
Probably Du. paſtoff:/n, pantoffº/n, Fr. of d and v. Pazyngestone or pathynge
zantouſles, slippers, but formerly high stone, petalum.—Pr. Prm.
soled shoes, are from the same root. Pavilion. Fr. Zavillon, Sp. pače//on,
Rouchi patouſ, gros lourdaut, one who a tent, colours, flag; It fadigliome, a
goes stumping about. pavilion, canopy; Sard. papag/ione, Prov.
To Patter. I. To make a multiplicity Aabalho, Mid. Lat. papilio, a tent, appar
30
466 PAW PEARL

ently from the flapping of the canvas, empoi,'es, car ils n'ont pas de pois.’ -
like a butterfly. Cum essent cubicula aut Marco Polo, Pautier's edition, p. 535. G.
tentoria, quos etiam faſhi/iones vocant.— Aech, pitch ; pech-liffel, a paying ladle.
Augustine in Duc. Pea. — Pease. Lat. pisum, w. Żys,
Paw. The foot of a beast. Bret. Žav, pease. Pea, in the singular, is a modern
fao, O Fr. powe. “En sa goule bouta sa corruption on the supposition that the se
foue."—Fab. et Contes. 3. 55. W. paſſ, of fease belonged to the plural form. The
palm of the hand, paw; padſ y llew, the old pl. was peason.
lion's paw. See Palm. Peace. Fr. Alair, Lat. Aar.
Pawn. 1. ON. fantr, Du. ſand, G. Peach. Fr. Aeſche, It. Aesca, contr.
f/and, Fr. pan, a pledge. According to from Lat. Aersica, the Persian fruit.
Diez it signifies something taken from Peacock. Fr. paon, Lat. Alavo, Gr.
the possessor against his will, from Prov. radic, from the cry of the bird.
£amar, to take away, rob, steal, withdraw Pea-jacket. Du. pije, piſe-laecken,
from ; Fr. Aamer, panner, to seize, distrain coarse, thick cloth ; pije, a felt cloak,
upon, rob; Sp. apamar, seize, carry away, nautical cloak; fifte-wanten, winter gloves.
filch ; Ptg. apanhar, to seize, pluck, take —Kil. Goth. paida, coat; gapaidon, to
possession, take by force or fraud, words clothe ; Ober D. f/ait, coat, shirt; Fin.
admittedly connected with Lat. fannus, Aaifa, shirt; Gael. A/aide, blanket, plaid.
cloth. It seems to me that the train of Peak. Sp. pico, Fr. Alic, a sharp point.
thought runs in a somewhat different See Pick.
course. From Lat. pamnus we have Prov. To Peak.-Peaking. Peaking, puling,
fan, skirt, cloth, rag, portion of cloth, sickly, from the pipy tone of voice of a
portion; Fr. pan, skirt, face or extent of sick person. It pigolare, to peep as a
surface; Sp. faſio, cloth, piece of cloth in chicken, to whine or pule; Russ. Aikatº,
a garment, paños, clothes ; Pl.D. pand, Esthon. Aikama, piłłsuma, to peep as a
skirt, portion of a garment; dieżand, chicken ; Sw. Afdka, Ajum/a, to pule;
portion of a dike which a man has to keep Ajdžig, Ajunkig, puling, delicate, sickly.
up ; Du. fand, skirt of garment, a piece The same connection between the
of property, a possession, a pledge. Dat utterance of a thin high note and the idea
huis is een waardig pand, that house of looking narrowly, which is noticed
is a valuable property. Now a pawn under Peep, is exemplified in the present
is a piece of property used for a speci word, which was formerly used in the
fic purpose, viz. for enforcing payment sense of peeping.
of a debt or the like. . In the rudest state That one eye winks as though it were but blind,
of society clothes are almost the only pro That other pries and peekes in every place.
perty a man has, and are certainly the Gascoigne in R.
first matters that would be taken in pledge. Peal. A loud noise, as of bells or of
Thus Pol. ſant, a piece of cloth, is also a thunder. N. bylia, to resound, to bellow ;
pawn or security ; fanfować sie, to pawn ON. by/r, a tempest; biaſla, a bell.
clothes. From Fr. Alan, Du. pand, a pawn, Pear. Fr. Aoire, It. Aera, Lat. Airum.
we pass to OFr. Aamer, pander, famir, Pearl. It perla, OHG. berala, pera/a,
pannéir (Roquef), Du. panden, to seize Ptg. perola. Diez suggests a derivation
as a pawn, to distrain. “Saisir et panner from pirula, a dim. of pirus, It. Aera, a
sour les hommes de fief.”—Carp. “De pear, the name of perilla, being given in
boeren worden stuk voor stuk geſand.” Sp. to a pear-shaped pearl. But it is not
the property of the boors was seized piece likely that the name would be taken from
by piece.—Halma. so exceptional a form. Wachter's ex
2. A common man at chess. It fedone, planation of the word as a dim. of G. beere,
a footman, Žedonia, a pawn at chess ; Sp. a berry, has this in its favour, that it was
feome, a foot-soldier, day-labourer, pawn. undoubtedly latinized by the term bacca,
To Pay. 1. Mid. Lat. pacare, It...pagare, a berry. Bacas, gemmas rotundas, quiet
Fr. Zayer, to satisfy, to pay; Lat. Zacare, uniones vocantur—quos et perulos vocant.
to appease. Chaucer uses pay in the —-Gl. in Duc, Baccatus, mit laurbeer oder
sense of satisfaction, gratification. kostlichen stein geziert. – Dief. Sup.
But now to the Pardonere as he woldesterte away, Peerle, bacca, bacca conchea.— Kil. The
The hosteler met with him, but nothing to his pay. evidence in favour of the derivation is
Prol. Merch. Second Tale, 575. thus very strong, otherwise a different
2. To daub with pitch. Du. faaien, to origin might plausibly be suggested in the
careen a vessel.—Bomhoff. OFr. emi resemblance to a drop of dew, which is
Aoter, from £oia, pitch. ‘Et ne sont pas constantly turning up in poetry, and
 PEART PEEL 467
which gave rise to the legend that the To Peck. Fr. bec, the beak of a bird;
pearl is a drop of congealed dew swallow &ecylter, to peck or bob with the beak.--
ed by the oyster. Dan. Aer/e, to bubble, Cot.
sparkle as wine; vand-perſen, water Pectoral. Lat. Aectus, £ectoris, the
drops; G. perſen, Du. borrelen, to bubble breast.
up ; E. purſ, to run with murmuring Peculate.—Peculiar. Lat. peculium,
noise, to bubble up. private possession, what a son or a slave
Peart. See Perk. has of his own ; peculiaris, of private pos
Peasant. Fr. paysan, Mid. Lat. Aagen session, appropriated to a particular per
sis, O.Sp. pages, countryman. Fr. Aays, It. son or thing. Peculor, -atus, to appro
paese, country, through a form, pagense, priate the property of the state.
from pagus, a village.—Diez. Pecuniary. Lat. pecunia, money,
Peat. Properly the sward or sods of from Aecus, cattle, the earliest kind of
turf pared off the surface of land and dried riches.
for burning, then extended to the vegeta Pedagogue.—Pedant. It pedanto,
ble soil which accumulates in boggy places Aedagogo, a schoolmaster, a teacher of
and is dug for fuel. The origin is the children.—Fl. Gr. Trauðaywyðc, from traig,
oe. hete, to mend or kindle a fire. The child, and dyw, to lead, guide. Probably
process of paring and burning the surface Zedante was formed from pedagogo under
of poor land, and then taking two or an impression that the first half of the
three crops of corn from it, was formerly word must signify teaching. Gr. trauðečw,
in use in Devonshire and Cornwall, as it to teach. -

still is in the heaths of N. Germany. The Pedal.—Pedestrian. Lat. Aes, pedis,

process is thus described by Carew (Bou a foot. -

cher v. Beate-burning). Pedestal. It fiedestallo, G. fuss ges

fe//, from fiede, a foot, and sta//o, a stand
About May they cut up the grass of that ing; G.ãº: a stand, frame, support.
ground, which is to be broken up, in turfes which * Pedigree. Pety grewe. — Palsgr.
they call beating [i. e. fuel].-After they have
been thoroughly dried the husbandman pileth Pedegru or fety gru, lyne of kynrede, and
them in little heaps called heat-burrowes, and so awncetrye-Pr. Prm.
burneth them to ashes.—The charges of this In expensis Stephani Austinwell equitantis ad
beating, burning, scoding (scattering], and sand Thomam Ayleward ad loguendum cum eo ipso
ing amount to, &c apud Havant et inde ad Hertinge ad loguendum
cum Dominá ibidem de evidenciis scrutandis de
This process was called beaf-burning, Pe de Gre progenitorum hoeredum de Husey,
giving rise to the name of beats or feats xxd. ob.—Rolls Winchester Coll. temp. H. IV.
for the turfs consumed. In Herefordshire Proceed. Archaeol. Inst. 1848, p. 64.
it is called betting. ‘To heft, to pare the Pedlar.—Pedder. A ped in Norfolk
sward with a breast plough or betting is a pannier or wicker basket; a pedder
iron, with a view to burning. The sod or fed/ar, a packman, one who carries on
when so pared is called the betting; set his back goods in a ped for sale. Pedde,
ting up the betting, putting fire to the bet idem quod panere, calathus ; feddare,
fing.”—Lewis, Hereford. Gl. calatharius.-Pr. Prm. Pedder, revolus,
Pebble. A rolled stone from the bed negociator.—Cath. Ang.
of a river or the sea beach. From the Peel. 1. A shovel for putting bread
sound of broken water. Dan. Aib/e, to into the oven. It fadel/a, any flat pan ;
flow with small bubbles and a gentle Fr. Aaelle, felle, a shovel, fire-shovel, peel
sound, to purl. In like manner Mod. Gr. for an oven, pan. See Pate.
rox\dºw, to boil, bubble, xox\ártov, a peb 2. The rind of fruit, thin bark of a stick.
ble ; Gr. x\{éw, to rush, or gurgle, kay}\4- Lat. Ae//is, skin; Fr. Ael, peau, skin, also
&w, to sound like rushing water, kay}\at the pill, rind, or paring of fruit.—Cot.
ww, to move with a rustling noise, or a Du. Zelle, skin, husk ; pelle van t’ey, the
noise like that of pebbles rolled on the shell of an egg. Fr. Aeler, to pill, pare,
shore, rax\#, a pebble, shingle. Turk. bark, unskin.-Cot. Du. f.eſ/en, Sp. Ze
chagh/amaž, to make a murmuring or /ar, to skin, peel. The radical sense of
rippling noise in running over rocks or the word is shown in Dan. Ai//e, to pick
stones, chakil, a pebble. or strip ; the peel, skin, or shell of a thing
Peck. A measure for dry things. Fr. being fundamentally regarded as that
Żic, a measure of flour containing about which is picked or stripped off. See To
nine of our pecks ; ficofin, the fourth Pill.
part of a boisseau (Cot.), a feed of oats.- 3. A small fortress. W. pill, a stake, a
Scheler. castle, or fortress, secure place.
30 *
 468 PEEP PELF
To Peep. , 1. The shrill cry of a young difficult to reconcile. Torriano renders
animal is widely imitated by the syllable it by It. bisbetico, ritroso, capriccioso,
AºA. Gr. Tirrigetv, Lat. pi/pire, Fr. pe brusco, acerbo; capricious, self-willed,
£ieſ, to Peep, cheep, or pule as a young shy, harsh, intractable. Schifo, quaint,
bird.
nice, coy, peevish.-Fl. Peewish, revesche,
2. To begin to appear, to show a pervers, hargneux, malaise a contenter.—
glimpse through a narrow opening or Sherwood.
from behind an obstacle, then to look out
from a position of such a nature. An ex This it is to be a peevish girl
That flies her fortune when it follows her.
planation of the connection between this
signification and the utterance of a sharp In Craven, a peevish wind is piercing,
sound was offered under Keek, but pro very cold. Minsheu gives doating, Fr.
bably the connection may spring from a révant, Lat. delirus,as the principal mean
more subjective principle than was there ing, although, as he refers to overthwart,
supposed. When we endeavour to sound he seems also to have understood the
the highest notes in our voice we strain word in the sense of cross or ill-tempered.
for a moment without effect, until after a In Scotland it signifies niggard, and is
little effort a thin, sharp sound makes its used by Douglas in the sense of Lat. im
way through the constricted passages, probus.
affording a familiar image of a hidden For thou shalt never leis, shortlie I thee say
force struggling through obstructions into Be my wappin, nor this rycht hand of mine,
Sic ane peuische and catiue saul as thine.
life ; as the sprouting of a bud through D. V. 377, 20.
the bursting envelopes, or the light of day His smottrit habit ouer his schulderis lidder
piercing through the shades of night.
Hence may be explained Dan. at pippe Hang pewagely knit with ane knot togidder.
—uncouthly.—D. V. 173, 48.
Jrent (of a bud or seed), to shoot, or peep
forth, and the OE. day pipe, rendered by Peewit. A name taken from the plain
Palsgrave la Žiffe du jour. We now call tive cry of the lapwing or common plover
it the fleeſ of day, with total unconscious of our heaths. The imitative nature of
ness of the original image. In the same the name is shown by the variation of
way Du. Kriecke, Krieckeling, the day the consonants in the related languages,
spring or creak of day, from Åricken, Fr. combined with a preservation of the
cric/wer, to creak. I peke or prie, je pipe general likeness. Sc. peeweiß, teewhoap,
hors.-Palsgr. fugiºheit, Du. Kievit, G. Kiebitz, Fr. dirhuit.
Peer. Fr. Aair (Lat. par, equal), a E. dial. Aew-itt, tew-itt, tyrwhit, Aeweet,
peer, match, companion; fairs, vassals Aiwife. The Tyrwhitts bear three plovers
or tenants holding of a manor by one kind in their arms.-N. & Q. July 21, 1866.
of tenure, fellow-vassals. Hence courdes Peg. The radical meaning seems what
fairs, a court-baron, the lord's court, at is driven in by force of blows. To peg into
tended by all the tenants of a manor.— a person, to pummel him ; to peg away,
Cot. What the court baron was to the to move the legs briskly. To pug, to
lord of an individual manor, the Parlia strike; to puggle, to poke the fire; pug
ment or assemblage of Peers of the realm foß, a spinning-top.–Hal. To the same
was to the sovereign. root belong Dan. Auße, to stamp, to
To Peer. Two words are here con pound; Lat. pugil, a fighter with fists,
founded, one from Fr. paroir (Lat. parere), Augnus, a fist ; pungo, puffugi, to prick.
to peep out, as the sun over a mountain, -pel. -pulse.—Pulse. Lat. pello, Žul
to appear or be seen.—Cot. sum, to beat, strike, thrust, drive out ;
There was I bid in pain of death to pere fu/sus, a beating, the pulse, pulso, -as,
By Mercury the winged messengere. to knock or beat. Hence the compounds
Chaucer in R.
Impe/, to drive on ; Refe!, to drive back;
The other form is £eer or fire, to look Compel, to drive together, to constrain ;
closely or narrowly, corresponding to Sw. and Impulse, Repulse, Compulsion, &c.
//ira, Pl. D. pſiren, //liren, Airen, to wink, Pelf–Pilfer. OFr. peſ/re, goods, espe
look with half-shut eyes, look closely.— cially such as are taken by force, plunder;
Brem. Wtb. Ac//rer, to plunder. ‘T. V. clamat quod
Peevish. The modern sense of fret si aliquis—infra manerium de K. feloniam
ful would be well explained by Da. dial. fecerit—et convictus fuerit, habere pe/-
pia’ve, to whimper or cry like a child ; fram, viz. omnia bona et catalla seisire.”
aſ pia’ve over zºogeſ, to whine over it. —Chart. H. 7 in Lye. ‘Pur tute la preie
But the meanings of the word are very e la pel/re que pris aveient de terre de
 PELLET PENNON 469
Philistim.’—Livre des Rois, where the to pen, to confine. “Swin ſpund ine
marginal note runs ‘come David des sti.”—Ancren Riwle, 128. ‘Hwon me
cumfist les Amalechites qui ourent /e/- Aunt hire:’ when they pound her (a cow)—-
frée e arse Siolich.” “La curt arcevesque p. 416. “Moni punt hire worde vorte
Želf-rent come robeur, they plundered letten mout:” many pound up their words
the court of the archbishop like robbers. for to let more out—p. 72.
—Vie de St Thomas de Cant. in Benoit. The origin of this expression for re
Pelſer (pelſrey), spolium.–Pr. Pm. The straining or confining seems to lie in the
verb pe/frer would seem in the first place, notion of bunging up a hole, or perhaps,
like piller, to have signified to peel or to take the derivation still further back,
skin; and thence Fr. Ac//re, E. pe//, the of stopping it up with a bunch of some
plunder or booty. Lang. Ae/ou/re, pe/ou/o,
thing ; Da. bundt, bunch, bundle. At
the husks of chesnuts or of peas; Piedm. any rate, we may rest on Swiss punt, pon
*}. (contemptuously), the skin. Zen, Öonſen, G. spund, Esthon. Aun, a
ellet. It. palla, a ball; falletta, Fr. bung, Fr. bonde, a bung or floodgate,
pelotte, a little ball. W. Aé/, a ball ; feled, ^ondon, a bung, the connection of which
a ball, a bullet. -
with the forms in question may be illus
Pell-mell. Fr. pesle-mesle, confusedly, trated by Lap. pitodo, a stopper or cover
all on a heap.–Cot. Written mesſe-pes/e ing ; fuodoſ, to stop or shut up, to stop
in Chron. des Ducs de Norm. 2. 4432. one's mouth, to put to silence (to be
Formed by a rhyming supplement to mes compared with “pundeth ower wordes :’
Mer, to mix, like helter-skelter, hubble pound up your words — Anc. R.), to
bubble, &c., dam up water, dam a brook; gueſe
Pellicle. Lat. pellicula, dim. from Auodo, a fish-pond, quarne puedo, a mill
fe//is, a skin. pond.
Pellucid. Lat. pellucidus (per-luci Penal.—Penalty. Lat. pana, pun
dus), thoroughly bright. ishment. Gr. troºvil, properly blood-money
To Pelt. To use a pellet, to throw. (póvoc, bloodshed, slaughter), the fine paid
Sp. pelotear, to play at ball, throw snow to the kinsman of the slain, thence satis
balls at each other, to dispute, quarrel. faction, ransom, requital, penalty.
Fr. peloter, to play at ball, to toss like a Penance. — Penitent. — Repent. —
ball; It. Aelottare, to bang, thump ; fe From Lat. Aarna came famiteſ, it grieves
Iotto, a thump, bang, cuff. G. pelzen, to me, makes me sorry; paenitentia, re
beat or cudgel, seems to be from feſz, a pentance or after-sorrow. Corresponding
skin or pelt, to dust one's jacket, give one forms are Prov. penedir, penedensa, OFr.
a hiding. Aénéer, penéance, whence the modern
Pelt.—Peltry.—Pelice.—Pilch. Pelt, Aeſtance, penance, the punishment en
the skin of a beast; pe/try, furs, skins. joined by the priest as a pledge of repent
G. pe/2, fur, skin; Fr. pe//etier, a fell an Ce.

monger, furrier; pel/eterie, the shop or Pencil. Fr. pinceau, Lat. penicillus
trade of a pelt-monger. Lat. pellis, skin. (dim. offenis, a tail), a little tail, a paint
It. Ae/licia, pe//izza, any kind of fur, er's brush. To be distinguished from
also, as Fr. Ae/isse, a furred garment.— pence// or pense//, a little flag.
Fl. AS. pylca, Aylece, toga pellicea, a Pendant. — Pendent. — Pending. —
furred garment; in modern pilch confined Pendulum. Lat. Aendeo, to hang, pen
to the flannel swathe of an infant. dulus, hanging.
Pen. I. Lat. Aenna, a feather. Penetrate. Lat. penitus, inward.
* Pen, 2.-Pound.—Pond. Pen, a Peninsula. Lat. peninsula ; pene,
ſold for sheep, coop for fowl; also a pond almost, insula, an island.
head to keep in water to drive the wheels Pennon. — Pennant. — Pensell. It.
of a mill.—B. To found up water is to femnone, Fr. A annon, pennon, penmon
stop it back, and thus to collect a head ceau, O Cat. faná, Sp. pendone, a pointed
of water or mil/-pond, so called from be flag or streamer, formerly borne at the
ing pounded up. In the same way Sw. end of a lance. Hence pennant, in nauti
damm, a pond, from being dammed up. cal language, a streamer. The origin is
The parish pound is the inclosure in Lat. Abenna, pinna, a wing, fin, battlement;
which straying beasts are confined until It pinna, pinnoſa, the flat flap of any
redeemed by their owners. As. Ayndam, thing, as the fin of a fish, flap of a man's
Age/yndan, to shut in, restrain ; fºund, ears, float of a water-mill wheel, the out
septum clausura ; pundbreche, infractura ward sides of a man's nose.—Fl. Fr.
parc.—Leg. H. I. 40. OE. to fºund, fun, Aenne, fenon, pennule, a small piece of a
47o PEN NY PERIWI G

thing not altogether separated from the To Perform. Originally perſouri.

whole (a flap); penne de ſoie, penon, the Ergo Poverty and poore men
laps or napes of the liver; penneſon (fan Perfourmen the commandement.
meſon–Trevoux), the bit of a key (hang And yet God wot unnethe the fundament
ing from the shaft like the pennon of a Parſournid is.-P. P.
lance); /ennes, fennons, the feathers of an
—the foundation is hardly completed.
arrow.—Cot. The mn of penna changes I parforme; je parſo, ºne and je far
to ºld in Sp. /endola, a pen, as well as in fourmys-Palsgr. “Les queux gens eient
Aendone, a pennon. See Pane. plein power de Maire de ceo bien et
Penny. Du. penninck, G. Aſennig, a loialment faire et parſourner.”—Lib. Alb.
small coin. The original meaning was 1. 494. The origin is probably from the
probably coin in general. Thrifig scy office performed by Lat. furnus, the oven,
/inge feſtega, thirty shillings in money.— in completing the work of making bread.
Sax. Chron. 775. Pol. pieniędz, Bohem. Fr. en/ourner, to put in an oven, also to
fenjz, dim. penizek, a piece of money. begin, set in hand or on work; enfourne
Magy, penz, money; fengni, to ring. ment, the beginning or first part of a
Manx feng, penny. matter; senſourner, to undertake, or
-pense. -pend. Pension. Lat. Zendo, embark himself in ; far ſournin, to con
fensum, to weigh, or be of such a weight; summate, perform, furnish. — Cot. It.
Żendo, ea/endo (to weigh out money), to for mire, to accomplish, finish, furnish.
pay, to expend or spend ; pensio (E. pen The m seems early to have been changed
ston), a paying ; penso, compenso, to prize to m under the influence perhaps of Prov.
or value, to compensate, recompense, or formir, ſurmir, fromir, to fulfil. OHG.
requite. Jrumſan, ga/rumjan, facere, perficere,
ensive. A secondary application of perfungi, exsequi.
Lat. pendo, ſenso, to weigh, is to ponder Perfume. Fr. perſums, pleasant fumes,
in the mind, to consider, whence Fr. Aen delicate smells.-Cot. It. Aroſumo, any
ser, to think ; pensiſ, thoughtful, pensive. perfume or sweet smell.—Fl. Lat. fumus,
Pent-. Gr. Irèvre, five, as in fentagon, smoke, vapour.
a figure of five angles; penſateuch (reixoc, Perfunctory. Lat. perfunctorie, slight
a book); ?entecost, revrmkoor), the fiftieth ly, negligently ; perſungor, perfunctus, to
(day). go through with.
Penthouse. A corruption of fenfice, Perhaps. A singular combination of
as the word was formerly written. Fr. the Fr. par or Lat. fer, and E. haf,
a//en/is, a sloping shed. It fendice, any luck, chance. Peradventure, percase,
bending or down-hanging, the side of a perchance, are similar forms.
hill, hanging label of anything, a pent Peri-. Gr. trºpi, about, round about.
house, hovel, shed.—Fl. Lat. Aendere, As in Pericardium (rapčia, the heart),
to hang. Perigee (yì, the earth), Perihelion (#Atoc,
Penury. Lat. femuria, scarcity. Gr. the sun). -

Trévouai, to labour, to be poor; Trévnç, poor. Peril. Lat. periculum, It. periglio, Fr.
People. Fr. A euple, Lat. Zopulus, W. Aeril, danger.
poºl. Period. Gr. reptočoc, a circuit, going
Pepper. Lat. piper, Gr. ºrſtript. a round ; trºpi, and Ödöc, a route, journey.
Per-. Lat. per, through, thoroughly. Periphery. Gr. trºpºspsia, circumfer
Perambulate. Lat. ambulo, to walk. ence; tepi, about, around ; pipw, I bear.
Perch. Fr. perche, Lat. pertica, a rod. Perish. Lat. pereo, -itum (fer-co, to
Perdition. Lat. perdo, perditum, to be quite gone), Fr. Aérir, perissant, to
lose, to destroy. Perdo, from do, to give
perish.
(per-do, thoroughly to do away), may be Periwig. —Ferruque. A corruption
of Fr. perrugue, Du. feruik, under the
considered the active form of which fereo
influence of E. wig of the same meaning
(per-eo, thoroughly to be gone), to perish,
is the neuter. already existing in the language. The
Peregrination. Lat. pereger, a ſo radical meaning is a tuft of hair, a hand
reigner; peregré, abroad, from home, in ful, or so much as is plucked at a single
a foreign country. grasp. Cotgrave translates ferruytte, a
Peremptory. Lat. peremptorius, ab lock or tuft of hair, giving ſausse per
solute, without opening for excuses; per rugue for a wig. From N. plukka, Sw.
imo, peremptum, to take away utterly. plocka, Piedm. //uché, to pluck or pick,
Perforate. Lat. perforo, to pierce are derived respectively f/uk/, //ock,
through ; ſoro, to pierce a hole. pluch, a little bit, a morsel, Piedm. Aſia
 PERIWINKLE PESTER 47 I

con, a tuft of hair; and Gr. TrAérauoc, a Perpendicular. Lat. perpendo, to

lock of hair, seems to belong to the same poise thoroughly ; perpendiculum, a level
class. In the S. of Europe the pro or plumbline for trying the regularity of
nunciation is softened by the introduction work.
of a vowel between the mute and liquid, Perpetrate. Lat. patro (to be a father
giving It. Aeluccare, pi/uccare, Prov. to), to bring to effect, to achieve, to get.
pelucar, to peck, pick, pluck, with the Perpetual. Lat. perpetuus.
corresponding nouns, Lombard feluch, a Perry. Fr. poiré (from poire, pear),
particle (bruscolo)—Dict. Milan., also as drink made from the juice of pears.
Sard. pilucca, a tuft of hair.—Diez. In Persevere. Lat. severus, hard, stern,
Sp. peluca is developed the sense of a set earnest; persevero, to go through with
P alse locks, and hence (by the same anything without allowing yourself to be
change from 1 to r which is seen in Lat. diverted from what you have in view.
Ai/us, Walach. Żirts, hair) It farruca, Person.—Personify. Lat, persona, a
Fr. Aerrugue, a wig. See To Pill. mask (used for increasing the sound of
Periwinkle. 1. Fr. pervenche, Lat. the voice on the stage), a part in a play, a
winca pervinca, or simply pervinca. Pro charge or office, a person.
bably from the mode of growth in an To Peruse. The only possible origin
intricate mass of twigs. Lat. vincire, to seems Lat. perviso, to observe, but we are
bind. unable to show a Fr. Aerviser, and if there
2. Properly, in accordance with the vul were such a term, the vocalisation of the
gar pronunciation, pennywinkle, the sea v in the pronunciation of an E. feruise
snail. AS. finewincla, the pin winkle, or would be very singular.
winkle that is eaten by help of a pin Pest.—Pestilent. Lat. pestis, a plague,
used in pulling it out of the shell. In infection.
the south of England they are called pin To Pester. Fr. empestrer, to pester,
Aatches. See Winkle. intricate, entangle, encumber, trouble.—
To Perk.--To Pert.—Peart.—Pert. Cot. Derived by Diez from Mid. Lat. pas
To perk up the head, to prick up the torium, It. pastoja, the foot-shackle of a
head, or appear lively. Plants which horse ; impastojare, to shackle a horse,
droop from drought perk up their heads whence empétrer for empéturer. The
after a shower. Peark, brisk.-B. Perk, true derivation is the figure of clogging or
brisk, lively, proud. — Forby. Pl.D. entangling in something pasty or sticky.
(Lippe) prick, smart, fine. — Deutsch. It impastricciare, to bedaub, beplaster.
Mundart. W. percu, to trim, to smarten; Mais pour les paluz enpaistroses
£erc, trim, neat, compact. In the same Granz, parſundes e encumbroses—
sense with a change of the final & into t, Ne les vout Rous prendre n'aveir.
to pert. —But for the sticky marshes (of Flanders) Rollo
will not have them.—Chron. des Ducs de Norm.
Sirrah, didst thou ever see a prettier child 2
How it behaves itself I warrant you ! and speaks 2. 6695. I comber, I payster with over many
clothes.—Palsgr.
and looks, and perts up the head.—B. and F.
Knight of the Burning Pestle, I. 2. Depestrer, to disentangle, clear, deliver,
Hence peart, brisk, lively; w. fert, rid out of.-Cot. The same metaphor is
Smart, dapper, fine, pretty, nice ; perſen, seen in Sp. fantano, bog, morass, meta
a smart little girl. With an initial s, to phorically hindrance, obstacle, difficulty.
spurk up, to spring up straight, to brisk —Neum. When Hotspur complains of
up.–B. Sw, spricka, to burst, to crack. being pestered by the fop he has the
The quality of liveliness carried to sense of something sticking about him
excess degenerates into sauciness, and which he would fain be rid of. So Lang.
therefore there is no ground to suppose pego, pitch ; pegou, a troublesome, impor
that pert in the sense of saucy is a cor tunate person.
ruption of malapert. The word is used The sense of overcrowding, is merely a
with more or less of blame from the special application of the original figure
earliest period. of clogging ; clogging by excessive num
And she was proud and pert as any pie. bers.
Chaucer in R.
They within though pestered by their own num
Nothing shall be outrageous, neither in pas
sions of mind, nor words, nor deeds, nor nice, bers (clogged and impeded) stood to it like men
resolved, and in a narrow compass did remarkable
nor wanton, piert, nor boasting, nor ambitious. deeds.-Milton, Hist. Eng.
—Vives, ibid.
The people—gat up all at once into the theatre.
Pernicious. Lat. meco, to kill; per * pestered (chogged) it quite full.—Holland,
zlicies, violent death, destruction. Ivy.
 472 PESTLE PHASE
Pestle. Lat. fistillum, from pinso, to The relationship and fundamental
pound. See Pistil. meaning of the word are very doubtful.
Pet. I. A fit of displeasure. To faże Qn the one hand we are led to suspect
the fet, se mecontenter. — Sherwood. that it may be from a perversion of the
Plausibly derived by Serenius from Sw. name of the Fugger family, proverbial
Ayſt / Dan. Ayt / Manx Ayht ! Norm. for their commercial eminence. Bav.
Ae//pish" tut! It, petto, a blurt (Fl.), pet Juggern, to traffic, truck, chaffer; Swiss
Zeggiare, Magy. Aft/yni, to blurt with the Jiggern, to pilfer; Swab. ſuggerei (A. D.
mouth. A person in a pet pishes and 1510), a trading establishment. Du.
pshaws at things. Comp, tuity, ill-tem Jocker, monopola, pantopola, vulgo ſug
pered, sullen (Hal), standing in a similar geºus, ſuccardus, ſockerije, monopolium.
relation to the interjection ºut / Swab. -Kil. On the other hand Pl.D. Jožen,
£/altsen, f/autzen, to make a sound by Joſpen, to jeer, to play tricks on, to de
letting out pent-up air, to express displea ceive, Henneberg ſucke/n, to cheat, to
sure by gestures. trick. Bav. ſocken, fogken, to cajole, to
* Pet. 2.-Peat. Peat, a delicate per flatter, must be from a different source,
son, usually applied to a young female, perhaps from the notion of deceiving the
but often used ironically in the sense of a eye by rapid movements, sleight of hand.
spoiled, pampered favourite.—Nares. Henneberg ſicăſackerei, jugglery, tricks,
A pretty peat / 'tis best cheating ; ſackeln, to cajole, flatter.
Put finger in the eye, an she knew why. Pettitoes. A corruption of Norm.
Taming of the Shrew. Aetoſs, little feet (Pat. de Brai), so modi
To see that proud pert peat our youngest sister. fied as to give the word an apparent
O. Play of K. Lear.
meaning in E. It peducci, a precisely
Pet-lamb, a lamb brought up by hand. analogous form of the same meaning, is
A pet in the modern sense of the word is explained by Fl. sheep's trotters, pig's
a favourite child or animal that is made pettitoes.
much of, that is petted or indulged in its Petty. As It. piccolo, Sp. /equeno,
pets or fits of ill-humour. small, from the root pic, signifying point,
Petal. Gr. trāra)\ov, a leaf. so it seems Fr. petit, Wall. Aiti, w. pitw,
Petard. A short, mortar-shaped gun small, are connected with W. pia, Grisons
for making a loud explosion; an imple Aizza, G. Spitze, a point.—Diez.
ment for bursting open a gate with pow Pew. Lat. podium, an elevated place,
der. Fr. Aeter, to crack. a balcony ; Du. puyde, puye, a pulpit or
Petition. Lat. peto, petitum, to seek, reading-desk.--Kil. Hence praying-pew,
ask, beg. a desk to kneel at, which was doubtless
Petr-. Gr. ºrárpa, Lat. petra, a rock, the earliest form of the church pew.
and (facio) fo, as in Petriſy, to become Pew-ſellow, a fellow-scholar, class-fellow,
stone; Petroleum, rock oil. companion at the same desk at school.
Petrel. . A breast-plate. Sp. petral, a Being both my scholars and your honest pue
breast-leather for a horse; It pettorale, fellow.—Dekker in R.
a stomacher, breast-plate; -— di cavallo, It poggio, a hill, a turret, out-jutting win
a poitrel for a horse (Fr. Aoic/rail, poi dow, or place to stand or lean upon, a
tral).-Fl. Fr. poitral, the dewlap of an horse-block, high heap or stack.
Ox.
Pewter. It peſtro, OFr. peutre, Du.
Petronel. QFr. Actrinal, poietrinal, feauter, speaufer.—Kil. Pewter is a
a petronel, or horseman's piece.—Cot. mixture of lead and tin, or lead and zinc,
Doubtless from Sp. Aetrina, a girdle, from and spelter is another name for zinc.
the weapon being stuck in the girdle. . It Kiliaan gives espeaufre as Fr. for pewter,
is said to have been invented in the Py which also signifies spelt, a kind of wheat.
renees. Ultimately from Lat. pectus, Phaeton. From the proper name
It petto, the breast; Fr. Aoictrine, poi baššwv, a son of Apollo.
trine, breast, breast-plate. Phantasm.—Phantasmagoria. Gr.
Petticoat. Apparently formed as a patvw, to show ; pávragua, a vision, fan
sort of translation of Fr. cotillon, dim. of cied appearance; dyeipw, to call up, ex
cotte, coat. cite.
Pettifogger. Fogger, a huckster, a Pharmacy. — Pharmacopoeia. Gr.
cheat ; to fog, to hunt in a servile man pápuakov, a drug, papparotrotta, a com
ner, to flatter for gain.—Hal. Milton pounding of drugs (roiew, to make).
speaks of ‘the ſogging proctorage of mo Phase.—Phenomenon. Gr. 9aive,
ney.’ to show, appear, p.p. paivépévov, that which
 -

PHEASANT PIE 473

is shown, what appears; putate, an appear Picket. Fr. Aiguet, a peg, a stake; E.
an Ce. Aickets, stakes driven into the ground by
Pheasant. Gr. ºpaquavoc, from the the tents of the horse in a camp to tie
name of the river Phasis. their horses to, and before the infantry to
Phial. Gr. ptáXm, a bowl, cup, vase. rest their arms about them in a ring.—B.
Phil- Gr. pi\oc, a friend to, fond of. Hence picket, a small outpost.
Philtre. Gr. pi\rpov, from pixãw, to Pickle. 1. A lye of brine or vinegar
love, a love charm or spell. for preserving food. G. 66ckel, pökel, Du.
Phlebotomy. Gr. ºefforópoc; pºsipc, Ae/e/, brine; peke/-harincé, a pickled her
a vein, répuvu', to cut. ring.
Phlegm.—Phlegmatic. Gr. ºx{yua, The word probably was first applied to
inflammation, mucus the proceeds of in the curing or pickling of herrings, the
flammation. radical meaning being the gutting or
Phonetic. Gr. ºwnriköc; pov), a cleansing of the fish with which the opera
sound, articulate sound, voice. tion is begun. The Pr. Prm. has pykyn,
Phosphorus. Gr. ºpworpépoc, light-bring or clensyn, or cullyn owte the onclene,
ing, Lucifer ; pióc, light, and pépw, to carry, purgo, purgulo : Aykelynge, purgulacio.
bring. To pickle, to glean a second time—Forby:
Photography. Gr. påc, porúc, the i.e. to pick clean. In the same way, to
light. cure fish or meat (to prepare so as to pre
*śrase. Gr. ºpáčw, to say, speak, tell ; serve from corruption by drying, smoking,
podoic, a speaking, mode of speech. salting, &c. — Worcester), is from Fr.
Phthisis, – Phthisical. Gr. 99taic, &curer, to scour, to cleanse.
from pºiw, to corrupt, waste away. Pickle. 2. A mess. “You are in a
Physics.-Physical. Gr. ºvatköc, per pretty pickle.’ A pickle is also a child
taining to (pêoic) nature ; Lat. Ahysica, apt to get into a mess, or into scrapes, a
natural science. mischievous boy.
Physiognomy. Gr. ºvatoyvápov (judg From Pl,D. pick'ſ, a pig. Pick'ſ, Aick'ſ /
ing of nature), judging of man by his fea a cry to pigs. Pick'ſ is then used as a
tures, outward look; Yvºuwy, one that reproach to a child who has got himself
knows, an interpreter; Yuvºokw, to know. dirtied : you little pig —Danneil. Dirty
Piazza. It piazza, Fr. A/ace, Sp., Port., ing the clothes then becomes the type of
Prov. flaga, plaça, from Lat. A/a/ea, a youthful scrapes in general.
broad street. Picture.—Pictorial.—Pigment. Lat.
Pick. Du. Aicken, to peck, to pick, or fingo, pictum, to paint, pigmentum, paint
strike with a pointed instrument; Fr. ers' colours.
figuer, to prick; E. pick or pick-are, a To Piddle. To eat here and there a
sharp-pointed instrument for striking ; bit—B.; to do light and trifling work.
It. picco, Fr. Alic, a beak, sharp point; The fundamental idea seems to be to
Lat. picus, a wood-pecker ; W. pig, a pick, to use the tips of the fingers in
point, pike, beak; pigo, to prick, to sting, doing. G. dial. pitte/n, pitte/n, pötte/n,
to pick and choose; It. Alicchiare, to to meddle with anything by slightly pluck
knock, as at a door, to peck, to clap or ing, picking, touching, feeling ; to piddle
beat hard. The origin is an imitation of in eating, work at anything by small
the sound of a blow with a pointed in touches. Pittle nicht so in der nase, do
strument. Bohem. Aukati, Russ. Aukat', not keep picking at your nose. Das ist
to crack, to burst; Lat. Aungere, to prick; eine pittliche arbeit, that is very piddling
Pl.D. pinken, pinkeøanken, to hammer. (aússerst subtile) work. N. pitla, to pluck,
Pickaback. To carry pickaback (for pick, sip. Sw, pillra (of birds), to plume
Aickpack) is to carry like a pack on one's themselves; G. dial. pitze/n, to whittle,
back. Sw, med pick och pack, with bag cut little bits—Deutsch. Mund. 2. 236;
and baggage. pitzel, labor parvus.-Westerwald. Idiot.
* Pickaroon. A rogue. Sp. pſcaro, Du. peuteren, to pick or work with the
a knave or rogue ; mischievous, crafty, finger ; peuselen, contrectare summis di
merry; It. Aicare, Žicaráre, to play the gitis, varia cibaria carpere et libare, mo
rogue, to go a roguing up and down.— titare digitos, fodicare, carpere.—Kil. W.
Fl. Fr. Zicorer, to forage, ransack, prey pid, a point. See Potter.
upon the poor husbandman.-Cot. Sc. Pie. I. Fr. Aic, Lat. pica, a daw.
pickery, rapine, theft. ‘The stealing of Piebald, marked like a pie, black and
trifles, which in low language is called white. See Ball.
pickery.”—Erskine. Picking and stealing. 2. A pasty.
474 PIECE
Piece. Fr. fiece, Sp. Aieza, bit of any
thing ; W. Aeth, a part or fragment, some,
a little, a thing ; Bret. Žez, a piece, bit,
piece of land. It. Aecza, a piece, clout,
patch, rag or tatter; fezze, rags, tatters,
shreds, patches. Spezzare, to split, to
shiver to pieces.
Pier. A pier in architecture is the
portion of solid wall between two aper
tures, or the solid pillar which stands
between two arches of a bridge, also a
mole in a harbour to break the force of Thei
the sea.
AS. pere, pila, moles, agger; Du. beere,
a pier or mole, apparently from beuren,
&oren, to raise, to lift. Swiss hiren, biſh See Pick.
ren, birren, to raise ; biri, bithri, a pier,
a wall or mound raised in the water to
protect the adjoining land. Bav. embor,
G. empor, up, aloft; enbörent, empóren, to
raise. Geschrei erhaben und empóren, to
raise an outcry. Bav. borkirche, G. em
forkinche, the gallery in a church. Purdi,
pyra, rogus. Purd-holz, strues.—Gl. in
Schm.
To Pierce. Fr. Aercer, It. Aerciare.
Apparently from the same root which
gives us perk, prick, ſo perk up, to prick
up the head. It can hardly come from
It perfugiare, Fr. Aertuiser.
Pig. 1. Du. bigge, big, a pig. Pl.D.
biggen un b/aggen, unquiet children or
young cattle, especially pigs. De biggeſt
/opet enem under de vote, the children
run under one's feet.—Brem. Wtb.
2. A sow of iron is an ingot. Pano di
meta/lo, a mass, a sow or ingot of metal.
—Fl. When the furnace in which iron
is melted is tapped the iron is allowed to
run in one main channel, called the sow,
out of which a number of smaller streams
are made to run at right angles. These
are compared to a set of pigs sucking
their dam, and the iron is called sow and
pig iron respectively. Probably the like
ness was suggested by the word sow
having previously signified an ingot.
Pigeon. From Lat. pipire, It. Aiſiare,
Žigiolare, to peep or cheep as a young
bird, are Lat. pipio, a young pigeon, It.
fiftone, piccione, pigione, a pigeon. Mod.
Gr, truttuvičw, to chirp ; rurivov, a young
dove. In the same way from Magy.
fi/egni, Žifelni, to peep or cheep, /i/e,
fi/04, a chicken, gosling; and here also
the same metaphor, by which a figeon is
made to signify a dupe, gives fifte-ember
(ember, man), as Fr. blancbec, bejaune, a
booby ; a young bird being taken as the Garlick all the longeProl.
day.—Chaucer,
type of simplicity. It. Alippione, a silly
gull, one that is soon caught and tre The tapster and her
PILCARLICK
Ağ.
Gull. to pigeon,
panned ; fiſſionare,
one.—Fl. gull
pigeon, to gu
Piggin. A wooden vessel with a han
dle for holding liquids.-B. The appli
cation to a wooden vessel seems a de
parture from the original meaning. Gael.
Aſſºe, an earthen jar or pitcher; pigean, a
little jar, a potsherd.
Pike. 1. Fr. Aigue, a pike, or pointed
pole.
pººre a man to bete, for two schilynges or
thre
With piked staves grete beten sall he be.
R. Brunne.
2. The pike-fish is so called from his
projecting lower jaw. Bret. bek, a beak,
snout, point ; beked, a pike-fish. So in
Fr. Öroche, a spit, a pointed object;
&rochet, a pike.
Pikelet. A kind of crumpet apparently
of W. origin, being called bara-picklet (w.
bara, bread) by Bayley. Fr. popeſins,
soft cakes of fine flour, &c., fashioned
like our Welsh barrapyclid's.-Cot.
Pilaster. — Pillar. Fr. Aiſastre, It.
Aiſastro, der. from Lat. Aila, a column,
L.Lat. pilarium, whence also Fr. pi/ier.
Pilch. A piece of flannel to be wrapt
about a young child.—B. See Pelt.
Pilchard. Fr. sard, sardine, a pilch
ard.
Pilcrow. The mark of a new para
graph in printing. Gradually corrupted
from paragraph through parcraft, pil
craft, to fi/crow. Paragrapha, Aylcraft
in wrytynge—Med. ; paragraphus, Anglice
a far graſte in vrytynge.—Ortus in Way.
Pile. A stake driven into the ground
to support an erection. Lat. Aila, a struc
ture for the support of a building, the
pier of a bridge, a mole to restrain the
force of water. It. pilare, to prop up
with piles, to lay the groundwork of a
building. W. pill, stem or stock of a
tree ; log set fast in the ground, stake.
From the notion of supporting, the
signification passes to that of the thing
supported, a mass heaped up. Fr. Aiſe,
Du. Aijl, a file or heap.
To Pilfer. See Pelf.
Pilgarlick. One who peels garlick
for others to eat, who is made to endure
hardships or ill-usage while others are
enjoying themselves at his expense.
And ye shull here how the Tapster made the
Pardonere pull
nighte till it was nere hand
Merch. 2nd Tale.
paramour were en
 PILO, RIM PILLION 4's
joying the entertainment for which the /i/us, a hair, what is picked at a single
pardoner had paid. The Fr. have a some touch, as a derivative, equivalent to N.
what similar proverb. Il en pelera la and Sc. Aiſe above mentioned.
prune, he will smart for it, he is likely to From Pl. D. fuſen or N. pila appear to
have the worst of it.—Cot. be formed as diminutives or frequenta
Pilgrim. It. pelegrino, Lat. pere tives Ait/eken, pit/ken, pö/øen, N. pi/Ka, to
grinus, a foreigner; from ſereger, one pick. UAE den Anaken /i/%en, to pick a
who is gone into the country, who is bone ; Sc. fi/%, to pick, as peas or peri
without the city, from Aer and ager, field. winkles out of their shells, to pick a pocket.
Peregre, abroad. Similar diminutival forms are seen in Fr.
Pill. Lat. Aiſula, dim. of Žila, a ball. ////oſer, to pick, or take up here and there,
To Pill.—Pillage. Fr. piller, to rob ; to gather one by one–Cot.; Prov. pe/u-
Sp. pillar, to seize, lay hold of, plunder; car, Lang. Aeluca, to pick, to peck; It.
It. pigliare, to catch, take hold of, take. fi//itcare, to pick up clean as a chicken ;
To pil/ was formerly used in the sense of spi/uzzicare, to pick out as it were here
extort, strip, rob, and also, where we now and there, to eat mincingly ; s/f/uzzico,
use feeſ, for picking off the husk or outer the least bit, crum, or scrap.–Fl. We
coat of fruit or the like. may then suppose forms like N. pſiA%a,
Hear me, you wrangling pirates that fall out A/ºa, G. fſ/licken, to pick, pluck, P1.D.
In sharing that which you have pilled from me. A/º, N. pſie&#, Sw. Ż/ock, a little bit,
Rich. III.
Piedm. pluché, to pick or pluck, pluch, a
To fi!! (pare, bark, unskin, &c.), peler.— grain, morsel, Norm. //ucoſer, to pick up
Sherwood. Bret. Aelia, to peel, skin ; grains as fowls at a barn door (Decorde),
W. pi/to, to peel or skin, to pillage, rob ; Fr. ºf ſucher, to pick, as pease, to pluck
Ail, peel, rind. or tease as roses, wool, &c., to arise either
The figure of fleecing or skinning af from the absorption of the vowel between
fords so natural a type of pillage and the mute and liquid in It. Ai/uccare, Prov.
robbery that we are inclined with little Ae/ucar, as in Piedm. A/º, to peel or skin,
hesitation to accept the sense of feeling E. //a/oon from Fr. Aeſo/on, or they may
as the radical signification of the word. have arisen from the transposition of the
But further examination brings to light a liquid and vowel in forms like N. pi/Ka,
numerous series of forms, which it is im Pl.D. piiſken. But the true explanation
possible to separate from the foregoing, may probably be that there was a double
with the radical signification of picking form of the root, with an initial / and pl
or plucking, of touching or taking with a respectively, pick or fuck (Pl.D. puken, to
pointed implement. Nor would it be a pick) and //i/ or //uck, while pi// or pul/
forced derivation of the name of feel if it may be contracted from frequentative
were supposed to arise from considering forms like OE. Aick/e, Grisons pic/ar, Wa
the thing signified as what is piſſed or lach. Aiguſire, to pick or pluck, Du. bic
picked off in preparing an article for con Æeſent, to pick or hew stone, E. dial. Arg
sumption. Dan. /i//e, to pick; — sig i g/e, to poke the fire; or perhaps (as Dan.
Aovedet, to scratch one's head ; – sig /i//e compared with E. Witt/e) from a form
7ned naröðet (as Sw. Ai//ra), a fowl to pick like N. pit/a, to pick, E. fiddle, to keep
its feathers, prune itself; – arter, to picking. The contracted form is seen in
shell peas; — ud, off, to pick out, pick Du. billen den molensteen, to pick a mill
up ; – barken aſ et traº, to strip bark off stone, compared with bicke/en, and in Sc.
a tree. At pille wed no get, to work slowly Aiſe above mentioned compared with
at something. Pl.D. fuſen, to pick, pluck, Zickle or fuckle, a single grain or particle
unites the foregoing with E. pul/. In der of anything, a small quantity.
nase /u/en, to pick the nose; ultſ pulen, Pillion. A cushion for a woman to
to pick or pull out ; puu/-arbeit, piddling ride on behind a horseman. Gael. Aea//,
work. Se fºulet sig, they scuffle, pull a skin, coverlet, mat, bunch of matted
each other about, explaining Fr. se pi//er, hair ; fi//ean, a pad, pack-saddle, cloth
said of two persons scolding each other. put under a saddle ; Manx poll, to mat on
Pille / seize him cry to set on a dog.— stick together ; pollan, a saddle-cloth.
Trevoux. N. pi/a, to pick, pluck, gnaw ; Sp. /i//on, a skin, the use of which (in
file, a little bit; Sc. piſe, a single grain ; Sp. S. America) is described in the fol
a file of caff, a grain of chaff. On the lowing passage from the Athenaeum, Aug
same principle the original meaning of 9, 1851 :
Lat. pi/are would be to pick, and then to First a long blanket was put upon the horse—
plunder, to make bare or bald, giving then came a wooden concern—in shape like a
476 PILLORY PIN CH
miller's pack-saddle—then came 13 lamb-skins, Woot—Kil., properly a person who con
each larger than the last, so that when the whole ducts a ship by the sounding line, from
were on, the ends appeared cut square like the
thatch of a house. These things are called pil peiſen, to sound the depth, to gauge ves
Jones, and in travelling form the bed of the horse sels ; peiſ/ood, sounding lead; /ei/, mark
man. Then came another pillone made of llama on the scale at the side of a sluice to show
skin. the depth of the water. I sownde as a
Pillory. Fr. pilori, Prov, espit/ori, schyppeman with his plommet to know the
Mid. Lat. piſ/oricum, pi/iorium, spi/orium. deppeth of the see: je pilote.—Palsgr.
Different derivations have been suggested, The origin of the term seems to be taken
of which the most plausible is Fr. pi/ier, from the pegs by which the capacity of a
from the pillar or post at which the crimi vessel was marked. Pl.D. pegeln, to
nal is compelled to stand. But the most sound, also to tope. Dan. at dricke fi!
prominent characteristic of the pillory is Adels, to drink for a wager, measure for
the confinement of the neck by a perfor measure. This in Lat. was termed bibere
ated board or an iron ring. Pilorium, ad pinnas. Anselm commands,
sive co//istrigăum.—Fleta. The prisoner Ut presbyteri non eant ad potationes, nec ad
is usually said to stand in the pillory, not pinnas bičant.—Eadmer Hist. Nov. 101.
at it. “Condemnat a estar en l'espit/ori.’ G. pegel is the height of the water on
— Cout. de Condom in Rayn. And it is a fixed scale. Thus a Rhenish news
rational to look for the origin to the fuller paper, under the head of “Wasserstands
form of Prov. espit/ori, which cannot have nachrichter,' gives “Oberwesel, 31 Aug.—
been corrupted from Fr. pilori, while the Aegel 7 fuss, 1 zoll.’
converse may easily have taken place, if The other half of the word pilote is
the punishment was invented in the South doubtless the element shown in G. looſse,
of France, and spread from thence with Du. lootsman, OE. lodesman, a pilot, which
out the meaning of the name being cor has very naturally been confounded with
rectly understood. Now Cat. espit//era Du. loof, a sounding lead, whence looten,
is a loop-hole, peep-hole, little window, to sound. But this would be a mere re
which would accurately describe the cha petition of the meaning conveyed by the
racteristic part of the punishment, the first syllable, and we cannot doubt that
prisoner being derisively considered as the lode in lodesman is the same as in
showing his head through a loop-hole to Modesfar, lodestone, lodemanage, viz. track
the gazing crowd below. “Ponetur in or way. The meaning of pilot would
pillorico ut omnes eum videant et cognos thus be one who conducts the vessel by
cant.”—Charter of Rouen in Duc. On the sounding line. See Loadstone.
this principle the far-fetched derivation * Pimple. As, pimpel, pustula–AElfr.
was proposed by Cowel “from rv\m, a gate Gl. ; pip/gend, pustulatus; pip/gende lic,
or door, because one standing on the pil pustulatum corpus. The word would
lory putteth his head through a kind of thus appear to be a nasalised form from
door, and Öpfia, video.”—Minsheu. “The Lat. It papuſa, a pimple.—Weigand. So
cover of the chest is two boards, amid Fr. pompon, from Lat. pºpo, -ouis.
them both a pillory-like hole for the pri Pin. W. pin, a pin, a pen; Gael. finne,
soner's neck.’—Hackluyt in R. The name a pin, peg, plug; Du. pinne, a point, prick,
of pillori was given in France to a ruff or pég.— Kil. Lat., pinna, a fin, a turret,
collar worn by women encircling the neck pinnacle. The force of the element fin
like the board of the pillory. To peep in signifying a pointed object is also seen
through the nutcrackers, to stand in the in Lat. spina, a thorn, and in pinus, a fir
pillory.—Grose. The word is doubtless tree, tree with sharp-pointed leaves, in G.
equivalent to Lat. specularium, from spec called madeln, needles.
uſa, a look-out, a high place for viewing Pin and Iſeb, an induration of the
or watching anything from. Compare membranes of the eye, not much unlike a
Cat, espill, espilleta, from Lat. speculum, cataract.—B. It panno nel orchio, a web
a looking-glass; espiſlets, spectacles, eye in the eye. Panni in oculis fiunt et albu
glasses. gines ex vulneribus vel pustulis.--Duc,
Pillow. Du. Ac/wwe, puluºve, Lat. in pin and web the foreign name is first
£uſ; inus, from Lat, pluma, w, plu, pluſ, adopted and then translated. . .
feathers. Pulvinare, plumauc – Gl. To Pinch–Pincers. Sp fiscar, Fr.
Cambr. in Zeuss; pulvinar, pluſoc.— pincer, to pinch or nip, to take with the
Nº. Cornub, ibid. W. plufawg, fea points of the fingers or other points;
thery, Žince, the tip or edge of the hoof. Sp.
Pilot. It pilota, Fr. Ailote, Du. Aji pinchar, to prick, pincho, a prickle ; pin
 PINE PINK 477

zas, pincers, nippers. Grisons Žižs, pizza, thing, as the fin of a fish, the flap of a
G. spitze, a point, peak ; picchiar, to nip, man's ears, the floats of a water-wheel.—
itch, bite; pizzi, a pinch, as much as one Fl. Fr. Aenne, perton, pennule, a lap or
takes up with the tips of the fingers. flap (a piece of anything not wholly se
Walach. Żiscu, point, eminence ; piscit, parated from it—Cot.); penne, penon de
to nip, twitch. It picciare, pizzare, to Joie, a lap or lobe of the liver; pennons
peck, pinch, snip, itch ; piccio, a pinch ; d'une fleche, the feathers of an arrow ;
pizze, pinch-works, jaggings; fizzicare, fenſion, a pennon or streamer, the little
to prick, pinch, snip ; pizzamosche, a flag carried at the end of a lance. The
hedge-sparrow, a snap-fly; Du. Aitsen, Ainion of a bird is the flap or last joint of
finssen, to pinch, pluck. the wing.
Pine. Lat. pinus, w. pinwydd, pine All unawares
trees, characterised by their pin-shaped Fluttering his pennons vain plumb down he falls
leaves, in G. called madeln, needles, and Ten thousand fadom deep.–Par. Lost.
the wood, made/ho/3.
To Pine. Du. pijne, pain, torment; In the second sense, Fr. pagnon or pi
fijnen, pi/nigen, to torture. See Pain. gxon, a pinion in wheel-work, is a contriv
Hence to pine, to languish as one suffer ance by which the movement of a cog
wheel is transferred to a different axis.
ing pain.
Pinfold.— Pindar. Pinſold is com To this effect a sufficient number of palets
monly explained as a fold in which stray or longitudinal flaps, like the floats of a
ing cattle are temporarily penned or con water-wheel, are fixed round the axis and
fined ; pindar, the officer whose business made to run in the cogs of the larger
it is to place cattle in the found or pin/oſa. wheel. The name of pinion properly be
And although it must be observed that a longs to the separate palets, and the term
fold is essentially a place for penning should be pinion-wheel, as Fr. Zanterne &
cattle, it is probable that if we had the Aagnoſis, a pair of trunnion heads, or that
English alone we never should have been which is turned about by the cog-wheel
led by the tautology to doubt the fore of a mill. — Cot. It ruota pinnata, a
wheel with broad floats.-Fl. It is now
going derivation. But the foreign ana
logues give a more distinctive meaning commonly given to the smaller of two
to the term as signifying the fold where cog-wheels locking into each other. Lat.
cattle are kept in pledge until redeemed Ainna was already used in the sense of a
float of a water-wheel.
by their owners. Du. Aand, G. Aſand, a
pawn or pledge; pſanden, OFris. penda, Pink. Fr. pinces, the flower pink
feinda, to distrain or seize by way of (wild gillowflowers.-Minsheu). Proba
pledge; das vieh Aſanden, to pound bly from the sharp-pointed leaves set in
cattle ; Aſand-stall, a pinfold ; Aſānder, pairs upon the stalk like pincers ; Fr.
a pindar, the executive officer whose busi pince, a tip or thin point. See Pinch.
ness it was to levy distraints ; Grisons Piwk in the sense of bright flesh-colour
fandrer, Aendrar, pindrar, to distrain; is probably from the colour of the flower;
pandrader, pendrader, the pinder. although it may be from pink eyes, small
winking inflamed eyes. It gauzo, blear
Fro the Pouke's pondſalde no mainprise may us eyed, pink-eyed.—Fl.
fetch.-P. P

Sc. poind, to distrain, £oind, flownd, the point The application to the sense of acme or
of excellence is apparently taken
distress or property taken in pledge. from the joke in Romeo and Juliet, where
The sergents shall cause the povnds to be de
livered to the creditor untill the debt be fully Mercutio speaking affectedly uses pink
payed to him.—Stat. Rob. 1. in Jam. as the type of a flower.
There seems to be no real connection Rom. A most courteous exposition.
Merc. Nay, I am the very pink of curtesy.
with E. pound, which signifies simply en A’om. Pink for flower |
closure, unless indeed it is possible that a
£awn is something impounded or shut up Mercutio is playing upon words in a
until properly redeemed. forced manner, and if the expression were
Ping. Often used to represent the already current Romeo would never have
sharp sound of a bullet flying past. Pl.D. been made to suggest an explanation.
pinge/re, as Klingeln, to ring ; pingel, a The names of other flowers are used
bell. in the same way.
Pinion. Pinion is used in two senses, London thowe arte the flowre of cities all,—
both applications of the general meaning Of royal cities rose and geraflour.
shown in It. Ainna, the flat flap of any Song temp. H. V. in Reliq. Ant. 1. 206.
478 PINK PISTON
Heo is lilie of largesse, of fowls, in which a thick slime forms on
Heo is parvenke of prouesse. their tongue, and the nostrils are stopped
O. Ballad cited by Steevens.
up. The name seems to be corrupted
To Pink. Used in a variety of senses, from Lat. Aiſitita, phlegm. Du. Alipse,
which may all be explained from a nasal the mucus of the nose.
ised form of the root pić, representing the Pipe. A thin hollow cylinder, an im
sound of a blow with a pointed instru plement adapted to make a shrill sound.
ment. Pl.D. pinken, pinkeflanken, to by blowing into it. From the imitation
hammer; pinkeſank, a blacksmith. To of such a sound by the syllable peep. See
fin/º, to cut silk cloth with variety of Peep.
figures in round holes or eyes.—B. Fr. Pippin.—Pip. Fr. Aépin, seed of fruit,
Ziyue, pricked, pierced or thrust into ; as of an apple or grape; pepinière, a seed
also quilted or set thick with oylet holes plot, nursery ground. There seems no
(pinked).-Cot. ground for the assertion that the word
One of them pinked the other in a duel (stuck originally signified a melon-seed, from
him).-Addison. fºo, a melon. A satisfactory origin may
In the sense of picking or culling, perhaps be found in Da. Alippe, to peep,
When thou dost tell another's jest, therein shoot, spring forth. For the connection
Omit the oaths, which true wit cannot need ; between a sharp cry and the idea of peep
Pink out of tales the mirth, but not the sin.
Herbert in Worcester. ing forth, just beginning to appear, see
Peep.
The sense of winking, in which pink was A fi/fin in the sense of a particular
formerly used, may be illustrated by Sw. kind of apple is probably an apple raised
Žiča (from which pink differs only in from the fift or seed. Da. Aftipling, a
the nasalisation), to peck like a bird, and small well-tasted apple.
(from the figure of a succession of light Pirate. Gr. Its paric, Lat. pirata, ex
blows) to palpitate as the heart. Wink plained from trººpów, to make an attempt
ing is a vibration of the eyelid, as pal on, to attack.
pitation is of the heart. Pish ' An interjection of contempt,
And upon drinking my eyes will be pinking. equivalent to hold your tongue ! It. Ais
Heywood in R. sińissare, to psh, to husht, also to buzz or
Du. finckoogen, to wink, squinny, sparkle, whisper very low ; pissipisse Z pst, hsht !
glitter.—Kil. still –Fl. Fr. margues, tush, blurt, pish,
In like manner with and without the fy, it cannot be so. —Cot. Norm. pet /
nasal, G. blicken, to wink, to glitter, E. interj. to put to silence.—Decorde. Dan.
&/ink, Pl.D. plinken, //inkogen, to wink, Ayt A. ON. Auf! / Manx Ayht / tut! pooh !
pointing to a root plić, synonymous with pshaw
fi}, in accordance with the view of the Pismire. The old name of the ant,
relations of the word taken under To Pill. an insect very generally named from the
Pinnace. It, pino, a pine-tree, and sharp urinous smell of an ant-hill. Du.
met. the whole bulk of a ship, also (as miere, fismiere, mierseycke, an ant; seyche,
finaccia, Žinassa), a pinnace.—Fl. urine ; Pl. D. miegemäe, an ant or emmet;
Pint. Sp. Ptg. Ainta, a spot or mark; miegen, mingere ; Fin. A usi, urine ; kusi
finſar, to paint. Hence probably a /inſ, aimen, an ant.
a certain measure of liquid marked off Piss. From the sound. Lett. pischet
on the interior of the vessel. So from
is a nursery word. In Bav. nurseries
Du. Aege/, /ei/, the mark on a scale mea wiswis macken, wiselm. Fin. Āusi, urine.
suring depth or content, Pl.D. pegel, sex
tarius, hemina, a measure of content. Pistil. Lat. pistillum, a pestle, from
Pege/n, as in some dialects of G. Ainten, Ainso, to pound.
Pistol. Said to derive its name from
to tope; Fr. Ainteler, to tipple.
Pioneer. Fr. pionier, OFr. peomier, having been invented at Pistoia in Italy,
Prov. pezonier, properly a foot-soldier, a but no authority is produced for this
common man, then applied to the soldiers derivation. Venet. Žiston was a kind of
specially employed in labourers’ work. arquebuss ; piston de vin, a large flask.
Sp. Aeon, a pedestrian, day-labourer, —Patriarchi.
foot-soldier, common man, or pawn at Piston. The plunger in a pump or a
chess steam engine. Fr. Aiston, It. Aestone,
Pious. Lat. pius, Fr. fieur. Žestatoio, a pestle, stamper, rammer ;
Pip. Pl.D. pipp, G. Zipps, 2%f, Fr. Žesta, any treading or trampling; pesſare,
A pie, It. Aipita, Lat. Aituita, a disorder to stamp, pound, bray in a mortar,
 PIT PITTANCE 479

trample upon, to ram or beat in. Lat. Heo schulde picke hem thoru out (they should
Ainsere, fistum, to pound. pierce through them), and adrenche hem so
there.—R. G. 51.
Pit. 1. Lat. puteus, It. pozzo, Fr.
£uits, a well ; Du. Aut, putte, a well, a And he took awei that fro the middil, pitching
hole. (affigens) it on the cross.—Wickliff in R.
2. The pit of a theatre is probably To pitch a tent is to fix the pegs in the
from Sp. paſtio, the central court of a ground by which it is held up.
house, and thence the pit which occupies Pitch in the sense of a certain height
the same place in a theatre. Probably
from the root paſſ, A/at, representing the on a scale, or a certain degree of a quality,
is from the notion of marking a definite
tramping of feet. Mod.Gr. ºráro, to
tread, taroc, a public walk, beaten path, point by sticking in a peg. The pitch of
bottom, floor. Piedm. platºa, the pit or one's voice is the point which it reaches
lowest part of a theatre where the audi in the musical scale; the pitch of a screw,
ence stand.—Zalli. Lat. flatea, a street, the degree in which the thread is inclined
to the axis; the pitch of a roof, the de
court-yard, area, open space in a house. gree
See Pad. in which the rafters are inclined to
each other.
Pitch. G. pech, Du. pik, Lat. Air, Gr. Pitcher. Fr. pichet (Jaubert), Lang.
trirra, trigga, Gael. Aic, pitch; bigh, glue, pichier, Bret. Žicher, w. piser, It. Aftero,
birdlime, gum ; W. pſ'g, pitch, rosin. Sp. Auchéro, a pitcher or earthen pot;
The main characteristic of pitch is its Gael. A geadh, a pitcher; pigean, a little
stickiness, and it can hardly be doubted earthen jar, fragment of earthenware.
that the name is taken from this quality. It. bicchiere, G. becher, a cup.
It. Aiccare, to prick; piccare, appliccare,
afficciare, to fasten, stick unto; affic Pith. Pl.D. peddić, Žieže, pith; Du.
cante, afficcaſiccio, clammy, gluish, fast pit, pitte, pith, kernel, the best of a thing.
sticking. Sp. pegar, to stick to, fasten on, Hereford peth, Devon pith, a crum of
join together, to infect; pegajoso, sticky, bread. Then applied to the crum or
glutinous, infectious ; Aega, glue, varnish. soft part, the part which crumbles, which
The Sp. name of pitch, Žez, as in the in Pembrokeshire is called the pith. So
other Romance languages, is taken from in Fr. mie, originally signifying a particle
Lat. Air, picts, in which the original or little bit, is applied to the crum or
significance was already obscured by the soft part of bread. W. peth, a part, frag
loss of the root pik in the sense of prick ment, quantity, a little, a thing. Bret.
or stick. Gr. ºrsåkm, a fir-tree, is pro fez, fec'h, a piece, bit.
bably, like W. pigwydd (pitch-wood), from Pittance. It pietanza, Žitanga, Fr.
producing pitch, and not conversely, as Žitance, properly the allowance of appe
Liddell supposes, the name of pitch from tising food to be eaten with the bread
the tree which produces it. See To Pitch. which formed the substance of a meal,
To Pitch. Pitch and pick are differ afterwards applied to the whole allowance
ent ways of pronouncing the same word, of food for a single person, or to a small
like church and kirk. The radical signi portion of anything. Mid. Lat. pictancia,
fication is striking with a pointed instru Žitancia, portio monachica in esculentis–
ment, driving something pointed into, lautior pulmentis, quae ex oleribus erant,
sticking into, darting, throwing to a dis cum pictancia essent de piscibus et hu
tance. W. £. a dart or arrow ; picio, jusmodi.-Duc.
£icellu, to throw a dart, to dart. To pick Numerous guesses at the derivation
a lance was to drive it into an object. have been made, which have fallen wide.
I hold you a grote I Aycke as far with an arrowe
of the mark from not attending to the
as you.-Palsgr. in Hal. original distinction clearly pointed out by
Duc. “Dum—a cellerariá per totum con
To pitch upon is to come suddenly down ventum pictantia, i.e. ova frira, divi
like a javelin striking the ground at the derentur, invisibilem pictantiam ei misit,
end of its flight. . A pitchfork, or pikel, quod omnibus diebus vitae suae pictantiis
as it is called in the North, is a fork for omnibus carere vellet.’ ‘Quod si aliqua
pitching corn, throwing it up upon the secundo vocata venire contempserit, in
stack.
sequenti prandio ei Aitancia subtrahatur.’
Stakes of yren mony on he pygie in Temese —Stat. Joh. Archiep. Cant. an. 1278, in
Duc. The nun who was late at dinner
Above Scharpe and kene ynów, bynethe grete
and ronde, was to be punished, not by the loss of
That yef ther eny schippis comer meywar were, her dinner next day, but by having to
 48o PITY PLASH

dine on dry bread or vegetables. “Aquam Plain.-Plan.—Plane. Lat. A/anus,

etiam puram frequentius biberunt, et whence Fr. plain, even, level, plaine, a
quandoque fro magni pictamtid (for a flat surface of ground. Zo explain, to
great treat) mixtá vel aceto, vel lacte, level out, to make easy.
nullá de vino factà mentione.” Pidance -plain. — Plaint. — Plaintiff. Fr.
is still used in the centre of France in p/aindre, from Lat. A/angere, to complain,
the original sense. “Les enfans mangent as ceindre from cingere, ſeindre from ſin
souvent plus de Aidance que de pain.”— gene.
Jaubert. Hence we arrive at the true Plait.—Pleat.—Plite.—Plight. The
derivation, apidançant, affitançant, ap Bret. Ž/cg, pſek, w. Ż/wg, bend, fold, show
pétissant, giving appetite. A dish is the root from whence are derived Gr.
affidançant when it gives flavour to a TAéxw, to twine, braid, plait; Lat. A/ica, a
large quantity of bread.—Vocab. de Berri. fold, and the secondary forms flecto, to
Pity. Fr. pitié, from Lat. Aietas. In bend, and flecto, pſerum, to plait, knit, or
the exclamation, what a pity! the word weave. From the latter verb, or perhaps
is probably an adaptation of OFr. Que/ from the participial form -plicitus (im
Aechie / what a sin Alicitus, eaf/icitus), are derived OFr.
Allas, quel dol et quel pechié ! A/oit, and its E. representatives, plait,
Benoit, Chron. des ducs de Norm. 2. 408. A/ight, pleat.
Mod. Gr. d, ri kpiua what a pity! what a Votre cemise me livrez,
great misfortune ! what a sin El pan desus ferai un ploit—
Pivot. Fr. pivot, the peg on which a I will make a pleat in the cloth)
door turns; It. pivolo, a peg. plet i fet.—Rayn. in v. pleg.
Pixy. In Devon, a fairy ; fia:V-fºnºff, Now gode nece be it never so lite,
a fuzz-ball, Žity-stool, a toad-stool, play Yeve me the labour it to sew and plite.
Troilus and Cress.
ring, a fairy-ring. Pirie-led, to be in a
maze, as if led out of the way by hob A silken camus lily whight
goblins. This in Pembrokeshire is called Purfled upon with many a folded plight.
E. Q.
fiskin-led, which seems truer to the ety
mology. Sw, dial. Aus, Ays, flysing, a Walach. pletà, a tress of hair; impletſ,
little boy; Aysill, Ayss/ing, little creature, to plait. Boh. Alifu, Alesti, Pol. Alešć, to
pygmy ; £ysk, little unshapely person, wreathe, plait, braid. G. flechte, some
dwarf; also goblin, fairy (småtroll). Hem thing turned or plaited, a tress of hair or
Ajaske, a hobgoblin, brownie. The fairies awattled hurdle, corresponds to Lat./lecto.
are called the little people in Wales and Planet. . Gr. ºavārnc, a wandering
Ireland. G. berg-männchen, a goblin. star; trxavaiw, to wander.
Lat. Ausus, a boy; fusillus, little. Plane-tree. Fr. plane, contr. from
Placable.—Placid. Lat. placare, to Lat. platanus.
pacify, to make calm and gentle; Alacidus, Plank. Lat. flanca, Fr. planche, G.
calm, mild. flanke, Boh. planka, plank; Gr. TAgg,
Placard. Fr. A/aguard, a bill stuck up anything flat and broad.
against a wall; //aquer, to clap, slat, Plant. -plant. Lat. A/anta, the sole
stick, or paste on, to lay flat on, to parget of the foot, whence probably planto, to
or rough-cast. Du. A lacken aen den wand, plant or set with the foot in the ground;
to fix to the wall; //acken, to daub ; A/antare, plantarium, a separate plant.
Żlacke, a blot. The original force of the verb is preserved
Place. Fr. A/ace, It. Aiazza, G. flatze. in supplanto, to put the foot under, to trip
. The spot of ground occupied by a body; one up.
from f/a/2, crack, representing the sound To Plash. 1. To plash or sp/ask is to
, of something thrown smack down. See dash about liquids, to dabble in water.
Plat. G. Aladderm, plantschen, plátschern, Sw.
Plagiary. Lat. Alagium, manstealing; flaska, Du. A/asschen, to paddle, splash.
plagiarius, a manstealer, and fig, one who Du. Alaszºgen, G. flatsregen, a dashing
steals other men's thoughts and publishes shower.
them as his own. Du. flas, flasch, E. //ash, a puddle, or
Plague. Lat. Aſaga, a blow, stroke, shallow pool of rainwater.
wound ; Du. Alage, a wound, and met. To Plash. 2–Bleach. Fr. Alesser, to
affliction, torment, disease, pestilence. plash, to fold or plait young branches one
Plaice. Lat. A/atissa, a flat fish. within another, to thicken a hedge or
Plaid. Gael. Alaide, a blanket. Goth. cover a walk by plashing.—Cot. Plessfs,
£aida, a coat. a plashed or pleached hedge, or a park
 PLASTER PLATFORM 481
enclosed with hedges. Lat. A ſecto, flexum, &/offin, to squat down, lie close to the
to plait or knit together; Gr. TrAékw, Lat. ground.
p/ico, to twine, braid, knit. Then as a spot of dirt marks a definite
Plaster.—Plastic. P/asſer, Fr. A/itre place in a garment, G. platz, a broad even
(p/astre), is the material used, when moist part of the surface of the earth, an open
and plastic, for daubing walls and ceil place, a place, the space or room taken
ings. The material first used for this up by a body. Der markſ-flatz, the
purpose would doubtless be the mud or market-place; ein griner //a/3, a green
clay that is trodden underfoot, and the plot, grass-plat, or grass-plot. A ºf dem
radical notion is to f/ash, to paddle or A/a/2e 6/eiðen, to be killed on the spot.
dabble in the wet and dirt. From this It will be observed that spot, which ori
source must be explained Gr. TAddow, ginally signifies a drop of liquid, has the
TrAárro, to work in soft and ductile mate same application to a definite portion of
rials, to mould or form, in Mod. Gr. to knead ground.
dough ; TAaarukác, what may be moulded, It was a chosen plot of fertile land.—F. Q.
plastic ; spºrMaiago, to daub over, to stuff
in plaster; suTAaaróc, daubed over; Tó Bav. A/aſſen, a bare spot in a wood (Kohl
turkaarov or tuitAaarpov, Lat. emp/astrºn, A/aſſen, where charcoal has been burnt),
Fr. emp/ātre, a plaister or application explains E. //a/{y (of corn-fields), uneven,
daubed over with an adhesive medica having bare spots.
ment. Gael. Aſāsa, to daub. Plate. 1.-Platter. A flat piece of
Sp. //asſa, paste, soft clay, anything metal, a dish to eat on. It, piatto, any
soft ; //aste, size, fine paste made of glue flat thing, a dish, plate, platter; piat/o,
and lime. made flat or level to the ground, by
Plat.—Plot. The radical image is the met. squat, cowering down, low-lurking,
fall of water or of something wet on the hushed.—Fl. Piațare, Fr. se b/offir, to
ground, with a noise represented by the squat down ; //a/, flat, plain, low, shal
syllables //aſs, A/a/, //of. G. A/a/2, a low. The sense of Žiało, which Florio
crack, smack, pop ; //a/zregen, heavy treats as metaphorical, is in truth the
rain that makes a dashing sound in fall original, the idea of flatness being com
ing ; Du. Alofsen, to fall suddenly ; //ofs, monly expressed from the image of dash
sudden, unawares ; E. //aſſe, to throw ing down something wet or soft, which
down flat-Hal., i. e. to dash down like lies spread out and flat upon the ground.
Water. Thus E. squad is related to Dan. synaſſe,
When I was hurte thus in stound to splash, and ſºat with Fr. ſatir, to dash
I fell down flat unto the ground.—R. R. down liquids. See Plat.
2. Vessels of gold or silver. Sp. //a/a,
—I fell plump down upon the ground. silver. The name was originally given to
G. heraus //aſsen, to blurt a thing out, to the A/aſes or thin lamina in which it was
say it plump, without circumlocution, like customary to work crude silver, and ulti
a wet mass flung down upon the ground. mately applied to the metal itself. “Con
Ye sayd nothing sooth of that,
gregaverunt electum aurum regni, et ſece
But, sir, ye lye, I tell you plat.—R. R.
ritzit in A/aſas, et miserunt in batellos
ferratos ad abducendum in Franciam.’—
The term is then applied to the fallen Knyghton, A. D. 1364 in Duc. ‘Et quod
object, or to things of similar shape, and quilibet Angligena egrediens fines Angliae
as wet things thrown down on the ground —possit secum reportare //aſam argenți
spread out in breadth and lie close to ve/ aleri ad valorem duarum marcarum
the ground, the root comes to signify pro quolibet sacco lanae—et eamdempſa
broad, thin, without elevation. See Flat. £am ferre deberet ad excambium regis, et
We come nearest the original image ibi recipere suos denarios.”—Ibid. A. D.
in our dial. cow-flat, Da. dial. Æo-Ö/a/, I 34O.
Swiss plaider, Z/differ, Ærø///āder, a round Platform. It Aiaſſa-forma, Du.//atle
of cow-dung ; //adern, of a cow, to let forme, vulgo //avia forma (Kil.), the form
fall dung. Bav. A/a/2, //d/zen, a flat or pattern of a structure on the level plain.
cake; It. Aliałło, any flat thing, a dish, For which cause I wish you to enter into con
plate, platter; by met. squat, cowering sideration of the matter, and to note all the is
down, low-lurking ; piaſtare, to squat lands, and to set them down in Alat.—Hackluyt
down.—Fl. In like manner Dan. //ºz, a in R. .
spot or stain, E., &/o/, Da, dial, Ö/at, a drop To be workmanly wrought—according to a
of fallen liquid, lead to Fr. se blafir (Cot.), Alat thereof made and signed by the hands of
31
482 PLATOON PLEDGE

the lord's executors.-Agreement temp. H. VIII. sense in Gen. xxi. 9. Sarra behiold hu
in R. Agares sunu with Isaac A/egode, (in our
God took care to single out the nation of the version) saw him mocking Isaac. The
Jews, and in them to give us a true pattern or same train of thought is seen in Du. fla
%latform of his dealings with all the nations of deren, playeren, f/ey/en, litigare, conten
the world.—Sharp, ibid.
The whole platform of the conspiracy.--Bacon dere, disceptare judicio ; //ade, ent, f/ae
in Worcester. yeren, ludere, jocari, nugari; //aederije,
The word is still used in America for the A/aerije, ludus, jocus.-Kil. See Plead.
prospectus or plan of political action of a The primary image of play being, as
candidate. we have seen, what is done for the plea
From signifying the ground-plan of a sure of the exertion itself, the term is used
building the term is applied to a levelled in a general sense to signify the exertion
surface, then to a flat elevation. of powers of any kind, as when we speak
Platoon. Fr. pelote, a little ball to of the A/ay of the lungs or muscles, of
play with ; peſoſon, a clue or little ball of giving play to one's mirth or imagina
thread. Sp. pelote, goat's hair; felofºn, tion, of the fire-engine //aying on the
a large ball, a bundle of hair closely flames or the cannon on the enemy. By
pressed together, a crowd of persons, a a similar metaphor Fr. se jouer is used
body of soldiers. Du. A lotte (Kil.), Piedm. for doing a thing easily. Faire jouer le
Alatºn, a ball. canon, les eaux, to bring the cannon or
Platter. See Plate. the waters into play; le jeu d'un ressort,
Plaudit. -plaud. -plause. -plode. the play of a spring.
To Pleach. See Plash.
Lat. Zſaudo, -sum, to make a noise by
clapping of hands, to approve of, en * To Plead.—Plea. Lat. placere, to
courage. A/p/ause, approbation. Ex please, to seem good to one, to be one's
flodo, to drive out with clapping of hands, choice, forms //acitum, an opinion, re
to hiss or stamp off the stage. solve, ordinance, sentence. In the pro
* Play. As, plegan, pleogan, to play, logue to the Salic laws they are sanctioned
sport, play on a musical instrument. by the formula, Placuit atque convenit
Play is the exercise of the natural activity inter Francos, It seemed good and was
of the creature for the mere pleasure of agreed upon among the Franks. Thus
the exertion. Its earliest type is seen in the term was extended to an agreement
the mimic strife of joyous dogs pretend or treaty, and from the decisions of the
ing to worry each other, and all our games judges it seems to have passed to all the
take the form of a competition for some deliberate proceedings of a court of jus
object adapted to call forth the powers of tice, and to the court itself from whence
ordinances issued.
the rival playfellows. Thus the name of
play may well be taken from a term Per capitula avi et patris nostri, quae Franci
signifying contention or struggle. In AS. pro lege tenenda judicaverunt et fideles nostri in
poetry war is called //ega gares, the play generali flacito nostro conservanda decreverunt.
—Capitula Caroli Calvi in Duc.
of the javelin ; as plega, of the shield ;
heard handplega, the hard play of hands. The course of corruption from f/acitum
Aſearmø/ega, strife. It appears to me to Fr. A/ait, pſaid, is well shown in the
that we must look for the origin to Lat. Prov. forms plach, plag, f/acht, //ai/,
placitum, in the sense of discussion, con A/ai, suit, process at law, quarrel, dispute.
test at law, whence Prov.//ag, f/ai/, //ay, —Rayn. In OPtg, according to Diez the
litigation, quarrel, dispute ; //aide/ar, form is placito, afterwards plazo, praco.
flayeyar, ?/aegar, to contest, discuss, It. Aliaſo, piado, a plea.—Fl. Sp. pſeito,
quarrel; Sp. //effo, litigation, debate, covenant, contract, debate, strife, litiga
strife; OFr. A/aidier, //aidoyer, to litigate, tion, legal proceedings. In the language
contest ; Alaider, p/aider, badiner, plai of the Grisons the sense has been further
santer, s'amuser, se moguer. – Roquef. generalised. Plaid, pſed, word ; – da
“Le mari—prist a pleidoyer (began to Dieus, the word of God; d'ar buns pleas,
wrangle with) et maudire ledit prison to give good words; surpſidar, to per
nier.”—Litt. remiss. A. D. 1373. “Le Sup suade.
pliant seappoya a l'uis d'un mercier, voisin To Please.—Pleasure. Fr. A/aire,
de son père, a la femme duquel mercier et plaisant, to please; //aisir (direct from
a son varlet il plaidott et s'esſaloit'—he Lat. placere, as loisir from licere), plea
joked and sported with them.—L. R., A. D. Sure.
1392 in Carp. Pleat. See Plait.
AS. plegan is used in a very similar * Pledge. — Plevin. — Replevy. —
 PLENARY PLIGHT 483
Plight. It pieggio, Fr. //eige, flege, the tenant or other occasion must proba
Mid. Lat. Alivus, //gius, //eſus, flegius, bly be explained in the sense of engage
a surety, one who undertakes for ; //i- ment, payment that the tenant has bound
vium, Prov. A/iu, promise, guarantee, himself to make, and thus we account for
pledge; plewir, plivir, Fr. Alevir, pſeu Du. A/echt, //ic/t/, //egh, officium, debi
zir (Mid. Lat. pſegire), to engage, to tum, obligatio et census, tributum, et
guarantee ; //evine, A/euwine, OE. //evin, munus, officium ; pſichtºrj, immunis;
warrant, warranty, assurance. To re A/ºchſig, devinctus, obnoxius.-Kil. G.
£levy (Mid.Lat. reflegiare) goods taken A//ic//, promise, engagement, obligation,
in distress, is to take them out of the duty. In like manner the Prov. forms
hands of the distrainer on giving security //ag, f/aegar, above-mentioned, corre
to answer his claim at law ; replewin, the spond to Mid. Lat. A/gare, to engage, to
act of entering on such an arrangement. plight; //eyare, to give or take in pledge.
Reft/egiabilis, replevissable.—Duc. — ‘ipse Petrus custus pro parte supra
The origin of these terms has been dicti monasterii //garet se cum rationem
sought in Lat. Ara's, Araedis, a security, suam, et cum rationibus jam dicti monas
and is explained by Diez from Aračere terii’—should bind himself with his own
ſidem, which is not more satisfactory. It means and those of the monastery.—
seems to me that we have solid ground Chart. A.D. Iozo in Carp. MHG. phlegen,
in Mid. Lat. A/acifare, to negotiate, agree verſ/ligen, to assure, warrant. Ic //lige
with ; placitum, O Fr. A/aid//ai/, conven mich, I undertake. Des vil' ic iu ver
tion, agreement, engagement. ‘Cepitolue A/legen, as OFr. ce vos //evis (Rayn.), I
castrum quod dicitur Hocfeoburg,et Theo warrant you. Du. pleghe, plech (Sax.)
tecnum placitando sibi conquisivit.”—Ado officium et servitus patrono a cliente
Viennensis, A.D. 743 in Duc. “Taliter//a- praestandum.—Kil.
citatum est fide media et condictum.”— Plenary.—Plenty. -plenish. -plete.
Eric. Upsal. ibid. In the famous treaty Lat. Alenus, full, from f/eo, extant in
preserved by Nithardus, ‘Et ab Ludher im//eo, to pour in, to fill. So Lith. /i/nas,
nul pſaid nunquam prindrai qui meon vol Lett. Zi/ºts, fi/s, from Lith. ////u, Žil/i, to
cist meon fradre Karle in damno sit’— pour. Piſayſi, to fill, complete, fulfil.
nullum pactum inibo. ‘Firent pais e Gr. TrAéoc, full ; Tripur) mut, to fill.
Alaital rei David.’—Livre des Rois. The Plenifas, OFr. A/en/6, fulness, plenty.
next step is supplied by Grisons Aladir, Com//eo, -//eſus, to fill up to the top, to
p/idir, to engage, as a servant. From accomplish, complete. Æeff/eo, repletus,
hence, as from Lat. adulterium to It. to fill again, fill to overflowing.
avoltério, E. avowſery, we pass to Fr. Pleonastic. Gr. TrAsovaarukóc, redund
p/evir, the v of which passes into the soft ant, t\továčw, to be more than necessary;
g of Ålege, plege, as in Fr. Zeger from Lat. tr}\sov, more.
Zevi's. “R et A fide interposità flegive -plete. —Complete. —Expletive. —
runt quod censum istum Y et ejus haere Repletion. See Plenary.
dibus bonā fide garandizabunt.”—Chart. Plethora. Gr. TrAm Bºpm, fulness, sa
A.D. I 190 in Carp. Se Aſeger, to com tiety ; tāi,60c, abundance ; tràéoc, full.
Tmence a suit; pſegeur, a plaintiff in an Pleurisy. Gr. ºrMsvpd, -óv, a rib, in
action.—Cot.
plur. TAEvpd, the ribs, side; TAsvpirms, dis
To the same class of words belongs E. ease of the side.
plight, to engage, corresponding to Fr.
Ž/ait, agreement, accord, although it is Pliable.—Pliant. See To Ply.
robably not directly from that source. -plic-, -plex. Lat. Alico, -as, to fold;
at. A/acitum becomes in Prov. placht, //ica, a pleat or fold ; complicatio, a fold
flag, plach, plait, //ay, while //acitare ing together. Im//ication, a folding of
assumes the forms of pſaid jar, //aideyar, one thing in another. Sup//ication, a
flayeyar, plaegar, to litigate, treat, make bending under of the knees in humility
accord. Quan lo flag es comensat— when making a petition. Lat. -plear is
when the plea is begun—Rayn. in v. used as E. -fold in simpler, singlefold,
Part. From the form placht we pass to dupler, twofold, multip/ear, manifold.
Du. Alicæt (Holl. Sicamb.), judicium, lis, Hence also compler, folded together, in
litigium ; //ichſen, plechten, agere lites; volved. See To Ply.
Z/echten (Fland.), spondere merces pro Plight. OFr. ploit, fold, bending,
bas esse, to warrant or guarantee.—Kil. thence state and condition. See Plait.
Placitum, Fr. plait, plet, in the sense of The plight of the body, l'habitude du corps.
duty payable to the lord on the death of —Sherwood.
31 *
 484 PLIGHT PLUCK
Tantost le met en simal ploit And squaring it in compass well beseen
A poli fait le cuer criever.— There plotteth out a tomb by measured space.
He soon puts him in so bad a plight he nearly F. Q. in R.
breaks his heart.—Fabliau of Miller and Clerks
Hence figuratively fºot is used for a de
in Wright's Anecdota Lit., p. 22. sign of future action, and originally it was
Bret. Ž/ºg, A/º/, fold, bending, inclina as far from implying blame as plan is
tion, tendency, habit. In the same way now.
they speak in Fr. of affairs taking un So forth she rose and through the purest sky
maizvais //, ºne maizzaise fourmure, fall To Jove's high palace straight cast to ascend,
To prosecute her plot.—F. Q. III. 11.
ing into a bad condition. I/ a pris son
A/7, the habit is formed. Za fourmure Accident has appropriated f/an to a de
sign of open action ; A/o/, to one of
d'une affaire, the turn that things take, secret
the condition of the business. machination.
It is observable that G. Aſlicht, from Plough. G. Aſſig, Pol. A/ºg, Boh.
Aſ!ºgen, was frequently used in a sense //w/º. Perhaps from the plough having
closely, approaching that of E. //ght: been a plug or peg, a stake pushed along
guise, fashion, condition, or sometimes as through the ground. G. Aſſock, a peg.
the termination -mess. In keiserlicher ‘The plough, a sort of long wooden plug
A/ic/a/e, in imperial fashion, as becomes dragged through the soil, having an effect
an emperor ; in ordenlicher///ih/, in an much like that of a subsoil plough.”—
orderly way; an armlicher p. in poverty; Olmsted's Texas. Modenese fºod, Ajerº,
mit williger /. with obligingness. Ich Žioca, a plough, may be compared with
lebe in grózes nides/. I live in a state of Fr. A few, a stake.—Murat. Diss. 19.84.
great hatred.—Zarncke. Compare, Dan. //ög, Aſok, a peg ; //oz, a plough.
With eyes sore wept he in mornyng plife. Sw. A/ºg, peg ; //og, plough.
Rom. of Partenay, 3968. * Plover. Fr. dial. A/uvier, as if be
tokening rain. Lat. A/ia7iaſis, rainy.
To Plight. See Pledge. The G. name is ºrgen//ºſer, the rain
Plinth. Gr. TXiv6oc, a brick or tile, piper.
the plinth or flat tilelike member on which To Pluck. Du. Z/ucken, G. Afficken,
a column rests. N. A/i/%a, Dan. //ºe, Piedm. Z/wch,',
To Plod. The primitive sense of A/ad Grisons s//uccar, Fr. ºrcher, to pick,
or //od is to tramp through the wet, and pluck, gather. The radical meaning of
thence fig. to proceed painfully and labo the word is preserved in Rouchi ///gizer,
riously. to peck, to pick up crumbs, Fr. A/u/zºofer,
I am St Jaques' pilgrim thither gone, to pick nicely—Cot., Champ. //uchoſer,
Ambitious love hath in me so offended to pick in eating, or with the pronuncia
That barefoot fºod I the cold ground upon. tion softened by the insertion of a vowel
All's Well, III.4. between p and /. It. Ai//ccare, Ac/teccare,
Coming to a small brook, I perceived a hand to pick one by one, to pick up clean,
some lass on the other side, who according to the as a chicken doth corn.-Fl. From this
custom of the rustick Irish tucked up her coats to sense of the verb are formed nouns sig
the waste, and so came Aladding through.-Eng nifying a small portion, so much as is
lish Rogue in Nares.
picked at once, Piedm. A ſuch, Milan.
To //owd, to wade.—Grose. Gael. A/od, Že/iſch (bruscolo), a crumb, particle. Af
£/odach, a puddle. n’é fan Żſuch, there is not a morsel.
Pl.D. ft/ß-schulden, small debts; pſiAE
In a foul fºodde in the strete suththe me hym Aerie, small matters; Sw. //ocłwis, by
slong.—R. G. 536.
little and little ; //ock, things of small
G.//addern, //antschen, to dabble, paddle; value; Dan. //it/#eri, trumpery. Du.
Da. A/adder, mire. //ugghe, res vilis et nullius valoris.--Bigl.
-plore. — Deplore. — Explore. Lat. It is in this latter sense that E. //lºck must
f/oro, to weep, wail; deſ/oro, to lament, be understood, when it is applied to the
deplore. It is hardly possible to imagine heart, liver, and lights of cattle, food of
a connection between the sense of eaft/oro, little estimation consumed by the poorer
to search out, and that of wailing. classes.
Plot. A parallel form with //aſ, sig From what has been said under Pill it
nifying spot, spot of ground, then the will be seen that there is some difficulty
ground occupied by a structure, the in tracing our way with certainty through
ground-plan. Zo//of out, to plan, to lay the variety of related forms to the original
out the ground for a design. root. It would seem however that in
 PLU G. PLUNGE 485
pick and flick, or //uck, we have one of stone into the water; it cried plump :
those cases where the root appears under P//w/en, to make the noise represented
a double form, with an initial / and // by ///m/, to fall with such a noise. He
respectively, as in E. faste and Sp. //asſe, faſt in't waſer dat he? //umpede. He
E. paſe and G. A/a//e, Sp. Aéſio and Piedm. fell into the water so that it sounded
Ž/afºa, pit, Du. faveien and //aveien, to //ump. — Brem. Wtb. Bav. f.ſum/ſ,
pave, feistereſt and //cistereſt, to plaster, f/um/s, noise made by something falling
&c. flat with a dull sound. Sw. ///m/a med'
Plug. Sw. //igg, a peg : Du. A/*g, a i vandeſ, to plump or plunge into the
bung, a peg ; Pl.D. f/1.4 ge, a peg, a blunt water; //u/ a med eff /a://er, to let a
needle ; //tº, a block, clog, log, peg, blot fall on paper. To teſ/ one something
plug, wadding of a gun. Gael. A/oc, ////m/, is to blurt it out, to tell it without
strike with a club, block, or pestle; as a circumlocution, like a mass of something
noun, any round mass, a clod, club, bung, wet flung down upon the ground, or a
stopper; //uc, beat, thump, a lump, stone which sinks at once, without a
bunch, bung. Fin. Aft/#4a, a peg, tap, splash, into the water. And as it is only
wedge; fu/Kifa, to plug, wedge, com a compact and solid mass that makes a
press ; Esthon. Altº, peg, round of a lad noise of the foregoing description, the
der, bung of a cask. Russ. Ao/Å, Boh. term ſ}/u/) is applied to a compact mass,
f/už, a troop, regiment. a cluster; a f////, of spears, of wildfowl,
The sense of a projection, lump, round of rogues, of gallants. It is then used to
mass, is commonly expressed by a root signify a thick and massive make. G.
signifying strike, and the act of stopping A//m/, massive, lumpish, rounded. Ein
or plugging takes its designation from the dicker und //umper Áer/; ein //um/cs
bunch of materials with which the orifice gesichº, a plump face. In a similar way,
is stopped. Compare Fr. boucher, to from Dan. //wa'se, Du. Alofsen, to plump
stop, with E. bush, a tuft of fibrous matter. down, to plunge, are derived Dan. //red
From the notion of a bunch of something seſ, swollen, bloated, //wa'sſed, chubby,
thrust in to stop a hole, the signification Pl.D. pluſzig, pudgy, chubby. P/u/zige
passes on to a peg or elongated body ſinger, round fleshy fingers. Swiss b/unſ
driven in for the same purpose. schen, the sound made by a thick heavy
Plum. 1. G. A//aum, ON. Aſoma, f/um body falling into the water; //unfschig,
ma, Du. fruim, Oberl). Arumie, Araume, thick and plump; b/uſr/schi, a thickset
Lat. frienum. person. Sw, dial. ſunsa, to fall into
2. Plum, light, soft ; //im, stout, fat; water with a plashing noise; Sw, ſºunság,
to //im, to fill, to swell.—Hal. Fr. poté, plump, over-corpulent; ſlºtsa, a short
plump, or //umme, full-round ; potelé, pudgy girl. Gael. Z/uſ, sound as of a
plump, full, fleshy, //umme.—Cot. Not stone falling into water, a sudden plunge,
withstanding the close resemblance, the a soft unwieldy lump.//ºach, jolt-headed,
word is distinct from //umſ, being the chubby-headed. This //ub with inversion
equivalent of G. Ayſalam in Aſlalºmi-ſedern, of the / (as in Ö/o/, //có, compared with
down, swelling, fluffy feathers. Bav. &lºſe) explains Cleveland Azzóð/e, plump,
Żyłaum, down, loose foam, froth. To the stout, fat.
same root belong Lat. A/uma, W.A/i/, //u/, Plunder. Pl.D. #/unme, formerly //un
feathers, down, and E. ſlue, ſuff, light, den, rags, thence in a depreciatory man
downy flakes. From //u/, a parallel form ner, clothes of poor people. Wedekind
with pºſſ, to blow. P/uffer, a pea-shooter; Zoch an foreſen //unden, aſse ein bedeler,
£/u/y, spongy, porous, soft, plump.–Hal. Witikind put on torn clothes like a beg
Plumb.-Plummet. A ball of lead gar. A/ime bezen //unment, my bits of
suspended by a line to show the perpen things. Du. plunye, sailors' clothes;
dicular. Fr. A/omb, Lat. A/umbum, lead. //unje kisſ, clothes-chest. G. fºunder,
Plumbago.—Plumber. Lat. A/um things of little value, lumber, trumpery :
bum, lead, //umbarius, a worker in lead, //under Kammer, lumber-room. Hence
Z//máago, a vein of natural lead. Du. pſorideren, //underen, to seize on
Plume. Lat. A/uma, a soft feather; the goods of another by force, to plunder.
w. Żſuſ, feathers. See Plum. To Plunge. Fr. A/onger, Du. f/otsen,
Plump. The radical image is the A/onssen, pſonzem, to fall into the water—
sound made by a compact body falling Kil. ; //otsen, also to fall suddenly on
into the water, or of a mass of wet falling the ground. The origin, like that of
to the ground. He smif deſt stent in'/ A/u/), is a representation of the noise
water, pluſ/ / sº dat. He threw the made by the fall. Swiss bluntschen, the
486 PLURAL POINT
sound of a thick heavy body falling into Tvetuww, the lungs, whence pneumonia,
the water. To b/unge clay (among pot disease of the lungs.
ters), to mix up clay and water, and Du. To Poach. Fr. Zocher, to thrust or
Ö/anssen (Biglotton), to dabble, are forms dig out with the fingers. "Oeuſ poche, a
of similar construction.
poached egg. Pocher le labeur d'autrui,
Plural. Lat. Aluralis, plus, pluris, to poche into or incroach upon another
more.
man's employment.—Cot. So E. to poach,
Plush. Fr. peluche, Piedm. //ucia, to intrude in search of game on another
plush ; Du. pluis, flock, flue, lock, also man's land.
plush, a kind of cloth with a flocky or The word is merely a dialectic varia
shaggy pile. We have traced (under tion of Aoke, to thrust with a pointed in
Periwig) the line of derivation from the Strulinent.
root //uck to Sp. /e/uca, a lock or tuft of
They use to poche them (fish) with an instru
hair, a handful, so much as is taken at a ment somewhat like a salmon spear.—Carew in R.
pluck. Now the final cA. of pluck is soft For his horse, foching one of his legs into some
ened down in Fr. Aft/ucher, pluchofer, to hollow ground, made way for the smoking water
the sound of sh, corresponding to 2 in to break out.—Sir W. Temple, ibid.
Du. Aluizen, Pl. D. plusen, to pick, pluck,
strip, whence pluis, in the senses above To fock, to push ; to foſch, to poke, to
mentioned. thrust at, to push or pierce; to pouch, to
To Ply. -ply. From Lat. Alicare, to poke or push. — Hal. Swiss putschen,
bend or fold, are It. piegare, Prov. Öutschen,
the horns.
bit/schen, to thrust, push with
f/egar, ſºleiar, Fr. Alier, to ply, bend,
bow; fiegafoie, benders or bowing-ply said * When clay land in wet weather is
ers.-Fl. The compounds applico, im to be £oached or trodden into holes
p/ico, produce Fr. aſpſ:/uer, to apply, by cattle, it may be doubtful whether the
bend, bow unto, and imp/iguer, to infold, word is the foregoing poche for poke, or
enwrap, and fig, to imply ; It. impiegare, whether it may not correspond to the
to employ ; Fr. semployer, to set him Aotch or fodge in hotchpotch, hodgepodge.
self about, to apply himself unto, to la Banff poſch, to trample into mud, to
bour, be earnest upon. Lat. app/icare in work in liquid or semi-fluid substance in
littus, to arrive at land. Per mare Asiam a dirty way, to walk through mud or
applicare, to pass over to Asia. Ad phi water. G. paſschen, to dabble or tramp
losophiam, ad eloquentiam se aff/icare. in mire ; fatsch, mud, mire. To poach
would then be to tread into mire.
From these may be understood the force
of E. ply, to give one's mind to, to be Pock. Du. pocke, pocke/e, fuckele, a
intent upon.—B. ‘Her gentle wit she pustule, a bubble, as it were, of morbid
plies to teach him truth.’, ‘Thither he matter breaking out of the flesh. Puk
Žlies undaunted" (Milton), bends his Æeſ, feukeſ, a pimple. Fr. boucle, a bub
course. Walach. Ż/ecd, to bend ; //ecu ble. See Buckle. Cotgrave calls pustules
1a ſuga, I take flight; plecu la drumit, I water-fowkes. In Da. Åoffer, small-pox,
the consonantal sounds of the root are
ply the road, set out on a journey. Mid. transposed, and here also we are led to
Lat. A/icare vadia, to give pledges. To
fly one's heels, to fly for hire, &c. a similar origin in Fin. Kuppa, Kupfelo,
Parallel with the foregoing are AS, A/eg Æuffuſa, a bubble of water, tumour, pus
gan, G. Aftegen, to attend to, to take care tule. G. &/ase and Fr. ampoule signify
of Plegge on his bocum, incumbat ejus both a bubble and a blister or pustule.
libris.-Lye. Pocket. See Poke.
Keep house and ply his book, welcome his Pod. The analogy of cod, which sig
friends.-Shakesp. nifies a bag, a cushion, as well as the pod
MHG. arzenie Żſiegen, to cultivate medi or bag-like fruit of beans and peas, would
cine ; slafes p. to sleep ; aventiure, der lead us to connect fºod with Da. Aude,
Sw. Żuła, a pillow or cushion. The word
éren p. to seek adventures, honour; des may
altars p. to serve the altar; //lege, what as E. indeed
poll
be a parallel form with cod,
with ON. Kol/r, top, head.
a man is occupied in, employment. Die
wile er was in dirre //lege, while he was Podgy. See Pudgy.
in this employment.—Zarncke. Poem.—Poesy.—Poet. Gr. Trotmua,
Preumatic.—Pheumonia. Gr. ºrvée, Trotmaic, troumri).c, from Troisw, to make,
to breathe ; trysipa, -roc, breath, wind ; compose; thence Lat. Zoema, foeta.
ºrvevuartkóc, belonging to the wind or air; Point. — Puncture. — Punctual. —
 POINT POLL 487
Pungent. Lat. Aungo, fufugi, functum, Polecat. Du. Zoo/-Kaſ, an animal dis
Fr. Aoindre, to prick ; punctum, Fr. tinguished by its offensive smell, whence
foinct, point, a prick, point. the Fr. name Autois, from Lat. Autere, to
Point Device. See Device. stink. To stink like a polecat.—Ray's
To Poise. Fr. poſser, peser, to weigh, Proverbs. Sanscr. fittika, stinking ; pu
from floids, Lat. Aondus, weight. Matters fiáá, a civet or polecat. The origin of
of great poise, matters of weight. the E. name is OFr. Auſent, pullent,
Poison. Fr. poison, from Lat. Aofio, a stinking.
drink. Mid. Lat. impotionare, to poison. Polemic. Gr. ºróAepoc, war.
Diez points out a similar euphemism in Police.—Policy. — Politics. From
Sp. yerba, Ptg. erva, properly herb, then Gr. tróAtç, a city, we have troAirmc, a citi
poisonous herb, poison, and in G. gº/?, zen ; troAirucáç, belonging to a citizen ;
originally a dose, what is given at once, troXireta (whence It. Aolizia, Fr. police),
then poison. citizenship, administration, government.
Poke.—Pocket.—Pouch. ON. poſſi, Policy. A policy of assurance is a
Du. Aoke, poksack, Fr. Aoche, Norm. written engagement to make good a cer
fougue, pouche, fouguette, sack, wallet, tain sum on the occurrence of a specified
pocket ; that into which anything is contingency. It. A6/izza, a bill or sche
Aoked or thrust.—Richardson. But if dule; polizza di carico, a bill of lading, a
the word be identical with E. pock, a document which it was necessary to pro
pustule (Rouchi fogues, foguetes, small duce on applying for the money assured
pox), the radical would seem to be a on goods lost at Sea.
bubble taken as the type of a hollow The word is a violent corruption of
case. See Pock. It is possible, however, Lat. polyptycha, -um. A pair of tablets
that the ultimate signification may be folding on each other used as a memo
simply protuberance, from the root poé, randum-book was called diptycha, from
in the sense of strike. &Truxác, two-fold. The term was then
To Poke.—Poker. Du. poken, to poke; applied in ecclesiastical language to the
Aoke, a dagger. ON. piaka, to thrust, to catalogues of the bishops and other nota
pick; N. paak, Ayaak, Sw. Żół, a stick. bles of a church, whose names were
Probably the change to a broader vowel read at a certain period of the service.
in poke, as compared with pick, repre When the list was too long to be con
sents a thrust with a coarser instrument. tained in a pair of tablets the additional
A similar relation is seen in stoke, to tablets gave the memoranda the name of
poke the fire, to thrust with a large in polyptycha, a term specially applied to
strument, as compared with sticæ, to the registers of taxes. Polypticos, i. e.
pierce with a pointed instrument. Rouchi breves tributi et actionis.-Glossae ad
fogue, blow with a ball. Recevoir eune Cod. Theod. , Ut illi coloni tam fiscales
&ome poque, to get a good blow. quam et ecclesiastici, qui sicut et in po
A parallel form of root is found with a //ticis continentur, et ipsi non denegent
final t instead of A. E. dial. poſe, ſoft, to carropera et manopera.-Edict. Car. Calv.
push or kick : fire poit, a poker—Craven in Duc. Reditus villarum nostrarum de
Gl. ; W. Awtio, to poke, to thrust ; Sw. scribere jussit, quod polyptychum vocant.
£áta, to turn up the ground, feel in one's The term then appears in the corrupted
pocket; peta, to poke the fire, pick one's forms of puleticum, poleticum, fo/egium.
teeth. Sc. faut, to strike with the foot, Episcopus divino consilio usus, poleticum
kick, stamp. quod adhuc in eadem ecclesia reservatur
Pole. Sw. Żółe, a stake, pale, pile ; scripsit.—Duc. A similar corruption
Lat. Aalus, a pole. converted diptychus into diffagus, dipti
Pole.—Polar. Gr. troAto, to turn up, tius.
turn about ; tróAoc, a pivot, hinge, axis, Poll.—Pollard. Pl.D. poll, head, head
the axis of the sphere, the vault of heaven. of a tree or plant, top, tuft ; ODu. Zolle,
Fin. Aalaam, pallata, to roll, to return; polleken, vertex capitis, capitellum, cacu
Lap. Aale, turn, occasion. men, fastigium ; bo/, bolle, globus, spaera,
* Poleaxe. An axe with a hammer caput ; bol/eken, capitulum, capitellum.—
at the back; the implement used by Kil. Sw, dial. pull, top, crown of hat.
butchers in felling an ox. Should pro To foll, to cut off the poll or top, or
perly, it seems, be written fo/lave, an axe sometimes to reduce to a poll or rounded
for knocking one on the poll or head. summit (as Sw. stympa, to cut short, from
Du. bollen, to fell, to knock down with stump, or ON. boſa, to cut off, from bolr,
an axe or mallet, from bol, the head. trunk), to clip the hair; a polled sheep
488 POLLUTE PONTIFF

or cow, one without horns; /o//ard, a tree the notion of striking with a knobbed im
whose top has been cut off, a deer that plement, like the pommel of a sword.
has lost its horns. But the root ſum is used to signify strik
Parallel with the foregoing are a series ing, from direct imitation of the sound of
of forms in which the initial / is replaced a blow, which is represented in Pl.D. by
by A. ON. Ko//r, top, stump, skull ; /o/- the syllable bums /− Brem. Wtb. Bav.
/6//r polled, hornless, bald ; N. Ko/Witt, Aumsen, to sound hollow, to beat, strike
hornless, bald, without point, stumpy ; against so as to resound. Lang. /ou/n/i,
Pl. D. Ad//’, top of tree ; Æð//ºn (Danneil), to beat, to knock. Craven pum, to
to cut off the head, to poll. Sc. coſ/, cow, thump, whence ſummer, foomer, a thump
to poll the head, to cut, clip, lop ; coſ/ie, er, anything very large of its kind, ex
a shepherd's dog, which has commonly plaining boomer, the name given in Au
the tail cut short. The radical notion stralia to the largest kind of kangaroo.
seems to be a round knob. Hesse Auſ/e, The two derivations would be made to
a bowl. agree if Lat. Zomum itself were one of
Pollute. Lat. pol/uo, /o//u/um. the numerous cases in which the idea of
Polt. A thump or blow.—Hal. Hence roundness or projecting form is expressed
fo/f-ſoof, a club-foot, the notion of a blow by the figure of striking. W. Awm/, a
and of massiveness being frequently con blow, a round mass ; Awm/ o dayn, a
nected. Fr. Aouſser, to push, thrust, lusty fellow.
justle, joult. Lat. fuſsare, fitſ/are, Sw. Pomp. Lat. Zompa, a solemn proces
6:///a, to knock or beat. Manx /o/, a S10n. -

blow, stroke, thump, or the noise which Pompion.—Pumpkin. Lat. ſºfto, It.
it makes. fe/one, fo/one, Lang. /oi/oºn, Fr. Aomi
Poltroon. Fr. fol/ron, a scoundrel, Aon, melon, gourd, pumpkin.
also a dastard, coward, sluggard, base, E. fum/ºin seems to be a corruption
idle fellow.—Cot. It fo/rone, an idle of Żom/ion, as ſom/kin or famáin, the
fellow, a base coward, base rascal, knave. rammer of a gun, of Fr. tompion.
From po//rare, fol/rive, to loll and wal Pond. See Pen.
low in sloth and litherness, to lie lazy in Ponder. Lat. fondus, -eris, weight;
bed ; /o/fra, a bed to lie on a-days.-Fl. ponderare, to weigh.
G. ſolster, a mattress, cushion. -ponent. -pound. Lat. fono, positum,
In latter times the signification has to put, set, lay. Hence com/ono, to put
been so much confined to the idea of together, in OE. ſo compone, or com/ourte,
cowardice that the derivation has been and thence by corruption ſo compound, as
obscured. Fr. fail/ard is an analogous to found from the older foune or fun, or
form, signifying in the first place a lie-a- as sound from Fr. son. In the same way
bed, from fai//e, straw, then a rascal, Fażound, Profound.
scoundrel, filthy fellow.—Cot. Poniard. Fr. ſoignard, It. pugnale,
Poly-. Gr. troXic, many; as in Po/y- Ptg. fumhóſ, a dagger, probably, as Gr.
gamy (yá'uoc, marriage), Polyglot (y\daga syxºspićtow (from x&ip, hand), a hand-knife,
or y\ºrra, the tongue), Pody/tts (trovc, a from Lat. Augnus, Fr. foing, the fist ; emi
foot), &c. poigner, Ptg. Aunhar, aftiºn/ar, to grasp.
Pomander. A musk-ball, little round Pontiff. Lat. Zonſiſer, the name given
ball made of several perfumes. Fr. to those appointed to preside over reli
Žomme d'ambre, an apple of amber.—B. gious rites. In the opinion of Varro, from
Sp. poma, a perfume-box, round vessel their having occasion to make and repair
pierced with holes for containing per the bridge over the Tiber for the perform
fumes. ance of sacred rites on the other side.
Pomatum. Originally made with “Ponfiſices, ut Q. Scaevola Pontifex Maxi
apples, as appears from the receipt in mus dicebat a posse et ſacere: ego a
Pharmacop. Lond., 1682. Axungiae por Žonſe arbitror, nam ab is sublicius est
cinae recentis lib. ii. &c.; pomorum (vulgo factus primum et restitutus saepe, quodeo
pomewaters) excorticatorum et conciso sacra et uls et cis Tiberim non mediocri
rum lib. i. &c.—N. and Q. -
ritu fiant.’ It is obvious that this ex
Pommel. Fr. Zommeau, Žome//e, as planation is a mere guess, and it has
It. pomolo (dim. of pomo), an apple, by always been felt as a strange origin of the
met. any round head, knob, or pommel, designation. A highly plausible explana
as of a sword or saddle, a pin's head, head tion is suggested by F. W. Newman, who
of a nail.-Fl. supposes that ſonſiſºr is for Aomºſºr,
To Pommel. Plausibly derived from the conductor of the fºom/ae or solemn
 PONTOON PORCELLANE 489
processions, analogous to Gr. Trevºrs from a pop. Hence to ſoft, to move suddenly.
Ténirs. The Samnite Pontius is the Sa Pope. The name of /a/a, father, was
bine Pompeius. And £onſes occurs in formerly the peculiar address of a bishop,
the Iguvine tables with the appearance of and sometimes was used for the episcopal
signifying ſom/ae, processions. title; Paña určis Turonica.-Greg. Tur.
Pontoon. Fr. Aondon, Lat. Aons, Žon By a decree of Greg. VII. the title was
tis, a bridge. confined to the Roman Pontiff-Duc.
* Pony. In Boyer's Dict., 1727, it is In the Greek Church the name is still
marked as a mean or vulgar term, and is given to a priest. Gr. Tarác, Walach.
explained as ‘a little Scotch horse.’ The Ao/ā, Magy. Aaff. G. A/a/ is a corruption
name may then be from Gael. fonaidh, a of the same word.
pony, a docked horse (Macalpine), and Popinjay. It. Aaſagaſ/o, OFr. Aaſe
not vice versä. The derivation from gait, /a/cgay, Sp. Aaſhagayo, parrot, ety
fºuny, insignificant, appears highly im mologically talking cock. Devon foſ
probable. Žing, chattering, tattling ; Bav, /d//e/n,
Poodle. Du. foede/e, to paddle in the to chatter, tattle, talk; der /a///e, the
water, whence foede/-hond, a poodle or talker, a parrot. So Sanscr. vach, to
rough water-dog.—Overyssel Almanach. speak; vacha, a parrot. The change in
G. fadeſ-mass, thoroughly wet. the last element from It. gaſ/o, Fr. gale,
Pooh An interjection expressive of geaiſ, a cock, to gay, geai, a jay, probably
contempt, originally representing the arose from the fact that the jay, being re
sound of spitting, from the figure of spit markable both for its bright-coloured
ting out an ill-tasting morsel. plumage and chattering voice, seemed to
come nearer than the cock to the nature
To-o-h Tuh ! exclaims the Muzunga, spitting
with disgust upon the ground.—Burton, Lake of the parrot.
Regions of Africa, 2. 246. There's Mackinnons Poplar. Lat. £ofit/us, G. ſaffel, a
live there. But they are interlopers, they are tree distinguished by the tremulous move
worthless trash. And he spit in disgust.—Geof ment of its leaves. Bav. AoAfte/n, to move
fry Hamlyn, 1869. Would to God therefore that about like water in boiling ; / offern, to
we were come to such a detestation and loathing
of lying, that we would even spaffle at if, and cry move to and fro, to tremble with anger;
fy upon it, and all that use it.—Dent's Pathway. Aſoſºſºrn, to beat as the heart, to palpi
tate.
Sw, s/off, spittle, also derision, raillery, Poppy. Fr. Aavoſ, fačeau, Žaffort.—
contempt, insult. Galla ſwu / interj. re Jaubert. Lat. Ad/aver.
presenting sound of spitting; fºſt, ºſada, Populace. — Popular. — Populous.
to spit, to slight, to scorn. Maori fi/w/ia, Lat. Aofuſus, W. Aobſ, people.
Gr. Trúw, Lat. Altere, to spit; res/ſtere, Porcellane. China ware seems to
to spit out, to disgust or dislike, to reject, have been first made known in Europe to
refuse. As sneezing is a convulsive act the Italians through the Arabians, who
of spitting, it is taken as expressive of re called it, as we now do, China. The
jection, and we speak of a thing not to be name of Żorceſ/aſte, It. Aorceſ/ana, was in
sneezed at. Bav. Aft/chezen, Aſia gegen, to all probability given to it from the re
puff as a short-winded person, Spit as a semblance of the surface to that of various
cat, Sneeze. sea-shells, as the Venus’ shell or tiger
Pool. w. Żwſ/, a pool, pit, ditch ; Du. shell, in It. called forceſ/ana, a name
foeſ, puddle, slough, plash, pool, fen ; ON. which Rob. Estienne also gives to the
fo//r, a standing water, water-hole. Fin. buccinum or conch-shell. “Ung grand
Aula, an opening in the ice. The origin os de poisson de mer faict comme ung
is preserved in Fin. Altſafa, to splash, cor, et duquel l’on peut corner, et en font
dabble, duck, in aqua moveor cum sonitu, les graveurs des images, communement
aquam agito. E. dial. foo/er, the imple dict Porce/aine, buccinum.’ Porce//e, the
ment with which tanners stir up the ooze fine scallop or cockleshells that painters
of bark and water in the pits. use to put their colours in.—Fl. Porcel
Poop. Lat. Anºis, Fr. Aoife, the lane is mentioned by Marco Polo in the
hinder part of a ship. 13th century, long before the intercourse
Poor. Lat. Zauffer, Fr. /ai/wre, pro of the Portuguese with the East. He also
vincially ſoure; poure homme /–Vocab. gives the same name to the cowries
de Berri. which were used as money in India.-
Pop. Imitative of the sound made by Mahn. Etym. Unt. I 1. The designation
a small explosion of air; a ſoft-giºn, a of porcellane by the name of the shell
tube contrived to drive out a pellet with early led to the supposition that the
490 PORCH POSE

China ware was made of powdered shells. government. Bab, a gate, a house of
Porch. Fr. porche, Lat. Aorticus, as government, official residence, or place of
perche from fertica. business.-Redhouse. The term is never
Porcupine. It. Aorco spinoso, Ptg. applied by the Turks to the Sultan or his
forco espinho, Venet. forco-spin, a spiny court, but simply to the premises where
pig, porcupine, hedgehog. From these the general business of the government is
was formed E. forbin, a hedgehog (Hal.), carried on.
and thence corruptly porpentine, the word Portend. – Portentous. Lat. Zor
used by Shakespeare where we now read, tendo (from porro, onward, in front, and
Like quills upon the fretful porcupine. tendo, to stretch), to foreshow; portentum,
a sign of good or ill luck, thence some
Pore. Fr. pore, Lat. forus, the minute thing wonderful, a prodigy.
holes in the skin through which the per Porter. A dark kind of beer, origin
spiration oozes out, from Gr. trópoc, a ally called porter's beer, implying great
passage. strength and substance.
To Pore. To look close and long. Porthole. G. stick-f/orſen, geschäfg
The Sw. uses pāla in a similar way; Aſorten, or pſort-gafen, the openings for
pala he/a dagen i en bok, to pore all day the artillery in a ship side; pſorte, a door.
over a book. Pála med skriſwande, to Portly. Stately ; Fr. se porter, to
be drudging in writing. carry oneself, to behave.
Porpesse. It. Aesce forco, the hog To Portray. — Portrait. Fr. pour
fish.
traire, to draw, delineate ; fourtrait, de
Stinking seales and porcpisces.—Spenser. lineation ; traire, Lat. trahere, to draw.
It is remarkable that while in England Pose. -pose.—Position.—Positive.
the native mereswine, ON. marsvín, sea Posture. Lat. fono, positum, to put, set
swine, has been supplanted by the Latin down, place, gives positio, a setting,
forfesse, the same change has taken place placing, or situation, positura, position,
in France in the opposite direction, and posture, and a very numerous set of com
the porpesse is there known by the name pounds, as Deftosiſ, Composite, Imposition,
of marsouin. Proposition, &c. In the verbs however
Porphyry. Gr. troppūpa, purple, tropºv which correspond to these substantival
pirmc, red marble. forms, Fr. deposer, composer, imposer,
Porridge.—Porringer. Not the equi &c., the place of pono has been surrepti
valent of It. Zorrata, leek-pottage—Fl., tiously occupied by derivatives from Lat.
from Lat. Aorrum, a leek, but simply a pausa, a cessation or rest. Hence Prov.
corruption of Żottage, what is boiled in fausa, rest, repose, peace. It. Alosare, to
the pot. Fr. Aotage, pottage, porridge.— pause, abide, repose, Ptg. pousar, to stay
Cot. From porridge is formed porringer in the house of some one, to rest, to sit
(as messenger from message), a vessel for down. Then in an active sense, Prov.
holding porridge; more correctly called pausar, It. fosare, Fr. poser, Ptg. fousar,
pottenger in Devonshire. to set down, to place, put, set. Diez quotes
from the Alamanic laws, “et pausant arma
A potenger, or a little dish with eares.—Baret.
1580 in Hal. suajosum.” “Elhslovan pausar en.I. bel
lieyt:’ they lay him in a fine bed. ‘Ar
Pottanger, escuelle.—Palsgr. o pauzem aissi:' now let us suppose it
Port. Wine of Porto, or Oporto, in so. —Rayn. From this source came, in
Portugal. dependent of any Latin original, Prov.
Port-, -port.— Portable. — Porter. zipausar, It. riposare, Fr. reposer, to rest,
repose, while the compounds expausar,
Lat. forto, -as, Fr. porter, to carry. Hence
to import, export, to carry in, out of a depausar, empausar, &c., Fr. exposer, dº
country ; fortſolio, an implement for Aoser, &c., took the place of Lat. exporto,
holding papers; portmanteau, &c. defono, impono, &c.
Portcullis. Fr. porte-coulisse, a slid To Pose. — Appose. Fr. apposer, to
ing-gate; coulisse, anything that slides lay, or set, on, or near to.—Cot.
or slips or is let down, from couler, to Then he apposed to them his last left roste.
slide, slip, flow gently, trickle. Chapman, Homer.
The Porte. The Porte or Sub/ime
Porte, the name formerly given to the To pose or appose were then used in the
Ottoman Court, is a perverted Fr. trans sense of putting to a person specific
lation of Babi Ali, literally the High points on which an answer was expected,
Gate, the chief office of the Ottoman of subjecting to examination, and an ap
 POSNET POTATOE 49 I
posite answer is an answer on the points armato milite vidisset oppletum, per pos
put to one. terulam tramitem medium squalentem
And often coming from school, when I met her, fructetis et sentibus vitabundus excedens,
she would appose me touching my learning and in Armenios incidit fessos.’—Ammianus
lesson.—Stow in R. She pretended at the first
to pose him and sift him, thereby to try whether in Duc. In general, however, it is used
he were indeed the very Duke of York or no.— for back door, and like posticium, which
Bacon, H. VII. in R. was used in the same sense, is a deriva
The exercises of the students written tion from fost, behind.
for examinations at St Paul's school are Postulate. Lat. postulo, to demand,
still called appositions. The term is then from fosco, foscitum (pos’tum), to ask
specially applied to the case in which the for, require, demand.
person examined is unable to answer, * Posy. A motto or device, an in
when pose or appose takes the meaning of scription on a ring or the like. From
putting to a nonplus. Aboesy.
And canst thou be other than apposed with the A paltry ring whose posy was
question of that Jew who asked whether it were For all the world like cutlers' poetry
more possible to make a man's body of water or Upon a knife, Love me and leave me not.
of earth? All things are alike easie to an infinite Shakesp.
power.—Bp Hall in R.
Udal writes it poisee—“There was also a
Posnet. A pipkin. Probably a dim. superscription or poisee written on the
of pot. Posnet, a lytell potte.—Palsgr. toppe of the crosse—This is the King of
Olle in Necham is glossed fog, urceoli, the Jews.’—Luke c. 23.
Żocenet. Urceos, in John de Garlandiá, A nosegay was probably called by this
in one MS. pos, in another pocenez.- name from flowers being used emblema
Scheler.
tically, as is still common in the East.
Possess. . Lat. fossideo, possessum, Among the tracts mentioned in Catal.
from potis sedeo, I sit as master or wield Heber's MSS. No. 1442, is “A new yeares
er; as possum from potis sum, I am guifte, or a posie made upon certen ſlowers
master, I have in my power. Sanscr. pati, presented to the Countess of Pembroke.
a master, owner, lord. Lat. Aotior, -itus, to By the Author of Chloris, &c.’—N. and
have in possession, to get the upper hand. Q., Dec. 19, 1868.
Possible. — Potent. -potent. Lat.
fossum, I am able, popl. potens, -entis. Then took he up his garland and did shew
See Possess. What every flower, as country people hold,
Did signify, and how, ordered thus
Post. 1. Lat. Aostis, a doorpost, the Expressed his grief—B. & F., Philaster I. I.
fixed upright on which the door is hung. There's rosemary, that's for remembrance ;
Perhaps from positus, set, laid; positus, pray, love, remember; and there's pansies, that's
-17s, the site of a thing. for thoughts.-Hamlet.
2. It fosta, from positus, a set place or Pot. ON. pottr, Lith. pudas, Fin, fata,
station, the post or appointed place where Fr. pot. -

a sentinel must stand ; the posture or The expression to go to pot is probably

standing of a man, the stake set on a to be explained from Sw. dial. putt, pit,
game; also a station or place where re hell. Fair te putten / go to hell. , Hä
lays of horses are kept for the public ser gięż d pyttes, it went to pot, turned out
vice. Posta seems also to have been fruitless.
used for an entry in a book of account, Potable. Gr. ºrivo, trimwka, from a
whence our expression to post up an ac root tro-, to drink; trórov, Lat. Aotio,
count. ‘Ubi vero per postas libri usu drink; potare, to drink.
rarii non apparuerit per petentem sibi Potash. The salt obtained from boil
usuras restitui.’—Concil. Ravennense, A.D. ing wood ashes in a pot or kettle. -

1317, in Duc. Potatoe. From the name by which

Post-. Posterity. Lat. post, after, the root was known in Haiti. Peter
afterward; posteri, those that come after, Martyr, speaking of Haiti, says (in De
descendants, posterity. cad. 2, c. 9), “Effodiunt etiam e tellure
Postern. Posterne, yate, posticum, suaptenaturâ nascentes radices, indigenae
posterula.-Pr. Pm. Fr. Zosterne, po Batatas appellant, quas ut vidi insubres
terne, It. posterla, explained by Muratori naposexistimavi, aut magna terræ tubera.’
as a corruption of posterula for porterula, From this last expression sprang It. Zaz
a little gate. But posterula is also used tufalo and G. kartoffel. Navagerio, who
in the sense of a back way. “Viator qui was in the Indies at the same time, writes
dam ad citeriora festinans cum bivium in 1526, ‘Io ho vedute molte cose dell’
492 POTENT PRANK

Indie ed ho avuto di quelle radice che pour; chorro, a strong and coarse sound
chiamano baſaſas, e le ho mangiate: sono emitted by the mouth, a gush of water.
di sapor di castagno.” Doubtless these The word is however by some identified
were sweet potatoes or yams, which are with W. & wrw, to cast or throw ; bºrº,
still known by this name in Spanish. gºv/aw, to rain ; ºw-w dagzaiſ, to shed
Potent. See Possible. tears.
Pother. See Pudder. To Pout. Lang. Aoif, fºot, Lim. Aoto,
To Potter. To stir or disorder any a lip ; ſa Zas ſofas, Genevese faire /a
thing—B. ; to poke, push, as with the end foſſe, to stick out the lips in ill humour,
of a stick, to do things ineffectually.— to pout. Serv. Zºyenie, thrusting out the
Craven Gl. Du. ſoferen, feuferen, to lip in discontent : Žužyńse, to pout.
pick one's nose or teeth, to finger. The The origin is the interjection of con
notion of trifling or ineffectual action is tempt and displeasure, Žºroſ.' fruf / trut/
often expressed by the figure of picking, //// ON. Auſ// Fr. Fland. put Z flatte."
or stirring with a pointed implement. So representing a blurt of the mouth with
Norm. diguer, to prick, d'ºgonner, to work the protruded lips. Magy, fi/ſynī, fifty
slowly.—Decorde. Zºo /id//e, or work in £geºni, /ă//yeº, to blurt with the lips;
a trifling manner, is properly to pick with A://vass, one who has prominent lips;
the fingers. The simple form of the verb Zºyes:/ni, to hang the lips, to pout;
of which poſſer is a frequentative is seen Aff/yedni (of the lips), to project.
in E. dial. foil or foſe, to poke, Sw. Żóſa, In like manner from the form fruf /
feſa, to poke or pick. Pl. D. Adètern, to may be explained G. Arozzen, /ru/~en, to
stir (herum whilen) with an instrument in sulk, and OHG. Arorſ, a lip ; from ºut." E.
something. If the instrument is pointed fitſ/y, ill-tempered, sullen, and firſ-mouth
the word is ŽáðKern.-1)anneil. ca', having a projecting mouth ; from
Pottle. A measure of two quarts. fruf / G. froſsen, to pout or sulk, to huff,
Fr. Aoſeſ, little pot; measure of a demi and Sw, frief, snout, chops.
setier or other small measure.—Roquef. Powder. Fr. Zoudre, from Lat. fºul
Pouch. See Pocket. zer’, dust ſºo/re, Žo/are, Žoredre), as
Poultice. Lat. Auſs, fulfis, ſºul/ic/a, sofare from so/vere, wroudre from modere.
It fo//a, fol/g/ia, pottage, gruel, pap. Power. Fr. /oi/voir, OFr. Zooir, It.
Gr. TóAroc, tróAgog, porridge. The form Aoſere, an infinitive formed by analogy
fouſtice, ſoulſis, corresponds to a Lat. from the inflections Žoſes, fo/esſ, as It.,
Au//icius. See Putty. vo/cre, Fr. voltſoir, from vo/o, volumtus,
Poultry.—Pullet. Fr. Zottle, a hen; &c.
foulet, a chicken, from Lat., fitſ/us, the Practice.—Pragmatic. Gr. Trpágao,
young of an animal, as a chicken or a -Św, to do, work, behave, deal ; Tparrukác,
foal. business-like ; Trpayua, what is done, a
Pounce. 1. Powder for smoothing thing, business; Tpa Yuartkóc, Lat. Arag
parchment for writing on, for which pur ma/icus, busy, skilled in state affairs or
pose pumice was formerly used. Fr. in law; fragmatica sanctio, constitutio,
Žierre/once, from It. fºnice, a pumice &c., what was done by the emperors in
stone; poncer, to smooth, rub over with council. Pragmatica/, busy, officious,
meddlesome.
a pumice-stone.
2. The talon of a bird of prey. Sp. Prairie. Fr. Zºrairie, L.Lat. Arafaria,
Żuncha, thorn, prick; //ne/ar, ºnza”, from /ra/İzmi, a meadow.
to prick, sting. To founce upon an ob: Praise. — Prize. Lat. fºretium, It.
ject is to dash down upon it like a bird /reſio, frezzo, frºgio, Fr. Arir, price;
of prey, to seize it with his pounces. Du. Arājs, price, worth, value, also praise,
Pound. I. Du. fond, G. Aſºldſ, Lat. or the attribution of a high value, also
Žondo, in weight, in pounds as the unit of prize, or the reward of success. Sp.
weight. ' Żrez, honour or glory gained by some
Pound. 2–To Pound. Portrid, the meritorious action. Fr. Arir, price, value,
inclosure for straying cattle. See Pen. prize, reward ; friser, to set a price on ;
To Pound. As fºunian, OE. to fun. Du. prisen, to appraise, to praise.
To stamp or funne in a morter.-Fl. Prank.-Prance. To frank, to set
To Pour. An initial / in an English off, trick or trim–B. ; to set out for
word occasionally corresponds to ch in show. -

Sp., as in E. /o// and Sp. choſ/a, the tºp They which are with God and gather with
of the head. To four may thus be the him—goeth not frankyng afore God, but mekely
cometh aſter.—Bale, Ap, in R.
equivalent of Sp. chorrear, to gush, to
 PRATE PREPOSTEROUS 493

G. prangen, to glitter, strike the eye Pre-. Lat. Araº, in front: as in Precinct,
with outward show; mit 4/eidern Arangen, Precise, &c.
to prank up oneself, go costly. Prange To Preach. Lat. Aredicare, to an
nicht vor dem Adnige, put not forth thy nounce, proclaim ; Sp. /redicar, G. pre
self in the presence of the king. Prange dºgen, ON. Areaſika, N.Areika, Fr. Arescher,
Afºrd, Du. Aron//aard, a horse of state, Avºcher, to preach.
horse for show. G. fºrangen, Du. fronk, Preamble. Fr. Areamõitle; Lat. Aræ
ostentation, finery. Ze proºft ste//en, to aw:///are, to go before.
show off; te prović staan, to be exposed Prebend. See Provender.
to view, to stand in the pillory. Provićen, -prec-. –Precarious. Lat. Areces,
to make a fine show, to strut. prayers ; //recor, -ca/us sum, to pray:
A frank is commonly taken in a bad d'Arecor, to dº/recate or pray against ;
sense, and signifies something done in fº/recor, to imprecaſe or invoke upon.
the face of others that makes them stare Also Lat. Arecarius, E. /recarious, granted
with amazement. on entreaty, held at the pleasure of
In Venice they do let heaven see the pranks another, and so, unreliable, uncertain.
they dare not show their husbands.--Othello. Precept. Lat. Ardci/?io, -ceptum, to
The link between frazić and france is instruct. See -cept.
found in Bav. Arangezeu, Arang'ssen, to Precious. Lat. fºretium, a price; pre
make compliments, assume airs; // ang'ss, Ziosºs, Fr. Areciett.r, costly.
ziererei, idle ceremony. Da. dial. Aranje, Precipice.—Precipitate. Lat. Arº
framidse, to strut, prance. Swiss s/ºrangen, ce/s (from Arae and ca/ie/, head), head
to Strut. -
foremost, headlong, steep, rash ; /ræci
The word may be regarded as a na Aiſo, to fling or run down with violence,
salised form of Fr. bragſter, to flaunt, to hurry.
brave, brag, or jet it ; &raguerie, wanton Precocious. Lat. cogito, to cook, to
tricking or pranking, bragging, swagger ripen ; /ræcor, early ripe.
ing. See Brag. From the same root Predaceous.-Predatory. See Prey.
(órag or brać, crack) may be traced G. Predial. Lat. A radium, a farm.
fºra//en, to cry, speak loud, to glitter, Preface. Lat. ſari, to speak; frº
strike the sight, to brag, boast, make ſatio, something spoken before.
parade ; Swiss Öroge/n, Arage/a, to strut, IPregnant. Lat. Aragvians, in the
swagger. state previous to giving birth to a child.
To Prate.—Prattle. Sw. Arafa, Du. From the root get exhibited in Gr.
Araaſen, Pl. D. Arafen, fºra/e/w, G. Aráſcº, yevváto, to beget, produce, and implicitly
Aráschen (D. M. 4. 236), Araſſen, /ræſ in Lat. 7tascor, natiºs (for gnascor, genas
ze/m (Sanders), Swiss Aradº/n, brazzaſº, cor, to be born.
&rude/h, broa'schen, brusc/c/n, Swab. -prehend. — Prehensile. Lat. Ara
&rafsche/n, to prate, tattle ; Pl. D. &raod Aerºdo, fºra/e/tsºn, to grasp ; afºrehendo,
schen, to talk loud ; E. dial. Aross, chat ; to lay hold of, to understand; com/re
Sw, dial. faſra, Áadra, to prate, chatter; /endo, to hold, to comprise, to under
Serv. Arſ/wazi, to prattle. stand.
The sense of idle or excessive talk is Prelate. Lat. frºſºro, Aralaſus, ad
commonly expressed by the figure of vanced before the rest.
broken sound, as we call a great talker, Preliminary. Lat. Jimen, a threshold.
a ra///e, a clack. On this principle the Premises. Lat. Araemissa, things
forms above collected take their rise in spoken of or rehearsed before. Then
slightly varying representations of inar from the use of the term in legal language,
ticulate sound. G. Arafsch / represents where the appurtenances of a thing sold
the sound of water dashed down (San are mentioned at full in the first place,
ders); Žrasse/n, Arasſe/n, Araúze/n, s/ra/- and subsequently referred to as the pre
2en, to crackle, rustle (Sand.), fro/ce/n, mises, the word has come to signify the
rauschen (D. M. 4. 132, 300), Du. Ayclº appurtenances of a house, the adjoining
te/en, Žrofeſen, to simmer, murmur (Kil.), land, and generally the whole inclosure
Sw, dial. fruſt/a, to boil hard, bubble up. of a property.
Prawn. From the formidable spur Premium. Lat. Araemium, a reward.
with which the head is armed As. Arcon, Prentice. For d//rentice, Fr. appren
bodkin. NFris. Aorn, It. Aarnocchia, tis, from aft/rendre, to learn.
prawn. Preposterous. Lat. frºñosferus, the
To Pray. Lat. Arecari, It. Argare, wrong end first ; /ræ, before, in front,
Fr. Arier. Aosſerts, behind.
494 PREROGATIVE PRICK
Prerogative. The tribes that were traitzen, to provoke one, lacessere, irritare;
asked to give the first vote at the election then (as G. reixend, charming, from reizen,
of the Roman magistrates were called to irritate, provoke, charm), trutzig (nett,
praerogativa” (rogo, to ask); whence prae zierlich, artig, mignon), pretty.
rogativa, precedency, pre-eminence. In like manner, from the interjection
esage. See Sagacious. Aruf / are formed G. protsen, to sulk;
Presbyter. Gr. ºrpeggiºrspoc, comp. of Arafałg, insolent, saucy ; Du. pratten,
Tpégºuc, an aged man. Superbire, ferocire.—Kil. From the no
Present. Lat. praesens, prae esens, tion of insulting we readily pass to that of
being before, from esum, the primitive irritating, provoking, and thus the E.
form of sum, I am. fraty, fretty, the equivalent of G. protzig,
Press. -press. Lat. premo, pressum. would acquire its actual signification in
As in Express, Com/ress, &c. the same way as has been shown in the
To Press for a soldier.—Press-gang. case of Bav. trutzig.
From Lat. frasto, in readiness, to give Thus spurred and rendered desperate by the
money in prest was to give money in hand irresistibly provocative prettiness of Catherina. –
to be subsequently accounted for. Trollope, Marietta, 2.55.
And he sent thyder three somers (baggage
It is a strong confirmation of the fore
horses) laden with nobles of Castel and floreyns, going derivation that it enables us to ex
to gyve in prest to knyghts and squyers, for he plain a meaning of pretty apparently at
knewe well otherwyse he sholde not have them total variance with the common one ;
come out Öf theyr houses. – Berners, Froissart Aretty, crafty.—Hal. ON. pretta, to de
in R.
ceive. N. Araţţa, Sc. frat, prof, a trick.
Hence/rest-money, corruptly press-money, The notion of provoking or teasing natur
the ernest money received by a soldier ally leads to that of playing tricks upon
taking service. one, then deceiving him.
I never yet did take press-money to serve under Prevaricate. Lat. pravaricari, a
anyone.—Cartwright in R. As we have all re term of Roman law, to act dishonestly in a
ceived our press-money in baptism, so we must cause, to promote the interest of the side
every one according to our engagement maintain for which you are engaged, to shuffle, to
the fight against the world.—Bp Hall in R. work by collusion in pleading, properly to
Hence to prest, or press, to engage sol walk crookedly. Varus, crooked, awry.
diers. To press soldiers, soldaten werben, Prey. Lat., prada, Bret, preiz, Fr.
conscribere, colligere milites.—Minsheu. froie. The original meaning is shown
At a later period the practice of taking in W. fraida', a flock or herd, prey taken
men for the public service by compulsion in war, which in early times would con
made the word be understood as if it sig sist mainly of cattle. Gael. spréidh, cat
nified to force men into the service, and tle; Sc. spreith, prey, plunder. “A party
the original reference to ernest money of Camerons had come down to carry a
was quite lost sight of. spreith of cattle, as it was called, from
Preter-. Lat. practer, beyond. Morray.’—Abernethy.
Pretext. Lat. practero, praetextum, to Thai folk were all that nycht sprethand,
cover over, overspread, to cloke, excuse, Thai made all thairis that thai fand.
pretend. Wyntown.
Pretty. Dapyr or pratie, elegans.— Price. Lat. pretium, w. Żrid, Bret.
Pr. Prm. The analogies usually suggested priz, Fr. priv.
are not satisfactory. There is too great Prick.-Prickle. Du. prik, a prick
a difference in meaning to allow us to re or stab ; W. pric, a skewer; Ptg. prego,
gard the word as the equivalent of G. a tack or small nail, the sharp horn of a
prächtig, stately, splendid. Nor does It. young deer ; pregar, to nail, fix, stick.
pretto, pure, unmixed, give a much better Sw, prick, point, spot ; prickſg, spotted.
explanation. The radical meaning seems Pl.D. prikáen, prikkeln, prākeln, to pick,
to be that of Fr. Aiguant, agreeably pro stick; anprikken, to stimulate, set on.
voking, making a strong impression on w. procio, to thrust, to stick in. Gael.
our taste; qui plait, qui touche extreme brog, to goad, to spur; Fr. broche, a spit;
ment; beauté piquante.—Gattel. brocher, to stitch.
It is shown under Proud that the blurt To Prick. To prick along is probably
of the mouth expressive of defiance is re not from spurring the horse but moving
presented by the interjections truf / fruf / sharply forwards. “I pycke me forthe
from the former of which are formed G. out of a place, or I pycke me hence : je
trotzen, to pout like a child, to defy; Bav. me tire avant.”—Palsgr.
 PRIEST PROCTOR 495

Priest. OFr. prestre, Lat. presbyter, force it open by leverage, from Fr. prise,
from Gr. ºrpsg|30tspoc, elder. a taking, seizing, any advantage–Cot.,
* Prim. The word seems to repre what enables one to hold, a purchase in
sent the pursing up the mouth of a per nautical language. Manx prise, a ful
son, keeping a careful watch on their crum ; as a verb, to raise by lever on a
words. On the same principle is formed fulcrum.—Cregeen. On the other hand
Sc. mim, prim, demure, prudish. — Jam. in Wiltshire to brise is to use force. If
“The peer pridefou body cam mimmin' one wants an overfull box to shut, the
an' primpin' ben the fleer.”—Banff. dial. direction is to brise upon it.—N. and Q.,
Sc. primp, to deck oneself out in a stiff September 3, 1870.
and affected manner ; primpiſ, stiff in Prism. Gr. ºrptw, to saw ; trpioua,
dress and demeanour; primsie, demure, anything sawed, sawdust, a geometrical
precise. It may probably be the latter prism.
word which was intended by “the frenzie Prison. It prigione, Fr. prison, from
Angelo, in Measure for Measure. Isabella Lat. Arehensio, Arensio, seizure. Sp. pri
has just been speaking of the ‘outward sión, seizure, capture, confinement, pri
sainted deputy,’ and his “settled visage.” son, prisoner. In OE. also prison was
Prime. —Primary.— Primate.—Pri commonly used for prisoner.
mitive. Lat. prae, in front, before; prior, Pristine. Lat. Aristinus, ancient, be
former ; primus, first, as Gr. Troö, ºrpórspoc, longing to former times. See Prime.
argåroc. Lith. pirm, before, firmjaus, Private. -prive. Lat. privus, sepa
sooner, rather ; pirmas, the first. Gr. rate, single, particular, one's own; privo,
arpiv, before. to take away, to deprive; privatus, de
To Prime. The priming of a gun is prived of, also appropriated, peculiar,
the last dressing or trimming which fits one's own.
it for immediate service. To prime, to Privilege. Lat, privilegium, a law
trim up young trees.—Forby. A priming affecting particular persons, a private law.
iron, a pruning-knife.—Minsheu. The Prize. Two words seem to have been
original meaning of prune is to dress or confounded. I. from Lat. Aretium, Fr.
set in order, and the priming of a gun Arir, the price, value, worth of things,
was called pruning. It granita folvere, also the prize, reward, or honour due to
corn-powder, pruning, or touch powder. the best deserver in a justs, &c.—Cot.,
—Fl. See Prune. and
Primrose. Prymerose, primula.-Pr. 2. Fr. prise, a taking, seizing, booty, or
Pm. Lat. Zºrimula veris, Fr. Arimevere, prize. De bonne prise, good or lawful
the earliest conspicuous flower of spring. prize, also full ripe, fit to be cropped,
The element rose is added in the E. gathered, or taken.—Cot. Et s'ils prieg
name as the type of flower in general. ment riens des enemy's de roy ou d'autres
Prince.—Principal.—Principle. It. qiconques, qu'ils tiele prise feront amener
principo, prince, frence, Lat., princeſs, en le dit port, et ent ferront pleine infor
prince, leader, beginner, chief; princi mation a dit conservator.—Stat. 2 H. V.,
Žium, beginning, first taking ; from copio c. 6.
and the element prim or prin, before. Pro-. Gr. ºrpó, before. Lat. Aro, for,
Lith. pirm, before ; pirmgalas, forepart ; before, in comp. in place of, for, as pro
Žirmgimys, first-born. See Prime. noun, what stands for a noun.
Print. Praenſe, effigies, impressio.— Probable.—Probate.—Probity. Lat.
Pr. Pm. It. imprenta, Fr. empreinte, probus, good; probo, to make good, to
print, stamp, impression.—Cot. Em deem good or approve. See To Prove.
Żreindre, from Lat. imprimere, as craindre Probe. Cat, proba, Fr. prouvette, an
from cremere (tremere), geindre from ge instrument of surgery to try the depth of
7/26/*e.
Prior. See Prime. a wound, from Lat. Arobare, to try. Prov.
prova, a probe, a sounding-line. The Sp.
-prise. Lat. prehendere, Fr. frendre, name of the implement is tienta, from
to take; pris, taken ; prise, a taking. So Lat. tentare, to try.
from Lat. apprehendere, Fr. aft/rendre,
appris, to learn, to teach, and thence E. Problem. Gr. ºrpó3\mua; irpó, in front,
apprise, to make known to one. So also 3áAAw, to cast.
Fr. comprendre, compris, E. to comprise, Procrastinate. Lat. procrastinare, to
or contain ; Fr. entreprendre, -fris, to put off to the morrow; cras, to-morrow ;
undertake, E. enterprise, an undertaking. crastimus, belonging to the morrow.
To Prise. To prise a box open is to Proctor. See Proxy.
 496 PRODIGAL PROP
Prodigal. Lat. Arodigits, from Arodigo, He was thus a very unpopular character,
to lavish. and was made the type of discreditable
Prodigy. Lat. Arodigium, a thing dealing.
monstrous. -

Profane. Lat. Aroſanus, fro, away The fogging proctorage of money.

Milton in Worcester.
from, and ſaniºn, a temple, fane.
Profile. It. Aoz/i/o, a border in arm It would seem that the OE. contractions
oury, a purſle or worked edge, a profile; Aroßeſſor, Aroſecy, for procitraſor, procu
also used for the superficies or surface of racy, and Gael. Arocadair, a law agent,
anything.—Fl. Fr. Aotºſiſ, a man's out Aracadair, a collector of tythes, frocadair
ward lineaments, the middle line of his eachd, advocacy, pleading, importunity,
face.—Cot. Properly the outline of the might vulgarly have been felt as if de
face. It ſiſo, line, edge. rived from a root, /rock or frac{, to ad
Profit. Lat. Aro/icio, -ſectiºn, to help vocate, to importune. And thus we may
on, further, advantage, to proceed or go explain OE. /roºyi, or styffly askyn,
forward; Aroſæctus, It. Aro/eſ/o, Fr. Aroyº, procor, procito—Pr. Pm., as well perhaps
profit, advantage, increase. as Sc. frºg, to importune, to haggle.
Profiigate. Lat. //go, to dash down ; Gael. (locally) Arac, small tithes, dues.
profligo, to put to flight, to ruin ; fro/lº Prolific. Lat. Aroles, offspring.
gaſus, ruined, debauched, wicked. Prolix. Lat. A/o/āºs (explained from
Profound. Lat. fro/undits, deep, Aro and Zarits, slack), long, lengthened,
having the bottom (ſºldus) far down. tedious.
Prog. Prog is what is got by frog Promenade. Fr. memer, to lead, to
ging, as the provisions in a beggar's bag, move ; fromleſter, to walk, to lead out.
and is thence applied to victuals taken to Je le fourmezzerai, I will keep him stir
be consumed on a journey or the like. ring, will find him work enough.-Cot.
While spouse tucked up does in her pattens Se promener, to go out for pleasure or
trudge it, exercise ; fromenade, a walk. Lat. mino,
With handkerchieſ of prog like trull with budget. to drive cattle. ‘Prominare jumenta ad
Congreve in R. lacum.”—Appian.
To Prog. To use all endeavours to Promiscuous. Lat. Aromiscuus, Aro,
get or gain.-B. Da. Araße, to get by and mºsceo, to mingle.
importunity. At fºra/Me sig frºm i wer Promontory. Lat. Aromontorium ;
den, to get on in the world by hook or by Aro, in front, mons, a mountain.
crook. Pražer, a beggar. N. Arakka, Prompt. Lat. Aromo, from/film, to
to scrape together, to molest ; // aſ Āq", draw forth, bring out, lay open; promº/t/s,
a miser, a pedlar. Sw. Aracºa, to make drawn forth, ready.
shifts, to shuffle, to beg. Prac{a fi/sant Promulgate. Lat. Aromulgare, to
man, to scrape together, get by hook or publish abroad, explained as if for proviaſ
by crook; frac{a Żó, to fob off; Aracºa gare, from vu/gits, the people ; to lay be
ihoſ mágot, to patch up a piece of busi fore the public.
ness. Prack, meanness, huckstering, Prone. Lat. Aronus, bending forward,
beggary, bungling; // acAare, a vagabond, inclined.
beggar, broker, huckster, bungler. Du. Prong. The point of a fork, in the S.
pragchen, prachen, togain by sordid means, of E. a pitchfork. Prongsteſe, the handle
to scrape up, to cheat, to beg ; Aracher, a of a hay-fork.-Hal. From frog, synony
niggard, usurer, miser, beggar. There mous with frod, to prick. Sussex sprong,
can be little doubt that the foregoing are s/roſtæ, stump of a tree or of a tooth.
identical with E. Arag, frog. Prop. Sw. Żro//, a bung, stopper,
O neighbours, neighbours, first get coyne cork, wadding ; proſºfa, to stop, ram,
Firste hardlye frage the purse.—Drant, Horace. cram ; Du. Zºroſ, fro//e, a stopper, also
He married a light huswife who stealing that a support ; fro//en, to cram, to support.
money which for many years before he had been –Kil. Piedm. Aroba, brofa, a vine prop,
scraping together by his progging and necessitous stake for supporting vines. Walach.
tricks and shifts.-Wood, Ath. Oxon. in R.
froguing knave.—B. and F. A fro/ſea,
a prop, support Aroſºfí, to prop,
;
to lean on.
The word is commonly referred to Lat. The radical meaning seems to be pre
frocurator, an attorney or proctor, a per served in E. Aroſ, to prick with a bodkin
son a main part of whose business con —Hal., a parallel form with prod' or òrode.
sisted in calling in money, and recovering From the notion of pricking we pass to
dues of a more or less oppressive nature. that of thrusting in, cramming, or to that
 PROPAGATE PROW 497

of thrusting upwards, supporting. Com or thrust out the lips from ill-will ; brotze,
pare Lang, pounchar, to prick or sting ; brotzmaul, prufsche, a pouting mouth,
pounche, Fr. pointal, a support, prop. It. projected lips; brid, priºts, priifsch,
puntare, to prick, punte//o, a prop. Swiss briifsch, Du. Arootsch, preutsch,
Propagate. Lat. propago, to spread as proud; pratten, to pout; frat, proud,
a tree at the top, to multiply and increase; arrogant ; Pl.D. proft, apt to give short
propago, -inis, a vinestock cut down for and surly answers.-Danneil. OE. Arute,
the sake of shooting out afresh, a shoot proud.
or cutting, a race, stock, or lineage. The Manuel des Pecchés treating of
Proper.—Proprietor. Lat. Arofºrius, Pride takes as first example him who
one's own. defies the reproofs of his spiritual father,
Prophet. Gr. ºrpoºfirmc ; trpó, before and says
hand, ºmui, to say, speak. Prut 1 for thy cursyng, prest.—l. 3016.
Propinquity. Lat. froße, near by ; ON. at prutta à hesta, to pop to a horse
propinquus, near at hand, neighbouring. to make it go faster. The different forms
Propitious. Lat. Aropitius, favour of the interjection representing a blurt
able to. -

with the lips may be compared with

Prose. Lat. prosa, simple discourse, Magy. Afriisg, prisz, triisg, w, tis, sneeze.
opposed to metre. Explained from pror We say that a thing is not to be sneezed
sus (pro-zersus), straight. at, meaning that it is not to be despised.
Proselyte. Gr. ºrpool)Avroc, from trpoo -prove.—Prove.—Proof. Lat. A robus,
#pxopat, -ij\0ov, to come over to: good ; probo, to make good, to show the
Prosody. Gr. ºrpoopčia; irpác and ºn, soundness of a thing, to prove, also to
a singing. find good, to approve ; also, as It. Aro
Prosper.—Prosperous. Lat. prosper, vare, to try, to use means that must
fortunate; Gr. ºrporp{pw, to bring to, to make manifest the goodness or deficiency
add ; Troörpopoc, serviceable, profitable. of a thing. Reprobo, Fr. reprouver, to
Prostrate. Lat. sterno, stratum, to reject on trial, to find bad, to reprove or
strew or spread ; prosterno, to lay flat, to reproach one with his fault. To improve,
cast down. to make better.
Proto-. Gr. ºrpá, before ; comp. Troö Provender. — Prebend. Lat, brar
repoc, earlier; superl. troºroc (for irpóraroc, henda, -orum (from praebeo for fra-hióeo,
Trpéaroc), first. to hold forth, supply, provide), the ration
Protocol. Fr. protocole, Gr. Irporé or allowance of food for a soldier, was
roMAov, a Byzantine term applied to the applied to the allowances for monks and
first sheet pasted on a MS. roll, stating canons in monasteries. ‘Centum clericis
by whom it was written, &c. Subse pauperibus prabendam panis, piscis et
quently applied to notarial writings. Gr. vini concedebat.” “Fratres amavit, prae
ko)\áw, to glue, paste. ^endam auxit.”—Duc. The word became
Protuberant. Lat. protuberare; pro, in Fr. Arovende, and corruptly provendre
before, and tuber, a swelling. (whence E. provender), a ration of food
Proud. — Pride. The blurt of the either for man or beast. Provendre,
mouth expressive of contempt or de bénefice ecclesiastique.—Roquef.
fiance is represented by the interjections Se il ne s'en amende—manjust sols et
Ptrot Prut . Trut ! Putt Tut | Twish perde sa provende de vin, jusqu'alors qu'il
some of which forms have been retained ait fait satisfaction et amende.—Regle de
in one of the European languages and St Bernard in Roquef. Du. Arovende,
some in another. OE. ſtrot / scornful provisions.
word, or trut Z vath –Pr. Pm. Pruf / In process of time the term was appro
ON. putt / interjection of contempt; Fr. priated to the benefices of the canons or
trut 1 tush, tut, fy man; trut avant / a dignitaries of a cathedral. “Et in Remensi,
fig's end, on afore for shame.—Cot. From Cameracensi et Leodiensi ecclesiis be
the form trut the G. has trotz, scorn, neficia quae vulgo praeffendaº dicuntur ob
bravado, arrogance; einem trotz bieten, tinuit.”—Duc.
to defy one ; das Áind trotzf, the child Province. Lat. provincia.
pouts, is sullen ; trotzig, huffing, swag Provost. OFr. provost, G. probst.
gering, proud, insolent. In like manner, From Lat. frºñositus, set before.
the form frut produces protzen, to show Prow. Lat. prora, It. proda, Fr.
ill-will or displeasure by a surly silence proue, the fore part of a ship. Pol.
(to pout); protzig, insolent, snappish, Żrzod, fore part; prºod okretu, front of
Saucy—Küttn. ; Hesse, brotzen, to pout ship, prow. A/apr2 od / forwards !
32
 498 PROWESS PSALM

Prowess. Lat. A robus, good, sound, Prudent. Lat. Arudens, contr. from
became Cat. Arous, Prov. fros, good for frovidens.
its purpose, Fr. Areur, valiant, loyal, To Prune.—Proin. To prune or
worthy, discreet, ready.—Cot. Adverb froin is for a bird to dress her feathers
ially prou, much, greatly, enough.-Cot. with her beak.
Cat. Aro ba/re alcum, probé percutere Skartis (cormorants) with thare bekkis
aliquem.—Diez. It. buon pro vi ſaccia, Forgane the sungladly thaym prunyeis and bekis.
Fr. bon frou leur face, much good may D. V. 131. 46.
it do them. OE. prow, profit, advantage. The signification, however, is not confined
In long abydyng is full lytyl prow.—MS. in Hal. to the case of a bird, but is extended to
the notion of dressing or trimming in
The general quality of goodness is general.
typified by valour in a man and virtue in I wald me prein plesandlie in precious wedis.
a woman. Preud’homme (Mid. Lat. pro Dunbar.
&us homo), a valiant, faithful, discreet
man ; pretade femme, a chaste, honest, A special application of this idea gives
modest, discreet matron.—Cot. the ordinary sense of prune, to dress or
trim trees. The priming or pruning of a
Las donas eissamen an pretz diversamens, gun (as it was formerly called) must be
Las unas de belleza, las autras de proeza : understood as the dressing or trimming
thus women also have different excel of the implement, giving it the last touch
lencies, some in beauty, and others in necessary to fit it for immediate service.
virtue.—Rayn. The origin seems to be ON. prjon, Sc.
But reference being commonly made Areen, prin, a pin or knitting-needle, from
to the quality as exhibited in men, Fr. the notion of picking or arranging nicely
frottesse, It. A rodezza (with an intrusive with a pointed implement.
d to prevent hiatus, as in Lat. Zºrodest, He kembeth him, he proineth him and piketh.
rodesse), Prov. prohega, E. prowess, came Merch. Tale.
in general to signify valour or valorous Fr. eschargotter, to pruine a tree, to pick
deeds.
any thing round about.—Cot. So also
Praefatus heros post infinitas prohifates. Sc. prink, signifying to prick, is also used
Orderic. Vit. in Duc.
in the sense of decking. Prinked (Ex
* To Prowl.–Proll. The derivation moor), well-dressed, fine, neat.—Grose.
from a supposed Fr. Arofeſer, to seek They who prink and pamper the body, and neg
one's prey, is extremely doubtful. The lect the soul.-Howell in Todd.
older way of spelling is fro/Z, and even To pick, to dress out finely.—Hal. Prick
furl, in Pr. Pn. I pro//e, I go here and medainty, one who dresses in a finical
there to seke a thynge, je tracasse.— manner.—Jam.
Palsgr. On the same principle Du. priem, a
Though ye prolle aye, ye shall it never find. pin or bodkin, seems to be the origin of
Chaucer.
prime, to prune or dress trees. To prime,
Proximate. Lat. prope, near; comp. to trim up young trees.—Forby. Prim
profior; superl. Arorimus (for propsi ing-iron, as pruning-iron, a knife for
mrus), nearest. pruning.—Minsheu. A person carefully
Proxy. Lat. Arocurator, an advocate dressed is said to be tiré à Quatre épin
or attorney, was cut down in Sc. to pro /es.
cutor, and in E. to proketor, proctor; and Prurient. Lat. prurio, to itch, to feel
frocuratio, Du. Arokuratie, an authority strong desire.
or warrant of attorney, was curtailed in To Pry. To peep. I pike or prie, je
like manner to prokecy, proxy. Proke pipe hors.-Palsgr. Perhaps identical
toure, procurator; profecye, procuratio. with Sc. prieve, preſſ, free, to prove, taste,
—Pr. Pm. try. -

* Prude. Properly a woman who Nae honey beik that ever I did fºrce
keeps men at a distance, treats their Did taste so sweet and smervy unto me.
Ross's Helenore.
offers with contempt; a proud girl. Du.
Areutsch, prootsch, proud ; een preutsch Possibly however it may be a modifica
meisje, a prude ; preutschheid, prudery.— tion of OE. pire or feer, to peep.
Bomboff. Swiss briitsch, stolz, sprüde, Psalm.—Psaltery. Gr. ºrga\poc, from
proud, cold, disdainful. Compare ein trad\Aw, to play on a stringed instrument,
sprädes mädchen, a shy, coy, or capricious whence roaXrñptov, an instrument of that
girl, a prude.—Küttn. description.
 PSEU DONYM PUDGY 499

Pseudonym. Gr. Jºsvöövvuoc, falsely an animal stuffed with blood and other
named ; peºčoc, a lie, and Övoua, a name. materials. W. Aoſen, belly, pudding.
Psha. — Pshaw. The interjections The radical image may be lump or
pish / and psha / are different ways of round mass, then something stumpy,
articulating the sound Ash, by introducing short and thick, protuberant, swelling.
a vowel between the consonantal sounds E. fod, a protuberant belly; foddy, round
in the one case, and subsequent to both and stout in the belly (Hal); Sc. pud, a
in the other. See Pish. fat child; N. E. puddly, fat (Craven Gl.);
Puberty.—Pubescence. Lat. pubes, Northampton puddy, thick-set ; Pl. D.
the signs of manhood, the hair that grows Auddig, thick (Brem. Wtb.); Wall.
on the body at the approach of manhood ; s'óoder, to swell; bodi, raffodſ, stumpy,
pubertas, youth. Pubescence (bot.), down short and thick; boudemn, belly, navel
on plants. (Sigart); bodenn, prominent belly, calf of
Public.—Publican.—Publish. Lat. leg (Remacle); OFr. boudine, navel ;
publicus (from populus, people), belong Piedm. Öodero, bodi/a, a paunchy, thick
ing to the people ; publico, Fr. Auð/ier, set man ; Lang. ôoudougma, boudiſia, to
to publish or make public. swell; boudena, to burst with fat; boudºli,
Puce. Flea-coloured ; Fr. puce, It. a short and thick person; Castrais bou
Au/ce, Lat. Auler, puſicis, a flea. dowſ, bouzolo, the belly.
Puck. See Pug. Puddle. To puddle iron is to stir a
Pucker. To pucker is to make pokes, portion of melted iron with a bar in a re
to bag. Fr. Aoche, the pucker or bagging verberatory furnace until it becomes vis
of an ill-cut garment.—Cot. It saccola, cous. G. butte/n, budde/n, to poke or root
saccoccia, a pouch, pocket, also any puck about in earth, ashes, &c.; aschen/te/te/,
ering or crumpling in clothes; saccolare, one who pokes about in the ashes.—San
to bag, to pucker.—Fl. ders.
Pudder. — Podder. —Bother. Dis Puddle, a plash of standing water left
turbance, confusion, confused noise; to by rain, a mixture of clay and water.
Audder, pother, to confound, perplex. Formed like paddle from a representation
The image immediately suggested by of the sound of dabbling in the wet. Du.
the word is a thickness of the air imped foedele, to dabble in water.—Overyssel
ing the sight and damping the vital powers, Alm. Fr. dial. fatouiller, to paddle;
from whence the signification is extended Aatouille, puddle, dirty water, liquid mud,
to the confusion of the hearing and under slops of water.—Jaubert. In these imi
standing by the conflict of sounds. tative forms an initial / or pl are used
—such a smoke with great indifference. Pl.D. pſaddern,
As ready was them all to choke, to paddle or dabble in the water; Dan.
So grievous was the pother.—Drayton. p/udºre, to work up peat and water to
They were able enough to lay the dust and gether, to puddle. The derivation of
pudder in antiquity which he and his are apt to Lat. Zalud", marsh, from the same root, is
raise.—Milton.
somewhat obscured by the insertion of a
The resemblance to powder is merely vowel between the A and 1. -

accidental, and ſudder is probably a pa Pudgy. Soft like mire; then, as soft
rallel form with Da. A/udre, E. puddle, to materials fall back upon themselves and
work up clay and water together; //uther, are ill-adapted for a slender structure,
mire (Whitby Gl.), or with E. blunder, to short and thickset. Pudge or podge, a
stir and puddle water, to make it thick puddle. ‘The horse-road stood in pudges,
and muddy.—Hal. Compare also to and the path was hardly dry.”— Clare.
muddle, to dabble like ducks in the dirt, “And littered straw on all the pudgy
also to confuse, perplex. Da. dial. pulse, sloughs.”— Ib. Banff. Audge, punch, a
to stir up water; puſs, pudder or thick thickset person or animal, anything short
ness of the air or water from smoke, dust, and stout of its kind. Northampton
fog, &c. See Puzzle. Azadge//, gudge//, a puddle ; guagy, short
If the radical sense of the word be a and thick. Podge, to stir and mix to
confusing noise we may comp. G. Zolfern, gether; porridge, a cesspool.—Hal. Sw.
to make a noise, in Bav. to disturb, trou Auss (Da. ſº a puddle ; /ussig, fat,
ble. “Sie wollten frey und ungepo/ſert bloated. Litet Aussigt och fett barn, a
von andern leuten seyn.’ little pudgy child. Bav. čáſzen, to dabble
* Pudding. Fr. boudin, Piedm. bodin, in something soft ; batzen, botzen, a lump
P1.D. budden, Žudden (Schütze), pudde of soft materials ; batzig, sloppy, soft,
zwurst (Brem. Wtb.), properly the gut of clammy; Hesse, batsch, wet, dirty weather.
32 *
 500 PUERILE PULLET

Westerwald, batsch, for the sound of plash a fighter with the fists; Triº, with clenched
ing or tramping in the wet ; baſsch, mud, fist ; triyum, Lat. frºgmus, the fist ; /*gio,
dirt, puddle. G. fatsch / represents the a dagger. From the element shown in
sound of a blow with the flat hand, or of a frºmgo, puffugi, to stick, prick.
fall upon the soft earth or in the water, or Pug-mill. A mill for working up clay
the plashing sound of water. Piłsch, for bricks. Dan. Arºke, to pound ore be
Zatsch geht das ruder, splash goes the fore melting. E. dial. to pug, to strike ;
oar ; pitsch/afschnass, thoroughly wet. frºg, a thrust; to fºggle, to poke the fire.
Er fatschte ihm das wasser ins gesicht.— —Hal. Pol. puk / the noise of a blow ;
Sanders. Hence paſsch, the soft pudgy Auž, knock, rap, tap.
hand of a child; also mud, mire, puddle. Pugnacious. Lat. Augno, to fight.
Puerile. Lat. Auer, a child. See Pugilist.
Puerperal. Lat. puerpera, a woman Puisne.—Puny. Fr. puisne', since
that has just brought forth ; puer, a child, born, younger brother. Puisne, and in an
Aario, to bring forth, produce. Anglicised form puny, were formerly used
To Puff. To blow in an intermittent in the general sense of junior, but with
way, thence to swell. It. buffare, to puff, the exception of preisne, or junior judge,
blow hard, bluster; Fr. bouffer, to puff, to the use is now confined to the metaphori
swell. A puff, a blast of wind, anything cal sense of ill-grown, poor of its kind.
of a swollen airy texture. Du. poſſen, to If any shall usurp a motherhood of the rest,
blow, fill the cheeks, swell, brag. and make them but daughters and punies to her,
The sound of blowing is very generally she shall be guilty of a high arrogance and pre
represented by the syllable pu, usually sumption.—Bp Hall in R.
with a terminal consonant. ON. fua, to Puissant. Fr. puissant, powerful ;
breathe upon, to blow ; Sw, fits/a, to formed as if from a participle posserts,
breathe, blow, pant, to take breath ; Lith. from Lat. posse, to be able.
pukszti, to pant, snort; fusti, to blow, To Puke. G. spucken, to spit; Magy.
breathe, snort; Fin. puhua, puſhella, póż, spittle.
puhkia, to blow, breathe, pant ; Boh.
Żuch, a breathing; puchnauti, to swell; as To Pule. Fr. piauler, to peep or cheep
a young bird, to pule or howl as a
Russ. putchitsya, to swell; Serv, fuati,
to blow; pua/ka, a bellows; Turk...fi/la, young whelp.–Cot. To make the cry
to blow; Magy. puffadni, to swell, £10ſ represented by the syllable piau, as mi
fanni, puſogni, puſo/ni, to puff ; Malay aliſer, to mewl, to make the cry repre
puput, to blow; Maori puka, to pant: sented by miau, mezv. G. patten, Sc. Aew,
Żuku, to swell; Sc. to £ec'h, to puff, pant. to pule, to cheep as a chicken.
Now mon they work and labour, pec'h and pant.
To Pull. A parallel form with fill,
signifying originally to pick. Pl.D. fºulen,
Magy, pihegni, to breathe hard, pant; to pick, nip, pluck. To ful/ garlick, to
£ihelmi, to breathe; fiſhes, panting. peel or pill it. The sounds of i and u
* Pug.—Puck. OE. pouke, devil. often interchange. A Glasgow man pro
The heved fleighe fram the bouke nounces which, whitch, pin, fun. In
The soule nam the helle-pouke.
Arthur and Merlin.
other parts to put is pronounced pit, and
on the same principle Du. Aut, a well,
oN. puki, goblin; Sw, dial. Aitke, devil, corresponds to E. pit. In 9E. we had
goblin, scarecrow; Ir. pieca, goblin ; Sw. rug and rig, the back; hulle and hill;
spáže, ghost, goblin, scarecrow. cuſh and kith, acquaintance ; luther and
Essentially the same with bug, W. &wg, /ither, bad, &c. From the present root
an object of terror, ghost, hobgoblin. Russ. we must explain Du. fuele, poſe, It. Auſa,
pugat’, to terrify , p:/galo, a scarecrow. the husks or hulls, the strippings of corn,
Then, as an ugly mask is used for the and perhaps Lat. polire, It. Altſtrº, to
purpose of terrifying children, the term clean or polish, properly to pick clean.
Żug was applied to a monkey as resem The slang expression of polishing off a
bling a caricature of the human face. bone shows the natural connection of the
Sw. bºgg, bogſ, a frightful mask, ugly two ideas. Pl.D. upſ den Anaken Ailléen,
face. The Ptg. term coco, a bugbear, hob to pick a bone. With an initial s, Lat.
goblin, was applied to the cocoa-nut from s/chare, to strip ; spoſium, what is strip
the resemblance to a monkey's face at ped off, as the skin of an animal, the
the base of the fruit. A fºug-dog is a dog arms of an enemy overcome in battle.
with a short monkey-like face. See To Pill.
Pugilist. Lat. Augil, Gr. ºrvyuáxoc, Pullet. See Poultry.
 PULLEY PUNCH 5ol

Pulley. Fr. poulie, It. poliga, OE. Pulmonary. Lat. Aulmo, -onis, the
folive, poliſ, ſolein. lungs.
Ther may no man out of the place it drive, Pulp. Lat. pulpa, the fleshy part of
For non engine of windas or polive. meat, pith of wood. Gael. plub, sound of
Squire's Tale. a stone falling into water; as a verb, to
Poleyne, troclea.—Pr. Prm. Sc. puſ/isee, plump, plunge into water; a soft lump ;
fu//ishee—Jam., Cat. Aoſiſ ra (politsha), A/uðaiche, lumpishness.
pulley; Du. Aaleye, a frame for torture, a Pulpit. Lat. Aulpitum, a scaffold,
pulley. stage, desk.
The names of the goat and the horse -puls-. See -pel. Repulse, Impul
were very generally applied to designate sion, &c.
mechanical contrivances of different kinds * Pulse. Grain contained in a shell
for supporting, raising, or hurling weights, or pod, as peas and beans. Pulls, the
or for exerting a powerful strain. Thus chaff of peas.-Hal. Probably the pl.
G. bock, a goat, is used for a trestle, saw of Du. fuele, pole, felle, peule, peascod,
ing-block, fire-dogs, rack for torture, shell.—Kil. Peul, peascod ; peulvrucht,
painter's easel, windlass, or crab for pulse, leguminous plant.—Bomhoff. Pel,
raising weights. Fr. chevre, Lang. crabo, shell, pod; peul, peas.-Halma. From Du.
a she-goat, signify a crane; crabo, also Ae//en, E. pill, pull, Aeel, Pl.D. pulen, to
trestles or sawing-block, a plasterer's pick.
Pulverise. Lat. pulvis, pulveris, dust.
scaffolding.—Dict. Castr. From the same
source are derived OSp. cabreia, Prov. Pumice. Lat. Aumer.
calabre, a catapult ; Ptg. cabre, calabre, a To Pummel. See Pommel.
rope or cable; Sp. cabria, Fr. cabre, a Pump. Fr. pompe, ON. pumpa, G.
crane ; cabria, also an axle-tree; caffrio, fumfe, in vulgar language plumpe. Lith.
cabriol, a beam or rafter. A/umpa, plumpas. Rightly referred by
The series taking their designation Adelung to the idea of splashing. The
from the horse comprise Fr. chevaleſ, a sound of something heavy falling into
pair of sawing trestles, a rack for torture, the water is represented in G. by the syl
a painter's easel; Lat. cantherius (pro lable plump, whence plumpen, to splash,
perly a gelding or pack-horse), a rafter or to beat the water with a pole in fishing ;
vine-prop, and thence Fr. chantier, a vine A/ump-stock, the pole employed for such
prop, sawing-block, stocks for a ship, a purpose. Pumpen, vulgarly Alumpen,
stand for a cask; Sp. /o/ro, a colt, rack to pump. In Cornwall plump is a pump
for torture, frame for shoeing horses; Fr. or draw-well, to plumpy, to churn, an act
Aoutre, a beam ; Fr. poulain (colt), a in which a plunger is driven up and down
sledge for moving heavy weights, a dray in an upright vessel like the piston in a
man's slide for letting down casks into a pump. Banff. Alump-kirm, the common
cellar, or other contrivance for that pur churn. Pl.D. pump, pumpel, a pestle ;
pose; the rope wherewith wine is let Aumpe/n, to pound.
down into a cellar, a pulley-rope—Cot.; Pumpkin. See Pompion.
giving rise to OE. poleyn, above-mention Pun. A play upon words, possibly,
ed. Sp. Aolin, a wooden roller for moving as Nares suggests, from OE. pun, to
heavy weights on ship-board. The Prov. pound, as if hammering on the word.
poli, Lang. Aftouli, a colt, agree with Fr. Punch.-Puncheon. 1. Punch, a short,
Aftoulie, while Piedm. Åolé, a colt, coincides thick fellow, a stage puppet.—B. Banff.
with Sp. Zolea, Ptg. Aoſé, a pulley. In fudge, punch, a thickset person or animal,
like manner Fr. Aoſiche or pouliche, a filly, anything short and stout of its kind.
explains Cat. Zoſitra, and Sc. pullishee, Northampt. Auddy, pudgy, punchy, short
a pulley, as well as Lang, pouſe/ho, the and thickset.—Mrs B.
wipe of a well. It poſiga must be re I did hear them call their fat child punch, which
garded as an analogous form, from which pleased me mightily, that word having become a
we pass to OE. polive, as from It. doga to word of common use for everything that is thick
Fr. douve, a pipe-stave. and short.—Pepys.
The figure of a colt is so commonly Bav. Aunzen, a short thick person or
used to express a support of one kind orthing ; punzet, thick and short. From
another, that It. poltra, a couch, poltrona,
signifying something short and thick it
an easy-chair, may perhaps be identified seems to have been applied to a barrel or
with poltra, a filly, instead of being de cask, and thence to the belly. Bav. pang,
rived from G. Aolster, as commonly ex pong, fºung, -en, a cask; bantzen, fanzl,
plained. belly. Carinthian panze, a cask, and (con
502 PUNCH PURFLE

temptuously) the belly, a child. It. Aun sting ; founche, Fr. Zointal, a support,
20me, Fr. Aoinson, a puncheon. prop; founcho, point of a pin; founchon,
Punch seems to be a nasalised form of a sting, goad. Du. Aontsen, ponssen, to
pudge, as G. pantsch of the synonymous punch.
patsch, mire, puddle, or man/sh of matsch, Punctual. — Puncture. — Pungent.
mire. Pantschen, to paddle, dabble in See Point.
the wet; also to strike a sounding blow. Punish. Lat. fumire, Fr. punir, punis.
The signification of something short and Punt. A flat-bottomed boat. Du.
thick must be explained on the same font, a ferry-boat, broad flat boat; navi
principle as in the case of Pudgy. But it gium quo amnes trajiciuntur loco pon
may be from the connection which causes ſium.–Kil. Fr. A onton, a ferry-boat,
so many words signifying a blow to be pontoon.
Puny.
used also in the sense of a lump or knob, See Puisne.
as in the case of bunch. Pupil. Lat. pupa, a young girl, a doll,
The fact that punch already signified a whence the dim. Aupilla, an orphan fe
short thick man probably led to the con male child, the apple of the eye ; pupus,
version of Pulcine//a, the little hump a ºl child (male), pupillus, an orphan,
backed puppet of the Italians, into Punch WarC1.
inello, now cut short to Punch. Puppet.—Puppy. It pupa, puppa,
2. The well-known beverage, said to a child's baby, puppy, or puppet to play
be from Hindu panch, five. withal.—Fl. Fr. Aoupée, a baby, a pup
At Nerule is made the best arrack or Nepo da pet, or bable; the flax of a distaff; poupes
Goa, with which the English on this coast make de chemilles, bunches of caterpillars. Dur.
that enervating liquor called founche (which is foſ, a puppet, doll, young baby. The
Hindostan for five), from five ingredients.-
Fryer, New Account of E. I. and Persia, 1697. radical meaning, as in the case of doll,
seems simply a bunch of clouts. Du.
The drink certainly seems to have been foń, popje, cocoon or nest of caterpillars;
introduced from India. Aof aan een schermdegen, the button on
Or to drink palepuntz (at Goa), which is a a foil; brand-pop, a bunch of tow dipped
kind of drink consisting of aqua vitae, rosewater, in pitch to set a house on fire. Magy.
juice of citrons, and sugar.—Olearius, Travels to &ub, a bunch or tuft ; buba, a doll.
the Grand Duke of Muscovy and Persia, 1669. It is from the obsolete sense of a doll,
To Punch. 1. To punch with the fist and not in the modern one of a young
or the elbow, to strike or thrust. Buſt dog, that the term puppy is applied to a
chynge, tuncio.-Pr. Pm. conceited, finely-dressed young man. In
To bounche or pusshe one; he buncheth me the same way, Du. poſ, is applied to a
and beateth me, il me pousse.—Palsgr. He came flaunting girl.—Bomhoff.
home with his face all to bounced, contusa,— Purblind. Pure-blind, altogether
Horm. -

blind, or else simply blind, just blind,

Pl.D. bumsen, bunsen, to knock so that it able to see a little. In the former sense
sounds. See Bounce. G. pantschen, to it is used by R. G.
strike a sounding blow. “Den dritten Messolde pulte out bothe hys eye and make him
fanscht er auf den bauch.”— Sanders. purðlynd.—p. 376.
Cimbr. punken, to punch with the fist ; Purblynde, luscus.-Pr. Prm. Du. futur,
punk, fiancata, a punch in the ribs. Swiss pure, simple, only ; puurstekett, alto
&unggen, to give blows, especially with the gether; puursfeken b/ind, altogether
foot or the elbow. Bav. pumsen, frºmösen, blind; puur willems, with hearty good
to sound hollow, strike so that it resounds. will. Sw. dial. purb/ind, totally blind.
Dan. dial. pundse, to butt like a ram. Comp. G. rein, pure, clean ; rein-blind,
2. It funzacchiare, punze/Zare, to -tauð, -to/Z, -voll, totally blind, deaf, &c.
punch, push, shove, justle, prick forward, —Dief. in v. ragin. The sense of par
goad; punzone, a sharp-pointed thing, tially blind is a softening down in a man
bodkin, pouncer or pounce, ox-goad; ner similar to that in which we say, ‘Oh,
funzonare, to pounce, make pouncing he is quite blind; he cannot see across
work; Fr. poindre, to prick, spur, incite ; the street.’
foirlson, a bodkin, a stamp, puncheon. Purchase. Fr. pourchasser, eagerly
Prikkyn or punchyn, as men doth beestis, to pursue, thence to obtain the object of
pungo.—Pr. Pn. Sp. punchar, pungar, pursuit; It procacciare, to shift or chase
to prick, sting, punch ; fºuncon, a punch, for, to procure.—Fl. See Chase.
puncheon, a pointed instrument used by Purfle. – Purl. Ornamental work
artists. Lang. Aounchar, to prick, to about the edge of a garment. It £onſiſo,
 PURGE • PUSS 503

the profile or outline of a person's face, a (Cot.), investir, envelopper, usurper, oc

border in armoury, the surface or super cuper.—Roquef.
ficies of anything, any kind of purfling Quand je vis la place for?rendre,
lace; poſſilare, to overcast with gold or Lui et sa gent de toutes parts.
silver lace; Fr. pourſiſer, to purſle, tinsel, Pourfrins, possessed on every side, fully
or overcast with gold thread, &c.—Cot. held ; four/ºris, Aouz prissure, an in
E. purl (contracted of purſle), a kind of closure, a close.
edging for bone lace.—B. Sc. fearſing, To Purr. Represents the sound made
lace. by a cat. G. murren, schnurren.
Purge.—Purgative. Lat. Aurgare, Purse. Fr. bourse, It. borsa, Sp. boſsa,
to cleanse; from purus, clean. a purse. Gr. 3 poa, Lat. bursa, a hide,
Purify.—Puritan. Lat. purus, clean. skin, leather.
To Purl. Du. borrelen, to bubble, to To Pursue.—Pursuivant. Fr. Aour
spring as water. suivre, in Berri foursuir, to pursue, to
Betres lay burlyng in hur blode. prosecute ; foursuivant, a suitor, suer;
Florence of Rome, 1639. —d'armes, a herald extraordinary, a bat
—with the blood bubbling forth. chelor in heraldry, one that's like to be
Swab. burrent (of the wind), to roar. G. chosen when the place falls.-Cot. See Sue.
perlen, to bubble. Sw, forla, to simmer, Pursy. OE. Purcyſe, short-winded or
bubble, murmur, rumble, gurgle. stuffed about the stomach, ſourcif—
Purlieu. Land which having once Palsgr. It is singular that the more
been part of the royal forest has been modern forms foulsiſ, poussif, should be
severed from it by perambulation (four truer to the origin, Lat. Aulsare, Fr. poul
allée, OFr. puralée) granted by the Crown. ser, fousser, to beat or thrust. There is
The preamble of 33 E. I. c. 5 runs— so much analogy between the action of
“Cume aucune gentz que sount mys hors de the lungs and the pulse of the heart that
forest par la puralee—aient requis a cest parle we need not be surprised at finding Prov.
ment qu'ils soient quites—des choses que les folsar used in the sense of breathe or
foresters lour demandent.' pant. — Raym. Hence Fr. pousse (in
In the course of the statute mention is horses), broken wind, choke-damp in
made of terres et tenements deaforestés mines; poussiſ, short-winded. It pul
par la puralé. These would constitute sizo, panting, also pursy, short or broken
the purlieu. A purlieu or pur/ie-man is winded ; /u/sare, to pant, to beat.—Fl.
a man owning land within the purlieu Lang. Aoulºsa, to take breath ; Du. bul
licensed to hunt on his own land. sen, pulsare et tussire.—Kil. Swiss billze,
-

To Purloin. To make away with. to cough.-Idiot. Bern.

Purlongyn or put far away, prolongo, Purtenance. See Appurtenance.
alieno.—Pr. Pm. Purloigner, to prolong Purulent.—Pus.—Suppurate. Lat.
(a truce).-Lib. Custom, 166. Fr. Join, far. Arts, ſºuris, Gr. trāov, Sanscr. £1!ya, Žižyana,
Purport. OFr. pourporter, declarer, discharge from a sore, matter. Doubtless,
faire savoir.—Roquef. The simple for like putris, from the foul smell. See
fer, to carry, is used in a similar sense. Putrid.
Les lettres d’aujourd’hui portent que, Purvey. Fr. fourvebir, to purvey or
&c., bring news, announce that, &c. The provide. Lat. Arozºidere.
import of a deed is what it signifies or Purview. The provisions of an act of
carries in it. Parliament. Fr. Aourºu, provided.
Purpose. OFr. pourpenser, to be To Push. Fr. poulser, pousser, to push,
think oneself, a word afterwards sup thrust; Lat. pulso, to push, strike, beat;
planted by proposer, to purpose, design, It. bussare, to knock.
intend, also to propose, propound.—Cot. Pusillanimous. Lat. pusus, a little
For all his purpose, as I gesse, boy; fusillus, little, insignificant ; ani
Was for to maken great dispence. mus fusil/us, a faint heart.
Chaucer, R. R.
Puss. Du. foes, Pl. D. puus, puusmau,
In the original the word is pourpens. Autºsłaffe. Originally a cry either to call
De aweit purpensed, ex insidiis precogitatis. or to drive away a cat, from an imitation
- Leg. Gul. I. of the noise made by a cat spitting. G.
Pourpos, design, resolution.—Roquef. Aftechzen, to spit like a cat. Serv. Zºis /
Purpresture. An encroachment or cry to drive away, Alban. Aiss A to call a
enclosure out of the common property, a cat ; fºsso, puss, cat in nursery language.
taking part of it into one's own possession. Lith. Alº, Žuià (3 = Fr. /), cry to call a
Fr. Aoun prendre, -pris, to possess wholly cat ; Autise, puss.
504 PUSTULE QUACK
Pustule. Lat.pusula, Ausfula, a blister, Putty. A pasty mass composed of
swelling, pimple, pock. The equivalent powder of metallic oxides and oil used
of Gr. ºvaa\ic, a bladder, bubble, from for fastening glass in windows, stopping
puado, to puff, to blow. Lett. fºsch/is, holes in carpentry, &c. Fr. Aoſée, a
a bladder; fºst, to blow. Da. Auste, to glazier's putty, also in foundries the mix
blow ; fuse, to swell up. The image of ture of clay and horsedung used for
blowing is represented in a very wide moulds; poteſe d’éméri/, the pasty residue
range of languages by the syllable pu of emery and oil arising from the grind
or ſu. ing of precious stones. The essential
To Put. Properly to push or poke. meaning is something of a pasty nature,
Da. putte, to put, put into, put away. Fr. from Lat. fuſs, Auſtis, pap, whence It.
&outer, to thrust, put, bud, to put forth fo/tiglia, Milan. Aoſtia, pap, poultice,
leaves. It. buffare, to cast, fling ; botta, batter, also mud, slime, especially that
a stroke. W. Awtio, to poke, thrust; E. which comes from the sawing of stones;
dial. to pote, poiſ, to poke. In OE. there spo/ti/, as potèe d’éméri, also mud from
is frequently an intrusive 2, £uſt, as in the grindstone. Mason's Żułty is a pasty
jolt compared with jot. material used for filling cavities. ‘The
-pute.—Putative. Lat. Auto, to cast interior of the bed was filled with fine
in one's mind, to reckon, think. Hence mason's Żułły, consisting of lime and
computo, to reckon together, to sum up; stonedust.”—Report on Holborn Viaduct,
disputo, to cast one's thoughts in oppo Dec. 17, 1869.
sition to another; imputo, to reckon to To Puzzle. "To confuse, bewilder.
one ; reputo, to consider, to think and A figure taken from the puddling or
think again. Putativus, supposed. troubling of water, the sound of dal and
Putrid. – Putrefy. Lat. puteo, to 22 before l easily interchanging, as in
stink; ſufidus, stinking ; thence puter ſuddle and ſuzzle, muddle and muzzy.
or putris, putridus, rotten, corrupt. Gr. Puzzle-headed and muddle-headed are
Trú00, triao, to rot. Sanscr. pil, stinking; synonymous.
fitti, Žižlića, putrid, stinking ; pily, to Something sure of state,
putrefy, to stink. Lett. filt, to rot. Hath puddled his clear spirit.—Othello.
The interjection pu ! or fu ! repre In the same way b/under, signifying
sents the exspiration with closed nose originally to trouble water, is used meta
by which we reject an offensive smell. phorically in the sense of confound.
Sp. pu / exclamation of disgust at a bad To shuffle and digress so as by any means
smell ; excrements of children.—Neum. whatsoever to blunder an adversary. — Ditton
Pl.D. pu / a pu / interj. by which child in R.
ren express their disgust at anything Pygmy. Gr. ºrvyuaioc, from truyu), a
stinking or nasty. Dat is a pu, that is measure of length, from the elbow to the
nasty. Hapuh, wie stank der alte mist knuckles.
—Sanders. Russ. fit A fie fukaty, to Pyramid. Gr. ºrvpaptic, from the form
detest, to huff (i.e. blow) at draughts. taken by the flame of a fire ; trip, fire.
Lett. pilst, to puff, to blow. See Fie! Pyre. Gr. ºrvpd, a funeral pile.
Faugh Pyrites.—Pyro-. Gr. trip, -oc, fire;
Puttock. A kite. It. bozzago, a buz Trvpirmc (Aisog, stone), a stone which
zard. strikes fire.

Quack.-Quacksalver. The salving the noisy outcry with which the quack
of wounds was so generally taken as a salver or mountebank (G. marktschreier)
type of the healing art, that no reason vaunts his wares.
able doubt can be entertained of the Seek out for plants with signatures
meaning of the latter element in G. Quack To quack off universal cures.—Hudibras.
salber, Du. Kwakzalver, Æwakzalfster, E. Du. Awak, a jest, or story. De Awak
quacksalver. The import of the element ga/ver vertelde aardige Awakken, the
quak is not so clear. It has usually mountebank told them funny stories. –
been explained as having reference to P. Marin. But when we look to the
 QUACK QUAIL 505
dialects of the north of Europe, where ruffed, &c., from 7ttafuor, four. Quad
the word seems to have originated, we rant, the quarter of a circle ; Lat. Quad
are led to a different explanation. rans, the fourth part. Quadroom, Fr.
Du. Quakke/en, Pl. D. 7uacke/n, seem Quarteron, one a fourth part a negro.
to be parallel forms with G. Quacke/n, To Quaff. I quaught, I drink all out,
wache/n, wantke/n, E. Quaggle (Hal), je bois d’autant.— Palsgr. In Scotland
waggle, expressing in the first place the a child is said to wacht when sucking so
agitation of liquids, and then wavering, forcibly as to swallow a considerable
splashing, spilling, dabbling, bungling, uantity at once. Waught, a hearty
babbling. raught.
In the sense of wavering, G. guackeln, Cou'd your skill
to waggle, waver (Küttn.), Pl. D. Quakkel But help us to a waught of ale,
Aaſtig, wavering, inconstant ; Du. Quak I'd be oblig'd t'ye a' my life.—Ramsay.
&elen, to freeze and thaw by turns, to vary To watcht, waught, wauch, to drink
in health, to be an invalid ; 7ttakkel copiously.
winter, a mild winter; quakke/-ziekfe, a Thay skink the wyne and watchtis cowpys full.
slight indisposition. Pl.D. Ikkier mi an D. V. 210.8.
keen quakkeln, I stand no trifling, I go Nather Lord nor Knicht he lute alane,
my own way. The sense of splashing, Except his coup war wachtit out alway.
dabbling, spilling, is seen in Pl. D. ver Burne in Jam.
Quakkeln, to waste one's money on trifles; Thay watch it at the wicht wyne.—Dunbar.
Du. Quakke/ge/d, money for small ex The forms above cited seem to represent
penses; quak, a slop, drop of liquid left the sounds made in an eager draught of
in a glass, a trifle ; quacken, guacke/en, liquid, as Sw. Qudſwa, to choke, does the
dissipare, profundere (Kil.); Da. Quakle, sound of gasping for breath in choking.
to dabble, bungle, deal in what one does Analogous forms are G. hauchen, E. huff,
not rightly understand. Quakleri i land whiff, to draw the breath, waſt, a draught
bruget, i laegekonster, dabbling in farm of air, Sc. waſ, to blow; the resemblance
ing, in medicine. Kiaºrding quakleri, old in sound between the act of drawing
wives’ doctoring ; forquak/e, to spoil by breath and of taking a draught of liquid
unskilful management; f. en sag, sin hel being witnessed by Sc. souch (ch gutt.),
bred, to bungle a business, to spoil one's souſ, to draw a deep breath as in sleep
health by quackery. N. Avakla, to bungle, ing, Fr. souffler, to breathe, and G. sauſen,
botch. Sw. 7ttackla, quacksa/wa, to drug, to drink deep; soff, a draught, or gulp.
to physic; g. med sig, to take too many Quag—Quagmire. Provincially gog
slops, to take a great deal of physic to and gogmire. Quaggle, a tremulous mo
little purpose—Widegren : Quack/ande, tion.—Hal. See Quake.
too much medicine, quackery, charlatan Quail. Du. Quackel, It. 7uaglia, Gri
ery.—Nordforss. sons quacra, a quail, from the note of
The original meaning of Quacksa/ver the bird. Coturnices, guacoles.—Gl. de
would thus be a dabbler in medicine, an Reichenau. Du. 7ttacken, to cry as a
idea expressed also (although from a dif quail ; Pl.D. Quackeln, to tattle. Mid.
ferent metaphor) by the Du. synonym Lat. Quaquila, Prov. 7ttisguila, a quail ;
Iapzalver, a bungler in medicine, pro guilar, Sw. Quiſ/ra, to pipe, to twitter.
perly a cobbler of the body, from Zappen, Zulu quehle, expressive of a ringing
to patch, to botch, or mend clumsily. sound, partridge ; quali, the small wild
We may compare also Bav. batzig, soft, red pheasant, so called from its noise.
clammy, sloppy; batzen, to handle ma —Döhne. -

terials of such a nature; batzeln, to dab To Quail. I. To curdle as milk.-B.

ble in medicines, to doctor oneself. Du. In s. s. It. Quagliare, cagliare, Ptg. coal
Aladden, to dawb, dabble; &lad-sa/ver, Aar, Fr. cailler, W. ceulo. It. Quaglio,
a quack. gaglio, Du, Quaghel, W. caul, Lat. coagu
o Quack. To make a noise like a Zum, rennet, the infusion used to curdle
duck or frog. Aristophanes represents milk. Of these the Lat. coagulum, ren
the croaking of a frog by the syllables net, or curdled milk, derived from con and
koãº, koč. Lat. coarare, G. guacken, agere, to drive together, is commonly
Quacksen, to croak like a frog; Lith. supposed to be the original. But the
Awakefi, Awaksāti, to croak, quack, cluck, word admits of a perfect explanation from
gaggle. the Germanic root shown in E. dial. guag
Quadr-. Quadri-. Quadru-. In gle, a tremulous motion (Hal), G. guac
Lat. compounds, like gleadrangle, quad Æeln, to waver, on the same principle on
506 QUAINT QUALM
which N. Quap, a soft gelatinous body, ledge of, familiarity, acquaintance, also
soft fat or flesh, is derived from ON. Quapa, quaintness, neatness, spruceness; conti
to tremble. In like manner may perhaps ge, curious ornaments, quaint trimmings
be explained E. curdle, properly cruda/e, used of women rather for grace and show
from Prov. croflar, OFr. crod/er, crosſer, than for use.—Fl. Prov. conte, cointe,
to shake. Compare also Swiss hottern, coinae, conge, gracious, agreeable, pretty;
to shake, to jog, with Du. hot, hotte, coindansa, acquaintance, agreeableness;
curds; Sc. hattit cream, clotted cream. coindefar, Fr. coinfoier, to deck forth,
If we may judge from the words signify embellish, make oneself agreeable. It.
ing butter and cheese, the Latins seem to acconfare, to acquaint or meet with.
have learned dairy operations from the Notwithstanding the singular agree
Germanic races, and coagulum may be ment with Lat.com/ſus, trimmed, adorned,
an accommodation of the form guage! to the word must be derived either from Lat.
a Latin derivation, in the same way that cognitus (as Diez supposes), or from G.
the G. buffer was made to bear a refer Æund, Aunaig, known, acquainted with, a
ence to the animal from whence it was sense in which Fr. coint was formerly
produced, when adopted in Greek under used. , Dunt iſ ja bien fut cointe: of
the form of Boörupov, as if from Boic, an which he was already informed.—Alexis
OX. in Diez. The transference to the later
2. To quail, as when we speak of one's signification arises from the amenities
courage quailing, is probably a special which grow out of civilised intercourse.
application of Quail, in the sense of cur So from the equivalent AS. cuth, known,
dle. The bodily effect of fear or horror we have Sc. couth, couſhy, familiar, agree
being very similar to that of great cold, able in conversation, pleasant, loving,
these mental emotions are represented as affectionate, giving satisfaction.—Jam.
causing the blood to congeal or curdle. A mankie gown of our own kintra growth
Yet I express to thee a mother's care: Did make them very braw and unco couth.
God's mercy, maiden, does it curd thy blood
To say I am thy mother? ON. Kumn/iga, comiter, familiariter. Un
To-day a mighty hero comes, to warm couſh is the opposite of quaint, awkward,
Your curdling blood, and bid you Britons arm. revolting, displeasing.
Garth. To Quake.—Quag. Forms repre
The guilty man felt his heart curdle with terror. senting broken sound are very frequently
—Love's Sacrifice, i. 266. used to signify broken movements, such
Mi s'agghiacció il sangue per la paura, as the agitation of liquids or the quaver
my blood congealed with fear. So also ing or shaking of things more or less soft
It cagliare, Piedm. Quajº, to curdle as or loose. Thus Du. gage/en, to gaggle,
milk, to begin to be afraid of one's adver or make the harsh broken sounds of a
sary, to quail in one's courage.—Fl. The goose, Bret. gagé, to stutter, lead to Swiss
metaphor is carried still further in It. gage/n, to joggle, gagen, to rock ; E. gog
cagliare, to hold one's peace ; Sp. callar, g/e, to roll to and fro; gogmire, a quag
to keep silence, to abate, become calm. mire or shaking bog. A slight modifica
When somer took in hand the winter to assaile tion of the radical syllable gives Du.
With force of might, and vertue great, his stormy Quacken, to cry like a goose, frog, or quail
blasts to quaile.—Surry in R. (Kil.); ON. Quaka, Quack/a, to twitter as
We are apt to be distracted from the fore birds ; E. dial. guaggle, quack/e, to make
going explanation by Du. Que/en, to pine choking sounds in the throat (Nall, Dial.
away, to languish, to fade. ‘T gewas of E. Anglia), from which we pass to G.
queelt op het veld, the herb fades in the Quacke/n, to joggle, waggle, totter, E.
field. De hoochste van het volck des quaggle, a tremulous motion (Hal), and
lants quelen : sink, are overcome.—Bible quake, to shake. Du. waggelen, G. wac
in Weiland. Devonshire queal, to faint Áelm, to jog, totter, shake, E. waggle, wag,
away; squeal, infirm, weak. But the re are essentially the same words with the
semblance is purely accidental, the latter initial yu softened down to a simple w.
forms being from the pipy tones of a sick Qualify. —Quality. Lat. qualitas,
person. Pol. Æzviſiº, to pule, wail, whine, whatlike-ness, from qualis, whatlike, of
lament, Du. 7tte/en, Quenen, gemere, lan what sort. See Which.
guere, languore tabescere.—Kil. Qualm. A feeling of sickness, fig. a
Quaint. Fr. coint, neat, fine, dainty, distressing thought suddenly coming over
trim.—Cot. Bret. Æoanſ, pretty. It con ll.S.
teaza, information, advertisement, know They sayed, our soul is qualmyshe over thys
 QUANTITY QUARRY 507
meate—and is readye to caste it up agayne.—
gives rise to the foregoing forms is widely
Udal in R.
spread. G. guarren, to cry as children,
AS. cwealm, czylm, destruction, pesti to grumble, wrangle.
lence, death. Menschenfreundlich, nicht ein quarrer
Vol of syknesse, and of qualm and sorwe thys Ist der bibelfeste pfarrer.—Sanders.
lond was tho,
Of honger and of vuele (evil) geres.—R. G. ON. Kurr, complaint, murmur ; Fin. Ku
The radical image is shown in Dan. rista, to speak in a high thin tone, to
Quarle, to choke, offering a type of abso complain, cry as a child ; Kiristd, to cry
lute destruction when the breath is en as a child; Æirid, querulous.
tirely stopped, or of every degree of op 2. Fr. Quarreau, a quarrel or boult for
pression from positive torture to mere ahead.—Cot.
cross-bow, an arrow with a four-square
sickness of the stomach. Sw. Qudſja, to
turn the stomach, produce sickness ; fig. Quarry. 1. Fr. Quarrière, carrière, a
to grieve, torment; qual, torment, suffer place where stones are hewn for building ;
ing, oppression of the chest, sickness ; Quarrieur, a quarrier, a hewer of stones
samweis-gua/, remorse, qualms of con in quarries.
science; dods gudſet, the agony of death ; Mid. Lat. Quadra, Fr. Quarre, anything
qualm, hot, stifling weather; qualmig, cut square ; G. Quader, Quaderstein, Prov.
qualmish, sickening. G. qualm, a vapour, caire, a stone squared for building ; Fr.
exhalation, thick smoke, properly a chok quarrer, to cut square.
ing smoke; qualmig, full of steam or and 2. Among falconers any game flown at
smoke. killed.—B. In this sense the word
Quantity. Lat. quantitas, quantus, is from Fr. curée, the entrails of the game,
how much. which were commonly given to the dogs
To Quap.—Quave.—Quaver. To at the death. Curée, a dog's reward, the
Quaff, to quake, pant, tremble.—B. To hounds’ fees of, or part in, the game they
guave, to have a tremulous motion.—R. have killed.—Cot. Norm. couraie (Pat.
Aarthquave, guavemüre, earthquake, de Brai), It curata, corata, corada, cora
quagmire. ON. Quapa, Bav. Quade/n, G. de//a, the intestines of an animal, heart,
Zitabòeln, Da. Quabóre, to shake like a liver, lungs, &c. From cor, heart. Corata,
intestini intorno al cuore.—La Crusca.
jelly, or loose fat; Du. Quabbe, a dewlap,
from its quavering movement; Swab. In the dialect of Lyons cora is the bluck
Qua&ºe, a morass. To guaver with the of an animal; courée de mouton, fressure
voice is to utter a shaking note, to rise de mouton.—Dict. Etym. Mid. Lat. co
and fall in the musical scale, to speak un rallum, OFr. corailles, intestines.—Duc.
steadily. We have seen under Quake The word is written cuyerie by De
the mode in which terms originally repre Foix in his Miroir de la Chasse, and was
senting a broken sound are applied to imported into E. under the form of guerre
movements of analogous character. Now or guerry. The book of St Albans in
it is matter of indifference in representing structs us in “undoing ' a hart to take
an abrupt sound whether the syllable is out ‘the tongue and the brains, laying
made to end with a guttural or a labial. them with the lights—the small guts and
We use whaft and whack indifferently for the blood upon the skin—to reward the
a sounding blow, and so in Du. the sylla hounds, which is called the guerry.”—N.
bles gua/, / or Quak / represent the sound & Q., May 9, 1857. To make a hawk to
of a sudden fall. Dat gaf eenen harden the guerre is to teach him to find his
47ttak /–Weiland. Quakken, to throw game. In the following passage of Hey
down. Hee strukelden, en guap / daar. wood the word is clearly used in the
li’e, he stumbled, and slap ! there he lay. sense of the Fr. original :
—Overyssel Almanach. Da. quoppe, Aye, but 't was at the guerre,
Not at the mount like mine:
Quoče, to give a hollow sound like a blow
on an inflated body or a horse trotting. i. e. at the distribution of the reward,
Quarantine. Fr.guarantaine, aperiod which was made at the close of the
of forty days; guarante, Lat. Quadraginta, chase. In the same sense must be ex
forty. plained a passage of Hollinshed, which
Quarrel. 1. Fr. querelle, quarrel, has been misunderstood by Nares. “The
broil, altercation. Lat. guereſa, com vii of Auguste was made a generall hunt
plaint; gueri, to complain. The repre yng with a toyle raised of foure or five
sentation of the high tones of complaint miles in lengthe, so that many a deere
or anger by a root similar to that which was that day brought to the quarrie.”
508 QUART QUEAN
brought to the distribution, not to the crash in pieces, quash asunder, also to
square (carrée) or inclosure where the casse, annul, abrogate.—Cot. Lat. 7tlas
animal was killed. Considered with re. sare, to shatter, dash to pieces, enfeeble.
ference to the dogs, the curée or querre Sp. cascar, to crush, break to pieces; It.
was the practical object of the chase, and casciare, to squash or crush flat; accas
thus came to be applied to the game ciare, accastiare, to squash, to dash or
killed. Deſendre la curée was to keep bruise together. G. guetschen, to quash,
the dogs from the game till it was pro crush, bruise. Imitative. See Cashier.
perly prepared for them. And meta To Quaver. See Quap.
phorically soldiers are said to be en curée Quay. See Key, 2.
when they have seized their quarry, or Queach.-Queachy. Queach is used
are making valuable plunder.—Trevoux. in two senses, the connection between
Quart.—Quarto. Lat. Quatuor, four; which is not very obvious, though imme
ź. fourth ; whence quart, the diately derived from a common root.
ourth part of a gallon ; 7uarto, a sheet The term is commonly applied by Dray
of paper folded in four; quarter, a fourth ton to boggy unstable ground.
part, &c. Whereas the anvil's weight and hammer's dread
Quarter. The conformation of our ful sound
bodily frame naturally leads us to divide Even rent the hollow woods and shook the
the horizon into four quarters, fore and queachy ground.
aft, right and left. Hence quarter is Here the word is identical with the ele
taken as the type of position, or division ; ment quick in quickmire, a quagmire
as when we ask a person what quarter he (Hal.), quicksilver, ON. Quikr, mobilis, tre
is come from, or speak of a certain quar mens, and with the verb to quiche, Queach,
ter or division of a city. quinch, to stir, to move slightly.—Hal.
In a more confined sense, Quarters, in In the second sense, a Queach is a plot
military language, is the special residence of land left unploughed because full of
appointed to particular army corps, or bushes or roots of trees.—Forby.
even individuals.
All sylvan copses and the fortresses
Again, from signifying a definite posi Of thorniest queaches.—Chapman.
tion the word is extended to the notion
Here the radical idea is the spontaneous
of limitation, conditions. To keep quar growth of bushes and thorns by which
ter is to keep within certain bounds, the land is infested, and the word is
limits, or terms. identical with the name Quick grass, guitch
They do best who if they cannot but admit or squitch, the troublesome grass that
Love, yet make it keep yuarter, and sever it
wholly from their serious affairs. — Bacon in spreads over our corn-fields. Du. Queyck
Todd. en, quicken, to breed; Pl.D. Queken, to
Friends all but now propagate, Quek, Du. Queek, Ditmarsh
In quarter and in terms, like bride and groom guitsch, squitch. G. Queck is extended to
Divesting them for bed, and then but now weeds in general. — Sanders. E. dial.
Swords out and tilting one at other's breast. quickwood, thorns.—Hal.
‘Mr Wharton, who detected some hundred of * Quean. A disrespectful term for a
the bishop's mistakes, meets with very ill quarter Wonnan.
from his lordship : " very ill conditions.—Swift in
Todd. That stool, the dread of every scolding Quean.
- Gay.
Clarendon speaks of ‘offering them quarter
for their lives if they would give up the castle.' Sc. Quean, Queyn, a young woman ; , a
Finally, to give quarter was used in an sturdy gueyne, a hure-queyne. Like
elliptical sense for sparing life, keeping wench it has in itself no evil signification,
within bounds, not proceeding to the ut being merely the AS. cwen, woman, wife,
most extremities. queen, with the disrespectful quality im
That every one should kill the man he caught, plied. When used in this way it was
To keep no quarter.—Drayton in R. very early marked by a difference of
Quartz. G. guarze or querze, a name
spelling (and probably of pronunciation)
formerly given to crystals forming in the from Queen.
earth from the solution of disintegrated At churche in the charnel cheorles are uvel to
elements, but now confined to crystal Otherknowe,
a knyght fro a knave, other a gueyne fro a
ized silex. Quarzchen von alaun, sa/2- queene.—P. P.
guarze, crystals of alum, of salt.—San Or prelate living jolily
ders. Or prieste that halt his quein him by:
To Quash. Fr. Quasser, casser, to Chaucer, R. R.
 QUEASY QUERN -509
The word has met with a similar fate Quawkened (made to cry quawk), almost
in the cognate languages, and a still choked.— Mrs Baker. ON. Quaka, to
wider distinction has in some cases sigh; Pl.D. 7uaßen, to groan. We have
grown up between the original word and then provincially to quackle, to interrupt
the depreciatory application of it. Du. breathing, formed to express the inar
Quene, mulier vana, garrula, improba, ticulate sound then uttered (Forby), to
procax, et meretrix; quenen-Kaaf, ineptiae, choke (Hal). Hence forms like Lith.
aniles fabulae.—Kil. Da. Quinde, a wo Áaž/as, the neck, and contractedly (as E.
man ; quind, a quean. ON. Kona, a wo Quail compared with Du. Quackel), Esthon.
man, is still in some parts of Sweden Áael, kaal, the neck; G. Kehle, the throat.
used in the original sense, but in ordi In the same way E. foll, fowl, chowl,
nary Swedish it signifies a worthless from AS. geag/, geahlas, throat, jaws.
wench or strumpet, while the word for To Quench. As. cwincan, OFris.
woman is Quinna. See Queen. AEwinka, to waste away; AS. cwencan,
* Queasy. Sickish at stomach.-B. acwencan, acwinan, to quench. The
Pl.D. Quaos'n, to pick and chuse in eat radical image seems to be the whining
ing ; verquaos'n, to spoil the fodder by tone of a sick person, figuratively used to
turning it over in so doing.—Danneil. signify the sick condition of the patient,
Queen. AS. cwen, woman, wife, queen. and thence a languishing, failing state,
“Abrahames cºven, ' ‘thes Caseres cºven.’ gradual extinction. Du. Quijnen, gue
Cwen ſugo/, a hen-bird. Goth. Quens, men, gemere, languere, languore tabes
gueins, guins, woman ; ON. Kona, #uma, cere.—Kil. Pl. D. Quinen, to wail, com
in comp. 7uemn-, woman ; Quenndyr, fe plain, to be poorly.—Brem. Wtb. Dan.
male animal ; guerinkind, womankind. twine, to whine, whimper, to pine away;
Russ., Boh. §ena, Pol. 3ona, Gr. Yuvil, Sw, twina, to languish, to fade away, to
Sanscr. jani, Pers. 2en, woman. From perish. AS. cwanian, to mourn, to lan
the root fan, Gr. 781, to bring forth. guish ; wanian, to lament, bewail, also
Queer. It is singular that two cant to wane, to decrease. The final c, ch, of
words, rum and queer, signifying good AS. cwencan, E. Quench, indicates a fre
and bad respectively, have both come to quentative form answering to ON. Queinka,
be used in the sense of curious, out of to keep complaining; E. dial. whinnock,
the common way, odd. Bene, good ; intensitive of whinny, to whimper like a
Quier, nought ; Æen, a house ; guyerkyn, child—Forby; Bav. Quenken, Quenkeln,
a prison-house ; to cutte 7uyre whyddes, to whimper; G. guenge/n, to speak in a
to geve evell wordes.—Harman, Caveat, whining tone of voice.
A.D. 1567. The verb signifying extinction of life
To Quell. The primitive meaning of is subsequently applied to a flame from
the word is shown in Dan. Quayle, to the analogy between the subjects with
choke, strangle, suffocate; fig. to quell or which we are so familiar. That ſyr
suppress. Quellyn or querkyn, suffoco. acquan wars, the fire was quenched.
—Pr. Prm. Sw. Quá/ja, to oppress the To Querken.—Wherken. To choke.
stomach, cause sickness. Det gud/jer Chekened or guerkened.—Pr. Pm. Noié,
mig, I feel sick, qualmish. Fig. to tor drowned, whirkened.—Cot. From the
ment, distress; gud/ja samweteſ, to wring guttural sounds made by a person chok
the conscience;—ndigons rätt, to violate ing. Lith. Quarkti, G. guarken, to croak
the rights of one. Qud/jas, to suffer, be like a frog. E. dial. to querò, to grunt, to
ailing, languish. AS. cwel/an, acquel/an, moan,—Hal. Querking, the deep slow
OE. Quell, to kill ; AS. cwellere, a killer, breathing of a person in pain, a tendency
manslayer, tormentor. In the same way to groaning.—Exmoor Scolding. Fris.
N. Querka, to strangle, choke, to slay, quarke, to breathe hard, to catch the
kill; Sw. Quaſwa, to suffocate, strangle, breath; guerke, to throttle ; querò, the
suppress, tame, extinguish. throat.—Outzen. In the same way from
The origin of Quarle, to choke, like quawk, representation of a guttural sound,
that of G. Kehle, the throat, is to be found quawkened or quockened, almost choked.
in a representation of the guttural noises —Mrs Baker.
made by a person choking. We repre To the same imitative root belong Fin.
sent by the syllable quawk the deep gut AEurkku, Kulkkie, the throat, chops, neck,
tural note of a raven, or the inarticulate G. gunge!, Lat. gurgizZium, the windpipe.
sounds of a person choking. uern. A handmill. Goth. Quaernus,
E'en roused by quawking of the flopping crows. AS. cweorn, OHG. Quirn, ON. Quorn, a mill;
Clare. Lith. Ørna, Boh. Żernow, millstone;
51O. QUERPO QUICK
Lith. girnos (pl.), Pol. 2arna (pl.), hand thin vowel i. Bret. gwiłlen, a weather
mill. cock; Gael. cuibhle, circular motion; w.
Perhaps from the whirring sound of the chwiſ, a quick flirt or turn. See Quip,
stone in turning. Du. Quirren, to creak, Quirk.
G. Mirren, to make a shrill tremulous Quick. The analogy between sound
sound ; w. chºwyrm, whizz, snarl, whirl; and movement is nowhere better illus
OHG. Quirman, M.H.G. 27Wirmen, to whirl. trated than in the origin of quick, and the
Sanscr. jirna, tritus; fri, to grind. numerous connected forms. The radical
Querpo. Sp. cuerpo (Lat. corpus), image is a quivering sound, the represent
body, and specially the trunk of the body. ation of which is used to signify a quiver
En citerpo de camisa, in his shirt-sleeves, ing movement, and thence applied to
half dressed. En cuerpo, in his doublet, express the idea of life as the principle of
without the cloak necessary to complete movement. G. Zuież Z quick / Quiek / are
the out-door attire. Hence in querpo used interjectionally to represent a sharp
was used by our writers of the 17th cen shrill sound, as the squeak of a pig or a
tury for in. undress. mouse, the grating of a wheel; gequieże,
Boy, my cloak and rapier, it fits not a gentle gequieks, gequietsch, squeaking, twitter.
man of my rank to walk the streets in querpo.— * Quieżsen wie junge Eule.’ ‘Ferkel
B. & F. in Nares.
quietschem so.” “Den guitschenden tênen
Quert. Ease, quiet, safety. Quert or der violinen.”—Sanders. Silesian quick
whert, incolumis, Sanus, sospes. To ern, to titter. Bav. Quifscher, quitschern,
make guar/u//e, prosperare.—Pr. Pm. to twitter, to creak; der quieker, the chaf
finch. With a nasal, Du. Quincken, Quinc
Bitwene the adder and the grehound Æelen, Quinckeren, to warble, quaver.
The cradel turned upsodown on ground—
The stapeles hit upheld all guert, Then passing to the sense of move
That the child n'as now tihert. ment, to quick, to stir; to Quetch, to
Seven Sages, 771. budge or stir, to cry.—B. To quitsch,
Than was the king ful glad in hert queach, 7uinch, to make a slight noise, to
That thai were hale and in guert.—Ibid. 3862. stir, to flinch.-Hal. I guyſche, I styrre
or move with my bodye, or make noyse,
My life, my hele and all my hert, je tinte ; I guynche, I make a noyse, je
My joy, my comfort and my guert.
Ywaine and Gawaine, 1488. tinte.—Palsgr. ON. Quika, to move ;
Quiétré, a peg that moves to and fro;
N. Avar, still, quiet, at ease. Haer aer saa Quiksandr, a quicksand. Du. Quicken,
AEwart og stilt. Avare seg, AEurre seg, to vibrare, librare, agitare, movere, mobili
set oneself to rest. ON. Ayrr, tranquil. tare, also, vivere et moveri; Quincken
At sitta um Ayrt, to live quiet at home. micare, motitari, dubio et tremulo motu
Af Ayrrag, to grow calm. źra, rest. ferri.-Kil. Da. Quickstjert, a wagtail;
The origin would seem to be the cower Fris. Quinksteert, an earwig, from the way
ing attitude of a bird at rest. N. Kura, to in which it turns up its tail when threat
bow the head, rest, lie still, sleep. Kure ened.
seg is said of birds when they put their From the notion of mobility to that of
heads under the wing to sleep. life is an almost imperceptible step. ON.
Querulous. Lat. Querulus, from que Quikr, moveable, tremulous, active, live;
ror, to complain. E. Quick, active, rapid in movement, also
Query. From Lat. Quatre (seek, ask, living, having the principle of movement
inquire), which is often used as a mark of in oneself. Quicksand, a moving sand ;
interrogation to call attention to a ques quicksilver, moving silver, or living silver,
tion we are about to ask. It is doubtless argentum vivum. Da. Quag, living,
from this source that the mark of interro quick; guagsand, quicksand, uniting
gation is derived, representing, as it un quick with guag. Fris, guek-, Quink-,
mistakeably does, the initial Q of Quaere. guag-jacht (yacht = light), a moving light,
-quest. -quisite. -quire. Lat. guaro, will-o'-the-wisp.
Quaesitum, to seek, inquire. As in In The softening down of the initial gu to
guest, Eaquisite, Require, &c. wh and w gives a similar series. E. dial
Quibble. To play with werds, to whic/er, to neigh ; whink, a sharp cry ;
equivocate, to move as the guts do.—B. ON. h7 iſſa, Ávika, to flinch, to totter;
A word of like formation with G. guab Du. wicken, to vibrate ; E. wink, Du.
be/n, mentioned under Quap, but indicat wißet, wincket, a wicket, or little door
ing (like Quiver, compared with quaver) moving easily to and fro; E. dial. which,
a finer, quicker movement, by force of the lively, quick; whichs, quickgrass.
 QUID QUINTAIN 51 r
Quid. A piece of tobacco rolled about s/f//o, properly a splinter, then the vent
in the mouth like a cow chewing the cud, peg of a cask, the hole itself, or the gimlet
in some parts called chewing the quid. by which it is bored. Diciano spi//are
Quide, or cud, the inner part of the throat Za doſta, per assaggiarla, traendole non
in beasts.-B. See Cud. per la cannella il vino, ma per lo spillo,
Quiddity.—Quiddit. Mid. Lat. Qui cióe piccol pertugio fatto con instrumento
difas, the whatness or distinctive nature detto anch' egli spi//o, e dagli antichi
of a thing, brought into a by-word by the syuiſ/o.—La Crusca. G. spule, Pl.D. spo/e,
nice distinctions of the schools. Quiddity a quill, is identical with E. spa//, speaſ,
or guida'it, a subtilty or nice refinement. &c., splinter, fragment. From the sense
—Nares. of a splinter, or split piece of wood, the
By some strange 7uiddit or some wretched clause, passage is easy to that of a wedge, or
To find him guilty of the breach of laws. anything wedge-shaped or tapering, a
Drayton's Owl in N. cone, ninepin, the pointed end of a fea
It. 7uiditativo, full of quiddities, quirks, ther, whence probably the name of Æee/
or wranglings, also obscurely doubtful.— is applied to the backbone of a ship, from
l which the ribs and planking are given off
Quiescent.—Quiet. Lat. 7uies, rest, on either side like the web from the stalk
whence quiesco, quietum, to take rest. of a feather.
Quill. Quay/le, stalke, calamus.-Pr. Quillet.
Prm. G. &ie/, quill, stalk, narrow water Why may not this be the scull of a lawyer?
pipe, shaft of lance; Aegel, a cone, nine his where be his quiddits now, his guillets, his cases,
tenures, and his tricks?—Hamlet.
pin, peg ; Da. Áogle, Konge!, a fir-cone ;
Swab. Aenge!, a quill, stalk, icicle; /i/ien Notwithstanding Nares' objection that
Æengel, a lily stalk. MHG. Ail, quill, stalk; the scholastic term was quod/ibeſ, and
Ai/, G. Kei/, wedge; Fr. Quiſle, a skittle, not guid/ióeſ, the derivation from this
the keel of a ship. As the distaff is de source is probably correct. It. Quilibe/to,
scribed by Hupel (Esthon. Dict.) as the a quidlibet.—Fl. Fr. Quodlibet, a low
“Aegel oder stock’ on which the flax to joke, play upon words. A Quodlibet was a
be spun is bound, the foregoing forms question in the schools where the person
may be identified with w. coge/, a distaff challenged might choose his side. Quod
or truncheon ; Bret. Aegel, Áige/, a distaff Zióetum, quia quod libet defenditur.—
(commonly a reed—Legonidec); Gael. Vossius.
culgeal, Lap. Kážel, Pol. Kadziel, Boh. Many positions seem quodlibetically constitu
ted, and like a Delphian blade will cut on both
Auge!, distaff; kuze!aty, conical ; Kuźe/ka, sides.—Brown, Christian Morals in R.
a skittle. The ON. Köngu//, N. Koźle,
Augla, Kungle, a fir-cone, lead to G. Kun Quilling. A kind of pleating. Guern
Afte/, distaff. Whence Mid. Lat. concula, sey enquiller, to pleat, gather, wrinkle.
. It contocchia, Fr. Quenouille. “Au front tout enguiſ/i.” From Fr. cueil
The primitive signification, as in the Air, to gather.— Metivier.
case of many words signifying pointed Quilt. See Counterpane.
objects, would seem to be a splinter or Quinary.—Quint. Lat. Quinque, five;
fragment split off from a mass of wood quintus, fifth ; quinarius, belonging to
or stone. Fr. es/uail/e, escaille, a scale, the number five.
pieces of wood wherewith crannies left Quince. Formed from Fr. coignasse,
between stones in building are filled up ; pear-quince, the greatest kind of quince.
mur escaiſ/4, a wall full of cracks or —Cot. Coing, It. cofogno, Lat. coto
chinks; escaiſ/ures de pierre, shards or neum, cydonium, a quince. Quyne apſe
spalls, small pieces broken or hewed from tre, coingz.-Palsgr. 914.
stones; esquille, a little scale or splint of Quinsy. Fr. squinance, the squinancie
a broken bone.—Cot. E. dial. squails, or squinzie.—Cot. Lat. cyrtanche a bad
ninepins. Squai/s were also the sticks kind of sore throat; Gr. rvyāyxm, literally
or pieces of cleft wood used in cock-throw a dog-throttling.
ing. Fr. Qui//e also can only have the Quintain. A game in which the fun
sense of chip in the expression trousser was to see the player tumbled off his
son sac et ses qui//es, to pack up his sack horse. “At last they agreed to set up a
and his chips, to be compared with Du. quinten which is a crossbar turning upon
zijne spi//en paßen (E. spi//, splinter, a pole having a broad board at the one
chip), or, as we say, to pick up his orts end and a bag full of sand at the other.
(or droppings), to take himself off. It. Now he that ran at it with the lance, if
sguillo was formerly used in the sense of he hit not the board, was laughed to
512 QUIP QUIVER
scorn ; and if he hit it full and rid not The Lat. 7uietus, at rest, was specially
the faster, he would have such a blow applied to the sense of free from any
with the sandbag on the back as would claim of another party. “Et accepi pre
sometimes beat them off their horses.’— tium ego venditor a te emptore meo—et
Essex Champion (1690), in Nares. ‘The finitum pretium testor apud me habere,
speciality of the sport was to see how ita tamen ut omnibus temporibus securus
sum for his slakness had a good bob et quietus maneas.” “Libera et quieta in
with the bag, and sum for his haste to perpetuam eleemosynam tenenda.’
toppl doun right, and cum tumbling to Hence It. Quieto, Queto, a discharge
the post.”—Kenilworth Illustrated, in N. from legal claims ; Quetare, to discharge,
Lang. tintaino, tinteino, a similar game, absolve, acquit. Quietum clamare, to
in which persons tilted against each other, quit claim, was to acknowledge another
placed on a bowsprit at the end of boats, to be freed from the demands of the
from which the least shock precipitated speaker. Acquietare was sometimes used
them into the water; ‘ce qui estle prin in the sense of quieting the demands of a
cipal divertissement de cessortes de fêtes.’ debtor, viz., by paying his debt or dis
Aºa la tintaino, chanceler, perdre l'equili charging his claim. “Tenentur haeredes
bre et culbuter dans l'eau. Fr. tintin, the testamenta patrum — servare et debita
ringing of a bell; It tentennare, to ding eorum acquietare.’ Hence simply to pay.
dong, dingle, tingle, jangle, gingle, also ‘Petitum est ut Clerus adºuietaret novem
to vacillate, stagger, waver. In Florence millia marcarum.’ Hence to quite or re
boys tilt at a gourd hung to a string and quite a service is to pay it back, to dis
call it tintana.-Vanzoni. charge the obligation incurred, to quiet
Quip. A jibe, jeer, or flout.—B. Pro the claims to which it gave rise.
perly a cut, a smart stroke. W. chºvić, A quit rent, quietus redditus, is a rent
a quick turn or flirt; chwipio, to whip, paid in money in discharge of services
to move briskly. Gael. cuiſ, a whip, lash, which would otherwise be due.
trick. ON. Aviff, saltus, celer cursus ; The adverb guite, or guitely as it was
Avipp inn og hwapp inn, in and out, here formerly written, signifies absolutely, dis
and there. Du. Het is maar quik, it is charged from any condition which would
only a joke. interfere with the full meaning of the
Quire. I. Fr. charur, Lat. chorus, a term to which it is applied.
choir or band of singers. Lo here this Arcite and this Palamon
2. Fr. Quaier (Roquef), cayer, cahier, That quitely weren out of my prison,
a quire of written paper. There is no And might have lived in Thebes really.
Chaucer.
reason to doubt that it is formed from
Lat. guatermio, analogous to Rouchi qua Quiver. OFr. Quivre, G. Köcher, Dan.
yère, kay?re, a seat, from cathedra, or Æoger, Mod.Gr, koiroupov, It, coccaro,
quarry, from quadraria. Assitei (scrip quiver; Du. Koker, case ; messen-, boog-,
tori) quaternio [glossed quaer] – Nec Žii/-Koker, a knife-, bow-, arrow-case, or
cham in Nat. Antiq. Sp. Quadermo, four quiver. Koker van den mast, the recep
sheets of paper stitched together; duerno, tacle in which the mast is stepped. Fin.
two sheets so stitched. Du. Quatern, ca Æukkaro, a purse.
term, a few sheets stitched together; Fr.
cahier, a copy-book. OE. guair, a book. David prit les armes d'or et les quivres d'or.—
Livre des Rois. -

Diez suggests a derivation from a sup

posed codicarium. To Quiver. To shiver or shake.—B.
-quire. -quis-. Lat. 7traºro, Quasi Related to guaver as quick to quake, and
fum (in comp. -yuiro, -quisitum), to ask, parallel in sense and form to Lat. Vibrare.
to seek, to labour to get, to procure. The formally equivalent Sp. Quebrar sig
Quarrere victum, to get one's living. nifies to break, an idea the connection of
Hence Acquire, Inquire, Require. Ea which with that of shaking is shown by
Quiro, to search out, to inquire diligently; the expression of breaking a thing to
exquisitus, much searched for, exquisite. shivers. Du. Kuyven, kuyveren, huy
Quirk. A shift, or cavil.-B. Pro weren, to shiver, tremble.—Kil.
perly a quick turn. E. dial, Quirk, to From the figure of moving to and fro,
turn. quiver was used in the sense of active,
And by the barn side we saw many a mouse lively.
Quirking round for the kernels that littered Thy quick and quiver wings.-Turberville.
about.—Clare in Mrs Baker. Simeon—of body feble and impotente, but of
Quit.—Quite. — Requite. — Acquit. soule quiver and lustie.—Udal in R.
 QUOIN RABBLE 5 13

Quoin. Lat. cuneus, a wedge. Żrate shows an earlier acceptation of the

Quoit. E. dial. coit, to toss, to throw ; word than Gr. ºppäättv.
The sound of dabbling in the wet is
Sc. coif, as Fr. cottir, to butt or strike
with the horns. represented in G. by the syllables quatsch,
or matsch. Quatsch-mass, so wet as to
If thou dost not use these grape-spillers as thou give a sound, like water in the shoes, for
dost their pottle pots, guoit them down-stairs three instance. In dem dreck herum quatschen,
or four at a time.—Wilkins in R.
to tramp through the dirt. Quafsche/n,
I coyte, I play with a coyting-stone.-- to dabble.—Westerwald. Matsch und
Palsgr. The radical sense of tossing or quatsch, slush, soft mud, also senseless
hurling through the air seems preserved chatter. Das ist lauter guitsch guarsch
in Fin. Æuut/a, a quoit ; Artiſtillo, a shut was du sagst. Quafschen, to chatter.
tlecock ; kuutilo-Aiwi (Kiwi, stone), a With slight variation, Pl.D. Quaddern, to
white pebble, a chuckie-stane. dabble—Brem. Wtb., Dan. 7uadder, soft
Quorum. A selection from enumer mud, the quacking of ducks, or their
ated persons whose presence is required snubbling in the wet, and according to
to authorise the proceedings. From the Diefenbach, chatter, tattle. In Harzge
form of the appointment in Law Latin: birg and Saterland, Quaddern, to chatter
A B, CD, E F, &c., of whom (quorum) foolishly ; Brunsw. Kodalern, to tattle, to
A B, CD, &c., shall always be one. Or, talk; Cimbr. Moden, Koden, to speak or
of whom at least such a number shall say. We arrive at the same end from
always be present, &c. forms representing the chirping or chat
tering of birds. Westerwald guitschern,
Quota.-Quotient. Lat. Quot, how Sw. quittre, Dan. Quiddre, Du. Quedelen,
many ; 7uotiens, quoties, how often. to twitter, warble—Kil., Quettereſt, to
To Quote. To cite or note with chap chirp, warble, prattle. The connection
ter and verse. Lat. 7uot, how many; between the piping of birds and the high
quotus, what in number. tones of complaint or song lead to Sw.
Quoth. The terms significative of guida, to lament, to cry; guarda, to
much or idle talking are commonly taken sing ; OSax. Quithean, to lament ; ON.
from the sound of dabbling in water, or gueda, to sing, to recite, to say, to re
from the chattering or cackling of birds. sound ; AS. cwarſhan, Goth. quitha, to
Then, as the image from which a desig say; w. chived/ai, gossip, tattle ; chived/,
nation is taken is commonly a caricature report, news, a saying, story; chived/etta,
of the thing ultimately signified, the term to chatter, to talk, or discourse. Thieves’
which originally signified much talking is cant, whid's, words ; to whiddle, to tell
applied to talking in general. Thus Du. tales, to inform.—Grose.
Ze//en, to tattle, seems to point out the Quotidian. Lat. 7uotidianus, guo
origin of Gr. AdXsiv, to speak, while E. tidie, day by day; quot diebus.

Rabbit. Rabet, young cony.—Pr. Pm. plane. In the same way, from Du. hob
CentralFr. rabotte, Wall. robett, Du. delen, to stutter, to jog, and thence hob
robbe, robbeken, a rabbit. Fr. rabouiſ &elig, rough, uneven, we are led to G.
12re, a rabbit burrow, a hole. hobe/n, to plane. From Du. rouw, rough;
To Rabbit. To channel boards. To het laken rouwen, to take away the
rebate, to channel, chamfer.—B. Rabat, roughness from cloth, to comb cloth.
an yron for a carpentar, rabot. Rabef The expression of the idea of roughness
£yng of bºrdes, rabetture. I plane as a from the figure of a rattling sound is
joiner dothe with a plane or rabaffe.— shown in Du. rampe/en, to rumble, rattle,
Palsgr. Fr. rabot, a plane. The radical rompelig, rough, uneven.
image is a broken, rattling sound, repre Rabble. Du. rabbelen, to gabble, gar
sented by Fr. rabalfer, rabaster, rabáfer rire, blaterare, precipitare sive confun
(Jaubert), to rumble, rattle, clatter, whence dere verba—Kil. ; rabbel-taal, gibberish,
raboteur, rugged, rough, uneven, and ra jargon. Swiss rābeln, to clatter, make a
boſer, to remove the unevennesses, to disturbance; rābſete, grâbel, an uproar,
33
514 RABID RACK

crowd of people, noisy disturbance ; ré straightforwards, to stream, flow in abund

£e/Ai//h, a loose assembly of young peo an Ce.
ple. Lat, rabidare, to bawl, make a The sense of a violent current of water
noise; It. rabuſare, to prattle, scold, to is exemplified in Venet. roza, Prov. rasa,
rabble, to huddle.—Fl. Swab. ra///en, OFr. rase, a mill-race, the stream which
to talk quick and unclearly, to be wrong turns a mill, the characteristic feature of
in the head. which is the tail-race or agitated part be
The original sense is a noisy confusion low the wheel, though the name is ex
of voices, then a noisy crowd. tended to the tranquil conduit above.
Thus, Father Travis, you may see my rashness Another application is to currents pro
to rable out the scriptures without purpose, rime, duced by the conflict of tides in the sea,
or reason.—Fox in R. as the Race of Alderney, of Pentland.
And after all the raskall many ran Thai raysyt saile and furth thai far,
Heaped together in rude račálement.—F. Q. And by the mole thai passyt yar,
And entrit som into the rase,
See Rubbish, Rammel. Quhar that the stremyssa sturdy war.
Rabid. Lat. rabidus, rabies, mad - Barbour in Jam.
neSS.
Du. raes, aestuarium.—Kil. Rase, as the
Race. Used in several senses, which
Rase of Bretayne, ras.-Palsgr. Race,
may, however, all be derived from the in the sense of breed, lineage, line of de
figure of violent action or rapid move scent, Fr. race, It. razza, Sp. raza, has
ment.
been commonly derived from Sp. and
In this fundamental signification we OFr. raiz, root, as signifying the root or
have OE. race, to dash, to tear. stock of the family.
His bannerman Wallace slew in that place, Bon burjon de bon raig
And soon to ground his baner down he race. Et de haut père vaillant fiz.
Wallace in Jam. Chron. Norm. 2. 12738.
And in her swounde so sadly holdith she But probably Diez is right in rejecting
Her childrin two, whan she gan them embrace, that derivation and connecting the word
That with grete slight and grete difficulte
The childerne from her armes they gan to race. with OHG. reiz, reiga, a line, in accord
ance with Wal. fir, race, compared with
Clerk's Tale, 2124.
Fr. diºre, line, row ; or AS. ſuddor, race,
OFr. esracer, esracher, Fr. arracher, OE. compared with Du. ſudder, Zuyer, tether,
arace, to pluck off, pull down. A rased strap, row ; or with Pl.D. foom, strap,
(in Heraldry), anything violently torn off also progeny, race. He might however
from its proper place.—B. A race, or have found a form more nearly connected
dash with the pen, liture, rature; to race in OE. race, a dash or stroke with the pen,
out (to strike out), rayer, effacer.-Cot. the simplest type of a line. Sp. raza is
G. reissen, to rage, to tear, to snatch. not only race, but a ray or line of light.
Der zwind reisst, tobef, braitseſ, rages,
roars; reisst die Ziegel von den döchezzi, It Ais written
ſace of ginger is OFr. raiz, root.
rasym of ginger in Pr. Prm.
hurls down the tiles from the roofs. Je Fr. racine de gengimbre.
mandem mieder reissen, to dash one to the To Rack. I. To rack wines is to de
ground; sich reissen, to rush, move along cant, to draw them off the lees. Lang.
with a swift force, to tear along. Ein araca le bi, transvaser le vin. From
reissender strom, a violent current. A'iss,
a cut or blow with a stick, a rent, a dráco or réco, dregs, the husks and solid
remnants after pressing wine or oil. So
draught, sketch. Pol. raz, a stroke, blow, from Venet. morga, lees of oil; mozgante,
cut ; Fin. raasia, to scratch, to tear ; AS.travasatore di olio.—Boerio. Fr. rague,
hreosan, reosan, ON. hrasa, properly to dirt, mire ; win ragile, small or coarse
move with a noise, to rush, to fall; AS. wine Squeezed from the dregs of the grapes.
mycelum raise, with great violence. A —Cot. Aache de goudron, dregs of pitch.
race is then a rapid course, whether of Fr. bourras, silk-rash (Cot.), i. e. the dregs
horses or of waters, or, with the significa of silk. -

tion softened down, simply course, the
current of events.
Bot gifyee weigh the materweill and consider
the race of the history.—Bruce in Jam.
ON. rºſs, a rapid course ; rais hesta, cursus
equorum; raisir dagra, cursus dierum ;
vats rais, a watercourse, outlet of waters.
N. raas, course, stream ; rasa, to go
2. To strain, to stretch. Du. rekken,
G. recken, to stretch. To rack one’s brains
is to strain them ; rack rent is rent
strained to the uttermost.
You find it necessary to say as we say, and are
afterwards fo rack and stra in invention to find
out some subtle and surprising meaning for it.—
Waterland in R.
 RACK RAFFLE 5I5
Rack. I. An instrument for stretch breakage; gone to smash. Sc. rak,
ing. crash, uproar.
These bows were bent only by a man's imme They met in mellé with ane felloun rać,
diate strength without the help of any bender or Quhill schaftis all to schudderis with any crak.
rack.-Wilkins in Worcester. D. V. 386, 14.
As the stretcher of a cross-bow was From the rutis he it lousit (the rock) and rent,
provided with a series of teeth which held The And tumblit doun fra thyne or he wald stent—
river wod affrayit with the rać,
the string while it was gradually drawn And demmit with the rolkis ran abak.
onwards, the name of rack- or ra/chef D. V. 249. 31.
work is given to a row of teeth into which
the cogs of a wheel work. Boh. rockati, to make a crash; Fin. rācā
2. Du. racke, reck-bancée, a frame on Æid, cum strepitu concutio, fragorem edo.
E. dial. rackle, to rattle. From this source
which torture was inflicted by stretching
seems to spring OE. ražyſ, rackle, impetu
the joints; recken, racken, to stretch, to ous,
torture.—Kil. G. recken, to stretch ; einen unbridled, rash.
verbrecher auf der ſo/Zerbank recken, to Racket. Noise as of things knocking
put a criminal to the rack; Sw, strócka, about, disturbance. Sc. rack, crash,
to stretch ; strick bank, the rack. shock; Rouchi rague, expression repre
3. A receptacle for hay formed of a senting the noise made in striking the
range of upright bars, and generally the hands together. Boh. rachofiti, to make
name seems to be given to any set of a noise; rachoceni, crash, noise. Gael.
linear things fixed parallel to each other rac, to tear, sound as things tearing ; ra
like the teeth of a comb or rake. Ap/ate caid, noise, disturbance, blow on the ear.
rack is a frame for holding plates, com To racket about is to move noisily
posed, like a hay-rack, of upright bars. about, and hence the name of racket was
The term is then extended to frames for given to the game of tennis, in which the
holding other things in which the charac ball is violently driven to and fro, and
teristic feature of upright bars is lost, as ultimately to the bat or racket, Fr. ra
in a bottle-rack. Pl. D. raß, a book 7ttette, used in striking the ball.
stand ; theeraž, glaseraž, a stand for And though I might, yet I would not do so,
tea-things or glasses; Ælederražk, a row But canst thou platen racket to and fro,
Nettle in, dock out, now this, now that, Pan
of pegs for hanging clothes on. Du. reke, dare 2–Chaucer,
regge, a rake or comb–Biglotton ; raß,
re/, a dresser, clothes-horse.—Halma. Thus like a tennis ball is poor man racketed
On the same principle, Fr. rate/ier, a
º one temptation to another.—Dr Hewet in
rack for hay, from rateau, Lat. rasſeſ/um,
a rake, while G. raiſe, an implement like Racy. Flavorous, pungent.—Worces
a large comb, used in separating flax from ter. Æace and raciness in wine signifies
the seeds, is also used in the sense of a a kind of tartness.-Blackstone in R.
hay-rack. Brisk racy verses.—Cowley.
4. The drift of the sky. The radical meaning of the word is that
The winds in the upper region which move the of Fr. Aiyuanſ, inciting, appetising, from
clouds above, which we call the rack.-Bacon in G. reizen, Sw. reta, to provoke, entice,
allure. Reta smakert, piquer le gout ; re
fande, charming, appetising. Bav. ras
OSw, wraºka, ON. reka, to drive; rek,
drift, motion. Isinn er i reki, the ice is sen, incitare; rass, Swab. ress, sharp in
driving ; skyrek, the rack or drifting taste, pungent ; gaff-rasser wein, wine
clouds. fresh from the tap ; der rassling, agari
cus deliciosus.--Schm. OHG. razer win,
Three glorious suns, each one a perfect sun,
Not separated by the racking clouds.-H. VI.
racy wine. Swiss räss, sharp, cutting,
astringent ; rasses messer, rässer wind,
Sometimes confounded with reek, a mist, råsse lauge.
or vapour. Radiant.—Radiate. Lat. radio, to
They must needs conceit that death reduces us send out rays or beams of light. See
to a pitiful thin pittance of being, that our sub Ray.
stance is in a manner lost, and nothing but a Radical. Lat. radir, the root.
tenuious reek remains.—More's Immortality of
the Soul. Radish. Fr. radis, Walach. rādike,
It. radice, G. retfig, from Lat. radia, root.
Rack-Rackel. Rack, in the expres Raffle. It raffio, a hook, or drag ;
sions gone to rack, rack and ruin, is to raffo/are, to rake, drag, scrape together
be understood in the sense of crash, by hook or crook, ; Jifle for.—Fl. Raſ
516 RAFT RAIL

fo/a-ruffola, riffraff, by hook or crook. in speaking or singing; rāggig, hoarse;

Fr. rºſler, to scrape or scratch, to catch Esthon. raggisema, to crackle ; Magy.
or seize on violently; faire une roſle, to regetni, rekegni, to croak; Dan. ragle, to
rifle, sweep all away before them ; feter rattle in the throat. Then passing to the
zºne roſe, to throw three dice alike, as idea of motion, Sw. ragg/a, to totter, to
three aces, &c., to win all. ON. hraſla, to make zigzags; ragg/ande,zigzags.-Nord
scrape together; It. arraffare, to grab ; forss. N. rigga, rig/a, rugga, rugſa, to
G. ra/en, to rake together, to take away rock, waver, hang loose. Da. dial. ragſe,
everything by force and violence; Piedm. rigle, torn hanging rag, tatter; raggeret,
raſa, G. raſºut, spoil, pillage. ragged. Gael. rag, stiff, rigid, also a rag,
To raff was formerly used in our own a wrinkle ; .4% ragged, wrinkled.
language in the sense of scraping or AS. hracod, torn; Gael. rac, to tear;
raking. racadh, act of tearing, or of sounding as
Now that churchales ought to be sorted in the cloth in the act of tearing, seem radically
better ranks of these twaine may be gathered from distinct notwithstanding the similarity of
their causes, and effects, which I thus raffe up meaning.
together.—Carew in R. Rage. Lat. rabies, It. rabbia, Sp. Prov.
Hence raff, riffraff, scraping, scum, re rabia, Ptg. rabia, ravia, Sicilian raggia,
fuse, the refuse of society; ra/ (like rake), Fr. rage, rage. Ptg. raivar, Prov. raviar,
a debauched, unprincipled person. In raitjar, ratjar, enrabiar, enraffar, enrat
another application, ra/ is a scraping yar, to rage. -

together, a confused heap. The radical image is probably the

The Synod of Trent ſwas called] to settle a senseless utterance of a madman. Du.
raff of errors and superstitions.—Barrow in R.
rabbelen, to gabble; G. rappeln, to rattle;
Raft.—Rafter. A raft is a float made Swab. rapplem, to speak in a quick and
of spars of wood. Raff-merchant, a tim confused way, to be cracked in the head.
ber merchant.— Brockett. Raſter, a piece —Schmid. See Rave.
of timber for building—B., but especially Ragout. A highly seasoned dish. Fr.
one of the spars of a roof. ON. ra/?r, a ragouter, to restore the appetite, from
F. stake, small beam ; Dan, raft, a gout, Lat. gustus, taste; ragout, sauce
ong thin piece of timber, spar, lath, pole; to stimulate the appetite and restore the
Aum!eraſt, a hop pole. Fris. raſte, dach taste for food.—Trevoux.
raff, a lath; Swab, raſ, raſen, a spar, Rail. 1. A bar or strip of wood, metal,
especially roof spar; Bav. raſen, the roof &c. A word of diminutive or frequenta
spar, also young stem of tree fit to make tive form, from It. riga, a streak, line,
a rafter. Raſuum, capriuns; ravo, tignus, ruler; Prov. rega, a line, furrow ; Piedm.
luctans, asser.—Gl. in Schm. riga, a line, ledge, rod, thin slip of wood,
The name is probably connected, as ruler; Pl. D. rige, rege, a row or string.
Outzen suggests, with Fris. rabó, Du. ribb, From forms like these we pass to Du.
ribbe, Sw, ref, a rib, from the rib-like ap regel, a row or line ; Pl.D. regel, G. riegel,
pearance of the timber used in roofing. a bar, bolt, rail; riegelhols, timber for
Rag. The primary meaning is proba rails or bars. Fr. rayawa [sing. rayal],
bly a jag or projecting piece, the word bars, or long and narrow pieces of metal.
being formed on precisely the same prin —Cot. The Cat. form is ral/a, a line,
ciple as jag or shag. Sw. ragg, long whence passar ralla, to cancel, to be com
coarse hair, like that of goats; raggig, pared with Lat. cance//, rails. Rouchi
shaggy ; Dan. rage, to project ; Lith. roie, line, furrow ; roile, line, window- or
ragas, horn, projecting corner, tooth of a chimney-shelf. Norm. railer, to score,
wheel. The radical image seems to be a to draw lines; railette, the division of the
harsh broken sound, the representation hair; roile du dos, the backbone. See
of which is applied in a secondary sense Rav.
to signify an abrupt, reciprocating move .
Fr. ras/e, rile, Fin. raidiščd, w. cre
ment, the path traced out during such a gen yr yd, the rail or corncrake, a bird of
movement, or finally, a single element of peculiar harsh note, represented by the
that path, an abrupt projection. foregoing names. It. ragliare, to bray
My voice is ragged, I know I cannot please you. like an ass; Ptg. ra/har, to grate; Dan.
As You Like It. raºgle, G. rocheln, Fr. rasler, räler, to
In the original sense, It. ragghiare, to rattle in the throat.
bray like an ass, to make a harsh broken 3. AS. hragel, rageſ, a garment; nihtes
sound; rugghiare, to roar; Swiss rég Arageſ, a night-rail, night-clothes; hrage!-
gen, to make harsh disagreeable sounds /ius, vestry. OHG. hragil, Indumentum,
 RAIL RAKEHELL 517

cothurnus, tropaea, spolia ; gihragilon, or profligate, is commonly supposed to

ornare ; anthragilon, exuere. Grisons be a contraction from rakehell, but in
ragila (in a depreciatory sense), clothes, the first instance it may have signified
children's clothes, ragged clothes; rag nothing worse than noisy merry-making.
Aium, a ragged person. Other cases in Than all thay leuche upon loſt with laiks full
which the designation of clothes is taken murry,
raucht the cop round about full of ryche
from a rag are given under Hater and And Wynis,
Duds. And ..., lang, or thay wald rest, with ryatus
To Rail. 1. To use opprobrious speiche.—Dunbar in Jam.
words.-B. Fr. rail/er, to jest, sport, Bret. raža is used of many kinds of im
deride, mock, scoff at.—Cot. Dan. ralle, portunate noise, to cackle like a fowl, to
to rattle ; N. ralla, rad/a, radaſa, rassa, croak, and figuratively to babble, tattle.
to tattle, jabber. Da. dial. ra/de, ra/le, Swed. raža, to riot about ; rakande, riot
to rattle, to talk idly. “Jeg troer du ra/- ing, disturbance, noise. Dessa kattorna
Jer,' you are joking, said to one who tells hafwa ražat der förſärligen hela natten
an improbable story. Du. rallen, re/len, igenom : these cats have kept a horrible
blaterare, garrire, jocari. – Kil. Pl.D. racket all night through. Raka omżring,
rallen, to make a great noise as children to rove about.—Widegren. Racka, to
playing, to sound as the waves beating run about. Racła beständigt fram och
on the shore.—Brem. Wtb.
tilbaka, to keep running to and fro; racka
-2. To trickle, as tears, or blood from a omkring hela Paris, to run about all
wound. Paris. To rake, to gad or ramble idly—
The purple drops down railed purple red. Forby; to rove or run about wildly as
Fairfax in R. children.—Mrs Baker.
From the unsteady trembling movement And right as Robartes men raken aboute
of trickling drops. Du. rillen (for rid. At feyres and at full ales, and fyllen the cuppe.
delen — Weiland), tril/en, gri//en, to P. P. Crede, 143.
tremble, shiver. To trill, it will be ob Sc. raić, to range, wander, rove at large.
served, is also used in the sense of to A lang raik, a long extent of way; sheep
trickle. Fr. griller, to shiver, also to raik, a sheep-walk.
trickle, steal, run glib along.—Cot. The radical notion may probably be a
Raiment. See Array. sweep or rapid movement over a surface.
Rain. AS. ragn, regn, ren, G. regen, Sw, raka af, to run off, to brush away;
Fris. rein, Goth. rign. rak, straight; Craven raić, raiſch, a
To Raise. To cause to rise. Goth. streak, scratch; Du. recken, strecken, to
turreisan, –rais, –risun, to stand up ; stretch ; streke, a stroke, streak, extent,
raisjan, urraijan, to raise, to rouse. ON. tract, course; Sw. strek, a dash, stroke,
reisa, to go, to excite, to raise. At reisa
streak, line; Sc. straić, to rub gently, to
flock, to raise a tumult;-hits, to build a stroke, to spread butter or plaister; a
house;—á fetr, to set up. Rísa, to rise. straik, an extent of country; a lang
The primary origin is probably rasa, straić, a long excursion on foot ; upo'
to go straight forwards, to rush, to move straić, in motion, in a state of activity.
with violence; ras, precipitancy, fall. With sterne staves and stronge thei over lond
AS. reosan, hreosan, to rush, to fall. See straćeth.-P. P. Creed.
Race. Lolleres lyvynge in sleuthe, and over lond ##".
Raisin. Fr. raisin, Prov. razim, ra
zain, grape, Lat. racemus, Sp. racimo, a G. 'streichen, to rub, to stroke, to sweep
bunch of grapes. along, move rapidly along or away, to
Rake. 1. From the noise of raking wander, ramble, rove, or run about, to
or scraping. Bret. raža, graža, to make extend in length. Sw, stryka, to stroke,
noise in rubbing a hard and rough body, rub, wipe, move along. Stryka omáring,
to cluck, croak; Gael. rac, rake, harrow, to rove about; —förði, to graze, to shave;
make a noise like geese or ducks. ON. —ut, to strike out, draw a line through
raka, to scrape. Sw. raka, to shave, to writing to efface it.
make a disturbance; rakande, noise, dis Rakehell. Rendered by Minsheu,
turbance. Fr. racler, to scrape, rasp, taugenichts, furcifer; a profligate, the
grate, rake. Du. raeckelen, raecken, to scrapings of hell.
rake. Maori rākurdiku, to scrape or Such an ungracious couple [Domitian and
Commodus) as a man shall not find again if he
scratch, an implement to scrape with, a raked all hell for them.—Ascham in R.
rake, small hoe.
2. In the sense of a dissipated person On the same principle are formed Pl.D.
518 RALLY RAMBLE
hö//enbessem, hell-besom (Danneil), Du. Tamage, boughs, branches, of or belong
he/ſeverg (veegen, to sweep), terms of ing to branches; also ramage, haggard,
abuse, especially for an angry violent wild, homely, rude.—Cot. It ramo, a
woman, a shrew, a vixen. branch ; ramigno, branchy; ramingo,
It is sometimes supposed that rałchel/ ramengo, a ramage hawk.
is a mere corruption of Fr. racaille, the Ramas. In Pembrokeshire a rigma
base and rascal sort, the dregs or offals role, a string of nonsense. Dan. ramise,
of any company—Cot., a word signifying remise, string of unmeaning words, rigma
simply scrapings, off-scourings, from Bret. role ; at Warre /aa ramse, to learn by rote.
raža, Pl.D. raoken, to scrape ; as rasca/, At ramse mogeſ of, to repeat a thing in a
from It. rascare; Fr. raspaille, Du. raeft monotonous way without reference to
alje, the scum of the people, from It. sense, to say by rote. Sw, en lang ramsa
raspare, Fr. rā/er, Du. raeffen, to scrape. aſ ord, une kyrielle de mots.-Nordforss.
And doubtless the two words were con Sc. rammes, to roar, rame, to cry aloud,
founded in our older writers, and rakehel/ to roar; rame, a cry, especially when the
written where only rascal is meant. same sound is repeated. “He has ay ane
And far away amid their rakehel/bands rame,” when he continues to cry for the
They spied a lady left all succourless.-F. Q. same thing, or to repeat the same sound.
In record whereof I scorn and spew out the —Jam. Fr. ramas, a heap, medley, min
ſº
In R.
rout of our ragged rhymers.-Spenser glemangle, probably belongs to this head,
signifying originally a confused noise.
The confusion is increased by the re Cette histoire n'est qu'un ramas d'impos
semblance in sound and meaning of the tures. Fr. ramage, the song of birds,
OE. rakel, racáy/, impetuous, unbridled, chatter of children, is another shoot from
passionate. the same stock. Quel ramage font ces
The jolly woes, the hateless short debate, enfans la Račácher, to make a tedious
The rakehell life that longs to love's disport. repetition.
Surrey in R.
To Ramble. 1. The syllables ram,
See Rack, Rackle. rom, rum, are used in a numerous class
To Rally. 1. Fr. rail/er. See Rail. of words framed to represent continued
2. Fr. rallier (Lat. re/gare), to re-as multifarious noise, clatter, and then ap
semble, re-unite, gather dispersed things plied to the sense of noisy, riotous, ex
together.—Cot. Rouchi raſofer, to put cited action. We may cite E. dial. rame,
together the bits of a broken thing. to cry aloud ; Lat. rumor, murmur, noise,
Eftsoones she thus resolved— confused sound ; It rom/are, româag
Before they could new counsels reallie.—F. Q. 2are, roměeggiare, rombolare, to rumble,
Ram. Du. ram, Bav. ramm, rammer, clash, clatter; G. rumor, a noise, bustle,
G. ramm, rammen, rammel, the male clamour, tumult, commotion; Westerwald
sheep. Commonly derived from the rammoren, Austrian romotten, Hamburgh
strong smell of the animal. E. dial. ram, ramenten, to make a clatter, make a dis
acrid, fetid; Dan. ram, rank in smell or turbance; E. dial. rammaking, behaving
taste, as old cheese, or a he-goat; ON, riotously and wantonly; ramracketing, a
andramr, one whose breath smells ill. country rout where there are many noisy
But it is more probable that the word is amusements; Sw. ramla, to rattle ; Du.
a special application of a general term ramme/en, to rattle, chink, clash. De
signifying originally the male of animals, ramme/ing der wafenen, the clash of
from OHG. rammaſon, G. ramme/n, to weapons; met ge/d ramme/en, to clink
cover the female, said of sheep, hares, with money. Ramme/em is then applied
rabbits, cats, &c.; rammler, the male of to tumultuous, noisy action ; perstrepere,
such kind of animals; MHG. ramme/aere, tumultuari.-Kil. Mit ſingen mägden
a ram ; ramme/aerin, dissoluta virgo. ramm/en, to sport with girls; sich imt
See To Ramble. bºſte ramme/n, to rout about in bed.
To Ram. To strike like a ram with ‘Tanzen and ramme/m.” “Ball spielen,
his head, to thrust in. So Dan. buże, to laufen und rammeln.”—Sanders. Next
ram, from bu/, a buck or he-goat, an from the excited action of animals pairing,
animal equally prone with a ram to but G. ramme/n is specially applied to the
ting with the head. At ramme facle med, pairing of animals, as hares, rabbits, cats,
at bukke parſe, to drive in piles. A'ambuſ, sheep. The wild conduct of hares under
a rammer. Lat. aries, a battering-ram. this influence is witnessed by the proverb,
Ramage. Fr. espervier ramage, a ‘as mad as a March hare.’ ‘Wenn die
brancher, a ramage hawk-Cot. From hasen rammeln, so jagen sie einander
 RAM IFY RAMP 519
herum.” “Derim März ramme/inden kāt as shown in Pl.D. rabóel, bustle—Dan
zen.”—Sanders. Du. ramme/en, lascivire, neil, raóðe//asch, a rattle, a great talker—
catulire, efferari libidine, et domo relicta Schütze), is formed E. rubble, what comes
vagari.-Kil. Æamme/er, a male rabbit, rumbling down, the ruins of old walls.
and a libidinous man, a sense in which E. ‘A’zabóc// or brokell of old decayed houses.’
rambler also is vulgarly used. Sc. ram —Huloet. ‘A’uðó/e, as mortar and broken
mis, to go about in a state approaching to stones of old buildings.”—Baret.
frenzy under the impulse of any powerful On the same principle Auðish (com
appetite; to rammi's about like a cat, to monly explained as what comes off by
be rammising with hunger.—Jam. rubbing) is from Fr. rabascher, rabaster,
The sense of wandering up and down raēaſter, to rumble, rattle ; rabaschement,
is derived from the notion of noisy move a rumbling or terrible rattling.—Cot. So
ment, disturbance, agitation. Du. ram from the form radasſer, Lang. radasſos,
melen, romme/em, strepere, turbare : rom silk rubbish, remnants of silk spinning.
me/en (inquit Becanus) robustè et cele Comp. Pl.D. rabakken, to rattle; een
riter sursum deorsum, ultro citroque se oo/d rabak, an old ruinous house or fur
movere.—Kil. niture, a rattle trap. Pl. D. rabusch (pro
In his sleve-he had a silver teine, nounced as Fr. ra/otage), confusion.
He slily toke it out this cursid heine,— To Ramp.–Romp.–Rampage. It
And in the pannes bottom he it laſte, is shown under Ramble that the element
And in the water româ/ed to and fro,
ram or rom is used to represent noise in
And wonder privily toke up also
The copper teine.--Canon Yeoman's Tale. a long series of words signifying noisy,
riotous, excited action. The radical sense
The people cried and rombled up and doun.
Monk's Tale. is shown in It, rombare, româazzare, rom
*ggiare, to rumble, clash, clatter ; Du.
The same train of thought is shown in N. ramme/en, to rattle, clash, clink, then in
rang/a, to rumble, tinkle, to revel, riot, to a further developed sense, perstrepere,
ramble, wander about ; Dan. ra/de, to tumultuari.-Kil. G. rammeleſt, to rout
rattle ; N. ral/a, to tattle ; of beasts, to about, to sport in an excited manner, to
rut, to be on heat, also to ramble or gad caterwaul. The It. româazzare, rombºg
about.
giare, may be identified with MHG. ram
2. To ramble, in the sense of being de &lieze, spring widely about—Zarncke, and
lirious, talking in an incoherent way, is with E. rampage, to be riotous, to scour
probably not from the figure of wandering up and down, rampadºgeon, a furious,
in speech, but from the primitive sense of boisterous, or quarrelsome fellow—Hal.,
rattling, clattering ; Sw. ram/a, to clatter, while Hamburgh ramenſen, to make a
to tattle, analogous to Sc. clash applied to clatter, corresponds to Lincolnsh. ram
idle talk ; Du. ramme/em, to talk idly, Aanſous, overbearing ; and It. ram/cgare,
loosely, confusedly, rabbelen, kakelen– rampſcare, to clamber or grapple, to E.
Halma; reme/en, delirare, ineptire.—Kil. rammaking, behaving riotously and wan
Comp. ra//en, re//en, strepere, garrire, tonly.—Hal. From the syllable ram or
blaterare, deliramenta loqui.-Kil. ramp, which lies at the root of all these
Ramify. Lat. ramus, a bough or forms, springs the verb to ramſ, or romp,
branch.
Rammel.—Rubble.—Rubbish. Ram signifying unrestrained bodily action,
throwing about the limbs, scrambling,
mel, rubbish, especially bricklayer's rub jumping about, pawing.
bish, stony fragments.
And if that any neighebour of mine
To rammel or moulder in pieces, as sometimes Wol not in chirche to my wife incline,
mud walls or great masses of stones will do of Or be so hardy to hire to trespace,
themselves.—Florio in Hal.
Whan she cometh home she raw:/eth in my face,
Sw. rammel, rattle, clatter; rammel aſ And cryeth, False coward wreke thy wife.
Chaucer, Monk's Prologue.
s/emar som ſal/a ur muren, rattle of stones Yet is this an act of a vile and servile mind, to
falling out of the wall ; ram/a, to rattle, honour a man while he lived—and now that
to fall with a crash. Stenar ram/ade aſ another had slain him, to be in such an exceed
àerget, stones rattled down from the moun ing jollity withal- as to ramp in manner with
tain. . Ramla om/ºu// some en mur, to both their feet upon the dead, and to sing songs
tumble down as a wall. E. dial. rames, of victory, &c.—North, Plut. in R.
ruins, remnants. An old rames of a It ramſ are, ram/cgare, rampeggiare, to
house. ramp, clamber, drag, or grapple, to paw
In the same way from the parallel form like a lion or a bear; Fr. ramper, to
Du. rabòelen, to gabble (properly to rattle, climb, to creep.
52O RAM PALLION RANGER OF A FOREST

When Clare speaks of ramping wil gran randon, when he had swum a good
lows, he conceives them as scrambling bit.—Raynouard.
about, pushing out their limbs in an ex The radical image is the noise which
cessive degree, growing luxuriantly, in accompanies impetuous action. Fr. ran
the same way that G. ramme/n, which fan//an, rubadub, the beating of a drum.
when used of children signifies tumbling Piedm. rabadan, ramadan, Gloucestersh.
and tossing about, throwing about the randan, noise, bustle, uproar. It. ran
limbs, is also applied to plants in the deſ/are, to make a whirling noise, to turn
sense of shoot, spring, sprout.—Sanders. as a whirlwind, to hurl or fling furiously;
A ramſ, or romp is a young person of randeſ/o, a violent hurling or whistling
unrestrained spirits, a girl noisy and bois noise in the air; a randello, in flinging
terous in play. G. Mit jüngen magden manner, at random.—Pl. OE. randall,
rammeln, to toy or romp with girls. random.—Coles in Hal. Randy, bois
Rampallion. A coarse vulgar person. terous, noisy, obstreperous. G. randāl,
Devonsh. rumbul/ion, a great tumult.— noise, uproar.—Sanders. E. dial. ran,
Hal. Castrais rambal, confused noise, violence, force.
bustle and movement of a house ; ram Range.—Rank. Fr. rang, reng, renge,
Baſha, to disturb, trouble ; ramboul, a Prov, rene, rengua, Cat. renc, Lyonnese
mess; rambouſha, to disorder, turn topsy ranche (Gl. Génev.), w, rhenc, Bret. remä,
turvy. Comp. Sc. ra//ion, clattering, Piedm. ran, rem, row, line, rank; Fr.
noise, with ru//ion, a coarse masculine ranger, to arrange, dispose, set in order;
woman.-Jam. range'e, a rank, row; Prov. remgar, arren
Rampart.—Rampire. Fr. rem/ar, gar, arrenjar, It. rangiare, to range or
rem/art, a rampier, the wall of a fortress; set in order. Sc. raing, row, line; to
remparer, to fortify.—Cot. It riftarare, raing, to rank up, to be arranged in line;
to ward off a blow; riffaro, a defence, also to go successively in line, to follow
remedy, a rampier, fence, covert, place of in succession. ‘The folks are rainging
refuge.—Fl. See Parry. to the kirk.’ It rangiare is used as E.
Rancour. — Rancid. — Rank. Lat. range, in the sense of making stretches
ranceo, It. rancire, to become rank, tainted, up and down. To range along the coast
or unpleasant in taste or smell. Ramcore, is to move along the line of coast; to
rancura, rancour, rage, spite ; rancorare, range over the country, to stretch over
to rancour, fester, rage, rankle.—Fl. Fr. the country in extensive sweeps.
ranci, musty, tainted, unsavoury, ill smell The Britons renged about the field.
ing ; ranca'ur, rancour, hatred, rankling R. Brunne, 194.
despight.—Cot. CentralFr. ranca'ur, dis And in two renges fayre they hem dresse.
gust; £a fait ramcarur. Du. ranst, ransfig, Knight's Tale.
G. ranzig, rancid.
Random. — Randon. Diez' explanation from ring, a circle of
The radical
meaning is impetus, violence, force. Ran listeners, is very unsatisfactory. In a
circle there is no priority, which is the
doun, the swift course, flight, or motion ruling
of a thing.—Jam. idea in rank. It is far more pro
bable that the origin is to be found in a
He rod to him with gret randoum. nasalised form of Du. recken, Sw. rācka,
Beves of Hampton.
to stretch, to reach to. Du. recke, Sw.
Then rode he este with grete randowme.
MS. in Hal. rācka, rank, line. I en räcka, at a stretch,
in a continued line. The range of a gun
The adverb at random is to be explained is as far as the gun will reach. A range
as left to its own force, without external of mountains is a stretch or line of moun
guidance. tains, and a reach of a river is an analo
The gentle lady loose at randon left gous expression, so far as it extends in
The greenwood long did walk.-F. Q. one direction.
Fr. randon, force, violence; de randon, Range. 2. MHG. viur-ram, a fire
impetuously.—Roquef. Aller a grand grate, kitchen range ; G. rahmen, a
randon, to go very fast ; sang respandu frame.
a gros randons, blood spilt in great gushes. Ranger of a Forest. So called be
—Cot. Prov. randa, randon, effort, vio cause it is his duty to range up and down
lence. Faitz es lo vers a randa, the verse in the forest [ad perambulandum quotidie
is made at one effort, at a blow. Las per terras deafforestatas—Manwood] to
regnas romp a un randon, he breaks see to the game, and the duty of the
the reins at a blow. Cant ac nadat un keepers in their several walks.-Minsheu.
 RANK 521
The guardians of the forest are termed These bitter blasts nevergin to assuage?
regardatores, inspectors, in the Charta de Shepherd's Cal.
Forestā, 9 H. III., rendered rangers in Of many iron hammers beating rank.-F. Q.
the old translation of the Statutes, while From the last quotation we readily pass
facere regardum is rendered, to make to the sense of frequent, closely set, “As
range, or make his range. Now to make rank as motes i' tº sun.’—Craven Gl. And
range is not an English expression, and generally the image of vigorous action
certainly is not a translation of ſacere re supplies the senses of strong in body,
gardum, to make inspection. It is ob luxuriant in growth, fully developed, ex
viously framed to correspond with the cessive in any quality, strong in taste or
name of the Ranger (by which the officer smell, harsh in voice, &c. -

was known in the time of the translation) in “In the mene tyme certane wycht and
the same way that the phrase ſacere re rank men [viribus validiores] take hym
gardum corresponds to regardator in the be the myddill.”—Bellenden, Boeth. in
original, and therefore cannot be used in Jam. “Seven ears came up on one stalk,
support of Minsheu's derivation. The rank and good.’—Gen. “A rank modus.”
probability is, as it seems to me, that the ‘A’ank idolatry.’ ‘The rank vocit swanys.”
name of ranger was taken from rama —D. V.
geur, the name by which the guardian of Precisely analogous senses are ex
the forest was known in France. The pressed by forms springing from the
right of cutting branches in the forest for parallel root ramp, ram, representing
fodder or other purposes, and the duty noisy, excited, violent action, as shown
payable to the lord for the exercise of under Ramble, Ramp. ON. rammr, ramr,
the right, were called ramage, Mid. Lat. robust, strong; r. rymr, a loud noise;
ramagium, from ramus, branch. “Ego römm hildr, a sharp fight; r. ast, vehe
Audiernus dedi B. ramagium per omnes ment love; ramr rey&r, a sharp smoke ;
buscos meos in curte de M. ad hoc andramr, of rank breath. In N. of E.
ut homines de C. accipiant ad omnes ram, fetid. “He is as ram as a fox.’
necessitates suas.”—Chart. A.D. 1 iO4 in Strong-tasted butter is said to be ram
Duc. Hence OFr. ramageur, an officer mish.-Craven Gl. N. ram, strong in
whose duty it was to look after the woods taste as old cheese, bold in speech, tho
and to receive the payments on account rough in respect of a bad quality. Eint
of ramage. “Pasturages communs sanz ram Ayuz, Sw. ram ffuſ, a rank thief.
en riens payer au ramageur.”—Chart. Sw. ram /ukt, rank smell; ram bonde, as
A.D. 1378 in Carp. The corruption from Fr. un franc paysan, a mere boor. Dan.
ramageur to ranger will cause little diffi vor ramme aſvor, in good earnest ; at
culty if we compare the Fr. raim, rain, fale ram *as we should say, to talk
rains, rainche, a branch or stick, derived rank Cockney.
from ramus. Cut brushwood is still called When frank Mess John came first into the camp,
rangewood, or ringewood, in Northamp With his fierce flaming sword none was º ramp.
ann.
tonshire.—Mrs Baker.
It would be perfectly natural that the The term is then applied to the lux
superintendence of the game should be uriant growth of plants.
given to the same officer whose business By overshadowed ponds in woody nooks,
was to look after the woods, and it might With ramping sallows lined and crowding sedge. Clare.
easily happen that the former duty might
supersede the latter, as in England, where, E. dial. rammily, tall, rank.-Hal. G.
according to Manwood, the ranger had ramme/m (of plants), to spring, shoot,
no care of vert, but only of venison. It sprout.—Sanders. Cimbr. rammele, twig.
is not true however that such was the It. rampollo, a bud, sprig, branch.
case with the regardatores of the Forest With né or ng instead of mp or m in
Charter. the radical syllable, as in E. shrink, com
Rank. The adj. rank is used in very pared with G. schrimpſen, we have Da.
different senses, which however may per rangle, to rattle, jingle ; N. rangla, to
haps all be developed from the funda rumble, tinkle, to revel, riot, to wander
mental notion of violence or impetuosity about ; G. ranken, rankern, ränkeln (San
of action. ders), rangen (Brem. Wtb.), to sport
The seely man seeing him ride so rank, noisily, run wildly about, tumble about,
And aim at him, fell flat to ground for §§ romp ; ranken (of the sow), to be on heat.
Ranken is also said of plants which cling
Ah for pity! will rank winter's rage to or climb up other bodies by means of
522 RANSACK RARE

their filaments. Die gurken ranken auf OE. raže, haste.

der erde fort, the cucumbers scramble, So oft a day I mote thy werke renew
ramp, creep, or grow along the ground. It to correct and eke to rubbe and scrape,
A’anke, ranken, a branch, tendril, twining And all is thorow thy negligence and rape.
Chaucer to his scrivener.
sprigs of vines or hops.-Küttn.
To Ransack. ON. ramptsaka, Sw, ram To raft out oaths is to utter them with
saka, to search thoroughly, to search for violence and haste like a volley of blows.
stolen goods. Gael. rann saich, Manx Lat. rapere, to seize with violence ; rapi
rounsee, search, rummage. Ihre explains dus, occupying a short space of time like
the first syllable from Goth. ragſts, ON. a blow, quick. Rapt with joy, rapt in
rann, a house, comparing the word with admiration, signify carried away with the
Lombard sa/suchen (sa/, a dwelling), G. emotion. Bav. ra//ent, to snatch. I
Jaussuchen, Fris. hamsekene, a searching ra//e, I ravysshe.—Palsgr. In raft and
or an attack of a house. It may possibly ran, to get by hook or crook, to seize
be from the figure of a hog rooting with whatever one can lay hands on, the word
his snout. ON. rani, snout of a hog ; is joined with the synonymous ON. rān,
rannadr, snouted. rapine. I raſ, or rende, je rapine.—
Ransom. Fr. rançon, OFr. raamcon, Palsgr. To raft and renne.—Chaucer.
raençon, raention—Roquef., from Lat. re To get all one can raſ, and run.-Coles
emptio, a purchase back. Redemption is in Hal. ON. rain ok hriſs (hriſs, robbery)
the same word with insertion of the eu is used in the same way. Leida vikin
phonic d. gum rain ok ſhriſsan, to thoroughly plun
To Rant.—Bantipole. To ramſ, to der the vikings. Kilian has raeff, collec
rage, rave, or swagger—B. ; to drink or tio, raptura. Manx raif, to rend or tear.
riot.—Hal. See Rend.

Let's drink and rant and merry make. Rapacious. – Rapine. — Rapture.
Craven Gl. Lat. rapio, rafttum, to seize, take by vio
lence.
Randy, wild, frisky, riotous. Randy,
boisterous, obstreperous, disorderly — theRape. 1. Fr. rāſhe, marc de raisin,
stalks and husks of grapes in the
Brockett, also lecherous, on heat.—Hal.
Luxuriari, gogel sein, rant haben.— wine-press.-Jaubert. Properly the scrap
Schmeller. G. rantzen, ranfen, to make a ings, refuse. Lang. raspal, a besom; ras
noise, move noisily about ; den ganzen Žalia, to sweep ; Du. raeffen, colligere,
tag im hofe herum rangen : im bette bish.levare, auferre–Kil., raefaſie, refuse, rub
herum rangen, to rout about. Rangen
2. A division of the County of Sussex.
in sportman's language is used of dogs
and wild animals on heat. Bav. ranfen, ON. hrefºr, N. refſ, a district.
to play tricks; sich ranten, to swagger ; 3. Fr. rap/, a ravishing or taking by
ju-ranten, to jodel, to cry ſu Z Swab. violence ; Lat. rapio, rap/um.
rande, jünger rande, a young sportive Rapier. Fr. rapière, a long sword for
thrusting, a word commonly used in a
person ; randlen, to sport, muthwillen depreciatory sense. From Sp. raspadera,
treiben ; ram/schen, to ramble idly about ;
Du. rangen, to caterwaul, be on heat; a raker (Neum.), demiespadon pour rac
ler (Taboada), as if we called it a poker.
randen, randten, delirare, ineptire, insa A'affière,
nire.—Kil. In Franconia and Silesia Spanische sworde.—Palsgr. 908.
Rapparee. A wild Irish plunderer, so
rant is noise, uproar, according to Frisch. named
See Ramble, Rank, Romp. from the ražary or half-pike with
which he was armed.—Burnet. -

Rap.–Rape.—Rapid. The syllable

rap is used in the first instance to repre Was it not the priests that were the original of
the Rapparees? Did they not enjoin every one
sent the sound of a blow or hard knock, upon pain of excommunication to bring a raftary
and then to signify whatever is done with or half-pike in his hand to mass?—Essay for the
the violence or quickness of a blow. Conversion of the Irish, Dub. 1698, in N. & Q.
Rouchi rapasse, a volley of blows ; Mod. Ir. roſaire, a rapier, doubtless from the E.
Gr. patričw, to Smite. Sw, raftſ, blow, Rare. 1.-Rarefy. —Barity. Lat.
stroke, and as an adj. prompt, active, rarus, thin, scarce. -

operating like a blow. Dan. raft, quick, Rare. 2. Raw, underdone.—Hal. In

swift, brisk ; raffe dig, make haste. the U.S., according to Lowell, rare or
And Ich comaunde quath the kynge to Con raredone is the ordinary term used in that
science thenne,
Rappe thee to ryde, and Reson that thou ſette. sense. It is well explained by that author
P. P. in R. (Biglow Papers, II. Series, xxxi) as a
 RASCAL RASPBERRY 523

contraction from rather, signifying too ruska, strepere, turbare, violare. Fridr
quickly done, too soon taken from the raskadiz, the peace was broken ; taumar
fire. The same form is seen in rare rife, ras/ºis, the reins are broken. Sp. rasgar,
early ripe. Devon rare, early.—Hal. to tear; rasgo, a dash of the pen, a stroke.
The elision of thbetween vowels is very AS. rascian, stridere, vibrare; Sc. rasch,
common, as in whe'r for whether, smore dash, collision.
from smother, or (G. oder) from other, &c. Enee—and Turnus samyn in fere
Rascal. The meaning of rascal is the Hurllis togiddir with thare scheildis strang,
scrapings and refuse of anything. Ras That for grete raschis al the heuinnis rang.
D. V.
cally or refuse, whereof it be, caducum.—
Pr. Prm. Rasca//, refuse beasts.-Palsgr. To rash, to do anything with hurry or
N. raska, to scrape ; rask, offal, remnants violence, to tear or throw down, to snatch,
of fish or the like. Sp. rascar, raspar, It. to rush.
rascare, to scrape.
In like manner from Bret. raka, Fr. There Marinell great deeds of arms did shew—
racler, räffer, Du. raeffen, to scrape, are A’ashing off helms and riving plates asunder.
F.
derived Fr. racaille, the rascality, or base
and rascal sort, the scum, dregs, offals, I missed my purpose in his arm, rasht his
doublet sleeve, ran him close by the left cheek.-
outcasts [scrapings] of any company— B. Jonson in R.
Cot., Du. racalie, raeftalie, the dregs of
the people.—Bigl. Kil. Yorkshire rag To rash through a darg, to hurry through
ga/y, villanous.-Hal. Da. rage to rake, a day's work.-Jam. I rasshe a thing
scrape; rageri, trumpery, trash. from one, I take it from hym hastily, Je
The imitative character of the words arache.—Palsgr. See Race.
signifying scraping is shown by their ap A rash is an eruption or breaking out
plication to the act of hawking or clearing of the skin, i.e. the breaking out of an
the throat, in which a similar sound is humour, according to the old doctrine.
produced. It raschiare, rastiare, ras Rasher. A rasher of bacon is a slice
care, rassare, to scrape, also to keck hard of broiled bacon.
for to cough or fetch up phlegm from the The syllable rash represents the sound
lungs.-Fl. ON. ra'skia, screare cum of broiling or frizzling. Bav. roschpfann,
sonitu. Sp. raspar, to scrape, may be a frying-pan; gerðsch, a fritter; reschen,
compared with G. rāusperm, to havk; It. to fry.—Schm. E. dial. rash, to burn in
recere, to retch, with G. rechen, to rake; cooking.
ON. hraºia, to hawk, with E. rake, Dan. The term rash is provincially applied
harke, to hawk, with Du. harcken, to to things that rustle in moving, as corn
rake ; Ptg. escarrar, to hawk, with G. in the straw which is so dry that it easily
scharren, to scrape. falls out in handling.—Hal. Bav. rosch,
Rase. ...rase. Lat. rado, rasum, to resch, crackling, crisp, like fresh pastry,
scrape. dry hay, straw, frozen snow. -

Rash. G. rasch, quick, impetuous, To Rasp. The harsh sound of scraping

spirited. Rasches pſera, a spirited horse; is represented by various similar syllables,
rascher wind, fresh wind ; rasches ſeuer, rasp, rask, rast, Sp. raspar, rascar, to
brisk fire. Bav. rosch, resch, Swab. raisch, rake, scrape ; It. rascare, raschiare, ras
fresh, lively, quick; ON. rosér, acer, stre tiare, to scrape, to hawk or spit up phlegm
nuus, validus. A rasch carle, a man with a harsh noise. The same two mean
vigorous beyond his years.-Jam. Pl.D. ings are united in E. rasă and G. rāuspern,
rask, risk, quick, brisk; Sw, ent ung ras to hawk. Bav. raspen, to scrape upon a
Æerker!, a brisk young fellow; Pol. rzeski, fiddle, to scrape together; raspe/n, to
brisk, smart, lively. rattle, to scrape together.—Schm.
The word is formed on the same prin From the root rast, Lat. rastrum, a
ciple as the adj. rank above explained, harrow, rastellum, Bret, rastel, Fr. rā
from a representation of the sound ac teau, a rake ; rate/ier, a hay-rack.
companying any violent action, for which Raspberry. Formerly raspise or rasp
purpose the Germans in common life fse-berry. It raspo, a bunch or cluster
make use, according to Adelung, of the of any berries, namely, of grapes, also the
exclamations rar / /hurr A rifsch / rafsch / berry that we call raspise.—Fl. Doubt
Hence many verbal forms approaching less from rasp, signifying in the first in
each other more or less closely. G. rau stance scrape, then pluck or gather. It.
schen, to rustle, roar, to rush, or move raspolare, to glean grapes after the vint
swiftly with noise and bustle. ON. raska, age. Bav. abreisſen, to pluck off, espe
524. RAT RAVE

cially the burnt pieces of a torch, to make reckoning, respect, consideration, pro
it burn brighter. portion, reason ; ratiocinari, to reason.
Rat. G. ratge, It. ratto, Fr. rat, Gael. Rattle. G. rasselm, Pl.D. rastern, Du.
radant. rate/ent, to make a collection of sounds
Ratchet-wheel. A cog-wheel having such as might individually be represented
teeth like those of a saw, against which a by the syllable ras or rat; Pl. D. rat
spring works, allowing the wheel to move fern, to speak quick and indistinct, to
in one direction and not in the other. It rattle on.—Danneil. Gr. kpóroc, the sound
appears to be named from the resem of striking; sporéw, to knock, clap, clat
blance to a watchman's rattle, where the ter, rattle, chatter, prate; rpórakov, a
noise is made by a cogged wheel con rattle.
tinually raising and letting fall again a Aattle-traffs are old worn-out rattling
wooden spring. Lim. rogueto, a wooden things, hence a slighting name for move
rattle (moulinet de bois) used instead of able goods. So from Norm. Aatac/as,
bells on Holy Thursday and Good Fri crash, clatter (Decorde), Lim. Aotoclan
day. Doubtless so named from the (properly rattle), trumpery, goods. N’o
racket which it makes.It. rocchetto, the empourta tou soun potoclan, he has taken
cog-wheel of a mill; the wheel about away all his rattle-traps. Pl.D. rabak
which the string of a clock or of a jack Æen, to rattle ; een oold rabak, an old
goes.—Fl. worn-out piece of goods.
Rate.—To Ratify. Lat. reor, ratus Ravage. — Ravenous. – Ravine. —
sum, to think, to deem; ratus, reckoned, Ravish. Lat. rapere gives rise to Prov.
allowed, settled, established; rata pars, rapar, arapar, arabar, Fr. ravir, to
a proportionate part; pro rató, in propor Snatch, to seize ; ravage, spoil, havoc;
tion. Hence E. rate, a calculated propor ravine, Prov. rabina, violence, impetu
tion, an assessment in certain proportion. osity; ravineur, impetuous, violent. “Et
Lat. ratifico, to make firm, to ratify. li jaians partel ravine le fiert,’ the giant
To Rate. To assess, to appoint one strikes him with such violence.—Rom. de
his due portion of something to be done la Violette. In E. ravenous the sense is
or paid. Hence to impute or lay some confined to greediness or eagerness in
thing to one's charge, to reprove or chide. eating.
And God was in Crist recounceilinge to him Puis menjue de grant ravine
the world, not rettynge [reputans] to hem her Des plus belles qu'il eslut:
giltis.-Wiclif in R. eats with great violence.—Fab. et Contes,
By the same figure we speak of taring 1. 97.
a man with an offence, or taking him to In a different application, ravine d'eau
task on account of it. Tar and task are is a great flood, a ravine or inundation of
synonymous with rate. “I sette one to water which overwhelmeth all things that
his taske, what he shall do or what he come in its way.—Cot. Thence in a se
shall pay; je tare.”—Palsgr. In like condary sense, E. ravine is the water
manner from It. tamsa, a taxing; tamsare, course of such a flood, a narrow steep
rateably to sess a man for any payment; hollow cut by floods out of the side of a
also to tax a man with some imputation, hill.
to chide, rebuke, or check with words.- To Rave. The syllable rab is used as
Fl. well as ram (as explained under ramble),
Rathe.—Rather. Rathe, soon, early; in the construction of words representing
rather, sooner. I had rather die, I would a confused noise. Piedm. rabadan, ra
sooner die. When used to signify a slight madan, crash, uproar, bustle, disturb
degree of a quality it must be understood ance. Fr. rabalter, rabaster, rabascher,
as asserting that the subject approaches to rumble, rattle, or make a terrible noise,
nearer the quality in question than the as they say spirits do in some houses.—
opposite. Rather deaf, sooner deaf than Cot.
not, further advanced in the direction of O esprit donc, bon feroit, ceme semble,
deafness than the opposite. Avecques toy raščater toute nuict.—Marot.
ON. hradr, quick; hrada, to hasten ; Prov. rabasta, chiding, quarrel, dispute.
N. rad, quick, hasty, ready, straight ; Champ. rabache, tapage; rabacher, ra
radf ğa. quick, readily, straight for doter, to dote, to rave, and with the 3
wards. Du. rad, Picard rade, nimble, passing into a v, ravacher, ravasser, ra
quick. vauder, radoter ; ravater, gronder, mal
Ratio.—Rational. From Lat. reor, traiter; raver, vagabonder.—Tarbes. Fr.
ratus sum, to think, is ratio, account, ravacher, ravasser, to rave, talk idly,–
 RAVEL RAZE 525

en dormant, to sleep unquietly ; ravau croaking of crows or rooks. Lat. ravus,

deur, one that either confounds or under hoarse.
stands not what he says, or one that Ravine.—Ravish. See Ravage.
neither says nor does aught rightly, a Raw. AS. hreaw, hyeoh, Du. rouw, .
bungler, botcher; revayde, a coil or stir; roud, rudis, austerus, asper, insuavis
resver, to rave, dote, speak idly.—Cot. gustu, visu, tactu. Aouw, rauw, rudis,
Resver de nuit, courir les rues pendant la imperfectus, non laboratus, immaturus,
nuit; raver par la ville, courir par la crudus. Rouwen, rouden, pectine pan
ville.—Roquefort. Hence Du. rabaud, a nos rudes confricare. ON. hrár, raw, not
vagabond, properly a noisy reveller, and dried, cooked, salted. Sw. rā wed, green
with the exchange of b for v, ravot, revot, wood ; radt weder, AS. hreoh weder
caterva sive turba nebulonum ; razotten, (Matt. xvi. 3), wet weather. Sw. rā, rude,
tumultuari, et luxuriari, popinari, to riot, unworked, unpolished; G. rauh, rough,
revel—Kil., to romp, play in a wild man raw ; It ruvido, rough, rugged, rude ;
ner.—Bomhoff. The same radical syl Lat. rudis, rough, unwrought, undressed,
lable gives also Du. rabbelen, to rattle, raw ; crudus, raw, rough, unpolished, un
gabble; Pl.D. rābeln, to rave, to be de ripe. Bret. cris, W. crai, cri, unprepared,
lirious.-Danneil. It. rabulare, to rab raw ; Fin. radca, ra'an, unripe, uncooked,
ble, to huddle, to prattle, or scold.—Fl. untilled, rude ; G. roh, raw, undressed, un
Wal. ravlé, to dream unquietly; Du. cooked, unpolished, rough.
ravelen, ravee/en, aestuare, circumcursare, Ray. Lat. radius, a straight rod,
et delirare, desipere, insanire, furere.— spoke of a wheel, and thence a ray or
Kil. Revelen, to rave, to dote.—Halma. beam of light, which issues from the sun
Champ. reve/, bruit, gaité, emeute. To like the spokes from the nave of a wheel.
the same root belong Lat. rabies, It. rab Fr. ray (m.), a ray or beam of the sun,
bia, rage, madness ; Gael. rabhd, idle spoke of a wheel; raie (f.), a ray, line,
talk, coarse tiresome language; Fr. ra streak, row, spoke of a wheel. Prov. rai,
&acher, to keep repeating in a tiresome raig, rait, rach, rah, ray, line, current ;
way. rega, streak, furrow ; raia, ray. It radio,
See Revel, Riot, Ribald, Rove. raggio, raggo, a ray; Sp. rayo, a ray,
To Ravel. Of thread, to become con beam of light, straight line, radius of
fused and entangled. It ravagliare, Fr. circle, spoke of a wheel ; raya, stroke,
raveler, Du. ravelen, raſelen, ultraſelen, dash of a pen, streak, line ; rayado,
to ravel out; raſeling, unravelled linen, streaky. Rayar, to streak, to rifle, to
lint. I fasyll out as sylke or velvet, je draw lines, to expunge or strike out; raga,
rattele.—Palsgr. The primary image is ray, beam of light. Piedm. riga, a line,
confused and rapid speech, from whence stroke, strip of wood; rigá, striped. We
the expression is applied to a confused see a masc. and fem. form running
and entangled texture. Du. rabbelen, to through the Romance languages, of which
rattle, gabble, precipitare sive confundere the m. is doubtless from Lat. radius, but
verba.-Kil. Alabbelschriſt, scrawl, con the f has probably come from a Gothic
fused writing. Pl.D. rabb'ſ, bustle, dis influence. G. reihe, Pl.D. riege, E. row,
order, confusion of head. Du. ravelen, line, order, rank.
revelen, to wander in mind, talk con To Raze. To lay even with the ground.
fusedly, rave, dote. —B. Fr. ras, shaven, cut close by the
The same passage from the figure of ground, cut close away. Couper tout ras,
confused speech is seen in Gael. mabair, to cut clean off, sweep clean away.—Cot.
a stammerer; mabach, stammering, en Lat. radere, rasum, to shave. Fr. reg,
tangled, confused, ravelled ; and in Du. level, ground, floor, bottom ; rez de chaus
halteren, hutteren, to stammer, falter; sée, level with the pavement, ground floor.
Sc. hatter, to speak thick and confusedly;Mettre reg pied reg terre, to raze, make
Pl. D. verhadderen, to entangle, ravel. even with the ground.—Cot.
Bavelin. Fr. ravelin, It. ravellino, To rase, in the sense of scratching out
rivellino, a ravelin, a wicket or postern a word in writing, is singularly con
gate ; used also for the utmost bounds of founded with race, to obliterate by a
the walls of a castle; also a sconce with stroke of the pen. I race, I stryke out a
out the walls.-Fl. word or a lyne with a pen, Je arraye. I
Raven. ON. hraft. From Du. raven, race a writynge, I take out a word with
to croak. Pl.D. flagſ-rave, the night-jar a pomyes or penknife. Je efface des
or goat-sucker, from the croaking noise mots. I rase, je defface; I rase or stryke
it makes at night. Fin. raidwyn, the out with the pen, j'arraye.—Palsgr. In
 526 RE REAR

the same way erase, to scrape out, is con rede, plain, straight, clear, ready, pre
founded with arace, to strike out. I arace, pared. A’ede so/v,-fenge, ready money;
I scrape out a word or a blot, je efface. en rede sag, a clear case. Aede, to pre
—Palsgr. pare, to deal with. At rede en seng, to
Probably this is one of the numerous make a bed; —for sig, to acquit oneself;
cases in which ultimate unity of origin —sit hadr, to comb one's hair; —sig ud
shows itself in close resemblance between av, to extricate oneself. At gióre rede
remote descendants, and Lat. radere, for, to give account of a matter. Redskač,
rasum, to scratch or scrape, belongs to tool, implement, with which anything is
the same class with G. reissen, to tear ; done. Sw. reda, to prepare, to set to
OE. rash, to dash, to tear; Fr. arracher, rights, to dress, to fit out, to arrange ;
E. arace, race. reda, order; redºg, clear, regular, orderly.
Re-, Red-. Lat. re, again, back. N. refug (for reta'ºg), ready. ON. reida,
To Reach. G. reichen, to extend to ; to deal with, drive, set forth, prepare.
recken, to draw out, to stretch; Du. reißen, A'eida szerdit, to wield a sword ; —fram
to reach ; Pl.D. ražen, reken, to reach, to maſ, to set out food; —ſcit, —ut aud, to
touch ; It recare, to reach unto, bring pay money. A'eida, apparatus, prepara
unto. Gr. Öptysiv, Lat. formigere, to reach tion ; /i/ reidu, in readiness. Reidi,
forward ; dirigere, to direct, &c. harness, rigging of a ship. Sc. to red,
A reach of a river is so far as it to disentangle, to clear, make way, put
stretches in one direction. in order.
* To Read. AS. radan, to advise, Reaks. To revel it, to play reaks.-
counsel, direct, appoint, govern, to in Cot. in v. degonder. See Rig.
terpret, to read. Swa swa Josue him Real. Lat. realis, of the nature of a
radde, as Joshua directed him. Swefn thing ; what is in deed and not merely in
rardan, as Sc. to red, to interpret a dream. show ; res, a thing.
“The gude king gaif the gest to God for Realm. OFr. realme, reau/me, reaume,
to rede : " gave up his spirit to God to Prov. reya/me, It. reame, kingdom. Ac
dispose of.-Jam. ON. rada, to direct or cording to Diez through a form regali
dispose of, to take counsel, to interpret, men, from regalis.
to read. Ef ek má rada, if I may de * Ream. Du. riem, Fr. rame, It.
cide. At rada draum, runar, stafi, rit, risma, risima, resima, Sp. resma, a bundle
skrá, to explain a dream, to read runes, of twenty quires of paper. From Arab.
letters, writing. Upprada bref, to read risma, a bale, packet, bundle, especially
aloud a letter. Sw. rāda, to counsel, to a ream of paper. A'isma itself is from
direct, to have one's way. Rd sig sjelf, razama, to pack together. As paper
to be one's own master. Da, raade, to seems to have been first received from
advise, sway, rule, to divine, unriddle; the Arabs, it was natural that the terms
raade bod paa, to devise a remedy for. relating to it should have come from the
Goth.garedan, to provide ; fauraggredan, same quarter. The acts of the Caliph
to foreappoint. ON. rada, G. reden, Sc. Haroun Alraschid are written on paper
rede, to speak, to discourse, seem deriva of cotton, while the earliest Western
tive forms.
documents are of the eleventh century.—
It is difficult to speak with any con Dozy.
fidence as to the fundamental meaning
of the word. Perhaps the most plausible To Reap. Sc. rep, reiſ, NE. reaft, As.
suggestion is that it signifies to lay in ripa, ripe, a handful of corn in the ear;
order, to dispose, arrange. To consult to reap, As. Arºofan, ripan, to gather
is to lay in order one's thoughts; to read reaps, to harvest the corn. The remote
a dream or a riddle, to lay in order the origin is shown in Goth, raußfan, G. rate
several parts and so to make clear their fan, Du. roofen, ruefen, Pl.D. ruffen,
meaning. ON. rºd, Sw. rad, a line, rank, rºpen, to pluck. Goth. rampjan ahşa,
row; on. rada, to dispose, arrange (Hal to pluck ears of corn.—Marc 2. 23. In
dorsen); Pol. rººf, order, rule : regdsfö, the Salic laws refºre segetem. So from
to direct, govern, manage ; Boh. rºd, Swab, raspen, to pluck, to gather, G. raspe,
Illyr. red, rank, order; Boh, raditi, Illyr. rºspe, an ear of corn ; MHG. resfe, a bun
rºfiti, to dispose, arrange; Lith. rºti, dle of twigs; it. raspolo, a bunch of
grapes.
to set in order, to dress; rºdas, arrange
ment, order. * Rear. Thin, rawish, as eggs, &c.,
boiled rear.—B. See Rare.
Ready. As rard, seriºd. Pl.D. reed,
relie, Du, sereed, G. &reit, ready : Dan. Rear. Prov. retre, OFr. riere, from
 REAR RECEIPT 527

Lat. retro, behind. It. dietro, Prov. de rućačak. ‘Besides this they have the
reire, Fr. derrière, behind. one-stringed rubabah or guitar.”—Thom
To Rear. Another form of raise, anal son, Pilgrimage to Medina.
ogous to Du. ver/iereſt and verſiesen, to Rebel. Lat. rebe//is, warring against,
lose; Aleren and Kiesen, to choose, &c. from be//um, war.
AS. raran, to rear, raise. Rebuff. An expression formed on the
Reason. Fr. raison, Lat. ratio. same principle as the vulgar blow 1%, to
Reasty. A'easty or reezed bacon is scold. ‘He gave him a good blowing up.”
bacon grown rancid by keeping, now It. buffa, a puff, blurt with the mouth
generally pronounced rusty from an ac made at one in scorn, also a brabble or
commodation of the name to the rusty brawling contention ; rabbuffare, ribºſ:
yellow of bacon in that condition. Fr. fare, to check, rebuke, chide.—Fl. OFr.
relant, musty, fusty, resty, reasy, dankish, rebolt/ſer, to repulse, drive away with con
unsavoury.—Cot. I reast, I waxe ill of tempt.—Roquef.
taste, as bacon.—Palsgr. p. 688. Caro Rebuke. It is difficult to make up our
rancidus, rest flesh.-Eng. Vocab. in Nat. mind as to the Fr. form from which the
Ant. The radical meaning seems to be word is taken. The closest resemblance
stale or over-kept bacon, as chars restez is to Rouchi rebuquer, to give one blows.
(remnants, broken meat) is glossed in Tº sºras ben rebuqué, you will catch it.
Bibelesworth by resty flees (resty flesh), But the sense agrees better with Fr. re
and resty or restive (from Fr. rester) is Öecylter, to peck again as one cock at an
pronounced reasſy in the N. of E. “A other, to answer saucily.—Cot. Bret.
reasily horse.’—Brocket. réðecha (Fr. ch), to rebuke, reprove ; It.
Ilavera payn musy ho cerveise assez egre, riðeccamento di parole, a check or rebuke
Bure asses reste, moruhe assez megre : with taunting words ; rimbeccare, to re
—stale or rancid butter.—Reliq. Ant. I 55. tort back word for word or blow for blow,
Of the finely dressed ladies returning to beat back by direct opposition ; rim
from the feast and putting on their homely &occare, to retort word for word, to up
attire, it is said : braid, to twit or hit one in the teeth of
Pas s'en vont a l'oustel, retornent de la feste, anything done for him.—Fl. As It. bocca
E tantost si changent labele lusante teste, corresponds to Norm. bouque, mouth,
Cele kefu si fresche ja devient si reste, rimſoccare should be replaced by Norm.
Kele marchant se repent ke achata cele beste. rebouquer, which however is only given in
—she who was so fresh now becomes so the sense of Fr. reboucher, to nauseate (ne
stale.—Satire on Ladies, Rel. Ant. 163. pouvoir plus manger—Decorde); rebou
To Reave.—To Rive. Of these verbs cher le carur, to turn the stomach. Gene
the latter is nearer the original form. ON. vese rebequer, degouter, soulever le coeur.
rifa, to tear asunder; riſinn, ragged, torn; Rebus. A riddle where the meaning
riuſa (pret. rateſ, ptcp. roſia), to tear is indicated by things (Lat. rebus) repre
asunder, to break up. Hence AS. reaſ, sented in pictures, the syllables forming
Pl.D. rooſ, G. rauð, spoil, what is torn the names of the things represented hav
away, carried off; AS. reaſian, Goth. rail ing to be grouped in a different manner.
bon, Pl. D. rozen, Dan. rove, to rob ; ON. Thus the picture of a fool on his knees
rauſari, revſari, Sc. reiver, a robber. with a horn at his mouth is to be read in
The sense of robbing or violently taking Fr. ſold genour from/e (tromper, to blow
away is commonly taken from the figure a horn), but read in a different manner it
of scraping or scratching. Sw, riſwa, to gives/o/age mous trompe.—Cot. Rebuses
scratch, tear, claw, grate, rasp. A'iſwa in Heraldry are such coats as represent
ned et hus, to tear down a house. Dan. the name by things, as three castles for
rive, to rasp, to rive, rend, tear. Du. rāj Castleton.
zen, to rub, rake, scrape. Bret. Skrapa, To Rebut. Fr. rebufer, reboufer, to
to seize with the claws, gripe, carry away, put or thrust back, to reject, refuse;
rob ; skraba, to scratch, to scrape, to rob. &outer, to thrust, put, push forwards. It.
In the same way the original sense of &uttare, to throw, cast, fling; ributtare,
Lat. rapere, to seize, to rob, has probably to cast back, repulse, reject.
been that of Pl. D. radfen (Danneil), G. To Recant. It ricantare, to sing
raffºn, to scrape or rake. again. Fr. deschamfer, to recant, unsay.
Rebeck. Bret. rebet, rebed, Fr. re Receipt.—Recipe. Receipt, a medi
&eque, rebebe, reberàe.—Roquef. It ri cine prepared for the cure of diseases.—B.
&ecca, riffeóða, a crowd, or fidler's kit.— A'eceyte of dyvers thynges in a medicine :
Fl. OE. ričićle. Corrupted from Arab. recepte.—Palsgr. Originally applied to
528 RECENT RECREANT

medicine, the term is extended to signify Lith. rokófi, to say, tell, reckon ; ro
instructions for compounding any other Æðtis, to reckon with oneself, consider;
kind of thing, as a receipt for making rokundas, reckoning, concern ; rokubă,
soap, for tanning leather, &c. reckoning, number, account. Pol. rach
The word is sometimes spelt recipe, ować, to count, reckon ; rachumek, ac
from that word being placed at the head count, reckoning, bill ; rachunki (pl.),
of a physician's instructions for the medi arithmetic ; rachuòa, calculation. Rzed,
cine to be taken by his patient. rzeknað, to say: reece, speech, subject,
Recent. Lat. recens, fresh, new. matter, affair, thing. Esthon. rākima,
Reciprocal. Lat. reciprocus, working rádéma, to speak ; raidklema, to reckon.
to and fro. Fin. raičista, to speak, speak loudly, lo
To Reck.-Reckless. AS. recan, rec quens strepo; raikind, sermocinatio.
can, pr. roſhte, Pl.D. rochen, Du. roecken, Recluse. Fr. reclus, Lat. recludo, re
rochten, OHG. rohjan, ruachen, OSax. clusum. The classical sense of the Lat.
rokean, ruokean, to reck, regard, care, word is to set open ; the E. & Fr. words
care for ; Pl.D. rôkeloos, Du. reukelos, G. take a sense nearly opposite.
ruchlos, reckless. ON. raºja, to care, to To Recoil. Formerly written recule
take care of; afrākyaz, to neglect; rakſa or recuil, Fr. reculer, to draw back,
veidºſang, to attend to fishing; raºjandi, from cul, the rump.
qui curam gerit, curator. Hvat rakir Recondite. Lat. recondo, reconditum,
thik 2 cujus rei rationem habes? quid to hide or lay up apart.
curae tibi est? OHG. rudhha, röka, care. Reconnoitre. Fr. recommaître, to ex
Lith. rupéti, to concern. A as tai ſaw amine carefully, Lat. recognoscere, to take
rup', what does that concern you? Rupus, notice of again.
careful ; rupinti, to take care of ; me Record. Lat. recordari, to call to
rufus, reckless, careless. mind; from cor, cordis, the heart.
With regard to the origin we can only To Recoup. To diminish by keeping
suggest with great reserve Du. raaken, to
back a part as a claim for damages.—
touch, to hit, thence to concern, to re Worcester. Fr. recouper, to cut again
gard. Dingen die my raaken, things in order to correct the fault of a first
which concern me. Hy wierd door haar cutting.—Trevoux.
elende geraakt, he was touched by her To Recover. Fr. recouvrer, It. ri
misery. Wat raakt u dat? what does coverare, Lat. recuperare, to recover
that concern you, what is that to you ? or get again. This verb, which has no
Compare Sc. Quhat raik 2 what does it derivation in Lat., would seem to find its
signify, what do I care 2 explanation in Swab. Kober, E. coffer, a
Flatry. I will ga counterfeite the freir, basket, whence Swab. Kočern, erkočern,
Dissait. A freir 1 quhair to ? thow cannot to get, to earn; Bav. erkočern, erkowern
preiche— sich (sich erholen), to recover health or
Flattry. Quhat rak f bot I can flatter and strength. /ræoboran, adipisci.-Otfr.
fleiche.—Lyndsay in Jam. But what glut of the gomes
On the other hand, Lith. rokundas, reck May any good kachen,
oning, is also used in the sense of affair, He will kepen it himself,
concern. Tai mano rokundas, that is And coffrene it faste.—P. P. Creed, 133.
my business. ON. rôé, events, things; Recreant. Mid. Lat. recredere, It. ri
OHG. racha, rahha, thing, cause ; Pol. credere, OFr. recroire, are not to be ex
rzecz, speech, subject, fact, affair, thing. plained as originally signifying to change
See Reckon. one's belief, but to give up, give back the
To Reckon. As recan, reccean, to subject of dispute, to give in, to yield, to
say, recite, tell, number, reckon. Ic mag fail. “Cum Blancha comitissa Campaniae
reccan, I can relate. Bigspell reccan, to cepisset et captum teneret dilectum et
tell a parable. Areccan of Laedene on fidelem meum H, ipsa per preces et re
Englisc, to translate from Latin into uisitionem mean illum mihi recredidif
English. Gereccean thankas, to give delivered him up to me] tali pacto quod
thanks. Racce, narration, account, speech. ego cepi super meet eidem dominae meas
OHG. rahha, res, ratio, causa, fabula ; concessi, sicut homo suus ligius, quod
rahhon, rachon, rechen, gerechen, to say, infra quindenam quam ab ipsá inde fuero
tell, interpret ; Goth. rahmjam, to count, requisitus praedictum H illi reddam in
account, reckon ; faura-rahmſan, to pre suá captione apud Pruvinum.”—Docu
fer; Pl.D. reken, rekenen, G. rechmen, to ment A.D. 121 1 in Carp. “L’evesque de
reckon. Chartres me requist fist le roy que je li
 RECRUIT REEF 529
feisse recroire ce que je tenois du sien.”— -rigo, to drive, cause motion in, guide.
Joinville, ibid. But it was often used for A'ectus, right, straight, driven to a cer
virtually giving up or acknowledging the tain point. Dirigo, to guide between,
right to be in another, and giving pledges aim at one among several points, to order,
for actual delivery when required. Æed arrange ; ergo, to rear up, raise from out
dere vel recredere is to give actual pos of ; forrigo, to stretch forward ; corrigo,
session, or to give security for delivery in to straighten, to bring to agree with a
due season. “Cognoscentesque rei veri pattern, &c. See Reach, Regal.
tatem atque comprobationem statim se Recumbent. Lat. recumbo; cumbo,
recrediderunt,’ they gave in. ‘Tassilo cubo, to lie down. Gr. rāmro, to stoop.
venit per semetipsum tradensque se in Red. Goth. rauds, ON. raudr, w.
manus domini regis Caroli in vassaticum, rhwala, Lat. rufi/us, Gr. ºpuðpóc.
et recredidit se in omnibus se peccasse Redan.—Redent. In fortification, an
[he gave himself up as having been alto indented work with salient and re-enter
gether in the wrong] et mala egisse, ing angles.—B.
denuo renovans sacramenta.”—Annales Redeem.—Redemption. Lat. redi
Francorum A.D. 787 in Duc. mo, redemptiºn, re, again or back, emo,
* Quando i vescovi del tempio viddero to buy.
che 'l resi ricredea d’andare a adorare i Redolent. Lat. redo/eo, to give out a
loro Iddei si ebbero grande paura: ' when smell; oleo, to smell. -

the priests saw that the king gave up Redoubt. Fr. reduite, It. ridotto, Sp.
worshipping their gods. “I Fiorentini reducto, reduto, a blockhouse, or little
ordinarino di fare armata in mare per fort, within which soldiers may retire on
fare ricredenti i Pisani della loro arro occasion. It riducere, ridurre, Fr. re
ganza :' to make the Pisans abate their duire, reduit, to bring back; reduit, a
arrogance.—La Crusca. place of retiral.
Ne direz ja que failliz seie, Redound.—Redundant. Lat. redun
Ne que de valeir me recreie. dare, to overflow, rise above the banks;
Chron, des duck de Norm. 1. 418.
re and unda, a wave.
You shall not say that I am failed, nor Reed. Du. riet, OHG. hriot, AS. hreod.
that I have given up my valour. Probably named from their rustling or
The active and passive participles, It. whispering sound. Du. rijsselen, rijtelen,
ricredente, ricreduto, Fr. recréant, recreu, susurare, levi strepitu moveri.-Biglotton.
were used in general of one who yields in Fin. ryfista, to rustle, to sound lightly as
battle, and especially of the beaten party a reed breaking ; zyfi, reed, sedge. So
in a judicial combat. from kahaſa, to rustle as a mouse among
Vedrai, in uno stante o vivo o morto straw, to whisper as the wind among reeds;
Ricredente il faro ; datti conforto : Æahi/a, reed. So also ON. reyra, stridere,
in one instant alive or dead I will make fremere (Egils.); AS. Areran, to agitate;
him give in. “E se tu mi vinci, rimarrö ON. reyr, reyrr, a reed.
vostro ricredenſe siccome il cavalier che Reef-Riff. 1. A ridge of rocks pro
combatte il torto :' and if you conquer jecting above the water. G. rauſe (from
me I will remain at your mercy like the railſºn, to pluck), provincially raiſ, :
champion who fights for the wrong. The (Westerwald), railſ:/, reſº/, riffel (Küttn.),
formula to be pronounced by the cham a kind of fixed comb through which the
pion undertaking a duel is given in the flax or hemp is drawn, to pluck off the
Assises de Jerusalem. “Jesuis prest de heads of seeds ; ON. hºriſa, a rake. Du.
le prouver de mon corps contre le sien, rieze, rieffº, a rake or comb.-Kil. From
et le rendrai mort ou recreſant en une the figure of a comb the term raiſ, reſſ,
heure dou jour, et véez cymon gage.’— is in Swabia applied to a row of long pro
Duc. . Thus recreamt became a term of jecting teeth. Westerwald zahmrahſ, a gap
abuse of the utmost infamy, equivalent to in the teeth; raffel, raiſe/, 2ahn-rdſ:/, a
poltroon, coward, convicted traitor. Cow broken-toothed person. The comparison
ard, recréant.—Palsgr. to a row of broken teeth is equally ap
Recruit. From Fr. recroisſ, a re-in plicable to a ridge of rocks.
crease, a new or second growth ; recrois The whole fleet was lost on a riff or ridge of
rocks that runs off from the isle of Aves.—Dam
tre, to grow or spring up again.—Cot.
pier in R.
To recruit, to supply or fill up, to re
inforce.—B. Bav, riffºn, riff:/n, to ripple flax; riffº/,
Rect-. -rect.—Bector. Lat. rego, rec a jagged ridge of rocks. OHG. riffi/a,
zum, to direct, rule, govern ; in comp. serra.-Gl. in Schm. Compare Sp.sierra,
34
530 REEK REGATTA

a saw, a ridge of mountains and craggy To Refrain. Lat. franum, a bridle;

rocks, standing out like the teeth of a refracno, to curb in, to hold back.
saw against the sky. Refulgence. Lat. /u/geo, ſit/si, to
In Du. riſ, riffº, the term is improperly shine.
extended to a projecting sand-bank or * Refuse. It riſiuſare, rifusare, Sp.
spit of sand. Sw, re/, reef of rocks, sand refusar, rehusar, Fr. reſuser. The word
bank. is explained by Diez as arising from a
2. A reef, Du. reeſ, riſ, is a row of short mixture of Lat. recusare and refuſare, but
ropes stretching across a sail for the pur it can hardly be necessary to resort to so
pose of tying the strip of sail above the reef doubtful a plan of origination. We have
up to the yard, and so diminishing the size Prov, refutz, reſuf, reſui (Fr. reſus), re
of the sail. When loose they hang against fusal, contempt, disdain ; reſudar, reſuv
the sail like the teeth of a comb, from dar, refitsar, Piedm. rifudé, to refuse ;
whence apparently the name. A'if or Castrais raft/ſ, raſus, refusal; rafuda,
riſt inbinden, to take in a reef-Kil. ra/usa, to refuse. ‘A’e/used his wife, di
To Reek. To smoke, to steam. AS. 'ºd her.—Capgrave Chron. 245. See
rºc, ON. reyār, G. rauch, Du. rook, smoke. -fute.
To Reel. To move unsteadily like a Regal.—Regent. —Beign.-Royal.
drunken man, to turn round ; Sc. reile, to Lat. rego, to govern, gives rear, regis, and
roll the eyes. The formation of the word thence It. re, OFr. rei, Fr. roi, a king;
may be explained by Swiss riegeln, to regnum, Fr. regue, a kingdom, reign ;
rattle, then to wriggle, swarm ; Bav. regner, to reign. Sanscr. rāg, to govern ;
rige/n, to set in motion, to shake, stir; raigan, a king ; rajni (Lat. regina), a
rogeſ, roglet, loose, shaky ; N. rigga, queen; rajaté, royalty. The radical sense
rugga, to shake, rock; rigſa, rug/a, to of the word, to guide or direct, appears in
be loose, to waver, totter; Sw. rag/a, to the Lat. compounds. See Rect-.
reel, stagger, move in zigzags. In like To Regale. Sp. rega/ar, to make
correspondence to E. wriggle we have good cheer, to make much of, to gratify,
Sc. wreil, to turn about. caress, entertain; rega/arse, to fare sump
tuously, to take pleasure in, also to melt.
Quha is attaichit unto ane staik we se P/umblem rega/alum is explained by Pa
May go no forther, but wrell ahout that tre. pias Ziyuefactum. It is not easy to under
D. V. 8. 27.
stand why Diez should separate the word
The Scotch reel is a dance in which three from It. gala, good cheer; Fr. galler, to
or four dancers in a row twist in and out entertain with sport, game, or glee–Cot.,
round each other. It is known in Nor gaſer, se rejouir.—Roquef. It has already
way and Denmark under the same name been shown that the latter forms spring
of ril or riel, Gael. 77ghi/. from the image of floating or swimming
To reel silk or thread is to wind it in delight. It ga/are, to float, might be
round an appropriate implement, so as used to explain Sp. rega/ar, as signifying
to make a skein of it. Gael. ruidhi/, to cause to float or swim, then to melt.
The connection between the ideas of
zuidh/e, ruid//ichean, a reel, probably
from the E. melting and of enjoyment may be illus
The designation of a broken or con trated by a quotation from Spenser given
under Gala.
fused motion is commonly taken from
the representation of a sound of like cha Long thus he lived slumbring in sweet delight,
racter, and it may be that reel is not so Bathing in liquid joys his melted sprite.
much a contraction of forms like the fore Regard. It riguardare, Fr. regarder,
going as a parallel form, originally, like It. guardare, to look. See Guard.
them, a direct representation of sound. Regatta. It regafa, regatta, a boat
Sc. reiling, a loud clattering noise, con race much used at Venice.—Vanzoni.
fusion, bustle; reiſ, a confused motion. Sunt et alia spectacula a pluribus saeculis
—Jam. Supp. Pl. D. zaſ/en, to make a usitata Florentiae, Senae, Venetiis, vide
noise as children at play ; Dan. dial. licet, il gioco del calcio, le regatſe, &c.—-
raale, role, to cry ; Dan. wraale, to bawl, Murat. Diss. 29, 853. It rigaţţa, any
squawl. striving or struggling for the mastery, a
Reeve. The bailiff of a franchise or play among children called musse (hide
manor.—B. AS. gereſa, ON. greji, a pre and seek); rigaſ/are, to contend for the
fect, governor; Du. graeſ, greeve, G. graſ, victory, to wrangle or shift for, to cog and
count. In composition, shire-reeve, or lie craftily.—Fl. Brescian regata, strife,
sheriff, port-reeve, borough-reeve. scramble ; fare a regata, fare a ruffa
 REGIMEN RELAY 531
raffa, to scramble for anything.—Melchiori.
to haggle, to huckster. Wall. halcoter, to
Venet. regetare, fare a gara.-Patriarchi.joggle, to haggle.—Grandg. Sp. regatear
Sp. regate, a quick turn to avoid a blow ;
is also to riggle or move sideways, to
regatear, to wriggle, to shuffle, to haggle.
shuffle in business. See Regatta.
Sw. dial. ragata, to be noisy, to make aRegret. Properly to lament, then to
disturbance. grieve for. I mone as a chylde doth for
Regimen.— Regiment. Lat. regi the wanting of his nourse, je regrete.—
men, regimentum, government. Medical Palsgr. A'egreſſer was also to scold.
regimen is the government of one's diet, Que Madame m'a fait regret
&c., under medical directions. A regi Que j’ai affaitié mon chiennet.
ment, a body of men under one command. , Fab. et Contes, 4.319.
See Regal. Grafe, reprimande.—Pat. de Champ. ON.
Region. Lat. regio, -nis, a tract of graſſ/r, weeping, lamentation ; Sc. greet,
country. From rego. to cry.
Register. Lat. regero (gero, to carry), Regular.—Regulate. Lat. regula, a
to cast back, cast up again ; reges/um, rule or ruler, a pattern for guidance in
earth cast up out of a trench ; whence drawing lines. From rego, to direct or
fig. reges/a, and corruptly registra, notes govern.
of things thrown together in a memoran To Rehearse. Fr. rehercer, to repeat
dum book, a .register. what one has already said. – Roquef.
Regesta, -orum, res multae in unum collectae, Properly to go over again like a harrow
et in tabulas et commentarios relatae, quas vulgo (Fr. Aerce) over a ploughed field.
registra dicunt.—Vopiscus in Forcell. I regyster, Et si le rois o lui conseille
I put a thyng in writynge in a booke of recorde.
—Palsgr. Moltait bien overte l'oreille,
Que ne lui covient hercier,
Regrator. A huckster, or one who Ce que le rois livelt chargier.
Fab. et Contes, 2. 161.
trimmeth up old wares for sale; but it is
commonly taken for him who buys and —it is not fitting to go over the ground
sells any wares or victuals at the same again, to make the king repeat his charge.
market, or within five miles thereof.-B. The same met. is seen in ON. Ariſa, a
Fr. regrat, sale of salt by retail; mar rake, also iteration. Hann kalladi uppi
chandises de regrat, trumpery goods /izz/it, clamitabat. To rake, to repeat a
bought to sell again; regrafter, to haggle, tale.--Hal. Gael. rāc, rake, rehearse, re
to sell salt in small quantities. C'est un peat.—Armstrong.
homme qui regrate sur tout, who haggles Reign. See Regal.
at the most trifling article; regraſſier, a Rein. Fr. resne, reine, the reigne of a
huckster, broker. Regrazier de sel, de bridle.—Cot. OFr. regne, Prov. regns,
vivres, &c. regna, It. redina, Ptg. redea, rein, bridle.
Commonly explained from Fr. graſſer, According to Diez from refinere, to hold
to scratch, through its supposed com 1Il.

pound regrater, to dress, mend, scour, Bret. reſt, direction, government; rºma,
furbish, trim or trick up an old thing for to direct, govern, guide ; ranjen, remjen,
sale.—Cot. The difficulty is that it is reln.

hardly possible to separate Fr. rºgrazier Reins.—Renal. Lat. ren, remis, the
from It. rigaţiere, a huckster, retailer, re kidneys.
grater, or such a one as at a cheap rate Relative. Lat. relativus, from reſero,
engrosseth commodities and then sells relatum, to bring back, refer.
them very dear.—Fl. Æigaţiere also, like Relay. A relay of dogs or horses is a
Fr. regratier, signifies a broker or fur supply of fresh animals posted to relieve
bisher up of old things for sale. Sp. re and take the place of a tired set. The
gafero, regatºn, a huckster, a retailer. explanation of the word is not to be found
The two forms, with and without the r, in the notion of laying on the fresh
are found side by side in Limousin regro animals, but in the release or dismissal of
taire, recofaire, a corn badger, or one who the old. It, rilasciare, to release, to ac
buys corn at a cheap market to sell it at quit or discharge ; rilascio, riſasso, a re
one worse supplied.—Beronie. Fr. Flan lease or discharging. Cani di ri/asso,
ders haricotier (Vermesse, Hécart), a fresh hounds laid for a supply set upon a
huckster, broker, seems to be another deer already hunted by other dogs.-Fl.
form of the same word, corresponding to Fr. chevaux de relais, horses layed in cer
Bayonne haricoſer, to haggle, as Sp. re tain places on the highway for the ease of
gatero to regatear, recalear, Ptg. regatar, those one hath already rid hard on. A
34 *
532 RELEASE RENOWN

relais, spared, at rest, that is not used. pºwdouai, perf. pºp valuat, to remember. From
A'elayer, to succeed in the place of the the root men (signifying think) of mens,
weary, to relieve or ease another by the mind. -

undertaking of his task.-Cot. Relays, Remonstrate. Mid. Lat. remons frare:

chose delaissée, abandonnée.-Roquef. re and monstrare, to show, point out.
Release. To release is to let loose, to Remorse. Lat. mordeo, morsum, to
let go the hold one has on anything. bite; remodero, to bite again, to torment
Lat. relarare, to slacken ; It. ri/asciare, or grieve one. An old English treatise
to relax, release, relinquish ; Fr. re/aisser, on the Remorse of Conscience is called
to relinquish, forego again. See Lease. the Againbite of Inwit. -

Relent. Fr. ra/en/ir, It. ra//en/are, Remote. Lat. remotus, from removed,
Lat. reſentesco, to grow soft and limber ; to move back, away.
Jenſus, supple, pliable. Remunerate. Lat. munus, -eris, a
Relevant. Tending to support the gift, recompense.
cause, important to the matter in question. To Rend. ON. rām, rapine; rana, to
Lat. relevo, to lift up again. seize by violence, plunder. E. dial. ran,
Relic.—Relict. — Relinquish. Lat. force, violence.—Hal. The radical image
finquo, to leave ; relinguo, re/ic/um, to is the sound accompanying violent action,
leave behind ; religitia, Fr. religite, relick, produced by giving way of opposition
remains. Lith. Zykus, overplus, remain before it. Examples of the representation
der ; /ī//i, to remain over. See Eleven. of such a noise by the syllable ran are
Relief–To Relieve. Lat. relevare, to given under Random. We may add
lighten, to raise or lift up, to relieve from Gael. rām, roar, shriek, make a noise; It.
a burden, render more tolerable, refresh. ranto, the noise made in the throat by
It. riſeware, riſievare, to raise, lift up difficult breathing ; ranfo/are, ranſacare,
again, to work raised or embossed work; to hawk or keck.
to comfort, to cure or recover again ; The resemblance between the harsh
riſevo, relievo, any uprising or uptaking, sounds produced in the throat when op
any raising or advancing, any ease or re pressed by phlegm and the sound of tear
lief, also any raised or embossed work; ing is witnessed by Gael. rāc, a crash,
also leavings, remainders or scraps of the noise of cloth in the act of tearing, of
anything (what is taken up after a meal). a scythe in the process of mowing, com
—Fl. It, riſievo, Fr. re/ie/, E. re/ie/, was pared with N. raºja, to hawk ; Picard.
also the duty paid by the heir to his lord raquer, to spit; and by Bret. straž, noise,
on taking up the inheritance of a deceased crack, crash ; Gael. srdc (for straž), tear,
anceStor. rend, rob, spoil; It stracciare, to tear,
Religion. Lat. religio. compared with Grisons scracchiar, Sicil.
Relinquish. See Relic. scraccair, to spit.
Relish. Savour, enjoyment of food. To Render.—Rent. Lat. reddere (re
CentralFr. relicher, to lick; se re/ic/ier, dare), It. rendere, Fr. rendre, to give up, to
to show enjoyment by licking one's chaps yield. It, rendita della terra, the fruits
again. Il a trouvé ce plat si bon qu'il of the earth ; what it annually yields;
s'en re/iche. —Jaubert. The Academy ſendita, rendiſe (Fr. rente), revenues, in
uses the expression s'en /čcher les babines. comes, yearly rents, land profits.-Fl.
Reluctant. Lat. Zucta, a wrestling; Renegade. It. rinnegato, Sp. zene
reluctor, to struggle against. gado, one who renounces his faith, an
To Rely. To rest or repose upon— apostate, a wicked, perverse person; rene
R., properly to look to for rest or repose; gare (Lat. negare), to deny, disown, then
not from E. to lie, but Fr. relayer, to ease to blaspheme, to curse. See Runagate.
another by an undertaking of his task; Rennet.—Bunnet. The membrane
se relayans /'un /'autre, easing one an of a calf's stomach for curdling milk. G.
other by turns.—Cot. To re/y on one gerinnen, Du. rennen, rinzren, runnert
then is to look to him for a relay. (Kil.), to run together, to coagulate, curdle;
To Remain. Lat. maneo, to wait, reſisal, rinsa/, runsa/ (Kil.), OE. ren/ys or
stay, stick ; remaneo, to continue, to be rend/ys (reneſs, P.) for mylke, coagulum.
left after. —Pr. Pnn.
Remedy. See Medicine. Renown. Fr. renom, renommée, re
Remember. Lat. rememoror, to call nown, fame. Sp. renomēre, surname,
to memory. See Memory. epithet added to the name of a person,
Reminiscence. Lat. reminiscor, me renown, reputation ; renom&rar, to give
mini, to remember. Gr. up wiłakouai, a name, to render famous. The nasal
 REPAIR REREMOUSE 533
sound of the final m and m in Fr. being tleton. Christ suffered many reprevynges
unknown in E. was represented indiffer for us.-Mandeville in Hall. Aleprevyn,
ently by m or n. Thus Fr. nom, a name, reprehendo, redarguo.—Pr. Prm. The re
became E. moun, a substantive, and the Arieve of a criminal must be an elliptical
word was written in the same way in our expression for the disallowing of the sen
Norman Fr. Les mouns de lour nief, tence.
barge, balengere, &c. : the names of their Reprimand. Fr. reprimande, Sp. re
ship, &c.—Stat. H. v. c. 6. On the other primenda. Explained from Lat. repri
hand, renown was often written with mere, to repress, snub, or keep under
an 772. (Litt.), analogous to Fr. offrande, an offer
Her name was Rosiphele, ing, from offrir. On that principle repri
Which was of grete renome.—Gower. menda should signify a fault, but it does
Go to then, O thou far renowmed son not appear in Latin in that sense.
Of great Apollo.—F. Q. Reprisal. It ripresaglia, whence Fr.
represaiſle, E. reprisa/,
Repair. 1. Lat. reparare, Fr. reparer, dere, reprensus, to take from Lat. repren
back again.
to get again, to restore, recover, renew. Reproach. Fr. Sp. reproche, It. rim
2. Fr. parer, to ward off, leads to It. froccio, Prov. refroſche, reproach, blame,
riparo, a defence, shelter, place of refuge; outrage. Explained by Diez as equiva
Fr. repaire, a lodging, haunt, den of a lent to a Lat. re/ropiare º
beast, and thence repairer, to haunt, fre Fr. aft/rocher for appropiare), from prope,
to

quent, lodge in a certain place, giving near ; to bring a man's actions before
rise to E. repair, to resort to, to return as him, to twit him with them.
to one's den.
But refro/fare, to bring near, is
Repartee. Fr. repartie, an answering from having the force of G. vorwerſºn,far
blow in fencing, &c., and thence, a return cast before one. And though no doubttoa
of or answer in speech, a reply.—Cot. difficult step remains to be supplied,
Partir, to set out, start with impetuosity, seems more probable that the origin is to it
to go off as a gun ; partir d'un éclat de be found in It. brobbio, from of probrium,
rire, to burst out laughing. Thus re/ar reproach, disgrace. Mi disse mille brob
tee is a prompt reply. ôň, he covered me with abuse. Aºimbroö
Repast. Lat. Aascor, to feed ; pastus, &lare, rimôroggiare, or rimffro/piare,
food.
rim/rocciare. The intermediate form
To Repeal. Fr. rappeler (Lat. re-aft rimièroccio is vouched by Florio. The
fellare, to call back), to revoke or make change from ēēi to ggi is exemplified in
void.
abóia, aggia, may have, while that from
Repeat.—Repetition. Lat. repeto, ggi to cei is seen in staggia, staccia, a
repetitum, to ask back, go over again. lath.-Fl.
Repertory. Lat. repertorium, an in Reprobate.—Reprove. See -prove.
ventory, from reperio, reperſum, to find, Repudiate. Lat., reſidium, a putting
meet with.
away one's wife. This, like pudor, shame,
To Repine. Properly to feel dissatis and reſuſo, to reject, refuse, is probably
faction, then to express it. one of the words derived from the inter
Then the knyght retourned again to them and jection ſu / or fu / expressing in the first
shewed the kynges wordes, the whiche gretly en instance disgust at a bad smell, then dis
couraged them, and refoymed [se repentirent in
that they had said to the king as they did.—Ber like and rejection. G. an//uien, verp
ner's Froissart in R. ſident, to cry fie upon, to reject. By a
similar
From It. repugmere, Fr. repoindre, to back, tofigure the Lat. has respuo, to spit
refuse. -

prick again. Repugnant. Lat. repugnare, to con

Now when they heard this they were pricked in trary one ; pugno, to fight. See Pugilist.
their heart (weren compunct in herte.—Wicliff). Requiem. Lat. requies, rest, repose,
—Acts ii. 37.
the accus, of which is requiem, the initial
IReplenish.-Replete. Lat. rºft/eo, word of the service for the dead, whence
repletum, to fill full. See Plenary. the term is taken.
Replevy. See Pledge. Reremouse. As. hreremus, a bat,
Reprehend. Lat, reprehendo, to lay equivalent to G. fittermaus, from the flut
hold on, blame, rebuke. See -prehend. tering of his wings, from AS. hreran, ON.
* Reprieve. Reprieve or repreve is hraºra, to move. At hraºra tungu, to
OFr. reprover, repreuver, from Lat. re wag the tongue; —sverd, to brandish a
probare, to disallow, reject, mislike.—Lit sword.—Egils,
534 RESCIND RET

Rescind. Lat. rescindo, to cut off, of verb, Sp. surfir, to spring as water
abolish. - (Taboada), Ptg. surfir, to fly, to soar,
Rescue. OE. rescotts, rescow, from Cat. surfir, to spring up, Fr. sortir, to go
OFr. rescottyr, rescourre, to recover, re. out. To resort to a thing is to have re
deem, deliver; whence rescotts, recovered; source to it, to comeback to it as the source
rescoueur, one who redeems goods from or supply of what is wanting to meet the
the hands of creditors. It, riscuofere emergency.
(Lat. re-excuſere), to fetch a thing out of Al I refuse but that I might resorte
pawn, to exact payment ; risquoterst, to Unto my love, the well of goodlihede.
- Chaucer.
escape; riscossa, exaction of payment, The same met. sense is found in Prov.
recovery, retaking, rescuing, deliverance. ressorſ.
—Altieri. Lat. eacutere, to tear from,
Contra mort ressort ni cubatura.
take away by force, to which corresponds
OFr. escourre, to beat corn from the chaff, —against death there is neither resource
as rescourre to riscuolere. nor protection.
Resemble. From Lat. similis, like, Respite. Breathing time, delay, for
similare or simulare, to make like, to bearance.—B. From Lat. respectus, It.
initate; It. semhiare, sembarre, Fr. semi ris/c//o, Prov. res/jeg, respeiſ, Fr. respiſ,
bler, to seem ; Prov. resemblar, Fr. ras regard, consideration, expectation, then
sembler, It. rassembrane, to resemble. respite, delay. “Tout prent sans nul
Resort.—Resource. To resort, to re respit avoir : * takes everything without
pair or betake oneself to. Resource, some regard for any consideration.—Fab. et
thing to apply back to for succour.—B. Contes, 4. 445. ‘Mando vobis ut respec
Fr. resortir, ressortir, to issue, go forth fetis benedictionem usque ad Pascham : ”
again, to resort, repair, to appeal from an should delay the blessing until Easter.—
inferior to a superior court. En dernier Eadmer. “Etainsi fut respoitiegli allers
ressort, finally, without further appeal. a Adrenople a cele fois :” was put off.-
Sans mul resort, without delay.—Fab, et Villehardouin. -

Contes, II. Respond.—Response. Lat. spondeo,

Diez would explain the meaning from to promise, engage for; respondeo, to
It. sortire, to obtain or acquire, whence anSWer.
risorfire would signify to get back, to re Rest. Two words are confounded.
cover, and thence to betake oneself to, I. From Lat. restare, to remain, to re
on the same principle on which ricove sist, stand firm, hold out; Fr. rester, to
rarsi signifies to have recourse to, to fly remain ; reste, a remainder; It restare,
to for help. But risortire does not appear to remain, abide, or stay still in one place,
ever to have been used in the sense of to cease from, to leave or be left over
recover, and we have no occasion for this plus.
hypothetical explanation. 2. From G. rast, Du, ruste, raste, ease,
The truth is, that Fr. ressort and res quiet, repose. -

source are parallel forms with the same Restive.—Resty. It restio, restiva,
general meaning more or less directly resty, drawing back, loth to go as some
derived from Lat. surgere, to rise. Hence horses, by met. slow, lazy.—Fl. Fr. restiſ,
It sorgere, ppl. sorto, Fr. sourdre, ppl. stubborn, drawing backward, that will
sors, sours, to rise, spring, come out of ; not go forward.—Cot. From Lat. restare.
se resourdre, to spring up again, recover, Restore. Lat. restaurare, to repair,
come to one's former estate or vigour; remake. See Store.
resours, raised, recovered, got up again; Result. Lat. resulfo, to leap back ;
ressource, a new spring, recovery, up re and sulfo, a freq. of salio, to leap.
rising, also refuge for succour. — Cot. Resurrection. Lat. resurrectio, from
From the other form of the participle, resurgo, resurrectum, to rise again ; re
sorto, surto, are formed Cat. surt, a bound and surgo, to rise.
or spring ; Ptg. surto, the spring upwards To Ret. To rait timber, to set it to
of a bird, Fr. essort, essour, essor, source, soak.-Ray. Hay is raiſed when it has
spring, flight; ressort, spring, elasticity, been much exposed to wet and dry.—
the spring which moves a piece of me Hal. G. rôstem, Pl.D. rāthen, Du. rotten
chanism, and thence metaphorically, re or roofen het vlasch, to ret flax, to steep
source, supply of needful power. Il a it in water in order to separate the fibre
fait jouer tous ses ressorts, he has used by incipient rotting. Rettyn' tymber,
all his means, resources.—Tarver. From hempe, or other lyke, rigo, inſundo.—Pr.
the substantive arises a secondary form Pnn.
 RETAIL RHYME 535
The word is a mere modification of awake, not to watch or sit up late. The
rot. Sw, rota, N. royfa, to rot, putrefy, real origin is in the notion of noisy merry
decay, to ret flax. ſoyte uſf Alaºda, to making. Swiss röffeln, to clatter, make a
rot clothes by much exposure to wet. disturbance; grâ/e/, rååſeſe, disturbance,
Röyte hamp, skinn, to set hemp or skins uproar, confusion; rabe/Kilth, nocturnal
to soak in order to loosen the fibre in assembly of young people. Bret... riº/a,
the one case and the hair in the other ; to revel, lead a dissipated life. Champ.
røyfa, rottenness, long continuance of rið/er, to be out at night, lead a debauched
wet weather in which corn is in danger life; reve/, noise, disturbance, gaiety;
of rotting, also the steeping or stripping reveau.r, pleasures, debauches.
of goods. Plains est de joie et de revel.-Roquef.
Retail. Fr. retail, a shred or small
piece cut from a thing.—Cot. Tailler, to Du. ravelen, ravee/eſt, aestuare, fluctuare,
Cut. -
et circumcursare et delirare, insanire,
Retaliate. Fr. faſion, a pain equal to furere.—Kil. With a change of termina
the harm done; retalionné, requited or tion, ravoſten, tumultuari et luxuriari, po
paid back with the like.—Cot. Lat. taſis, pinari, to riot, romp. Connected forms
such. are Du. rabòe/en, to gabble ; Swiss ra/-
To Retch. It recere, Lang. raca, to ſe/n, to rattle ; Gael. ramh/air, a noisy
vomit. AS. hraecan, Picard. raguer, N. fellow ; ram/l/aireachd, play or sport.
raºja, to retch, hawk, spit. ON. hraki, Revenge. Fr. revanche, requital, re
spittle ; Du. rachelen, to cough, to hawk venge. See Vengeance.
and spit; Bret. roc'ha, roc'he/ſa, to snore, Revenue. Fr. revenir, to come back,
to breathe with difficulty. It recere l'ani to profit or yield increase; revenue, a re
ma, to breathe one's last, expresses the turn or coming again ; revenue de bois,
stertorous breathing of the death-bed. the new springing of wood after it has
The origin is a representation of the been lopped or felled.—Cot. In like
harsh raking noise made in forcing the manner revenue is applied to the yearly
breath through passages encumbered with income from property in general.
viscous secretions. -
Revere. — Reverend. Lat. wereor,
Reticent. See Tacit. revereor, to stand in awe of.
Reticulate. Lat. reticulatus, made in Reverie. When ideas float in our
the form of a (rete) net. mind without any reflection or regard of
Retinue. Fr. reſenir, to retain or hold the understanding, it is that which the
land of a superior ; reſentee, a holding, a French call resverie, our language has
train of retainers or persons holding of or scarce a name for it.—Locke. Aesver,
dependent upon one. to rave, dote, speak idly; resveier, a
To Retire. Fr. retirer, to draw back; dotard or dreaming fop.–Cot. See Rave.
firer, It. Zirare, to draw, pull, strike ; Revulsion. Lat. revulsio, a plucking
tiro, a throw, draught, stroke. Identified back ; wello, vulsum, to pull or pluck.
by Diez with Goth. tairan, to tear, on the Rhapsody. Gr. 6alpótá, a portion of
principle on which we use fear for any an epic poem for recitation at one time ;
violent action ; to fear a paper down, to 64tro, to stitch or link together, and ºn,
tear along the road. It must always be a song.
remembered that the original image from Rhetoric. Gr. Öhrwp, an orator; # ºn
whence an expression is taken will com Topix.) (réxvn), the art of the public
monly appear a gross caricature of the speaker.
thing signified. Rheum-.—Rheumatism. Gr. ºtiua,
Retreat. Fr. retraite corresponding £evuartröc.; from flºw, to flow, the idea
to a Lat. refracta, from retrahere, retrac being that there was an undue flow of
tum, to withdraw. rheum, or humour, through the part af
To Retrench. Fr. retrancher, to cut fected by the disorder termed Rheumatism.
off. See Trench. Rhinoceros. Gr. Öivókspoc, piv, the
To Retrieve. To recover, get again. snout, nose, and répac, a horn.
See Contrive. Rhomboid. Lat. rhombus, Gr. 56p3oc,
Retro-. Lat. retro, backwards, behind. a lozenge, and slēoc, form, fashion.
Reveal. Lat. reve/are, to disclose, as Rhyme. It. rima, Fr. rime, G. reim.
if by throwing back (ve/um) a veil. Diez objects to the derivation from Gr.
Revel. Commonly referred to Fr. re Évêuác, measurg, proportion, regular move
veiller, to waken, as if signifying one who ment, metre, rhythm, that it would have
keeps late hours. But reveiller is to given rise to an It. rimmo or remmo in
 536 RIB RID

stead of rima, and he is more inclined to Ribald. OFr. rāhau//, ribauld, It. ri
OHG. rim, AS. rim, gerim, W. rhiſ, Bret. *a/do, a name applied generally to any
rumm, number. But in Fr., at least, loose character. “Fures, exules, fugitivi,
there is no difficulty in the formation of excommunicati, quos omnes ribaldos Fran
rime from the older spelling rithme, rime cia vulgariter consuevit appellare.’—Matt.
or metre.—Cot. Riſhmai//er (rimailler), Paris in Diez. Du. rabaud, scortator,
to rime paltrily.—Ibid. The term riſh lascivus, nequam, nebulo, mendicus fallax,
micare was used in the sense of versifying aeruscator.—Kil.
long after the introduction of rhyme, and It is probable that the original signifi
it is perfectly natural that rithmus, which cation is nothing worse than a reveller or
signified metrical writing, should gradually noisy companion, from Fr. rabaſter, to
have been applied to the rhyme which rumble, rattle, make a terrible noise, as
became its most striking characteristic.
they say spirits do in some houses.—Cot.
An Ars rithmicamdi written in the 14th Du. ravotten, to riot, racket, lead an up
century begins as follows: Ad habendum roarious life.—Halma. Ravot, revot,
artem rithmicandi et dictaminis notitiam caterva nebulonum et lupanar.—Kil.
sciendum est quid sit rithmus et ex quot In ultimate formation the word is a re
syllabis constare debet—et ubi servanda
presentation of rattle, clatter, analogous
est consonantia [the rhyme]. Rithmus to Piedm. rabadan, noise, uproar, clatter;
or to E. rubaduff, rowdydow, from the last
est consona paritas syllabarum sub certo
numero comprehensarum.—Reliq. Ant. i. of which is formed the American rowdy,
30. As consonantia is used throughout a term exactly synonymous with OFr.
in the sense of rhyme, it seems that cont ri/art/ſaſ.
sona in the latter clause must be under Ribband.—Ribbon. Fr. rubam. From
stood in the sense of rhyming, showing Du. rijghe, riſe, a row or line; righem,
that in the apprehension of the author to string, to lace ; righband, rijghsnoer,
rhyme formed an essential element of righnesſel, a lace, band, tie. Du. mesſe/,
rhythm. a lace or strap, is identical with It. mastro,
Rib. Du. ribbe, a rib, beam, lath, a ribbon.
rafter ; G. rippe, rib ; geriffe, Pl. D. riſ, Rich. Prov, ric, noble, powerful, illus
riff, sceleton.—Brem. Wtb. AS. hriſ, the trious, rich ; Sp. ricos homères, magnates,
intestines, is probably what is contained grandees. Goth, reiks, ruler; reiſſimon,
in the framework of the ribs. Swab. ra/, to rule. ON. rići, realm, power; rižňa,
rafen, rafter or spar of a roof. to reign ; rićdomr, riches. G. reich, em
The radical image seems to be a frame pire, rich, Gael, righ, king; righich,
work of rods or bars, perhaps originally govern. Lat. regere, rer, &c.
from comparison with the parallel teeth Rick. AS. hreac, ON. Araukr, especi
of a comb or rake. G. rauſe, raffel, 77//º/, ally applied to a heap of fuel; hreykia,
an iron comb for plucking off the heads to pile up. , N. rāyk, rauk, a small heap,
of flax-seed; raiſe, Swab. raſ, reſ/, the as of corn-sheaves in the field, or of turf.
rack or lath-work which holds the hay Rickets. Mid. Lat. rachiſis, disease of
for cattle, the cradle of a scythe. G. the spine. Gr. 64xic, the spine.
Aelmreiſe, the grate of a helmet or bars To Rid., ON. hríoda, to clear away;
which protect the mouth-Brem. Wtb. Arodi, rubbish, what is cleared away;
G. rauſe, Bav. rºſ, reſ?, is also a basket hrodit skif, a ship in which all the de
made of rods for carrying on the back ; fenders are killed; riodr, a place cleared
reſtrager, referer, higler, one who carries of wood, in E. commonly called riddings.
about fowls, eggs, butter, &c., on his back Dan, rydale, to grub up, to clear; ryade
for sale. We have the same word in E. of i en s/ue, to set a room to rights;
riff, a panier for carrying fish ; riffer, zydnings-//ad's, a cleared place ; zyade
one who carries about fish for sale. &ort, rydale af veien, to clear away. G.
The foregoing supposition would unite reuſen, Bav. rieden, to clear away, root
w. criò, a comb, criffin, a hay-rake, Bret. out, extirpate ; das ried, geried, rieder,
cribin (as G. rauſe, riffel), a comb for flax, riddings, place cleared of wood and
with G. Krippe, a crib, rack for cattle, any bushes.
framework of rods or beams to be filled Sc. red, to clear away, set in order,
up with earth or stones. Das uſer Ariff clearance, removal of obstructions; red,
£". to fasten a bank with stakes or piles, outred, rubbish.
y which the earth is held together, as Pl.D. redden, G. refſen, Dan. redde, to
the soft parts of the body of an animal save or rescue, seems a wholly different
by the (gerippe) skeleton. word, signifying perhaps to Snatch from
 *
RIDIDLE RIG 537

danger. As. Areddan, rapere, eripere.— Riding. In Domesday, fredºng, one

Lye. of the divisions of three into which the
Riddle. 1. As. Aridae/, hríº'er, G. county of York is broken up. ON.
Thridjungr, N. trial/ung, a third part.
reiter, raider, Bret. ride/, w. rhidy//, Gael.
rideal, a sieve, especially a corn-sieve. The initial t was probably lost, as Müller
From the way in which a sieve is shaken suggests, in consequence of the difficulty
whenever it is used. ON. rida, to tremble; of recognising the sound in the com
As. hrethad/, Du. ridde, a fever or shak pounds Morth-, East-, and West-frithing,
ing sickness; rideren, rifferen, riſe/en, to in which the word would principally
shiver with fever or with cold.—Thes. OCCur.

Ling. Teut. E. dial. to rue, to ree, to sift Rife. Du. rijſ, copious, abundant. ON.
—Hal. ; Sc. ree, a small riddle. Bav. ri/r, rſſlºgr, liberal, munificent; riſka, to
erriderm, to shiver. The primary origin increase. In the N. of E. ripe, prevalent,
seems to be the representation of a rust abundant.— Hal.
ling or rattling sound. G. ra/te/n, to sift. Riffraff. Refuse, dregs, scum of any
Bav. rode/, a tin box with pebbles in it ; thing.—B. Rif and ra/, tag rag and
rode/n, rude/n, to shake, to stir ; G. rift bobtail, every atom, scrapings and all.
teln, to shake, sift, winnow corn. Gr. King Richard it wan and tille his sister it gaf,
rpóraxov, a rattle ; Gael. crith, tremble, The Sarrazins ilk man he slouh alle rif and raſ.
shake, quiver. AS. hriscian, to make a R. Brunne in R.
rustling noise, to shake, frizzle. Il ne lui lairra rif mi raſ, he will strip
2. AS. rade/se, an imagination, a riddle. him of all. On n'y a laissé ni rifle ni
‘Se leasa wena and sio rarde/se thara
raſie, they have swept it all away.-Cot.
dysigra monna :’ the false opinion and It raffola-ruffola, riff-raff, by hook or by
the imagination of foolish men. OHG. crook. Lomb. o de riff o de raff, in one
ratsal, ratisca, ratissa, rāţersch, radis/i, way or another. See Raff.
a riddle. Rat mir dise ratschen, read me Rifle. A rifle is a gun having a barrel
this riddle.
internally grooved or scored in a spiral
Bav. rāfen, G. errathem, rathem, ON. in order to make the bullet revolve. Pl.D.
ráda, to conjecture, divine, make out, riſe/n, to streak, to furrow. Dan. rifle, to
imagine. Rathe was ist das, guess what groove a column. See To Rifle, Rive.
is that. Dan. raade, to divine, devise. To Rifle. Fr. riſler, to rifle, ransack,
Raade bod Aaa, to devise a remedy for. sweep all away before him. Du. riffe/en,
See Read. to scrape, rub, seize. It. rafft, a raffling,
To Ride. ON. reida, to sway, lift, weigh, rifling ; raffio, any hook or crook, a rake,
brandish, move up and down. Zd reidir a drag ; raffo/are, to rake, drag, scrape
*uk, the tide carries the corpse. SAEiff together by hook or by crook; riffo/are,
reidduz, the ships were borne on the ruff tae, to rifle, to filch or pilfer craftily.
waves. A ship rides at anchor when she Lombard ruff, sweepings, dirt. See
is borne up and down by the waves with Raffle.
out changing place. ON. rida, to be Rift. A cleft, chink, crack.-B. From
borne on a horse or in a ship. Rida rize.
Ajöl, to be carried in a ship. To be borne To Rig. * 1. N. rigga, to rig a ves
or carried aloft as a standard, a sword, sel. Perhaps a metaphor from harness
an axe. N. rida, to sway to and fro as a ing a horse. Sw, dial. rigga /d, to har
boat resting on a stone. Du. rijden, to ness a horse. From rygg, the back 2
ride on horseback, to be borne in a car 2. To rig about, to be wanton, to romp;
riage, to slide on the ice. . rig, a wanton, romping girl; riggish,
Parallel with reida and rida are ON.
rampant, ruttish.-B.
Meida, to lead, and lida, to be borne. At The wanton gesticulations of a virgin in a wild
Iida i lofti, to be borne through the air. assembly of gallants warmed with wine, could be
Du. º to slide, to pass by. no other than riggish and unmaidenly.—Bp
-ride. -ris-. Ridicule. Lat. rideo, Hall in R.
ristem, to laugh ; as in Deride, Derision, Probably from the excited movements
Lat. ridiculus, what moves to laughter. of animals under sexual impulse, as in
Ridge. As. hricº, ON. hryggr, Pl.D. dicated under Ramble. N. rugga, rigga,
rugge, Dan, ryg, G. ricken, the back. rigſa, rigſa, to rock or waver; E. wrig
Then anything formed like the back of gle. Manx reagh, ruttish, wanton, merry,
an animal, a long horizontal line from sportive, lecherous; riggan, to rut; rig
which the surface slopes down on either gy/, as E. rig, ridgi/, ridge/ing, a ram
side. imperfectly castrated, and consequently
 538 RIGHT RIME

liable to sexual excitation. To //ay reaks, Of Ragemon upon the chaunce,

to run a rig, to act in an excited manner, She leyeth no peys in the balaunce.
MS. in Hal.
to do something outrageous.
Right. AS. rih/, Goth. raſhts, G. recht, The name of Ragman is given to the
Lat. rectus, straight, stretched out; por devil in P. P., and he is probably made
rigo, to stretch out; dirigo, to stretch to preside at our game as the father of
towards a definite point. Gr. Öpéyw, to sorcery. Sw. raggen, the devil.
stretch. From the strings hanging out at the
The meaning of right is always a end of the roll by which the characters
metaphor more or less direct from were drawn, the name of ragman-roll was
the image of straightness. The right given to any deed with a number of seals
course is that which leads in a straight hanging to it, and especially to the inden
line to the object sought for. Moral tures by which the Scottish Barons were
right is that which has to be done, which made to subscribe allegiance to Ed. I.,
lies in the straight way to satisfy the con and of which a record was kept in four
science. The right hand is the hand it large rolls of parchment preserved in the
Tower. Unum instrumentum sive car
is right to make use of.
Rigid. –Rigour. Lat. rigidus, rigor, tam subjectionis et homagii faciendi re
rigco, to be stiff. ON. rigr, stiffness. gibus Angliae—a Scottis propter muſta
Rigmarole. A repetition of idle words, sigiſla dependentia ragman vocabatur.—
a succession of long foolish stories—Wor Chronicon de Lanercost in Wright.
cester; a confused, unconnected dis Swathai consentyd than
course.—Hal. There can be little doubt And mad upon this a ragman
With mony selis of Lordis, thare
that it is a corruption of ragman-roll, That that tyme at this tretté ware.—Wyntown.
which was used in a very similar sense.
There preached a pardoner as he a priest were,
Tindall—hath in the handling of that one mat Brought forth a bull with many bishops seales;
ter alone utterly destroyed the foundation of all He-raughte with his ragman both ringes and
the heresies they have in their whole raggemans broches.—P. P.
rolle.—Sir T. Moore.
Rill. A trickling stream, from the
In the play of Juditian, Towneley Mys sense of trickling, explained under To
teries, p. 311, Tutivillos, one of the devils Rail, 2.
who had been employed in catching
Aganippe's spring
people sinning, and comes to make his —with soft murmurs gently rilling
report, says: Adown the mountains where thy daughters
Here a role of ragman of the rownde tabille haunt.—Prior.
Of brefſes in my bag, man, of synnes dampnabille.
Pl.D. rille, a little stream or water
The origin of the term has been made course, such as those which the rain
out by Mr Wright in his Anecdota Litte makes in running off meadows, or the
raria. The name was originally given to tide retiring from mud-banks.
a game consisting in drawing characters Rim. AS. rima, margin, edge. The
from a roll by strings hanging out from rime of the sea was used for the surface
the end, the amusement arising from the of the sea.
application or misapplication of the cha
racters to the persons by whom they were The weeds being so long that riding in fourteen
drawn. fathoms water, many times they streamed three
or four fathoms upon the ryme of the sea.—Haw
A roll of this kind, from MS. Fairfax kins' Voyage, p. 116.
16, is printed by Mr Wright: It is perhaps in this sense that the mem
Here begynnyth Ragmane roelle, brane enclosing the bowels is called the
My ladyes and my maistresses echone rim. Sw, and Dan. bryn is used as well
Lyke hit unto your humbyl womanhede,
Resave in gré of my sympill persone in the sense of edge or border as of sur
This rolle, which withouten any drede face. Dan. bryn, the ryme or surface of
Kynge Ragman me bad serve in brede, the sea, also the brow or rim of the eye.
And cristened it the merour of your chaunce. G. augenbraune, the eyebrow, is in other
Drawith a strynge, and that shall streyght you dialects augenbrament. Thus rim, brim,
leyde
Unto the very path of your governaunce. and bryn, must be regarded as radically
identical.
The popularity of the amusement is a border orN.edging. bryning, Dan. bramme,
W. rhim, rhimp,
shown by the familiar allusion of Gower: edge, rim.
Venus whiche stant withoute lawe Rime. G. reiſ, Du. riffe, rijm, Sw.
In non certeyne, but as men drawe rim, hoarfrost. ON. hrim, soot, hoarfrost.
 RIMPLE RISE 539

Bret, frimm, Fr. frimas, mist which and even to animals if they appear to be
freezes in falling. lean, half-starved, or otherwise ill-condi
Rimple. – Rumple. — Ripple. As. tioned.—Hal. A riff of a horse is a thin,
Arympel, Du. rim/e, rimfiel, rompe, rom worn-out horse. Pl.D. riſ, rift, a skele
pe/, a wrinkle, rumple, pucker. Words ton. G. geriºpe, a skeleton. He is een
representing a broken sound are com ri/?, so mager as een riff.-Brem. Wtb.
monly applied to signify a broken move E. rip is also applied metaphorically to a
ment, then a broken, uneven, rugged sur morally ill-conditioned person.
face. The gentle sound of small waves To Rip. 1. To tear. Ultimately de
breaking on the shore is represented by rived from the sound of scratching or
the word rif//e, which is then applied to tearing. See Raffle. ON. hríſa, to scrape,
the uneven surface of the rippling water, to snatch ; rifa, ritºſa, to tear ; Du. roo
and rimple is used in the same sense. pen, reuſen, ru//en, G. rauſen, to pluck;
As gilds the moon the rimpling of the brook. Fr. /riper, to rub, to wear ; /ripon, a rag.
Crabbe in R. 2. ON. at riffa up/, Dan. of rippe, to
Pl.D. rumpe/m, originally signifying to rip up, to go over again, to repeat. Jeg
rumble, to clatter, is now chiefly used in ei of riffe vil det som jeg för har sagt :
the applied sense of jolting, jogging. I will not repeat what I have said before.
Rumfe/geest, as G. poſtergeist, a clatter Du. Die zaak werd niet gereſt, men repte
ing ghost. De bunk rumpe/f mi, my belly van die zaak niet : they did not make
rumbles. De wage rumpe/t up dem mention of the thing.
steenwege, the carriage clatters along the When each party had ripped up their sundry
road, or jolts along. Ikkan dat rumpe/n fortunes and perils passed, they highly praised
nig verdrägen, I cannot endure the jolting. God.—Hackluyt in R.
Rumpumpeln, to jolt excessively. Du. It has been shown under Rehearse
rompelig, uneven, rugged. Then as a that the figure of raking is often used to
shaking motion throws a surface into express iteration. ON. Aríſa, a rake, also
confusion, to rumple, to disorder, disar iteration. To rift and to rake up old
range, crumple. See Rumble, Rumpus. grievances are used indifferently.
To Rince. Fr. rincer, ON. hreinsa, Ripe. Du. rift, G. reiſ.
Dan. rense, to cleanse. ON. hrein, G. To Ripe. To rake, to probe, and
rein, Dan. reen, pure, clean. thence met. to search or examine.
Rind. Du. G. rinde, crust, bark. Then fling on coals and ripe the ribs
Ring. ON. hringr, a circle, a ring ; And beek the house baith but and ben.
Aringr, a circle. Dan. A ringel, Arinkel, Ramsay.
crooked, twisted ; Aring/e, to go in folds, All the hyrnis of his goist
to run round. E. crinkle, to curl. The He rypit with his swerd amid his coist,
connection of the foregoing forms with So til his hart stoundith the prick of death.
ON. hring/a, to tinkle, is probably based D. V. 330. 38.
on the principle so often referred to on It is from this sort of action that a sword
which a crooked, curling form is desig is called in Sp. raspadera, Fr. rapière, a
nated by the figure of a broken or qua raker or rasper. Esthon. riiſma, to rake.
vering sound. W. crych/ais, a quivering See To Rip.
voice; crychiad, a shake in music; crych, Ripple. See Rimple.
a curling, wrinkling, rippling. To Ripple. To pluck off the heads of
To Ring. ON. ſhringia, to ring bells; flax seeds by drawing the straw through
hring/a, to clink, ring, tingle. Hann a fixed iron comb. Walach. grebla, a
Aring/ar gial/di, he chinks his money. comb or rake. Fris. rebbel, Dan. ribbel,
Dan. ringle, Álingre, to ring, tinkle. All a frame with iron teeth through which
imitative. thrashed straw is drawn and combed to
Riot. Fr. rioter, Bret. riota, to chide, save any remnants of the corn.—Outzen.
brawl, jangle; Gael. radit, indecent mirth. G. rauſen, rufſen, Swiss riffeln, to pluck;
It. riotta, riot, brawl; Du. razotten, tu G. raufen, raiſe/n, to ripple flax; rauſe,
multuari, et luxuriari, popinari; razot, reffº, raufel, reſel, riffel, the comb used
revot, caterva nebulonum, et lupanar, in that operation. Pl.D. reſen, refſen,
luxus, luxuria.-Kil. Ravotterig, bruit, repe/n, to rip, pluck, tear, to ripple flax ;
tintamarre, charivari.-Halma. repe, a rack for hay ; repe, repel, a ripple.
A similar word to Fr. rabater, men Dan. rive, to rake, rive, tear, rasp.
tioned under Ribald. To Rise. ON. risa, to rise; Goth.
Rip. I. A panier for fish. See Rib. urreisan, AS. arisan, to rise up; reosan,
2. A name applied to men and boys, to rush, to fall. Du. riisen, opriisen, to
54O RISIBLE RIVET

rise up ; ºffsen, aft-isen, to sink, to fall. zitternd rauschen–Stalder ; Swab. risse

OHG. risan, to fall ; anarisan, irruere; Zen, to rustle, shake in the wind; Sc.
arrisan, corruere, surgere; zarisan, de reissi/, a clattering noise.
albi, ruinari-Graff. Regenes tropphen Rite.—Ritual. Lat. ritus, a custom,
risente in erda, rain-drops falling on the ceremony, established order of proceed
earth.-Notker, Ps. 71. 6. Bav. reisen, 1ng.
to fall ; reist/hr, an hour-glass, marking Rival. Lat. rivalis, explained in dif
time by the trickling of the sand. Swiss ferent ways from rivus, a brook; by some
riesent, rauschend herabfallen; lauðriesi, from the struggles between herdsmen
/auðriesete, the fall of the leaf. using the same watercourses; by others
The radical image seems to be the rust as signifying those who dwell on opposite
ling sound of fragments falling to the sides of the stream.
ground, which is represented by such To Rive—Rift. -reave. Ryzyn' or
forms as Bav. rise/n, Swiss rieselen, to rakyn', rastro; zyzyn' or reendyn’, lacero;
fall in drops, in little bits. As rise/et, zyzyn' or clyvyn', as men doo woodde,
cadit nivosa grando. Der riseſ, hail.- findo; revyn', or be vyolence take awey,
Schmeller. Swiss ries/ete, stones rattling rapio.—Pr. Pm. ON. rāſa, to scratch,
down a hill-side ; ries obst, worm-eaten tear, tear asunder ; Sw, riſwa, to scratch,
fruit that falls prematurely. Sometimes tear, claw, to grate, to grind. Rºſwa aſ,
the imitative syllable begins with gr or to tear, pull, strip off; —s&nder, to tear
dr instead of a simple r, as in G. griese/n, to pieces; N. riva, to scratch, tear, tear
to fall in bits; Fr. greyi//er, to fall in to pieces; riva, Da. rive, a rake; riva,
rime; graſsiſ, hail ; Swiss drose/n, frose/n, Da. revue, riſ, a rift, crack, split. See
to patter down; E. drizzle. To these To Rob.
latter forms are related Goth. driusan, Rivel. Wrinkle. Riveling, turning
AS. dreosan, to fall, in the same way as in and out.—B. W. of E. to reeve, to
OHG. risan to rise/n. Gr. 6póaoc, Lith. wrinkle.—Hal. Du. ruyffº/en, to wrinkle.
rasas, Lat. ros, dew, probably owe their Closely allied with rabò/e, rubb/e, rum
designation to being originally conceived A/e, rimpſe, 7:///e ruffle, ravel, all from the
as what drizzles or falls in a fine shower. radical figure of a broken confused noise,
Bav. es reisst nebel, a drizzling mist falls. leading to the notion of a jolting irregular
The direction of the motion in the act movement, then of a rugged, rumpled, or
of falling being often expressed by a pre entangled structure. Grisons rabaglia, a
position, as when we speak of falling wrinkle; teila rabagliada, rumpled, tum
down, tumbling down, coming pattering bled cloth. E. rave/ed, entangled. Pa
down, it was a natural device to designate rallel forms with an a and i in the radical
motion in the opposite direction by the syllable are very common.
same radical with a preposition of oppo River. OFr. rivière, shore; from
site signification : Du. afriisen, to fall Lat. riparia, derivative from rifa, bank.
down ; of riisen, to rise up. In English, It. riviera, coast. Ptg. ribeira, meadow,
where the compound signifying to fall was low land on the bank of rivers, shore,
wanting, the addition of the preposition coast ; ribeiro, a stream.
in the compound expressing the opposite Rivet. From Lat. riffa, shore, bank,
idea would appear superfluous, and thus are formed Lang. ribo, Fr. rive, edge,
it may have been that the simple verb to border, strip along the edge of anything;
rise has come to include the signification rivet, Lang. ribe, the welt of a shoe, the
of motion upwards which it originally strip of leather turned in between the
owed to union with a preposition indi upper leather and the sole, to which they
cating that relation. both are fastened ; Sp. Ptg. riêete, bor
Risible. -ris-. See -ride. der, seam, binding, the doubling down at
Risk. Fr. risque, It. risico, risco, Sp. the edge of a garment. Welt of a shoe,
riesgo, risk. Bret, riska, risk/a, to slip rivet d'un soulier.—Sherwood. Hence
or slide ; risług, slippery. A slippery Fr. river, Ptg. rebitar (for ribetar), to
path affords a lively image of risk or double back the edge or point of a thing,
danger. So Gael. sgiorr, slip, slide, run to rivet or clench a nail ; river un lit (in
a risk; giorrach, apt to slip or stumble, Berri), to tuck in a bed; rebitar o chaped,
running a risk.-Armstrong. to cock or turn up the brim of the hat ;
Rissoles. Fr. risso/er, to fry meat till maris arreóilado, a turned-up nose. It.
it is brown.—Cot. From the rustling rihadire, to clench a nail. In Craven
noise of frying.Dan. risle, to purl, mur rebbit, Sc. roove, ruff, to clench, to rivet.
mur ; Swiss riesent, riesenten, krachen, It is not surprising that the word should
 RIVULET ROBE 54 I

have been referred to a root which would and more generally to roast or toast.
account for the meaning so well as It. Pol. roszt, a grate; roszczka, a rod, twig,
rºbatiere, Fr. re/affre, to beat back, turn small branch. A grate is a collection of
back the extremity, but such a derivation parallel or interlaced rods. . See Roost. . .
would destroy the connection between Rob. It robôo, Fr. rob, Arab. robó,
Fr. river and E. rivet, nor could It. 77 the thickened juice of fruits.
&affere have been corrupted to rióadºre. To Rob. Goth. birauðon, to strip or
Rivulet. A double dim. from Lat. spoil ; Prov. rauðar, O Fr. rober, Sp.
rivus, a brook. ročar, It. ruffare, Du. rooven, Dan. rôve,
Road. From ride, pret. rode, a way E. reave, bereave, to take by violence, to
through which men ride. An inroad is plunder, rob. The Gael. reub has the
a riding into an enemy's country; a road simpler sense of rend, tear, pull asunder,
at sea (Fr. rade, Du. reede), a place where but the meaning is completely developed
ships may ride at anchor. in the derivatives reučainn, roëann, ra
To Roam. It, romeo, romero, OFr. pine ; reubair, robair, a robber.
romier, a pilgrim, one who makes a pil M.H.G. rouðen signifies both to rob and
grimage to Rome. Chiamansi rome; in to ruč, and it is probable that the differ
quanto vanno a Roma. —Dante, Vita ence between these two forms has only
nuova. From romeo is formed It. rome arisen from the tendency, which may
are, romiare, to roam or wander about as often be observed in the growth of lan
a palmer—Fl. The verb to roam how guage, to distinguish variations in the
ever could hardly have come to us direct application of a term by slight changes
from the It, and it does not seem to have in the pronunciation of the word. Thus
had a Fr. equivalent. I am inclined Grisons rapar, to rub, and Du. raepeſt,
therefore to believe that it is from G. to scrape, will be connected with Lat.
raum, E. room, space, analogous to Lat. rapere, to rob. The senses of rubbing,
spatiari, G. spazieren, to walk abroad, scrubbing, scraping, scratching, tearing,
from spatium. gradually pass into each other, and acts
The usual signification of ON. ryma, G. of this kind being accompanied by a pe
railmen, Du. ruimten, is to clear a space, culiar harsh sound, while the effect of
to make or leave room. the action when sufficiently forcible is to
tear away a portion of the body operated
Hii ali;te with drawe suerd, with matis mony on, on, it furnishes language with a conve
And with many an hard stroc rumede her way nient type of robbery. Dan, rive and
anon,
Vort hi come up to the deis.-R. G. 536. Sw. riſwa are used in all the foregoing
senses, to rasp, scrape, rake, rub, rend.
AS. rym thysum manne setl : give this Alive ſarºer, to grind colours; rive nogeţ
man place. —Luc I4, 9. Pl.D. ruitm aſ eens hadnd, to snatch a thing out of
hus maken, to vacate a house. The one's hand; en rivende ström, a rapid
verb was then used in the special sense stream. Sw, riſwa aſ, to tear away, to
of leaving home, wandering abroad. take by violence. G. raffºn, to rake to
Uuanda andere fogela rument, sparo ist gether, to take away everything by force
heime: when other birds quit the nest, and violence.—Küttn. Bret. Araſa, Arava,
the sparrow remains at home.—Notker, séraba, skrapa, signify to scrape or scratch,
Ps. IoI, 7. Hence OSw, rum, abroad ; and also to seize, steal, rob.
wara rumme, to be abroad, as opposed Robbins. G. raabanden, small ropes
to wara hemma, to be at home.—Ihre. on board a ship that fasten the sail to
From this application may be explained the yard, from ON. rā, Sw. rā, a sail-yard,
the use of roam in the usual sense of and band, a tie.
wandering abroad. Robe. It. roba, any robe or long upper
Roan. Fr. rouen, It. roamo, Sp. rudno, garment for man or woman, also goods,
roamo, the colour of a horse having a stuff, merchandise.—Fl. Fr. robe, a gown,
mixture of bay and grey hairs. mantle, coat. Sp. roſa, cloth, clothes.
To Roar. AS. raran, Du. reeren, from The name is undoubtedly taken from the
the sound. notion of stripping, whether it be from
Roast. It. rosſa, a frying-pan; rosfire, the fact that clothes originally consisted
Fr. rostir, to roast, broil, toast. G. rost, in skins stripped from the backs of ani
a grate, trellis, a gridiron. Feuerrost, a mals or that they were regarded as what
fire grate; brafrost, a gridiron ; /ie/m- might be stripped off the wearer.
rost, the grate of a helmet; rôsſen, to Prov, railbar, to rob ; rauða, garment,
dress meat on a gridiron, to broil, fry, spoil. Du. rooven, to spoil; roof, spoils,
542 ROBIN ROGUE

plunder ; roof van 't schaeff, a fleece. As. ruck, a shake, toss, or jerk. Dem tische
reaſian, to rob or spoil ; reaſ, garment, einen ruck geben, to give the table a
spoil, plunder. Lith. rubas, a garment ; shove.
rubiſi, to plunder, also to clothe. It has The original image would seem to be a
indeed been supposed that the derivation broken sound, as represented by Sw.
runs in the opposite direction, and that rock/a, N. rukla, to rattle in the throat.
the act of robbing takes its name from the See Ruck, Rugged.
clothes which would constitute the earli Rocket. It rocca, a rock or distaff;
est subject of plunder. And it must be zocche//o, rochetto, a rocket or bobbin to
admitted that such a relation of ideas wind silk on ; also the wheel about which
seems to hold good in the case of Prov. the cord of a clock or jack goeth; also
£an, cloth, partar, to rob or steal. But it º
kind of rocket or squib of wildfire.—
is incompatible with the relations estab Fl.
lished in the case of the verb to rob. The distaff was commonly made of
Robin. The most familiar of our wild reed, and with its clothing of flax offered
birds, called Robin-red-breast (from Rob a familiar resemblance to a barrel-wheel
in, the familiar version of Robert), on the with the cord of the jack round it, or to a
same principle that the pie and the daw quill or bobbin wound round with silk.
are christened Mag (for Margery) and From these the appellation is transferred
Jack. In the same way the parrot takes to a firework contained in a hollow case
its name from Pierrot, the familiar version or cylinder.
of Pierre, Peter. Rod. Du. roede, G. ruthe, a rod.
Robust. Lat. robustus, robur, vigour, Walach. ruda', a pole or stick, the pole of
strength. a carriage, a stick of sealing-wax.
Rochet. It rocheſ/o, a garment of Rodent. -rosion. -rode. Lat. rodo,
plaited lawn worn by bishops. Central rosum, to gnaw. As in Corrosion, Erode.
Fr. rochef, a smock-frock. From G. rock, Rodomontade. A boasting speech
a coat. See Frock. such as those of Rodomonte in Italian
1. ON. rockr, OHG. rocco, It. Romance.
rocca, a distaff. The origin of the term Roe. 1. ON. rā, G. reh, a small kind
seems preserved in Fin. and Lap. rudźo, of deer.
a reed, from the distaff having been made 2. ON. hroga, Sw. rog, rom, Du. roghe,
of that material. Thus Legonidec in ex roghen, the eggs of fish.
plaining Bret. Æege/, a distaff, observes -rogate. — Rogation. — Prorogue.
“ce bâton est ordinairement un roseau,” Lat. rogo, -as, to ask. Aogare legem, to
and Altieri explains rocca, ‘strumente di propose a law. Hence abrogare, to ab
canna o simile.’ rogate, annul ; frozogo, to adjourn ; de
2. It rocca, Fr. roc, a rock, crag, cliff, rogo, to withdraw something from ; sur
a fortress or stronghold ; roche, rocher, a rogo (sub-rogo), to substitute, whence
rock, stony crag or hill. Bret. roc'h, a surrogate, an official authorised to grant
rock; roc'he/, a mass of stone. licences in the place of the Bishop.
Diez' suggestion of a derivation from Rogue. To rogue, to wander round
rupes through a form rupica, analogous the country. Fr. divaguer, to stray,
to avica, natica, cutica, from avis, nati's, range, rogue about, wander inconstantly
cutis, is not satisfactory. Probably the up and down.—Cot.
original may be merely a lump, then a Fye on thee, thou taynted doge
small piece of stone for throwing. Fr. What, laye thou still in that stonde,
rocque, lump of earth—Roquef. ; It. And let that losinger go on the rage 2
rocchio, any round rugged stone, any un Chester Plays II. 94, in Hal.
polished lump or mass of stone or earth, Apparently an equivalent of Fr. roder, to
any mammock or luncheon piece. Aoc roam, wander, vagabondise it, rogue
chino, a piece of an eel or other fish baked abroad (Cot.), from Prov. rodar (Lat. ro
in a pie. Rocchetto, a bobbin (a short tare), to roll, as N. ralla, to roll, also to
piece of stick?) to wind silk upon. Cat., tramp about. The Prov. has a secondary
Lim., roc, a stone for throwing ; OFr. form rogar, in the same sense, from whence
rocher, to throw stones. E. rogue seems to be descended in the
To Rock. Dan. rokke, N. rugga, to rock, same way as Fr. roder from rodar.
shake, vacillate ; rugla, to waver, go up Peyras y rogan molt espes: stones roll
and down. E. dial. to rog, rogg/e, to there thickly.
shake ; roggan, a rocking-stone ; OFr. Swiss rugeln, to roll; E. dial. to ruggle
roczuer un enfant, to rock a child. G. about, to stir about.
 ROIL ROMANCE 543
To Roil.—Rile. I. To roi!, to dis If we were to adopt the ordinary de
turb, trouble, vex.-Hal. Zºo riſe," to rivation from Lat. roſa, we must suppose
render turbid, to vex, disturb–Brockett, that the Scandinavian and Teutonic forms
to stir up liquor and make it turbid by above cited are borrowed from the Ro
moving the sediment, figuratively applied mance, a supposition, in the case of the
both to the temper and complexion; a Scandinavian forms at least, extremely
riſed complexion is one coarsely ruddy.— unlikely. On the other hand, if the origin
Forby. “How roiled the water looks: of the word be the representation of a
i. e. muddy.—Mrs Baker. The word rattling or rolling sound, it would con
seems to signify lees or sediment. Rya//, versely afford a derivation of rota, a
fome or barme, spuma.-Pr. Pn. A'ia// wheel, as the implement of rolling, on the
of wine, fome, brouée, fleur.—Palsgr. principle in accordance with which we
Cot. explains fleur de virt as mother of have in other cases had occasion to ob
wine, the mouldy spots that float on old serve that words of an imitative nature
wine. often seem to take their birth in the fre
2. To roi!, to range.—B. quentative form, from which the element
Man shall not suffre his wife roil about. indicating continuation is subsequently
Wife of Bath, Prol. 68o. eliminated.
“Don’t roil about so’ is often said to rest Romance. The name of Roman was
less children.—Mrs Baker. ON. rāla, to given to the popular language, Spanish,
wander about ; N. ralla, to roll, also to Provençal, French, &c., which grew out
vagabondise; Bav. rallen, to run about. of Latin in the different provinces of the
Swab. rollen, to be noisily merry ; roller, Empire, and the name is preserved in the
a rambler, a Tom-cat. Swiss rollen, to native designation of the dialects spoken
run hither and thither, to toy, dally, romp. in the Grisons and in Wallachia, Ru
To Roist.—Roisterer. To roist, to monsch or Rumauntsch, and Romanesca.
swagger or boast : roisting, noisy, bully The Walloon dialect was (in Ducange's
ing ; roister, a rude, boisterous fellow.— time) called by the Belgians la langue
B. Gloucestersh. to roust, to disturb, to Romane, and the parts of Flanders and
rouse.—Hal. Sw, rusta, to make a rout Brabant where it was spoken, le Roman
or disturbance; rustande, noise, bustle, pays. In Sp. the expression hab/ar en
banqueting, dissolute life ; rusſare, a dis Aomance signifies to speak in plain Span
solute fellow. Piedm. rustlé, to squabble, ish, to speak in plain words. A chronicle
quarrel ; rust/on, a quarrelsome person. of A. D. 1177, speaking of translations into
Fr. rustre, a roister, hackster, swaggerer. French, says, Multos libros et maximè
—Cot. Bret. rottestſ, tumult, disturb vitas sanctorum de Latino vertit in Ro
ance; rouesſler, reus!!er, a disturber. manum. In Provençal we find Latin
Gael. riastair, become turbulent or dis called /etra, the letter or learned language,
orderly. in opposition to Roman, the language of
Perhaps the representative origin of ordinary speech. Aquest peccates epelat
the word is clearest in Pl.D. rastern, to en lefra presomptio, mas en Romans se
clatter, do a thing noisily. In’t hits rimm deu apelar folla esperansa.
rastern, to racket about the house.— From the name of the language were
Danneil. Holstein raastern, to rattle ; formed Ptg. arromançar, Prov. romansar,
raasſerer, one who makes an outcry, Fr. romancier, to translate into or to write
speaks with much noise. in the vulgar tongue ; and romans, ro
To Roll. It. rotolare, Venet. rodo/are, mance, roman, a writing in that language.
Prov. rodolar, rot/ar, ro//ar, Fr. rouſer, “Lo libre que vos ay de Lati romansat:”
Du. G. rollen, ON. rulla, Dan, rulle, Bret. the book which I have translated out of
ru/a, w. rhoſio, to roll. Latin into (in this case) Provençal. ‘Cel
The origin of the word seems to be the que vola romansar la vida Sant’Alban: ”
rattling sound which is so marked a cha he who chose to write in the vulgar tongue
racteristic of rolling bodies, and remains
the life of St Alban.—Rayn. The name
as the only meaning of the word when we of Romance was subsequently appropri
speak of the roll of the drum or of thun ated in different countries to different
der. Swiss rollen (of a stream of water), kinds of writings, according to the form
to brawl, to murmur. Dan. ra/le, to rat which the popular literature took in each.
tle ; Da. dial. ra//esteen, loose rolling In Spanish it came to signify a ballad.
stones, rubble; ra/de, to rattle along, to In English, where the literature began
roll rattling along. Bret. rula, to roll with translations from the French, the
down, to fall rolling. name was commonly given to the French
544 ROMP ROSARY
original, but was subsequently used in the the sense of kissing the rod or submitting
sense the word had acquired in French, to"authority.
of a story of fiction. Thou raw-mou’d rebald, fall down at the roi ºf
Whan Philip tille Acres cam, litelle was his dede, Say Deo mercy, or I cry thee down;
The romance sais grete sham, whoso that pas And leave thy ryming, rebald, and thy rows.
will rede.
The romancer it sais, Richard did make a pele. From the same source are G. rost, a
R. Brunne, 118. grating or framework of rods, Sc. roost,
the spars forming the inner roof of a cot.
Men speken of romaunces of pris, tage, OSax. Arosſ, roof. See Roast.
Of Hornchild, and of Ipotis, Root. ON. rºſt.
Of Bevis and Sir Guy.—Sir Thopas,
To Root. As, wrofan, Du. wroezen,
Romp. See Ramp. Dan. rode, to root as a pig or a mole. N.
Ronyon. A mangy person. Fr. rogne, toſa, to dig, to dabble; rot, digging,
scurf, scabbiness, mange. labouring in mud and dirt, long-continued
Rood. I. Mid. Lat. virgata, a measure and wearisome work, Then from the use
of land, from the rod used in measuring. of the snout by a pig in rooting (and not
£ice versä), AS, wrot, G. rissel, a snout;
Du. roede, a rod, a measure of ten feet in
land-surveying. Du. roſe, an elephant's trunk. Pol. ryº,
Bohem. ºti, 73%ați, to dig, to root, to én.
2. AS. rºd, the cross ; Fris. rode, gal
lows, cross. G. ruſhe (the equivalent grave; riſak, 7.1%až, a snout. Pol. rycie,
form) is by no means confined to such a the act of digging, burrowing, rooting as
slender shoot as that to which we com swine, also of engraving ; zyłowa.', to en
monly give the name of rod in E., but is grave.
applied to the beam of an anchor, and Rope. ON. reiſ, Pl.D. reº, rope;
specially to the swipe of a well, or long Goth, s/audaraif, shoe-tie; Iju. rºep,
transverse pole working at the top of an roof, rope, cord, strip or band, hoop ;
upright support which seems (as we have ange/reeſ, a fishing-line.
argued) to have furnished the original The analogy of E. straß, It stro//a,
type of a gibbet. Du, stroop, a noose or cord ; G. strºpe,
Roof. AS. hroſ, ODu. roeſ, Russ. strap, string (Flügel), in the first instance
Årov, Kroz/e, roof. Serv. A rozmat, thatch probably a strip or narrow piece of bark
ed; Arovnatsch, a straw hut. stri/Aed from a tree (Du stroopen, to
Rook. I. AS. hroc, Du. roek, rocłvogel, strip), would lead us to suspect a similar
not (as Kilian supposes) from the sooty origin of the word roſe, which may have
colour of the bird (Du. roek, smoke), but served to designate a band rifted from a
from its croaking cry. Gael, röc, cry surface of some stringy material. G. reiſ,
hoarsely, croak; rôcas, a rook, a crow. rope, hoop. ; railſºn, to pluck. The oc
Lat. raucus, hoarse. currence of parallel forms beginning with
2. It rocco, Fr. roc, the rook or castle r and scr or sºr respectively is very com
at chess, from Pers. rokh, a camel.—Diez. mon. G. reiſen and streiſen both signify
Room. Goth. riſms, space, place, to groove or channel, properly to stripe
spacious ; ON. 77%m, AS. riſm, G. raum, or streak. Riem, riemen, a thong, strap,
Lith. ruimtas, space. tie ; s/z icºne, a stripe or streak.
Roost. As. Arost, Du. roest, sedile Ropy. Viscous, stringy.
avium, pertica gallinaria.-Kil. Plausibly Viscous bodies, as pitch, wax, birdlime, cheese
explained by some from Du. rust, G. rast, toasted, will draw forth and roage.—Bacon in R.
rest. Dan. dial. rosſe, to rest ; so/rósz,
sunset. But the true meaning of the word Rosary. Rosarium or rosarius, sig
seems to be simply that indicated by nifying properly a collection or garland
Kilian, the rod or perch on which the of roses, was a title of many works (like
bird settles itself to rest. Traces of this E. garland, a common name for small
fundamental meaning may be found in collections of popular ballads—Hal.) con
the proverbial expression to rule the roast, sisting of compendiums of flowers as it
were culled from preceding authors. Of
where the word must probably be under these the most celebrated was that of
stood as the rod, the emblem of authority;
to rule or wield the rod. Arnold de Villanova, entitled Liber quon
dam abbreviatus, verissimus thesaurus
This yeir sall richt and reason rule the rod. thesauröm, Rosarius philosophorum et
New Year's gift to Q. Mary, in Evergreen. omnium secretorum maximum secretum,
7o fall down at the roist, in the Flyting &c. It begins as follows: Iste liber no
of Kennedy and Dunkar, can only have minatur Compositor alias Rosarius eo
 ROSE ROUSE 5.45

quod ex libris philosophorum breviter spheric agitations, when the wind has lulled.
They call it the rote or rut of the sea.—D. Web
abbreviatus est.—Carp. ster in Worcester.
In the course of time the name was
specially appropriated to a string of Pater ON. sióar-roſt, roar of the sea. AS.
nosters and Ave Marias to be recited in Arufan, Sc. rout, to roar, to bellow.
a certain order in honour of the fifteen
Ane routand burn amydwart thereof rynnis
mysteries of our Lord in which the Virgin Rumland and soundand on the craggy quhynnis.
was a partaker, and from the collection of D. V.
prayers the name was transferred to the
string of beads used for the purpose of Rouge. Fr. rouge, It. roggio, robbio,
keeping count in the recitation. Sp. rudio, Prov. rog, from Lat. , uſeus or
ro/fus.-Sch. f-

The Rosary, otherwise called Virgin's Psalter, Rough. G. rauch, Du. ruych, rºſ.
is a new manner of praying—which is made up
of 150 Ave Maries and 15 Paters tacked together Kil. , AS. Arith, ruſh, rug, rºw, Dā. ru,
with little buttons on a string.—Breviat in R. rough, hairy. As. Arcoh, 1)a. raa, Sw.
rai, stormy, fierce, cruel, seems a different
Rose. Lat. rosa, Gr. 6630 v. word, though the two are sometimes con
Rosemary. Lat. rosmarinus, Fr. ros founded. Da. ru hugger, raa hugger,
marin, Sp. romero. rough-hewer. G. das ranche heraus Keh
Roster. In military language the list ren, to turn the rough side outwards, fig.
of persons liable to a certain duty ; Bav. to show severity; rauh, hoarse, rough,
der roster. Ji'acht-roster, the list of those disagreeable to the feelings.
Eine rail/e
who are to take the watch. Probably Zięż, a sharp raw air. /ºn rauher mann,
from register, the common word for a a rough, severe, inhuman, austere man.
list in G.-Schm. Aquh is also used for hairy.
Rostrum. Lat. rostrum, the bill of a Round. . Lat. rotundis, It. rotondo,
bird, stem or beak of a ship ; the rostra Sp. redondo, Prov. redon, OFr. reont,
in the Forum at Rome was a pulpit or roomſ, Mod. Fr. rond, round. From ro
speaking-stage adorned with the beaks fare, to turn round. See Roll.
of captured ships. To Round or Rowne. To round one
To Rot. ON. roſna, to decay, to fall in the ear is to whisper. G. raunen, Du.
off. Härid rotmar, the hair falls off. Af roenen, ritenen, to whisper, to whisper in
rota skinn, to strip the hair from skin. the ear.—Kil. Rouchi roun / roun / re
Du. rot, rotten, rottenness. presents the noise made by a cat purring.
Rota. An arrangement of the mem Sp. runnen, rumour, report. Lap. rudzi,
fame, rumour, speech.
bers of a court to perform certain duties
in turn. From Lat. rota, a wheel. The Roundel.—Roundelay. Fr. rondeau,
Rota at Rome is a high court of appeal ronde/et de rime, a rime or sonnet that
which proceeds on this principle. ends as it begins.—Cot. Of rondelet we
Rotate. Lat. rotare, rota, a wheel. have made roundelay, as if compounded
* Rote.—Routine. with lay, a song.
Rouse. The radical sense of the word
I know and can by roate the tale that I would
tell.—Surry in R. is shown in Pl.D. ruse, rusie, noise,
racket, disturbance; G. rauschen, to rustle,
Now it lies on you to speak to th' people roar, to bustle, rush, do things with noise
Not by your own instruction, nor by th’ matter
Which your heart prompts you, but with such and bustle. Der bach rausch/; die wellen
words rauschen, der wind rausch/indenbüschen.
That are but roated in your tongue.—Coriolanus. Gr. 60ičoc, any rushing sound, the whizzing
of an arrow, flapping of wings, &c. The
Fr. route, a track or road, was formerly original sense is preserved in a rousing
written rote, whence rotine, routine, an fire, a roaring or crackling fire; a rousing
usual course, ordinary way; par rotine, lie, a cracker, a thundering lie. Fris.
by rote.-Cot. Faire une chose par ruwayen, to roar as the sea.— Epkema.
zºoiefine, only by habit without reflexion. In the same way G. rausch is a flare up, a
A'outiner, router, to make one learn by sudden blaze. Einen rausch or rails, h
rozºte, roit/inter quelqu'un a coudré. chen in den ofcn machen, to make a quick,
Il est routine à ce travail, is thoroughly clear, burning fire in the stove.—Küttn.
accustomed to it.— Gattel. See Route. The same word is metaphorically applied
Rote.—Rut of the sea. to excitation from drink. Sich einen
I hear the sea very strong and loud at the raitsch triºt/en, to have a flare up, a
North, which is not unusual after violent atmo drinking bout, to be made tipsy, Im
35
546 ROUT ROW

ersten rausch, in the first heat.—Stalder. wolf, boar, fox, &c.—Cot. Bret. rouden,
Pl. D. ruusk, ON. rºss, Du. roes, tipsiness. a trace, line, vestige, mark; Gael. rathad
When transferred to the cognate sense of (ra'ad), a road, way; Manx raad, a track,
a full glass or bumper, E. rouse was not road, path; raad cart, a cart way. Wall.
unnaturally supposed to be contracted roſe, aroſe, trace, footsteps. – Grandg.
from carouse (G. garaus), with which it A rut is the trace of the wheel. Banff
has a merely accidental resemblance. rot, a line drawn on the soil as a guide in
I have took since supper planting, &c., a row, a rut.
A rouse or two too much, and by G– N. rad, rod, ro, a line, row.
It warms my blood.—B. & F. To Rove.—Rover. Rozier was form
Rouse, noise, intemperate mirth. —Hal. erly used in the special sense of a pirate
From the noise accompanying impetuous or sea robber. Æovare, or thef of the
action, G. rauschen, Sw. rºsa, to rush, to se, pirata.-Pr. Prm.
move impetuously. Rusa off, to rouse And over that the best men of the cytie by thyse
up, rise briskly up. Han rusade off ur ryotous persones were spoyled and robbid ; and
somnen, he roused up, started up out of by the rowers also of the sea.—Fabyan in R.
sleep. There is no doubt that in this use of
AEneas rousing as the foe came on, the word it is a simple adoption of Du.
With force collected heaves a mighty stone. roover, a robber, from roozen, to rob ;
- Pope's Homer.
Dan. rāverskiff, a pirate ship. But as
More commonly however it is used as an pirates are eminently a roving race, the
active verb in the sense of exciting others verb ſo rove acquired from the coincidence
to vigorous action. the special sense of ranging the seas in
Rout. To rout is to snore, to bellow search of plunder.
as oxen; N. ryota, ON. ſhriota, ryta, to Four score of them departed with a barke and
mutter, grumble, grunt, snore. To rout a pennesse—and so went to the islands of His
about is then to move about uneasily, to paniola and Jamaica a roving.—Hackluyt in R.
make a disturbance. Prov. rota, tumult, Row. I. OE. rew, AS. rarwa, rawa,
confusion, rout. Mais dura la rota que Pl.D. rege, rige, Du. rijge, riſe, G. reihe,
fan en l'albergada; longer lasts the rout a line, rank, row, streak; Pl. D. rige, It.
or disturbance which they make in the ruga, Fr. rue, a row of houses or street.
lodging. Cuia eissir de la rota, he thinks It. riga, a line, streak, ruler; Fr. raie, a
to get out of the tumult. ray, line, stroke, row ; raier, to rew,
From the noise made by a crowd of streak or skore all over.—Cot. On the
people, OFr. route, G. rotſe, E. rout, come other hand the word seems related to ON.
to signify a gang, crowd, troop of people. röd, N. rad, rod, ro, Sw. rad, Pol. rzad, a
“The rabble roleſ.’ line, row, rank. Lat. radius, a rod, spoke
But nightingales a full great rout of a wheel, beam, ray. Chaucer uses
That flien over his head about.—R. R. row of the rays of light.
To rout together is to meet together in a The rowis red of Phebus' light.
rout, to consort. See Ray.
On the same principle we have Lat. 2. Row is familiarly used in the sense
turba, tumult, confusion, uproar, then a of noise, disturbance, tumult. The imita
crowd of persons, animals, things, a com tive character of the word is shown by
pany of soldiers. Diez' explanation of the term rowdydow, formed like rubaduá
rout in the sense of assemblage, from to represent a continued noise. Swiss
Lat. rupta, as a fraction or division, is rauen, rauwen, to make a dull, hollow,
quite unsatisfactory. It is however to muttering sound ; rausen, to run noisily
this latter origin that we must refer It. about, to revel ; rausi machen, to make a
rotta, a breach, rout, or overthrow of an row, make merry in a loud and unre
army—Fl., Fr. route, a rout, discomfiture, strained manner; rusen, rulessen, to roar,
the breaking of a troop or squadron of buzz, snore ; russen (rumoren), to make a
men.—Cot. On the other hand, Fr. de row. Pl.D. ruse, noise, tumult, quarrel.
route, of precisely the same signification, Swiss rident, to bellow, to make a noise;
would seem to be from route, a troop. wmeritóden, to rove noisily about. NE.
“I parte a rowſe or company of men to row, to stir about.
asonder.—% desroute.”—Palsgr. To Row. I. Du. roede, roeye, a rod, a
Route.—* Rut. Fr. route (formerly pole. Roede is also an oar, the pole with
rote), a rutt, way, path, street, course, a flat blade by which a boat is propelled
passage ; trace, tract or footing; routes, in rowing. Hence roeden or roeyen het
the footing of ravenous beasts, as the schiff, to row. Aloeden or roºyen dent
 ROWDY RUCK 547

wijn, to gauge a cask with a measuring ment from the Wardrobe account of A.D.
rod. G. ruder, Du. roer, an oar. 1480, “for cariage away of a grete loode
2. To row, to dress cloth. Du. rottd, of robett.r, that was left in the strete after
rouw, rough, raw, unfinished ; roudent, the reparacyone made upon a hous ap
rouwen het laecken, to card or dress perteigning unto the same Wardrobe.”
cloth, to dress rough cloth and raise the ſoºrisshe of stones, platras. – Palsgr.
nap upon it. Æowed or unrowed cloth These words have a similar origin, and
was what was sold as such after or before are not to be explained as rubbage, or
the nap had been raised respectively. what comes away in the process of rub
Sw, rugg, rough entangled hair; rigga, bing. The radical image (as in rammel,
to raise the nap on cloth. rubbish, compared with Sw. ram/a, to
Rowdy. A noisy turbulent fellow, rattle, crash, fall down) is the rattling
from rowdydow, an expression framed to down of fragments from a ruinous struc
represent continued noise. ture, and the origin of rubbish may be
Deuced handsome fellow that : a little too found in Fr. rabascher, to rumble, rattle
row-de-dow for my taste.—Aspen Court, I, p. 6. –Cot., while rubble (mortar and broken
Rowel. Fr. rouelle, dim. of roue, a stones of old buildings—Baret) may be
wheel, any small hoop, circle, ring or explained from Du. rabbelen, G. rappeln,
round thing that is moveable in the place to rattle ; Fr. rabaſter, to rumble, rattle.
which it holds.-Cot. Venet. roda, a Pl.D. rabakken, to rattle; een old rabak,
wheel; rode/a, the rowel of a spur. a rattle-trap, old ruinous piece of goods.
To Rowne. To whisper. See To Rubicund. – Rubric. – Ruby. Lat.
Round. ruber, rubicundus, red; rubrica, a red
Royal. Fr. royal, OFr. reial, real, pigment.
Lat. regalis, from rer, a king. Ruck. A disorderly mass, a crease or
Roynous.-Roynish. Fr. rogneur, fold in linen. “Your gown sits all o'
roigneur, scabby, mangy, scurvy; rogue, rucks.’ To ruck/e, to rumple or work up
roigne, Sp. roſta, Bret. roui, It. rogºta, into wrinkles. ‘The bandage ruckles up,
the mange ; Wall. ragn, ragn, itch, So it must all come off.”—Mrs Baker.
mange, also moss on a tree. Fin. rāhnā, ON. ſtrucka, to wrinkle; N. ruftka, a
scurf, rubbish. crease, a wrinkle. The course of deriva
To Rub. ON. rubba, to move a thing tion seems to be the same as we have:
from its place, to rub ; Sw. rubóa, to put had occasion to observe in so many other
out of place, to disorder; Dan. rubbe, to instances, from a tremulous or broken
rub, scrub, rough-hew. Lap. rudëbet, to sound, to a tremulous or abrupt move
rub, to scratch ; ai web ruo&bet, to scratch ment, then to a wavy or broken, uneven
the head. W. rhwöio, Gael. rub, to rub. surface
G. reiben, to grind or rub, seems the Representing broken sound may be
equivalent of Dan. rive, to grind, grate, cited Sw, rock/a, N. ru//a, G. rôche/n, to
tear, and not of rub. rattle in the throat; Du. ruchelen, to
From the meaning of the Scandinavian bray like an ass, cough, grunt, mutter;
forms it would seem that the radical E. dial. ruggle, a child's rattle ; to rucket,
signification is to jog, to give an abrupt to rattle. Then, in the sense of abrupt
impulse, whence may be explained Pl.D. or broken movement; N. rug/a, to wag
rubberig, Du. robbelig, rough, uneven, gle, shake, rock : E. dial. roggle, to
pimply. From the sense of jogging, that shake ; rugg/e, to stir about ; ruckle, a
of moving abruptly to and fro, and of struggle; Pl.D. ruckeln, rucken, to jog--
rubbing, would readily follow. Danneil; N. rugga, to rock, shake, vacil
Sc. rug, to tug, and thence to rob, is a late ; Sc. rug, to tug. Æoggyn or mevyn,
parallel form, and corresponding to rug agito.—Pr. Prm.
and rub may be noted Du. rucken, rup Finally from the idea of a jogging or a
pen (Biglotton), to pluck, to rip, snatch
jolting movement to that of a rough un
away; G. ricken, to push, pull, remove, even surface is an easy step. The com
proceed ; dem tische einen rick geben, plete transition from sound to shape is
to give the table a shove; ru//en, to exemplified in N. hurk/a, to rattle in the
pluck, to rob. throat ; , g/amra, s/ºrang/a, to rumble,
Rubbish.-Rubble. Rubbis/ or rub rattle ; hur&ſet, glamren, s/ºranglen, rug
ble, moilon, decombres.—Sherwood. Ro ged, uneven. In like manner we pass
dows or coldyr, petrosa, petro (Petrone from Dan. Skruże, to cluck as a hen, to
sunt particulae quae abscinduntur de pe N. skružka, a wrinkle, an unevenness;
tris.-Cath.)—Pr. Pm. Way cites a pay s&ru/ºften, hard, uneven, wrinkled.
35 °
548 RUCK RUGGED

The same connection between the the scaffold he was interrupted by the ruffe of
the drum.—Wodrow.
image of a confused noise and a rumpled
structure is seen in Dan. ſumme!, uproar, Sc. ruff, the roll of the drum, beating
racket, and E. tumb/ing of a garment. with the feet in token of applause.—Jam.
To Ruck. To squat or cower down. Ptg. rufa, rºſła, a roll on the drum. Fr.
After a most comely sort she rucketh down upon roºfler, Lang. rotºflar, Grisons grunſar,
the grounde, not muche unlike the sitting of our grºſſ/ar, to snore; E. gruffle, to growl.
gentlewomen oft-times here in England.—Fardle That ruffºn was used in the sense of
of Fashion, A.D. 1555. shivering or trembling is shown by the
But now they rucken in their nests glossaries cited in Dief. Supp. Frigutire,
And resten.—Gower in Mrs Baker.
zittern vor frost, von kalte riſſºn : van
A brooding hen is provincially called a kelden rocſſºn : Schaderende of bevende
rucking hen, probably from her importu kald lijden. To ruffe is then to throw a
nate clucking at that time. Gael. roc, to surface into elevations, to disturb, disor
croak. Dan. Skrućke, to cluck; skruk der, whether in a physical or figurative
hône, a brooding hen. To ruck then is sense. A breeze rººffes or curls the sur
properly, as It. chioccare, chiocciare, to face of the water; anger rºles or dis
cludk as a brooding hen, also to cower or turbs the mind. Zºo rºſle silk is to tum
squat down as a hen over her chickens.— ble or rumple it. A ruff is a plaited
Fl. Dan. ruge, to brood, to hatch. collar; ruffles, plaited borders for the
The same transposition of the r that is wrist or in other parts of dress. Du.
found in N. ruž/a, hurk/a, to rattle in the riº'ſ len, to rumple, wrinkle. Ptg. arru
throat, connects E. ruck with Pl.D. hur farse, to snarl as a dog, to set up his fea
Æen, daal hurken, to squat down ; hurke thers as a turkey-cock, to curl as the sur
pott, a pot of embers over which women face of water, to become angry. Cat.
crouch to keep themselves warm. E. dial. arrufar, to wrinkle, crumple ; arriºſarse,
to hur&ſe, to shrug up the back; to hurch, to bristle, to set up the hairs or feathers;
to cuddle.—Hal. arriſſar /as nas, to turn up the nose, to
Rudder. I. G. ruder, an oar; steuer show displeasure. Castrais rºſa, to
ruder, the steer-oar or rudder, vessels wrinkle, crumple, crease ; Lang. rufo, a
having originally been steered by an oar wrinkle, crease, rumple ; ru/e, rough,
working at the stern. See To Row. rugged.
2. A sieve for separating corn from Ruffian.-Ruffler. To ruffle is to do
chaff–B. G. reiſer, rader, Du. rede, anything with noise and disturbance, to
reder, a sieve.—Kil. See Riddle. bustle, to Swagger.
Ruddy. Of a red colour. Pl.D. rood, The night comes on, and the high winds
w, rhudd, AS. read, red ; AS. rudu, red Do sorely ruffle.—Shakesp.
ness; OE. rode, complexion, the red colour The rising winds a ruffing gale afford.—Dryden.
of the face, and thence ruddy, full colour Fr. roſſler, Bret, riſia, to snort, snore,
ed. Gr. 6660.y, the rose, is doubtless the sniſt. Hence ruffler, a bully. So Ptg.
same word; Lat. rufilus, red. roncar, to rumble, roar, snore, also to
Rude. Lat. rudis unwrought, un hector; roſtcador, a snorer, a fierce bully,
taught. a noisy fellow. Ruftsta, a quarreler.
Rudiment. Lat. rudimentum, the From the same origin is It. ruffiano, Sp.
first teaching, a principle or beginning. ruſian, E. ruffian, properly a swaggerer,
To Rue.—Ruth. AS. hreowan, reo swasher, a bully, then the companion of
wan, to rue, be sorry for, grieve, lament. a prostitute, and in It. a pimp or pander.
G. reue, OHG. hriuva, mourning, lamenta Sp. arriºſianado, quarrelsome, swaggering,
tion ; ON. hryggr, sorrowful; hrygd, E. insolent.
ruth, pitifulness, sorrow. Rufous. Lat. rufus, reddish.
Ruff –Ruffle. Another instance of Rugged.—Rug. A rugged surface is
the kind mentioned under Ruck, where one broken up into sharp projections, the
from a root representing in the first in idea of abrupt irregularities of surface
stance a tremulous or vibratory sound are being expressed by the figure of sharp
developed forms signifying motion of like abrupt movements, as in the case of
character, then a waving, uneven, irregu shagged, shaggy, from shog, or jagged,
lar surface. from jog. Æoggyn or mevyn, agito.—Pr.
In the original sense, E. ruffle, a vibrat Pm. Roggle, to shake.—Brockett. Sc.
ing sound made upon a drum less loud rug, to tug, to snatch. N. rugga, to rock,
than the roll.—Stocqueler in Worcester. shog, jog. Sw, rugga sig, se herisser, to
When James Robertson offered to speak upon stand on end; rigg, raçãº, rugged,
 RUIN RUMP 549

rough, shaggy; rugg, shaggy hair; regga Rumbustical. Boisterous.-Hal. Fr.

Ælide, to raise the nap on cloth. Water raēaster, to make a clatter or disturbance.
rugs mentioned in Macbeth are shaggy —Cot. Lang. rabasſaire, ramba/iaire
water-dogs. A rug is a shaggy garment. (tracassier), a busybody; Castrais rabas
See Ruck, Rag. traire, rabasſy/a, to trouble, importune.
Ruin. Lat. ruina, ruo, to fall head Ruminate. Lat. rumen, the paunch,
long. belly, the cud of beasts; rumino, to chew
the cud.
Rule. Lat. regula, Prov. regla, Fr. Rummage. Two words seem con
règle, OE. rewele, reuſe.
founded. I. Rummage, the proper stow
Rum. Rome or rum, in the cant of ing of merchandise in a ship ; rummager,
rogues and thieves, signified great, good. the person appointed to look to that duty;
Romewyle (rumville), London ; rome mort from Du. ruim, Fr. rum, the hold of a
(mort, woman), the Queen (Elizabeth); ship.
rome bouse (bouse, drink), wine.—Har The master must provide a perfect mariner call
man, A.D. 1566. A'um, like the opposite ed a romager, to raunge and bestow all merchan
term queer, properly signifying bad, is º in such place as is convenient.—Hackluyt
used in the secondary sense of odd, in R.
curious, out of the way, in a contemptible And that the masters of the ships do look well
sense. ‘A rummy old fellow,” or “a queer to the romaging, for they might bring away a
old fellow.’—Modern Slang. great deale more than they do if they would take
From rum-booze, good drink, strong paine in the romaging.—Ibid.
drink, wine, brandy, the name of rum has Hence to rummage, to search thoroughly
been appropriated to the spirits distilled among the things stowed in a given re
from the produce of the sugar-cane. ceptacle.
A’umbooze, wine or other good liquor.— 2. But in addition to the foregoing the
Grose. word is sometimes used in the sense of
Rumb. The angle which a ship makes racket, disturbance.
And this, I take it,
in her sailing with the meridian of the Is the main motive of our preparations,
place where she is ; one point of the The source of this our watch, and the chief head
mariner's compass, or eleven degrees and Of this post haste and romage in the land.
a quarter.—B. It rombo, Ptg. rumão, Hamlet.
rumo. The points of the compass were In this sense it may be a parallel form
in old charts marked by large lozenges or with rum/us, It. româazzo, rombeggio,
rhombs, whence the name of rhumb is a rumbling noise; ram moscio, disturbance
said to be given to the points of the com (shown in ram/moscinare, to rumple, ruffle
pass. Fr. rumb, a roombe, or point of —Torriano), or with Sc. rummies, rum
the compass, a line drawn directly from myss, to bellow, roar; rammis, to rage
wind to wind in a compass, traversboard, about, and perhaps with Fr. ramage, the
or sea-card.—Cot. But it is not unlikely song of birds, chatter of children. Under
that the word may have been introduced the same head must be classed E. dial.
with the compass itself, which is sup rummage, lumber, rubbish, probably from
posed to have come through the Arabians. the rattling, shaky condition of old things.
Now Arab. ruff” is quarter; rub”-à-fakhta G. rummeſ, rumble, lumber, old things;
(takhta, board), a wooden quadrant for rumpe/n, to rumble, rattle; rumpe/AEasten,
taking altitudes, a graduated board. a chest for lumber, figuratively, an old
To Rumble. Du. romme/en, to rum coach, exactly corresponding to E. rattle
ble, buzz; rommeling, lumber, old fur trap ; gerim/e/, lumber. Pl. D. rabakken,
niture; rammelen, to clink, rattle, tattle; to rattle ; een old radać, an old piece of
rammeling, clash. G. rumme/n, to rum furniture.
ble; rummeſ, geriimpe/, rumme/ey, lum Rummer. Sw., remmler, Du. roomer,
ber ; rumpeln, to rumble, rattle, clatter. G. rāmer, a large drinking glass.
E. dial. rommle, to speak low or secretly ; Rumour. Lat. rumor, a rumbling
rom mock, to romp boisterously; ram sound, a report.
making, behaving riotously and wantonly; Rump. G. rum/ſ. Du. rompe, trunk,
rumbullion, a great tumult; rumbustical, body separate from the extremities. Sw.
boisterous; rummage, lumber, rubbish ; rumpa, the tail, rump. We are led from
rumpus, a noise, uproar; It. româare, analogous forms to suppose that the pri
romöazzare, roměeggiare, to make a rum mitive meaning is projection, then stump,
bling or clattering noise ; rombolare, to tail, tail-part or rump. Thus we have G.
rumble, roar, clash, clatter. sturz, shock, plunge, something project
55o RUMPLE RUSH

ing, stump, dock of a horse's tail; sturz deny. In Sp. renegador is commonly
am Aſlug, plough-tail. Bav. starz, cab used in the original sense of an apostate,
bage stalk, tail of a beast. Again from while renegado is taken in the secondary
stuſzent, to start, push, knock against ; sense of a reprobate, a wicked abandoned
stutz, shock. push, anything short ; stutz person.
schwanz, bobtail. He letteth the runagates continue in scarcity.
The sense of projection would naturally Rundlet.—Runlet. A small cask, a
spring from Pl.D. rumpc/h, rumpumpe/n, further dim. of OFr. rondelle, s. s.-
to jolt, jog. Roquef.
Rumple. G. rumme/n, rumpe/n, to Rung. A staff, a step of a ladder.
rumble, rattle. Pl.D. rumme/n, rum/e/n, Goth. rugga, a staff, rod. Gael. rong,
both in the first instance identical with rongas, a staff, bludgeon, rib of a boat,
E. rumble, are generally appropriated, the any piece of wood by which others are
one to the original sense, the other to the joined. ON. raung, röng, rib of a boat.
derived one of jogging, jolting. De wage Runnet. — Rennet. The maw of a
rumpelt up dem steen wege : the carriage calf, used to make milk run or curdle for
rattles or jolts along the road. Rum cheese.
fumpeln, to jolt greatly. As nourishing milk when runnet is put in
Then, as in so many other cases, we Runnes all in heapes of tough thicke curd, though
pass from the notion of broken sound or in his nature thinne.—Chapman, Homer in R.
shaking motion to that of disturbance, G. rennen, to run ; rennse, rennet ; Du.
confusion, a disordered, tumbled struc rennen, rintmen, runnen, to run, to coagu
ture. Bav. rummel, a disturbance, uproar: late ; runsel, rensel, rennet.—Kil.
der Bayrische rummel, the war of suc Runt. Sc. runt, trunk of a tree; Kail
cession in 1778. To rumple clothes is runt, a cabbage-staik. E. dial. runt,
to disorder by rough usage. Du. rom/e/en, stump of underwood, dead stump of a
rimpe/en, rompen, to wrinkle.—Kil. Æom tree, the rump. From the sense of a
fe/ig, rough, uneven. stump or dead stock the term is figura
In like manner rammel, rattle, clatter ; tively applied to a withered hag, an old
G. ramme/n, to rout about, make a dis woman, or to poor lean cattle. The
turbance, move noisily to and fro. Dasprimitive sense is probably a projection,
kind rammelt sich im bett herum, das as in the case of rump. Sw, runka, to
bett zu Schande verramme/ſ, the child jog, shake, vacillate.
tumbles about in bed, tumbles the bed The occurrence of parallel forms with
shamefully. an initial r and str or scr is very common,
Rumpus. A disturbance. Rumbus as rub and scrub, G. rumpf and strum/ſ,
tious, rumbustical, boisterous, noisy. Sc. trunk, stock. In like manner, corre
rummyss, to bellow, roar; It. ”ombazzo, sponding to runt, we have E. dial. strunt,
a clatter; Swiss rum/usen, to pull one a bird's tail; strunty, docked, short.
another about, to contend in sport. ON. —rupt. -ruption. — Rupture. Lat.
rumr, zymr, clash, noise. ruffus, broken, burst, ruptio, a bursting,
breaking, from rumpo, ruptum. As in
Run. AS. rinman, and transposed, Corrupt, Disruption, &c.
yrman, Du. rennen, to run. ON. remna Rural.--Rusticate. Lat. rus, ruri's,
(rann, rummit), Dan. rinde, to flow, to the country, whence ruralis, and rusticari,
melt, to run, to fly; ON. renna, rems/, to dwell in the country.
Dan. rende, a canal, a runnel. ON. remna Rush. As, risc, Pl.D. rusk, aurusk,
(rendi, rent), to pour out, liquefy, to cause risch. Probably from the whispering
to run ; renna koftar, to smelt copper. sound when moved by the wind. As.
Linc. to rind or render, to melt as lard, hriscian, to make a rustling noise, to
&c.—Hal.
shake, vibrate, frizzle.—Bosw. Sw, ruska,
Runagate. A refugee or runaway, ruskla, to rustle, to shake. To shake as
from OE. gate, way. a rush is a proverbial expression. He
Whom they coulde not overcome by battell, àeveſ as een aurus/..—Brem. Wtb. See
they overcame with fear of beating, and made Reed.
them run away, not like enemies overcome by To Rush. G. rauschen, to rustle, purl
battell, but like runnagate slaves.—Golding, Jus as a brook, whisper as the wind in the
time in R.
bushes, roar as the waves, to make a noise
The word is then confounded with Fr. or bustle, to rush, to move swiftly with a
renegat, It. rinnegato, one who renounces noise or bustle.—Küttn. Du. ruysschen,
his religion, from rinnegare, to renounce, bombilare, strepere, fremere, Susurrare et
 RUSSET SACK 551

impetum facere, irruere, grassari.-Kil. —Cot. In Bret. the term rud’ or ruf is
N. rusk, noise, rattle, uproar, sudden applied also to domestic animals, as
movement; rough weather; ruska, to dogs; ruda, to be on heat.
rattle, throw into disorder, do things with From the violent behaviour of the ani
bustle and haste. mal under sexual excitation. See Ram
Russet. Fr. rour, It. rosso, Lat. rus ble, Rout. G. rangen, to make disorderly
sus, red. motions united with a loud noise, to rout
Rust. G. rost, Du. roest. about, is applied to hogs and all four
To Rustle. As, ſhrist/an, Pl.D. russelm, footed beasts of prey when they go to
Áriasse/n, rusche/n, G. rasse/it. Pl.D. De rut or to couple. , Rauschen, properly to
muus russelt im Stro ; G. die maus rasself roar or rustle, is also applied to hogs and
im stroh. Sw. rusk/a, to move with a especially sows on heat. Swiss riden,
slight noise, to rustle in moving. Directly to make a noise, to bellow ; umeritóden,
imitative. to riot about ; der rited, rifediºuſ (wild
Rut. I. The trace of a wheel. See fang), an inconsiderate and petulant
Route. young man. In a special sense riden is
2. Fr. ruit, rut, the rut of deers or to rut, to be on heat; rid, ridi, a Tom
boars, their lust, and the season when cat. Sp. ruido, noise, uproar, tumult.
they engender ; also a herd of female Rye. ON. rugr, Du. rogge, G. rocken,
deer followed by the male in that season. raggen, Lith. ruggei, Russ. rozhy.

Sabbath. A Hebrew word signifying away), he hath his passport given him.—
rest. Cot. , Den sack sijnen Knecht geven, to
Sable. It gibellino, G. 20/el, Pol. so dismiss his servant ignominiously.—Kil.
bol, ON. saſali or sazali. Jornandes calls 2. Sack (wine), vin d'Espagne, vin sec.
the fur pelles saphirinae. —Sherwood, 1650. Bishop Percy cites
Sabre. G. sabel, Ital. sciablo, Pol. from an old account-book of the city of
s3a//a, Magy. Szablya, a sword, from Worcester, “Anno Eliz. 34. Item for a
szabni, to cut. gallon of claret wine, and seck, and a
Saccharine. Lat. saccharum, Gr. pound of sugar.” The name was properly
oakxap, oakxapov, Sugar. given to the dry Spanish wine such as
sº 1. Sacerdotal. —Sacred. that still imported under the name of
—Sacrifice.—Sacrist. Lat. sacer, sacred, sherry. “Sherry sack, so called from
whence sacerdos, a priest; sacrificium, Xeres, a sea town of Corduba in Spain,
the holy rite of offering a victim ; sacra where that kind of sack is made.’—
mentum, a solemn or sacred oath ; sa Blount, Glossographia in Nares. Shake
crisſa, a keeper of holy things, &c. speare uses sherris and sack as synon
Sack. I. A word common to a wide ymous.
range of languages, Heb., Arab., Gr., This valour comes of sherris, so that skill in
Lat., G., &c. the weapon is nothing without sack.-H. IV.
Sp. saquear, Fr. saccager, to sack a Minsheu (1625) explains sacke, a wine
town, is from the use of a sack in re that cometh out of Spaine, Belgicé Roo
moving plunder. Du. sacken, to sack, menije [Roomenije, vinum Hispaniense
put up in sacks, thence to rob, to plunder. —Kil.], win seck, quasi siccum, propter
Sacken ende packen, convasare omnia, magnam siccandi humores facultatem,
furto omnia colligere. Sackman, a plun giving the right derivation of the word
derer, robber.—Kil. In the same way we though he did not understand the mean
speak of bagging game for bringing it to ing of the term dry applied to wine.
bag. When the proper meaning of the name
* To give the sack is a very general ex was so early lost in England, it is not
pression for dismissing one from his em surprising that it should have been ap
ployment, equivalent to packing him off, plied to other strong white wines coming
sending him off bag and baggage. Fr. from the same quarter, whether sweet or
On lui a donné son sac et ses guilles (said dry, and we hear of Canary and Malaga
of a servant whom his master hath put sacks. Venner (Via recta ad vitam longam
552 SACRI LEGE SAINT

1637 in N.), after discussing medicinally of absorption. The roof of a house is

the propriety of mixing sugar with sack, seggit when it has sunk, a little inwards.
adds: “But what I have spoken of mix —Jam. Gael. sièg, suck, imbibe ; sugh,
ing sugar with sack must be understood drain, dry up, drink up. Swiss suggeſt,
of Sheric sack, for to mix sugar with to suck; siggern, sitcºern, G. sickern, to
other wines, that in a common appella drain away, trickle, ooze. AS. sigan,
tion are called sack, and are sweeter in pret. sah, to suck in, to sink down, to
faste, makes it unpleasant to the pallat set. “Swa swa sågende sond thonne ren
and fulsome to the stomach.” ‘’Canarie swylgth :’ as thirsty sand swallows the
wine, which beareth the name of the rain. G. saugen, pret. sag, to suck, to
islands from whence it is brought, is of absorb moisture; sogen, to drop, trickle
some termed a sacke with this adjunct, down, to sink, settle. Sw, suga, to suck,
sweet.’ to soak ; suga i sig, to absorb, imbibe ;
Kilian's sack-wijn, vinum percolatum, suga or siga sig igenom, to soak through,
vulgo saccatum, was a totally different to drip; signa, to sink, fall gradually. N.
thing, being a wash of the lees of wine siga, to ooze, as water through the earth,
and water strained through a bag. ‘Sac to fall gradually by its own weight, be
catum, buffet, c'est beuvraige de lie de come gradually lower, sink. ON. at lata
vin et d'eau coulée parmy un sac.’—Ca siga undam, to give way. Byrdin sigrat,
tholicum parvum in Duc. the load weighs heavy on the horse, sags
Sacrilege. Lat. sacrilegium, a steal on him. Bav. ersaigen, to make the sur
ing of sacred things; lego, lectum, to face of water sink, to dry up, exhaust,
pick, to gather. waste; seigen, to sink. “Die prawt swaig
Sad. The radical meaning is at rest, und saig nider in amacht : ' the bride
steadfast, fixed, serious, sorrowful. was silent and sank down fainting. Du.
Though I be absent in bodi, bi spyryt I am seyghen, sighen, G. seigen, seihen, to
with 3ou joiynge and seynge 3our ordre and the strain liquids, to cause them to sag or
sadnesse [in common version steadfastness] of sink down through a strainer. Seiger,
your bileve that is in Christ.—Wiciiſ, Coloss. c. an hour-glass, marking time by the sink
2, in R.
ing of sand. Bav. seig, G. seichſ, shallow,
But we saddere [firmiores] men owen to sus having sunk down or drained away.
teyne the feblenesses of sike men and not plese Lith. museku, musen/ºu, I flow away, dry
to ussilf-Id. Romans, c. 15.
up, sink; sunkus, heavy. N. sakka,
w. sad, firm, wise, sober, discreet; merch Pl.D. sakken, to sink down. Dat water
sad, a discreet woman. Pl.D. sade, rest, is in't sałżen, the water is falling. De
stillness, quiet, from setten, to set, to fix. mudder, de barm is sakket, the sediment
Sik to sade geven, to be at rest ; saden, is fallen or settled. Aſ sakken, hen under
sadigen, Lat. sedare, to quiet, to bring to sakken (as Fr. sier en arrière), to fall
rest. ON. settr, Dan. sat, sedate, steady, with the stream.
staid. Swab. satt, fast, firm, close. Das Sagacious. -sage. Lat. sagar, quick
eisen liegt satt an. Satt binden, to bind of apprehension, or of sight or scent or
fast. taste; sagio, to smell out, to perceive
Saddle. Du. sadel, G. saſtel, Bohem. quickly, to guess at or foresee. Praesagio,
sed/o. Lat. sella is a contracted form of to presage or have scent of beforehand.
the same word, signifying a seat or con Probably a modification of sapio, to
trivance for sitting on a horse. Bohem. savour, smell, taste or smack, to under
sedeti, to sit ; sedadlo, Lat. sedile, a seat. stand and perceive well, to be wise.
Pol. siddlo, saddle ; siedlisko, seat. The Sage. 1. Fr. sage, O Fr. saive, It.
word is very likely to have been formed savio, saggio, from Lat. sapius, preserved
among the equestrian Sarmatians. in mesapius, imprudent, silly.—Petronius.
Safe.—Save.—Salvation.—Salvage. Sapio, to taste, thence to discriminate, to
Lat. salvus, in good health, whole, sound, be wise. See Sagacious.
well ; Fr. sau/, safe. Lat. sa/vo, Fr. 2. Fr. Saulge, Lat. salvia, the aromatic
sauver, to save, and thence salvage, the plant.
saving of goods from wreck or fire. Sail. G. segel, ON. segl, sail; sigla, to
To Sag. To sink gradually down, to sail; w, siglo, to shake, rock, move, or
be depressed ; properly to sink as the Stir.
surface of water leaking away or sucked Saint. — Sanctify.—Sanctimonious.
up through the cracks of the vessel in Lat. sanctus, devoted or dedicated, thence
which it is contained. Sc. seg, seyg, to holy, a saint; sanctimonia, holiness. See
sink as liquids in a cask in consequence Sanction.
 SAKE SAME 553

Sake. AS. sacre, contention, dispute, (as in W. halem, Lat. sa/; W. hen, Lat.
suit at law. Wearth sacre betweqx Abra senter) are Gr. 6\oc, whole, sound ; Goth.
hames hyrdemannum and Lothes.—Gen. /ai/s, hale, whole ; G. heil, health; E.
xiii. 7. Forsecgan, aſsacan, and’sacan, heal, holy, &c. Compare the Lat. salu
withersacan, to gainsay, deny, forsake. tation Sa/ve / with E. Hai/A
Goth. sakan, to object, reprove, contend Salve. Goth. sa/boſt, G. sa/ven, to
with ; and sakan, to oppose ; gasakan, to anoint ; Pl.D. sa/ven, to smear, to mess.
accuse; sa/yo, contest. Pl. D. sake, suit Mit dem eten up'n teller herum sa/ven, to
at law, cause of a thing ; saken, to com make a mess on one's plate in eating. Wo
plain, to bring an action; versdéen, to hest du di so to sa/vet 2 how have you so
deny. G. sache, a complaint, process, suit dirtied yourself, made such a mess of
at law, an affair, business, occurrence, yourself? Sien tig óesa/ven, to daub or
thing. dirty one's clothes. Bav. sa/ben, a mish
Salad. Fr. salade, It. insalata, pro mash. Henneberg besappeln (of children),
perly a dish seasoned with salt. Coblenz besdóe/n, Palat. besalben, to daub
Salary. Lat. salarium, a soldier's pay, oneself; Osnabr. besabben, to beslobber.
properly an allowance of salt. The word is probably, like smear and
Sale. See To Sell. others signifying grease, formed from the
Salient. Lat. salio, to leap. image of dabbling in the wet, dirtying,
Sallow. 1. As, sa/ig, sa/h, Gael. seil then daubing with grease as the most
each, Lat. salir, W. Aelyg, Fin. salawa, a permanent kind of dirtying. It would
willow. thus be of a common origin with E. sal
2. As. salow:g, dark in colour. Bav. /ow, Fr. sale, and the parallel forms sully,
sal, discoloured, dark, dirty. “Der Spiegel soil, &c. Traces of the original sense of
glitz was worden sal:” the polish of the dabbling in the wet are to be found in
mirror was become dull. Goth. bisau/jan, Bav. gesa/b, gesalſ, gesa/ſer, chatter, tat
Fr. salir, to dirty. Gael. sal, dross, Scum, tle, a sense constantly expressed by terms
filth ; salaich, to sully ; W. halawg, de taken from the agitation of water ; sal
filed ; halogi, to defile. fern, to spatter; su//ern, to sip. Swiss
Most words signifying to dirty have su//ern, to blot, to dabble. Bav. sa/ber,
their origin in the figure of dabbling in one who works slow, on the same princi
the wet, as shown under Salve, Soil, Sully. ple on which we give the name of a dab
Under the latter head are indicated a bler to an inefficient workman.
parallel series, Fr. souiller, Pl.D. so/gen, Salver. Sp. salva, salvilla, a salver,
söſen, Flem. solowen, settlewen, &c., to or piece of plate on which glasses, &c.,
dirty, which it is difficult clearly to dis are served at table. As salva was the
tinguish from those in the present article. tasting of meat at a great man's table,
Sally. Fr. sai//ie, a breaking out sa/var, to guarantee, to taste or make the
upon, a leap, spring ; saf//ir, to leap, go essay of meat served at table, the name
out, stand out beyond others. Bret. sala, of sa/ver is in all probability from the
Lat. salire, to leap. article having originally been used in
Saloon. Fr. salon, a large hall; sal/e, connection with the essay. The Italian
It. sala, a hall; OHG. sal, ON. salr, AS. name of the essay was credenza, and the
same term was used for a cupboard or
salo, house, palace, hall. Goth. sa/jan, sideboard ; credentiere, credenzere, a
to lodge, to dwell ; saliſ/vos, lodgings.
prince's taster, cup-bearer, butler, or cup
Salt.—Saline. Lat. sal, Gael. salamn, board-keeper.—Fl. Fr. credence d'argent,
salt; sal, salt water, the sea ; Gr. &\c, silver plate, or a cupboard of silver plate.
salt, the sea; W. halem, salt; hallt, salted. —Cot.
The word is common also to the whole
Same. Goth. sama, same ; Slav.sam,
Finnish family. Fin. suola, Wogul sal, Russ. samiii, self; Pol. sam, alone, by
Magy. so. himself, mere, same, self. Sanscr. sama,
Saltier. Fr. sau/toir, properly a stir like, equal, plane, all, whole.
rup, from sauter, to mount, but in Fin. sama, same, in what is called the
Heraldry applied to signify St Andrew's adessitive case, becomes samal/a, which
Cross.
is used elliptically in the sense of “at the
Salubrious.-Salute. Lat. salvus, same time, agreeing in a remarkable
whole, sound, in good health; sa/uber, manner with Lat. simul, and offering a
-bris, healthbearing, wholesome ; sa/us, far from singular instance in which an
-utis, health. Corresponding forms with explanation of Greek or Latin forms may
an initial h corresponding to the Lat. & be found in the Finnish languages. Sa
554 SAMPHIRE SATRAP

maſſa muodo//a, in the same mode or Saracen. Gr. Sapaknvóc. Commonly

Inann.cr. explained from Arab. shark, rising, the
Samphire. Fr. Herbe de Saint Pierre, East; sharki, Eastern. The difficulty
a sea-side plant. is that the Moslems would not have ap
Sample.—Sampler. From Lat. er peared to themselves in the character of
emº/ſum, OSp. en rem//o, Ptg. en remſ/ar, Easterns, but only to the Western
e.templar, a model. The same insertion enemies whom they were attacking. In
of an n is seen in Ptg. enrame, a swarm fact the name of Saracens seems to have
of bees, from Lat. e.tament. been unknown to the Arabs themselves,
Sanction. Lat. sancio, sancifum and and only to have been in use among the
sanctum, to ordain, appoint, establish, Greeks, who never would have devised a
ratify, thence to consecrate, dedicate ; name with an Arabic explanation.
sanctus, ordained, sacred, inviolable, holy; Sarcasm.—Sarcastic. Gr. odºps, -kóc,
sanctio, an ordinance, ratification. flesh ; capráčw, to tear flesh like dogs,
Sane.—Sanity.—Sanatory. Lat. sa to sneer (in mod. Gr. to bite, to deride);
mus, whole, sound ; sano, -as, to make capraguác, a bitter laugh, Sneer.
sound, to heal. Insanus, unsound of To Sarce.—Searce. Fr. sasser, to
mind, insane. See Sound. sift through a fine sieve ; sas (OFr. seas,
Sand. ON. sandr, G. sand. Lang. sedas), a ranging sieve or searce.
Sandal. Gr. od vôa\ov, Lat. sandalium. —Cot. It setaccio, setazzo, a sieve or
Sanguine.—Sanguinary. -sanguin-. strainer made of horse-hair; Lat. seta, a
Lat. sanguis, -inis, blood. Consanguin bristle, horse-hair.
ity, community of blood. Sarcenet. It saracinetto, q. d. Sara
Sap. Pl.D. saff, juice, wet. “He cen's silk-B. Pannus Saracenici operis.
paddjet in den drekk dat em de saf% um —Duc.
de oren flugt:” he paddles in the dirt so Sarcophagus. Gr. oapkopáyoc ; qūpā,
that he is splashed over head and ears. flesh, and paysiv, to eat.
G. saſ, juice. Sardonic. Gr. Xapčoviròc, Xapčávtoc.
The word seems radically the same T{\wc Xapóóvoc, a bitter, feigned laughter;
with sop, from the noise of dabbling. from a herb growing in Sardinia, which,
Pl. D. saffen, to sound as wet in motion, if eaten, caused great laughing, but ended
to drip, leak, ooze. De schoe saffet, the in death.
water sounds in one's shoe. Idt is so Sash. I. It sessa, a Persian turban
vuul up'r straten dat it sappet: it is so [a piece of muslin wrapped round the
dirty in the streets that one hears it splash, cap]—Fl.
it is sopping wet. Een sa/pigen weg, a 2. Fr. châssis, the sliding frame of a
soppy or muddy way. De appel sappet window ; châsse, framework in which cer
dor den sakk: the apple-juice soaks tain things are held, a shrine for relics.
through the sack. Bav. safferen, to squash La châsse d'un rasoir, the handle of a
or sound under the feet like wet ground, razor; d'une rose, the calix. See To
or shoes full of water; OHG. saſ, G. saſt, Chase.
Julce. Sassafras. A medical wood. Fr.
To Sap. Fr. sapper, to undermine, to sassaſras, Sp. saraſrar, salsaſrar, Saxi
dig into ; It gappare, to dig ; gaffa, a frage, because the same virtue was attri
lºck, spade, shovel; Wal. sapā, to buted to sassafras as to saxifrage, of break
19. ing up the stone in the bladder.
Essentially the same word as step, from Satchel. Du. sackel, G. sackel, a purse.
the stamping action of the foot in digging, Fr. sachef, a little sack.
on the same principle on which Bohem. To Sate.—Satiate.—Satiety.—Satis
Æoffati is to kick, and also to hack or hoe, faction. Lat. sat, satis, enough.
to dig. Venet. gaffar, to tread, paw as a Satellite. Lat. satelles, a personal
horse, stamp ; It. 3a//egare, to trample. attendant.
Sap-green. G. saſt-farbe, among Satin. Ptg. setim. Said to be a
painters, colours made of the juices of the Chinese word.--N. and Q.
animal or vegetable kingdom as opposed Satire. Lat. satira, satyra, a poem
to minerals. Saſt-grin, sap-green, made in which the manners of the times were
of the juice of buckthorn-berries. freely treated without respect of persons.
Sapient. Lat. sapio, to be wise. See Gr. adrupoc, a play in which the chorus
Sagacious. consisted of Satyrs.
Saponaceous. Lat. sapo, Gr. odºrwy, Satrap. Gr. oarpármc, originally Per
soap. sian.
 SATURATE SCALE 555

Saturate. Lat. satur, full fed, sated. Saw. 1. ON. sig, N. sag, Da. saz, G.
Saturnalia. Lat. saſurna/ia, feast of sage, It sega, Fr. scie, a saw. The origin
Saturn, in which unrestrained licence was is perhaps the zigzag or seesaw movement
allowed, even to slaves. by which the act of sawing is character
Saturnine. A grave unsocial disposi ised. Sp. Chiquechague, a sawyer; Pl. D.
tion ascribed to the influence of the suggen, sugge/n, to hack, haggle, cut
planet Saturn, as a jovial disposition ex with a blunt knife.
presses the tendency to good fellowship 2. Du. saege, a narration, a saying.
induced by the planet Jupiter. ON, saga, a narrative.
Satyr. Lat. Satyrus, Gr. Sárvooc. Saxifrage. Lat. sari/raga × sarum, a
Sauce.—Saucer. It salsa, Fr. sauce, stone, and frango, to break, being sup
properly a mixture of salt, then any relish posed to be good against stone in the
ing addition to food. Saucer, a little bladder.
dish to hold sauce. To Say. AS. secgan, ON. seiga, G. sagen.
Saucy. As sauce is a sharp-tasted Scab. Lat. scabies, It. scabbia, G.
seasoning of food, it is metaphorically schabòe, scab, scurf, itch, from scabere,
applied to sharp speech, short sharp re Du. schaëben, schobben, schrabben, to rub,
plies. Fr. sauce, met. a reprimand. A scratch, scrape. Bret. Skrača, to scratch,
man is said to be bien sauceſ when he has Scrape.
received a sharp reprimand. * Scabbard. Might be plausibly ex
Wo was his coke but if his sauce were plained from being made of scaleboard or
Poinant and sharp, and ready all his gere. thin board, in the same way that a hat
Chaucer, Prol. was called a beaver. Scaleboard—com
If it be so, as fast monly pronounced scáðboard.—Worces
As she answers thee with frowning looks, I'll ter.
Jazz/ce
The ancients—used splints—and of them some
Her with bitter words.-As You Like It. are made of tin, others of scabbard and tin, sewed
To Saunter. One of those cases in up in linen cloths.-Wiseman, Surgery.
which either an / after the initial s has But this explanation is opposed by the
been lost, or parallel forms beginning with OE. forms scawberk (scauberke—Merlin
s and s/ respectively have originally been 514), or scaberge (Rom. of Partenay),
developed, as in Lat. soróere and G. sch/iºr scaubert (Müller). Of these scawberk
fen, E. sop and slop, Pl.D. sabòeln, sdó may have passed into Fr. escaubert or es
dern, and E. slobber. cauðer, by which vagina is glossed in John
In like correspondence with saunter de Garlandiá : vaginas, escaubers. Hence
we have G. sch/entern, Sw, s/infra, to conversely E. scaubert, scabbard. The
wander idly about ; G. sch/endern, to first syllable should mean blade, as giving
saunter, loiter–Flügel ; Pl.D. slender the word the meaning of blade-cover,
weg, a promenade. but no one has succeeded in making out
The radical meaning would seem to be that signification.
to trail or drag along. G. sch/ender, a Scaffold. Fr. eschaffaut, Lang, escafold,
gown with a train ; Pl.D. s/ender, the eschaffaut, escadaſaut, It. cata/a/co, cata
usual course. E. dial. s/ade to drag ; farco, Sp. cadaſa/so, Prov. cadaſa/c.
Sw. slade, E. sled, a sledge or drag. Sw. From Prov. and OSp. catar (Lat. cap
s/inta, Pl.D. s/indern, to slide ; Da. slunte, fare), to look, to see, and It. palco, a
to idle. planking.—Diez.
Sausage. It salsiccia, Fr. saucisse, To Scald. Fr. &chauder, It. scaldare,
from being cured with salt. to heat, warm, scorch, scald; caldo, Lat.
Savage. Fr. sauvage, It. se/vatico, calidus, hot. Gael. Sgald, scald, pain,
selvaggio, salvaggio (Lat. Sy/vaticus), torture; Bret. skaoſa, to scald, sting like
savage, wild, untamed, forest-bred.—Fl. a nettle; Dan. Skolde, Sw.skolla, to scald.
To Save. See Safe. Scale. 1.-Shale.—Shell. Du.schaele,
Saveloy. Fr. cerve/as, a kind of dry bark, crust, shell, scale ; schelle, bark,
sausage eaten cold.—Cot. It cerveſada, shell, skin, scale. G. schale, a shell, dish,
a kind of yellow sausage in use in the cup, bowl, bark of a tree, cover of a book,
Milanese. Doubtless from being made peel of fruit, shale or mineral that separ
of (Fr. cerveille) brains. ates in flakes. It scaglia, scale of fish,
Savour. Fr. saveur, Lat, saffor, taste; shiver or splinter of stones, skin of snake;
sapio, -ere, to Smack, taste or smell, to Fr. escaille, scale of fish. Escailler des
relish. Probably the syllable sap repre noix, to pill or shale walnuts; escailleures,
sents the Smacking of the lips. shards or spalls, small pieces broken or
556 SCALE SCANTLING
hewed from stones. Fr. dial cha//e de y\{rro, to hollow out, to carve, must be
noix, the green husk or shale of a walnut. classed under the same head.
The radical signification is something Scalp. It scalpo, the skin of the head.
that splits or separates or that is picked Sc. sharp, hull, husk; peashatº, Da. dial.
off. The shale or husk of fruit or vege ska/p, the shell of peas. Fr. esca/botter,
tables or scales of fish are what is picked to pill, to unhusk, or loosen the husk of.
off as unfit for food. The shaiſes of –Cot. ON. ská/pr, sheath. See Scallop.
hemp (Hollyband) are the bits of stalk To Scamble. To scramble, to make
that have to be picked from the fibre. shift. Fr. griffe-graffe, scamſ/img/y, catch
Lith. ske//, ski//?, to split, burst; skel that catch may.—Cot. Scambling, sprawl
déti, skaldyfi, to crack, burst, split; ska/us, ing.—Hal.
ski//us, easy to split ; ska/ai, splinters of Thus sithe I have in my voyage suffered wrack
fir for torches; ski/stis, hoof of a cloven with Ulysses, and wringing wet scaméled to the
footed animal ; sºyle, a split, hole, open shore.—Gosson (1579) in Hal.
ing. Gr. ox{\\w, to rend, tear, flay; It. scarmigliare, to card cotton or wool,
axiºcc, the skin of an animal ; oxi,\a, arms to scramble, scratch, touse or tug by the
stripped from a slain enemy, spoils. Gael. hair ; scarmigliato, scrambled, toused,
sgil, sgio/, shell, unhusk; sgio/ta, un scratched, &c.
husked, active, quick; It. scio/to, loosed, A parallel form with scramble, in the
active. Da, skille, to separate. Melken same way that we have Du. schabòen and
skilles, the milk is turned. E. dial. to schrabben, to scrape or scrub, or E. dial.
sheal milk, to curdle, to separate the parts scaffe and scraffe, to scramble.
of it.—Ray. It. scagliare, to shiver or Scamp. A cheat, a swindler.—Jam.
splitter—Fl.; Fr. mur escaillé, a wall full A workman is said to scamp his work
of cracks or chinks. when he does it in a superficial, dishonest
Scale. 2.--To Scale.—Escalade. Lat. manner. Swab. schampe, liederlicher
scala (from scando, to climb 2), Sp. escala, mensch.-Schmid.
Fr. &helle, a ladder, thence a scale or Du. schampen, to shave, scrape, slip
graduated measure; Sp. escalar, to mount away; schampig, slippery ; schampschoof,
by ladders ; escalada, an escalade. a grazing shot.
Scalene. Gr. akaAyróc (axáčw, to limp), To Scamper. Bav. gam/en, gamfern,
limping, halting, uneven, unequal. to sport, spring about. Sw, skum/a, to
jog ; –sin waig, to jog off, scamper away.
Scall. Scurf in the head ; sca/led or See Jump, Game.
scall head, a scurfy head. Du. sche/ſe, To Scan. I. It. scandere, to mount,
bark, shell, skin, membrane; sche//en. ascend, also to scan a verse, to examine it
van 't hoofd, scurf of the head. Dan. by counting the feet; hence
ska/det, bald, bare. 2. To examine narrowly.
Scallop. A shell-fish of a round in Scandal. Lat. scandalum, from Gr.
dented shape, whence sca/loped, having arávčaxov, a trap for an enemy, a stumb
the edge indented like a scallop shell. lingblock, offence.
Du. sche/pe, shell, cockle-shell, nut-shell; Scant.—Scanty. Barely sufficient.
schelpevis, shell-fish; St Jacob's schelpen, ON. skammr, short ; skamír, a measured
coquille de St Jaques, the scallop-fish or portion. I skornum skamti, circumcisã
pilgrim's scallop-shell. portione, i. e. parcé, circumcisé.-Egills.
Words signifying shell, peel, husk, are N. skant, a measuring rod, measured por
commonly derived from the notion of tion; skanta, to measure off, to cut off a
scaling, peeling, or picking off, separating little so as to make a thing exact, to give
the outer useless portion. Du. schelſe, sparingly, reckon closely. Skanta, mea
shell, scale; de vis schelſen, to scale a sured, exactly fitted, leaving nothing to
fish, to scrape off the scales; Bret, skalfa, spare. º

to separate, to split. Gael. §§ea/b, a quick, Scantling. A small piece of anything,

sudden sound, the sound of a blow, a also the size to which a timber is to be
slap, then, from the crack of things burst cut. From Fr. chantel, chanteau, a cor
ing or splitting, to split, splinter. Sgea/ð- ner-piece, lump or cantle of bread, &c.
chreag, a splintered or shelvy rock. Sc. (G. Kant, edge; It canto, side, corner),
ske//, a slap, blow, stroke ; to ske/ve, to are formed Fr. eschante/er, to break into
separate in lamina. cantles, to cut off the corners or edges
Probably Lat. scalpere, to scrape, of, eschanti//on, a small cantle or corner
scratch, engrave, sculpere, to form by piece, also a scantling, sample, pattern,
cutting or carving, Gr. YAdºpw, y\tºpw, proof of any sort of merchandise.-Cot.
 SCAPE SCARCE 557

Hence to scantle, to cut bits from. “The Gael, sº airſ, a loud shout or cry, and
chines of beeſe in great houses are scantled, thence Fr. escarter, to scatter, disperse,
to buie chaines of gold.”— Lodge (1596) with Fr. escarre, escarrir.
in Hal. Omnes denarii Jaccenses qui Scarce. OFr. eschars, eschard, escar,
falsi non sint recipiantur ab omnibus close, sparing, niggardly ; escharcer,
hominibus—sive sint fracti, sive perforati, escharder, to diminish, to spare ; eschas,
vel etiam scante//aſi.-Fori Aragon. in scarcely. Sp. escaso, scanty, narrow,
Duc. small, short, sparing, niggardly. It.
The sense of measurement is explained scarso, scarce, Scant, sparing. Bret.
by Sp. aescanti//ar, descantomar, to break skarz, slender, little, close, niggard,
off part of a thing, to lessen; descanti//on, clean, cleansed ; séazza, to spare, re
a small line marking the proper scant/ing trench, diminish, also to cleanse, scour,
to which anything is to be cut.—Neum. steal. Re skara eo hô sae, your gown is
Scape. Lat. scaffus, shaft of a pillar, too short. Ne ket skarz ann éd-man,
stalk of a plant ; Gr. o.kijirraw, to prop, to this corn is not clean. The radical
lean on. meaning of the verb would seem to be
Scapular. Lat. scapula, the shoulder to scrape, leading on the one side to the
blade. notion of cleansing, and on the other to
Scar. Originally a crack or breach, that of paring, shaving off, clipping,
then specially applied to the mark of a sparing. Piedm. moneda scarsa, light
wound, a cliff, precipice or broken rock, money, money that has been clipped or
a fragment. It is used by Gower in the rubbed. Scarso/, to pluck off super
original sense : fluous leaves and shoots from vines. Du.
And eke full ofte a littel skare schaers, a razor ; schaers aſschaeren, to
Upon a banke, ere men be ware, cut close ; schaers, close, niggardly, also
Let in the streme. hardly, scarcely. It cogliere scarso, to
strike a grazing blow shaving along the
Bret. skarr, crack in a wall, chap in the surface, to strike slanting.
skin; s/arra, to crack, to open. Fr. The root may be traced through a wide
escarre, breach, bursting open, opening extent of variation. Sometimes it is
made with noise and violence. Faire found without the initial s, as in Bret.
grande escarre, to disperse people, toÆazza, to scrape, cleanse, sweep, to clear
out dung ; Karz, sweepings, ordures ;
leave a wide space open ; escarriz., to
scatter, disperse.—Trev. “Le canon a Æarz/ren, Kaz/ren, Aaróren, a plough
staff, stick for scraping the coulter of
fait une grande escarre dans ce bataillon,
dans la muraille : " has made a great the plough. The Breton 2 changes to th
breach in them.—Gattel. The foregoing in W. car/hu, to scour, cleanse, carry out
must not be confounded with Fr. eschare, dung from stables or cowhouses; carth
surgically, the crust of a burn or ulcer, Ören, a plough-staff; carth, offscouring,
from #axzipa, from whence E. scar of a outside, rind, what is peeled off; ſysgarth,
wound is commonly derived. offscouring, ordures.
In the Scandinavian and Teutonic With the loss of the final d or 2, ON.
dialects the root is found as well in the Åarra, kara, to scrape, to cleanse, ex
shape of scar as with the addition of a plaining Dan. Karrig, sparing, niggardly;
final d. Du. scheure, schaerde, crena, ON. skara, to rake or scrape, to snuff
ruptura, rima, schaere (vetus) scopulus, the candle ; G. scharren, to scrape, to
rupes ; scheure, schore, scissura, ruptura. cleanse stables, streets, &c.
—Kil. ON. skor, N. skar, notch, breach, The ultimate origin is an imitation of
cleft in a rock. OHG. scorro, scorra, the sound of scraping or scratching,
praeruptum montis, scopulus. – Gl. in which are often represented by the same
Schm. in v. schorren. ON. skard, a forms. ON. Karra, to creak as a wheel;
breach, nick, opening ; skard i vör, Dan. Gael. Sgairt, screech, shriek; Sc. scarf,
/ares/aer, a hare-lip. Dan. Skaar, a to scratch, scrape, cleanse by scraping,
cut, notch, fragment, shard. E. dial. gather money in a penurious way. Scart,
Žoſscar, a potsherd; share, the opening a scratch, a niggard. “Move thee to
of the thighs ; shard or sherd, a piece of scrape, to scarf, to pinch, to spare.’
broken stone or pottery, a notch or gap, The same train of thought is indicated
an opening in a wood.-Hal. in Gael. Sgread, a shriek, cry ; sºre&dan,
The ultimate origin is in all probability a disagreeable sound, noise of anything
a representation of the noise made by tearing asunder ; Sc. screed, any loud
a thing cracking or bursting. Comp. shrill sound, the sound or act of rending,
558 SCARE SCATTER

a rent, the thing that is rent or torn off. Scarf-skin. The outside skin. Bav.
See Shard,” Shred. schizºſen, scherºffen, to scratch or pick
To Scare. Sc. skar, skair, to take off the outside of a thing. Sich scher/ſºn,
fright. A skair horse, or a horse that summam cutis stringere. See Scurf.
skars, is one that is easily startled. Skare, Scarify. Lat. scarifico (for scariſo), to
a fright, a scarecrow.—Jam. ON. skidºrr, lance or open a sore. Gr. oxápióoc, a
timid, shy. N. s/ſerra, to frighten, to stile, etching tool; akapi pºw, okapipáouai,
SCal'C. to scratch.
The idea of frightening is commonly Scarlet. It. scarlato, Fr. &carlaſe, G.
expressed by the figure either of the scharlach.
trembling symptomatic of fright, or of a The origin of the word has been much
sudden noise which instinctively startles disputed, and it has been supposed to be
and produces fright. It has been argued borrowed from an Eastern source. But
under Afraid that Fr. eſ/rayer and G. the name of an article of commerce is at
schrecken, to frighten, both have their least as likely to have passed from Europe
origin in forms representing a crash or to the East as vice versá, and the word
crack, and it is probable that scare is admits of a plausible explanation in the
derived from a like source. Fr. escarre, Lat. carn, flesh.
breach, bursting open with noise and It. scarnatino, flesh-coloured, became
violence. — Trev. Bret. Skarr, crack, in Venet. scarlatin, explained by Patri
breach. Gael. sº airf, a loud cry or shout. archi as a colour of mixed white and
A similar connection may be observed red. But the mixture of a colour with
between E. scream and Sw. Skrama, to white is considered as a dilution or weak
frighten. ening of the colour, and therefore if the
To Scarf. To join timbers with a diluted colour were expressed by a di
slanting joint. Sw. Skarſwa, to join to minutive, the full colour would be signi
gether, to piece, eke out. Séanſwa en fied by the primitive form. Thus from
arm, to lengthen a sleeve; —timmer, to scarlatin, a whitish red, would be formed
scarf two pieces of timber. Dan. skarre, scar/ato, full red, scarlet. Compare
N. skara, s/ſerve, to scarf timber; skarv, Shakespeare's incarnadine, to dye with
a bit cut off the end of a plank. Bav. crimson.
scharben, to shred vegetables, to make a Scarp. It. scarpa, Fr. escarfe, Sp.
notch in a timber to receive a cross escarfa, the slope of a wall or steep front
piece. Bret. Skarſa, to scarf timber or of a fortification. See Scarf.
stone.—Lepelletier. Scatches.—Skates. Fr. eschasses, stilts
The origin of the term is to be found or scatches to go upon.—Cot. Schaetse, in
in the scraping down or slicing off a Flanders stilts, “vulgo scacaº, in Holland
piece of each of the timbers in order to skates; also a carpenter's trestle, the sup
make the joint. Sp. escarbar, to scrape port on which he saws wood.—Kil. Pl.D.
or scratch the ground like a fowl or skake, shank or leg. It. 2anca, shank ;
beast ; escarpar, to rasp or cleanse works 2anche, stilts. Sp. zanca, shank; 2azz
of sculpture, to escarp or slope down a cudo, long-shanked ; gancos, stilts. So
bank, to scarf timber. Escarfa, the Lim. digo, a leg; dºga, a long-legged
scarp or steep slope on the inside of a person; digas, stilts. The point in which
ditch next the rampart. It. scarffello, a stilts and skates agree is that they are
chisel, lancet, tool for slicing or paring. both contrivances for increasing the
Scarf. Fr. escharpe, a scarf or bau length of stride.
drick; escharpe d'un pèlerin, the scrip Du. chaefse (from whence E. skate) would
wherein he carries his meal.—Cot. It seem to be a corruption of Pl.D. skake,
would seem that the name of the scrip which was Latinised under the form
was transferred to a scarf from the latter scaca, scata, scadea, scacia, scassa,—Dief.
being worn over the shoulder in the way Supp. But see To Scotch.
that a beggar's scrip was carried. In Scathe. Goth. skathjan, G. schaden,
the same way Da. taske, a pouch, becomes to injure; ON. skadi, AS. sceatha, Pol.
Sc. tische, a belt. Da. taskebelle, zona ; szkoda, damage, hurt. Gael. §§ad, mis
taskemagere, zonarius. – Lye. Scheler's fortune, loss; sºath, lop off, prune, de
explanation of the word as signifying a stroy, injure.
strip of cloth from OFr. escharper, to To Scatter. Du. schefferen, to crush,
tear, is not satisfactory. OHG. scherbe, a resound, burst out laughing, to scatter.
scrip, comes still nearer the E. form than It. scaterare, to scatter.—Fl. The idea
Fr. escharpe. See Scrip. of a thing breaking to pieces is represent
 SCAVENGER SCOFF 559

ed by the figure cf the sound of an ex school of philosophers who doubted of all

plosion. So Fr. sºc/ater, to crash, to things.
burst or shiver to pieces. Eclaf de ton Sceptre. Lat. sceptrum, Gr. ochrrpov,
nerre, a clap of thunder; par &c/aſs, in a regal staff, from oxhºrro, to prop, to lean
shivers. Dan. s/ºrage, to crackle, Sw. upon ; akijirropat, to support oneself on a
spraka, to crack, explode, show the origin staff.
of Lat. spargere, OE. spark/e, to scatter. Schedule. Lat. scheda, schedu/a, a
Dan. skingre, to ring, clang, resound ; scroll, leaf of paper, short writing; schidia,
Sw. skingra, to scatter, dissipate. a sheave or thin slice of wood ; Gr. oxéén,
Scavenger. The scavage or shewage a tablet, leaf. From axiºw, to split.
was originally a duty paid on the inspec Scheme. Gr. oxijua, outward form,
tion of customable goods brought for sale fashion, appearance, from OGr. ox{w, to
within the city of London, from AS. scea have, hold.
wian, to view, inspect, look. The sec Schism.—Schist. Gr. oxioua, a rent,
tion De Scawanga, Liber Albus, p. 223, oxtoric, split, from oxiào, to cleave, split,
commences as follows : * Qi est contenuz produce fissures.
des queux marchaundises venauntz en Scholiast. Gr. oxoMaarijc, from gyó
Londres deit estre prys Scawenge nostre \tov, a comment. See School.
Seignur le Roy; et comebien doit estre School.—Scholar. Gr. oxoM), leisure,
prys de chescun.—Et fait assavoir que rest, that in which leisure is employed,
.Scawenge est dite come demonstrance, discussion, lecture, philosophy, the place
pur ceo qe marchauntz demonstrent as where such studies were pursued, a
school.
viscounts marchaundises des queux deit
estre pris custume, einz qe rien de ceo Sciatic. Gr. toxiov, the hip ; ioxuéc,
soit vendue.” The scawengers or scava -áčoc, pain in that region ; ioxtaëtróc,
gers were the inspectors to whom the subject to pains in the hips; Lat. sciatica,
goods were actually shown. Afterwards disease in the hips.
Science. — Sciolist. Lat. scio, to
the inspection of the streets seems to have
been committed to the same officers, know ; scientia, knowledge.
unless the name was used in the general Scimetar. Fr. cimeterre, It. scimiſarra.
sense of inspectors. “Qe scawageours Scintillate. Lat. scintilla, a spark.
eyent poair de survéer les pavementz et Scion. A graft or young shoot of a tree.
qe touz ordures es rewes soyent oustez,' Here, as in scent, the c is inserted without
p. 585. The oath of the sca wageour is etymological grounds. Fr. scion, sión, a
given p. 313. “Vouz jurrez we vous star young and tender plant, a shoot, sprig, or
verrez diligientement qe les pavementz twig.—Cot.
deinz vostre garde soient bien et droitur The proper meaning of the word is a
element reparaillez—; et qe lez chemyns, sucker, a shoot that sucks its sap from
ruwes et venelles soient nettez des fiens the parent tree. Sp. Chupar, to suck, to
et de toutz maners des ordures, pur imbibe moisture; chupon, a scion or
honestee de la citée ; et qe toutz les sucker of a plant, a young twig. Gr.
chymyneys, fournes, terrailles soient de aipwy, a reed, straw, tube used to draw
pierre, et suffisantement defensable en wine out of the cask, the sucker of a
contre peril de feu.” The labourers by pump. It signe, a pipe, gutter, or quill
whom the cleansing of the streets was to draw water through.-Fl. Another
actually done were then called ra/yers, application of the sense of sucker is seen
or rakers. in Lat. siphon, It. Sione, a whirlwind,
-scend. -scens-. -scent. Lat. scart waterspout, sucking up the water as it
do, scan sum, to climb (in comp. -scendo, passes over it. See Sip.
Scirrhus. Gr. oxippoc, an indurated
-scensum); as in Ascend, Descent, Ascen tumor.
Jº O/2.
Scissors. Written by Chaucer sisoures.
Scene.—Scenery. Gr. army,), the cover It. Cesore, a cutter, a tailor; cesoie, Mo
or tilt of a waggon, a tent, booth, stage, or denese cesore, Mantuan zisora, scissors ;
scaffold, the stage on which the actors Lat. casus, cut.
performed, a scene at a theatre. Scoff. ON. skauſ, skauſ, skop, derision;
Scent. Fr. sentir, to smell. draga séau/, at einum, hafa i sãaupi, to
Sceptic. Gr. ox#Tropat, to look about, deride. Thad hlaup vard at skaupi, that
look carefully, consider ; arélic, examina inroad was in vain. O Flem.schop, schoffe,
tion, inquiry, doubt ; oxstrtikác, inclined ludibrium; Du. schobbe, scomma, sarcas
to reflection ; okstrukoi, the Sceptics, a mus.-Kil. Possibly a shave, a dry wipe.
 560 SCOLD SCORN

Compare Du. schamfen, to graze the sur Pl.D. schuppe, a scoop, shovel. Fr. &cope,
face, to deride, scoff, abuse.—Kil. Lat. a scoop for baling boats.
perstringere is used in both senses, to Boh. Æopati, to kick, hack, dig, hoe ;
graze, and to censure, speak acrimoni Pol. Æopae, to dig, hollow, scoop out;
ously. Serv. AEofati, to dig ; Kofanya, a wooden
Scold. Du. sche/den, to scold, revile; bowl.
sche/dnaemi, nickname, name of abuse. Scope. Lat. scoſus, from Gr. ororóg,
From the loud shrill tone of scolding. a mark or butt to shoot at, thence a pur
ON. skel/r, clang, crash ; skella, to bang. pose or object ; akémropat, to look at
Hann ske//di upp og hló : he burst out a steadily. -

laughing. Sw, ska//a, to bark like a dog, To Scorch. The Ormulum has scorre
to cry out loud, to scold, make use of 7ted, scorched, of a crusty loaf, or land
abusive language. Alla hans kreditoren shrunk up with drought.
ska//a efter honom ; all his creditors cry All the people that the violent wind Nothus
after him. SAEa//a ut, to decry; ska//sord, scorcſith, and bakyth the brennyng sandes by his
abusive language. N. sºye//a, a clapper, drie heate.—Chaucer, Boeth.
rattle. Du. schroken, Pl. D. shröggen, to scorch,
Sconce. 1. A small fort. Du. schantse, Singe.
a rampart made of trees and branches, The origin seems to lie in the crackling
parapet, outpost; schantsen, to defend sound of frizzling or scorching. Boh.
with a rampart ; schantskorven, gabions. ss/ºwrciſi, to crackle or fizz as butter on
—Kil. G. schanzen, to make a fence, in the fire ; ssłwr/iti, to scorch, singe;
trench, fortify ; schan2//eid, a canvas 2ssà wrºnauti, to fizz in singeing; sº wré
screen drawn round a ship at the time of naſatise, sº wrkatise, to shrivel up ;
an engagement to prevent the enemy from ss/ºwrk/y, shrivelled, shrunk. Pol. Air
seeing. To sconce or ensconce oneself is czyd, sºurczy& sie, to shrivel.
to post oneself behind a screen of some Score. A notch, then from the cus
kind. tom of keeping count by cutting notches
The meaning of the word is something on a stick, account, reckoning, number,
to conceal or cover one from the enemy, the specific number of twenty, as being
from Fr. esconser (Lat. abscondere, abscon the number of notches it was convenient
sum), to hide, conceal, cover. Esconsail, to make on a single stick; when that
a screen or shelter, a sconce, abri, ca number was complete the piece on which
chette, refuge.—Roquef. Guigneville (in they were made was cut off (Fr. taille),
Carp.) makes man after the fall address and called a tally.
God, Whereas before our forefathers had no other
Fai moi de toi un escom rail, books but the score and the tally, thou hast caused
Unabril (abri) et un ripostail printing to be used.—H. VI.
Ou je me puisse aler bouter. ON. skera (sker, skar, s/orit), AS. sceran,
2. A sconse or little lanterne.—Baret. scyran, Du. scheren, to shear or cut ; ON.
1580. Scouts to sette a candel in, lanterne skor, Dan. Skaar, skure, Du. schore,
a main. — Palsgr. Mid. Lat. absconsa, schorre, a notch or score. See Shear.
sconsa (Lat. absconsa candela, a hidden Scoria. Gr. oxãp, dung, ordure; Lat.
light), originally a dark lanthorn. Ab scoria, dross or refuse from the smelting
sconsa, abscons, absconse, luchte, lan or refining of metal.
terne. — Dief. Sup. “Debet Prior cum Scorn. Two closely resembling forms
absconsó accensã per chorum ire ac videre from totally different figures are found in
quam regulariter sedeant.’ “Sconsas — the Romance languages. First, It...schermo,
nunquam Prior vel Abbas habuit nisi Sp. escarnio, Prov, esquern, OFr. eschern,
illam quae omnium communis fuit.”—Duc. derision, mockery; It. schermire, O Fr.
* Lesquelz compaignons alumerent la escarnir, eschermir, eschermir, to mock.
chandelle et la mirent dedens une esconse ‘Aschermirs est quant l'en gabe homme
ou lanterne.”—Lit. Remiss. 1451 in Carp. seulement de bouche.”—Roquef.
Scoop. Du. schoepe, schuppe, a shovel; The foregoing forms are derived from
schoepen, sche/pen, to draw water, draw OHG. skern, derision ; skernán, to mock;
breath ; sche/wat, a scoop; scheplefel, a skirno, a mountebank.-Diez. The radi
ladle ; G. schiffe, a scoop, shovel; schöff cal meaning would seem to be to treat
Jen, to draw water, take breath, let in one as dirt, from Dan. skarn, ordure, dirt,
Water. met. a scoundrel, worthless person. ON.
'Tis as easy with a sieve to scoop the ocean skarn/ºga, shamefully. E. dial. scarn,
As to tame Petruchio.—B. & F. -
dung ; scarny/orghs, a dirty drab.
 SCORPION SCOUT 561
Ambitious mind a world of wealth would have, port, put a wedge under the leg of a
And scrats and scrapes for scorfe and scornie shaking table ; acouſa Zas rodos, to scotch
dross.-Mirror for Mag. in R. v. Scrab.
the wheel. The word scotch is probably
In the next place, from the helpless con identical with E. ska/ch, Du. schaefse, a
dition of an animal that has lost its horns
stilt, properly a support. Du. schaefse is
we have It. scornare, to take off the horns, also a carpenter's trestle, a support for
and met. to scorn, mock, flout; scor/to, a his work. See Scatches.
scorn, mock, flout—Fl.; Fr. escorner, to The idea of propping or supporting
deprive of horns, to take from one a rests on that of a shock or push, as shown
thing which he thinks an ornament and in It. cozzare, to shock, to butt ; Genevese
grace to him, to lop the boughs of trees, coffer, to boggle, hesitate in reciting, to
to deface, disgrace; se laisser escorner, prop or support; rester cotte, to stop short;
to suffer himself to be made a fool, used se coffer, to break off; cotte, stay, prop,
like a gull; escorne, shame, disgrace; as of a loaded apple-branch, shore of a
escorné, unhorned, that hath lost his ruinous building, wedge under the leg of
horns, hence melancholy, out of heart, a ricketty table. Vaud. coſtar, to push
ashamed to show himself, as a deer is or shut the door, to support, steady. E.
that hath lost his head.—Cot.
dial. scattſ, to push violently ; as a noun,
Scorpion. Lat. scorpio. a dragstaff.
To Scoss or Scourse. To change.—B. The same train of ideas is seen in G.
See Horse-courser.
stutzen, to butt, to start or boggle like a
Scot.—Shot. Fr. escot, payment of horse ; stiltsen, to stay or underprop;
one's own share of a common expense. Dan. stode, to push, thrust, jog ; Pl.D.
It, scotto, the reckoning at an inn. As. studoſe, stuf/e, a prop.
sceofan, to shoot, cast, throw down in Scough. See Scuff.
payment, expend, pay. Pl.D. scheten, to Scoundrel. In the absence of any
cast; schoff, contribution, tribute. G. foreign analogue we may suggest the pos
schiessen, to shoot ; gela' zusammenschies sibility of the word having originally been
sen, to contribute one's share of money; scumbere/, from scumber, scummer, to
worschiessen, to advance money; zuschizss, dung. “With filth bescumbered.”—Mars
a disbursement of money for one's quota ton. Comp. Da. skarn, dung, dirt, met.
of expense. ON. skot Aenningr, money a good-for-nothing, a scoundrel.
for expenses on a journey. To Scour. There is little essential
Scotch. A notch ; to scotch, to notch. difference in the sound made by the act
Scotch-collops are sliced or minced col of scraping, scrubbing, scratching, tear
lops. ing, and accordingly all these modes of
What signify scotch-collops to a feast. action are designated by closely resem
King in R.
bling forms. Du. scheuren, schoren, to
The word is probably formed on the same tear; G. scharren, to scrape, rake, scratch;
principle as mock or nick, representing, in scheltern, Dan. Skure, It. scurare, Fr.
the first instance, a sharp sudden sound, escurer, to scour, cleanse ; N. skura, to
then applied to a sharp sudden impulse, a rub, scrape, scour. Pol. szorować, to
projection or indentation. It coccare, to rub, scrub, scour, to drag as a gown, to
snap, click, crack; cocca, notch of an shuffle with the feet, also to go fast, as in
arrow, nib of a pen; scoccare, to clack, E. ſo scour the country.
snap, or pop ;—wn bacio, to give a smack Scourge. Fr. escourgºſe, a thong, latchet,
ing kiss; —delle hore, the striking of the a scourge or whip.–Cot. It scoreggia,
hours. coreggia, strap, scourge, whip. Lat. cor
E. dial. scoff/e, to haggle or cut badly. rigia, strap, from corium, leather.
The beef was scottled shamefully. Bret. Sãourſez, a whip, rod. Gael.
sgäurs, to whip, drive away. It, scuriscio,
To Scotch. To scotch or scoat a wheel, a switch ; scurisciare, to switch.
to stop it by putting a stone or piece of Scout. OFr. escouſe, a spy. Etre aux
wood under it.—B. Scote, a prop, a drag &couſes, to be on the watch, to spy, from
staff or stay by which a waggon is pre escot/ſer, It. asco/fare, Lat. ausculſare, to
vented from running back when going listen. To scout or reject contemptuously,
up-hill.—Hal. Wal. ascot, anything used seems to be Sc. scout, to pour forth any
to support an unsteady object ; ascoter, liquid forcibly — Jam. ; to throw away
to prop, to Scotch ; Fr. accoſer, to under slops. “It is also used, in a neuter sense,
prop, shore, bear up, stay from shaking to fly off quickly, most erroneously ap
or slipping.—Cot. Lang. acouſa, to sup plied to liquids.”
36
562 SCOWL SCRAGCLE
Put as he down upon her louted screpolarc, to crackle, are used as direct
Wi' arm raxed out, awa she scouted. representations of sound, while the figur
P1.D. schudden, to shake, to pour. In ative sense is exhibited in Fr. escarðiſlat,
the last application compare E. scud. stirring, quick, lively—Cot. ; Sp. escara
To Scowl. Da. sku/e, to look with fe/ar, to dispute, wrangle, quarrel; Ptg.
downcast eyes, to look privily from fear escara/e//ar, to scratch, to scuffle ; Sp.
or distrust. Pl. D. schulen, Du. schizi/en, escarabayear, to scribble, scrawl, crawl to
to sculk, lurk, spy. Daar schulet wat and fro like insects; escarabajo, Ptg.
unter, there is something hidden. Pl.D. escarave/ho, Lat. scarabaus, a beetle, the
schuu/oord, Du. schulſhoeck, a lurking Scrabbling animal.
place; schuilloren, specula et insidiae. On the same principle Sw, skramſa,
— K. to racket, clack, cackle, Da. Skram/e, to
The sense seems to be to look
from under cover of the overhanging rumble, explain It. scarame/are, to play
eyebrows or from under cover of a more tricks of legerdemain, to make rapid and
general kind. ON. sºjº/, shelter, conceal confusing movements with the hands.
ment, covered place ; skyd/eygdr, whose Sw, sºrd/a, to bawl, to make a racket,
eyes lie deep in the head; AS. sceoleage, Du. schro//en, to mutter, grumble, cor
sy/e-edgede, squint-eyed. respond to E. scrawl, to crawl about, to
Da. skee/diet, squinting; skele, G. schieſ make irregular confused scratches on
en, E. dial. ske//y, to squint; Sc. ſo show/ paper. Fr. grouil/er, to rumble, in a
the mouth, to make wry mouths. Bohem. secondary sense signifies to move about
ss/ºu/iti, to squint ; ss/ºu/a, ss/ºu/ina, a in numbers, to swarm. Du. rabòeſent, to
(peephole) slit. Pol. skilſony, Gr. axoxtéc, rattle, to speak quick and confusedly,
crooked, bent. ON. sºft/gr, skew, squint figuratively to scribble, scrawl ; raóðr/-
ing ; at Skjota augum is/ºſtig, to squint ; schriſ?, a scrawl. See Scraggle, Scrall.
N. s/jaag, s/jegſ, squinting ; skyº/a, to Scrag. A lean scrag, a body which is
squint. Possibly there may be a conſu nothing but skin and bones.—B. Fris.
sion of two forms, one expressing a covert s&rog is used in s. s., while Da. sºrog
look and the other a crooked or slanting signifies carcase, the hull of a ship. Scrag
one. See Shallow. of mutton, the bony part of the neck;
To Scrabble. To scratch with the scraggy, lean and bony.
nails, to scramble.—Hal. To feel about The scragged and thorny lectures of monkish
with the hands.-B. sophistry.— Milton.
E. dial. scrag, a crooked, forked branch ;
He scroëled up the tree.— Mrs Baker. And
he—ſained himself mad in their hands, and scrog, a stunted bush ; scroggy, twisted,
stunted.
scrabled on the doors of the gate.—1 Sam. xxi.
I3. The proximate origin seems to lie in
the notion of shrinking or shrivelling. N.
Du. schrabben, Bret, scrača, Da. sºrahe, sárekka, sºrokna, to parch, shrink; sºroż
E. dial. scrab, to scrape or scratch ; Ajen, dried up, shrunk, hard, wrinkled ;
scrapple, to grub about.—Hal. The no sároża, to shrink; skruća, a wrinkle,
tions of scratching, scraping, clutching, pucker, unevenness; sérºut, wrinkled,
griping, scuffling, struggling, making re shrunk. E. dial. shrockled, withered.
peated irregular exertions of the arms Pl.D. schräßel, schröke/, a stunted, mis
and legs, are signified by a variety of shapen thing. Gael. Sgreag, shrivel,
forms adapted in the first instance to become dry, parched, or shrivelled ;
represent any harsh and broken sound. sgreagair, an old shrivelled or close
Thus from ON. spraža, to crackle, we fisted man ; sºreagan, anything dry,
have sprèkla, to throw about the arms shrunk, or shrivelled ; sºrog, shrivel;
and legs, to sprawl; G. Spratzeln, to sgrogag, anything shrivelled and con
crackle ; Sc. spraſtle, to sprawl. Lith. temptible, a little old woman, useless old
skrebéſi, to rattle, crackle, signifies also timber, stunted tree. See Scorch.
to struggle, sprawl, crawl. Sw, skraſia, To Scraggle. Dorset to scramble.
to rustle, crackle, leads to E. scraffle, to —Hal. In Northampton used in the
struggle, scramble, climb, to wrangle, sense of struggle, make efforts with dif
quarrel. In the same way NFris, s/ºrab ferent members of the body.
Min, to rattle, is used in a secondary I'm often so poorly I can hardly scraggle along.
sense for struggling, working laboriously.
A daskar skrabba/#, the plates rattled.— Scraggling, irregular, scattered. Also
Johansen, p. 49. It scaračiſ/are, to applied to vegetation that grows wild
make a scraping or squeaking sound, and disorderly.—Mrs Baker. Essentially
 SCRALL SCREAM 563
the same word with s/ragg/e or strugg/e, to make a noise in eating.—B. Directly
an initial scr or str often interchanging. imitative, like crawlch, crunck. Du.
“I scrugge// with one to get from him, schranſsen, to gnash, chew, craunch, eat
je m'estrive.”—Palsgr. The word origin greedily.
ally represents a broken sound, then a * Scrap. A shred or small fragment.
jerking irregular movement. N. skrang/e, Not to be identified with Da. Skrač, Sw.
to jingle, rumble, rattle. Palsgrave gives sårdſ, aſs/ra/, scrapings, rubbish, but
murmur or grumble as the first sense of rather with G. scherſe, a sherd or frag
stroggeſ/. ‘He strogg/eth at everything ment of something hard. MHG. schiròe,
I do. Il grommelle a tout tant que je scharp, schurbert, Bav. 2erscherbert, to
fays.” break in pieces; scharðen, OHG. scaröön,
Probably Fr. escarguiller, to straddle, to shred vegetables. Farski, bindin, dis
is an equivalent of E. scraggle, having crepare.—Graſſ. See Scrip.
first signified to throw about the legs, The radical image is the crack made
then to stretch them apart. by a hard body in breaking. ON. skraft,
To Scrall.—Scrawl. To scrazv/ or crack, rattle. Lat. cre/are, to crack, also
scra// is used in two senses : first, to be to break to pieces. The same train of
in general movement; and, secondly, to ideas is seen in Fr. &c/a/ (esclat), a crack,
write or draw ill, to make irregular, ill clap, also a fragment, splinter; 'claſer, to
formed scratches. To scral/ or stir, burst.
muovere ; to scral/ or scribble, scara To Scrape. Direct from the harsh
bocchiare.—Törriano. Fr. grouiſ/er, to sound of scraping, scratching, tearing.
rumble, also to move, stir, scra//, to N. skrapa, to make a harsh sound, to
swarm or break out confusedly in great grate, scrape; skraaffa, skraağa, to creak,
numbers.-Cot. crackle; skreffa, to rattle ; ON. séra/a,
The two senses may be reconciled if to creak or grate, to rattle as hail, rustle
we observe that to scrawl or scribble is as dry skin. Du. schrabben, to scratch
to scramble about the paper, to move or scrape; schraeffºn, schrafen, to scrape.
over it in an irregular variety of direc Bret. shºreba, to scratch. Sp. escarðar,
tions, while to scra// as a set of young to scratch or scrape like an animal with
pullets, or an ant-hill, is to be in a state the paw; escarfar, to rasp ; Prov. escar
of confused, multifarious movement. It. Air, escharpīr, to tear to pieces. Cat. es
garra/ar, Ptg. escarvar, to scratch, scrape.
scrol/are, Piedm. scro/ſ, to shake, to wag.
The present is one of the numerous Scrape in the sense of difficulty, dis
cases in which the representation of a grace, is perhaps from the metaphorical
rattling, crackling, rumbling sound is sense of Sw, skraſa, to reprimand. Han
applied to movement of fancied analogy. ãdrog sig en skrapa, he drew down a
Fr. groui/Zer, above quoted, is applied reprimand on himself, got into a scrape.
both to sound and movement. Devon It may however be from the figure of a
shire scrow/, to broil or roast (properly narrow exit where you can only scrape
doubtless to make a crackling sound).- through, on the same principle on which
Hal. Du. schro//en, to mutter, grumble. we call a narrow escape a close shave.
Da. skraale, to bawl; skra/de, to rattle ; N. skrapa, to get on with difficulty, to
N. skre//a, to bawl, to rattle, crack, echo. make shift to live.
ON. skrić/a, to rustle like dry things. To Scratch. —Scrat. — Cratch. As
To Scramble. To do something by in the last article, the present forms are
repeated clutching with the hands. To direct representations of sound. ‘Cratch
scramb, to pull or rake together with the ing of cheeks.”—Chaucer. Du. Arassen,
hands; to scramp, to catch at, to snatch. to scratch, scrape, splutter as a pen,
—Hal. To scraum, to grope about as a croak as a raven. A raſsen, to scratch,
person in the dark-Craven Gl. Du. scrub. ON. Krassa, to scratch, to tear. Fr.
scrammen, to scratch. It scarame/are, to grafer, to scratch, scrape ; esgrazigzter,
juggle or move the hands rapidly to and to scratch.
fro, seems an analogous form. To Scrawl. See To Scrall.
The origin is probably similar to that To Screak. Synonymous with creak,
of scrabble, scraffle, scragg/e, words in as scranch and cranch, squash and quash,
the first instance representing confused smash and masſ, &c.
sound. Da. Skram/e, to rumble ; Sw. Scream. It scramare, sclamare, to
skram/a, to clash, clatter, cackle. It. cry out; W. yºgarm, outcry, bawling ;
scramare, to cry out. See Scrabble. garm, shout, outcry. AS. Aryman, to cry
To Scranch. To crash with the teeth, out, call.
36 °
564 SCREECH SCUD

Screech.-Shriek. Da. skrige, Sw. and burdoun.’ OHG. scherbe, pera ; cin
skriža, to cry, shriek, scream. It scric scharpe, ein sack, stips.-Graff. From
cio/are, scricciare, to screech. W. Jºsgrech, this latter gloss it appears that scharpe
a SCreann. was used in the sense not only of a scrip
Screen.—Shrine. Pol. chronić, schron or bag, but also of Lat. stips, an alms,
ić, to shelter, to screen ; Bohem. chraniti, contribution, scrap, agreeing with OG.
schraniti, to guard, protect, keep; schrana, scherſ, a mite, the smallest coin. It is
a receptacle, a screen. In the first of probable then that scrip is properly a re
these senses Boh. schrana corresponds to ceptacle for scraps, a ...}.
Lat. scrinium, G. schrein, Fr. escrain, a On the other hand, Bav. scherbert (pro
chest, casket, shrine ; in the second with perly a potsherd) is used for an earthen
Fr. escran, &cran, a skreen, the one being vessel: licht-, miſch-, macht-scherben. And
an implement to keep something of value as in the East the beggar collects his
in, the other, to keep what is noxious off. alms in a basin, it is possible that an
The final n is exchanged for an m in earthen vessel (G. scherbe, Du. scherſ,
Du. schermen, to defend, scherm, a screen ; scherve, a potsherd) was used for that
G. schirm, anything that affords shelter or purpose among our own ancestors when
protection, a screen ; It. schermag/ia, a the term scherbe, scherſe, scrif, took its
fire-screen ; schermire, scremire, Fr. rise, and that the name was inherited by
escrimer, to exercise the art of defence, to the bag or wallet which served the same
fence or fight scientifically with swords purpose in later times. The former ex
or foils. SAEirmish is quite a different planation however appears far the more
word. probable one.
A screen for gravel or corn is a grating Scrivener.
Bret. Skriva, to write ;
which wards off the coarser particles and s/ºrizañer, one who teaches to write, or
prevents them from coming through. who does writing for another. It scrivano,
Screw. Fr. escrolle, G. schraube, Sw. a notary, clerk, Scrivener.
słruſ, Da, skrue, Pol. scruba. Scrofula. Lat. scroſulae, diseased
To Scribble. I. To scratch with a glands of the neck, from scroſa, a sow.
pen, write ill. Scribble-scrabble, sorry or Probably a translation of the Gr. name
pitiful writing. — B. Fr. escrivaiſłº, Xoloſtěsc, which was or seemed to be de
scribbled, baldly written.—Cot. See To rived from xoipoc, a pig.
Scrabble. Scroll. Corrupted from scrow. See
2. To scribble wool, to card, scratch or Escrow.
tear it to pieces with a wire comb. , Gael. To Scrub. Sw, skrubba, Da. Skrubbe,
sgriob, scratch, scrape ; Sgrioban, a Pl.D. schrubben, to rub, scrub ; Du.
scraper, currycomb, wool-card. ... Sw. schrobben, to rub or scrape; schrabòen,
sérubba, to rub, to scratch ; skrubbel, a to scratch. Gael. Sgroë, scrape, scratch,
wool-card; skrubbla, G. schrabòe/n, to make bare by rubbing, curry a horse. A
card or scribble wool. Pol. grzebač, to scrub, in the sense of a sorry fellow, a
scrape or scratch ; grzebien, a comb : person treated with contempt, might be
grepel, a wool-card; greplować, to card explained by Da. Skrač, scrapings, fig.
or scribble. | -- trumpery, trash, but more probably it
-scribe. -script-. Scripture. Lat. signifies only something stunted, poor of
scribo, scriptum, to write ; scriptura, a its kind. See Shrub.
writing. Hence G. schreiben, Du. schrift Scruple.—Scrupulous. Lat. scrufu
ven, Bret. Skriva, Gael. sgriobh, to write. ſus, a small stone such as may get into
Doubtless, like Gr. Ypápw, or E. write, a traveller's shoe and distress him, whence
from the notion of scratching lines. Bret. the further meanings, of a doubt or source
Arava, skraba, to scratch, scrape; Gael. of doubt, and a small weight.
sgriob, scratch, scrape, draw lines ; To Scruse.—Scrouge. To scruse, to
sgriobair, a graving tool. press or thrust hard, to crowd.—B.
Scrimp. Scanty. G. schrumpſºn, Da. Into his wound the juice thereof did scruce.—F. Q.
Årympe, to shrink. W. crimpio, to pinch
or crimp. See Shrimp. Fr. escrager, to crush and squeeze out of;
* Scrip. Pl.D. schrap, Fris, skraft, escraser, escrager, to crush-Cot.
ON. skreſpa, w. ysgrepan, Fr. escharºe, -scrut-. Scrutiny. Lat. scrufor, to
Lith. Ærapszas, a wallet, scrip. De Guile seek diligently; scrutinium, a search.
villes Pilgrimage, Cotton MS., has, ‘I Scud. Du. schudden, to shake, toss,
failede a sherpe and bordon, where the jolt, wag. Hence, as the figure of shak
Cambridge Prose has, ‘Me failede scrippe ing expresses the exertion of superior
 SCUFF SCULLERY 565
power over an object, E. scud' is used to to hide a thing.—Brem. Wtb. Du. schui
signify the movement of a body under the Zen, Pl. D. schuſen, to conceal oneself, get
influence of overpowering force. To scred out of the way from shame, fear, &c. ON.
before the wind is to drive before it with s/jó/, Da, skiuſe, cover, shelter, hiding
out attempt at resistance. A scud of rain place. Fris. schizwl, shelter, conceal
is a violent shower driving with the wind. ment; schizwleyen, to shelter from rain,
* Scuff. Sku/ or skieſt, the nape of the &c.—Epkema. See Lurk.
neck. A good skilfing, a punishment Scull. I. See Skull.
among boys by nipping the neck with the 2. A small oar. To scull a boat, to
finger and thumb. —Whitby Gl. Du. drive it by a single oar working to and
schochſ, schoff, atlas, the nape of the neck, fro at the stern like a fish's tail. From
higher part of the back on which a burden N. skoſ, splash, dash, as Fr. gache, an
is borne.—Kil. Schoff (P. Marin), Fris. oar, from gacher, to splash. ON. skola,
skuſ, the withers of a horse, properly the to wash ; N. &aare séol, the dashing of
tuft of hair which a person mounting lays the waves. -

hold of to help himself up. Hence E. Scullery.—Scullion. Two derivations

scuff, applied to the loose skin on the are given for scullery, either of which
shoulders by which one lays hold of a dog would be quite satisfactory were it not
or a cat. The radical notion is a tuft of for the occurrence of the other. From
hair, Goth. s/ºuſ?, hair of the head, G. Lat. scute//a we have It. scude/la, Venet.
schopſ, tuft of hair or of feathers. Shuff squeſa, OFr. escue//e, a bowl, platter,
is used in familiar language for a dis saucer; escueil/ier, place where the dishes
orderly mass of hair. See Shag. are kept ; sculier, officer in charge of
* Scuffle. 1. A fray, a close hasty con them.—Roquef. And as we have pantry
test. Probably the radical meaning is a and buttery from the Fr., analogy would
struggle in which each seizes the other by lead us to look to the same source for
the scuff or hair of the head, in which scullery. But the primary office of a
they fall together by the ears. See Scuff. scullery is that which is indicated in the
Words expressing the same idea are definition given by Bailey, a place to
widely formed on this principle. Thus wash and scour in. In this direction we
from G. schopſ, Bav. Schübel, a tuft of hair, are led to ON. skola, Sw. Skölja, Da.
are Austr. schoff/en, schiibeln (to scuffle), såy//e, to rinse, splash, wash, sky//e-regn,
to pull by the hair; Pol. czub, hair of the a drenching shower, skylle-vand, N. skol,
head ; czubić, to pull by the hair; czubić dish-water, Sw, skóljerska, a scullery
sie, to fall together by the ears; Swiss maid or scullion. The corresponding E.
tschogg, tschuber, tuft of hair; tschoggen, form is swill or squill. “I swyll, Irynce
Zschubern, to pull by the hair. See Tug. or clense any maner vessell.’ — Palsgr.
On the other hand we have Sw. skuffa, to Swiſſer, a scullion. Lixa, a swyllere.—
shove, jog, nudge ; skuffas, to shove or Nominale, xv. Cent. Of the hero of a
push one another, to hustle; but the story in the Manuel des Pecchés who be
former appears to me the more probable came a scullion it is said,
origin.
He makede hymself over skyle
* 2. Du. schoff:/, a Dutch hoe or scuffler, Pottes and dysshes for to swyle.—l. 5827.
an instrument for lightly paring the sur
face of a garden bed and cutting off the And shortly after he is spoken of as ‘the
weeds. Schoffº/en, to scuffle weeds. squyler of the kechyn.’—l. 5913. Other
Here the radical notion seems to be instances of the use of squiller in S. s. are
whisking or passing lightly over the sur cited by Halliwell. “The pourveyours of
face. Du. schuiſ:/en, to hiss, whistle. the buttlery and pourveyours of the squy
Banff scuff, with slightly whizzing sound. ſerey.’—Ord. and Reg. p. 77. Palsgr.
‘A hard the stane gang scuff past ma has squillary for scullery, and Worcester
hehd.” Scuff, to wipe very lightly. gives Norm. Fr. squillenge in S. s.
Scuffle, a slightly grating sound. “The In the case of scullery then we must
scuffle o’s feet gart ma leuk roon.’ To pronounce in favour of the Scandinavian
scuffle, to rub lightly, do any kind of etymology; but scullion would seem to
work, as hoeing, sweeping, brushing, &c., have a totally different origin in Fr.
in a slight manner. See Shuffle. escouillon, escouvillon , Sp. escobillon,
To Sculk. Da, skulke, to slink, sneak; a dish-clout, oven-malkin; Lang. escoube,
sku/ke syg, to sham sick. “I s/ow/Åe, I a brush, also a maukin for an oven.—Cot.
hide myself, je me couche.”—Palsgr. Pl.D. Sp. escoba, Lat. scoſae, a besom, broom.
schulken, to shirk school; verschuſken, W. ys gubo, to sweep. In the same way
 566 SCULPTURE SCURVY

ma/Kān, mawkin, is used both for a Dan. sºon/e, crust ; skorſhird, scurf.
kitchen-wench and for the clout which Lancash. Scroof, dry scales or scabs.
she plies. The ideas of scratching and of itching,
Sculpture. Lat. scuſſo, scuſ//um, to or the cause of it, a rough, scabby, scurfy
engrave, to carve in stone or wood. Gr. skin, are closely connected. Thus from
y\tºw, to hollow out, to carve. Lat. Lat. scačere, to scratch, rub, scrape, we
sca/ſo, to scratch, scrape, grave. have scaber, rough, scabby, scabies, scab,
Scum. ON. skum, G. schaum, OFr. itch, mange. On the same principle, G.
escume, It. schiuma, scuma, Gael. sgum, schaffen, to scrape, schaffe, the itch, scab,
foam, froth, scum. From the humming scurf; Arafzen, to scratch, Åråſce, the
sound of agitated waters. Pol. szumiec, itch ; Sw. Aſă, to scratch, Ālāda, the itch.
to rush, roar, bluster as the wind, waves, It is probable that scurſor the equivalent
&c.; scum, rush, roar, bluster, then (as scrur, scrooſ, has a similar origin in a
foam is produced by the agitation of the form allied to E. scrub, scrape, Du.schrab
waves), froth, foam. &en, schraeffºn, Sp. escarbar, Ptg. escarvar,
* To Scummer.—Scumber. To dung, to scratch, scrape. Pol. skroðad sie po
and fig. to dirty. OFr. encumbrer, encom glowie, to scratch one's head. Another
drier, escunbrier, to embarrass, encum application of the same radical figure is
ber, dirty.—Burguy. to express the notion of refuse, worthless,
Scuppers.-Scupperholes. The holes whence E. dial. scroff, scruff, refuse wood
in the side of a ship by which the water or fuel; scrawſ, refuse.—Hal. So from
runs off from the deck. Commonly de G. Araţcen, Åråſze, the waste or clippings
rived from Pl. D. schu//en, to cast with a of metals or minerals. It is a strong con
scoop or shovel. Dat water uilt schiſ//en, firmation of the foregoing derivation that
to bale out water. But it must be ob parallel with scurſ, or the more original
served that the action by which the water scruff, and related to it as rub and its
runs off through the scuppers is very numerous allied forms are to scrub, are
different from baling, nor are they known found widely spread among the European
by a name similar to the E. term in any languages a series of synonymous forms,
Teutonic or Scandinavian dialect, in all of which perhaps the most instructive is
of which the name is s/ºff-holes, G. sſºci Lap. rudbbe, scar, scab, itch, to be com
gaſen. We are thus reminded of OFr. pared with ruo&bet, to rub or scratch ;
escopir, escuffir, Sp. escupir, to spit, to ačweó ruobbet, to scratch the head; ritoö
which however the designation of scuppers &aſes, scabby. Fin. rupi, scurf, scab,
in the latter language (emborna/es) has no itch, small-pox ; G. ruſ, ruſe, Fr. rouſe,
relation. Walach. scupt, scuiſi, Bret. It. ruffia, roſia, scurf; Milan. ruff,
skopa, to spit. sweepings, rubbish, filth, scurf; Venet.
To Scur.—Skir. To scur, to move rufa, crust, dirt, moss of trees; Swiss riſe,
hastily ; to skir, to graze, skim, or touch zºeſe, eruption, scab ; Sc. reiſ, eruption,
lightly ; to skir/, to slide.-Hal. To skir the itch ; AS. hreof, scab, leprosy; hreofia,
the country round.— Macbeth. a leper; hrieſ/ho (to be compared with
The light shadows Du. scherſe) scaliness of the skin, scurf,
That in a thought scur o'er the fields of corn. leprosy ; ON. hruſa, roughness, crust,
B. & F. scab ; hruſia, to scratch the surface,
Gael. sgorr, slip, slide, or stumble. Sw. slightly wound ; Pl.D. roof, rave, rob,
skorra, Da. sºurre, to grate, jar. The scab ; Du. ra/pe, scab, scurf, scabies quae
primary force of the syllable scur or skir plerumque decerpi solet–Kil. ; E. dial.
is probably to represent the sound of rove, scab.
rapid movement through the air, as in Scurrile.—Scurrilous. Lat. scurra, a
hurry-skierry. buffoon, professional jester.
Scurrer in the sense of scout is proba Scurvy. I. Scurfy, scabby, then shabby,
bly distinct from the foregoing, being In Can.
taken from It. scorrere, to run, gad to and 2. Mid. Lat, scorbutus; Fr. scorbuſ, E.
fro.—Fl. dial. scorzy. Sw.s/drójugg, G. scharðock,
are doubtless corruptions of scorðuties, the
And he sent for the scurrers to advyse the deal origin of which is unknown. Perhaps
ynge of their ennemyes and to see where they the disorder may have taken its name
were and what number they were of.-Berners,
Froiss, in R. from the scurfy unwholesome skin of a
scorbutic person.
Scurf. G. schorſ, Du. schoºſe, Sw. Scurvygrass, provincially scroofy grass,
skorſ, scurſ, scab ; skoºſa, crust, scab. the botanical cochlearia, may be an ac
 SCUT SEASON 567.
commodation from the ON. name, skayfa feeding ; saginare, Sp. sainar, to fatten
gras, from ska/r, a cormorant, the plant beasts. Prov. sagin, Champ. sahin, Sp.
growing on seaside rocks. sain, It sai/ne, grease or fat.
* Scut. The short tail of a rabbit or Sean. Lat. sagena, Gr. Gayåvn, a drag
deer. Sw, dial. skati, tip, point, extremity, Inet.
top of a tree, spit of land, short tail of Sear. — To Sear. Du. zoor, Pl.D.
animals as of a bear or a goat. soor, dry ; sooreſt, AS. searian, to dry,
To Scutch. To cleanse flax. Scutched, dry up. Fr. sorer, to dry herrings in the
whipped.—Pegge. Gael. squids, switch, Smoke ; Gr. Šmpác, withered, dry.
lash, dress flax. A form analogous to E. Sear leaves, leaves withered or dead as
switch, from the sound of a thin rod at the fall of the leaf; sear wood, dead
moving rapidly through the air. boughs. –B.
Scutcheon. Fr. escusson, a scutcheon, To Searce. See Sarce.
small target or shield.- Cot. Dim. of To Search. It cercare, Prov, cercar,
escu, a shield, coat of arms, from Lat. sercar, Fr. chercher, Norm. sercher (Pat.
sc//////wz. de Brai), Bret. Æerc'hout.
Scuttle. 1. Sp. esco/i//a, Fr. &cott The origin, as Diez has well shown, is
fi//es, the scuttles or hatches of a ship, the Gr. Kiproc, a circle, from the idea of going
trap doors [properly openings] by which round through every corner of the space
things are let down into the hold.—Cot. which has to be searched. When Ahab
Sp. esco/ar, to hollow a garment about and Obadiah made their anxious search
the neck; escote, the hollow of the neck; for any springs of water remaining un
esco/ado, a dress cut low in the bosom. dried, it is said in the Vulgate, “divise
From OHG. scoz, G. schooss, bosom.—Diez. runtºlue Sibi regiones ut circuirent eas.”
See Sheet. Propertius uses circare in the same sense.
2. A hollow basket. AS. scuſeſ, G. Fontis egens erro, circogue sonantia lymphis.
schiissel, Du. scho/e/, a dish, bowl, Lat.
The monk or nun whose business was
scufe//a, scutula, dim. of scuſtºm, a shield.
To Scuttle. I. To make holes in a to make a round of examination was
ship's deck or sides to let out or in the called in Mid. Lat. circa, Fr. cherche.
water, from scuſ//e, a small hatchway. ‘ Ordonnons qu'il y aura deux cherches
2. To hurry furtively away. Apparent lesquelles on prendra pour un an, les
ly for scuddle, a dim. of scud. To scuddle, quelles iront par sepmaines circuir les
to scud away, to run away all of a sud officines du monastère pour voir si on ne
den.—B. trouvera point aucunes caquetant ou fai
Scythe. See Sithe. sant autre chose illicite.”—Carp. Albanian
Se-. Lat. se-, a particle used only in Æerkog signifies both I go throughout,
composition, and signifying apart : ;e- and I search. Aerkoig dynjame, I travel
Zonere, to place apart. It seems to be round the world. In the same way from
merely the ablative of the reflective pro Gr. Yūpoc, a turn, a circle, Mod. Gr. Yupsûw,
noun. To lay apart is to lay by itself. to seek, search, inquire for ; Yvotºw rôv
..Seorsum (for se-worsum), apart, asunder, kóquov, I travel round the world.
in a direction by itself. In the same way Season. Fr. saison, due time, fit op
ON. ser, the dative of the pronoun, is used portunity, a term, a time.—Cot. Sp.
to signify separation : a höfuði ser, on his sazon, fit time, time of maturity, proper
head; vera einn ser, to be alone by one condition, taste, savour; sazonar, to
self; sºrhverr, every one by himself. ripen, bring to maturity, or to a proper
Sea. ON. sier, sea, salt-water. Da. condition for enjoyment, to season meats.
sö, G. see, Goth. saſz's, lake. Ptg. sagao, proper time, time of maturity,
Seal. 1. ON. se/r, Da. sael, sac/humid, season of the year. Prov, sazo, period,
OHG. selach, a seal. time. En breu de sago, en pauc de sazo,
2. Lat. sigiſ/um (dim. of signum, a in a short or little time ; manta sago,
mark), It. sigiſ/o, Prov. sageſ, OFr. sael, many times, often. Sazonar, to ripen, to
see/ Sp. se//o, a signet, Seal. come to maturity, to satisfy. No fui
Seam. 1. ON. saumr, a sewing, seam ; sagonada de, I was never surfeited with,
salam thradr, sewing thread. Du. zoom, satisfied with.-Rayn. Dessazonar, to
a hem, brim, border ; G. saum, Sw, som, trouble, derange, disconcert. Mid. Lat.
hem, seam. saisonare, sadomare, assaronare, to bring
2. Fr. saim, seam, the tallow, fat or to a proper condition. ‘Quod pelles quae
grease of a hog.—Cot. Lat. sagina, fat ex dorsis scuriolorum erant confectae non
tening, fatted animal, fat produced by bene saisonatae.’ ‘Item furnarii debent
568 SEAT SEEK

coquere bene et sadomare panes in furno.’ Sedate. Lat. sedo, -as, to render calm
—Consuet. Perpin. in Carp. “Teneatur or still, the causative of sedeo, to sit.
(furnarius) panem bonā fide coquere et Sedentary. — Sediment. Lat. sedeo,
asaromare.”—Stat. Vercel, ibid. to sit or settle down.
Two derivations are commonly offered, Sedge. AS. secg, carex, gladiolus.
first from Lat. satio, sowing, seed-time, Lingula, the herb gladen or seggs.-Fl.
extended to other seasons of the year ; Ir, seisg, W. hesg, sedges.
the objection to which is that satio does Sedition. Lat. seditio (se itio), a
not appear ever to have been used in the going apart, making a separate cabal or
sense of seed-time, much less of season in mutiny.
general. The second explanation sup Sedulous. Lat. sedu/us, careful, as
poses the word to be a corruption of It. siduous, sitting at work.
stagione (from Lat. statio), a season or See.
Properly the seat or throne of a
time of year, Sp. estacion, station, a bishop. OFr. se, sied's, sieg. ‘The arch
place appointed for a certain end, season bishop of Canterbury took him be the
of the year, hour, moment, time. The rite hand and sette him in the Kyngis se.”
loss of the t, which would bring It. —Capgrave, 273. “Quant il fu sacré e
stagione to Fr. saison, is no doubt a dif miz else’’—Vie St Thomas. ‘E sui assis
ficult step, but the senses correspond so alsed réal.’—Livre des Rois. Lat. sedes.
exactly that I am inclined to believe that To See. As, seon, Goth. saihwan, G.
saison has originated in such a manner. se/hem.
It. 20cco, Fr. souche, the stock or stump Seed. AS. sard, G. saat, ON. said. W.
of a tree, have a like relation with E. Add, seed. Lat. safus, sown.
stock. To Seek. Goth. so&ſan, ON. sarkia,
Seat. See Sit. Sw. saſka, Pl.D. s.6%en, seken, G. suchen.
Second. Lat, secundus, Fr. second. The most obvious type of pursuit is an
Secret. Lat. secretus, secermo, secre infant sniffing for the breast, or a dog
tum, to sever, lay separate, put by itself. scenting out his prey or sniffing after food.
Sect. Lat. secta, for secuta, a follow On this principle we have Du. snoffº/en,
ing, course of life, course of doctrine, naribus spirare, odorare, indagare canium
union of persons following the same leader. more–Kil. ; G. schniſſelm, to search out;
Divitionis enim sectam plerumque se Bav. Schnurkeln, to snift, also to search
quuntur. — Lucret. Qui hanc sectam about, ferret out ; N. snusa, to snuff, sniff,
rationemdue vitae re magis quam verbis to search, to pry into ; Du. snicken, to
secuti sumus. – Cic. Hostes omnes draw breath, to sob, sigh, sniff, to scent
judicate qui M. Antonii sectam secuti out ; E. dial. sneak, snawk, snuck, to
sunt.—Cic. Sector, to follow. Mid. Lat. smell; snook, smoke, Sw, smoka, to search
secta was used for a suit or uniformity of out, to trace a thing out. Smoka i hwar
dress. ‘Quodlibet artificium simul vestiti vrá, to thrust one's nose into every corner.
in una secta, each guild dressed in one Now the sound of sharply drawing
suit of colour.—Knyghton in Duc. “Libra breath through the nose as in sobbing or
tam magnaum panni unius secta,' a copious snifing is often represented by parallel
livery of cloth of one suit or of uniform forms beginning with sm and s respectively.
colour and quality. — Fortescue, ibid. Thus we have E. dial. snob, to sob ; G.
..Secta in English Law was also suit or fol schnaubert, to snort, schnobern, to sniff, to
lowing. Secta curiæ, attendance on the scent out, to be compared with E. soë,
court of the Lord ; secta ad mo/endinum, and E. snuff, sniff, to be compared with
duty of carrying the tenants' corn to a Sc. solºff, to breathe deep in sleep, AS.
certain mill. Secta or sequeſa, the right scoſan, to sigh. In the same way Du.
of prosecuting an action at law, the suit s/ticken, Pl.D. snucken, to sob, correspond
or action itself. to OE. siłe, to sigh, and Sw., sucka, to
-sect. — Section. — Segment. Lat. sigh or sob. The syllable suk is used to
seco, sectum, to cut ; sectio, a cutting; represent the sound of sniffing or snifting
segmentum, what is cut off. in Lap, sukt, a cold in the head, to be
Secular. Lat. seculum, an age, se compared with E. dial. sneke, Du. sºloſ, in
cu/aris, belonging to this age or world. the same sense. Such an application of
Secure. Lat. securus, se and cura, the root would also explain w. swchio [to
care, without care, safe. sniff out], to search with the snout as a
-secute. -sequence. Lat. sequor, pig or a dog (Lewis), the origin instead
secufus, I follow, whence Persecute, Con of a derivative of swch, Gael. soc, the
secutive, Consequent, &c. snout. Hence Fin. sika, Esthon. sigga,
 SEEL SEIZE 569
a hog, w, socyn, a pig, as the rooting quotes E. seem as formerly signifying
animal. Sw, soła to seek, is applied to decere, now vider.—II. p. 192. It is not
dogs in the sense of tracing by scent ; very obvious how such a change of mean
sdºa son humdar, to scent out ; sóża effer ing could have taken place, although, if
i jorden, to root like a pig in the ground. the meaning had originally been to ap
To Seel. Fr. siller les yeux, to see/ or pear, the change to that of appearing
sew up the eyelids, (and thence) to hood right or fitting would have been compre
wink, keep in darkness.-Cot. It. cigſio, hensible enough. It is however some
Fr. cil, an eyelid; cigliare, to seel a confirmation of Diefenbach's position that
pigeon's eye or any bird's.-Fl. Seeſing Bav. gement (= G. ziemen), to become,
(among falconers) is the running of a beseem, behove, is also used in the sense
thread through the eyelids of a hawk when of being acceptable to one, seeming good
first taken, so that she may see very little to him, and generally of seeming or ap
or not at all, to make her better endure pearing to one in a certain light. Mich
the hood.—B. The process of ensiling a 2.Émeſ, gezi met eines dinges: I am well
hawk's eye is described in the book of St pleased with a thing, it seems good to
Alban's. ‘Take the nedyll and threde me. “Das gimót mich : videtur mihi, me
and put it thorough the ouer eyelydde, and seems. Es 2am mi, or game mi, me
so of that other [and so with the other thought, meseemed. Zimts di weiz auf
eye], and make them faste und the becke, Traunstein : do you think it is far to
that she se not, and then is she ensiled Traunstein 2 Comp. W. of E. sim, zim,
as she oughte to be.” to think.
We must not confound the word with It is to be remarked that It. semørare,
sealing in the sense of closing. Fr. sembler, to seem, are derived from
To Seem. 1.-Seemly.—Beseem. To the same ultimate root from which we
seem was formerly used in the sense in have explained seem, to become or be
which we now use beseem, to become, be fitting.
suitable to. There is an accidental resemblance to
Honest mirth that seemed her well.—Spenser.ON. synask, Da. synes, to think, to seem,
from syn, sight, view. Mig synes, me
oN. sama, to fit (as a coat), to be fitting seemeth, methinks. Maanen synes os
or becoming, to adorn ; soma, sama, to Zige stor sem solen the moon seems to
be or to deem fitting or becoming. Betr us as large as the sun. N. han kann
sarma'; tha'r it would better become Áoma maar han synest : he can come
you. Hann sawmir thad ecki : he does when he thinks fit, when it seems good
not approve of it, does not think it fitting. to him. ON. mer syndiz, it appeared to
Sarmiſegr, N. same/eg, Dan. somme/g, Inne.
decorous, seemly, fitting. To Seethe. ON. sſoda, to cook by
The principle of the foregoing expres boiling ; G. sieden, to boil. Doubtless
sions is the unity resulting from a well from the bubbling noise of boiling water.
assorted arrangement, giving rise to the ON. suda, hum, buzzing, boiling. Pl.D.
use of the root sam (which indicates sudderm, to boil with a subdued sound ;
unity or identity in so many languages) Sc. sotter, to make the bubbling noise of
in expressing the ideas of fitness, suit a thing boiling, to simmer. Gael. sod,
ability, decorum. N. sams, like, of the noise of boiling water, steam, boiled
same kind; sam, agreement, unity; usam, meat. Gr. oiºtiv (of hot iron plunged
discordance; samja, to fit one thing to into wet), to hiss.
another, to agree together, to live in To Seize. Fr. saisir, Prov, sazir, to
unity. See Same. seize, to take possession of ; sacina, sa
We must not confound the foregoing dina, It. sagina, Fr. saisine, seisin, pos
with G. 2iemen, geziemen, Goth. gafiman, session of land. It. sagire, Mid. Lat.
Du. taemen, bezaement, to be fitting or sacire, to put in possession. Regarded
becoming ; G. 2iem/ich, Du. taeme/igh, by Diez as formed from OHG. sazyan, to
taemigh, Sw. temme/ig, decent, tolerable, set ; bisagyan, to beset, to occupy. Ga
middling, the origin of which is explained sazyan, to possess; seczi, possession.—
under Beteem. Graff. Mid. Lat. assic/are (from Fr. as
To Seem. 2. There is considerable siette, seat) is used in the sense of giving
difficulty in tracing the development of possession. Quod feudum castri de Po
the verb seem, to appear. Diefenbach piano fuerat—assignatum, assiefaſım, et
regards as undoubted that it is a second traditum dicto militi.-Arest. Parl. Paris,
ary application of seem, to be fitting. He A.D. 1355, in Carp. It may be doubted
57o SELDOM SEPT
however whether the word is not of Celtic ing, perception; sensibilis, that may be felt.
origin. Gael. sas, lay hold of, fix, adhere -sent. I. -sentſ in absent, present, Lat.
to ; sis, a hold or grasp, an instrument, absens, praesens, is the active participle of
in ean S. the verb sum (for esum), to be. See
Seldom. Goth. silda/ei/s, wonderful ; Essence.
ON. Sya/dan, seldom, ja/dsºn, seldom -sent. 2.-Sentient.—Sentiment.—
seen, s/a/aſgae/r, seldom got, rare, &c. Sentence. Lat. sentio, to feel, perceive,
AS. se/a, -or, -ost, unusual, rare ; se/dan, think ; as-, dis-, con-senſio, to agree to,
se/don, rarely, seldom ; se/dºuth, se/cu/h, to think differently from, to think with.
rarely known, wonderful, strange ; G. Sen/en/ia, opinion, pronounced opinion,
se/ten, seldom. decision.
Dief. avows that he has no light on the Sentinel.—Sentry. It sentinella, Fr.
subject either from within or without the sentine//e, from whence E. sentine/ is
Gothic stock of language. borrowed, are variously explained ; from
Self. ON. sſa/ſr, Goth, siſła, G. se/ö. Sp. senſar, to seat, as signifying a soldier
Possibly from the reciprocal pronoun, appointed to watch a fixed post in opposi
Lat, se, G. sich, and leið, body, as OFr. tion to a patrole ; or from sentire, to
ses cors. ‘Et il ses cors ira avec vous en perceive, as It. sco//a, a scout, from a sco/-
la terre de Babiloine :' and he himself fare, to listen ; or from senſina, the sink
will go with you, he will go bodily with of a ship, on the hypothesis that the name
you.-Villehardouin, p. 46. was originally given to a person appoint
To Sell. ON. seſia, As. sellan, syllan, ed to watch the state of water in the
ODu, se//en, to transfer, deliver, sell; ON. hold. But neither sentar nor sentire
sa/a, M.H.G. sa/, delivery. could have formed a feminine noun like
Selvage. Du, se/ſende, sc//#ant, self senſineſ/a in the senses above understood,
egge (Kil.), the selvage, properly self-edge, nor could the word be a corruption of
that which makes an edge of itself with sentinafore, which must have been the
out hemming. De ge/ſ/anſen worden original form if it signified the watcher of
niet gezoomd, the selvages are not hem a sentina.
med.—Halma. The real origin of the designation is the
Semblance. -semble. Lat. simu/o confinement of the sentinel to a short
(from simiſis, like), to make as if, to path or beat along which he paces to and
assume the appearance of ; dissimulo, to fro, from OFr. senſe, a path, the origin of
make as if it was not, to dissemble. It. the modern sentier, and of the diminutives
semø/are, semóiare, semørare, Fr. sem//er, sentine, sentelle, senteret, cited by Roque
to seem, to resemble ; It. Sembianza, Fr. fort. Thus sentine/le (as a secondary
semø/ance, appearance, semblance; It. dim. from sentine) or senteret would
simiçãare, Sp. semeſar, to resemble, to originally signify the sentinel's beat, and
seem like ; It rassomigliare, Fr. ras his function would be familiarly known
sembler, to resemble. by the phrase faire /a sentifieſ/e, or per
Semi-. Lat. semi, Gr. ºut, half; both haps baſ/re la sen/intelle or senteret, as in
used in comp. only. English to keep sentry, whence the name
Seminal. Lat. semen, seed for sowing ; would be compendiously transferred to
sero, I sow. the functionary himself. Fr. ſever de
Senate. — Senile. — Senior. Lat. sentinel/e, to relieve a sentinel, to take
sever, an aged man ; senior, elder; him from his beat.
seni/is, belonging to old age ; senatus, It is a strong confirmation of the fore
properly an assembly of aged men. Goth. going derivation that it accounts for the
size:gs, aged, from a simple sins, preserved origin of both the synonyms sentine/ and
in the superl. sinisła, the eldest. W. Wien, senſry, the last of which is commonly
Gael. Sean, aged, old. assumed to be a corruption of senzine/
To Send. ON. senda; Goth. sandjan, without further explanation.
G., Du. senden. Separate. Lat. separo, -as, to put by
Seneschal. Mid. Lat. siniscalcus, fa itself.
mulorum senior, the steward. From Sept. A clan or following ; a corrup
Goth. sineigs, old, superl. sinista, and tion of the synonymous sect.
ska/A's, a servant.—Grimm. In like man Wherein now M'Morgho and his kinsmen,
ner, the starosſ or steward of a village, in O'Byrne and his sette, and the Tholesbien in
Russia, signifies eldest. habited.—State Papers, A.D 1537.
There are another sec/e of the Berkes and divers
Sense.—Sensation.—Sensible. Lat. of the Irishry towards Sligo.—Ibid. A.D. 1536, in
senſio, sensiºn, I think, feel; sensus, feel N. & Q. May 9, 1857.
 SEPULCHRE SETTLE 57.1

The same corruption is found in Prov. played before the door of one's mistress
ce/te. ‘Vist que lo dit visconte non era by way of compliment. Sereno (of the
eretge ni de lor ce/fe.” seeing that the weather), open, fair, clear, thence the
said viscount was not heretic nor of their open air as opposed to the confinement
sect.—Sismondi, Litt. Provenç. 215. of a house; giacere al serento, serenare, to
Sepulchre.—Sepulture. Lat. sºftelio, lie in the open air. Seremo is also applied
sefuſ/um, to bury. to the evening dew which only falls in
Sequel. –Sequence. -sequent. Lat. clear weather.
sequor, secutus sumt, to follow ; sequent, Serene. Lat. serenus, clear, bright,
following ; sequentia, segueſa, a following. calm.
Sequester. Lat. sequester, an inter Sergeant. It sergențe, a serjeant,
mediary, one who holds a deposit ; se beadle, also a servant, a groom or squire.
guestro, to put into the hands of an —Fl. Fr. sergent, Piedm. serviewiſ, a
indifferent person, to lay aside. beadle, officer of a court. Li serganiz kil
Seraglio. The palace in which the servoit, the servant who served him.—
women of a Mahometan prince are shut Chanson d’Alexis in Diez. Mid. Lat. ser
up. It serraglio, a place shut in, locked viens ad ſegem, a serjeant at law. The f
or inclosed as a cloister, a park, or a of serviens is converted into a j and the v
paddock; also used for the great Turk's lost, as in Fr. abréger from abóreviare.
chief court or household. — Fl. From Series. Lat. series, a train, order, row,
serrare, to lock in, to inclose. Probably from sero, to lay in order, to knit.
the application to the Sultan's palace was Serious. Lat. serius, grave, earnest.
favoured by the Turkish name saray Sermon. Lat. sermo, a discourse.
(from the Persian), a palace, a mansion. Serpent. Lat. serpens , ser/o, to
Saray/i, any person, especially a woman, creep, glide, as snakes do.
who has belonged to the sultan's palace. Serrate. Lat. serra, a saw.
Caravanserai, the place where a caravan Serried. Fr. serré, closely pressed;
is housed, an Eastern inn. serrer (Lat. sera, a lock), to shut in, in
Sere. Several, divers.-B. close, press.
-sert. Sero, serfum, to knit, wreathe,
Befor Persye than seir men brocht war thai. join ; as in Assert, Insert, Desertion, &c.
Wallace.
To Serve. — Servile. -serve Lat.
In seir partis, in several divisions.—Ibid. servus, a slave; servio, to be a slave, to
NE. They are gone seer ways, in different serve, to work for another. Hence to de
directions.—Jam. Sw. sair, apart. 7 aga serve, to earn a thing by work.
i sãr, to take to pieces. Sárdeles, singu -serve. -serv-. Lat. servo, properly
lar, special; sórskildt, diverse, different, to look, to take heed, then to take care
particular. of, to keep, preserve, or save. Hence Con
The origin is ON. ser, sibi, for or by it serve, Observe, Preserve, A’eserve.
self. Hann war ser um mat, he was Session. Lat. sedeo, sessiºn, to sit ;
by himself at meat. “Their foro stun sessio, an act of sitting.
dum bathir samt, stundum ser hwarr (Sw. To Set.—To Sit.—Seat. AS. se/fan,
hvar för sig):” they went sometimes both G. setzen, ON. seſia, to place, to let down ;
together, sometimes each by himself. — G. sitzen, ON. sitia, to sit, to set oneself
Heimskringla, I. 27. Sérſégr, singular, down. Lat. sidere, to let oneself down,
morose. Sérrádr (Dan. se/wraadig), self to alight, to sink, settle, sit down ; sedere,
willed, obstinate ; sórvítr (Dan. se/~#/og), to sit, to remain sitting ; Gr. £ouai, to
conceited, confident in his own wisdom. seat oneself, to sit ; tāoc, seat ; tºw, to
See Se-. make to sit, to sink down, settle, sit.
Swed. sin, suus, is used in an analog Seton. Fr. seſon, an issue in the neck,
ous way in the sense of separate, peculiar, where the skin is taken up and pierced
particular. Sin budkaſle i hvarn ſidraing, with a needle, and a skein of silk or
a separate token (baculum nuntiatorium), thread passed through the wound. Mid.
in each division. Sina/edes, quisque suo Lat. It seta, silk; seſorte, a hair cord.
modo (sin led, his own way), whence pro Bret. seizen, a string of silk.
bably may be explained Sc. scindle, sel Settle.—” To Settle. AS. setſ, a seat,
dom, rare ; originally, peculiar. a setting ; set/gang, setlung, the setting
Sere.—Cere. The yellow between the of the sun. Zo se///e is to seat oneself,
beak and eyes of a hawk. From the re to subside, to become calm. In the sense
semblance to yellow wax P of adjusting a difference, coming to agree
Serenade. It serenata, evening music ment upon terms, there is probably a
572 SEVEN SEX

confusion with a radically different verb Sometimes, instead of considering the

from ON. stºº, saff, agreement, reconcilia effect of the suction in drying the subject
tion ; AS. sahfe, schſ, peace, agreement ; from whence it is drawn, our attention is
sa///ian, schtian, OE. saght/e, to compose, directed to the bodily presence of the
settle, reconcile; sahſnys, an atonement. liquid withdrawn. In this point of view
For when a sawele is sa;//ed and sakred to we have E. dial. sew or sue, to ooze or
dry;ten: when a soul is reconciled and dedicated issue as blood from a wound, water from
to the Lord.-Morris' Alliterative Poems, p. 72. wet land, to exude. Ta sew out stam
The confusion with set/ſe, to subside, took min/y, it flowed out surprisingly.—Moor.
place very early, and in the poem last N.E. serºh, Midland sough, suff, a drain.
quoted it is said of the Ark, “The town sink, the common sew.’—No
Where the wynde and the weder warpen hit menclator 1585, in Hal. Grisons schuar,
wolde, assaver, assovar, to water; Fr. essiawer,
Hit sa;tled on a softe day synkande to grounde. to flow away; essaw, essaier, essayer,
p. 51. esseottere, essiavière, settwière, esewière, a
Again, of the subsidence of the storm as conduit, mill leat, drain of a pond.—Ro
soon as Jonah was cast into the sea, quef. Mid. Lat. assewfare, to set dry, to
The sesa 3//ed therwith assone as ho º; drain. ‘Quod ipsi mariscum praedicturn
p. 93. cum pertinentiis assewfare, et secundum
Seven. As seoſon, Goth. sihun, ON. leges marisci vallis includere et in cultu
sió, Dan. sy", Gr. Arrá, Lat. se/ſemi, Gael. ram redigere, Let mariscum sic assewia
seachd, w. saith, Sanscr. sa/fan. zumi, &c.’—Chart. Edw. III. The use of
To Sever.—Several. Fr. scºrer, to seware in the sense of watering is a
wean ; It severare, to sever or sunder, secondary application, as the water drawn
from Lat. separare. Hence OFr. several, off in the process of draining would often
divers, several, separate persons. be usefully employed on other land. “Cum
Severe. Lat. severus, stern, rigorous, prohibuissem ne ecclesia Si Bertini pra
harsh. tum suum per terram mean sewaret.”—
To Sew. Lat. sucre, Goth. siuſan, As. Chart. Domi de Basenghem, A.D. 1220,
sºvian, sit wan. in Carp.
Sew.—Sewer. I. To sew is used in the * Sewer. 2. An officer who comes in
sense of to make or to become dry. A before the meat of a king or nobleman
cow when her milk is gone is said ſo go and places it on the table.—B. To sew
sew; a ship is sewed when she comes to was used in the sense of serving up
lie on the ground or to lie dry. To sew dishes.
a pond is to empty or drain it, to set it Take garlick and stamp it and boil hit and sew
dry.—B. To sew (of a hawk), to wipe it forthe.—-Pr. Pm.
the beak.-Hal. The origin may probably be found in
A corresponding form is found in all Pl.D. sode, stie (from sieden, to boil), so
the Romance languages with the radical much as is boiled at once, a dish; een säe
sense of sucking up moisture, the origin /iske, a dish of fish. Sew in the Liber
of which is shown in Gael. sºg, suck, im cure cocorum is commonly used for
bibe ; siègh, juice, sap, moisture, and as Sauce :
a verb, drink up, suck in, drain, dry, be Hew thy noumbuls alle and sum,
come dry; staghadh (pronounced sæ-a), And boyle thy sew, do hom ther inne.—p. Io.
drinking or drying up, seasoning of wood; Lay the hare in charioure (charger), as I the
gen siègh (without moisture), dry. In the kenne, -

same way Sp. jugo, It. sitco, succo, sugo, Powre on the sewe and serve it thenne.—p. 21.
sap, juice; Sp. enji'sſar, It. asciušare, It is used for boiled meat in the following
Prov. ei sugar, essugar, echucar, Fr. essner, passage :
essetºwer (Roquef.), essuger (Jaubert), At Ewle we wonten gambole, daunce,
essityer, to dry, and thence to wipe. Prov. To carrole and to sing,
eissueſ, Fr. essuy (Vocab. de Berri), E. To have gud spiced serve and roste,
dial. assue, a sec, dried. Grisons schºg, And plum-pies for a king.
Warner, Alb. Eng. V. c. 24.
schich, dry; ina vacca schich, a cow that
is gone a sew. Schichiar, sitar, siter, to The w. forms are probably borrowed
dry, to wipe. The w. sych, Bret. sec'h, from the English. w.saig, seigen, a dish
dry ; sychu, sec'ha, to dry, to wipe, con or mess of meat; seigio, to serve up ;
nect the foregoing forms with Lat. siccias, seig wr, one who serves up dishes, a
Scwer.
and show that the latter is (like Gael. gun
sièg/, dry) formed on a negation of succus. Sex. Lat. serus.
 SEXTON SHAIL 573

Sexton. OE. seſſesſeyn, Fr. sacrisſain, sca/les, stalk, shaft of a pillar, post;
the keeper of the sacristy or place where sci/?o, a staff. º
the sacred vestments and other imple Shag.—Shaggy. – Shock. Shag or
ments of a church are stowed. shock is long tufted hair, long nap of cloth.
The Sečesteyn for all that defense Of the same kind is the goat hart, differing only
3yt he 3ave the body ensense. in the beard and long shag about the shoulders.--
Manuel des Pecchés, II, Ioo. Holland, Pliny. Buls with shacét heares and
curled manes like fierce lions.—Hollinshed in R.
Serfry, a vestry.—B.
Shabby. Mean, contemptible. A Shag wool"d sheep.–Drayton.
term expressive of contempt, of like origin A shock head is a head of tufted hair;
and application with scurvy, from the à shock dog or s/ºgg dog, a rough shaggy
itching skin and scratching habits of a Og.
neglected dirty person. E. dial. shaë AS. sceacga, caesaries, item frondium
(Fris. shaff), the itch; shabby, mangy, fasciculus; sceacged, comatus, comosus.
itchy.—Hal. Du. schaëben, schobben, to –Lye. ON. s/ºgg, beard. Swiss (schogg,
scratch, to rub ; schabòe, scab ; schaff/igh, tuft on a bird's head, locks of a man's
scabby – Kil. ; schabbig, schafföerg, head ; /schoggen, to tug one by the hair.
shabby. — Bomhoff. Dan. skabe, to It. ciocca, any tuft, bush, lock of hair, silk
scratch ; skað.g., Dan. Skaðed, mangy. or wool, also a thick cluster; cioccoso,
—Outzen. bushy, shaggy, bunchy.—Fl. Du. schocke,
Shack. The shaken grain remaining a heap.–Kil. E. shocé, a pile of sheaves.
on the ground when gleaning is over, the Lap. Altogge, a tangled lock; Fin. tuk/a,
fallen mast.—Forby. Hence to shack, to forelock, hanging lock.
turn pigs or poultry into the stubble-field Parallel with the foregoing is a series
to feed on the scattered grain ; shack, of similar forms with exchange of the
liberty of winter pasturage, when the cattle final guttural for a labial. Goth. skuſt,
are allowed to rove over the tillage land. OHG. sclºſi, scuff, hair of the head ; MHG.
To go at shack, to rove at large, and met. schol/, bunch, wisp of straw ; G. scho//,
shacé, a vagabond ; shackling, idling, Swiss fschºff, (schup, tuft of feathers,
loitering.—Hal. hair of head, It. cilºſo, a tuft or forelock
In the original sense, shackin, the ague; of hair, Fr. torºffe, E. ſuff, tºff, G. goſſ,
shackriže, so ripe that the grain shakes tuft or tress of hair, top of tree; Pol.
from the husk. – Craven Gloss. Shack, czuò, tuft, crest; Let. 'schu//is, tuft of
to shed as over-ripe corn.— Mrs Baker. hair, bunch, cluster, heap ; W. sióð, tuft,
Manx skah, shake, shed. tassel ; sioſa, crest of bird.
Shackle. AS. scacuſ, sceacuſ, a clog, The radical image is probably a shag,
fetter ; Du. schaecke/, the link of a chain, shog, fog or abrupt movement, leading to
step of a ladder, mesh of a net; schake/en, the notion of a projection, then a lump,
to link together. It is not easy to see bunch, tuft. ON. skaga, to project, skagi,
any connection of meaning with Sw. a promontory. In the same way Sw.
ska/ºi/, Dan, s/age, the shaft of a cart. ragg, shaggy hair, seems to be connected
Shade. Goth. Skadus, shade; uſar with Da. rage, to project.
sładrjan, to overshadow ; gas/adveins, To Shag.—Shog. To jog, move ab
covering ; AS. sceado, sceadu, Du. schaede, ruptly to and fro. Shogg/e, to shake, to
schaeye, schaduwe, schawe, G. schaffen, joggle.—Brocket. “And the boot in the
shade ; Gael. Sgáth, Bret skeud, shade; myddil of the see was schoggid with
W. Cysgod, shadow, shelter; ysgodi, to waives.”—Wiclif. To rock, shake, shog,
shelter, shadow ; ysgodigo, to be affright wag up and down.—Cot. W. ysgogi, to
ed (comp. Fr. cheval ombrageux). Gr. wag. A parallel form with gog (in gog
oxid, shade ; okučw, to shade ; axiáčelov, mire), fog, jag, formed on the same prin
oxtadiokn, a screen. ciple with them from the representation
Shaft. ON. shaftſ, the shaft of a spear, of abrupt movements by sounds of similar
a handle; Du. schachſ, sc/a/?, a stalk, character. Compare Swiss (schdºggen, to
reed, rod, pole, arrow, quill, the shaft of a tick as a clock ; schaggen (stossen), to jog.
Inline. Da. Skoggre, to make a loud harsh noise;
Chaucer seems to use it in the sense of skogger/atter, horselaugh, roar of laughter.
reed. See Jag.
His slepe, his mete, his drinke was him byraft To Shail. To walk crookedly. To
That lene he wede and drie as is a shaft. drag the feet heavily.—Craven Gloss.
Knight's Tale. Esgrailler, to shale or straddle with the
Gr. arātrov, akijirrpov, a staff; Lat. feet or legs.-Cot. ON. s/yd/gr, oblique.
574 SHAKE SHAM

Swab. sche', awry; sche/Ken, to go awry. słł, N. skieſ, right, just demand ; alle ei
To Shalºe. ON. skała, to shake, to s/jcſ, one rule for all ; ON. göra ski/, Da.
jog : Du. schocken, to shake, jog, strike gjöre ret og søje!, to do justice, satisfy all
against; Swab. schoºen, schoºſen, schuk legitimate claims upon one.
Æen, to shake, strike against, move. Dem A king to kepe his lieges in justice,
schuldigen schołżº das mantele: the cloak Withouten doute that is his office,
of the guilty trembles. Schuck, an im All woll he kepe his lordes in hir degree
pulse ; schuckweis, by starts. As it is right and skil that they be
Enhansed and honoured.—Chaucer in R.
Parallel forms with Shag, Shog.
Shale. A kind of slaty marl that may N. gera słſel fyr' ein ting, to make satis
be separated in thin sheets. G. schale, a faction for a thing, to earn it. Sw. shd/,
shell or scale. See Scale. reason, ground, motive. Hwad &#d/
Shall.—Should. Goth. skulam, pres. foregaf han, what excuse did he give,
słal, skulun, pret. skulda ; ON. s/a/, what pretext did he make. Hafwa sæd/
skuldi, G. sol/en, shall. Goth. skula, a att, to have ground for. Han har skál
debtor; Sw, sku/d, fault, crime, cause, at klaga, he has reason to complain.
debt. Sæuld på en rekning, balance Med rått och skd/, with right and reason.
due in an account. Lith. skeleti, ski/ſi, Han hargjordt skál för maten, he has de
to be indebted ; skola, debt. served his meat. Han har gjordt skd/
The sense of liability or indebtedness for sig, he has performed his part. From
is explained by Grimm on the supposition the foregoing forms we pass to ON. ska/
that the original meaning of skal was I (pl. skulum), AS. sceal (pl. sceoſon), I
have slain, thence, I have become liable shall, as fundamentally signifying, I have
for the weregelt. A more satisfactory ground for, I have reason, I am bound
explanation may be found in N. ski/, to do so and so, to pay a sum of money, &c.
s&yeſ, sky/, separation, difference, distinc The derivation of shall from a word
tion. D'ae ski/paa (of anything unusual), signifying difference is supported by the
there is a difference. Hence ski/ja, to analogy of ON. munr, difference, and
make a difference, to be of consequence, thence man (infin. munu), I must, E. dial.
to produce an effect, to signify, to concern I mun. Munr er at mans Zidi, there is
one. Dae skil ikje lite, there is no little a difference in one man's aid ; one man's
difference. Dae skilde meg inkje, that aid produces an effect. Sía ſyri mun um
made no difference to me, did not con eit, to foresee the consequence of a thing,
cern me. In this sense it ski//s not was the difference it will make. N. mun, dif
formerly common in our own language. ference, change ; muna, to change, to
produce an effect, to be of use, to help ;
Now we three have spoken it
/t skills not greatly who impugns our doom. //27//te i." must, ought.
2nd pt. H. VI. Shalloon. Stuff of Chalons.—B.
It ski/ſeth very much ſit is of great importance] Shallop.–Sloop. It. scialupa, Fr.
in this matter and question now in hand to know chaloupe, Du. sloepe, a boat.
the nature of the earth, &c.—Holland, Pliny Shallow. — Shelve. — Shoal. Swiss
in R.
scha/b, sche/h, slanting, shelving. In
In the same way odds, difference, is proportion as the shore shelves or slants
vulgarly used in the sense of consequence, the sea is slow in deepening. Hence
tendency to produce an effect. “It’s no shal/ow, shoal, undeep. ON. skid/gr,
odds which you take.’ oblique. Sc. schald, shallow, shoal. Swab.
The term signifying difference is then sche/b, crooked, wry; sche/#, askew, wry,
applied to that from whence the differ of the eyes or gait. See Shelve.
ence proceeds, the reason, cause, grounds Sham. Pretended. To sham one, to
of an action, the sake or that on account put a trick upon one.—B. Probably a
of which it is done, the proper principles Aide-shame, as Da. skamskiul (skittle, to
of action, equity, justice. hide, conceal), Sw, skamtdicke (fdcka, to
In like manner Joon the apostle for humilnesse cover), a false pretext, cloak for shame.
in his epistle for the same skile sette not his name Hans sygdom var kun skamskiuſ: his
thereto.—Wiclif in R. sickness was only a sham. G. schand
Philip herd that chance how the Inglis had done, deckel, a sham, a flam, what one takes
And alle how it began, and all the skille why for a cloke to cover one's shame with.-
That thei togidder ran, and we had the maistrie. Küttn.
R. Brunne, 252.
This pretended zeal for natural religion is a
Da, han veed intet skie/ til det han sager, mere sham and disguise to avoid a more odious
he has no grounds for what he says. ON. imputation.--Stillingfleet.
 SHAMBLES SHARD 575

Shambles. Lat. scami//us, dim. of form, shape. OHG. scaffº/osa zimber, in

scaminum, a bench. It. scaffe//o, OFr. formis materia. Probably derived from
eschame, eschameſ, a stool. AS. sceamo/, the notion of carving or shaping by the
a bench. Du. schaſe/le, schaemel, a sup knife. Lith. Skaðeti, to cut ; skaðits,
port, trivet, stool. sharp ; ska/oti, to shave, to carve ;
Shambling. Du. schampeſent, to iszka/o/i, to hollow out, cut hollow.
stumble. Swiss /schiſm/e/en, to go about Aðroza sła/ſoff, to carve an image in
in a slack and trailing manner. Sc. wood or stone.
shamble, to rack the limbs by striding Shard. 1. A broken piece of a tile or
too far. “You’ll shamble yourself.” of some earthen vessel, a gap in a hedge.
Shamó/e-chafts, wry mouth, distorted –B. Du. Schaerde, scheure, a breach,
chaps.-Jam. notch, crack, piece of broken pottery;
Shame. Goth. shaman sik, to be schaerd/andig, gap - toothed, broken
ashamed. ON. skomm, shame, dishonour, mouthed. Pl.D. skaard, G. scharfe, ON.
abuse; skamma, to dishonour, disfigure, sáard, Da. skaar, a notch, breach, cut.
abuse ; skammask, to be ashamed. OHG. orskara'i, Zidiscardi, injury to the
Shame is the pain arising from the ears or limbs. Da. Skaar, also, as NE.
thought of another person contemplating Aoſscar, a fragment. Fr. escharde, a
something belonging to us with con splinter.
tempt, indignation, or disgust. It shrinks The corresponding verb is seen in the
from the light and instinctively seeks con forms Du. scheuren, schorem, to rend, tear,
cealment, like Adam when he heard the cut, crack—Kil., Pl. D. scheren, to tear
voice of God in the garden and knew he away, separate, OHG. skerran, Prov.
was naked. Accordingly the word may esquirar, to scratch or tear, OFr. deschirer,
well originate in the idea of shade or con to tear apart, G. scharreſt, to scrape,
cealment, and may be illustrated by Pl. D. Bret. Sºarra, to crack, chap, Gael. Sgar,
scheme, shade, shadow ; averschemen, to tear asunder, separate, divorce, Fr. es
overshadow ; hevenschemig, dark, over carter, to separate, to disperse. All from
cast. See Shimmer. the sound of scraping, scratching, tearing,
Shamoy.—Shammy. Fr. chamois, a analogous to Gael. rāc (which uses the
wild goat, and the skin thereof dressed. same consonantal sounds in an opposite
It. camoccia, camozza, the wild goat; order), make a noise as of geese or ducks
camoscio, Fr. sameau, chameau, shammy or of cloth tearing, tear asunder, rake,
or buff leather, leather dressed soft. G. harrow. See Scarce.
gemise, chamois; 2emisch, semisch, Du. 2. A special application of the notion
seem, seement, seemtsch, Pol. 2amsg, Sw. of separating (closely allied to that seen
samsk, shammy leather. The resemblance in Fr. escharde, a splinter) gives OE.
to the name of the chamois seems acci shard, a scale.
dental, as it is not likely that an animal She sigh her thought a dragon tho
so rare as the chamois must always have Whose scherdes shynen as the sonne.—Gower.
been should give its name to a leather in The sharded beetle. — Cymbeline. It.
general use. Some explain it as Samogi scarda, a scale ; scardare, to scale fishes,
tian (G. Sámisch) leather. It must be card wool.
observed however that the characteristic
3. Shard, dung.
of the material is pliantness as opposed You forget yourself—a squire,
to the stiffness of tanned leather. Now
And think so meanly fall upon a cowshard.
Du. same (applied to leather) is soft, B. Jonson, Tale of a Tub, 4, 5.
pliant; smelt en sam, sappig en malsch.
Sharde and dung—Elyot
— Overyssel Almanach, 1836. E. dial. in this sense that “the shard-born in Hal. It is
beetle'
semmit, semimanſ, pliant, supple, slender.
As soft and semmit as a lady's glove. As is to be understood in Macbeth ; dung
tall and semimant as a willow wand.— born, and not borne aloft on shards or
scales.
Whitby Gl.
Shank. AS. earmscanca, the arm-bone; The cow's
humble bee taketh no scorn to lodge in a
foul shard.
Pl. D. schake, schanáe, long leg, leg in a
depreciatory sense. Da.skank, G. schenkel, So from sharn, dung, the beetle is called
the shank ; die/ischen/e/, the thigh. It. sharnóug, sharnöude, Pl.D. sc/arnów//e,
zanca, leg, shank, shin. Sp. zanca, leg scharnwevel. -

of a bird, long thin leg. This sense of the word is to be explained

Shape. Goth. gas&aftſam, ON. skafta, from the notion of scraping or raking
Du. schaeffen, scheppen, to form. N. ska/, away and casting out as refuse. G.
576 SHARE • SHATTER

scharreſt, to scrape, scratch, rake; Swiss The sense of scraping or scratching is

scharren, to scrape the dirt of the roads ; commonly expressed by direct representa
schoren, to cleanse out the dung from a tion of the sound. E. screak, to creak or
stall ; schore/e, ausschorete, dung ; schor grate like a door or a cart-wheel; scrauß,
graben, gutter that receives the draining to scratch.-Hal. The same radical form
from stables; Bret, sºarza (properly to may be recognised in Da, skrukke, to
scrape), to sweep, to cleanse; W. yºgarth, cluek like a hen, when it is observed that
offscouring, excrement ; Sw, skráda, to the cries of domestic fowls are often de
cleanse, to pick, to cast out the bad. signated by the same forms as the harsh
.S.Arida ogräs, afskrap ifrån, to weed, to sounds of scraping or tearing. Thus we
free from rubbish. It scardare, to weed, have Bret. graža, to croak, to cluck, to
is the same word, although commonly ex make a noise like scrubbing a rough body,
plained as if it signified to free from to scrape; Gael. rācadh, noise of geese
thistles. or of ducks, noise of tearing, act of raking
Share.—Shire. As scir, a share, a or of tearing.
shire or territorial division ; sceran, The transposition of the liquid and
scyrant, to shear, shave, cut off, divide, vowel (which often conceals the imitative
part, share. Pl. D. scheren, to separate, character of words) leads to Du. schuréen,
tear away, shear ; Du. scheuren, schoren, to scratch (schuréefaa/, a scratching-post
to tear, cut, burst ; Prov. esquirar, to for cattle), Fris. Skurke, skark, a scratch
scratch or tear ; Fr. deschirer, to tear; or notch—Outz., corresponding to Du.
It sce: rare, to sever or sunder, to tear schizº, G. schurke, a rogue, sharper, knave,
apart. OHG. scenran, to scrape; gascer, shark, cheat—Küttn., as E. scrauß to It.
a portion, division ; scara, ON. skari, It. scrocco and Fr. escroc.
schiera, a body of troops. OHG. scaro, G. Sharp. ON. skarðr, G. scharf sharp.
///lºgschar, a ploughshare, the part of the AS. scearſan, to cut in pieces; scearſe, Du.
plough which tears up the furrow-slice. scherſ, scherve, a fragment. Bav. scher?-
Gael. Sgar, tear asunder, separate. Bret. fen, schiºſen, to scratch, to cut. Sich
skar, a, to crack, chap. scher?ſen, summam cutis stringere.
The radical image is the harsh sound The earliest kind of cutting would be
of scraping, scratching, tearing, cracking, scraping with a shell or the like. Du.
all agreeing in the separation of a portion schraeffºrt, Sp. escarðar, to scrape, scratch;
of the body operated on. escarpar, to rasp, rub, cleanse. Lat. scal
To Shark.-Shark. To shark is to pere, to scratch, scrape, also to cut or
clutch greedily after, thence to make dis engrave; scal/rum, a knife, lancet, chisel.
creditable shifts to obtain ; shark, a fish In the same relation which sharp bears
eminent for its voracity. Du. schroßen, to scrape, stands Lith. skabus, sharp, to
to eat greedily; schrok, schroMºdarm, a skaðoti, to cut, skapoti, to scrape, shave,
greedigut. It scroccare, scrocchiare, to Carve.

shark or shift for, to shark for victuals, to
live by wit; scrocco, any wily shift or
sharking for ; mangfare a scrocco, to live
well at other people's expense, to shark
for victuals.-Fl. Grisons scrocc, a rogue.
Fr. escroquer, to swindle. Il escroque son
diner ou il peut: he gets his dinner where
he can. The signification is attained
through the figure of scraping, clutching,
getting by hook or by crook. En gºerige
schro/ is explained by Halma, vrek die
regts en links schraapt, a wretch who
scrapes right and left. And Bret, s/ºra/a,
to scrape, is also rendered by Fr. gripper,
enlever, escro/izer. SAErača, to scratch,
scrape, steal.-Legon. E. ſo scrape ac
quain/ance is to make shift to get ac
quainted, to seize on any indirect means Scatter.
that may occur for attaining that end.
Comp. It groſolare, to scrape together,
to filch or shift for by hook or by crook, to
snatch one's meat and feed greedily.—Fl.
Sharper. Properly one who resorts to
any means of obtaining money, from Du.
schraa/en, to scrape, which is specially
used in the sense of getting money by
hook or by crook; schraafter, an avari
cious, unconscientious man. The word
would thus be exactly synonymous with
shark or sharker above explained.
* But the idea of playing a trick on
one, and thence of cheating, is so fre
quently expressed by the representation
of a blast with the mouth, that it is not
improbable that sharper may be from
shipping. It. buffa, the despising blast
with the mouth that we call shipping.
See Halliwell.
To Shatter. A parallel form with
Du. schettereſt, to crack, crash,
resound, burst, scatter with noise ; schef
ſeringhe, sonus vibrans, sonus dissolutus,
stridor dispersus, fragor. — Kil. Swiss
tschattern, schdittern, to rattle like a heavy
 SHAVE SHED 577

fall of hail or rain. E. dial. shaffer, to ate, distinguish, choose; skirtis, to part
sprinkle, to scatter about ; shatted, be asunder ; shyris, difference, distinction.
spattered.—Hal. The radical meaning is probably to
To Shave. Du. schrabben, schabben, tear, from the harsh sound of rending.
schobben, to scrape, shave ; schaven, to Albanian sh/yir, I tear asunder.
rub, to shave, polish. Sw, sæubòa, to rub. Shears. G. schere, an implement for
Lat. scabere, G. schaben, to scrape, scratch, shearing, scissors, shears. See Share.
shave. Lith. Skaboſi, to cut, to hew. Sheath. G. scheide, ON. skeidir, sheath.
Shaw. A thicket. ON. s/ogr, Dan. Sw, skida, shell, pod, husk, sheath. The
skov, a wood. Commonly identified with fundamental purpose of the sheath is
ON. skuggº, Du. schawe (Kil.), Sc. sci/g, undoubtedly the protection of the sword,
scoug, shade, shelter. It is certain that and the origin of the word may perhaps
E. shaw was very generally used for the be shown in Gael. Sgiath, a wing or pin
shade or shelter of the woods. ion, a promontory jutting into the sea,
Welcome, quoth he, and every good felaw; shelter, protection, a shield. So Illyrian
Whider ridest thou under this grene shaw Ż Áriſo, a wing, also protection ; Arilizi, to
Frere's Tale. protect.
I rede that ye drawe Sheave.—Shive. Sheave, the circular
Into the wode schawe, disc on which the rope works in a pulley;
Your heddes for to hyde shive, a slice. Du. schijve, schiff, G.
Ritson, Lybiaus Disconus.
scheibe, a disc, wheel, slice, quoit ; ſºn
Sc. and NE. scug, to seek shelter. The sterscheibe, a pane of glass; Pl. D. schive,
scug of a brae, of a dyke, the shelter it anything round and flat, the leaf of a
affords. To scug is said of one who is table. Sw, skiſwa, a slice of bread, meat,
skulking from the pursuit of the law, and &c., sheave of a pulley. ON. skiſa, Dan.
is compared by Jam. with ON. skogar skive, a slice.
madr, skoggangr-madr, an outlaw, one From the notion of shivering or split
who has taken refuge in the woods. ting to pieces. ON. skiſa, to split, to
Shawl. Persian, shal. cleave ; G. schiefern, to scale, to separate
Sheaf. Du. schooſ, G. schaub, schoà, a in small pieces; schieſer, a splinter, slate,
bundle of straw, a sheaf. OHG. scoub, a a kind of stone which splits in flat layers;
bundle of straw or the like, a mop, a troop. Pl. D. scheve/steen, schevel, slate; scheve,
Gael. sguab, Bret. Skuč, W. ysguó, a sheaf Da. skia’ve, Sw, ska/wa, splinters of
of corn, a besom ; Sp. escoba, Mod. Gr. hemp and flaxstalks that fly off in dress
oxotra, a besom, scrubbing brush. W. ing. See Shiver.
sioë, sioba, a tuft, crest, tassel. It. ciuffo, Shed. 1. A penthouse or shelter of
tuft or forelock of hair; Pol. czuò, hair of boards.-B. Du. schutten, to ward off, to
the head ; Let. (chuppis, bunch of hair. hedge, defend, hinder, shut. Schutten
The radical image is probably a projec den slag, den wind, to parry a blow, to
tion, bunch, bush. See Scuff, Shag. shelter from the wind ; het water met
dyken schutten, to stop the water with
Sheal. — Shealing. A hut for shep dykes ; schutberd, paling ; schut tegen 't
herds, fishers, &c., shed for sheltering vuur, a fire-screen ; schutdack, an open
sheep. To sheal the sheep, to put them roof for shelter against the weather, a
under cover.--Jam. ON. skyo/, shelter, shed ; Du. schot, a pigsty ; N. skut, a
protection ; sky/a, shade ; as a verb, to shed made by the projecting roof of a
protect. Gael. Sgáil, shade, shadow, cur house; ON. skuti, shelter given by a pro
tain ; sºdilean, a little shade, umbrella, jecting rock; N. skuta, to project; Sw.
arbour, cottage, booth ; sgålan, a hut. skydd, protection, shelter, rampart ; skyd
To Sheal. To sheal milk, to separate da, to protect, shelter. Suffolk shod,
the parts, to curdle it. Dan. ski//e, to shud, a shed. The origin appears to be
sever; skilles, to part asunder. Melken the notion of shoving forwards, inter
skilles, the milk is turned. See Skill. posing an obstacle between ourselves and
To Shear. Pl.D. schereſt, to tear the danger which threatens us. ON.
asunder, separate, to shave. Schere hen: słjota (sºyt, skaut, skutum, skotif), Da.
shear off, pack off, or in vulgar slang, skyde, to push forth, shove, shoot. SAEyde
cut | Du. scheuren, schoren, to tear, wand, to repel water; skyde skylden paa
break asunder, crack, burst ; scheure, een, to throw the blame upon one. Du.
schore, a breach, crack, cut, opening. ON. schiefen, to push forwards, to shoot. Het
skera, to cut, and (as Sc. shear) to reap brood in den oven schieten, to put the
corn, to clip hair. Lith. skirti, to separ bread into the oven. Hence schot, the
37
578 SHED SHELTER

act of shooting forwards, or the obstacle baptise. Skirdagr, skirithorsdagr, Sheer

pushed forwards. Een schott voor schieten, Thursday, was the evening before the
to shove forwards an obstacle, to prevent Passover, when our Lord washed the
a thing. 121.D. schott, the bolt of a door; disciples’ feet. The sense of clear, trans
Da. Skodate, a shutter. parent, when applied to cloth, passes into
From schot again and its equivalents that of thin, flimsy. Pl. D. een schier lass
are formed the verbs Pl. D. schotten, schut gaarn, a wide-meshed salmon-net.
ten, schudden, to bolt a door, to repel by From the same root probably belong
a panel or shutter, and Du. schutten, Sw. Lith. czyras, pure; Pol. szczery, Russ.
skydda, above mentioned. shchiruit, clean, true, pure, and possibly
2. Another, shed is provincially pre the latter element in Lat. sincerus.
served in the sense of parting, difference, Sheet. An open piece of cloth not
from Goth. skaidan, G. scheiden, AS. scea made up into a shaped garment, and
dam, to separate, divide, belonging to the thence any flat expanse. AS. sceat, cor
same root with Lat. scindere, Gr. oxi.ew, ner, part, region, covering, sheet. Eor
to cleave. OE. shed, shead, shode, the than sceatas, regions of the earth. –
parting of the hair. ‘The dividing or Caedm. Soº's sceat, a corner of the sea, a
shedding of a woman's hair of her head.' bay. Under his sceat, under his garment.
—Fl. To shead, to distinguish ; shed, —Bede. Weoſod sceatas, the covering of
difference between things.-B. the altar. G. schooss, the lap, lappet,
To Shed. Properly to shake, then to skirt, the loose part of a garment.
shake off, shake down, shake out, spill, The primary meaning is a corner, then
scatter. Pl.D. schudden, to shake, also the lap of a garment, corner of a sail ;
to pour out. Appel un beren schudden, then, in nautical language, the ropes
to shake apples and pears from the tree. fastened to the corner of the sail by which
Bav. schiitten, to shake, to spill, to pour. it is drawn to one side or the other of the
Bm/schütten sich eines dinges, to rid vessel. Lap, skaut, point ; ałºsſo skauf,
oneself of a thing, to shake it off. Es the point of an axe ; skautek, angular;
schüttet, it pours with rain. Gib acht das ON. skauf, corner, lap, corner of a sail.
d’nét schidst, take care that you do not Suffolk scoot, an angular projection mar
shed or spill anything. Shedes, pours.- ring the form of a field.-Forby. Goth.
Sir Gawaine in Hal. skauts, the lap of a garment. AS. Pes
Allied with scatter, shatter, shudder, veli, sceat.—Vocab. I Ith century in Nat.
and with Gr. oxed’ (akečávvvut, okºław), Ant. Gael. sºd, corner of a garment or
scatter, shatter, sprinkle, shed. Skëſiaat of a sail, sheet of a sail.
&iua, to shed blood; —atypuſ) v, to shatter Sheld. Spotted, particoloured, whence
a spear. Manx skah, shake, shed. she/dapple (for sheld-aſpe 2), the chaffinch,
Sheen. Fair, shining.—B. As scyne, or pied finch ; sheldrake, a particoloured
scyma, bright, clear, beautiful. Wif curon kind of duck. ON. skiöldr, a shield;
scyne and faegere, chose wives beautiful skiöldottr, Da. skio/det (of cattle), parti
and fair.—Caedm. Engla scynost, bright coloured ; N. skio/det, spotted; skiolda
est of angels. G. schön, beautiful. See (of snow), to thaw in patches.
Shine. Shelf. AS. scylfe, a board, bench,
Sheep. G. schaaf, sheep. The name shelf; Du. schelſ, the scaffold on which
has been referred to Pol. Skop, Bohem. a mason stands; Pl.D. schelſen, upschelſen,
skopec, a wether or castrated sheep to raise on a scaffold or boarding.—Brem.
(whence skopowina, mutton), from sko Wtb.
piti, to castrate. It should be observed The primary meaning seems a thin
that the common It. word for mutton is piece formed by splitting. Gael. spealò,
castrato, and the original meaning of split, dash to pieces; sgea/b-chreag, a
Mid. Lat. multo, Fr. mouton, seems to splintered or shelvy rock. Sc. ske/ve, to
have been a wether, derived by Diez from separate in lamina. A stone is said to
Lat. mutilus. ske/ve when thin layers fall off from it in
Sheer. Altogether, quite, also (of cloth) consequence of friction or exposure to the
thin.—B. The fundamental signification air.—Jam. Du. sche/ffe, a shell, husk,
seems to be shining, then clear, bright, scales of a fish ; sche/ſeren, to split off,
pure, clean. Da. skiar, gleam, glimmer to scale; sche/ſer, a splinter, fragment ;
ing ; Sc. skyrin, shining. Goth, skeirs, sche/ſerachtig, fissile.—Kil. See Shiver.
clear; gaskeirjan, to make clear, to in Shell. Du. schaele, schelle, shell, scale,
terpret. ON. skirr, clean, bright, clear, bark. See Scale.
innocent ; skira, to cleanse, thence to Shelter. Covering, protection. Pro
 SHELVE SHIFT 579

bably from shield, OHG. schild, schilt. dispergere cum sonitu, diffundere, spar
Swab. schelter, guard for a stove. gere.-Kil. The sense of quivering or
To Shelve. It stralare, to shelve or shaking is preserved in shudder, differing
go aside, aslope, awry.-Fl. , ON. sºft/a, slightly in form from shider, while the
Da.skjælve, to shake; sºjálga, to shake, two senses of trembling and breaking to
to make crooked, awry; skydigr, shaking, pieces are united in shiver. On the same
failing to hit the mark, squinting, askew. principle Bav. tattern, to shiver for cold,
See Shallow. is connected with E. tatter, a rag or frag
Sherbet. It sorbetto, any kind of thin ment of cloth.
supping broth; also a kind of drink used Parallel with E. shide, shider, shinder,
in Turkey, made of lemons, sugar, cur are Lat. schidia”, chips, splinters; scin
rants, almonds, musk, and amber, very du/a, a shingle or thin piece of cleft
delicate, called in England Sherbet. – wood; Gr. oxiºm, oxièm, a shide or splin
Fl. There is no doubt that the E. word ter; and as these are undoubtedly con
is from Arab. sharbat, a drink or sip, a nected with Lat. scindo, scidi, to cleave,
dose of medicine, sherbet, syrop ; shur split, cut, Gr. oxiào, to cleave, we must, if
bat, a draught of water, from sharð, shirò, we rely on the principle of derivation
shurb, drinking, supping, the exact equi above explained, suppose that it also
valent of Lat. sorbere, It. sorbire, to Sup gave rise to the last-mentioned verbs, but
or suck up liquid; the Arab. as well as there is no reason to suppose that these
the Latin root being doubtless, like G. latter were earlier in the order of forma
schlürſen, a direct representation of the tion than the related substantives.
sound. Lith. sräbti, srobti, srauðti, srilöti, Shield. G. schild, ON. skjöldr. Com
sruboti, to sup, sip ; sruba, soup, broth. monly referred to on. Skjol, shelter, pro
Sheriff AS. scirgereſa, a shire-reeve, tection, skyla, to cover, protect, as ON.
governor of a county. The origin of the //iſ, a shield, hºiſa, to protect. Gael.
latter element is unknown.
sgåil, shade, covering, curtain.
Sherry. Wine of Xeres in Spain, the Shift. The older sense of dividing,
Sp. a. often representing the sound of ch distributing, allotting, is now nearly obso
or sh, as in a aque, check, aeſe, chief, lete. §.in Kent, the partition of
areque, a sheik, arabeque, a kind of vessel land among coheirs.-B.
called a shebeck.-Baretti.
God clepeth folk to him in sondry wise
To Shew. As sceawian, Du. schouwen, And everich hath of God a propre gift
to look, to show. G. schauen, to look; Som this, som that, as that him liketh shift.
Sw. skdala, to behold, to view. Du. Chaucer, W. of B. Prol.
schoude, schouwe, an outlook, high place. oN. skiffa, to ordain, arrange; skipta, to
Shide. distribute, share, arrange a succession
And bad shappe him a shup of shides and of among heirs, booty among captors. . Gud
bordes.—P. P. skipti med okkr.: let God deal with us
oN. skid, a thin piece of wood, splinter two, let him allot to each what seems
for burning; skid gardr, a fence. of laths, good to him. Skipta is then, like E. shift,
Du. schieden, to split wood. G. scheit, a to change. N. skipa, to arrange, appoint;
splinter, a fragment, a piece of cleft fire skipta, skiſta, Da: skifte, to partition,
wood; scheitern, to split to pieces; OE. shift, change. A shift or woman's smock
shider, a shiver or fragment; to shider or mentis not, as Richardson explains it, a gar
shinder, to shiver to pieces. often shifted, but simply a change
of linen, as a delicate periphrasis which
Faste they smote them togedur lost its virtue when shift was no longer
That their sperys can to-schyder-MS. in Hal. understood
as a special application of the
The origin of shide and shider seems sense of change. The name then became
precisely analogous to that of shive and liable to the same feeling which made
shiver. In both cases we proceed from smock obsolete, and has in modern times
the representation of a broken sound to been widely replaced by the Fr. chemise.
express the idea of shivering, shattering, The radical meaning of the verb seems
bursting asunder. In the original sense to be to give shape or form to. AS. sce?"
we have Swiss tschddern, schddern, tschi Alan, scyppan, to form, create, ordain. Ic
dern, tschudern, to give a cracked sound; hiwige oththe scypſe: I form or create—
zschäderi, a clapper; Du. schettereſt, to AElfr. Gr., where it will be observed that
crash, resound, burst with laughter, to the synonymous hiwige is derived in an
quaver with the voice, then (as the equiv analogous manner from hiº, form,
alent E. scatter, shatter) to burst in pieces, fashion, appearan; .P.D. schippen, to
 580 SHILLING SHIN

give a thing its form and appearance, to and the quarter of which was in As. called
arrange. “Du hest hier niks to sc/...//en.” ſcort/ſyng, a farthing or ferlyng, or styca,
you have nothing to meddle with here. a bit.
A/isschip/en, to deform, misfit; unschiff To Shimmer. G. schimmern, Pl.D.
pen, to alter, change the form of a thing. schemern, Sw, skimra, to glimmer, flicker,
—Brem. Wtb. The same change of ch shine unsteadily or obscurely, whence
and f which is seen in Pl. D. achter, E. Du. schemeren, scheme/en, to shade, Pl.D.
a/Zer, in Du. schacht and scho/7, a shaft, scheme, shade, shadow.
/uch! and /u/?, left, Pl. D. Witchf and /u/?, We have frequently had occasion to
air, identifies shift with G. schächt, a part observe that ideas connected with the
or division ; eróschichſ, share of an in faculty of sight are expressed by words
heritance. Schicht is also a layer, stratum, applying in the first instance to the phe
row, so much of a certain arrangement as nomena of sound. Thus Fin. Kilina is
is laid out at one continuance without a rendered tinnitus clarus, splendor clarus;
break. Eine rede in drei theilen schichten: Aiſió, clare tinniens, claré lucens; Æilistãd,
to arrange a discourse in three parts. tinnitum clarum moveo, splendorem cla
A special application is to a definite rum reflecto ; Aimistd, acute tinnio
period of work, as (when the day is divided (comp. E. chime); Aima/taa, kiimotſaa,
into three parts) frith-, ſage-, machſ to glitter, sparkle ; Komista, to sound
schicht, the morning, day, and night-shift. deep or hollow ; Aomotſaa, to shine as
Schicht halten, to take one's turn or shift the moon. Esthon. Æum, noise, shine,
of work. In the same sense Pl. D. schu/7, brilliancy; Kumama, to glow ; Kummama,
schuſ?-tied. Das kann ich in einer schuſ? to roar, hum, tingle, to shine. Du. scha
thun : I can do that without resting.— feren, scheſtereſt, to ring, 'crash, resound ;
Adelung. Du. schoff, schoff, the division schifferen, to glitter, shine. The same
of the day's work into four parts ; also relation holds good between Pol. seemradº
the meals by which they are broken. (s3 = E. sh), to murmur, mutter, rustle, or
Schoften, schoffen, to rest or to take meals the equivalent E. simmer (in Suffolk
at the stated hours.--Kil. G. bierschicht, shimper), to make a gentle hissing or
pause when workmen leave their work rustling noise like liquids just beginning
for a draught of beer. Thus schichſ, or to boil, and shimmer, to shine unsteadily
the equivalent shift, might be applied to or faintly.
the breaking off of the old strain or the From the frequentative, which in imi
commencement of a new one, and hence tative words is usually the original form,
acquires the sense of change. A shift of are developed OHG. scimo, splendour,
work is properly a bout of work, the brilliancy, ray of light, sciman, to glitter;
period during which the labourer works ON. skima, splendour, reflection, and, as
at a single stretch, but is subsequently a verb, to glance suspiciously round ; AS.
applied to the change of workmen at the sciman, to glitter, to squinny, still pre
expiration of the proper time. In the served in the provincial skime, a ray of
same way a shift of linen would properly light, also to look at a person in an un
be the period during which a shirt would derhand way; shim, appearance, white
wear without washing, then the entrance streak on the face of a horse.—Hal. N.
on a new shift, or the change of shirt słſoma, to glance, to flicker; Pl.D. scheme,
when the old one was sufficiently worn. reflexion, shade.
It is in this sense of a turn of work Shin. G. schiene, a splint or thin piece
that the word is used when we speak of of wood, splint for a broken arm, tire of a
making shift, making a thing serve our wheel or strip of iron with which it is
turn. To shift is to do the duty of the bound round. Armschiene, beinschiene,
hour; a shifty person, one skilled at turn a piece of armour for the arm or thigh ;
ing his hand to various kinds of work. schienbein, the shinbone, so called from
Shilling. G. schi/ſing, a piece of its sharp edge like a splint of wood. The
money, a definite number of certain analogous bone in a horse is called the
things, or a definite quantity of materials. splintbone.
The most likely suggestion as to the The original meaning of the word is
origin is that supported by Ihre, from Sw. probably a splinter or fragment, from a
skilja, to divide. The name, according form like E. dial. sh;nder, to shiver to
to his view, would be originally given to pieces. Adelung mentions an obsolete
those pieces of money which were schänen, to split, and perhaps Lat. scindere
stamped with an indented cross, so that may be referred to the same root if the
they could easily be broken into four, primary sense were to burst asunder, then
 SHINE SHIRT 581
to separate, to cut. For the ultimate In Lat. scin/i//a, a spark, the sound of £2
origin, see Shingle. in skink/e is exchanged for tº, in a manner
Shine. Goth. skeinam, ON. skina, G. analogous to the interchange of g/ and d/
scheinen, to shine. Bret, skina, to spread, in E. shing/e and G. schindel, or in N.
to scatter, s/ºin, ray, spoke of a wheel, singra, to jingle, and ON. sindra, to
furrow. sparkle.
The resemblance of the forms shime Shingle.—Shindle. I. A lath or cleft -

and shine, however striking, is probably wood to cover houses with.-B. It. scan
not to be accounted for on the supposition doſe, laths or shindells.—Fl. G. schinde/,
of a confusion between the pronunciation a shingle, a splint for a broken arm. Lat.
of m and n, but rather from both the scandu/a, scindula, a shingle.
foregoing forms having arisen from inde The idea of breaking to pieces is com
pendent representations of somewhat simi monly expressed by reference to the
lar sounds. sound of an explosion, as explained under
In designating the phenomena of sight Shine. Thus OFr. esclat, properly sig
we are necessarily driven to comparison nifying a clap or crack, is used in the
with sounds which produce an analogous sense of a shiver, splinter, also a small
effect upon our sensitive frame. Thus and thin lath or shingle. — Cot. The
the sudden appearance of a brilliant light origin of shing/e, shina/e, is shown in
is represented by the sound of an explo Dan. skingre, to ring, clang, resound,
sion, and a sparkling or broken glitter by leading to Sw, skingra, to disperse, scat
the sound of crackling. Fr. &claſſ, origin ter. In E. dial. shinder, to shiver to
ally representing a loud smart sound, is pieces, the sound of ng exchanges for nd
applied to a brilliant light; ecſat de fon as in shingle and shindle, or in N. singra,
zuerre, a clap of thunder ; &c/a/ de Zumière, to jingle, and ON. sindra, to sparkle.
a sudden flash of light. Petiller, to The dental is also found in Lat. scindere,
crackle, also to sparkle, twinkle. Du. to split, and in It. schianfare, to rap, split,
schefferen, schaferen, to crash, resound ; or burst in sunder, whence schiantolo, a
schitterem, to glitter. At the same time, splinter, shiver [shindle].-Fl.
the sounds employed as the types of visual Shingle. 2. The pebbles on the sea
conceptions have their connections also shore, from the jingling noise made by
in the realm of mechanical action. A every wave on a shingly beach. N. singla,
loud and sudden crash suggests the notion singra, to jingle, clink; singl, gravel,
of explosive action, bursting asunder, shingle.
shivering to pieces, while a crackling Ship. Goth. skiff, G. schiff, Fr. esquiſ,
sound is connected with the idea of vibra It schiffo, Lat. sca//a, Bret. skaſ, ship,
tory or broken movement. S'éc/afer, to boat. Gr. oxápm, anything scooped or
burst, crash, shiver into splinters; º'claſſ, dug out, a hollow vessel, tub, bason, bowl;
a shiver, splinter, small piece of wood a light boat or skiff : axárro, to dig. The
broken off with violence.—Cot. Du. sche/- first boat would be a canoe or hollowed
feren is identical with E. scaffer, and was trunk, now called a dug-out in the U. S.
formerly used in the same sense; diffun Shire. See Share.
dere, dispergere cum sonitu.-Kil. In To Shirk.—Sherk. A modification of
like manner Da. Sprage, to crackle, cor shark, signifying, in the first instance, to
responds with Lat. spargere and with E. obtain by rapacious or unfair proceeding,
spark/e, which itself was formerly used in then to deal unfairly, and finally to avoid
the sense of scatter. “I sparky/ abroode, or escape from anything by underhand
I sprede thynges asonder.” — Palsgr. proceeding. ‘Certainly he (Laud) might
Hence may be explained the relation of have spent his time much better—in the
Bret skini, dispersion, as well as of G. pulpit than thus sherking and raking in
schiene (mentioned under Shin), a shiver, the tobacco shops.”—State Trials in R.
splinter, to E. shine. Laud was accused of fraud in contracting
When we look for forms representing for licenses to sell tobacco. “Idle com
sound which might, on the principle above panions that shirke living from others,
explained, give rise to the root skin sig but time from yourselves.”—Bp Rainboro
nifying shine, we meet with Da. skingre, in R.
to ring, clang, resound, leading to Sw. Shirt.—Skirt. ON. skyrta, Da. skiorte,
skingra, to disperse, scatter, and Sc. Sw.skyorta, shirt; Da, skiört, Sw, skdrte,
skinkle, to sparkle. skirt. The original meaning of shirt
The gay mantel seems to have been a short garment,
Was skinkland in the sun.—Jam. while skirt is the part shortened or
582 SHIVE SHOCK

tucked up for the convenience of action. of shivering a pane of glass, breaking a

AS. sceort, short ; sceortian, scyrtan, to thing to shivers.
shorten; OHG. scurz, short ; scurgiu kau The birdes song—
wati, short garments. Walach. scurfu, So loud ysang that all the wodeyrong
short ; scurtai, to shorten ; scurfeică, a Like as it should shiver in pecis small.
Chaucer, Black Knight.
short garment (togula superior), small
And than the Squyer wrocht greit wonder
upper cloak. Ay till his sword did shaik in sunder.
Bibelesworth distinguishes OFr. eschour, Squyer Meldrum, 156.
a shirt, and escour, a skirt. She dithered an' sha'k, you thought she wad
ha’ tummled i' bits. – Cleveland. Gloss. in v.
Prenez, valets en vos eschours [the schirtes] dither.
De go frael hareng rous.
Par devant avet escour ! shirte beforne] Du. scheveren, to break to pieces; scheve,
Et de cote sont gerons [gores] —Nat. Antiq. a shive, a fragment ; scheversteen, slate,
stone that splits up into slices. ON. skifa,
Escourchid, tucked up.–Roquef. Du. Da, skive, a thin slice; skſa, to cleave
schorssen, schorſen, to tuck up, suspend, or split.
be wanting ; schorsse, schorſe, an apron, In the same way ON. sºjalſa, Da.
upper petticoat. Pl.D. upschorſen, Da. skiac/ve, to tremble, are connected with
skiörte, of skiörfe, to tuck up one's clothes. Du. sche/ſe, schelve, schelſer, a scale, crum,
G. schurz, schifrze, an apron ; schiirzen, splinter, fragment; E. Quiver, to tremble,
to truss or tuck up ; die ármel sc/iiirgen, with Sp. Quiedra, crack, fracture; gue&rar,
to tuck up the sleeves. to break.
Shive. See Sheave. Shoal. 1. AS. theofsceol, a gang of
To Shiver. Written chiver, chever, thieves ; thegnscole, a train of retainers.
by Chaucer. Chyveryng or quakyng for Du. school, a shoal of fishes, flock of
cold. Chymerynge or chyverynge, or birds. En school vinken, a flock of spar
dyderynge, frigutus.-Pr. Prm. rows. Ir. Sgo/, a scull, school, or shoal
The analogy between sound and move of fishes.
ment enables us to speak of a quivering The radical meaning seems to be a
or tremulous sound and a quivering clump or mass. Du. scholle, a clod, mass,
or tremulous motion, and thence to de lump of ice ; scholen, to flock or crowd
signate the motion by what was originally together. It, 2.0lla, a clod; zollare, to
meant as a representation of the sound. grow together in clods ; go/le dell” aria,
Thus the word chitter, originally repre the clouds. “A cloud of witnesses.” Mod.
senting confused, broken sound, as the Gr. oxóvXa, a mass, lock of wool, flax, &c.
chirping of birds, is applied to trembling Compare flock of wool, flock of sheep, of
movement. ‘Chytteryng, quivering or birds, &c.
shakyng for cold.”—Huloet in Hal. So 2. A shallow place in the sea. Perhaps
Du. Quettereſt, to chirp, corresponds to from Fr. escueil, écueil, It. scoglio, Sp.
Lat. Quatere, to shake. Du. schefferen, escollo, a shelf on the sea, or rock under
to crack, to warble, is also rendered by shallow water, from Lat. scopulus, a rock.
the Lat. tremere, intremere. Scheſter More probably however it corresponds
inghe, Sonus vibrans, stridor dispersus, to Sc. schald, schaul, shallow. “The
modulatio.—Kil. schaldi's of Affrik:” syrtes—D. V. ‘Shaw/
On the same principle, Sp. Quiebro, a waters maik maist din.”—Ramsay, Sc.
trill or quaver, leads to E. Quiver, to Prov.
tremble, Du. Kuyveren, Kuyven, to shiver, Shock. I. Fr. choguer, Sp. chocar,
tremble, parallel forms with Lat. vibrare. Du. schokken, to jog, jolt, knock against.
The same variation of the initial con The word is of analogous formation with
sonant which is seen in shake as com cock, £ick, cog, shag, shog, jag, jig, jog,
pared with quake, or in Du. schettereſt as &c., from a form in the first instance re
compared with queſteren, brings Quiver presenting an abrupt sound, then used
into parallelism with shiver, Lower Rhine to signify an abrupt movement, a projec
schoeveren, to tremble. tion, prominence, bunch or tuft.
When a body not altogether rigid is Forms closely bordering on the sylla
violently shaken, the parts of which it is ble shock are used to represent broken
composed are flung into movement in a sound in Sc. chack, to clack or click; E.
variety of directions, and seem to be fly dial. chackle, to chatter; Sp. Chacolofear,
ing apart from each other. Thus the to rattle like a loose shoe; Swiss tschdg
senses of shaking and of breaking to gen, to tick like a clock; Da, skog gre,
pieces are frequently united, and we speak skoggerlee, to roar with laughter. Pl.D.
 SHOE SHOWER 583
suk / is used to represent the jolt of a short, red-short, &c. In this combination
rough conveyance. Of a rough horse it is often pronounced and sometimes
they say, Das geit jummer suá / suá / it written shear, as red-shear iron, and is
goes always suk suk | Ene olde suksuk, from Sw. skör, brittle. — Marsh. The
an old rattle-trap, of an old spinning technical terms of iron point to Sweden
wheel, or a jogging-horse. Hence suá as the early seat of the manufacture, as
Æe/n, G. schucke/n, schaukeln, schokke/n, in the case of Sw. wail/a, to weld iron.
Fr. sagoter, to shake, jolt, jog. Shoulder. OHG. scuſſara, G. schulfer.
2. Shock, tufted hair, pile of sheaves. Connected by some with ON. skjöldr, a
See Shag. shield, a derivation supported by E. dial.
Shoe. Goth.skohs, ON. skor, G. schuh. shield-bones, blade-bone,—Hal. But per
To Shog. To jog, joggle, or make to haps a more likely origin is the broad
vacillate.—B. Swiss schauggen, schaggen, shove/-/ike shape of the bones. E. dial.
to jog ; W. ysgogi, to wag. See Shag, shull, a shovel; shull-bane, the shoulder
Shock. blade. The G. schatºſe/ is applied to any
To Shoot. ON. sºjoſa, Du. schiefen, broad flat implement, as the blade of an
G. schiessen, to dart, shoot, move with im oar, fluke of an anchor. Pol. Wopata sig
petuosity. A shoot or young branch is nifies a shovel, oven-peel, blade of an oar,
the growth shot out in a single season. while the dim. Zoffaſka is a shoulder
Shop.–Shippen. Fr. eschope, a stall blade. Lat. sca/u/a may not improbably
or little shop : G. schoffen, Pl.D. schu//, be identical with G. schauſe/. In parts of
a shed ; AS. scypen, a stall, stable, shed ; England the shoulder is called spade-,
N.E. shifffen, a cow-house; ON. skáfr, s/aud-, or s/ºw-bone, from Sc. spa/a,
Da, skað, Sw, skáp, a press or cupboard. s/au/d, spawl, Fr. es/au/e, Sp. es/a/aa,
Shore. 1. The border of the land, or Prov. espatla, It. spa//a, a shoulder, show
extremity where the land is broken off. ing the same relation to Lat. spa/ha,
Du. schore, ruptura, scissura, rima, et spatula, a spatula, spattle or broad slice,
acta, ripa–Kil. ; scheuren, schoreſt, to and to E. spade, as that which has been
burst, split, tear, divide ; Pl.D. schoren, shown above between shoulder and shovel.
to tear asunder. See Shard. To Shout. A parallel form with hoot,
2. A prop. N. skora, ON. skorda, a as E. dial. siss and hiss, Pl. D. schuddern
shore or prop, the shores or stocks by and huddern, to shudder. It. scioare, to
which a ship is supported on dry land. cry shoo! to frighten birds. Mod. Gr.
N. skora, skara, to hew; skoraspöne, akotºw, to shout.
chips. The word properly means a piece Shove. Du. schuiwen, G. schieben, ON.
or length of timber. Bav. Schrot, a piece skuſa, N. skuva, skyve, to shove, push,
of bread, flesh, cloth, paper, especially a draw; Du. gaan schuiven, to abscond,
length of timber, abschnitz von holzstam steal away. Fr. esquiver, Sp. esquivar,
men.— Schmeller. In the same way G. Grisons schizºir, to slip aside, avoid,
s/o//e, a piece ; sto//en, a support, prop, escape; It schiſare, schivare, to shun,
pedestal. See Shard, Sherd. avoid, to loathe, or abhor. It is to be
3. A public drain. Erroneously sup remarked that the proper meaning of shunt
posed to be a corruption of sewer. It is is to shove or push, then to avoid.
really from G. scharren, to scrape, Swiss Shovel. G. schaufel, Du. schuffel,
schoren, to cleanse, sweep out stables, schuyffel, schoepe, schupfe, a shovel or
whence schorete, ausschorete, what is similar implement. The meaning would
scraped or swept out, dung, manure ; seem to be an implement for digging.
schor:graben, the drain which receives the Pol. Kopač, to dig, scoop, hollow ; kopnac
runnings of the cattle. So shoreditch is nogg (noga, foot), to kick ; Koflyst/a, a
the ditch which receives the scrapings of spattle; Boh. Æopati, to dig 3 skopati, to
the streets. The scavengers were form dig away; Koffyfo, hoof; kopeysko, a coal
erly called rakiers, scrapers. Item quod shovel. Russ. AEopnut', to dig ; Kofanie,
homines cujuslibet Wardae habeant ras digging ; Kofanitza, a spade, shovel.
tratores sufficientes ad purgandas War Walach. scobi, to scoop, hollow out,
das de diversis fimis.-Liber Albus, 258. carve in wood, stone, &c. ... Bret. Skoff,
See Shard. skob, a scoop, bowl. As digging is a
Short. 1. As sceort, OHG. scurz, Walach. coarser kind of scraping, Lat. scabere, G.
scurta, Alban. shkourte, G. kurz, Lat. cur schaben, and E. shave, must probably be
tus, Pol. Ærotki, short ; skrocić, to shorten. closely allied. N. skavl, skjevla, a scraper.
2. Applied in a technical way to the Shower. Goth. skura windis, a storm
quality of iron it signifies brittle ; hot of wind. ON. sktºr, a shower of rain.
584 SHRED SHRIMP

Pl.D. schuur, a passing fit of illness. ging mouse, from scharren, schoren, to
IDat dulle schuter hebben, to have an at scrape, to dig.
tack of madness. Dat schuur is vorbi, The derivation is confirmed by a pas
the fit is passed.Bi schizren, at recur sage in Higden Polychron. by Trevisa, p.
ring intervals. 335, new ed. “There is grete plente of
The origin is probably shown in G. samon—and of wel schrewed mys.” The
schaudern, schauern, to shudder, shiver ; Latin text has mures nocentissimos, the
schauer, a trembling, shivering, especially other old translation viost nyous mys.-
that of cold or fever. Then, taking an Marsh.
attack of fever as the type of a passing Shriek. See Screech.
fit of illness, the term is applied to other Shrift. See Shrive.
cases of intermittence wholly unconnected Shrill. Used by Spenser as a verb.
with the symptom of shivering, and At last they heard a horn that shrilled clear
finally to a passing shower of rain or hail. Throughout the wood that echoed again.
In the same way Da. gys, shudder, and Sc. skirl, to cry with a shrill voice ; a
also shower. shriek, a shrill cry. N. sºry/a (of children),
Shred. Du. schroode, schrove, a bit, to cry in a high note; skraala, to squawl.
piece of paper, scrow; schrooder, a tailor; Pl.D. schre//, harsh, sharp in sound or
Pl. D. scharden, schraen, to eat, to gnaw as taste, hoarse. Schrell bier, hard, sour
a mouse ; G. schrot, what is cut up into beer ; de affel het enen schrellen smaž,
fragments, corn coarsely ground, lead cut the apple has a sharp taste. Shriek and
up for shot; schrofen, to shred, cut up. shrill are related to each other as squeak
Oberſ). schreissen, to split; Goth. dis and syueal.
Æreifan, to tear asunder. Shrimp. Anything very small of its
The word differs only in the transposi kind, a small shell-fish.
tion of the liquid and vowel from shard, Such things go for wit as long as they are in
sherd, and the radical meaning is a piece Latin, but what dismally shrimped things would
rent off, from a representation of the sound they appear if turned into English.-Echard in R.
of tearing. Gael. Sgread, shriek, cry, Du. Krimpen, to contract, diminish.
harsh grating sound ; Sc. screed, a loud AS. scrymman, to wither or dry up. G.
shrill sound, the sound made in tearing, schrumſ/en, to shrivel, wrinkle, shrink;
the act itself of rending, or the piece torn Sc. scrimp, to deal sparingly with one ;
off. Gael. sgraid, sgrait, a shred, rag. contracted, scanty, deficient. ‘He scrimps
* Shrew.—Shrewd. Shrew was form him in his meat.’ Da. skrumpe, to shrivel,
erly used in the general sense of a bad man. shrink; Du. schrompelen, to shrivel, be
Shrewidgeneration, prava.—Wiclif, Acts come wrinkled or crumpled. E. dial.
2. Shreude folke, improbis.-Chaucer, shrump, to shrug, to shrink; shrump
Boeth. 6. II. The primitive sense of the shouldered, crump-shouldered, having
word seems to be shewn in G. schroff, contracted shoulders. Gr. kpóp;3oc, parch
rugged, passing into the notion of harsh, ed, shrivelled.
hard, sharp, disagreeable, bad. A shrewd The idea of contraction is connected
air is a sharp air, a shrewd man, a man with a vast variety of forms which may
of a hard clear judgment. In Hesse the be arranged in two parallel series, rup,
word appears under the form schrö, schrá, rump, cruff, crumſ, skrup, skrump, and
schreſſ, in the pl. schrowe, shrawe, ru/, runk, cruk, crunk, skruk, skrunk.
schrewe, rough to the touch, poor, miser But whether the foregoing forms have
able, bad. Ein schroes pferd, an ill-fed grown from a common root or have arisen
oor horse; ein schroes essen, coarse bad independent of each other, or whether the
ood; ein schrá maul, a sharp tongue ; connection between the fact of contraction
ein schrower, a shrewd man, one ready of and the sound by which it is signified is
speech and act. Pl.D. schrae weide, bare, always of precisely the same nature, are
scarce pasture; ene schrae tied, a shrewd questions on which it would be rash to
time, hard times ; schrae huus holen, to pronounce a decisive opinion.
keep a spare house. The general course of development
Shrewmouse. AS. screawa, mus would seem to be from the analogy be
araneus cujus morsus occidit. From tween a broken, rugged sound, and a
shrew, wicked, as the bite of the animal movement, and thence a shape of similar
was supposed to be fatal, and it was said character, and from the individual con
to lame cattle even by running over them. tractions of a rugged line or surface to
It must not be confounded with Du. the idea of contraction in general.
schermuys, G. schormaus, the mole or dig As examples of the different forms may
 SHRINE SHROUD 585
be cited Lith. rupas, rugged; E. riffle, or enjoin, literally, to trace out a line to
rimple, the surface of water curled by a be followed by the agent in question.
breeze; rumple, G. rimpſºn, to distort “Culter vocatur, praedensam, priusquam
the mouth or nose ; Gael. cruff, crouch, proscindatur, terram secans, futurisque
contract, shrink; E. crump, crimp, Sw. sulcis vestigia fra'scribens incisuris —
s&rumpen, shrivelled, shrunk; and for the Pliny; where the latter clause may be
series with a terminal AE instead of £, N. translated, and marking out beforehand,
ruża, Lat. ruga, a wrinkle; E. rugged, by the incisions, a track for the future
Sw. runka, to shake, vacillate ; rynka, furrows.
wrinkle, rumple; E. crook, crouch, crimcle, From the same original source, but
N. skrukka, a wrinkle ; AS. scrincan, to doubtless by no direct descent, is Pl.D.
shrink; Sw, skrym/a, wrinkle; skrynka, schreve, a line, which is used in the same
to crumple, wrinkle. metaphorical sense as the verbal element
Shrine. As scrin, G. schrein, Fr. escrin, in praescribere. Na dem schreve hauen :
Lat. scrinium, a cabinet or place to keep to cut according to the line chalked out.
anything in. See Screen. Aver den schreven gaan: to go beyond
* To Shrink. To start back, instinc the line, to transgress. Thus we are
tively to withdraw from something pain enabled from the internal resources of
ful ; then, to contract, to draw in. OFlem. the language to explain AS. scriſan, ge
schrincken, contrahere, retrahere. —Kil. scriſan, to trace out a line of action, to
It seems to be a nasalised form of the ordain, enjoin, assign. Sylle with his
Du. schrikken, to start back, to startle life swa hwaet swa him man scriſe: he
(Bomhoff), the origin of which is ex shall give as a ransom for his life whatso
plained under Shrug, which is indeed ever is laid upon him.—Exod. xxi. 30.
fundamentally synonymous. Florio ex Throwige thar swa bisceop him scriſe :
plains It. raggruzzare, to crinch, shrink patiatur ibi sicut episcopus ei imponat.
or shrug together. “I drawe together Buton swa gescryſen sy: unless it is in
as lether or other thing that shring eth any way enjoined. Edictis, gebennum
together.”—Palsgr. G. eschrecken, to be oththe gescrifum, abdictis, forscriſenum.
alarmed, is properly to start at, to shrink —Gl. Cot. in Junius.
from. Du. en schrikkig paard, a startlish To shrive then had reference originally
horse. N. shºrekka, to shrink as cloth. to the injunctions given by the priest on
To Shrive.—Shrift. To shrive is ex hearing confession, and was only a spe
plained by Bayley, to make confession to cial application of a word which in its
a priest, also to hear a confession, and it is general sense has been lost to the Eng
generally understood to include the whole lish language.
circumstances of the transaction, the im To Shrivel. Gael. sgreubh, sº reag,
position of penance and consequent ab dry, parch, shrivel; sºreagan, anything
solution. From the latter applications dry, shrunk, or shrivelled. E. dial. shravel,
oN. skript is used in the sense of repri dry faggot wood. Related to OE. rive!,
mand and of punishment. to wrinkle, as Du. schrom/e/en to E. rum
The word has been explained from ple, or as Sw, skrynka to ſynka, to wrin
Lat. scribere, to write, on different grounds kle.
which will hardly bear examination. Ac The word, like so many others con
cording to Skinner, because the names of nected with the idea of a wrinkled, rug
persons confessing were taken down in ged surface, may be from the mere repre
writing; according to Ihre, because the sentation of a broken sound, but in the
penance enjoined was given by the priest present case it is probable it has a more
in writing. But the name must have specific origin in a form like QN.skráſa,
arisen at a period when writing materials N. skraava, to creak or rustle like dry
were too dear, and the knowledge of read things. ON. skráthurr, so dry as to make
ing too confined to make it possible that a noise of the foregoing kind. N. skraaen,
the injunction of penance should with dried, shrunk; skraana, to dry, shrivel,
any generality have been delivered in shrink. Da. dial.skrasle, to rustle; skras,
writing. The truth appears to be that skraaseſ, very dry. On the same prin
there is no direct descent from Lat. scri ciple, Lith. skrebeti, to rustle, crackle;
bere, and in order to explain the relation sārābti, to become dry.
with the Lat. verb we must go back to a Shroud. To shrowd, to cover, shelter.
meaning which it had anterior to that of —B.
writing, viz. the scoring of a line, as shown Give my nakedness
in the compound prascribere, to prescribe Some shrowd to shelter in.-Chapman, Homer.
586 SHRUB SHUN
I — gan anone so softly as I coude dermitt.” ON. skrugga, thunder; skrykłr,
Among the bushes prively me to shrowde. a sudden movement. Med rykkjum ok
Chaucer, Black Knight.
skryžjum, with jerks and starts. N.
As scrud, garment, clothing. ON, skrud, s&ružka, a wrinkle, or drawing in of a
ornament, clothing ; skrudºuinn, state texture. Parallel forms without the sibi
lily clothed ; lopſlig skrud, the ornaments lant initial are N. ružka, a wrinkle, OE.
of the sky, the heavenly bodies. Sººyda, rug, rog, to tug, wag, shake; ON. rykéja,
to adorn, to clothe. Da. ry&#e, to twitch, pluck, tug ; Sw.
Shrub. A dwarf tree, also a little sorry rycka, to pluck or snatch; rycka £d arðar
fellow.—B. Scrubby, stunted, poor of mar, to shrug one's shoulders.
its kind. Da. dial. skrub, bush, brush To Shudder. Du. schudden, schuddern,
wood. Egeskrub, boges/rub, an oak or Pl.D. huddern, Du. huggeren, huvveren,
a beech that is stunted in its growth. The to shiver ; Pl.D. schiladeln, to shake ;
scrubs in Australia are growths of brush schudderm, G. schaudern, schauern, to
wood or stunted trees. shudder, shiver. The radical figure is a
The original meaning would seem to broken sound, the representation of which
be a roughness, then a prominence, pro is subsequently applied to a broken move
jection, stump, low tree with stiff brushy ment. Swiss tschädern, tschudern, tschi
branches, a stunted growth. Da. skrubbet, derm, schädern, to give a cracked sound;
rough, rugged. The E. shrub or scrub tschdderi, a clapper. E. dial. shider, to
and scrog correspond to Du, strobbe and break to shivers; shider, a shiver. Da.
struik, Pl.D. struuk, G. strauch, a shrub dial. skuddre, to shiver. — Molb. in
or bush. Du. stobóe, struik, stronk, G. toddre.
strumpſ, a stump or stalk. Strauðe, To Shuffle. Bav. Schufºln, to go along
anything with a rough or uneven surface. scraping the ground with one's feet.
‘Harte und straube hände wie ein reibi Hesse, schuben, shuſe/n, to slide, schººſel,
sen.”—Schmeller, Bav.strauben, struben, a slide on the ice. See Scuffle.
strupen, to stand up stiff, subrigere, in To Shun. Properly to shove (in which
horrere; strobeln, to be or to make rough, sense it is still provincially in use), then
like disordered hair. G. struppig, rugged, to shove on one side, to avoid. A Sussex
standing on end like hair or feathers. A peasant said: ‘He kept shunning me off
shrub or scrub is a bush with stiff projectthe path.” “I shonne a danger, I starte
ing branches. asyde whan I sea thynge, Je meguenchys.
Du. strobbelen, strompelen, struiſelen, An I had not shonned asyde he had hit
stromkelen, to stumble, are probably not me in the eye.”—Palsgr. So from Du.
to be understood as striking against a schwiven, to shove, Fr. esquiver, to slip
stump, but as plunging, striking irre aside, shun, avoid.
gularly out with the feet. Bav. strabe/n, From turning aside from arose the sense
strappeln, to move the hands and feet. of forbearing, sparing.
See Stumble. What wuste I what was wrong or right,
* Shrug. The actual meaning is a What to take or what to schone.
twitch or convulsive movement, especially Body and Soul, 341.
of the shoulder, a shuddering, shrinking. Hence may be explained G. schonen, to
Schruggym, frigulo.—Pr. Pm. “The touch spare, to abstain from. , Er schoneſe zu
of the cold water made a pretty kind of nehmen von seinen schafen und rindern :
shrugging come over her body like the he spared to take of his own flock.
twinkling of the fairest among the fixed Synonymous with shun, and probably
stars.”—Arcadia in R. Küttner translates
a mere corruption of it, is shunt, a word
den Kopf zucken, to shrink or shrug in which, having become obsolete in culti
order to ward off a blow. Zucke nicht /
vated language, has been brought back
don't shrug, don't stir in the least. Shrug again by accidental use in the termino
corresponds to OHG. scrican, screcchan, logy of railways. A train is said to shunt
to start, spring, leap, dash. The syllable when it turns aside to allow another to
scrick, like crack or crick, represents in pass.
the first instance a sharp sudden sound, Then I drew me down into a dale whereat the
then a sharp quick movement. Sw, dial. dumb deer
sèrdkka, to give a crack, to move by Did shiver for a shower; but I shunted from a
jerks. Bav. schrick, a sudden sound, a freyke, -

clap of thunder, a crack in a glass vessel. For I would no wight in the world wist who I
“Voll der offnen schrick und ritzen.’— were.—Hal.

Schm. “Crepuit medium, zerschrick in To shunt isalso, as G. verschieben (schieden,

 SHUT SIDE 587
to shove), to put off, delay. Schape us be indicated by Sw.skygg, timid, fearful,
an answer and schunte yow no lengere.— shy, wild ; skygga, to take fright, to turn
Morte Arthure in Hal. aside; which seem derived from ski/gg,
To Shut. From Du. schiefen, to shoot, shade, shadow, making the original signi
cast, drive forwards, is formed schut, fication, starting at a shadow, a figure
something put forwards, a defence, ob very generally used to express the idea of
stacle, hindrance, mound, dike. Schiefen taking fright. Sw, wara raida'ſºrsin egent
een gracht, to dig a ditch. Een schut skugga, to be afraid of one's own shadow,
zoor jets schiefen, to place an obstacle be to be fearful ; Bret. skeud, shadow ; lam
fore a thing, to hinder it. Schut tegen 't mout rag he skeud, to start at his shadow,
zuur, tegem de wind, a screen against the to be afraid. So also W. ysgod, shadow ;
fire or wind. Schutdeur, a sluice gate ; ysgodigo, to take fright as a horse –
schutdak, shed ; schuthok, schutkooi, a Richards; Sp. sombra, shadow ; asom
pound for cattle. Pl.D. schoff, a bolt, a &rar, to overshadow, to take fright as a
sliding door by which water can be kept horse, to terrify, amaze; Fr. ombrage,
out. Bav. schütt, a mound. Schutten shade; ombrageur, jealous, suspicious ;
machen, aggerem facere—Gl. in Schm. cheval ombrageur, a shying horse; Gr.
Again from the substantive schutt or orić, shadow ; Mod.Gr. oxidºw, to shade,
schott is formed a secondary verb, Du. to terrify ; oxid’ouai, to be afraid.
schutten, to ward off, turn back, hinder, Sib. Related, of kin; preserved in
stop, shut up. Schutten den wind, to gossip (God-sib), related in God, i.e. by
keep out the wind, whence schººse!, a the ordinance of baptism. Goth. siója,
window shutter. S/ag schuſſen, to parry relationship ; OHG. sióða, sift/ia, affinity,
a blow. Schulberd, boarding for in peace; ON. sift, relation, friend; AS. sib,
closures. Schutten de beestent, to impound peace, alliance, kindred, companionship.
beasts. Pl.D. schotten, schutten, to keep Sick. AS. seac, G. siech, ON. siukr,
or shut out. Schotte de dore to, bolt the Goth. siuks, sick; G. siechen, to be sickly,
door. Water schotten, to repel the water to languish. Connected by Diefenbach
by a dam. In the latter sense, the Da. with the notion of drying up, fading
uses the primary verb skyde, to shoot ; away. Lett. sukſ, to fade away; Pol.
skyde wand, to repel water. Bav. schiitten, suchy, dry; suchoła, dryness, leanness ;
to fence round, to protect ; Sw, skydda, suchoży (pl.), consumption. Russ. soch
to protect, shelter; G. schiitzen, to pro muty, to fade away, dry up. Bret. seach,
tect, are equivalent forms. dry; siochan, feeble, delicate, tender.
Shuttle. Da. waverskytte, N. skutul, A more probable derivation may be
skiöt, skyt, the implement by which the drawn from the sighing and moaning of a
thread is shot to and fro in weaving. sick person. jià. sucht signifies both
Shy. G. scheu, timorous, shunning ; sigh (and thence longing, strong desire),
scheuen, to be afraid of, to shun; scheuchen, and also sickness. G. sucht, an im
to scare away, to affright ; scheuche, moderate longing for a thing, sickness.
zºogelscheu, a scarecrow. Du. Schouw, Ehrsucht, ge/disucht, ganésucht, a longing
timid, wild ; schowen, schuzwert, to avoid. for or devotion to honour, money, broils;
It. schiſare, to loathe or abhor, to shun ; gelösucht, jaundice. E. love-sick and
schiſo, loathsome, also nice, coy. Prov. Zove-longing are equivalent terms. Du.
esquiu, wild, frightened ; esquivar, to suchten, to sigh, groan, languish. Gael.
avoid, refuse. Sp. esquivo, scornful, shy, acain, sigh, sob, moan ; acaineach, wail
cold. ing, sickly. Da. hive, to pant or gasp,
A natural origin of the word may be also to languish in sickness. Han har
found in the interjection of shuddering, Zange ſlivet, he has long been ailing.
schu / schuck A (Grimm, 3, 298), leading Sickle. As. sice/, Du, sekel, seckel, OHG.
to OHG. sciu/ian, expavescere, perhor sihhila, G. sichel, Lat. secula, a sickle or
rescere, terrere ; Aisciuhit, perterritus ; scythe, from seco, to cut.
Ziohtskihtig, lucifugus ; Pl.D. schuck, -side. -sidence. Lat. sedeo, sessum,
horror, fear, avoidance. Ick hefſn schuck to sit ; sido, sedi, sessum, to seat oneself,
vaor'n aust: I shudder at the thoughts of to sit down, settle ; whence Reside, Sub
harvest. He schuckt sick nao hus te side, &c. In like manner are related Gr.
gaon : he fears to go to the house. Dat £opat, to seat oneself, sit, and tºw, to seat,
párt schuckt: the horse shies.—Danneil. place, sit, tºoga, to settle down.
G. schiichtern, shy, timorous. And this I Side. 1. ON. sida, G. seite, a side.
believe is the true explanation of the word, 2. Long, as ‘my coat is very side.”—B.
although a different origin would seem to AS. sta, ample, spacious, vast; ON. sidr,
588 SIDEREAL SILLABUB

long, loose. Sidr har, flowing hair; The immediate origin is the form ex
sidyrdº, long-eared ; sidd, length of gar emplified in N. siga, Du. 2:/gen, door:/-
ment. gen, Da. sie, to strain, percolate, sink in ;
Sidereal. Lat. sidus, -eris, a star, con G. versiegen, to drain or dry up ; N. sika,
stellation. to strain or drain off moisture, whence
Siege. Fr. siège, It. sedia, seggia, a the frequentatives sik/a, to trickle, also
seat or sitting ; assedio, Lat. obsidium, (as Da. sagle) to drivel ; sila, to drip, to
the sitting down before a town in a hostile strain ; silla, to drip fast; G. sickern,
way. See -side. siekern, to trickle, leak, percolate.
Sieve.—Sift. As siſº, Pl.D. seve, Du. As in so many similar cases, a parallel.
zeeſ, zijghe, G. sieſ, a sieve ; siſten, sich form is found with a terminal labial in
ten, Du. siſghen, Dan. sigte, to sift. The stead of guttural in the radical syllable.
name may probably be taken from the Du. door zijſen, doorzi/e/en, to drip or
implement having originally been made trickle through ; Pl.D. spen, safern, to
of sedge or rushes. ON. siſ, Dan. siv, ooze, drip; spe/n, siſ/hern, to let tears
sedge, rush. “Sieves were made of flax trickle.
string, but many of a more common The ultimate origin is to be found in
quality were made of thin rushes, and that the notion of sucking or suffing up, then
they were originally of this simple mate sinking into the cracks of the vessel or
rial is evident from the sieve being repre walls in which the liquid is contained.
sented in the hieroglyphics as composed See To Sag.
of rushes.’—Wilkinson, Ancient Egypt Silence. Goth. silan, Lat. sileo, Gr.
1anS. alytto, to be silent. In all probability
The probability of the foregoing deriva from hushing or commanding silence by
tion is supported by w. hesg, sedge; a hiss. Gr. oi...o, to hiss, to crysh / to hush.
hesgym, a sieve ; Pol. sit, a rush ; siſo, a The interjection commanding silence is
sieve. On the other hand, the name in Turk. sits& / Ossetic ss.’ sos / Fernan
might naturally be derived from Dan. dian sia / Yoruba sic /—Tylor.
sive, N. siga, to ooze as water, to fall by Silk. Lith. sziſłai, silk ; silkai, cot
its own weight, to sink ; Du. 2:/gen, 27/- ton. From Gr. onotków, Lat. sericiſm, the
pen, to trickle, drip, strain; N. sia, sila, produce of the Seres, by the conversion
to filter, to strain. Boh. prosywati, to of the r into l.
sift, to strain through a sieve ; prosywad The first people of any knowledge and acquaint
Zo, a sieve. Da. sie, to strain; si, a ance be the Seres, famous for the fine silke that
strainer, filter. See Sile. their woods doe yeeld.—Holland, Pliny.
Sigh. AS. sican, sicceſtan, E. dial. siće,
Sill. The threshold of a door or win
Sw. sucka, w, igio, to sigh, sob ; AS. seaſ
ian, to mourn; E. dial. to siſº, sîſ, to dow. Pl.D. sull, G. schweſ/e, Fr. setti!,
sigh ; G. seuſzen, Pl.D. suchſen, staffen, to It soglia, a threshold. Sw, sy//, Dan.
sigh. Da. hige, hie, hive, to pant, gasp. sy/d, base of a framework, building,
Sc. souch, swouch, the sound of the wind, ground-sill. NE. siles, the main timbers
or of one breathing heavily in sleep, a of a house ; soil, rafter, window-sill.—
deep sigh ; souch, soilſ, to sound as the Hal. Fr. so/ize, a beam.
wind, to breathe deep as in sleep. All Sole signifies in general the founda
directly imitative. tion, or that on which a thing rests. W.
Sign. -sign. — Signal. — Signify. sw/, a flat place, ground, soil ; Bret, so/,
Signum, a mark, sign; whence signift soil, area, floor of a house ; foundation,
care, to make a sign, to signify ; signacitbase, bottom ; sole of a shoe, beam. W.
Zum, a seal ; OFr. seignal, signace, a sail, syl, a groundwork, foundation, base;
seal, mark, signal. To Consign, A’esign, seiſddar (daear, earth, ground), a founda
&c. tion, pile, or prop ; seiſſaert, sy/aert,
To Sile.—Silt. To sile, to drip, to ooze foundation stone ; seiſdºor, door-sill,
through, sink down, to fall; siling dish, threshold; gosail, an underpinning or
a milk-strainer ; silt, sediment, ooze. ground silling, foundation ; goseidio, to
And then syghande he saide with sylandeterys. underpin, to prop. Gael, sail, a beam ;
Morte Arthure. sail/hunn (bonn, sole, foundation, base),
Many balde gart he sile the sole, lower beam of a partition.
With the dynt of his spere.—MS. Hal. Sillabub. A frothy food to be slapped
Sw, sila, to strain, filter ; sila sig fºam, or slubbered up, prepared by milking from
to percolate or ooze through. Pl. D. silent, the cow into a vessel containing wine or
to drain off water. spirits, spice, &c.
 SILLY SIMPLE 589
And we will ga to the dawnes and služer up Silver. Goth. siſubr, Slav. srebro,
a sillibuð.—Two Lancashire Lovers in Hal.
Lith. sidabras.
The word is a corruption of s/ap-up or Similar—Similitude. Lat, simiſis,
slub-1/ (like Fr. sa/ope, from Swab. like; similaris, of like nature; similitudo,
sch/aſſ, a slut), and is the exact equiva likeness. Goth. sama, same ; sama/ei/s,
lent of Pl. D. slabò' ut, Swiss sch/abutz, Samelike, agreeing together ; sama/ei/ºo,
watery food, spoon-meat, explained by equally, likewise.
Stalder as sch/abó ults, from sch/ap/en, To Simmer. Imitative of the gentle
s/abben, to slap, lap or sup up food with hissing or murmuring of liquids beginning
a certain noise. Schlabbeſe, sch/a//ete, to boil. , ‘I symper as licours on the fyre
weak soup.–Stalder. Mantuan, s/ap/ar, by fore it bygynneth to boyle.”—Palsgr.
to devour. To sºap up, to eat quickly, to The cream of simpering milk.-Fl. Comp.
lick up food.—Hal. ON. slipra, Da. Du. sissen, to fizz as water on hot iron;
s/ubre, Pl.D. s/u/Öern, to sup up soft to simmer.—Bomhoff. Pol. szemrad, to
food with a noise represented by the murmur, ripple, rustle. Turk, gemzema,
sound of the word. On the same prin soft murmur of voices. In the name of
ciple are formed E. dial. slubber, anything the fountain gem gem at Mecca the same
of a gelatinous consistency, the spawn of root represents the purling of water.
toads or frogs ; slub, wet and loose mud. Simony. The crime of Simon Magus,
—Hal. Du. s/empº [sillabub, a certain selling spiritual things for money.
drink made of milk, sugar, &c. (Bomhoff), * To Simper. To smile in a restrained
is derived in like manner from s/empen, affected manner, to put on an air of mo
Bav, s/ampen, to lap, sup up, junket. desty.
Silly. AS. sa/g, G. se/g, blessed,
With a made countenance about her mouth
happy.
between simpering and smiling, her head bowed
O God (quod she) so worldly selinesse, somewhat down, she seemed to languish with
Whiche clerkes callen false felicitie, overmuch idleness.-Sidney, Arcadia.
Ymedled is with many bitternesse.
Chaucer, Tro. and Cress. Swiss zim/ſer thun, to behave in an over
It is probably from the union in an infant bashful way, to affect propriety, to eat,
of the types of happiness or unalloyed drink in an overdelicate way; 2/m/ſer
enjoyment, innocence, and inexperience, Aen, to mince, to be prudish, overdelicate;
that we must explain the train of thought 2im/ſer/i, gimper/ri/i, a girl of affected
in the present word. It is constantly sensibility, as OE. simperdecocket, a nice
used by the older writers in the sense of thing.—Cot. Bav. 2impern, gimpelm, to
simple, unknowing. behave in an affected, delicate, nice
Thus craftily hath she him besette way. Swab. 21/m/?ſer, gemper, bashful,
With her lime roddes, and panter and snare, affected, nice in eating; gimperknickele,
The se/is soul yeaught hath in her nette, an affected person. Sw, siſº, simp, semi
-Of her sugred mouth alas ! nothing ware. Žer, affectedly moderate in eating.—Ihre.
Ch., Remedy of Love.
Da. dial. semper, simper, affected, coy,
The simplicity of a child carried on into prudish, especially of one who requires
later life implies deficiency of understand pressing to eat; “She is as semper as a
ing, and thus simp/eton or innocent be bride.” The radical meaning is probably
come synonymous for an idiot or fool. the same as that of E. prim, signifying a
The French say, que vous étes bon enfant, conscious restraint of the lips and mouth,
what an innocent you are N. Fris. as if closing them in the pronunciation of
sa/g, half saved, weak in mind. The the word sipp. “Sip/,’ says the Brem.
same train of thought is seen in Gr. Wtb., ‘expresses the gesture of a com
thiſ0nc, good-hearted, simple-minded, then pressed mouth, and an affected pronun
silly, in Fr. benét, a simpleton, from bene ciation with pointed lips. A woman who
dictus, blessed, or in Boh. blazen, a fool, makes this sort of megrims is called Miss
from blaziti, to bless. Sipp or Madam van Sippkels. Of such
The primary origin of the word is a one they say, She cannot say Sipp.
probably shown in Manx shilloo, a herd Den mund sipp trekken, to screw up the
of cattle ; Gael. seaſºh, cattle, posses mouth. De bruut sitt so sipſ, the bride
sions, good fortune; seal/m/ior, having sits so prim.’ See Prim.
great possessions; sealbhach, prosper Simple. Lat. simpler, single, without
ous, fortunate. In the same way AS. ead, pretence. Ihre compares semeſ, once;
a possession ; eadig, rich, happy, blessed. semifa, a footpath, path for a single per
Silvan. Lat. Sylva or silva, a wood. son ; singulus, each by himself, single,
590 SIMULATE SIR

referring them to the possessive pronoun give a long-drawn whining sound; singla,
sin, suus. See Se-. singre, to clink.
Simulate. Lat. simulare, to feign. To Singe. Du. senghem, senghelen,
See -semble. to burn superficially ; de gesengde lucht
Simultaneous. Lat. simul, together, streeA, the torrid zone. Derived by Ade
all at once. Fin. sama, the same ; in the lung from a representation of the sound
adessitive case, sama//a, at the same mo of blazing. ON. sangra, to murmur ;
ment, together; samalla muotoa, in the sangr, having a burnt taste.
sanie manner. Single. — Singular. Lat. singulus,
Sin. G. sinde, OHG. sumta, ON. synd. singularis.
The radical meaning is probably breach. inister. Lat. sinister, on the left
N. sund, synd"e, sundered, injured, broken; hand, unlucky.
i sund, in pieces, asunder ; eit sund/ glas, To Sink. Goth. siggyuan, ON. sºkkva,
a broken glass ; sunde &la=de, torn G. sinken, Sw. syunka, to fall to the bot
clothes. N. synd is used not only for sin tom; Goth. saggyuan, G. sanken, Sw.
or guilt towards God, but breach of right sånka, to cause to sink. It is not easy to
in general. Hava synd ſyr' ein, to re separate the present form from the series
proach one with his misconduct; gºſera mentioned under Sag, where the radical
synd paa ein, to deal hardly with one, do notion is the wasting or soaking in of
him injustice; synda/eng, money unjustly water through the pores and interstices of
extorted. OHG. sunta, peccatum, culpa, the basin in which it is held, then the
noxa, macula; amo sunta, sine maculá; lowering of the surface, the fact of gradu
sunfiga, noxia (corpora); Lat. sons, sonſis, ally lowering or sinking down. Lith. Seku,
guilty, hurtful; insons, OHG. unsunfig, senku, to dry up, drain away, become
innocent. shallow ; sunkus, heavy ; AS. sigan, to
Since. AS. sith, late, and as an adv. sink down, fall, set as the sun ; N. siga,
lately, afterwards; sithmaest, sithest, last; to ooze or trickle through, to sink slowly,
siththam, sithfhen, after, after that, thence become imperceptibly lower, to fall gradu
forth, since. OE. set/ithe, sith, sizhen, sin, ally down by its own weight.
sithence, Sc. syne. In accordance with the original mean
And he axide his fadir how long is it sithe this ing, to sink was used in the sense of
hath falle to him 2–Wiclif, Mark 9. pouring away liquids, and the word is
For sithen the fadris dieden.—2 Peter 3. still used in the sense of a drain or place
where slops are poured away.
O mighty God, if that it be thy will,
Sin thou art righteous judge, how may it be, &c. In the lordys cup that levys undrynken,
Man of Laws T. Into the almes dische hit schall be son Kerz.
Book of Curtasy, Percy Soc. vol. iv.
From consequence in time since is trans The bailiff that had the charge of the publick
ferred to consequence in reasoning and sinkes vaulted under the ground dealt with Scau
causation. In accordance with, or in de rus for good security.—Holland, Pliny in R.
pendence on the fact that thou art In the same way Du. silpen, to trickle,
righteous judge, how may it be, &c. ON. drip, ooze ; sipe, a drain or sink.-Kil.
sid, sidar, sidast, o. late, later, at last ; Sinuous. Lat. sinus, a bosom, a bay.
1zm sidir (acc. pl.), Da. onsider, at last, Sip. A related form with sap, sop, suff,
at length. ON. ſyrr og sider, from be all representing the sound of a mixture of
ginning to end. Pl.D. seder, sederſ, sinter, air and water, as in the act of sucking up
sinſ, Du. Sedert, sinds, G. seit, since. liquids or of agitation in a confined
Sincere. Lat. sincerus, apparently a space. Du. sop, softpe, juice, Sauce; sope,
compound of the same element which suyffe, a draught of liquid ; suypert, G.
gives the sim in simplex, and Pol. szczery, sauſen, to sup up, to drink deep ; Du.
pure, unmixed, genuine, sincere, true. As. sip/en, to sip or take small draughts.
sin (in comp.), ever, always; G. singriin, A sippet is a small piece of bread sof
E. sengreen (evergreen), a plant ; OHG. Aed in sauce. Skelton uses it for a sip.
sinz/uot, G. sindfluth, the great flood.
Sinew. AS. sinu, Du. Zenuw, G. sehme, And ye will geve me a sippet
ON. sin, sinew. Of your stale ale.—Elinor Rummyng.
To Sing. Goth. siggvan, to sing, to Gr. oipov, a reed or tube used to suck or
read aloud. Gael. seinn, ring as a bell, sip wine out of the cask.
play on an instrument, sing, chant, pro Siphon. Gr. origwy, a tube.
claim. Sanscr. chinſ, ring, tingle. ON. Sir.—Sire. It. Ser, Sere, a title given
sangra, to murmur ; N. sangra, to whine, to Doctors, Priests, Clerks, &c., and to
 SIREN SIZE 591

Knights, as we say, Sir ; Ser buono, Sw, siska, siskin. Du. sissen, to twitter
Goodman Sir ; Ser bello, fair Sir. Mes like small birds.
sere, my Sir; also a master.—Fl. Fr. -sist. Lat. sisto, to place, stay station
Sire, Sir or master; a title of honour ary. As in Consist, Insist.
which without addition is given only to Sister. Goth. swistar, Pol. siostra,
the King, but with addition unto mer Lith. sessere, Esthon. sassar, Fin. sisa,
chants or tradesmen (Sire Pierre, &c.), Sanscr. swasni, sodary, Lat. soror, w.
and unto knights (Sire chevalier), and chwaer, Gael. piuthar.
unto some few owners of fiefs or seig To Sit. See Set.
niories.—Cot. Site.—Situate. Lat. situs, -a, -um,
The question has been raised whether set, placed, buried ; situs, -ís, It. siſo, Fr.
the word is a contraction of Signore, sit, the setting or standing of a place, a
Seigneur, or whether it is an adoption of situation. According to the form of the
Mod. Gr. kup, Sir, master, from kūptoc, word, situs should be the pple. of sino,
Lord. But signor and seigneur readily situm, to permit, let be, suffer, but the
pass into sidr (used colloquially for Sir Sense is as if it came from sido, sessum,
in the N. of Italy), and sieur, sire, and to set down.
seigneur were used indifferently by the Sithe. ON. sigd, a sickle, a sword;
early writers. ‘Messires Nicolas Pol, Pl.D. seged, sega, seed, seid, a kind of
qui pères Monseigneur Marc estoit, et sickle or billhook for cutting turf. Lat.
Messires Mafo, qui frères Messires Nico securis, Boh. Sekera, an axe. From the
las estoit.”—Marco Polo, ch. 1, from verbal root exemplified in Lat. seco,Wend
Marsh. The old Catalan form is Mos ish, sseku, ssecau, to cut; Bohem. sekati,
Je/t. to cut, hew, strike with a rod, sword, &c.,
Siren. Lat. siren, from Gr. X's pºv. whence sekač, a mower. Pol. siekač, to
Sirloin. Properly surloin, as it is chop, hack, mince. ON. sar, a knife, or
written in an account of expenses of the short sword ; sara, to chop, to strike.
Ironmongers' Company, temp. H. VI. : Six. Lat. ser, Gr. £5, Goth.saihs, Boh.
“A surloyn beeff, vii.d.”— Athenaeum, ssesſ, W. chºwech, Heb. schesch, Sanscr.
Decr. 28, 1867. Fr. surlonge, terme de shash, Gael. se.
boucherie ; super/umbare.—Trevoux. Size. I. From Lat. sedere, to sit, de
Sirname. Fr. surmom, It, sopranome, scended It. assidere, Prov. assezer, assire,
additional name. assir, Fr. asseoir, to seat, set, place, fix,
Sirocco. Sp. airgue, Ptg. araroco, S.E. and thence It, assisa, Prov. asisa, Fr.
wind, from Arab, charguí, adj. of charc, assise, a sitting, setting down, settlement,
the East. arrangement. It, assisa, a settled fashion,
Sirreverence. From sa/zé reverentić, the arrangement of a tax, and thence the
save your reverence, sa’ reverence, an in tax itself. All" assisa, according to the
troductory excuse made when anything fashion. Prov. asiga, state, condition,
indecorous has to be mentioned. manner. “Per mostrar noel asiza, so es
Neither would common fame report these noela maniera:’ to show a new assize,
horrid things of them, not to be uttered twithout that is, a new manner.—Raynouard. E.
a preface of honour to the hearer.—Minucius assize, and corruptly size, was the settle
Felix by James, 29. ment or arrangement of the plan on which
At which the lawyer taking great offence anything was to be done. The assize of
Said, Sir, you might have used save reverence. bread or of fuel was the ordinance for the
Harrington. sale of bread or of fuel, laying down price,
The beastliest man; why, what a grief must this weight, length, thickness, &c.
'Tis not in thee
(Sir-reverence of the company) a rank whore
master.—Massinger in Nares. To grudge my pleasures, to cut off my train,
To bandy hasty words, to scant my sizes.—Lear.
Siserara. Corruption of certiorari, —i.e. to curtail my allowances.
the name of a legal writ by which a pro There was a statute for dispersing the standard
ceeding is moved to a higher court. of the exchequer throughout England, thereby to
They cannot so much as pray, but in law, that ºute weights and measures.— Bacon,
their sins may be removed with a writ of error,
and their souls fetched up to heaven with a sasa
The term was then applied to the
rara.-O. Play in N.
specific dimensions laid down in the
Siskin. A small singing bird of a regulation, and finally to dimensions of
yellowish hue. Du. siisken, citsken, G. magnitude in general. The measure de
zeisig, Pol. cºyá, a goldfinch, greenfinch ; scribed by Rastall as an act for the assize
592 SKATE SKILLET

of fuel is mentioned by Fabyan in the schieben, to shove; sich schieben, to be

following terms: displaced or awry, to be removed out of
Also this year was an act of parliament for its horizontal situation sideward—Küttn.;
wood and coal, to keep the full size the regulated verschieben, to put out of its place, to dis
construction of the faggots, &c.) after the Purifi order. Eure perrücke ist verschoben, sits
cation of our Lady—that no man shall sell of any quite awry. Oberl). schiebicht, awry.
other size—upon pain of forfeiture. Gr. oratóc, Lat. scarvus, left.
2. A second meaning, apparently very In the same way E. shun, to shove, to
different from the former one, is a kind of turn aside, seems connected with Du.
glue used to give coherence to the coat schºyn, oblique, E. dial. as wyn, awry.
laid on in colouring walls or to stiffen Skewer. In Devonshire called a skiver,
paper. It assisa, sisa, a kind of glue probably identical with shive or shiver, a
that painters use. — Fl. The original splinter of wood. Da. skiæve, Pl.D.
meaning seems to be a laying on, a coat scheve, a bit of straw or of the stalk of
of plastic material laid on for gilding, then hemp, or flax. E. dial skeg, stump of a
the viscous ingredient used to give cohe branch, peg of wood.
rence to the coating. Fr. assiette is often Skid. A piece of wood on which
used synonymous with assise, and both heavy weights are made to slide; a slid
forms are used in the sense of a couch or ing wedge to stop the wheel of a carriage.
layer of stones or bricks in building, To skid the wheel is then applied to any
while assiette a dorer is gold size.—Cot. mode of locking the wheel; skidpan, an
Skate. Lat. squatus, squatina, ON. iron shoe used for that purpose. The
skata, perhaps from its pointed tail. N. word signifies a shide or billet of wood.
sćaſ, top of a tree, properly point; ska/a, G. scheit, a splinter, fragment, piece of
to become smaller at the end, to run to a cleft wood. ON. skidi, a billet of wood,
point. Dae skata att, it runs to a point a snow-shoe, consisting of thin boards
behind. Skaten, narrow at the end. fastened to the feet; skid gardr, a fence
Skein. Fr. escaigne, W. caine, ys gaine, of cleft wood. See Shide.
a branch; yºgaśnco edaſ, a skein of thread; Skiff. , Fr. esguiſ, It. schiffo, scaffo,
rha/ dair cainc, a rope of three yarns; Lat. scapha, a boat.
cainc o gerdd, a tune in music ; cainc o Skill. The radical sense is separation,
for, an arm of the sea. Gael. sgeinnidh, then difference, distinction, discernment,
flax or hemp, thread, twine; sºeinn, reason, intellectual or manual ability.
sgeinnidh, a skein. ON. skil, separation, distinction, discrim
Skellum. A rogue. Du. sche/m, a ination. Sjá skil handa sina, to know
carcase, carrion, dead animal; a plague, his right hand from his left. A unna ski/
pest, pestilent fellow ; sche/mshals, a eines, to know the rights of a thing, to
villain ; sche/ms/uk, a piece of wicked understand it. Góra skil, to do what is
ness. G. sche/m, a rogue. OHG. sce/mo, right and just. Ski/ja, to separate, dis
sca/mo, pestilence. tribute, arrange. #. skildum ljós frit
Sketch. Fr. esquisse, It. schizzo, from myréri, we parted light from darkness.
schizzare, to squirt or spirt, to dash or Da. ski//e, to sever, put asunder; adskille,
dabble with dirt or mire, to blur or blot, to sever, divide, distinguish, discriminate.
also to delineate the first rough draught Skiel, separation, boundary, discernment.
of any work, as of painting or writing. Han weed intet skiel til det han siger, he
Schizzata, a spitting, a dashing with dirt, has no grounds, no reason for what he
blurring with ink, any rough draught.— says ; ref og skieſ, right and justice;
Fl. s/ie//g, reasonable.
The proper meaning of the word is In like manner Joon the apostle for humelnesse
something dashed off or jotted down upon in his epistle, for the same skile sette not his name
paper ; a mere blotting of paper. So thereto [for the same reason]-Wiclif.
from Du. A/adde, a blot, patch of dirt, See Scale, Shall.
Aladden, to blot, to dirt, also to scribble; Skillet.—Skellet. A small vessel with
Pl.D. Á/adde, the rough draught or sketch feet for boiling.—B. Fr. escue//effe, a
of a writing. little dish º designates an object of
Skew. G. schief, Du. scheeſ, ON. skeifr, a somewhat different kind. The skil/et
Da. skidºw, oblique, wry; sóiaeve, to slant, is a metal vessel, and is apparently from
to swerve or deviate. The radical mean the resemblance in shape and material to
ing seems to be something shoved or a mule-bell. It squilla, a little bell, from
thrust out of the straight line, as wry is squiſ/are, to [squeal] ring, clink, squeak,
what is writhed or twisted aside. G. shrill, to sound shrill and clear.-Fl. G.
 SKIM SKULL 593

sche//en, to ring ; sche//e, a small bell. Pl.D. schiºrren is said of anything that
Lang. esguiſe, esquiſeſo, a mule-bell. “Si makes a noise by rubbing along the
quis ske//am de caballis furaverit.”—Leg. ground ; to slide over the ground with a
Sal. in Duc. * Säe/eſta, in old Latin re rustling noise; especially to shuffle along
cords, a little bell for a church steeple, with the feet. If the noise is clearer the
whence our vessels called ski//eſs, usually term is schirren. Wat schurret da 2
made of bellmetal.’–Philip's New World whence comes that scraping noise 2 Af
of Words, 1706. schizrren, to scuttle away. Vorbi schur
To Skim. To take off the scum, rezz, to slide by. G. scharren, to scrape
thence to move lightly over the surface with the feet. To shur!, to slide on the
of a liquid. ice.—Grose.
To Skime. To look asquint.—B. ON. Skirmish. A small encounter of a
skima, to glance around, to look out fur few men when they fight in confusion
tively; skima, a glimpse, gleam. AS. without observing order.—B. OE. scar
sciman, to glitter, to be dazzled, weak mish, Fr. escarmouche, G. scharmiiſ&e/.
eyed ; me scimia/, lippus sum. Swiss The word has no relation to Fr. es
schimer, specious, showy. crimer, to fence, to which it is often re
From shimmer, to glitter, to shine in ferred. It properly signifies a row or
termittently or feebly, and not vice versä, uproar, from a representation of the noise
the frequentative being usually the of people fighting. AS. hream, clamour,
original form in these imitative words. outcry; Bret. garm, clamour, battlecry;
So we have shive and shide, a fragment, W. garm, yºgarm, shout, bawling, outcry;
splinter, from s/ºver and shider. ysgarmes, outcry, also a skirmish, bicker
Skin. Du. schände, scheerle, skin, bark, Ing.
peel; schänderſ, to skin. ODu. schººl, Gael. gairm, call, crow like a cock;
scurf. ON. skinn, skin, fur. W. cenſi, sgairn, howling of dogs or wolves ; sº air
skin, peel, scales ; cent y coed, the moss neach, crying aloud, shouting, howling.
of trees; yºgen, scurf. Bret. Æenn (in Skirt. See Shirt.
comp.), skin, leather. Bugenzi, neat's Skit. An oblique taunt, something
leather ; ta/geºn, band worn across the cast in one's teeth like a splash of dirt.
forehead. Aenn, scurf, dross of metals. Sc. skiſe, to eject any liquid forcibly, to
Skink. AS. scenic, drink, a drinking squirt, to throw the spittle violently
cup ; scencan, to skink or serve with through the teeth. It schizzare, to squirt,
drink. Du. schencken, to pour out, serve to dash or dabble with dirt or mire, to
with wine, give to drink; schencker, a blur or blot.
skinker or drawer, one who serves with The same metaphor is seen in E. dial.
drink. G. schenken, to pour out of a s/art, to splash with dirt, to taunt by in
larger vessel into a smaller ; schen/e, a sinuations–Hal. ; ON. sletta, a splash or
place where liquids and even other wares spot, a slur ; s/cſ/a, to dash (properly
are retailed. Sw, skinka, to pour out something liquid), spargere, projicere;
wine, &c.; Skanksven, Fr. &chanson, a s/eſ/a i nasir, to have a skit at one.
cup-bearer. Skittish. Humoursome, fantastical,
Skip. To leap. W. ciń, a sudden frisking.—B. It schizzinoso, peevish, self
snatch or effort; ys.gift, a quick snatch. weening, skittish, froward, from schizzare,
Gael. sgab, start or move suddenly, schizzinare, to frisk or spirt and leap as
snatch at. To skift is to move with a wine doth being poured into a cup, to
sudden start. spin, spirt, gush forth violently.—Fl. The
Thanne shal your soule up into heven skippe effervescence of youthful spirits is a com
Swifter than doth an arow of a bow. mon metaphor.
Merchant's Tale.
Skull. 1. Da. skal, shell; hiermeskal,
If one read skippingly and by snatches. brain-pan, skull. Sw, ska/, shell ; ska/le,
Howel in R.
hiſ/wild ska//e, skull, pate, noddle. ON.
See Jib. såſ, bowl, scale ; //ia77/skáſ, the skull.
Skipper. Du. schifter, a sailor; Gael. If sku// be radically identical with ON.
sgioſa, ship's company, a company asso ská/, Da. skaa/, Sw. Sku//, skoll, OE.
ciated for any purpose; gioſair, ship sc/a/, a bowl or drinking-cup, it is not, as
master or pilot. Jamieson suggests, because our barbarous
To Skir. To glide or move quickly.— ancestors used the skulls of men for such
B. To graze, skim, or touch lightly.—Hal. a purpose, but from the resemblance of
Send out moe horses, skirre the country round. the skull to a drinking bowl, the earliest
Macbeth. contrivance for which would be a shell of
38
 594 SKY SLADE

some kind, of a gourd, a cocoa-nut, or N. slabòa, to dabble, dirty, spill; E. dial.

shell-fish. It cocuzza, a gourd ; cocuz s/aff, a puddle or wet place; s/abby, sloppy,
zolo, the crown of the head : zucca, a dirty; Gael. slaib, mud, ooze. E. dial.
gourd, also a kind of round drinking-glass; slub, wet and loose mud (Hal.), thick mire
by met. a man's head, pate, or nob.-Fl. in which there is danger of sticking fast.
We have seen that mazzard, the head, —Forby. Here we see that the same
is probably from mazer, a bowl. term is used to express two opposite
In flakoun and in sºul/ kinds of consistency, wet and loose, or
They skink the wyne. —D. V. 210. 7. stiff and thick. In the one case the mud
Servanz war at thes bridale, is compared with solid ground, and in the
That birled win in cupp and schal. other with water, and on this principle it
Small, Metrical Hom. I2O. is that slab has sometimes the sense of
2. A small oar. See Scull. thick, stiff.
3. A skull of herrings. See Shoal. Make the gruel thick and slab.-Macbeth.
Sky. Properly a cloud, then the
clouds, the vault of heaven. So G. wolée, of *wood
Slab. 2. A slab or thick unhewn piece
or stone, must be explained from
a cloud, compared with E. wełżin, the sky.
And let a certaine winde go
Lang. escla/a, to split wood ; bos esca/a,
That blewe so hidously and hie split logs ; escapo, grand quartier de
That it me lefte not a skie bois, éclat de moellon brut, a slab of
In all the welkin long and brode. wood or stone. Esclafa is a parallel
Chaucer, House of Fame. form with esclata, to crack, Fr. eſclater,
In the same way Sw, sky, a cloud; skyn to burst, split. See Slate.
(in the definite form), the sky, heaven. Slack.--To Slake. ON. slak, Flem.
Om skyſt fºſ/e med, if the sky should fall. slack, G. sch/a//, schlaff, Da. slap, not
A'offa fi! skyn, to call to heaven, to call tight, flapping, loose ; N. sle&#ja, to
upon God. ON. sky, cloud ; skylaus, evi make slack, and figuratively, to slake, to
dent ; iſ shyia, up in the sky. diminish the active force of anything, to
Probably the word may be connected still pain or thirst, to quench the fire, to
with Sw, ski/gga, AS. sci/wa, scua, Du. deaden, to put out. N. sloºſen, extin
schaede, schaeye, Gr. oria, shadow, shade. guished ; slokota, to go out, to faint.
My fader than lukand furth throw the sky (umbra) The sound of the flapping of a loose
Cryis on me fast, Fle son, fle son in hye. sheet or of dabbling in liquids is repre
D. V. 63, 12. sented equally well by a final 6 or ? as by
Slab. I.-Slabber. — Slobber. The g or Æ, and hence the syllables ſlab, flap,
sound of dabbling in the wet, of the flag, flak, slab, s/ap, slag, slaž, with the
movement of the air and liquid in a con usual modifications, are found in innu
fined space, of supping or drawing up merable instances expressing the idea of
liquid into the mouth, is represented by a wet or loose condition, the absence of
the forms s/abber, s/o/öer, s/ubber, or the tension or inherent strength. Pl.D. sſaſſ
syllables slab, s/aff, s/o/, Žern (of the weather), to be sloppy, to
We may cite G. sch/a/Öern, to slabber rain continuously, to dabble in the wet
one's clothes, to sputter in speaking, and dirt, to slobber or slop one's food
sch/abberg, sch/abbig, sloppy, plashy, about, to wabble or waver; slakkerig,
dirty; Swiss sch/abòeſe, sch/ap/e/e, watery sloppy, wet; sližk, mud, ooze. Sc. state
drink, broth, &c. Pl.D. slabòern (of AEie, slaupie, flaccid, flabby, inactive,
ducks), to make a noise with the bill in slovenly. Pol. slaby, faint, weak, feeble.
seeking their food in water, to slobber, to Sc. slack, a depression in the ground
spill liquid food in eating ; Du, slabòeren, or a gap between hills, may be explained
s/abben, to slap up liquids, to slobber. E. by N. s/akäſe, slackness, a slack place in
slabóer is sometimes used in the sense of a tissue, where the surface would swag
down.
splashing only. -

Till neare unto the haven where Sandwitch To Slade. To drag along the ground;
stands słade, a sledge or carriage without wheels
We were enclosed in most dangerous sands, for dragging weights along. ON. slºda,
There were we soºsed and s/abbered, washed to trail; slardar, the train of a gown.
and dashed.—Taylor in Hal. slodi, what is sladed or dragged along,
His hosen— a brush harrow. Gael, slaod, trail along
Al beslombred in fen as he the plow folwede. the ground.
P. P. l. 430, Skeat.
The idea of dragging along the ground
Pl.D. slabben, to lap like a dog, to make is probably connected with the figure of
a noise in supping up liquids (Danneil); a rope which when hanging slack trails
 SLAG SLAP 595

along the ground, while when hauled Slander. OE. sclaunder, Fr. esclandre,
tight it is suspended in the air. Thus scandal, discredit, from Lat. scandalum,
from Du. slap, slack, is formed slºpen, G. a stumbling-block, cause of offence. ‘Ce
schleppen, to drag, to trail, to carry on a qui tourne au grand esclandre de la jus
sledge, and in the same way Gael. s/aod, tice.’—Coutume d’Anjou in Dict. Etym.
to trail, may perhaps be explained from The word, as Menage remarks, was
Du. s/odderen, to flap or hang loose ; Du. first escandre, then esclandre. Escandale,
s/odde (what hangs loose), a rag or tatter. escande, escandle, escandre, esclandre, scan
See To Slur. dal, noise, bad example.—Roquef. We
Slag. G. schlacke, Sw. slagg, scoria, find skandre in R. Brunne.
dross of metals; slagg.sump, the pit into Till Emme, Hardknoutes moder he did a grete
which the slag runs from a furnace. When outrage,
minerals are smelted in a furnace the His brother a foule despite, himself vileyn skan
melted metal sinks to the bottom, and dre.—p. 53.
the slag or vitrified dross is allowed to Slang. I. N. slengja, to fling, to cast;
run off from the surface like slaver drivel slengje Kiaſt'en (to fling jaw), to give bad
ling from an infant's mouth. N. slagg, words, to make insulting allusions, as in
slaver, spittle; s/agga, to drivel, to spill E. to slang or to jaw one are vulgarly
or flow over the sides of a vessel. used in the same sense. N. slengje-or
The word is connected with many simi (slang-words), insulting words, also new
lar forms derived from a representation of words taking rise from a particular occa
the sound made by the agitation of liquids sion without having wider foundation.—
or masses of wet. Sw, slagg, slush, a Aasen. Pat. de Flandre, nomg'té (nom
mixture of snow and water; Pl.D. slakk, jété), a nickname, a name flung on one.
so much of a slabby material as one takes —Vermesse.
up at once in a shovel or large spoon and 2. A long narrow strip of land. Sw.
flings down anywhere.—Brem. Wtb. Sc. sling, a stroke; piskslang, a slash with
slag, a quantity of any soft substance a whip. In the same way stripe signifies
lifted from the rest, as a slag of porridge, both a blow with a lash and a long nar
a large spoonful. Slag, miry and slip row portion of surface. Pol. Æresa, cut,
pery.—Pr. Pn. slash, also a long streak. The word
To Slam. To shut or to fling down streak itself is a close relation to stroke.
with a bang. Lap, s/am, noise ; ºtia/me Slangam. An awkward lout—Hal. ;
slam, the noise of the mouth, words. ‘one that being sent on an errand is long
UAEsa slamkeſi, the door was slammed, in returning.” – Cot. in v. longis. N.
was shut with violence. Sw. slamra, to slengja, slyngja, to dangle, sway to and
jingle, clatter, chatter. It schiamo, schia fro, to saunter idly about ; s!yngſar, a
manzo, uproar, noise. dawdler. G. sch/ingel, a sluggard, lazy
Slammacking. . To slammack, to walk bones, scoundrel, clown.
slovenly, to do anything awkwardly; Slant. It schiancio, oblique, sloping ;
slammocks, slammerkin, slamkin, an awk a schiancio, aslant. The notion of ob
ward waddling person, a sloven. liquity seems derived from the figure of
The sound of dabbling in the wet or of sliding or slipping aside. W. J's glentio,
the flapping of loose clothes, is repre Sw, s/inta, to slide, to slip. OFr. ent
sented by the syllables slab or slap, slamſ, etc/enkaunt, obliquando (in the next page
slam. Du. slap, slack, loose, weak; slab he writes etpines for espines, thorns).-
bak/en, to go slackly to work, to loiter ; Neckam, Nat. Antiq. Fr. glisser, glincer,
s/abbakke, a loitering woman. Pl. D. vers esclincher, esclinser, to slide or glance.
labſen, slamp'n, slampamp'n, to neglect Esclanche, the left side.—Roquef. Sc.
one's dress, to let it go into disorder; s&lent, to slope, decline, move or strike
slabòsack, slamp, slampamA, a slovenly obliquely; glent, glint, to glance, gleam,
woman. — Danneil. Swiss sch/ampen, glide, to start aside, to squint. See
sch/ampern, to be flappy; Swab, sch/a/pe, Glance.
sch/amp (Fr. salope), a slut ; sch/ampam Slap. A blow with the flat hand, from
pen, to go dawdling about ; sch/ampere, a direct imitation of the sound. To fall
sch/ampamp, Hamburgh s/ammeſ/e, a slap down, is to fall suddenly down so as
slatternly woman. See Slattern. The to make the noise slap / It. schiaffo, a
meaning seems to vibrate between slack slap. In Da, slap, G. schlapp, schlaff,
ness or laziness of action, and the ex slack, loose, the sound represented is the
pression of neglect by the figure of loose, flapping of a loose sheet.
trailing, or flapping clothes. To slap is also to slop or spill liquids,
38 +
596 SLASH SLAVER

to sup up watery food. G. sch/aſſen, G. sch/offern, to flap like loose clothes,

Pl.D. s/a/en, to lap or sup up with a and in Bavaria, to dabble in the mud ;
noise like dogs or pigs. S/a/º nich so." sch/offerig, loose, flapping; schlotterig
said to children who eat in such an un grkſeidet gehen, to be slovenly or care
gainly manner.—Danneil. lessly clad. Du. s/oddereſt, to hang and
Thy milk slopt up, thy bacon filcht ! flap; slodderk/eed, loose flapping clothes;
Gammer Gurton, ii. 1. s/odderig, sloveniy, negligent; s/odder,
Slash. A representation of the sound s/odderer, a slattern, sloven. Pl.D. slod
of a blow cutting through the air, or derig, loose, wabbling, lazy, slow, lifeless.
scissors closing sharply. Devonsh. sloud'ring, clumsy, loutish.-
What's this, a sleeve 'tis like a demi cannon, Hal. Swiss sch/odig, negligent in dress.
What, up and down, carved like an appletart | From the figure of flapping is derived
Here's snip and nip, and cut and slish and s/ash. Pl. D. s/odde, a rag, then a ragged dirty
Taming of the Shrew. man ; Fris, sleſ, a rag or clout, a ragged
The same form is used to represent the slovenly woman—Epkema; Du. slodde,
dashing of liquids, or the flapping of loose sordida et inculta mulier (Kil.), a slut.
clothes. E. dial. s/ashy, wet and dirty ; Da. slaſ, s/affet, loose, flabby; shaffe, a
Da. slaske, to dabble, paddle, to hang slut or slattern. But probably in many
loose as flapping clothes; s/asket, Slovenly. of these cases the idea of flapping or
See Slush. Sw, s/aska, to paddle, to be flagging is used in a figurative sense to
sloppy; s/ask, puddle, wash. express a dull, spiritless, inactive dis
To Slat. See Slate. position, and not the actual flapping of
Slatch. The slack part of a rope which loose and ragged clothing. Pl.D. s/ud
hangs down. See Slouch. derm, to flag, to hang loose, to be slow, to
Slate. OE. sclat, sc/afe, fissile stone deal negligently with.
used for roofing. On the other hand, from the same
original imitation of sound with the fore
The puple wenten on the roof and by the sclatti's
going, are Bav. sch/off, sch/uff, mud, dirt,
thei letten him doun with the bed into the myddil.
—Wicliſ.
sloppy weather ; sch/fift, a puddle, a dirty
“SA:/af or s/af stone.”—Pr. Prm. From person, a slut ; Swab. sch/effern, to slat
Fr. esclat, a shiver, splinter, also a small ter or spill liquids, sch/u?/, a slut or dirty
and thin lath or shingle; s’esc/afer, to split, woman ; E. dial. slud, s/udge, mud, dirt ;
burst, crash, shiver into splinters.-Cot. s/u//y, dirty. Bav. sch/o/zen, to dabble
Lang. escaſa, to crack, chap ; eschatos, in the mud, to be negligent and slow;
chaps in the hands. Escla/a, to split sch/o/2, dirt, mud; sch/o/gen, schlufsen,
wood ; escaffo, a chip. an uncleanly woman. See Sleet, Slouch.
The ultimate origin is a representation Slave. Fr. esclave, It. schiavo, G.
of the sound of a blow or of an explosion sclave. Commonly supposed to be taken
by the syllable scſaf, slat, sc/a/, s/a/. from the name of the Sclavonian race,
OFr. esclat de ſonnerre, a clap of thunder. the source from which the German slaves
To slat, to slap, to strike, to throw or would be almost exclusively derived, and
cast down violently, to split or crack.- it is in favour of this derivation that the
Hal. ODu. had slavven as well as slave, a
And withal such maine blows were dealt to and slave. But possibly the word may be
fro with axes that both headpeeces and habergeons formed on the same principle with the
were slat and dashed a-pieces.—Holland, Am synonymous drudge, a name derived from
mian in N.
dragging heavy weights and doing such
Slattern.—Slut. The act of paddling like laborious work. Da. s/arðe, to drag,
in the wet and the flapping of loose tex trail, toil, drudge ; slabe en sarà faa rºg
tures are constantly signified by the same gen, to carry a sack on one's back ; s/a^e-
words, from the similarity in the sound Æioſe, gown with a train ; s/ºefoug, a
by which the action is characterised in towing line. S/aºb, a drudge. E. dial. slab,
both cases; and the idea of a slovenly, a drudge, a mason's boy.—Forby. Fris.
dirty person may be expressed either by s/o///en, Du. s/oozen, to toil, to moil, or
reference to his ragged, ill-fitting, neglect drudge. N. s/awa, to slave or drudge;
ed dress, or by the wet and dirt through s/ave, a drudge, a slave. G. sch/ºffen,
which he has tramped. The Da, s/as/e Du. sley/en, to drag or trail; sºy/e, the
is to dabble or paddle, and also (of train of a gown. Sw, s/d/, train of a
clothes) to hang flapping about one, from gown, laborious work.
the last of which senses must probably To Slaver. A variation of slałłer,
be explained slasket, slaskevorn, slovenly. slobber, in the same way that the G. has
 SLAY SLEEP 597

sch/aff as well as sch/aftſ, slack. ON. Perhaps the form sledge may corre
s/a/ra, to lick, to chatter, s/ºſa, N. sſeze, spond to OHG. s/ei/t/a, a sledge; s/eichun,
slaver, drivel; Lat. saliva. S/avering or traheae. — Graff. From s/i//ian, G.
slattering weather, a continuance of slight sch/eichen, to slide.
rain.-Forby. Sledge. 2. AS. slºgge, Da, s/agge, Sw.
To Slay.—Slaughter. As, s/can, sloh, s/agga, a large Smith's hammer, from As.
.ges/agen, to slay, Smite, strike, cast. s/ean (ppl. gºs/agen), to strike. See Slay.
Goth. s/a/an, to strike; aſs/a/an, to slay; Sleek.-Slick. Polished, smooth.
ON. sſai, to strike ; s/ºi/r, slaughter, meat Her flesh tender as is a chike,
of slaughtered cattle ; s/ā/ra, to slaughter. With bent browes smooth and s/ike.
G. sch/agen, to strike, to move with vio R. R. in R.
lence; sch/achſ, battle; sch/achſen, to slay, Who will our palfries slick with wisps of straw.
to slaughter. B. & F., Knight of burning pestle.
From the sound of a blow represented Which dissolved, and he
by the syllable sſag." as swlack, s/a/, Slickt all with sweet oil.-Chapman, Odyssey.
s/ash, &c., all signifying the act of striking The most natural type of the act of
with a certain noise. smoothing a surface is a cow or a cat
* Sleave. Sleaze or sleaze siłł would licking its young or its own skin. ON.
seem to be the tangled refuse of the co s/ei/ya, Da, s/ºe, to lick. N. s/ei/ya,
coon which cannot be wound off, but only also to stroke with the hand; sºya, to
spun. It capitone, the hurds of silk cods, be sleek, to shine ; s/ićjande, sleek, shin
or coarse sſeeve-siſ/: ; floscio, faint, droop ing. Hesſen a so ſat’ aſ does/i/ye ſi hadra,
ing ; seta floscia, s/eave or ravelling silk ; the horse is so fat that its coat shines.
flosciare, to ravel as sleave si/A doth.- ON. s/i/ja, to sleek, to polish ; sºju
Fl. Fr. flosche, faggy, weak, soft; soie steinn, a whetstone. E. slickstone, a stone
flosche, s/eave si/A.—Cot. for polishing the surface of paper or cloth.
Eight wild men apparelled in green moss made In the same way Gael. sſ?ob, lick, stroke,
with sieved silk.-Hollinshed.
rub gently with the hand, polish ; s/ho/ta,
The meaning is probably husk or cod licked, stroked, polished. N. s/ei/, smooth,
silk, from G. sch/aube, sch/aue, Pl.D. slippery, polished ; s/i/a, to whet; s/fte
s/uwe, Du. s/oove, s/uive, the husk, cod, stein a whetstone. Du. s/.../en, to grind,
pod of peas, beans, &c., husk of grain, the whet, polish.
covering out of which the grain is slipped. Sleep.–Slumber. Goth. slºan, OHG.
Bav. Sch/ai/en, slouſen, to make to slip; s/ă/an, s/affan, G. sch/aſºn, Du, s/aežen,
ins/org/, indumentum ; urs/ou/, exuviae— to sleep. The radical figure is probably
Schm. See Sleeve. From the nature of the relaxation of all the vital energies in
sleave silk, s/eave acquires the sense of a sleep, from OHG. s/aſ, s/ap/, slack, relaxed,
tangled mass of fibrous matter, as when weak, slothful ; s/a/en, s/affºn, tabescere,
Shakespear speaks of ‘the ravelled s/eave torpere, dissolvi; ars/affºn, resolvi, elan
of care.” guescere. G. einsch/a/en, to slacken, be
Sled.—Sledge. 1. Du. sledde, s/fdde, come remiss, to fall asleep. ON. sſapa,
G. sch///en, a sledge or carriage made to to hang loose. Russ. s/ab', relaxed, loose,
s/ide along the ground instead of rolling feeble; slabelly, to faint, become slack.
on wheels. G. sch/iffern, to slide or slither; When one of our limbs is rendered tem
sch/i/ſen, a sledge ; sch/iffschuh, a skate porarily torpid by pressure, we say that
or sliding shoe. It s/isciare, to slide or it is asleep. Westerwald sch/adſºn, to go
glide, to go on sleds or trucks; s/iscio, a lazily and slow, to drag on ; sch/aaſºr,
sled.—Fl. ON. s/edi, sledge; s/odi, any sch/aaſsack, a lazybones; sch/aq/g, sch/aa
thing that is dragged over the ground, as ſerig, dawdling, lazy.
a brush-harrow. Gael. slaod, drag, haul, In the same way G. sch/ummern, Du.
trail along the ground, a raft or float, a sluimeren, sluiment, E. to s/umber, NE.
sledge. To slade, to drag on a sledge— sloom, slaum, a gentle sleep or slumber
Forby ; s/ed, to drag the feet, to go slip (Grose), to s/eam, to slumber, s/oomy,
shod.—Craven Gl. S/adering drag, a dull, slow, inactive, dreamy, may be de
small drag sliding on the ground, drawn rived from the root slaſ, s/amp, slump
by one horse.—Hal. To shade is to make (indicated under Slammack), signifying
to s/ide, as Da. s/aºbe, Du, s/ey/en, to trail flagginess, feebleness, slackness, relaxa
or drag, is to make to s/ft, but we must tion. Du. sſom/hose, loose bagging trow
not in either case assume that the factitive sers; Bav. sch/umpeſt, to slobber, to hang
is a derivative form from the neuter verb. loose and negligently, to be negligent,
See Slade. -

especially in dress; schlummerig, loose,

598 SLEET SLEN DER

flapping. E. dial. slom makin, slovenly, schloſſer, mud, dirt; schſoft, sch/uff, mud,
loose, untidy. To go s/ooming along is dirt, sloppy weather, thaw. Swiss sch/id
to go along in a dreamy, inactive way. ern, to slobber, eat and drink uncleanly;
ON. sluma, to be dejected ; slam/ei/i, sch/uderig, watery; gesch/uder, slops ;
failure of strength; at s/aema fi/, opus ali Swab. g'sch/id//en, snowy and rainy wea
quod leviter et invalide attrectare(Gudm.), ther in winter ; schluſſig, sloppy, rainy,
to go to it in a sloomy way. Sw, s/untra, E. dial. sludder, to eat slovenly; slodder.
to slumber;-6/ver, to slubber a thing s/u?/ºr (Mrs Baker), s/ud, s/udge, slutch,
over, to pass over it slightly ; s/umrare, s/us/, wet mud. Da. s.ſud, s/uus, N. sletta,
a lazybones, indolent, sluggish person ; Lap. s/affe, rain and snow together, or
s/umrig, indolent, lazy, torpid, negligent. sleet; N. sſafra, to rain and snow toge
Without the initial s, Swiss luhm, lumm, ther.
soft, gentle, then sleepy, spiritless, yield Sleeve. As, s/ſ, Fris. s/ie/, a sleeve,
ing. Das wetter luemet, the weather be what one slips the arm into, from Bav.
comes mild. Du. lome, slow, lazy.—Kil. sch/aiſºn, to slip (as a bird does its head
Swiss lummern, to lounge, slug, lie lazily under its wing); sch/au/en, to slip in or
about. out; an sch/auffºn, to slip on an article of
Sleet.—Sludge.—Slush. The sound dress; Swab. anschlieſen, ausschliefºn, to
of paddling in the wet and dirt or of the slip on or off; einschlauſ, the whole
dashing of water and wet bodies, is re dress ; Swiss schlauſ, a muff for slipping
presented by the syllables slash, s/osh, the hands into. E. dial. slive, to put on
slush, slatter, slotter, slutter, s/adder, hastily. “I’ll slive on my gown and gang
slodder, sludder, with such modifica wi' thee.’—Craven Gl.
tions as are common in the different Where ºr long-hoarded groat oft brings the
Innal
dialects of the Gothic race; and with the
image of paddling in the wet is con And secret slives it in the sibly's fist.— Clare.
stantly joined that of the flapping of loose I slyppe or slyde downe, je coule; I slyve
textures, and the idea of slackness or downe; je coule.—Palsgr.
looseness, passing into that of inactive, On the same principle Du. sloof, Fris.
slow, lazy, slovenly. sluffe, a pillow-slip, the washing cover
We use the words slosh and slush that is slipped on and off a pillow; bes
with a distinct consciousness of their Zoſſe, to slip a covering over. See Slop.
effect in representing the sound of dash * Sleeveless. Wanting reasonableness,
ing water. To slosh or s/ush, to splash propriety, solidity.—Todd. A sleeveless
about liquid mud. It sloshes so, is often errand, reason, tale. Probably a corrup
said after a thaw. To slush, to wash tion of Sc. thewless, thieveless, unprofit
with much water without rubbing. ‘Slush able, unsatisfactory; a thieve/ess excuse,
it in the river.’—Mrs Baker. S/osh, snow errand, &c., exactly as E. sleeveless. AS.
in a melting state.—Craven Gl. Sc. slash, theaw, custom, manner, thew ; theawłice,
a great quantity of broth or sorbillaceous according to manners, decently, properly.
food; slashy, wet and dirty.—Jam. Cor Sleezy. Weak, wanting substance.—J.
responding forms are Da. slaske, to dab I cannot well away with such sleazy stuff, with
ble, paddle, to hang flapping as loose such cobweb compositions.—Howell in Todd.
clothes; Sw, slaska, to dabble, splash, The radical sense is, apt to fray or tear,
slop; slaskwdder, sloppy weather; sno from G. schleissen (the equivalent of E.
slask (sloshy snow), sleet. Bav. sch/ass, s/ft), to fray, wear out, tear, slit, split.—
schloss, loose, slack, flaccid. Swiss schlas Küttn. E. dial. sleeze, to separate, come
sem, soft damp snow, slack. apart, applied to cloth when the warp and
With a change of the final sound from woof readily separate from each other;
s or sh to d or t, w. ys/otian, to dabble, sleezy, disposed to sleeze, badly woven.
paddle; E. dial. sladdery, sloddery (Mrs —Jennings. Carinthian schleiss'n, to tear
Baker), slattery, wet, dirty; to slaſter, to or to fall asunder ; schleissić, worn out,
wash in a careless manner, throwing the ready to tear; a' sch/cissige Aſăț, a thread
water about ; slattering, rainy weather.— bare coat. Cimbr. sſaizºg, thin through
Forby. “It’s varra slattery walking.' To wear, worn out. See Slit.
slat, to dash water ; slat, a spot of dirt. Sleight. See Sly.
—Craven Gl. ON. sletta, to splash ; Slender. ODu. s/inder, tenuis, exilis.
Swab. schlettern, to spill liquids. E. dial. —K. The radical meaning is pliant,
slotter, to dirty, to spatter with mud, and bending to and fro, thence long and thin,
as a noun, filth, nastiness; Bav. schlottern, from a verb signifying to dangle, to sway
schlötten, schlütten, schlotzen, to dabble; to and fro, the evidence of which is pre
 SLEW SLIME 599

served in Bav. schlenderling, something even ; sch/ichſen, to straighten, to make

dangling; rotzsch/ender/ing, stiria e naso smooth or flat. Du. sec/ºt, s/icht, planus,
pendens—Schm.; G. sch/endern, to stroll, aequus, et simplex, et ignobilis, communis,
saunter, walk about without settled pur vulgaris, vilis, tenuis – Kil. ; s!echſen,
pose; Du. slidderen, s/inderen, to wriggle, s/ichten, to level to the ground, to demol
to creep as a serpent.—Kil. On the same ish.
principle G. sch/art/, pliable, slender, from In three days they slighted and demolished all
Bav. sch/ankert, sch/inkschlanken, to dan the works of that garrison.—Clarendon in R.
gle; Pl.D. slakkern, s/ukkern, slunkern, Goth. slaih/s, ON. slet/r, even, smooth ;
to waggle, joggle. Sw., s/d/, smooth, polished, plain, poor,
To Slew. To turn round.—Hal. Pro slight, common, bad. S/aita ord, flatter
perly to slip. “It slewed round to the ing words. N. sletta, to fling or cast, ex
other side.” plains the passage where Falstaff speaks
A rynnand cord they slewyt our his hed of being slighted out of the buck-basket
Hard to the bawk, and hangyt him to ded. into the river. SAEoen s/aff uſaw ſo?'a,
Wallace.
the shoe was cast or flew from his foot;
Slewyt, slipped.—Jam. It is the same sletta ma hadndaa, to fling with the
word with E. sſive, to slip. See Sleeve. hands.
Slice. OFr. escleche, separation, dis Slim. Slender, thin, slight, also dis
memberment, portion; esclisse, a splinter; torted, worthless, sly, crafty.—Hal. Du.
esclisier, to separate, divide. — Roquef. s/em, s/im, transverse, oblique, distorted,
G. sch/eissen, to cleave, slit, split. ON. worthless, bad. S/im, pravus, perversus,
s/ita, to tear asunder ; slitr, a piece torn astutus, vafer. — Bigl. S/imgasſ, a sly
off. See Slit. fellow ; s/imóeen, s/imavoet, having a dis
Slick. See Sleek. torted leg or foot. Bav. sch/imm, wry.
Slidder.—Slither.—Slide. Du. sled Fris. s/om, oblique; asſem (of the door),
deren, s/idderen, s/ióðeren, to slip, slide, half open ; semime, to set the door ajar.
fall; slidaeren, s/inderen, to creep (wriggle) —Outzen. E. dial. slam, the slope of a
like a serpent. W. Withr, a slip, slide ; hill ; tall and lean.—Hal. ON. slamr,
l/ithrig, slippery, Lith. slidus, slidalus, vilis, invalidus; at s/arma fil, to set
slippery, smooth, shining ; , slidinºtt, slackly to work. Probably the original
slysti, Pol, slizgač sie, to slip, slide ; meaning of the word may be flagging,
sliski, It s/iscio, s/isso, slippery; slisciare, flaccid, then hanging down, sloping, lead
to slide. Lett. slids, slanting ; slida'ét, ing to the idea of obliquity and depravity.
slidaimāt, to slide ; slidèſ, to slip; slid See Slammack, Slope. To slim in Sus
dens, s/isch, slippery, sloping, steep. sex is to do work in a careless and decep
The radical signification is probably a tive manner (Hal), to be compared with
vacillating unsteady movement, as in Du. ON. slaºma, above mentioned, and Pl. D.
slodderen, slobberen, to flap, flag, waggle; slamſ, a slovenly woman. E. dial. slimmy,
G. schlottern, to waggle, joggle, swag ; ON. of slight texture.—Hal.
slödra, to drag oneself on ; Sw, s/iddrig, Slime. G. sch/amm, mire, mud; sch/eim,
loose, flagging. From the notion of a ON. slim, Du, s/jm, slime, viscous matter.
vacillating movement arises that of slip In the same way, without the initial sibi
ping or sliding as opposed to moving lant, AS. lam, Pl.D. ſeem, G. lehm, loam,
steadily onwards. And from the frequent clay, mud ; leim, AS. lime, glutinous mat
ative and earlier form slidder is formed ter. Lat. ſimus, mud.
the verb to slide, to move smoothly over Probably the fundamental notion may
a surface without leaving it. The root is be sloppy mud, from a representation of
then applied to smoothness of surface the sound of dabbling in wet. Du, slob
which causes one to slide. See To Slur. &eren, slabòeren, s/abben, to slap up liquid
It is however equally difficult to ignore food ; Gael. slaiò, E. dial. sloë, Du. sliðbe,
the relation of slide with glide, s/idder sliðber (limus, caenum mollius — Kil.),
with glidder, slippery; Sw, slinta, to slip, mud, ooze. S/i/ in the Potteries is the
slide, with E. g/int, to glance, W. ysg/entio, name given to the sloppy mixture of clay
to slip, or to derive both series from a and water.
common image. See To Glide. The terminal labial is first nasalised,
Slight. G. schlecht, originally plain, as in Bav. sch/ampen, to lap like a dog,
smooth, straight, then plain, simple, un to eat greedily and uncleanly, and finally
qualified, plain as opposed to what is of extinguished, leaving the nasalising liquid
superior value, low in value, mean in esti into which it seems to have been con
mation, bad, base; schlicht, sleek, Smooth, verted. Thus we have Du. slempen, slem
6oo SLING SLIT

men, G. sch/immex, sch/emmen, to guzzle, meaning of Du, s/inderen, to creep like a

live luxuriously, while in a different appli serpent, is to wriggle, to move by zigzag
cation G. schlamm, mud, corresponds to efforts.
Gael. slaib, E. sloë, above mentioned. Slip.–Slippery. It may perhaps not
The same connection is seen between be possible to trace the derivation of the
G.sc//ocken, sch/icken, Du, s/ocken, s/icken, word s/A in all its senses from a single
to guzzle (from the sound of supping up source. In the first place, from Sw. sſa//,
liquids), and Du, s/ijck, G. schlick, mud. lax, slack, we have slippa, to let loose, let
On the other hand, there are grounds slip. S/d//, /ºi/nden /ös, let the dog loose,
for suspecting that the name of slime let slip the dog. S/ºi//a ſtaigof ur hand
may be derived from the image of licking. erma, to let slip a thing out of one's hands.
Gael, s/job, to lick, stroke, rub gently with Sliffta fram et ord, to slip out a word.
the hand–Macleod ; to smooth, polish, S/d///drid, clumsy-handed, apt to let slip
besmear—Armstrong ; sliom (properly to out of one's hands.
lick 2), to smooth, gloss, flatter ; s/ioni, From the foregoing seems to be formed
sleek, smooth, slippery, lubricated. Wa the neuter slºw, s/a//, s/u//it (ON.
&ric sh/iom, the sleek (slimy) trout. s/c//a, s/aftſ, s/o//i/), to slip, to get off,
Esthon. Zióbama, Zim/ama, to lick; /*e, get loose from, escape. J. & ord s/a/p
smooth, slippery, flattering; /imma, slime, fram for hoſtom, a word slipped out from
mud. him, he let fall a word. Somien s/A/er
Sling. Sw, slinga, to totter, stagger, itſ, the seam rips up, comes apart, separ
twist, swing, fling, hurl. S/imga, to twist; ates. In a similar way we speak of taking
slingra, to curl, to roll. S/ding a sig som a s/i/ from a plant, i. e. separating a
en mask, to writhe like a worm. Da. small portion of the plant from the parent
slingre, to reel, stagger, roll like a ship. stem. When the foot s/As, it loses its
Du. s/ingern, to dangle, stagger, whirl hold. When we speak of anything slip
round, hurl ; s/ingen, s/ingeren, to creep fing through an obstacle we imply that
as a serpent, to sling ; s/inger, s/anger, it gets loose from it, is not held by it.
spira. – Kil. Slinger, a pendulum, a To s/i/ into a chamber implies escape
sling.—Bomhoff. G. sch/ingen, to twist; from something that might have hindered
sch/inge/n, to loiter, saunter, ramble. the action. G. sc//i//ºn, Pl.D. s///en,
To Slink. To creep or move secretly, s/u/en, to slip away, slip or slide into ;
to slip a foal or calf, i.e. cast it privily Sw. sºft, ig, G. sc/./i/,7:g, ON. s/ci/?r,
before its time. AS. s/incan, to creep, OE. s!//er, slippery. Swab. sch/a/Aig,
crawl; s/incend, a reptile, creeping thing. sch/a/perig, loose, flagging; schlupper,
G. schleichen, Du. sley/en, to sneak, slink, old trodden-down shoes, slippers. To
creep ; s/eyncke, a hole. Das sch/eichen s/i/ on a garment is to throw it loosely
eimer sch/ange, the wriggling of a serpent. over one. So also we may compare G.
Sw, slinka, to dangle. Haireſ sinker sch/aff, loose, with Bav. sch/ai/en, sch/artſ
Åring dronen, the hair hangs loose about ſºn, s/ouſen, to slip in, slip on. /)ar spar
the ears. S/in/a eſter Quiz!/o/, to dan s/ai/7 sein hauðf under scin ſºff'g, the
gle after women. Han s/ank barſ, he sparrow slips its head under its wing.
slunk away. Tiden slinker forbi, time ‘Anes/ouſe, indue.” Zinschlauſ, what is
slips by. N. slenja, to dangle, sway to slipped on, dress; urs/oldſ, what is slip
and fro, saunter, loiter. Bav. sch/art/em, ped off, cast clothes, skin, &c. Schleiffert,
schlinkschlanken, sch/inſensch/anken, to OHG. s/ſan, G. sch/ci/en, to slide, glide.
dangle, sway to and fro, loiter about ; Perhaps we should set out from forms
schlänkeln, to dangle; sch/en/ern, to like sſačber, s/obber, representing the
swing, to sling. Swiss sch/enggen, sch/en agitation of liquids or loose textures; Du.
Æen, to sway to and fro. Lith. s/in//i, to s/obôeren, laxum sive flaccidum esse, to
slip, slide, creep. Plau/ai slenka, the hair flap; sliðe, s/ióðer, mud, mire; sºčcrgh,
falls off. Slankioſi, to lounge, saunter, muddy, slippery ; s/ºcren, to slip, slide.
dawdle. S/in/as, lazy, slow. — Kil. Somerset s/offer, loose, unfixed.
The radical idea in creeping or crawl —Hal.
ing is wriggling onwards, moving onwards To Slit. AS. s/ifan, to tear, to con
by alternate movements to the right sume; G. schleissent, to slit, split, fray, wear
and left, and the notion of secrecy seems out ; schleisse, a splint, lint, scraped linen.
to arise from the movement not being Sw, s/ifa, to tear, separate by force. S/ifa
directed in a continuous right line to the sig lºs iſ din, to shake oneself free from ;
object sought for. On this principle it is s/i/a of/ ºr jordºn, to tear up out of the
argued under Slender, that the primitive earth. Såta itſ Klaider, to wear out
 SLIVER SLOUCH 6or

clothes; sliſa sºlder, to tear asunder ; cidum esse, corroborates the derivation
s/iºning, wear and tear. ON. sſita, to tear above given of s/ºff from s/ap/, loose,
asunder, separate ; s/ºſt ſºoº, to dismiss slack. See Sleeve.
an assembly ; s/i/a thingſ, to close the To Slope. To hang obliquely down:
court ; s/i/r, s/i//7, a rag, portion. Da. wards like a slack rope, from Du. s/aff,
slide, to pull, tear, to wear, to toil, slack. — Skinner. But the immediate
drudge. origin is a verb like ON. s/ºi/a, flaccere,
Sliver. A splinter, slice, slip.–Hal. pendere—Haldorsen; N. sſa/e, to hang
S/ive, s/ºver, a large slice.—Mrs Baker. down, to slope or be a little inclined
‘'Tis broke all ta sſiºners.’ — Moor. downwards. ON. sſa/yrdr, lop-eared,
Westerwald sch/iewer, a splinter. As. having hanging ears.
s/i/an, Craven s/ieve, to cleave, split. Slot. I.-Sleuth. The slot of a deer is
S/yvyń asundyr, findo; sºyººynge of a tre the print of a stag's foot on the ground.
or other lyke, fissula.-Pr. Pm. “I s/yze Sc. s/etc/h, the track of man or beast as
a gy lowflowre from his braunche or known by the scent, whencesſeuſ/-hound,
stalke.”—Palsgr. Tusser uses slizer for a bloodhound, dog kept for following the
split logs of firewood. To sºve, to slip, track of a fugitive. ON. s/öd, track, path,
slide.— Mrs B. See Sleeve, Slip. way ; doggs/od, the track left by men or
Slobber. See Slabber. animals in the dew ; mark made by
Sloe. Du. sleeuwe, s/ceffrºyme, G. something dragging along when the
sch/ehe, the small astringent wild plum, ground is covered with dew ; slodi, a
so named from what we call setting the drag-harrow. Cheshire carts/ood, cart
teeth on edge, which in other languages rut.—Wilbraham. Gael. sſaod, trail along
is conceived as blunting them.—Adelung. the ground ; s/aodan, the track or rut of
Du. s/ee, s/eeuw, dull, blunt; (of the teeth) a cart-wheel. Pol. sſad', a trace, track,
set on edge ; (of fruit) sour, astringent. footprint. See To Slade.
S/celt we scher//e, a blunt edge ; seeuwe * Slot. 2. A bolt. Slot or schytyl of
famden, stupidi dentes, obtusi.-Kil. ZVie a dore, verolium (Fr. verrouil).-Pr. Pm.
fruimten cijn soo s/ee a/s of het wiſde Probably a somewhat different applica
fruimten waren : these plums are as sour tion of Du. s/o/, a lock or fastening, from
as sloes. Bav. sch/ch, blunt, set on edge. s/uifen, G. sch/ſessen, to shut. Du, sluit
ON. sſio/r, dull, inactive, blunt ; s/io/ar &oom, a bar, barrier, rail; vectis et clath
tennur, teeth on edge. rus; s/o/e/, a key ; slo/elen, securiculae,
Sloop. Du. s/oeſe, a shallop, light subscudes duo tigna inter se vincientes.—
vessel; from sloºſen, s/u.ften, to slip 2 Kil. From this last may probably be
See Shallop. explained Cleveland s/o/, a crossbeam or
Slop. 1. Imitative of the sound of bar running from one side to another in
dashing water. To sºoſe, to make a noise any construction ; sloſes of a cart, the
when supping liquid.—Teesdale Gl. underpieces which keep the bottom to
Thy milk slop'ſ up, thy bacon filcht. gether; s/oſes of a ladder or a gate, the
Gammer Gurton, ii. I. flat step or bar.—B.
Du. s/abben, to lap, to slobber. Lap. S/ot in engineering is a hollow for the
sldø/o/, to sprinkle ; s/eóðeſ, to pour, to head of a bolt or the like to work in, the
splash ; s/affe, wet and soft snow partly tuck in a dress for a string to run in.—
thawed. Fris. door dić, door dum fesſob Atkinson. Probably from Du. sluigaſ,
ben, to splash through thick and thin.— a mortise or hollow to hold a tenon.
Epkema. Sloth. See Slow.
2. A loose, outer dress, smock-frock. Slouch. To slouch is to flag, to hang
His overest sloppe it is not worth a mite. down for want of inherent stiffness, to do
Chaucer. anything with unstrung muscles, to walk
With slop-frock suiting to the ploughman's taste. with a negligent gait. A slouch, a lub
Clare. berly fellow.—B. “No weather pleaseth:
ON. slo/Ar, a wide outer dress, a surplice, it is colde, therefore the slouch will not
night-dress. Fris. sſiºpe, a pillow-slip ; plow.’—Granger in Todd. The slatch of
des/o/je, to slip a covering over. Bav. a rope is the slack part of a rope which
sch/all/ſºn, to slip in or out; ansch/art/fºn, hangs trailing.
to slip on an article of dress; einsch/au/, From ON. slałr, slack, we pass to Sw.
the whole dress. Du. sſoče, s/ocſ/tose, a sloka, to droop , s/oka med dronent, med
pair of slops or loose bagging breeches. win garna, to hang the ears, drag the
The connection of the latter form with wings. S/oßhat?, a slouch hat, hat with
slobberen, to flap or flag, laxum sive flac hanging flaps; slokójörk, a weeping birch.
602 SLOUGH SLUBBER

Gó och sloka, to go slouching about. ON. also the prepuce, in which sense it is to
s/6%r, a slouch or dull inactive person. be compared with G. sch/auch, the sheath
Da. služoret, slouch-eared, having hang of a horse.
ing ears. * Sloven. A person careless of dress
In the same way without the initial s, and personal cleanliness. Du. slof, s/oeſ,
w. l/ac, slack, loose ; //acio, to droop, to an old slipper, and fig. a sloven or slut.
decline ; ON. 164a, to hang down ; /ö/ºr, S/oeſ, toga sive tunica rudis, impolita et
anything hanging; lºudyr, a light wind Sordidula; slog/hose, tibiale laxum.—Kil.
that lets the sails flap ; Fr. Jocher, to See Slop.
shake like a loose wheel; /o/tte, a dan Slow.—Sloth. AS. s!eaw, slaw, lazy,
gling rag ; E. dial. Zouch-eared, having slow ; s/awian, asſawian, to be lazy,
hanging ears; G. Zafschen, to go dragging torpid: sſa’wſh, s/ewth, sloth. Du. sleeuw,
one's feet, to slouch along. slee, blunt, ineffective ; Bav. sch/ew, schle
In another set of parallel forms the wig, feeble, flat, faint, slow, insipid, un
final AE of slack is exchanged for ss, t, salted, lukewarm, blunt; OHG. slewe,
or t2. Bav. schlottern, to hang dangling, s/ewechaif, torpor—Schm.; s/eo, slewºo,
to slouch about (Schmid); sch/o/zen, to dull, faded, lukewarm ; s/en/item, to fade,
dabble in the dirt, to be negligent and waste, become torpid, indifferent, luke
slow; sch/ö/2, a lazy slow person; sch/ass, warm ; sleuui, languor, dullness; slewig,
schlatt, flaccid, slack; sch/aſſoret, slouch slebig, dull; Swab. sch/aib, unsalted,
eared ; sch/atte, a lazy ill-dressed per watery, thin, empty. ON. sljór, slaºr
son ; Swab. schloss; gºeif, inactivity; ON. (s/ae/r), blunt, dull, slow, inactive; slava,
s/ota, sluta, to be relaxed, to soften, s/jóva, to blunt, dull, slacken ; Da. slöv,
to hang down. Vedrinn slofar, the wea Sw, s/6, blunt, dull, slow of apprehension.
ther becomes mild. Lata haſtin slofa, to Probably Pol, s/ały, faint, weak, feeble,
slouch one's hat, let the flap hang down. dull of hearing, Russ. slabuji, slack, re
Slough. I. A deep muddy place in laxed, weak, faint, feeble, belong to the
which one is ingulfed. Du. slocken, to same stock. The radical image would
swallow ; slock, gula, fauces, et bara be the sla/ping of a slack structure, as a
thrum, vorago, gurges.—Kil. Gael. suig, rope or the sail of a ship. Related forms
swallow, ingulf; slug/ho//, a whirlpool; are Du, s/aff, G. sch/aff, slack, flaggy,
slugaid, a slough or deep miry place. weak, soft, flat. A ſet s/affe handen to
* 2. The cast skin of a snake ; the werk gaan, to work slowly. Du. slo/,
skin or husk of a gooseberry or currant slow, negligent, careless.
(Atkinson); the crust of dead matter that Slowworm. This name may really
separates from a sore. MHG. slºch, the signify what it appears to do, as motion
skin of a snake; G. schlauch, properly, as is very difficult to the animal on a bare
ba/g, the skin of an animal stripped off, surface such as a road, where it is fre
and made into a vessel for liquids, a quently found, though among herbage it
wineskin, hose for conveying liquids, also is agile enough. But the element slow
the loose skin of a horse's sheath. The is suspiciously like sch/eich in the G. name
meaning of the word is something slipped b/indschleiche, Carinthian schleich, f/int
off, that from which something has slip sch/eich, plintschlauch, from schleichen, to
ped, from OHG. s/ih/lan, MHG, s/ichen, G. slide. In N. it is called slewa, slºge, s/öe,
schleichen, to slip, slide, slink. Bav. perhaps from its slime; sleve, slaver,
schlaichen, to slip in or out, to convey drivel. -

privily ; einem etwas, zuschlaichen, to To Slubber. A word of like formation

slip or slive it into his hand. Schlich, with slabber, slobber, representing the
the gliding of a brook or of serpents, to sound of supping up liquids into the
be compared with slough, the slime of mouth, dabbling in the wet, &c. ON.
snakes (marking the track where they s/upra, Dan. slubre, Pl.D. slubbern, to
have slid).-Hal. sup up liquids. Hence in Hamburgh
In the same way from the parallel metaphorically, from the notion of hasty
form ohG. s/iſan, Bav. sch/eiffºn, E. dial. and greedy eating, s/uðbern, to slubber
s/ive, to slide, slip, with the factitive up, to do a thing carelessly and superfi
schlauffºn, slouſen, to make to slip, are cially ; slubberer, slubberup, a careless,
sch/au/, that into which a man slips; negligent person.
inslouf, indumentum ; tºrs/ou/, exuviae : Bassanio told him he would make some speed
G. sch/au/, a serpent’s slough ; sch/altée, Of his return : he answered, Do not so,
husk or cod of beans, &c. (Sanders); Du. S/uščer not business for ny sake.
sloof, sloove, husk, velum, tegmen, exuviae; Merch. Venice.
 SLUID GE SLUR 603
Du. slobôeren, to sup up liquids like ducks, gate, may be connected with E. souse, re
pigs, &c., to sup up in a dirty uncouth presenting the sound of dashing water.
manner ; over heen s/obſeren, to pass Soss, a slop ; as a verb, to pour out, to
lightly over a matter. In like manner dabble in the dirt. From the same origin
Du. s/or/en, s/orven, to sup up, serve to is the cry sus / sus.' to pigs to come to
explain Sw, s/u?/wa, to bungle, botch, their wash.
slubber. To Slumber. See Sleep.
To slubber is also to slobber or spill Slump. To fall plumb down into any
liquids in eating, hence to dirty. wet or dirty place.—B. ‘In Suffolk we
To sluščer the gloss of your new fortunes. should say, I slumped into the ditch up
Shakesp. to the crotch.”— Moor. Slump, a dull
N. slubba, to spill liquids, to dirty. noise made by anything falling into a hole.
Sludge. See Slush. —Jam.
Slug. — Sluggard. Another of the From representing the noise of a thing
numerous metaphors from the image of a falling //umſ upon the ground the term
loose unstrung condition. Pl.D. služern, is applied to chance, accident, what hap
slunkern, Westerw. sch/ockern, sch/uckern pens at a single blow or in an unforeseen
(synonymous with sch///ern, sch/ot/ern), manner. Pl. D. sluanſ, a chance; slump
to wabble, shake to and fro. Da, s/ug schöfe, a chance shot ; s/u/s, plump,
&ret, s/uköret, having flagging ears. Zo thoughtlessly ; up'n slump Æopen, to buy
slug is thus to lie slack and unstrung, to upon the chance, without knowing the
indulge in sloth. exact quantity. Sw. aſ ent slump, by
chance; en bloft s/ump, a pure chance;
He lay all night slugging under a mantle. s/um/a, to buy things in block. Da.
Spenser in Todd.
s/umpe, to light, stumble, chance upon ;
I slogge, I waxe slowe or drawe behynde. s/um/, a lot. To s/ump things together,
—Palsgr. A s/ug is a creature of a soft to throw them together in a single lot.
boneless consistency. ON. slacki, a dull, To Slur. — Slurry. To bedaub or
inactive person. dirty, whence met. sſur, a stain or dis
In like manner without the initial s, grace. S/ur, slurry, thin washy mud.—
Swiss lugg, luck, loose, slack; das seil Forby. To slaing, sleng, slainy, to be
/ugget, the rope trails, is slack; Du. Zog, daub.-Jam.
heavy, slow; E. luggish, dull, heavy, slow; We have frequently had occasion to
dug, luggard, a sluggard ; Fris. Zugghen, remark the identity of forms representing
to be lazy and slothful; /uck, ſuggerig, the sound of dabbling in the wet and the
slothful. Lith. sſukyfi (faullenzen), to flapping of loose fabrics, giving rise to an
slug ; s/unkis, a sluggard, a lazy creeper intimate relation between words signify
about ; slinkas, lazy, slow. ing mud or dirt, and a loose texture, a
Sluice. Sw.sluss, Du, s/h/ys, G. schleuse, wabbling, vacillating, slipping or sliding
Fr. &c/use, a sluice or floodgate. Da. movement, inefficient nerveless action,
s/use, lock in a canal ; sluseport, flood and the like.
gate. Mid. Lat. clusa, ec/usa, as if for ea The sound made by the agitation of
clusa, from the notion of shutting off the liquids or of loose textures is represented
water, a derivation supported by Swiss by the forms sſadder, sloader, s/udder, slid
Æluss, a large sluice in a gorge where der. Thus we have Da. s/adder, s/udder,
water is collected until it is sufficient to tattie, idle talk (an idea constantly ex
wash down a collection of timber; &/usen, pressed by reference to the sound of dab
verk/usen, to stop the flow of water. Das bling in water); Swiss schlodern, to slobber
wasser hat sich geklussº, has stopped in eating ; E. dial. sludder, to eat slovenly;
running. sloader, s/ud, sludge, wet mud–Hal.; s/u-
But it may be doubted whether the ther, liquid mud–Mrs Baker; Bav. schle
Mid. Lat. form is not an accommodation, dern, to move to and fro in the water, to
and the word really derived from the rinse linen ; sch/uder, mud; sch/udern,
sloshing or slushing sound of the water sch/odern, to wabble; sch/audern, to work
as it rushes through the gates. To s/uice negligently and superficially, to slur a
one with water is to slosh water over him, thing over ; Du. slodaſeren, to hang loose,
to throw a mass of water over him. Sw. to flag ; slodderig, slovenly, negligent;
slosa, to lavish, squander; Da. dial. sluse, Pl.D. sludern, s/uren, to wabble, to flag
to purl as a brook. Westerw. schlosen, or hang loose, to be lazy, to deal negli
schlusen, to become sloshy, to thaw. gently with. Aver ene arbeid s/uren, to
On the same principle Du. sas, a flood slur over a piece of work. S/odderig,
604 SLUSH SMACK

s/udderig, s/urg, flagging, lifeless, in about in an idle manner.—Hal. Bav.

active. /), A/eder siſteſ ent so sludderºg sc//o/zen, to dabble, meddle with dirt, to
[or slurig) um't /ieſ, the clothes hang so be lazy and negligent ; sch/o/cen, sch/ie/-
loose about him. Du. s/oore, s/orſen, gen, a slut ; sc/.4042, dirt, mud, a lazy per
sordida ancilla, serva vilis, ignava-Kil. ; son, sluggard.
s/ooren, s/euren, to drag, trail, sweep along Sly.—Sleight. Sleight, dexterity. —
the ground as a loose hanging garment, B. Q.N. s/agr, crafty, cunning; sºagd,
a slack rope ; s/o.org/, dirty. Swiss contrivance, cunning ; s/agdaròragd, art
sch/arggen, to dabble, to debaub, to go ful trick ; N. slog, dexterous, expert,
trailing or shuffling along ; sch/a/gg, a clever, sly, cunning. Sw, slºg, dexterous,
slur or spot of dirt : gesch/a/.gg, nastiness, handy , s/oga', mechanical art; handa
dirt ; sch/arggig, dirty ; E. dial. sſadder slºw, manufacture; slug, G. schlau, Pl.D.
ing-drag, a sled for trailing timber along ; s/oit, cunning, sly.
Pl.D. s/arren, slurren, to shuffle, slip the The same connection of ideas is seen
feet along ; sharreſt, s/urren, slippers, old in handicraft compared with crafty, and
shoes; Du. s/feren, to stagger, to slide on in artificer compared with artful. Ánd on
the ice, to drag—Bomhoff; E. dial. fo the same principle cunning was formerly
s/iſher, to slir, to slide, to slip.–Hal. used in the sense of manual skill. Per
Pl.D. s.ſieren, to lick (to sup up).--Schütze. haps the ultimate origin may be found in
Bav. sch/ieren, to bedaub ; sch/ier, mud. the root s/ag, strike, from the use of the
ON. sſør, uncleanness, slime of fish ; hammer being taken as the type of a
s/orugr, dirty. handicraft. ON. sſa gr (applied to a horse)
Slush. S/odder, s/offer, s/u/her, s/ud, signifies apt to strike with his heels. Sw.
sludge, slutch, s/osh, s/ush, are used pro sdógda, opera fabrilia exercere. — Ihre.
vincially or in familiar language for wet S/dgaments werk, the work of artificers.-
mud or dirty liquid, melting snow, &c. Jerem. x. 9.
The origin is a representation of the noise The radical unity of sly and sleight was
made by dabbling or paddling in the wet, formerly more distinctly felt than it is
by forms like Swiss sch/odern, to slobber, In OW.
E. dial. sſudder, to eat slovenly, Bav. —and stele upon my enemy,
sch/edern, to rinse linen in water ; sch/of For to slee him s/ehſiche, slehzes Ich by º,
2em, to dabble, Sw.s/aska, to dash, dabble, For theiben sligh in such a wise
slop, giving rise to Sw. sſasſ, dirty liquid, That thei by sight and by queintise
Bav. sch/ot/, sch/uff, mud, slush, thawing Of ſals witnes bringen inne
weather ; sch/o/3, mud, dirt. Da. sſadder, That doth hem often for to winne.
s/udder, tattle, idle talk, belong to the Gower in R.
same root, on the same principle that G. Smack. 1. A syllable directly represent
zvaschen signifies both to wash or to ing the sound made by the sudden col
agitate in water and to tattle. lision or separation of two soft surfaces,
Slut. In this word, as in s/affern, the as a blow with the flat hand, the sudden
idea of dirt is constantly mixed up with separation of the lips in kissing, or of the
that of lazy negligent work, on the prin tongue and palate in tasting. Hence
ciple mentioned under Slur. Pl.D. s/affe, smack, a slap, a sounding blow, a hit with
s/adde, anything that hangs loose and the open hand.—Hal.
flagging, a rag ; s/affe, Du, s/adaſe, s/odde, Du. smaſſ, noise that one makes in eat
s/eſse, s/et, Da. s/affe, s/u//e, a slut, a ing. Gy moet zoo niet smaåen als gy
negligent, slovenly woman ; Swab. eet : you must not smack so in eating.—
sch/atte, a lazy, slovenly man ; sch/i/?!, a Halma. Smaſ, noise of a fall, [and
slut. Pl.D. s/a//erg, flaccid, flagging ; thence] smažen, to throw, cast, fling,
G. schloſſern, to flag, dangle, wabble. Da. to fall down.—Bomhoff. Met dobbel
slat, slatſet, loose, flabby ; s/affes, to steenen smažen : to rattle the dice —
slacken ; Bav. sch/a/Foreſ, having flag Halma ; smackmuy/en (muy/, the chops),
ging ears. Bav. sch/off, sch/uſ/, mud, maxillas sive labia inter se claro sono col
slosh ; sch/iftſ, a puddle ; sch/id//en, to lidere, mandu.cando sonum edere; smack
dabble in the wet and dirt ; sch/iffſ, an famden, to strike the teeth together in
uncleanly person. E. dial. sſutch, mud– chewing.—Kil. Aussen daf he/ smaž, to
Tim Bobbin; s/aſch, the slack of a rope; give one a smacking kiss. Pl. D. smaåsen,
s/aſching, untidy—Hal. ; s/o/ch, a sloven; G. schma/gen, Da, smaske, N. smaffa, to
slotching, slovenly, untidy. His stockings smack with the tongue and chops in eat
hang slotchikin about his heels. – Mrs ing. Schmatzen is also applied, as E.
Baker. Slouch, a lazy fellow ; to walk smack, to a loud kiss. E. dial. smoºch,
 SMACKERING SMATTERING 605
smoucher, a loud kiss. Pol. smokſa.', ſtaca, Fr. nacc//e, a skiff, with Fin. moßa,
beak. W'enſeen noća, the prow of a
cmokač, to smack with the lips, to kiss, to boat. •

sip or suck.
Smack represents the sound of a blow Smackering. A longing for : to have
or of a sudden fall, in such expressions as a smackering after a thing.—B. Origin
knocking a thing smack down, cutting it ally a smacking of the chops at the
smack off. thoughts of food, as Lat. Zigurio, to long
From the smacking of the chops in the for, properly to lick the chops at, from
enjoyment of food has arisen the sense of Zingere, to lick.
taste, in which the root smaſſ is widely Small. Du. sma/, thin, narrow, small ;
used. Pol. sma/, savour, taste, relish. ON. smidir, comp. smaeri, superl. sma’s/r,
AS. smarcean, smtec gan, to taste ; Sw. Da. smaa, Fris. sma, smad, smaed, small;
smaža, Du, smažen, G. schmecken, to taste; S. Da. smuda's/: (kleinlich), small in size.—
.geschmack, schmac//id/7, of agreeable Outzen. ON. smidirºgº, smidsandr, fine
taste. Geschmacke speis, savoury food.- rain, sand.
Schm. Pol. smaczny, well-tasted. Lith. Perhaps from Da. dial. smadder, E.
smaglerei, dainties; smagus, good, plea smaſſer, a fragment, Gael. smad, a par
sant, nice. Lett. smaža, taste, smell. ticle, jot, the smallest portion of a thing.
In some dialects the initial s of the So in ON. of the golden calf, eg molade
imitative syllable is dropped, as in Fris. hann i smaat, I stamped it to powder.—
macke, to kiss — Outzen ; Fin. maku, Deut. 9. Sc. to smaſter, to deal in small
taste; makia, well-tasting, sweet; mais wares, to be busily employed about trivial
Æia, maskia, to smack the chops; maiskis, matters; to smaſter awa', to spend on a
smacking, dainties, also a kiss; maisſaa, variety of articles of little value.
to taste, to sip, to be savoury; maisſo, It may be observed that Pol. maſo,
the sense of taste, taste of a thing. Lat. little, has a similar connection with Lat.
mari//a, a jaw, must be referred to the mo/ere, to grind.
same root. In Bohem. an A is inserted Smalt. A colour made from blue
after the m, mſasá, a smack with the enamel. It smaſſo, a name given to
mouth, a loud kiss ; m/asſaſi, miſassfiti, different bodies which are used as coat
to smack with the mouth ; /l/askanina, ings in a melted or liquified state, and
delicacies. subsequently harden, as enamel, plaster
2. Pl. D. smaž, Fr. semiaque, a light of Paris, mortar. G. sch/ne/g, enamel,
vessel. The m is probably a corruption metallic glass, from sc/ime/zczi, to melt.
from an original n, AS. smaſº, ON. smeckia, See Enamel.
Sw, smaicóa, Pl. D. sni/#, a small vessel. Smart. As a noun or verb it signifies
The original meaning was probably a sharp pain; as an adjective, sharp, brisk;
beaked vessel. OG. snaggiºn, snaggiº, significations which may be connected
naves rostratae—Gl. in Schmeller, who on the supposition that the word originally
cites “holzschuhe mit schitacácſi,’ as pro signified a sharp stroke or cut. G. schmerz,
bably signifying wooden shoes with beaks. Du. smart, pain, ache.
Sette Communi, snacko, beak. Swiss Da. smerſe, to lash ; smert, lash of a
schneicke, schneidgge, snout, from schzeick whip ; Da. dial. at sidde smert (of a gar
en, schneuggen, Sw, snoka, to sniff, search ment), to sit close ; swlyrt, neat, pretty,
about with the nose like a dog or a pig. smart (smukt), ON. smirta, to smug, adorn,
See Snook. Lith. Smit// is, snout, beak. smarten ; sztir/inſt, neat, spruce. Fris.
Du. snoeck, a pike, from his beaked snout. snar, quick, smart ; smirre, a stroke with
Schmeller has also “smarcken, rostratae a whip.–Outzen. The notion of smart
naves, to be explained by Sw, snork (pro ness of dress is connected with that of
perly snout), extremity of anything, from briskness of action, as opposed to the
snorka, to snort, snuff, sniff. Bav.dawdling movements of a slattern.
schnorren, prow of a boat ; schºlorreſt, To Smash. It. smassare, to crush
schnurren, snout, mouth and nose. flat. See Mash. Gael. smuais, smash,
It is certain that this principle of no break in pieces; smitatsrich, a breaking
menclature has taken place in the case of into pieces, splinters, fragments. Da.
Du. sme/, a boat with a beak, from swicó, smaske, to smack with the lips in eating ;
beak; and Pi.D. state, smallschift, a snow, Sw, smiska, to Smack, slap ; smiska son
a kind of small seaship, from snail, snout, der, to smash, break to pieces. It smac
beak; and probably navis may be con care, to crush, squash, bruise.
nected in the same manner with neč, Smattering. — Smatch. Smatch, a
snout, beak, as G. machen, Mid. Lat. taste or small touch of a quality. Smiat
606 SMEAR SMILE

tering, superficial or slight knowledge; Smeech.--Smeegy. E. dial. smeech, a

smaſterer, one who has some smatch or stench, obscurity in the air, arising from
tincture of learning. — B. Pl. D. smak smoke, fog, or dust. Zºo smeech, to make
sent, G. schma/gen, Swiss schmatzern, a stink with the snuff of a candle.—Hal.
schmaſzeln, N. smaſſa, to smack with the Smeegy, tainted, ill-smelling. — Moor.
tongue in eating. Fris. smely/sen, to taste, Connected with AS. smec, smic, smeoc,
to try.—Epkema. smoke, as G. riechen, to smell, with rauch,
After he had indifferently taught his scollers smoke. Bav. schmecken, to smell, and
the Latine tong and some smackering of the thence schmecker, the nose ; schmecke,
Greek. — Primaudaye Fr. Acad. transl. by T. B. schmeckbusche/, a nosegay. There is
C. A.D. 1589, p. 3. however a strong tendency in the Ober
Smaſters, in the expression breaking Deutsch dialects, as in the English, to
to smaſters, must be explained from use the word in the sense of a bad smell.
G. schmettern, to crash or crack, as a peal Thus the Swiss translation of the Bible,
of thunder, and thence like zerschmettern, speaking of Lazarus in the tomb, says,
to break to pieces. Sw, smaſ/ra, to ‘Er ist vier tage im grabe gelegen, er
crackle. Tal/wed sma/trar i elden, deal schmecket jezt.’ See Smoke.
crackles in the fire. And as the crackling Smell. The original sense of the word
is the result of the wood splitting to would seem to be dust, smoke, then smell,
pieces, it is natural that the term which as G. riechen, to smell, from rauch, smoke.
represents the crackling should be applied Pl.D. smelen, smellen, to burn slow with
to the splinters. So Fr. &clat signifies a strong-smelling smoke. Dat holt smelet
both crack and fragment. Da. dial. smad weg, the wood smoulders away. Hier
der, crack, fragment. Det gav en smad sme/et wat, here is a smell of burning;
der saa man Æunde hôre det langt öorte, sme/erg, smelling of burning. — Brem.
it gave a crash so that one could hear it Wtb. Du. smeulen, to burn or smoke
a long way off. Det già i smadder, it in a hidden manner.—Bomhoff. Pl.D.
went to smatters. Han smaddrede agget smö/n, a verb applied to thick dust,
mod steenbroen, he smashed the egg on mist, mizzling rain, a smoking fire.—Dan
the pavement. Gael. smad, a particle, neil. Lith, smalkas, smoke, vapour;
jot. smelkfi, to smoke, to rise in vapour;
To Smear. Du. smeeren, G. schmieren, smilksteti, to smoulder, burn in a hidden
Bav. Schmiren, schmirben, to smear, daub, way; smilkyfi, to perfume; smilkimas,
grease; AS. smeru (g. smerives), G. schmeer, perfume. Sw, smolk, dust; Da. dial.
ON. smjør, smör, fat, grease, butter. sme/k, smilk, fine rain. Da. smuſ, dust;
Another OE. form still provincially pre smule, to crumble. See Smoulder. On
served is smore or smoor. “I smore one's the same principle ON. dupſ, dust, duffta,
face with any grease or soute : je bar to throw out dust, N. duff, dupt, fine dust,
bouylle.” – Palsgr. And this probably duſta, to fly in dust, to smoke, must be
points to the true origin of the word as a identified with Da. duff, fragrance, diº/te,
contraction from smother, which itself is to exhale odour. G. duff, vapour, mist,
provincially used in the sense of smear or evaporation, the fine exhalation of sweet
daub. — Hal. Pl.D. smudderen, smud. smelling bodies, scent.
de/en, smuſſen, to dabble, dirty; smudder Smelt. G. schmelzen, Du. smelten, to
regen, E. dial. smur, drizzling rain. Du. melt, dissolve, liquefy. See Melt.
smodaſeren, smeuren, to daub, smear ; To Smicker. To look amorously upon.
smoda’erig, smorrig, smeerig, Fris. smórig, Sw, smeka, to stroke, caress, flatter;
dirty ; smorg Zinnen.—Epkema. Gael. smickra, Da. smigre, to flatter ; ON.
smièr, smilir, smilrach, a blot, spot, par smey&ſigr, smooth, sweet, flattering. Du.
ticle of dust, ashes, earth; smilr, smiur, smeecken, smeeckelen, to speak smoothly,
bedaub, smear. The radical image would to implore, to flatter; G. schmeicheln, to
thus be the act of dabbling in the mud, coax, caress, fondle, cajole, flatter. See
and the name would be transferred to Smile.
grease, as the material that daubs in the To Smile. N. smila, Da. smile, OHG.
most effectual manner. On this principle smie/an, MHG. smie/en, smiereſt, Bav.
G. schmutz, filth, dirt, is in Swiss applied schmieren, Manx smooir, to smile. AS.
to lard, butter, grease; schmutzen, to smarc, laugh; smercian, to smirk, smile,
smear the hair with grease. Bav. sch/loſz, where smirk is evidently a diminutive
dirt, fat, grease. Pol. mazad, mazgač, to form, in the same way that the Fris. has
blot, smear, daub, anoint; masſo, butter. smiſ/eken (Outzen), smilke (Junge), along
See Smother. side of smillen, smille, smeeſe.
 SMIRCH SMITH 607
It is probable that both modifications way in other instances. E. dial. to smudge,
of the root, smile as well as smire, are to daub, to stifle or smother, to smoulder
contracted, the one from a form like G. or burn in a hidden way, is also used in the
schmeicheln, to caress, coax, flatter, the sense of Smothered laughter.—Brockett.
other from one like Sw, smicóra, Da. G. Schmutzen, to dirty, also, as schmuzz
smigre, of the same signification, both Zachen, scamiºłże/n, schmum/zen, schmum/-
these latter forms being derivatives from ze/n, to Smile, simper, laugh in one's
an equivalent of Sw.smeka, OHG.smcicken, sleeve. Du. smitystereſt, to daub or smear,
to caress, cajole ; smelchan, assentiri, corresponds with Pl.D. smusſerm, smuns
adulari, blandiri.-Graff. G. schmeic/ic/n Zern, s/nl/ster/achen, to smile; as Swiss
is actually used in the sense of smile. smusse/n, to dabble, dirty, N.E. smush, to
“Sie lachlet, sie schmutzt, sie schmeichſeſ.’ Smoulder, with Pl. D. smuschern, to laugh
—Sanders. And conversely Westerwald in a covert way. In the same way we
schmiereſt and Sw. smila are used in the have Manx smooir, M.H.G. smieren, schmier
sense of fawn, coax, flatter. Smila or smeka /ich Zachen, E. smirk, to smile, titter,
sig in hos mágon, to curry favour with one; parallel with E. smear, Pl.D. smoren,
smila med munſtem (mtunnen, the mouth), smorchen, s/nu//en (Br. Wtb.), to smother,
to smile, to simper. Da. dial. smiſa, to stifle, stew, Du. smeuren, smooren, to
flatter, to be false. Pol. smead sić, Boh. Smoke (K.), E. dial. smur, fine rain.
smati se, to laugh. Lett. smeet, to laugh ; Sw, smid/e, N. smaa/ºgya, to smile, are
smeek/s, laughter, sport, ridicule; smaid'if, wholly unconnected with any of the fore
to smile, flatter, sport. Sanscr. smi, to going, being analogous to G. Klein lachen,
Smile. Fr. sourire, from smid, smaa, little, small,
The ultimate origin of the expression and /e, Zagya, to laugh.
may be the caressing of an infant with the * To Smirch.-Besmirch. To black
mouth and chin, whence the designation en, to dirty. From mirk, dark, a root
of the chin seems to be used in express much developed in the Slavonic lan
ing the idea of caressing. Sw, synekas, guages. Illyr. méré, dark ; mérciti (mer
to caress one another, to bill and kiss; chiti), to blacken, befoul, dirty; smerk
smekunge, a darling. Gael. småg, smi nuţise, to become dark. Pol. 1ſtroA,
ean, Manx smeggy/, Lith. smakras, the darkness, mroczny, murky, dusky ; Serv.
chin, Gael. smig, smigean, also a smile, mirchiſi, to blacken ; Boh. smirkatise, to
mirth. In the same way, from Fin. Zeuka, become dark. Commonly explained from
the chin, leu/ai//a, to use the chin, to the notion of smearing or daubing.
kiss, sport, smile. So also W. gºvén, a To Smirk. See Smile.
smile, gweniaith, flattery, seem connected
with gén, chin, jaw, mouth. The intro to To Smite. Pl.D. smiſen, G. schmeissen,
strike, to cast. Doubtless from an
duction of the w, at least, need cause no
imitation of the sound of a blow, which is
difficulty, as we have both gwenſa and represented indifferently by the forms
genſa, a bit, curb, from gen, jaw. smack, schmatz, smaf. N. smatta, to
On the other hand, a smile may be
considered as smothered laughter, and smack with the tongue ; Bav. schmatzen,
may be typified by the smoke and ashes to smack with the tongue, to kiss, strike,
which betray the presence of a smoulder let a thing fall with a sudden noise ;
schmitzen, to strike, to cast ; G. Schmitz,
ing fire. Thus we may compare Du. a lash with a whip. Sw, smisła, to lash,
smuylen, smol/en (K), Swab, schmo//en, to dash; Bav. schmaiss, schmiss, a blow.
Fris. smillen, smil/e/en, smilke, to smile,
N. smo//a, smo/ka, to laugh low, to titter, ‘Der fuhrman schmeisst mit der giesel
with Du. smeulen, Pl.D. smelen, smuſſen, und gibt ein schmitzen : ' the carter
smacks or cracks his whip and lashes
smöllen, to smoulder or burn in a hidden his horses.—Schm.
way, to send up a thick smoke, steam,
dust, mist, to rain fine, Sw, smoſº, dust, Smith. — Smithy. ON. smidr, arti
mote, dirt, Da. dial. smilk, fine rain, Lith. ficer; smidja, Smithy, workplace ; smid,
smalkas, Smoke, vapour, sme/Afi, to workmanship, art ; smuida, to construct;
smoke. Schmol/en, in ordinary G., sig smidi, an object of art.
nifying a sulky silence, may be explained, The radical sense seems to be a
as if brooding over hidden ill-will instead worker with the hammer, one who smiles
of hidden mirth. metal into shape. In Galla fuma is to
The connection of the idea of covert beator strike, to forge iron, whence tumtu,
laughter with that of smouldering, dust, every kind of craftsman (“but the signifi
dirt, smoke, holds good in a remarkable cation of strike preponderates'), especially
608 SM OCK SM OTHER

a smith, locksmith, but also a shoemaker, sounds with the mouth closed ; Gael.
tailor, &c.—Tutschek. mêch, mutter, hum ; mugach, snuffling ;
Smock.--Smockfrock. ON. smoſºr, a smuc, a snivel, snore, nasal sound; smu
shirt without arms, also a sheath, or what cach, snivelling, snuffling, snoring.
one sticks a sword or knife into. In He Hence must be explained Bav. schmiec
ligoland smock is a woman's shirt. The Æen, to sniff, to smell, to detect by smell,
meaning is a garment one creeps into or in the same sense as E. smoke, to find any
slips over one's head. ON. smokºa, to one out, to discover anything meant to be
stick in ; smokºła sºr in, to creep into ; kept secret.—Hal. Swiss erschmiekkern,
smoºka sºr dr mete, to slip out of a net ; to smell out, to discover. AS. smeagan,
smeygia, to slip into, to slip on ; smjuga, smean, to investigate, consider. Bav.
to creep through or into. Lith. smalgº, schmecks/ effes ſetwas]? do you smell
smelºſi, to stick into, as a pole into the anything 2 do you smoke 2 do you twig 2
ground ; smalgas, a hop-pole. Schmecken, a nosegay; schmecker, a nose
Smoke. As, smec, smeoc, G. schmauch, gay, the nose. In schmecken.de bach, the
Du. smook, smoke. Gr. opixo, to burn in sulphur springs, we see the passage from
a smouldering fire. W. m.w.g., smoke, the idea of smelling to that of vapour,
fume; ysm weian, a little smoke, mist, fog; smoke. Devon. Smteech, stench, as of a
my gu, to smoke, smother, stifle. Bret. candle blown out ; obscurity in the air
moug, (originally doubtless smoke, then) arising from smoke, fog, or dust.—Hal.
fire, family, house; moged, smoke ; mo Bav. schmecken and the equivalent Ber
Afteden, exhalation, vapour ; mortga, to nese, schmöße, are especially applied to
suffocate, extinguish. Gael, muíg, mièch, the disagreeable smell of taintel meat.
smºch, suffocate, smother ; mºchan, a /)as ſleisch schmößt, Bav. 's fleisch
chimney; mug, smoke, mist, gloom ; schmeckſ, is schmecked worden, would in
mitigeach, smoky, misty, gloomy ; Ir. Suffolk be rendered the meat is smeegy.’
milch, smoke ; milchain, to smother, ex Bernese, ube/-, wolschmöſſig, ill or well
tinguish ; mièchma, dark, gloomy. Manx smelling. G. schmauchen, to smoke to
moogh, extinguish; smoghan, stink; smog bacco, is to be rather understood in the
/ham, a suffocating or smouldering fume. original sense of snuffing or inhaling
The ultimate origin is, I believe, to be than in that of making a smoke.
found in a representation of the nasal Smooth. AS. sme/he, smooth, even,
sounds made in sniffing an odour or in soft. The radical meaning is, pliable,
gasping for breath. From sniffing an from G, schmieden, to forge or form by
odour we pass, on the one hand, to the the hammer, leading to geschmeidig,
idea of that which is snuffed up, exhala malleable, ductile, then soft, pliant, com
tion, vapour, smoke : then, from smoke plaisant ; Pl. D. smidºg, smödig, Du.
being considered as the suffocating agent, smedig, pliant, soft ; Pl. D. smöden, smödi
to the idea of choking, suffocation ; or we gen, Du, smijºgen, mulcere, mollire—
may step at once to the latter conception Kil. ; Dan. smidºg, limber, supple.
from the figure of gasping for breath. Smother.—Smoor. The radical image
Pl.D. snikken, to gasp for air, to sob, in seems to be dabbling in wet and dirt,
Hamburgh, to be suffocated, to choke ; whence follow the ideas of splashing,
versnikken, to draw the last gasp, to die. slobbering, dirtying, spotting, of a spot,
The imitative form preserved in Bav. stain, separate particle of dirt or dust,
Aſnechen, to pant, to breathe deep, leads, thickness of air, mist, smoke, and thence
on the one hand, to Gr. ºrvév, to breathe ; suffocation, choking, extinction. Pl. D.
Tvoj, a breathing, an exhalation, vapour, smaa’alern, to dabble, meddle with dirty
odour, and, on the other, to Tviyw, to stifle, things, make blots in writing—Danneil ;
choke, drown, stew ; Lat. 7tecare, to kill ; smudden, smuddern, smudde/zi, smit//ent,
It. amnégare, to drown. Du. smodo'eren, E. dial. smother, Swiss
The inarticulate sounds made in mut schmus.se/n, schmarºse/n, to dabble, daub,
tering, sobbing, sniffling, were imitated dirty ; Du. smodafºg, smodalerig, smºod's sº,
in Gr. by the syllable uv, which must Pl.D. smudderig, smuddeſig, smit/ſig, G.
sometimes have been strengthened by a schmoff, g, schmitzig, E. smitºgy, sºrtiz'ſ v,
final guttural, shown in pivXuéc, groaning, smeared, dirty ; Pl. I). Česmizdaſe, n, to be
Hurrip, the nose or snout, pikoç, Snivel, smotter, to splash with dirt ; smudº'errºgn
the mucus of the nose, pīknc, snuff of a (staubregn), smileſ/regzi (Schütze), Da. dial.
lamp. The same imitation gives rise to smud's/regn, mizzling rain ; Pl. D. id:
G. mucken, mucksen, Mag. muážani, Fin. smudderſ, E. dial. it smithers, it drizzles;
**ahtaa, to make slight inarticulate Pl.D. smudderig, smullig weder, dirty
 SMOTTERED SMUGGLE 609
weather, moist, rainy weather; smudder hidden way, consume away without show
sweet, sweat caused by close smothery ing the fire.
weather ; Bav. schmodig, schmiadig, The ºr sendes his smoke into the cruddy
schmudrig, close, oppressively hot ; Du. Skles,
smuſ, smoel weder, aura tepida, aer lan The smoulder stops our nose with stench, the
guidus, calor flaccidus, close, oppressive fume offends our eyes.—Gascoigne in R.
weather. — Kil. Da. smud's, Sw, smuſs,
spot, splash, dirt, mud; E. smotch, smuſch, Now the sonne is up your smooder is scattered.
–Jewell. I smolder as wete wode doth that
smuſ, stain, soot, dirt ; smudge, a thick burneth not clere.—Palsgr.
smoke, and as a verb, to stain or smear,
to smoulder or burn without flame, to Sometimes used in the sense of smother.
stifle – Craven Gl.: smudgy, hot and
close. A great number of them falling with their
As Pl.D. smudde/m contracts to smullen, horses and armour into a blind ditch were
so smuddern melts into Du. smooren, smouldered and pressed to death.-Hollinshed.
smeuren, to exhale, smoke, suffocate, ex We have seen under Smother that P1.D.
tinguish ; smoor, vapour, smoke — Kil. ;
E. dial. smoor, smore, to daub, smear, smudde/n, to dabble, smear, dirty, passes
into smu//en, as smuddern into smoorem.
smother ; smur, small misty rain ; West
erwald schmorren, schmarren, to smoke Dat weder smuſſeſ, it is dirty weather ;
tobacco. smudderig, smuddeſig, smu//ig, dirty,
The same course of development may gutters smudgy; dat Zigº smullet weg, the candle
away. Hence Da. smuſ, dust;
be traced in Boh. Smud, smoke, vapour,
Gael. smod, dirt, dust, Smut, mizzling rain; Jalde hen i smuſ, to crumble into dust,
smodan, a little spot or blemish, dirt, dust, smule, smułre, smu/dre, to crumble,
drizzling rain, haze; smudal, sweepings, moulder. Pl.D. sme/ent, sme//en, smö/en,
trash ; smudan, a particle of dust, soot, Du. smeulen, to burn slowly with a thick
Smut, smoke ; smud, smuid, smoke, smoke. In E. smoulder the burning body
vapour, mist; smuidre, smuidrich, clouds is considered as going away in ashes and
of smoke or dust, exhalation, mist ; soot. In an analogous manner smudge,
dirt, is in Craven used for a thick smoke
smuidir, smuidrich, to smoke. Then in
a contracted form, smièr, smiur, bedaub, or suffocating vapour ; to smudge, to
smear; smièr, sm?ir, smièrach, a blot, smoke without flame, to smear, to stifle;
spot, blemish, a particle of dust, an atom, smudgy, hot or close, smothery. See
Smother.
dust, ashes, dross. See Smoulder.
Smottered. See Smut. Smug. Spruce, neat; to smug up one
se//, to trim, to set oneself off to the best
Smouch. 1. A kiss. “What bussing, advantage.—B. G. Schmuck, pretty, hand
what smouching and slabbering one an Some, fine, neat; schmiicken, to adorn, set
other.” — Stubbs in Todd. Swiss fiber off, deck, trim, smug up or beautify.—
schmause/n, iifferschmus.se/n, to kiss over Kütner. Da. smuk, pretty ; det smukke
and over, to beslabber, from schmau Æion, the fair sex. G. sich schmiegen, and
seln, Schmusselm, to dabble, dirty. Swab. in Bavaria schmucken, to shrink, contract,
schmatz, schmutz, a hearty kiss. G. make oneself small ; geschmogen, small,
schmatzen, to smack. contracted ; schmugelich, neat, pretty,
2. To smouch, to convey away secretly, pleasing. Neat and tight in dress is the
to steal. opposite of loose, flapping, slatternly.
Swiss mauchen, muche/n, mautschen, To Smuggle. G. schmuggeln, Da.
mauscheln, to enjoy delicacies in secret ; smugle, to smuggle ; Du. smokkeien, to
schmauchen, verschmauchen, to smouch, or smuggle, sharp at play, pilfer. AS.
secretly purloin eatables, to conceal ; smugam, to creep ; smyge/as, holes, lurk
mailcken, schmaicken, verschmaicken, G. ing-places; Du, smuigen, to do anything
mausen, to pilfer, steal. Sw, smuss/a, to furtively; ter smuig, ter smuiž, Da. i.
do anything furtively; — bort, to make smug, Sw. i smyg, i mljugg, clandestinely;
away with privily ;-in magot in sin ſicka,smyga, to slip privily in or out of ; smyg
to slip something into his pocket ;-un handel, smuggling trade ; smyghāl,
dan, to appropriate slily, to Smouch; Du. smygwrá, a lurking-place ; ON. smeygja,
smuigen, to eat and drink in secret, to doto slip into, to put into. Smeygja ſati
anything secretly. See Smuggle. yir höſud ser, to slip on a garment over
Smoulder. Thick smoke; to smould one's head, to creep into it; smjuga, to
er, to burn with a thick Smoke, burn in a press oneself through or forwards with a
39
61o SM UT SNAIL

creeping motion ; smuga, Da. smöge, a money can be made ; ‘looking out for
little hole, narrow passage. snaps,’ waiting for windfalls or odd jobs.
The primitive sense is probably pre —Modern Slang. Hence to go snacks, to
served in Lith. synaigfi, smeigºi, smeg/i, go shares, to participate in the booty.
to stick into, whence smalgas, a hop-pole. The imitative character of the word is
Isismegti, to penetrate, stick into, per shown in Pl.D. snapps/ interj. expressing
smegti, to stick through, pierce. quickness. Snapps / snuff's ſ het de
Smut. The senses of pada/e, ºuddle, katte de muus weg. G. schnapf’s " da
flash, splash, spatter, s/ºutter, spot, are gieng es los; snap ! there it went off.
closely allied, and similar senses are Bav. in ein’m schnipps, Du. met eenen
signified by Pl. D. Aladdern, plashen, G. snaff, Sc. in a snap, in a crack, in a mo
f/a/schen, to dabble, splash ; //atzen, ment ; snaff/y, quickly; Da. dial. snap,
Pl. D. plastern, plattern, to sound like Sw, snabò, quick ; Du. snapreisſe, a hasty
a heavy shower ; Sw. A/ot/ra, to blot, journey. A snap is a spring which closes
to scrawl; Da. Alef, a spot, stain, &c. with the sharp sound represented by the
In other cases the same class of pheno name. G. schnapps, a dram of spirits, so
mena are represented by imitative forms much as is tossed off at a swallow.
in which the p or pl of the former class Snaffle. A bit for a horse, an imple
is replaced by an m. Pl. D. maddern, ment to confine the snout, on the same
moddern, to dabble, paddle (Danneil), principle on which Bav. schnabel is ap
and thence Du. modder, mud; bemod plied to an iron mask fastened on the
derent, to bedaub—Epkema ; E. muddle, faces of abandoned women, from Pl.D.
Swab. motzen, P.L.D. matschen, mantschen, snavel, G. schnabeſ, the snout.
to dabble, plash, daub, and with the sibi The designations of the words signify
lant, Pl. D. smudden, smuddern, smudde/n, ing snout are commonly taken from the
smullen, to dabble, dirty; smaddern, to sounds made by snuffing through the
dabble, let wet or dirt fall about (Dann.), nose, snorting, or smacking with the
to blot, scribble ; Sw.smatra, to crackle, jaws. Thus we have G. schnauben,
sputter, Da. Smada'er, E. smatter, E. dial. schnauſen, Pl. D. snuwen, to snuff; Bav.
smither, N. smitter, fragment, atom ; E. snaben, to smack like a pig ; E. dial.
smotter, to spatter, dirty ; Sw, smuts, snabble, to eat greedily, eat with a smack
spot, splash, dirt, mud ; G. schmutz, E. ing sound ; snaffe, to speak through the
smut, smudge, smitch, dirt, smoke, dust; nose, to chatter, talk nonsensically ; and
Du. smelten, Sc. smad, smot, E. smit, to Du. snabbe, snebbe, snavel, snebel, Bav.
mark or stain. W. ysmot, a spot; ysmotio, schnuſel, Pl.D. snuffe, a snout, beak.
to spot or dapple. See Smother. Snag. A short projection, the project
Snack. —Snap.–Snatch. A sharp ing stump of a broken branch, a tooth
sudden sound like that of the collision or standing alone (Hal); snaggletoothed,
breaking of hard bodies is represented by having the teeth standing out.
forms like knack, knock, knap, snack, The word snag is adapted to signify a
snap, which thence are applied to signify short projection, on the same principle as
any sharp sudden action, or the quality of Anag, jag, shag, cog, syllables represent
quickness essential for the production of ing a sound abruptly brought to a con
the noise in question. clusion, and thence applied to a movement
Sc. snack represents the snapping of a suddenly cut short, or to the figure traced
dog's jaws, a sudden snap, then quick, out by such a movement, an abrupt pro
alert, agile. jection. Gael. snag, a little audible knock,
The swypper tuskand hound assayis a hiccough, a wood-pecker; snagſabhair,
And neris fast, ay ready hym to hynt— stammer in speaking ; Manx snog, nod ;
Wyth hys wyde chaſtis at hym makisane snak. snig, a fillip, a smart stroke or blow. G.
D. V. 439, 33.
dial. schnacke, schnocke, to jerk the
A snack is familiarly used in the sense head about ; schnicken, to snap, move
of a hasty meal, a mouthful snatched or quick-Deutsch. Mund. III. E. dial.
Snapped up in haste. smug, to strike or push as an ox with his
Our kind host would not let us go without horn.
taking a snatch, as they called it, which was, in Snail. , AS. snageſ, snagl, snail; West
truth, a very good dinner.—Boswell, Journey. erwald schndigel, schmal, G. schnecke, Pl. D.
The knack I learned frae an auld auntie
The snackest of a my kin.-Ramsay.
snigge, E. dial. snag, snig, snake, ON.
snigil, N. snije!, sniel, all apparently
In vulgar slang snack or snap is booty, from Swiss schſtaken, schnaaggen, to
share, portion, any articles out of which creep, go on all fours, crawl; AS. snican,
 SNARE SNATCH 61 I

to creep, as Du. slecke, a snail, from G. sound of an object rapidly turning through
schleichen, to creep. the air, of which different modifications
Snake. AS. snaca, ON. smakr, smokr, are represented by syllables framed on the
Da. smog, Sanscr. naga, a snake. AS. vowels a, i, u, according as the sound is
snican, to creep. of a sharper or a duller nature. Pl.D.
Snap. See Snack. snarren, to whirr like a spinning-wheel, to
Snapsack. Originally, perhaps, a beg grumble, mutter, to pronounce the r in
gar's wallet. ON. snapa, to seek one's the throat; G. schmarren, to make a harsh
living ; smaſ, scanty pasture, begged noise like that of a rattle, or a string jar
scraps. See Knapsack. ring ; to cry like a missel-thrush or a
To Snape.—Sneap. To nip with cold, corn-crake; OE. to snarre, as a dogge
to check, rebuke, properly to cut short. A doth under a door when he sheweth his
step-mother snapes her step-children of teeth.-Palsgr. Hence, in a secondary
their food. To snapſe, to nip as frost application, ON. smara, to whirl, hurl,
does. Du. snippen, to nip. De wind turn, twist. N. smara seg iſof, to snarl
sniff in't angezºgt, the wind cuts one's or twist up like thread; smara eit baand,
face. to twist a rope.
Scharp soppis of sleet and of the smy?pand snaw. With the other vowels we have Pl.D.
D. V. 200. 55.
smirren, to whirr like a thing whirling
Da. dial. smeve, snevve, to clip, cut short, round, to lace, to draw a string tight ;
to cut one's hair, to nip or dwarf with smirre, a lace, a noose. Pl.D. snurren,
cold, to give one a reproof. At snyffe or to whirr like a spinning-wheel, buzz like
snevve een aſ, to cut one short, set him a fly, snore ; Sw. snorra, to whirr, hum,
down. N. snikka, to cut, also to repri and thence to spin round, to whirl; snorra,
mand, to put one to shame. In Suffolk a spinning-top. G. schnur, Sw, smöre, a
the word is sniff. “The frost ha' sniff string or lace. See next article.
them tahnups.” Also in the sense of To Snarl. The final / is merely an
checking or rebuking.—Moor. element implying continuance of action,
The sense of cutting short may be as in Fr. miau/er, to cry miau A. E. Aneel
attained in two ways: 1. From the sharp from Ánee, whirl from whirr, &c. To
snap of a pair of scissors, or the blow by smar/ like a dog was formerly smar, as
mentioned in the last article. The term
which the cut is given; and, 2. From an
abrupt movement leading to the notion is then applied in the same way as the
of a projection or point, then to that of simpler form, to the idea of twisting, curl
removing the point or stump, or reducing ing, entangling. To ruffle or snarl as
to a stump, as explained under Snub. over-twisted thread.—Cot. “Lay in wait
to snarl him in his sermons.”—Becon in
From Bav. Schnau//en, snout or ex
tremity, is formed g’schnauffet, nipped by Hal. Snarl, a snare—Hal. ; Sc. snorſ,
the frost, which seems the true equivalent a snare, difficulty, scrape; snurl, to ruffle,
of E. smeaped or snaped. Bav. schne/pen, wrinkle ; snurlie, knotty.
schmippen, to make a short sudden move Northern blasts the ocean snurl.—Ramsay.
ment, gives schiteff, Pl.D. snibbe, snippe, Pl.D. snärk'n, to snarl as thread.—Dan
beak or point, so that even snift may be neil. Henneberg schmarren, to shrink, to
explained in the sense of cutting off the crumple up. On a similar principle to
point, docking, curtailing. the above, Da. AEurre, to coo like a dove;
Snare. ON. smara, a cord, snare, AEurre, a knot, twist, tangle in thread.
springe ; Du. smare, a cord, string of a Snast.—Snace.—Snat. The snuff of
musical instrument; Fris. smar, a noose. a candle; snasty, cross, snappish; smatted,
The designation of cord or string may be snub-nosed. Parallel forms are seen in
taken from the notion of twisting or turn Anast or gnast, the snuff or wick of a
ing, in two ways, viz. either from the twist candle (emunctorium, lichinus—Pr. Prm.);
ing of the fibres in the formation of the Pol. Anota, wick or snuff of a candle ;
string, or from the notion of its use in Lith. Anatas, wick; Pl.D., Da. Anast, a
twisting round and entangling, or con knot in wood. The radical meaning
fining another object. Thus from the should be a knot or tuft of fibrous mate
verbs to twist, to twine, the name of twist rial used as a wick, then the burnt por
or twine is given to various kinds of thin tion of the wick that is snuffed off. The
cord. In the same way Sw, smo, to twist, same equivalence of an initial sm and gn
twine, entangle; sno, string, twist; hatsmo, or Án is seen in snag and Ánag, snarl and
hat-string. arl.
The ultimate origin is the whirring To Snatch. See Snack.
39 •
61.2 SNATHE SNICK
To Snathe.—Snaze. NE. smaſhe, smaze, then (like E. snook) to go about with the
sned, to prune trees. Westerwaldschmasen, head down, to sneak or skulk about.
schnase/n, ausschnase/n, Cimbr. smoazen, Again, ON. snºffa, to scent, to ferret out,
snozen, smoazeln, to prune, to lop trees ; explains E. dial. sneving, sneaking; snezil,
ON. smeis, branch or twig of tree; aſ a snail. See Snce.
smeisa, to cut off branches, to prune; To Sneap. See Snape.
Silesian schºlaſ, twigs, branches, lop ; Bav. Sneb. See Snub.
schnaifen, to prune, lop, hack; geschnaffel, To Sneck. To latch a door; snecket,
geschnaite/, E. dial, snattocks, crums, frag the latch. From the clicking sound made
ments, scraps. by the latch in falling to, on which ac
Snead. – Sneath. The handle of a Count it was also called clicket, and in Fr.
scythe, not the short projections by which /ogizeſ.
it is held in the E. form of the implement, To Snee.—Snie.—Snive.—Snew. To
and therefore the AS. sma'a', a bit, seems snie with lice, to swarm or abound. “The
hardly to afford a satisfactory explana room was as full as it could smize.”—Mrs
tion. Baker. Szlew is used by Chaucer in the
To Sneak. AS. snican, to creep; smā same sense, where it is commonly ex
cendie wyrm: (acc.), a creeping worm ; plained as a met. from snowing.
Swiss schna/en, schºlaaggen, schºo/*gen, Withoutin bake meat never was his house
to creep ; sºnage, schºlaagøohne, creep Of fishe and fleshe, and that so plented use,
ing kidney-bean. Gael. sºld g, swidig, to It shewed in his house of mete and drink.
creep, crawl, sneak; sºld gair, one who The true explanation is to be found in
creeps along, a lazy fellow ; Ir. snaighām, Ir, snaighām, to crawl; E, dial. sneving,
to creep or crawl. sneaking ; snevil, a snail.
The radical signification seems to be To Sneer. Properly to snarl, to ex
going along like a dog scenting his way press ill-temper, to laugh scornfully. To
with his nose to the ground, sniffing for sneer, to make wry faces; sneering match,
victuals or what can be picked up. Fris. a grinning match.-Forby. Pl. D. snar
snicke, smöke, suic/je, to sniff; Westerwald ren, to mutter, grumble, snarl, Da. snarre,
sch/lauckert, to sniff, to seek for victuals. to snarl, growl. Fr. ricaner, to sneer, is
E. dial. smazºº, sneak, to sniff, smell; explained by Palsgr. to snarre as a dogge
snook, smoke, to smell or search out, to pry doth under a door when he showeth his
about curiously, to look closely at any teeth. By Cotgrave it is understood in
thing, to lie hid. See Snook. ON. snikya, the sense of E. snicker, or snigger, to
to hanker after, to Spunge or seek meanly laugh in a suppressed way, being explain
for entertainment; at snikya mutu, to ed to giggle, tighy (tee-hee).
sniff after bribes. The idea of meanness There she gave mony a nicker and sneer.
arises from the dog being deterred by no Rise up, quo' the wife, thou lazy lass,
rebuffs when he is sniffing after food. Let in thy master and his mare.
N. Han ſº ºffe vera ty//jen so snikye Smiggeren and sneeren, speaking con
skal: he must not be sensitive who would temptuously of others.--Moor.
spunge, or sniff after food. The meta To Sneeze. Du. miegen, G. miesent, to
phor is distinctly seen in the slang term sneeze; nieseln, to snuffle, to speak
of an area sneak, one who pries into areas through the nose. ON. hniosa (of cattle),
for what he can pick up. ON. snaka, to to sneeze. From a representation of the
sniff about, then to creep or move over sound of air driven through the nose. Da.
the surface like fire. E/air snakadi um snuse, to snuff, sniff; snutts, Gael. smaois,
AE/ard; theira : the fire crept over their Sc. sneeshin, E. dial. syrush, snuff.
clothes. Da. stage, to snuff about, rum Snell. Sc. site//, sharp, severe, pierc
mage; shagen, prying, pilfering ; suige, ing ; properly, energetic in action, rapid.
Berinus answered smell.—Chaucer.
to convey privately; at sztige sine warer
ind, to smuggle in his wares; at snige G. schnell, It. smello, sudden, quick, agile.
sig bort, to sneak off. Tyven smeg sig G. schmall represents the sound of a snap,
ind i huset om maſteſt, the thief sneaked whence schnellen, to move with a snap,
into the house at night; snigvei, a secret to spring or bound. Bav. scholaſ!, a snap
path; snigeride feder, a slow, creeping with the fingers, a loud sudden noise;
fever. derschnellen, to burst. — Schm. Swiss
In the same way from G. Schnauſen, to schna//, the snap of a spring or a vicious
snuff, sniff, Westerwald schnaiſſer, a sly dog ; in schna//, in a moment, in a snap;
person ; schnauſen gehem, to go on the schnel/en, to snap.
sly, to go a stealing. ON. snd ſa, to sniff, Snick,--Smoc The sound of a smart
 SNICKER SNITE 613
crack or blow is represented by the syl make out what you can of it ! equivalent
lables Awtack, Anicé, Anock, snack, snick, to Go look ask about ! from schmecken,
stock, the final A often changing for a g; to sniff, to smell. Du. snicken, E. snucke,
and when the blow is given with a sharp to sniff, scent out like a dog.—Kil. See
implement, the knock becomes a hack or Snook. ON. sºld/a, to sniff, to trace by
chop. scent; snºſadu hedan, pack off, begone.
W. cnic, cnicell, a slight rap, a pecker, To Snip. To miſ, snip, clip, are all
anything that smacks. G. schnicken, to formed on the same plan representing the
snap the fingers, to snip—Sanders ; Sc. sharp click of a pair of blades coming to
swieck, smeg, to cut with a sudden stroke gether in the act of snipping. Du. A nip
of a sharp instrument ; sneck, smeg, a cut, Aert, to snap the fingers, to give a fillip,
notch. N. suicka, to cut, to work with a also, as sniffen, to snip or clip. G.
knife. Flem. snoecken, to cut, lop, prune. séâniºen, to crackle, to snap the fingers,
E. dial. to smag, snig, to cut off lateral fillip. Bav. in einem schmiffs, in a mo
branches.--Wilbraham. In Staffordshire ment ; schºtifſen, to snip, to sip, to pilfer.
snig is the cut herbage of sedges, and a Snipe. Dusneſſe,snéphoen, G.schneſſe,
smigłob is a tussock of growing sedge. snipe, a bird distinguished by the length
.Smiddle, long coarse grass, stubble.—Hal. of its bill. Pl.D. sniffe, sniče, beak,
Austrian schnegern, to whittle with a also snipe. So Fr. bec, beak, becasse, óe
knife. Gael. snagain, to carve wood. NE. cassine, woodcock, snipe. Bav. Schneſſ,
snick, a notch, a cut ; S.E. snig, to cut, to schneſ/en, the beak, bill, from schneſſen,
chop. – Hal. Snocé, a knock, a smart schne//en, to make a short quick move
blow.—Jennings. Snotch, a notch. Manx ment; schniſſºn, to pick. Du. staðen,
snig, a fillip, a sharp stroke or blow; smeg, to peck, to snap ; snabòe, smeåøe, beak.
a latch. To Smite.—Snot.—Snout. The de
To Snicker.—Snigger. These forms signations of the mucus of the nose and
represent the broken sound of suppressed of the nose itself, the snout or nose and
laughter, of a mare whinnying to her foal, mouth of animals, are commonly taken
of a horse at the approach of his corn. from a representation of the sound made
Sc. smocker, to snort, to breathe high in snifting or drawing air through the
through the nostrils; nicker, micher, to nose impeded by mucus. Thus from
neigh, to laugh in a loud and ridiculous Pl. D. snurren, snorem, to snore, we have
manner.—Jam. spiterre, the nose or snout, and Sw, snor,
Snickup.–Sneckup. 1. A represent mucus of the nose. From G. schnauben,
ation of the sound of the hiccup. A to snuff, E. dial. snob, to sob, we have
charm for the hiccup is ‘Hickup, snickup, snoë, snot, and G. Schnabeſ, beak, snout ;
three sups in a cup are good for the hick from Du. snuyzen, snuffºn, to snuff or
up.'. Then taking the hickup as the type sniff, are derived snuyve, smoſ, rheuma,
of the least possible malady, to say of a catarrhus, running at the nose, E. snive/,
man that he has got the swickups, means and Du. snavel, Pl. D. snuff, the nose,
rather that he fancies himself ill than that snout. From Pl. D. snorken, to snore,
he is really so.--Forby. Du. hikken, Sw. snorka, to snift, Bav. Schnurke/n, to
sničken, to hickup ; sničáen, also to sob, draw the air or mucus through the nose
to gasp. Pl. D. snićen, snu//en, to sob; with a certain sound, to sniff, snore, snuffle,
snuſº/ºu/, s/u/.41%, the hiccup. — Brem. Nuremberg schologc/n, to speak through
Wtb. the nose (Brem. Wtb. in snurren), Lith.
2. Sneckuſ, or snickup is used interjec szlargãoſi, to snift, we pass to Lith. smar
tionally in the sense of begone ! away g/ys, snot, Sw. snork (properly snout),
with you ! (Forby), as by Sir Toby Belch extremity. From Du. snicken, Fris. snicke,
to Malvolio when he comes lecturing him to sniff, Sc. snocker, to breathe high
and his companions in their drunken through the nose, to Lith. snukkis, Cimbr.
orgies : “Give him money, George, and smacko, Swiss schneicke, snout. From Da.
let him go snickup.” “No, Michael, let smuse, to sniff, Lap. snusotet, to snite or
thy father go snickup.”—Knight of Burn blow the nose, to Pl.D. smuss, the snout.
ing Pestle, B. and F. in N. In the same way we have Pl.D. smoſ
The expression may perhaps be eluci ferent, to make a noise in the nose when
dated by Bav. schmeck's Z an interjection impeded with mucus, to sniſter; E. snot
used in exactly the same way, being ren ter, to cry, to snivel (Craven Gl.), to
dered by Schmeller, I have no answer for breathe hard through the nose, to snort.
you, that is nothing to me. The force of
the word is sniff find out for yourself : Close by the fire his easy-chair too stands,
614 SNIVEL SN OOZE
In which all day he snotters, nods, and yawns. snorkinn, shrunk, contracted. N. snorka,
Ramsay.
to snift, snort, grumble, scold ; szteréa,
G. schmattern, schnadern im kothe, to to shrink. With the final guttural ex
muddle like ducks in the mud; Swab. changed for a labial, Bav. Schmoºſezen,
schnudern, to dabble in mud ; Bav. schnurſe/n, to snift, snifter; schmierſen,
schnudern, schnode/n, to draw breath schnar//en, schnum/./en, Da. snerpe, to
through the impeded nose. “So si den contract or shrink; snempe mundem sam
atum hart haben un schnudrent durch
men, to purse up the mouth; Du. Smerpen,
die nasen.”—Schm. Swiss schnudern, to to make one smart, to pinch. NE. to
Snivel, to snift in crying; Bav. schnauden, smen?le, to shrivel up.–Hal. Compare
to draw breath, Snort, pant. ON. snudda, also Lat. ringor, to grin, to be in ill
smudra, Bav. Schmitten, to sniff about, to humour, to wrinkle, shrivel.
search. Gael. snot, smell, snuff the wind, Snob. In Suffolk a journeyman shoe
suspect; snoitean, a pinch of snuff. Lap. maker; in slangish language used in the
smodéeset, to snift; smudéjet, to sniff out, sense of a coarse vulgar person. Sc.
to trace by scent. snab, a cobbler's boy. The proper mean
From these we pass to Bav. schnuder, ing of the word is simply a boy, then,
schnudel, Du. snodder, snot, snut, Pl.D. like G. Knappe, a journeyman or work
snotte, Da, snat, snot, ON. snyta, snot, the man, servant. E. dial. snap, a lad or servant,
mucus of the nose, and ON. snudr, Bav. generally in an ironical sense.—Hal. The
schnuder, schmud, Pl. D. snute, Du.smuite, ultimate meaning of the word seems to
G. schnautze, the snout. G. schnaitzen, be a lump of a boy. Snap, a small piece
Du. snutten, smuiten, Pl.D. smitten, ON. of anything (frustulum—Coles). — Hal.
smyta, to snite, to blow the nose and See Knave.
cleanse it from mucus, and thence to To Snook. — Snoke. To smell, to
snuff a candle, are pretty equally related search out, pry into—Hal. ; to lie lurk
both to snout and snot, and perhaps may ing for a thing.—B. ‘Halener, to vent,
have been developed simultaneously with snook, wind, smell, or search out.”— Cot.
those forms from the same radical image. Nicto, to smoke as houndes dooth.-Ortus
From Gael. snot, snuff the wind, Bav. in Hal.
smitten, N. snufra, to sniff, search, may The sound of sharply drawing the
be explained Goth, snutr, AS. smotor, breath, as in sobbing, snifting, sniffing,
sagacious, prudent, an exact equivalent is represented by the syllable snik, smuk ;
of Lat. sagaa, keen at following the and from the figure of sniffing the air is
Scent.
very generally expressed the idea of
Snivel. Besides the ordinary sense of searching about, especially seeking for
snifting, drawing up the mucus audibly delicacies or eatables, prying curiously
through the nose, especially in crying, into things. Pl.D. snikken, smukken, to
snive! is used in Northamptonshire in Sob ; Du. snicken, to sob, gasp, sniff,
the sense of shrink, shrivel. Fruit that scent out.—Kil. E. dial. smeke
is over-ripe and withered is said to be ing], a cold in the head. Swiss schneicken,
É. snift

smivel’d up ; flannel smivels up in wash schneuggen, to sniff like dogs or pigs;

ing. “I’m so cold I could smivel into a schneicke, schneugge, Lith. snukkis, the
nut-shell.’
nose or snout. Da. dial. smöke, to trace
How snivelled and old he looks.-Mrs Baker.
by scent; at ſaae, en snök aſ mogeſ, to
This is one of the numerous cases in get wind of something ; smykke, to snuff
which the idea of contraction is expressed tobacco. N. snik, Smell; snikya, to han
by the drawing up the nose and mouth ker after. Lap. smitogget, to scent, trace
in the act of grinning, snarling, snifting, by scent like a dog, pry into ; Sw, smoka,
sniveling. Da, smage, ON. snaka, to snuff about,
A kind of cramp when the lips and nostrils are rummage, search. E. dial. smawk, sneak,
pulled and drawne awry like a dog's mouth when snuck, to smell. Fris. snicke, smöke,
he snarreth.-Nomenclature, 1585, in N. snickje, to sniff.
Bav. schmarkeln, to snore ; schmurkeln To Snooze. To slumber, nap.–Wor
schniirkeln, to draw the air or mucus cester. Snoozing, nestling and dozing,
through the nose with a certain noise, to lying snug and warm.—Mrs Baker. Lith.
sniff, snore, snift, pry, shrink; schnurkel, smudau, smusi, snusti, to fall asleep, to
a wrinkled old woman ; G. schmörke/, a doze; smausti, to be sleepy ; snuals, a
volute in Architecture. ON. med smerk dozer, dreamer.
fanda meſ, with upturned nose; sner/ja, The word may spring from the same
pain that makes one wry the mouth ; origin in a representation of the sound of
 , SNORE SNUB 615
breathing, by two different courses, viz. the first instance, a short abrupt sound,
1st, direct from the deep breathing of a then applied to a sudden movement
person in sleep, as in the case of OE. abruptly stopped, then an abrupt projec
swough, Sc. solºff, signifying, in the first tion or stump. To snub is, then, to re
place, breathing heavily, and then sleep. duce to a stump, to cut short, as Sw.
In the same way Bav.//hausen, to breathe stympa, to dock or mutilate, from stump,
deep through the nose, is used exactly as a snag or stump.
E. snooze, in the sense of comfortable In the sense of a short abrupt sound
sleep. ‘Als er einest bey nachtlichem we may cite E. dial. snob or snub, Swiss
weise in dem warmen federbethp/nauste.” schnupſ, a sob, passing to the idea of
as he nightly snoozed in the warm feather abrupt movement in Swiss auf den
bed. schnupſ, Da. i en snuff, in a moment, at a
On the other hand, the sense may be blow, and in Sw, dial. snubba, snabò/a,
taken from the figure of an infant sniffing snubbla, sna/p/a, sno/p/a, snuff/la, to
after food, and pressing close to its mo stumble. Then, as stumble and stump
ther's breast. Dan. snuse, to snuff, sniff, are connected together, we have Sc. smað,
and, in a secondary sense, to sniff out, to the projecting part of a rock or hill, a
pry; E. dial. snowze, to pry into, to ferret rough point ; E. sauð, a jag or snag.
about. ‘Don’t come snowzing after me.’ His dreadful club
—Mrs Baker. N. sauska, snus/a, snufra, All armed with ragged snubs and knotty grain.
to sniff or pry after eatables. ON. snudda, F. Q.
smudra, Bav. snaudent, to sniff, scent out;
E. smuddle, to nestle (Hal.); muddle, to A snubnose is a stumpy nose. Sw, dial.
nestle, to fondle, as when a child lays its snubba, nubba, a short tobacco pipe, a
head on the bosom of its nurse; muzzle, dumpy woman. Hence ON. snubba, to
to creep closely, as an infant in the bosom reduce to a stump or snub, to cut short ;
of its nurse or mother. — Mrs Baker. snubbottr, Da. snubbed, stumpy.
Pl.D. smusse/n, to sniff after, to trace by The heads and boughs of trees—towards the
scent; smusselije, niceties, tit-bits; smuss, sea are so snubbed by the winds as if the boughs
had been pared or shaven off-Ray in Todd.
the snout ; herum smusse/n, to pry about.
Dat kind smusself an dem titte: the child Da. snubbe aſ, Sw, dial. snubba, to cur
nuzzles or Snuggles up to the breast. E. tail, to dock; snubba, a cow without horns;
snoozling, nestling.—Hal. snubbug, snubbitt (of cattle), wanting
The association of the idea of seeking horns ; snuv-drug, having short stumpy
for food with those of warmth and sleep earS.

is derived from the earliest period of the To snub or snič is then figuratively to
infant's life. See Snug. set down or reprimand, take one up short,
To Snore. — Snort. Smorf bears the cut off his excuses, &c. Sw, snubba, Da.
same relation to snore as sniſt to sniff, dial. snibbe, Fris. snubbe, snobbe, snope,
the addition of the final t intimating a aſsnope, to set one down, as a too forward
separate act as distinguished from the child, to give a sharp reproof; snoff, snuff,
continuous action of snore or sniff. “In ashamed, cast down. It is the same
the smirt of a cat,' in a moment. metaphor when we speak of being com
Swiss schmodern, to snore, sniff, snort; pletely stumped, being cut short, reduced
schnerre, Pl.D. snurre, the snout, nose; to a nonplus.
snurren, to whirr like a spinning-wheel, The foregoing is, I believe, the true ex
to snore in sleep; smoren, snorken, G. planation of the connection between the
schnarchen, Lap. snoret, snorret, to snore; verb to snub or snió, and forms like Du.
Sw, snor, mucus of the nose; Pl.D. smir snabòe, snebbe, Bav. Schnau//en, ON.
ren, to whirr; snarren, to grumble, mutter. smoppa, the snout ; otherwise there is a
Snot. See Snite. close analogy between a sharp reprimand
Snout. See Snite. and a slap in the face, blow in the chops,
Snow. I. G. schnee, ON. smiór (snjóva, as shown in It. nasada, Venet. musta2
smjóa, to snow), Goth. snaivs, Pol. snjeg, zada, a rebuff, from maso, and mustazza,
Lith, smegas, Gael. sneachd, Lat. ni.r, a snout, respectively. Pol. buzia, the
mivis (ningere, to snow), Gr. vipác, a mouth; buzować, to snub. Swiss schnautz,
snowflake. a rough reproof; schnautze, snout ; an
2. Pl. I), snau, a kind of ship, originally schnautzen, to speak roughly to one ;
a beaked ship, from snau, beak, snout. Dorsetsh. snout, to snub—Hal. ; and we
Snub. Snub is a word analogous to might be inclined to explain a snubbing
jag, fog, job, snag, &c., representing, in as a figurative application of ON. snop
616 SNU DGE SOAP

fºungr, a blow on the chops; Gloucest. Betwixt them two the peeper took his nest
snouf, a blow on the head.—Hal. Where snugging well he well appeared content.
Sidney.
To Snudge. To smudge along, to
walk looking downward and poring as Hence snug, warm and close, sheltered,
though the head was full of business—B., concealed. The ultimate origin is the
marcher d’un air rampant et pensif.- figure of snooking or sniffing after food.
Miège. To smudge over the fire, to keep See Snook. Westerwald schnaucken, to
close to it. To nudge or smudge, to hang sniff after eatables, to eat ; schnaucker,
down the head.—Mrs Baker. one who pokes his nose everywhere ;
The primitive meaning seems to be schmuckeln, to seek after delicacies, to suck
going along with the face bent to the at the breast; schnuckler, a person with
earth like a dog tracing out the scent, a lickerish tooth, an infant at the breast ;
then looking closely after, seeking greedily schmucke/es waare, lollipops. Bav.
for, leading to the use of smudge in the schmucke/n, to suck, lick, eat with plea
sense of a miser. ON. 'smugga, smudda, sure; abschnucke/n einen, to devour with
Da. snuse, to sniff, snuff, search out; kisses; schnuckes, a darling. Sw, smugga,
smugga til eines, to have hope of some to play the parasite, to sponge ; smugga
thing. N. snuska, smusſa, to sniff out, sig fi/ magat, to get a thing by fawning.
search for something to eat. From the See Snooze.
latter sense must be explained the familiarSo. Goth. swa, AS. swa, ON. swa, swo,
E. muzzle, muddle, to creep closely or G. so, Fr. It, si, Lat. sic. Gael. so, this,
snugly, as an infant in the bosom of its these ; an so, here ; gu so, hither, to this
mother. place; mar so, thus, in this manner. So Z
She muzzleth herself in his bosom. here, see here, take this. Fr. ce, OFr. ſo,
Stafford's Niobe.
Prov. aisso, so, this. Fin. se, he, that.
We then pass to the idea of grovelling, Esthon. se, the, this ; sel Åombeſ, sedala
going along in a dejected way with the wisi (in this wise), sis, so. In vulgar
head down. language, a person says, “I was that
Sir Roger shook his ears and muzzled along, angry” for so angry, angry in that degree.
well satisfied that he was doing a charitable work. So..—Soa. A tub with two oars to
—Arbuthnot in Todd. How he goes nuddling carry on a stang.—B. ON. sagr, sér, Da.
along.—Mrs Baker.
saa, tub, pail, bucket; not to be con
The passage from the idea of sniffing founded with Fr. seau, a bucket, formerly
to that of a miser is shown in Du. snicken, séel, from situſa,
to sniff, to scent, and Sw, snikas, to be To Soak. To drain through or into,
greedy of gain; sniken, greedy, avaricious, to imbibe or suck up, to cause to imbibe.
stingy, mean. E. dial. sock, the drainage of a farmyard;
To Snuff—Sniff. From a representa socky, wet ; sog, a quagmire ; sogged,
tion of the sound made by drawing soaked with wet. G. and ON. sog, the
breath through the nose. Du. snoffen, sink of a ship, lowest place that receives
snuffert, snuffelen, snuyzen, to breathe the drainings of the ship ; sóggr, wet ; G.
through the nose, to trace by scent; sogen, socken (in salt works), to drip, to
snaffen, snuffºn, to sob ; snoſ, scent, drain; siekern, sickern, in Hesse sockern,
perception by scent ; smoeven, smuyven, to leak, trickle, soak through ; Gael. sièg,
to take breath ; snoff, snuff, cold in the suck, imbibe ; siègh, juice, sap, moisture;
head, running at the nose—Kil. ; Fr. as a verb, suck in, drink up, drain, dry ;
remiſler, miſler, to sniſter, snuff up, snivel. sºghadh nan tonn, as ON. sog, the flux
OE. nevelynge with the nose.— Pr. Pm. G. and reflux of the waves. Manx sooghey
schnauben, schnauſen, schmieben, to snuff, soo, to suck, steep, soak; W. swg, a soak
snort, huff, puff and blow. Emungere, or imbibing ; swgio, to soak, to become
snuben, snutten de masen.—Dief. Supp. soaked; soch, E. sough, a sink or drain.
Schnuffeln, schmiiffeln, to snuffle, speak Soap. Du. geeſ, G. seiſe, Lat. sapo(n),
through the nose; schnupſen, to snuff up, w. Sebon, Gael. siabunn, siopuzin, soap.
a cold in the head; schnuppe, the snuff Bret. soav, soa, sua, tallow; soazon, stan,
of a candle; schnuppen, ºffen, to be of. soap. Fr. suiſ, tallow ; savon, soap. W.
fended at a thing, to snuff at it; schnup swyſ, scum, foam, yeast, also suet.
fern, to snivel. Pl.D. snuff, snuffº, nose, Soap was regarded by the Latins as a
Snout. Celtic invention, and therefore it is rea
Snug.—Snuggle. To smuggle is to sonable that we should look to the latter
nestle, to lie close, like an infant pressing class of languages for an explanation of
itself to its mother's bosom. the name. ‘Prodest et sapo. Gallorum
 SOAR SOIL 617
hoc inventum, rutilandis capillis, ex coſo, a clog. Fr. socque, a sock or sole of
sevo et cinere."—Plin. Martial calls it dirt cleaving to the bottom of the foot in
Batavian scum or foam. a cloggy way.—Cot.
Et mutat Latias spuma Batava comas. The proper meaning of the word seems
to be a clog or block, as in It. Socco, Prov.
To Soar. It sorare, to soar or hover soc, soca, Fr. souche, a stock or stump of
in the air like a hawk. Fr. essorer, to air a tree ; Lang. solac, a block of wood, a
or weather, to expose to the air, and so hack-block. A clog or wooden shoe is,
to dry, to mount or soar up, also, being on the same principle, in Du. called
mounted, to fly down the wind. – Cot. //ock, ho/ö/ock, in G. Alofsschuh, from
Prov. eisaurar, essaureiar, to lift into the A:/o/2, a log ; in Gr. 7&okapov, from Tºokov,
air, to raise. From aura, air. a stump of a tree, a log.
To Sob. A representation of the sound. The sense of a stump or stock is taken
Sober. Lat. sobrius, sober, as edrius, from the idea of a projection, an abrupt
drunk. No plausible explanation is of movement suddenly checked. Pl.D. suá,
fered of either. a syllable expressing the idea of a jog or
Sobriquet. Fr. sobriyºteſ, a nickname. jolt. Of a rough trotting horse they say,
Norm. bruchet, the bole of the throat, Dat geit jummer sité / silk / it goes
breast-bone in birds. Foulersus /'brucheſ, always jog jog Suáže/n, to jog along,
to seize by the throat. Hence soubriqueſ, to stumble. A similar resemblance is
sobriquet, [properly a chuck under the seen between stump and stumb/e.
chin, then] a quip or cut given, a mock or Socket. The base upon which a can
flout, a jest broken on a man, [finally] a dle is fixed like a tree upon its stump.
nickname.—Cot. ‘Percussit super men Fr. soucheſ, souchon, souchette, Lang.
tonem faciendo dictum le soubrigueſ.”— soukeſe, a little stock or stump of a tree;
Act A.D. 1335 in Archives du Nord de la Fr. souche, Prov, soc, soca, stump. See
Fr. iii. 35. “Donna deux petits coups last article.
appelés souðzóriyuets des dois de la main Sod. Pl.D. sode, sāe, Du. sode, soede,
sous le menton.”—Act A.D. 1335, ibid. in Fris. saſha, a turf. Gael. sod, a turf, a
Hericher Gloss. Norm. In the same way clumsy person; sodach, a robust or clumsy
soubarðe, the part between the chin and man; sodair, a strong-built man ; sodag,
the throat; a check, twitch, jerk given to a clout, a pillion or pannel.
a horse with his bridle ; endurer une Soda. Sp. soda, sosa (from Lat. sa/sa),
soubarðe, to endure an affront.—Cot. So Mid. Lat. sa/sola, seaside plants, from
also Gael. smeaehar, the chin, smead/ar whose ashes soda was made.
anachd, a taking too great a liberty with Sodden. See Seethe.
one, as taking one by the chin. Sofa. Arab. sofah.
Soccage. See Sock, I. Soft. Du. sacht, saſ, Pl.D. sagſ, G.
Social.--Society. Lat. socius, a com sacht, sanſ.
panion, fellow, mate. Soil. 1. Fr. sol, It. suolo, Lat. solum,
Sock. I. A ploughshare.-B. Fr. soc, ground, soil, foundation, sole of the foot.
the coulter or share of a plough, the 2. Fr. soil, sueil de sang/ier, the soil of
plough itself—Cot. From Gael. soc, a wild boar, the mire wherein he wallows;
snout, beak, chin, fore part of anything, se souiſ/er (of a swine), to take soil, to
plough-share; W. swch, snout, point; wallow in the mire. Da, stil, mire, mud ;
swch aradr, swch esgid, snout of a plough Sw. sºla, to wallow. Bav. solen sich (of
(ploughshare), point of a shoe. G. sec/, a stag), to cool himself by wallowing in
coulter. The plough turns up the land the water. To take soil, to run into the
like the snout of a pig. For the ultimate water as a deer when close pursued.—
origin of the word see Seek. Soccage, a B. Soa/, a dirty pond.—Hal. See next
tenure of land by inferior services in hus article.
bandry [by plough service] to be per To Soil.—Sully. 1. Fr. souiller, It.
formed to the lord of the fee.—B. sog/are (Fl.), OHG. solagón, M.H.G. sii/zi,
2. Lat. soccus, a kind of shoe ; Du. so/gen, Swiss sii/chen, Pl.D. såſen, sii//en,
socke, a sock, woollen covering for the feet. Du. solowen, settlewen, solen, ON. sola,
Prov. soc, a buskin, a wooden shoe; Da. sole, to daub, dirty. Swiss suſch, a
Soguier, a maker of sabots or wooden stain of dirt ; G. solung, the wallowing
shoes ; Cat, soch, soc, clog; Pied. soch, place of swine ; It. sugliardo, filthy. ON.
soca, socola, a clog or shoe with a wooden siz//a, to paddle, dabble, mess.
sole ; Ptg. socco, a wooden shoe, also, as The proper meaning of the word is
Fr. socle, the base of a pedestal ; It. 20c doubtless to dabble in the wet, and the
618 SOIL SOKE

primitive form is probably similar to that of flowing bowls, luxurious enjoyment,

shown in Sc. suddi//, suddle, G. sude/n, sated appetite.
sudde/m, südde/n, (Brem. Wtb.), Du, soete Both branches of the metaphor are ex
Zen, to daub, sully, stain, from a repre hibited in Pl.D. smudden, smudde/n,
sentation of the sound of dabbling in smuſſen, to dabble, splash about, dirty,
water. Bav, suffern, sottern, to boil a also to eat and drink copiously, to live
gallop, make a noise in boiling ; to gug luxuriously ; Du. smuſ, gluttony; smul,
gle out of a narrow-necked bottle; suff, smuſ zan dranke, ebrius, obrutus vino,
a puddle. thoroughly drunk. — Kil. Smullen, to
The elision of the d is palpably shown soil oneself; to make good cheer, to gor
in Bav. sude/n, suſ'n, to dirty, to boil (in mandise [and hence to satiate oneself];
a contemptible sense), Pl.D. smuda'e/n, Zºº heb er van gesmuſd, I have had my
smullen, to smear, dirty, dabble. In a belly-full of it.—Bomhoff. Smullbroer, a
similar manner Fr. mouiller, E. moil, boon companion, lickerish fellow. In the
maul, to wet, dabble, dirty, must be re same way from forms like Sw. sudda, Pl.
garded as contracted from forms like D. sudde/n, sodaſe/n, soete/em (Brem.
muddle, mada/e, originally imitating the Wtb.), to dabble, we pass to the contract
sound of dabbling in the wet. ed sôlen, used in both senses. Besòſen,
For a parallel series of similar origin to bedabble, to dirty, also to swill one
see Sallow. self with drink; só/g, drunken; sółłroe,
It is not improbable that Lat. solum (as Du. smit///roeſ), sºgast, a boon com
belongs to the same stock with the fore panion. With these last may be compared
going, having originally signified mud, E. swil/bowl, swiſ/tub, a drunkard ; to
then ground, lowest place, foundation. swill, to wash or rinse, to drink copiously;
To Soil. 2. To feed cattle with green swill, hog's wash, swiller (exactly equiva
food in the stall. In Suffolk it signifies lent to Fr. souillard), a scullion.—Hal.
to fatten completely; soiling, the last fat Sw. sala, to wallow, dabble, bedaub ; also
tening food given to fowls when they are to Sot, to guttle ; N. sulla, satiated, drunk.
taken up from the barn-door and cooped. It is hard to separate the series here
—Forby. In this sense of high-fed, stall given from Fr. saoul, soul, sated, drunk. **
ed, it is used by Shakespeare. Soul comme tºne grive, as drunk as an
The fitchew nor the soiled horse goes to 't
owl. But if the forms are truly analogous,
With a more ravenous appetite.—Lear. we must suppose that the root sat, ap
pearing in Lat. satur, satiari, satu//us,
E. dial. soul, to satisfy with food.—Hal. was derived from a form like satullare,
The origin is undoubtedly Fr. saouler, originally (like Pl.D. suddelm, sodale/n, Du.
Prov. Sadollar, Lat. safuſ/o, to glut, sa soete/en, Bav. sottern, suffern) represent
tiate. Prov. sadol, Fr. soul, It. safollo, ing the agitation of liquid. From this
Lat. satur, satullus, sated, full, fatted. source also would be explained the con
It is singular that even in this last tracted form shown in Fr. sale, Gael. sal,
sense the word seems ultimately to spring
dirty, Fr. salir, to dirty, E. sallow, which
from the same physical image of dab it is so difficult to keep apart from the
bling or wallowing in liquids. When series connected with Fr. souiller and E.
once man had become acquainted with su//y.
intoxicating liquors, abundance of drink To Sojourn. Fr. sejourner; It sog
would become the normal type of the giornare, OFr. sorjornier.—Chron. Ducs
highest luxury, and hence probably must de Norm. 2. 1 1607. Ed uimeis od mei
be explained the figures of bathing or surjurneros.-L. des Rois.
swimming in delight noticed under Gala. Soke. The privilege of holding a court
N. sum/a, to paddle, dabble, bathe, swim which the tenants of the lordship are
(Aasen), is in ON. applied to Pharaoh bound to attend, or the territory over
and his host overwhelmed by the billows which the duty of attending the court ex
of the sea. Sumladish: konungrinn—ſ tends. The soke of a mill is the territory
sióvarins bylgium. Hence sum/, sumöl, over which the tenants are bound to bring
drink, ale, a drinking bout. AS. symbel, their corn to be ground at a certain mill.
a feast, banquet, supper ; symbe/nys, a The word is derived from AS. socan, secant,
festival, solemnity. Tha symbe/mys massa to seek, and is equivalent to Mid. Lat.
sanges, the solemnity of the mass. From secta, Fr. suite, E. suit. Soca molendini
the image, then, of the splashing of liquids and secta modendini are both used for the
we pass, on the one hand, to the idea of soke of a mill. Soca placitorum and secta
filth and dirt, and, on the other, to that Alacitorum signify the right of holding a
 SOLACE SOOL 619
court to which the tenants of the lordship hollow ; solus, only, alone; Gr. 6\oc,
owe suit. Sw, soka, to seek, to bring a whole, entire.
suit at law. Solitary.—Solitude. Lat. solus, alone.
Solace. Lat. solor, to console, solace, Sollar. An upper room of a house.—
ease; solatium, It. solazzo, Fr. soulas, B. Properly simply a flooring, then ap
solace, sport, recreation. In Gael. the plied to floors or stages in different parts
particles so and do are used like et and of the house. It solaro, sol/ato, a floor
ëvc in Gr. Thus from leir, sight, percep or ceiling ; solare, a story of any build
tion, soilleir, bright, clear; doi//eir, dim, ing, from solare, to sole, to floor, or ceil.
dark, obscure ; só/as, comfort, cheerful —Fl. OFr. so/ier, so//ier, an upper floor,
ness, joy; dolas, woe, grief, mourning. ground floor, loft.
Solar. Lat. sol, the sun. Du. solder, so//er, lacunar, tabulatum,
Solder.—Sodder. Fr. soulder, souder, contignatio ; solderen, contignare, con
to soulder, consolidate, close or fasten to tabulare; et' in solario sive horreo con
gether.—Cot. It. sa/do, sodo, solid, firm ; dere.—Kil. Corn. so/er, a stage of boards
sa/dare, to fix, fasten, to stanch blood, in a mine.—Dief. Bret. s.6/, base, found
solder metals, starch linen, gum or stiffen ation, beam ; solier, ceiling, floor, loft.
silks, close or heal up a wound. — Fl. Solstice. Lat. solstitium, midsummer
Lat. solidus. or midwinter, the period at which the
Soldier. OFr. souldart, Norm. soldar, midday sun is stationary in the heavens,
soldier, one who receives pay. Eo son neither rising nor falling ; so/, sun, and
stao to soldaero.—Barsegapé (Milanese statio, standing.
3th cent.). It soldo, Fr. solde, pay, hire, Soluble. — Solution. -solve. Lat.
from solidus, Fr. sol, sou, a piece of solvo, solutum, to loosen, relax. Gr. Aëw,
money. to loosen, undo.
Sole. The basis of anything, floor of Some. Goth. sums, Swiss som, sum,
a mine, lower surface of the foot, of a Sw, som, som/ge, Du, sommig, some.
shoe, &c. Pl.D. sale, G. so/i/e, Lat. solea, Sw, som is used as a relative particle in
It. suola, Sw, sola, saila, sole of the foot the sense of that, as, so.
or of a shoe. Goth. Sulja, sandal; suſ Son. Goth., Lith, sunl/s, Russ. sifin,
fan, to found, to lay a foundation. w. Bohem. syn, Sanscr. stºnzº, son. Fin.
sa}/, foundation, groundwork; sei/gamu sindua, to be born ; sunnuſ/aa, Esthon.
(camiſ, to step), to tread a sole away ; sinni/ama, to beget. Sanscr. sit, to beget,
seſſ/ador (foundation of door), threshold ; to bear, bring forth ; ptcple past, suta,
seſſ/daar (daear, earth, ground), a found a son ; sutā, a daughter ; stºria, born,
ation, pile, a prop, explaining Pl.D. side, blown, budded (as a flower), a son ; suné,
G. sail/e, a column, pillar. a daughter.
The radical signification is probably
that of Lat. soluzu, the ground or earth, Song. See Sing.
from the origin explained under Soil. Songle. — Songow. A handful of
Sole. Lat. solus, only. gleaned corn.—B. Sc. single, s. s.-Jam.
Solecism. Gr. o.o.Aoukia uðc, a barbarism Du. sangh, sanghe, fasciculus spicarum.—
Kil. Bav. sånge/n, to glean ; sange/-
in speech ; from SöNotrol, dwellers at Soli, bitsche/, a bundle of gleaned corn. Sange,
a city in Cilicia, who had lost the puritymanipulus, gelima.-Gl. in Schmeller.
of the Attic speech. Swab. sange, a bundle of hemp.
Solemn. Lat. sol/emnis, solemnis, so The origin is Da. sanke, to gather, cull,
Jennis, what is done every year at a cer glean, pick. Sanke-ar, gleanings of corn,
tain time. Solemnia sacra dicuntur quae sam&ebrande, bundles of firewood, faggots.
certis temporibus annisque fieri solent.— Sw. samka, sam/a, to collect, gather, from
Festus. It then acquired the sense of the particle sam, in composition equiva
accustomed, authorised, formal. The de lent to Lat. con, Gr. avy ; samman, toge
rivation of the first syllable has been ther. Bav. sºmen, to collect, gather. Sami,
much disputed, whether from solus, only, sdiſtmaſ, manipulus.-Gl. in Schm.
according to the analogy of biennis, from Sonorous. -son-. Lat. son us, a sound;
&fs, twice, and annus, or from sol/o, which, somorus, sounding. Consortant, Dissonant,
according to Festus, signified all, whole, &c.
in Oscan.
Sool.—Sowl. Anything eaten with
Solicit. Lat. solicities, careful, troubled, bread. —B. The butter, cheese, &c.,
busy. eaten with the bread that forms the staple
Solid. Lat. solidus, whole, entire, not of a poor man's meal, is called sowſing
62O SOON SORE

in Pembrokeshire. Edulium, Anglice, On the same principle the word /u// is

sowy//e.—Nominale xv. cent., in Hal. derived from monotonous singing, la-la
Kam he nevere hom hand bare, la. Da. nynne, to hum a tune; It. nunnare,
That he ne broucte bred and sowel.
to sing, to lull or dandle children asleep.
Havelok, 767. N. hiſ//a, ſuſ/a, su//a, to hum, to lull.
Maria Egyptiaca eet in thyrty wynter It seems to be from some hazy feeling
Bote thre lytel loves, and love was her º: of the physical origin of the word that it
is so frequently used in the sense of calm
ON. suſ!, N. suvl, Sw, soſwel, Da. suu/, ing by sound.
anything eaten with bread. Sw, softa, to There is little doubt but the verse as well as
ScaSOn.
the lyre of David was able to soo!he the troubled
The origin of the term is shown in Bret. spirits to repose.—Knox, Ess, in R.
souðineſ, the sowling or sauce eaten with Ideal sounds
the brose or porridge that forms the prin Soft-waſted on the zephyr's fancy'd wing,
cipal part of a peasant’s diet. The sou Steal tuneful soothings on the easy ear.
Thomson.
dine/ consists of honey, melted butter, &c.,
and is commonly put in a hollow in the The godlike man they found
middle of the porridge, each spoonful of Pleased with the solemn harp's harmonious
sound :
which is dipped in the Soubinel as it is With this he soothes his angry soul.—Pope, Iliad.
eaten. From souba, to sop or dip.–Le Possibly Lat. sedare may have the same
gonidec. Goth. supon, OHG. so/ön, ga origin. See Seethe.
so/ön, to season food. Sowling is called To Sop. To dip into or soak in broth,
siftersauce in Cleveland. &c. Soft, bread soaked in broth, drip
Soon. Goth. sums, immediately, sunsei, ping, wine, or any liquid.--B. N. sabba,
as soon as ; AS. sona, soon. Du. saen, swabba, suðba, to paddle, dabble; subčen,
immediately, soon. soaked, wet. Goth. suffon, gastpon, to
Soot. Condensed smoke. Du. soeſ, season, properly to dip bread in sauce.
Pl.D. soft, sud, Sw, sot, Da. sod, Gael. Sw, softpa, broth, soup. N. soffta, bread
suith, Lith. sodi's. and milk. Pl.D. sa//en, to make a sound
Probably from Du. soefelen, Pl.D. sud like water in dabbling. Idt is so vuul
deſh, Sw, sudda, to dabble, dirty, in the up’r straten dat idt sa//et : it is so dirty
same way as the nearly synonymous smuſ, in the streets that it splashes audibly. De
from Pl.D. smudden, smudde/n, in the schoe sappet : it squashes in one's shoe.
same sense. The idea of staining or Sa//ig, soppy, plashy.
dirtying is expressed by the figure of Sophist. Lat. sophista, Gr. Gopiaric,
splashing or daubing with wet, and then from copičw, to teach wisdom ; copéc,
the name is given to soot as the most WISc.
staining or dirtying material. Soporiferous. Lat. sofio, -itum, to
Sooth. ON. sannr, sadr, true, in ac set to sleep ; sofor, sleep.
cordance with the fact. Sanscr. sat (nom. Soprano. See Sovereign.
san, acc. sanfami), being, equivalent to Sorcerer. Fr. sorcier, a wizard, pro
Lat. sens, sentis in praesents, whence asat, perly one who divines by casting lots;
nothing ; satya, true. When the Houyh sorti/ºge, witchcraft, divination by lot;
nyms were driven to express the idea of sort, Lat. sors, a lot. Alban. short, lot;
falsehood, new to them, they called it say shortar, soothsayer, sorcerer. Fin. aréa,
ing that which is not. lot ; arðamies (mies, man), soothsayer.
To Soothe. The radical meaning is Sordid. Lat. sordes, filth; sordidus, .
to lull or calm by a monotonous sound. dirty, slovenly, vile.
Goth. suf//art, to tickle the ears. AS. Sore.—Sorry. ON. sar, wound, sore;
gasothian, to flatter. ON. suda, to hum, sdröcitºr, very sharp ; sórka/dr, very
to buzz. Sc. south, sowth, to hum a tune, cold, sorely cold, so cold as to be
a murmuring sound. painfully felt ; sór/igr, painful, sore;
The soft south of the swyre [gorge of the hills], sairliga, sdráa, badly, hardly. N. saar,
and sound of the stremes,
The sweit savour of the Swairde, and singing of wounded, injured, sore, and in a figurative
fowlis, sense, painful, bitter. Ein saar stº, a
Might comfort any creature of the kyn of Adam. bitter sigh ; ein saar'e graat, bitter weep
Dunbar in Jam. ing ; saart, painfully, bitterly, with pain
G. saltsen, Da. suse, to buzz, whizz, sound ful effort. Bav. ser, Swab. seir, seer,
as wind or water ; cinem Kinde sause sin painful, sore ; OHG. sérig, painful, suffer
gen, to lull a child asleep; W. suo, to buzz, ing, sad. Sc. sare, sair, a sore, wound,
to hush, to lull. pain to the mind, sorrow ; sore, painful,
 SORREL SOU GH 62 I

Sorrowful, oppressive, severe, violent, They soused me over head and ears in water when
a boy.—Addison.
hard ; Sc. sary, sad, sorrowful, pitiable,
wretched.—Jam. E. sorry has come O'er head—The rabble sous'd them for't
and ears in mud and dirt.—Butler in T.
pretty generally to be felt as if it was the
adjective of sorrow, with which, in reality, Swiss såtschen, shoes full of water which
it has no etymological connection. make a sousing or squishing noise at
Sorrel. 1. Fr. sorel, the herb sorrel every step.
or sour dock; sorel du bois, sour trefoil, Sot. A drunkard ; to sof, to drink to
wood sour [wood-sorrel]-Cot. N. sure excess. From drunkenness the meaning
gras, G. saueram/ſer, Gr. 6&axic, from seems to have passed to drunken stupidity,
Öğüç, Sharp. folly, misconduct. Fr. sof, sottish, dull,
2. A horse of a mixed red colour. It. gross, absurd, foolish, vain, lascivious.
sauro, a sorrel colour of a horse. Fr. Bret. séſ, séal, stupid, imbecile, coarse.
saur, sorrel of colour; harenc saur, a red The idea of drinking to excess is in
herring. Saurir les harencs, to redden many cases expressed by the figure of
herrings, to lay them on hurdles in a close paddling or washing, as in E. swill, which
room and then smoke them with dry from signifying rinsing or washing with
leaves until they have gotten their sorrel water is applied to inordinate drinking.
hue ; sorer, to reek, to dry or make red as Sw, sola, to dabble, wallow; sóla och supa,
herrings in the smoke.—Cot. to sot away one's time.—Widegren. Pl.
As the sorrel stems are of a brown-red D. solen, to dabble ; besolen, to swill, to
colour, strikingly conspicuous in a field drink oneself full ; sólig, dabbled, drunk.
of mowing-grass, the word may simply Again, Pl.D. smudden, smuddelm, smullen,
signify of the colour of sorrel. On the to dabble, paddle, daub, also to sot, to
other hand, it may be from Pl.D. soor, gormandise, guttle, tope, and suddeln, sod
dry; OHG. sauren, soren, to dry. See de/n, Sw, sudda, suddla, to daub, blot;
Sear. The name of the colour would N. sulla, drunken, full. The noise made
then be taken from that of a dried her by the agitation of water, in a somewhat
ring. different manner, is represented by Pl.D.
Sorrow. Goth. saurgan, to sorrow ; sudderm, to boil with a gentle sound ; E.
saurga, sorrow ; G. songe, ON. song, care, dial. sotter, to boil gently.
sorrow, anxiety ; syngſa, to mourn. Fin. From forms like the foregoing the radi
suru, grief, sorrow, care ; surua, surkua, cal syllable sod, sof, is used in the expres
to grieve, mourn; surra, to be sorrowful, sion of ideas connected with the dashing
painful, to take care of of liquids : Gael. sod, noise of boiling
Sort. Fr. sorte, Du. soorte, G. sorte, water; E. soapsuds, water and soap beaten
Lat. sors, sortis, lot. Sort was frequently up together in washing ; sot, to tope, a
used in the sense of a company, assem drunkard ; Lith. Sotus, G. salt, full, sati
blage, as lot is in vulgar language. ated.

There on a day as he pursued the chase, Souce.—Souse. Pickle of salt, any

He chanced to spy a sort of shepherd grooms thing pickled, especially the ears of pigs,
Playing on pipes.—F. Q. whence souse, the ear. To souse, to steep
in pickle, to season with pickle.
Soss...—Souse. Soss, a mucky puddle Kill swine and sowse 'em,
—B. ; anything dirty or muddy, a heavy And eat 'em when we have bread.
fall; souse, a thump or blow ; a dip in B. & F. in T.
the water.—Hal. Souse or soss is used Oil though it stink they drop by drop impart ;
to represent the sound either of a dull But souse the cabbage with a bounteous heart.
blow or of dabbling in the water. To Pope.
souse or soss down is to sit suddenly Fr. saulse, sauce, sauce.
down. To souse into the water, to plunge Souchy. Du. zootje, Pl.D. soodje,
suddenly in. “Sossing and possing in the water-soodje, water-souchy, perch served
durt.”—Gammer Gurton. “Of any one up in the water in which it has been
that mixes slops or makes a place wet boiled. Zootje, soodje, is the dim. of Pl.
and dirty, we say in Kent, he makes a D. sode, soe, Du. 200, a boiling, so much
soss.”—Kennett in Hal. Sossed, saturated; as is boiled or sodden at once. Een soe
sossle, to make a slop.–Hal. N. sus/a, fiske, a dish of fish.
to paddle, dabble. Pigs are called to Sough. An underground drain. W.
their wash by the cry of suss A suss / To soch, a sink or drain. ON. sog, the sink
suss, to swill like a hog. It sozzare, to of a ship, outflow of a lake. See to Soak,
defile, Sully. to Sew, Sewer.
622 SOUL SPADE

Soul. Goth. saivala, AS. sawel, sawl, more singular by the fact that we are
ON. sail, G. seeſe, soul. Gael. saoil, think. brought round to the same designation
Sound. I. W. són, noise, report, from other quarters. Fin. suutari, Lap.
rumour; Bret, son, soun, sound, tune; sutar, a shoemaker, are supposed by some
Fr. son, Lat, somus. to be corruptions of G. schuster. They
2. A narrow arm of the sea, properly also remind us of ON. sutari, a tanner,
one that can be swum over. AS. and ON. from suta, to tan.
sund, swimming. He mid sunde thas ea The origin of Sp. zapáta, as well as of
oferſaran wolde : he would pass the river Fr. sabot, appears to be a representation
by swimming. A'in er Å sundi : the river of the sound of the footfall. Sp. zapatágo,
must be crossed by swimming. ON. sund, clapping noise of a horse's foot, noise
a sound or straits ; N. sund, a ferry ; ON. attending a fall ; zapatear, to beat time
sund/ugl, water-fowl; sund/arr, what with the sole of the shoe, to strike the
may be swum over. N. symya, to swim ; ground with the feet, said of rabbits when
sumid, symd, capable of swimming. chased; 2aparrago, a violent fall attended
3. From the same source must be ex with great noise. Prov. sabotar, to shake,
plained cod-sounds (in Shetland called to stir.
soums), the swimming bladder of the cod South. Du. guid, G. siid, ON. sunnr,
fish. ON. sund'magi (magi, maw or sudº, Sw, sunnan, såder, Da. sånden,
stomach), the swimming bladder. south. There can be little doubt that
4. G. gesund, Du. gond, gezond, Lat. the meaning of the word is, turned to the
sanus, sound, whole, uninjured. sun. Bav. summemha/b, summhalb, sunder
To Sound. Fr. somder, to measure the halb, turned towards the sun, southward ;
depth with a plummet. Bret.sount, stiff, sunderwind, the south wind. Swiss sun
steep, upright, perpendicular. Sount met-haló (on the sunny side), southwards;
Agand arriou, stiff with cold. Soumn eo schatten-halb (on the shady side), north
armenez, the mountain is steep. Sound wards. -

er, uprightness, perpendicular. Sounta, Sovereign. Fr. souverain, It. sov

to make or become upright, to stiffen. W. rano, soprano, uppermost, Supreme. Lat.
syth, stiff, erect, upright. suffra, above.
Soup.–To Sup. Fr. soupe, It. sopa, * Sow. AS. sſ gu, Du, soegh, sogh, souve
broth with bread soaked in it; also sops (Kil.), Pl.D. sage, G. sau, Sw, sugga,
of bread. Mouillé comme une soupe. Oberſ). sucke, Wall. couche (Sigart), Fin.
NE. soup, to saturate, soak ; soupy, wet sića, Esthon. sigga, Let. cuka (tsuka),
and swampy. ON. supa (syó, sau/, sofit), Lat. sus, sow; sucula, Oberſ). suckel, Fr.
to sup up liquids, to drink. OHG. wein cochon, W. soccyn, a pig.
sawſ, wine-sop. Swiss sauſen, to sup up, The name seems to be taken from the
eat with a spoon. G. sauſen, Sw, suffa, cry to call the animal to its food, Oberl).
Pl.D. supen, to drink copiously ; sóðen, to suck A Norfolk sug / (Hal), Let. cuk.’
give to drink; soopje, a sip, a little drink. Wall. couche / U.S. chuk A (Bartlet).
Like sap, sop, sip, from the sound. To Sow. Goth.saian, AS. sawan, Pl.D.
Sour. G. sauer, ON. starr, w. stºr. saden, saien, OHG. sahan, G. Sáen, Sw.
Source. Fr. source, from sourdre, sdala, sa, Bohem. Syti, Lith. séti, Lat.
Prov, sorzer, It songere, to rise, spring, serere (sevi, satum, semen), w. hau, to
bubble up as water. Fr. sourgeon, a sow ; had, seed; Bret. hada, to sow.
young shoot of a tree, the rising up of * To Sowle.—Sole. To sowle by the
water in a spring.—Cot. Lat. surgere, to ears, to lug one by the ears.
rise. He'll go, he says, and sole the porter of Rome
Souter. A cobbler. Immediately from gates by the ears.-Coriolanus.
Fr. savetier, It. ciabattiere, a cobbler, Du. sollen, to toss up and down, as a ship
souter or clouter of old shoes.—Fl. Fr. upon the waves, to toss in a blanket;
savate, It. ciabatta, an old shoe; Sp. jemand sollen (Fr. houspiller), to towze
zapáto, a shoe ; gapáto de tierra, earth or one, pull him about. Sol over bol, solle
clay which sticks to the shoes. Lang. bol, sol or sole over bol vallen, praecipi
sabáto, a shoe ; sabátier, a shoemaker. tari, to tumble head over heels, q.d. solea
Fr. sabot, a wooden shoe. In the Limou supra caput.—Kil. Fr. sabouler, to toss,
sin dialect sabot is contracted to sou, tumble with, tread under the feet, to tug
whence soutié, a maker of sabots, which or scuffle with.-Cot.
may serve to illustrate the passage from Space. Lat, spatium.
savetter to E. souter. The resemblance Spade.—Spud.—Spattle. G. spaten,
to Lat. Sutor is a curious accident, made a spade; Du. spade, spaeye, a spade, hoe ;
 SPALL SPALLES 623
spadelken, spayken, G. spattel, a spattle or The grete schafte that was longe
slice for mixing medicines or spreading Alle to spilaurs hit spronge,
Avowing of Arthur.
plaisters. Spattle is also used in the
sense of spud, a spade with a diminutive Bav. gespilderfer zaum, a fence of laths.
blade for digging weeds. N. spode, spudu, OE. spillers or spilters, the thin divisions
a small shovel. Gr. oré9m, a blade. Lat. at the top of a deer's horn.—Hal.
spatha, a short broad sword; spathula, There is no doubt that the foregoing
spatula, a spattle. It spada, Sp. espada, forms signifying a splinter or fragment
Fr. effée, a sword. It spaſtola, spate//a, are of like origin with G. spallen, Gael.
spátula, a spattle, trowel, cook's flat scum spealt, to cleave, Fris. Spjellen, to split
mer or broad slice, broad flat shovel, (Outzen in Spille), but it would be rash
shoulder-blade, a broad flat lath, or splint to say that the noun is derived from the
of wood with a handle to beat flax with. verb or vice versă.
—Fl. Alb. shpate, sword; shøatoule, The sound of a blow or of an explosion
shoulder-blade. is represented by an articulate form,
The primitive type of a blade or im which is then applied either to the act of
plement for digging would be a splinter flying to pieces, or to the separate parts
of flint or piece of cleft wood, as shown which are the result of the explosion. Ir.
in G. grabscheit, a spade, properly a shide spallaim, to beat or strike ; spalla, frag
or piece of cleft wood for digging. It is ment of stone for walling. Gael. sgea/ö,
probable, then, that spade may be radi the sound of a blow, a slap ; as a verb,
cally identical with Swab. spatt, speitel, to split, dash into fragments; and again,
Bav. Speidel, spaitſ, a chip, splinter, shin sgealó, a splinter.
gle. The ultimate origin may perhaps Spalles. Shoulders. — B. Spalde,
be found in forms like E. spatter, spattle, spawde, a shoulder; spadebone, spawbone,
to scatter liquid in small drops; Piedm. spautbone, the shoulder-bone. It. Spalla,
spataré, to spatter, scatter, squander ; OFr. espalde, Fr. 6%aule, Ptg. espalda,
Du. bespatten, to bespatter, bedash. The es/didra, Prov, espatla, Gris. spadla, w.
spattering of liquid by a sudden blow yspawd, shoulder.
would afford a lively image of dashing to The meaning of the word has doubtless
small fragments. reference to the broad shovel- or blade-like
Spall.–Spell.—Spill.—Spoll. Spal/s shape of the shoulder-bone. Gr. orſ:0m,
or broken pieces of stone that come off any broad blade, a flat strip of wood used
in hewing.—Nomencl. in Hal. Shivers, by weavers, a spatula for stirring ; orá0m,
spals, rivings.-Fl. Spawl, a splinter.— iſ roi div6pwirov, costa, humerus, armus.-
Hal. Sc. spale, speal, a splinter, lath, Joannes de Janua. Lat. spatha, a sword;
chip. A splint or speall of wood or stone. spathula, spatula, a spattle, or slice ;
—Fl. Spels, spolls, chips of wood.—Hal. Alban. shpate, sword ; schpatoule,
Spell, spill, a chip of wood for lighting a shoulder-blade. Mid. Lat. spatula, spa
candle. Swiss spallen, to apply splints. dula, schulder, schulderbein. — Dief.
Du. spelle (properly a splinter), a pin. It. Supp. Spatulosus, magnas et diffusas
spillo, a pin, prick, spill.—Fl. N. spile, a habens spatulas.-Joan. de Jan.
thin lath, a shaving ; spiſekong, a chip The radical meaning of spatula, as
basket; sp/e/d, a shive, shelf, float of a shown under Spade, is a splinter or piece
water-wheel; ON. spya//, spyaſa', a lath, of cleft wood, from a form like spatter,
thin board, tablet, back of a book; spattle, to scatter abroad, and a similar
steins/jöld, the tables of stone on which contraction to that from spatula to It.
the law was written ; Goth. spilala, a spalla is seen in E. spattle, spawl, to spit
tablet; AS. speld, a torch, chip for light about. It is probable, then, that the con
ing ; E. spelt, a splinter. Chippes and traction may have taken place at a very
spelts of wood.—Nomencl. 1585, in Hal. early stage of language, when the root
Gael. spealt, a splinter; spealſ, cleave, was used in the sense of Splashing about,
split, break with force. Sw, spillra, to and thus that E. spal/ and spill, a splinter,
shiver to pieces; spi//ra, a splinter, shiver. may be true equivalents of It. spalla.
Pl.D. spellern, spellen, to split.—Brem. Bav. Speidel, a splinter, is pronounced
Wtb. in v. spelje. Pl.D. spaller, a thin spei'ſ, spa'l-Schm. The nasalisation of
piece of wood ; spiller, a smaller splinter, speidel gives G. spinde/, while the con
such as matches are made of; spa//rig tracted form is seen in the synonymous
(Swiss spallig, spe//g), easily cleft. – spille, a spindle.
Danneil. E. spelder, a shiver or splinter. It is reasonable, on the same principle,
Spelder of wood, esclat.—Palsgr. to suppose that Lat. Aala, a shovel, is
624 SPAN SPAR

contracted from a form corresponding to Gael. spang, anything shining or spark

It. Aadeſ/a, any flat or frying pan—Fl., ling, any small thin plate of metal ;
the root of which is preserved in Pol. s/angach, shining, sparkling. Bav. Spän
fadać sie, to chap, crack, burst. ge/n, to sparkle or bubble up like wine in
Span. G. spanne, It. spanna, Fr. esſan, a glass, to ornament with metal plate. '
empan, the length of the outstretched To spangle was used in the sense of
thumb and fingers. G. spannen, to strain glitter.
or stretch, extend, bind, fasten. Einen Lucignolare, to shine, flare, spangle, glitter.
auf die fo/ffer spannen, to stretch one on Lucignoli, ribbands, flowers, glittering jewels,
the rack. Titcher in den rahmen spannen, spangles, bodkin pendants. Smogliare, to shiver
to stretch cloth on the tenters. in pieces, to spangle or glitter as some precious
stones do.—Fl.
The radical meaning of the verb to
span is probably to fasten with spans, i.e. In the application to a clasp, perhaps
chips, splinters, or pegs. Fris. sponne, a the snapping sound with which it shuts
peg or nail. In support of this deriva may also come into play. Du. Spang, a
tion may be cited Lap. Spanes, a chip ; stud, clasp, spangle ; ON. spöng, a clasp,
spanestet, to peg a skin out to dry. In a plate of metal. N. Fris. Spungin, to
the same way, ON. spita, a splinter or snap. —Johannson, p. 176. From the
peg ; spita, to fasten with pegs, especiallysound of a snap also must be explained
to stretch out a skin to dry. N. spi/a, the Sc. sense of the word, to leap with
3/i/e, a splinter, chip, peg ; spi/a; Pl.D. elastic force, to spring.—Jam.
spiſen, to stretch out, to fix open. De The arrowis flaw spangand fra every sº
ogen ups/i/en, to open wide the eyes.
Du. spa/#, a splint or splinter; spa/Kent, See Spank.
to support with splints, to set open. He Spaniel. Fr. Apagneul, OFr. esſag
spa/k/e ziine oogen off, he opened wide his neu/, espagnol — Sherwood ; a Spanish
eyes. Fris. spa/cájen, to stretch out, to dog.
fasten on the cross.-Epkema. Spank. —Spunk. Spank, a sounding
To Span. To wean a child.—B. G. blow with the open hand; to spank along,
sparſerke/, a sucking pig ; spänen, to to move at a rapid rate ; spanking,
wean ; AS. spana, ON. spente, a teat ; sprightly, active, large ; spanky, showy,
spendrekár, spenaðarn, a sucking-child. smart. W. ysponc, a smack, a jerk, skip
Flem. spene, spenne, sponne, spunne, or quick bound; ſysponcio, to smack, to
mother's milk. Pl.D. spennen, to wean, bound sharply. In familiar E. spunk,
in other dialects to suck. — Brem. Wtb. spirit; spun/y, spirited. Pl.D. spakkern,
Bav. Spinn, spinn, ges/unn, ges/unst, spenkern, to run and spring about, to
spun yarn, also mother's milk; ges/unne, gallop a horse.—Brem. Wtb. Sc. spunk,
the breast.—Schm. a spark, a match or splinter of wood for
As we use the word spin to express the lighting.
springing forth of a thread of liquid from Spar. 1. The crystallised minerals of
a small orifice, as blood from a vein, or a metallic vein. AS. sparen, sparstan,
milk from the breast, it is probable that gypsum. “Gypsum, sparcha/ch, gybss,
the milk springing from the breast was oder spat.”—Vocab. A.D. 1430, in Deutsch.
compared to the thread of yarn springing Mundart. G. spath, a spaad, spat, spalt
from the flax on the distaff, and from the or spar, a kind of leafy stone; flusspath,
flow of milk the name of spumn or spin fusible spath or spar.—Küttn.
was given to the breast. Spin, to stream 2. A bar of wood. Du. Sperre, sparre,
out in a thread or small current.—Todd. a rod, stake, bar, post, beam. G. sparren,
The blood out of their helmets span.—Drayton. a rafter. It. sbarra, a bar, barrier, palis
Span-new. See Spick and Span. ade, impediment. Gael. Sparr, a joist,
Spangle. The radical meaning seems beam, spar, a hen-roost.
to be to tingle, then to glitter, sparkle, on The radical sense may perhaps be an
the principle by which words representing implement of thrusting. ON. sparri, a
ringing sound are transferred to glittering pin or stick which holds something apart
objects. Lith. Spengti, to ring, to sound; from another; gom sparri, a stick which
spangius, twinkling, squinting. holds the mouth open, a gag ; Sperra,
The twinkling spangles, the ornaments of the Da. sparre, a rafter. N. sparre, a prop,
upper world.—Glanville in R. stake set slanting against a door or a wall,
a rafter. See next article.
A vesture—sprinkled here and there
With glittering spangs that did like stars pº To Spar. I. To shut as a door.—B.
AS. sparran, to shut. G. Sperren, to set
 SPARE SPAWL 625
open, force apart; das maul sperren, plode, spräcka, to crack, to break to
ai/ sperren, to open wide the mouth; pieces ; Da. Sprag/et, Sw, s/rack/g,
die thire auſperren, to set the door wide variegated, speckled. The E. sparkle,
open. Also to shut, stop, block the way, spark, differ from these last only in in
prohibit. Sich sperren, to resist, oppose. verting the place of the liquid and vowel.
Sw, spärra upp, to set open ; Sparra gen, E. dial. spark, to splash with dirt ; spark
to shut, bar, stop. ed, variegated ; sparkle, to sprinkle,
The radical image is probably exhibited scatter, disperse ; sparkled, spreckled,
in Lith. spirru, spirti, to kick, to stamp, speckled, spotted.
to strike or thrust against something. I sprede thynges asunder or sparkell them abrode.
Spirti i 3emi, to stamp, to paw the - Palsgr.
ground. Spirtis, to rely upon, to lean Du. sparckelen, scintillare et spargere,
upon, to bear up against; spirayfi, to dispergere.—Kil. Lat. spargere belongs
stamp or kick; spardyfi, to kick like a to the same class.
horse; aſsispirfi, to strive against, to set The exchange of the final AE in the radi
one's feet against; ispirti, to thrust in, to cal syllable for a / produces the parallel
thrust away; paspirti, to support, to prop ; form shown in Fr. esparſi//er (It spar
uzspirti (u2, behind), to shut up, stop, pagliare), to scatter, disparkle asunder,
barricade. ON. sperrask, to make resist dishevel—Cot., OE. sparpi/, to disperse.
ance by thrusting with hands and feet. Besperpled with blood.—Mort d’Arthur.
From the same source must be explained From the same root Lang. Aarºa/ie/ha,
ON. spor, G. spur, footmark, the print Castrais parðalheta, to twinkle as the
left in the ground by the pressure of the eyes, to range from object to object,
foot. opposed to a steady look at a given ob
If the foregoing view of the radical ject; parðalhol, It. parðaglione, a butter
meaning of the word be correct, it will fly, from its fluttering flight, changing in
also account for the next signification, viz. direction at every moment.
2. To spar, to practise boxing, to box Sparrow. Goth. Sparwa, ON. spórr,
in gloves, to set oneself in attitude to Da. spurre, spurv, G. Sperling.
fight. In this sense the word is a meta Sparse. -sperse. Lat. spargo, spar
phor from cock-fighting : “when a cock sum, in comp. spersum, to scatter, strew.
is opposed to another, both having their Hence Disperse, Aspersion. See Spark.
spurs covered, to embolden them to fight.” Spasm. Gr. orácua, a convulsion,
—Todd. To spare a gamecock, to breathe from a tráw, to wrench.
him, to embolden him to fight; the fight To Spatter. — Sputter. —Spot. Du.
ing a cock with another to breathe him. bespatten, to splash, bespatter or be
—B. Sparing, the commencement of a spättle. The sputtering of a candle re
cockfight by rising and striking with the presents the crackling noise caused by
heels.-Hal. moisture in the wick exploding and spat
The immediate origin is Fr. esſarer, to tering the grease about. Small portions
fling or yerk out with the heels, as a horse of grease or dirt so thrown about consti
in high manage.—Cot. Sºarer (in horse tute spots. To spattle, or bespattle, differs
manship), to rear, to stand on the hind only in the sibilant prefix from Fr. Aétiller,
legs and paw the air with the fore-feet.— to crackle, sparkle. La lumière pétille,
P. Marin in v. steigeren. the candle sparkles or spits.-Cot. A
To Spare. To refrain from using, pen sputters when it scatters or spatters
taking, or doing something. ON. spara, about the ink with a crackling noise in
G. sparen, Lat. parcere, It. Sparagnare, stead of moving smoothly over the paper.
sparmiare, Fr. Apargner. Lang, s'espatara, to spread oneself on the
Spark. — Sparkle. The meaning of ground ; espatara, espoterat, scattered,
these words is developed on the same spattered, Fr. ſparſillé. Piedm. spataré,
plan as that of Fr. esclat, signifying in the to spatter, sprinkle, scatter. Spatter and
first instance a clap or crack, an explosion, scatter are analogous forms.
the effects of an explosion, the breaking Spattle. See Spade, Spawl.
to bits, scattering in drops or fragments, Spavin. It spavana, Fr. es/avent,
sprinkling, speckling, or throwing out rays es/arvain, esprevain, a Spavin, a cramp
of light and glittering. or convulsion of sinews in horses.—Fl.
The radical sense is shown in Lith. To Spawl. To spit, to cast spittle
Spragâţi, Lett. spražotet, to crackle as about. Contracted from spattle, as braſtle,
firewood on the fire, to rattle; sprágy, draw/; sprattle, sprawl, &c. Spaty//,
Da. Sprage, Sw, spraka, to crackle, to ex flame [phlegm], crachat.—Palsgr. Lith.
40
626 SPAWN SPELK

s/jauditi, to spit ; sp/audalas, spattle, wine out of a spigot-hole. In the same

spawl. way from Pl. D. Sputtern, to sputter or
* To Spawn. scatter the saliva in speaking, also to
splash or squirt, Du. bes/affen, to bedash,
To spanyn as ſysh.-Pr. Pm.
to spatter, Sw, spotſ, spittle, we pass to E.
Explained from the analogy between s/o/, the mark, as it were, of a drop of
the spawning of fish and the spinning of saliva or other wet falling on a body.
milk from the breast. Bav. s/din, Du. We call it spitting when the rain falls in
spenne, sponſte (Kil.), milk from the breast. small drops.
We would doubtfully suggest It. Spart On the same principle Du.s/rencke/en,
dere, to shed or spill. - to sprinkle, also to speckle, spot ; sprenc
To Spay. — Spave. To castrate a Æeſ, a spot. G. gesprenkeſt, sprević/ich,
female animal. Gael. spoth, Bret. spaza, speckled, dappled. From Sw. Spruta, G.
W. dys/addu, Manx spoiy, to castrate; ſer spritſzen, E. spirt, spirtle, to scatter liquid,
s/boyt, Lat. 5%ado, Gr. oráčov, an eunuch. Flem. spric/e/en, to sprinkle (Kil.), G.
To Speak. AS. spacan, sprecan, G. sfurzen, spirze/n, to spit (Diefenbach),
s/rechen, Fris. Spreća, to speak. Bav. may be explained Du. sproet, sproeteſ, a
spachſen, sprächten, to speak, tattle, freckle; Sc. s/ourtſit, spruſillit, speckled;
speechify; spacht, speech, song of birds; sprutiſ/, a speckle.—Jam. To sparkle
whence probably specht, a woodpecker. was (as we have seen) used in the sense
‘Schwatzen wie ein specht, ' to chatter of sprinkling, corresponding (with trans
like a woodpecker. “Die vögel enphien position of the r) with Sw, spräck/a, a
gen den tag mit suessem spacht : ' the speckle ; spräcklot, E. dial. spreckled,
birds greeted the day with sweet song. speckled.
Anspecken, concionari ; speckere, con -spect.—Spectacle.—Spectre. -spic-.
cionator, rhetor. — Gl. in Schm. ON. Lat. specio (in comp. -spicio), spectum, to
spe/ja, speech. behold, look, forms a very numerous
The connection of the word with Pl.D. class of derivatives; specto, to look, spec
Sfaken, Bav, spachen, shachten, to crack faculum, a thing to be seen ; spectrum, a
from drought, may be illustrated by the vision, a spectre; speculum, a looking
analogy of Sc. crack, rumour, noisy talk, glass : species, appearance; also the com
familiar conversation ; cracky, talkative. pounds, Aspect, Inspect, Respect, Conspicu
A like relation may be observed between ous, &c.
the forms sprecan, sprechen, and ON. Speculate. Lat. specula (from specio,
spraka, to crackle, spraki, a rumour, to look), a look-out, watch-tower; specu
report. Fá spraka af einu, to get wind /or, to watch, contemplate, consider dili
of a thing. gently. See -spect.
The existence of parallel forms with Speed. AS. spedan, to succeed, prosper,
and without a liquid after the initial mute speed, effect; spedig, prosperous, abund
is very common, as in cackle and crackle, ant, rich ; sped, success, effect, virtue,
G. spund and Sw. Sprund, a bung; E. means, goods, substance, diligence, haste.
spout and Sw, spruta, spruthval, the Thurh his mihta sped, by dint of his
spouting whale; G. spitzen, to spit, might; thurh his mildsa sped, through
spritzen, to spirt, sprinkle; E. speckled virtue of his mercies. Bringe spede us,
and Sw. Sprecklot, &c. bring us assistance. On thas woruld
Speal. A splinter.—B. See Spall. speda, on these worldly goods. Speaume
Spear. G. speer, w. ysper. See Spar. miclum, with much zeal. Pl.D. spoden,
Species. – Special. — Specify. Lat. spöden, to haste. OHG. spiton, spudan, to
species, outward form or figure, appear succeed ; gaspiſon, to happen ; spuat,
ance, particular kind of things. See prosperity, success, quickness; in spitoſe,
-spect. in brevi tempore ; gaspuaſ, substantia;
Speck.-Speckle. Lith. spañas, spake framspitat, prosperitas.
Iis, a drop, a speck; spakas, a starling, Bohem. Spech, haste, success, fortune;
from his speckled coat ; Boh. sapakas, a spéchati, spessiti, to haste ; Pol. spieszye,
starling, a gray horse ; sºpakowaty, to hasten; spieszny, hasty, speedy; Russ.
grizzled, roan, gray. The origin lies in speshit, to haste. Lap. Spaiſes, quick,
the figure of spattering with wet. Swiss rapid ; spañteſ, to hasten. Gr. orstºw, to
verspecken, to splash with dirt ; speckig, hasten ; airovöm, diligence, zeal, haste.
dirty. G. spucken, Du. spicken, to spit, Spelk. A thin chip frequently used
to scatter the saliva. It spicchiare, to for lighting candles. To spe/4, to apply
gush or spirt out, as blood out of a vein, splints.-Craven Gl. ON. spya/#, spºka,
 SPELL d
SPICK 627
s/i/%a, a peg. Sw, spidle, s/id/*e, a splint, Sw. s/o/a, G. s/f/en, to dash or wash, and
splinter, round of a ladder. Du. spa/ke, E. s////, to shed liquid, in the same way
a splint. Spelt and spe/AE may originally that ON. skol, s/vo/, tattle, chatter, skola,
represent the crack of things splitting. to tattle, are from a figurative application
Pl.D. s/a/A, noise, racket ; Gael. s/ea/g, of sáoſa, to rinse or wash, Sw, syntal,
spea/ſ, cleave, split, break with violence, splash, gush. There are many other
fall into pieces or splinters. E. dial. cases in which terms signifying in the
s/elch, split, as spe/ched peas.-Pegge. first place tattle or babble, are subse
See Spall. quently applied to serious talk.
Spell.—Spill. The radical meaning 5. A magic spell is commonly explained
of the word, as shown under Spall, is a as equivalent to incantation ; a form of
splinter or fragment, of which several words by the recitation (AS. spe//ian, to
special applications may be noted. recite) of which magical effects were pro
1. Spi//, a thin slip of wood, and in duced. It was by charms of such a nature
later times, of paper, for lighting candles. that Circe worked.
From this source may perhaps be ex Carminibus Circe socios mutawit Ulyssis.
plained G. spiel, play, as originally sig Virg. Ecl.
nifying drawing lots made of straws or
splinters. The word spie/ent is still used in And Boethius attributes the transforma
this sense in some parts of Germany.— tion to “tacta carmine pocula.’ In the
Westerw. Idiot. In Bavaria it is applied corresponding passage of Alfred's para
to drawing lots for the conscription.— phrase it is said: “Tha ongunnon lease
Schm. men wyrcan spell, then began bad men
2. S/hell, a turn, a job ; spill, quantity, to work spells.
lot.—Hal. To do a spe// of work, to -sperse. See Sparse.
work by turns; to give a spe//, to be To Spew. AS. s/fwan, Du. Spotewen,
ready to work in such a one's room ; sfugen, to spit, vomit; Goth. speiwan,
/resh spe//, when the rowers are relieved G. speien, Lith. spyawditi, sffauti, Lat.
with another gang.—B. The sense, like sfuere, Gr. ºrrāw, to spit.
that of job, is a portion or separate piece. Sphere. Gr. ordaipa, Lat. spha’ra.
ON. spi/da, a piece of anything, as of Spice. Fr. epices, It. specie, spices.
meat, of land ; Pl. D. spa/, /a//, a certain Sºyce, a kynde, espece. — Palsgr. Lat.
portion of land. species, kinds, was used at a later period
3. To spell, to tell the letters of a word for kinds of goods or produce in general;
one by one, pointing them out with a spi// species annonariº, agricultural produce.
or splinter of wood. Lang. foco, la touche, “Equos quoque ejus, aurum argentumdue,
bûchette dont les enfans se servent pour sive species guas meliores habeóat, pariter
toucher les lettres qu'ils épellent.—Dict. auferentes.”—Greg. Turon. in Duc. The
Lang. Butza, petite buchette de bois ou term was then applied to spices as the
de baleine dont l'enfant se sert en épelant most valuable kinds of merchandise.
pour suivre et indiquer les lettres.—Gloss. “Adde et aromaticas species quas mittit
du Pat. de la Suisse Romaine. Festue, Eous.” -

to spell with, festeu.—Palsgr. In York In the same way Cat. generos, kinds, is
shire it is called to spe/der, from spe/der applied to kinds of merchandise, wares;
or s/ºi/der, a splinter.—Hal. Fris. Spjeald, generos, mercaderias, mercium genera.--
a splinter; letters/jealding, spelling; Du. Esteve. Dic. Cat. ‘Tabaco, cacao y
spe//, a splinter ; spe//en, to spell. altros generos de America.’
4. Spe// in Gospel is an entirely differ Spick and Span.—Span-new. Du.
ent word. AS. spe//, ON. spya//, discourse, s/c//emiew, spiksfelderniew, Sw, spill
relation, rumour, language. Tha on gan erstny, ON. spännyr, Da. $//interny, all,
/he secgan spe//, then he began to make a as well as the E. terms, signify fresh from
speech. Ea/dra caven a spe//, old wives' the hands of the workman, fresh cut from
fables. He thas boc harſde of Ladene to the block, chip and splinter new. ON.
Aºng/iscum spe//gewende, he turned this spann, sponn, G. span, a chip, splinter, frag
book from Latin into the English lan ment; hobe/spáne, shavings ; sages/dine,
guage. S/he//ian, Goth. spillon, to an saw-dust; leuchtsfäne, matches. The Du.
nounce, relate, declare. spe//e and spe/der correspond to E. spill,
The words signifying talking are sogene spi/der, Sw, spi//ra, a splinter. ...N. spik,
rally taken from the sound of the agitation a chip, splinter, match. See Spike.
of water, that it is plausible to derive The same metaphor is used to express
spell, discourse, from the same root with absolute nakedness i.Sw. spillernaken,
40
 -

628 SPIDER SPINDLE

Da. splitternägen, Pl.D. s//internackend, paper used as chips for lighting candles.
naked as a thing comes from the hands ‘.S///s or chips of the tree.’ ‘Spi/s of
of the maker. broken and shivered bone.” – Holland,
Spider. Du. spinne, spinnekołbe, Pliny. It is used by Spenser in the sense
-Koppe (Kil.), G. spinne, Sw. spinneſ, E. of a slice of ivory for inlaying.
dial. spinner. “Addercop or spiners web, Though all the pillars of the one were gilt
araignée.”—Palsgr. When the sound of And all the others pavement were with ivory spiff.
m and r come together there is a tendency ON. spja/d, s/i/, a tablet or thin piece of
to replace the n by d, as in ON. madr for board, applied to the cedar wainscoting
mannr, man ; dudr for dumr, clang. with which Solomon covered the walls of
Spiggot.—Spiddock. A peg to stop the temple. Spi/2 in the sense of splinter
the vent-hole of a cask, or the pipe of a or fragment seems to be ultimately identi
faucet. It spigo, a spigot or quill.—Fl. cal with spi//, to shed liquid, on the same
W. ysfig, a spike, spine; pigo, yspigo, to principle that shed itself is connected with
prick ; wsp:god, a spiggot, spindle ; pigo shide, a splinter of wood. The dashing
den, a prickle. Bav. Spickel, a wedge, a or spattering of liquids affords a lively
pointed or tapering portion. type of the act of scattering in fragments,
The E. dial. spida'ock, Manx s/y/fog, is and Sw., skólja, N. skvala, skola, sky/ja,
not to be considered as a corruption of to sound like water in a flask, to wash,
#;"| but as formed in a similar manner gush, dash, may thus indicate the origin
rom the parallel roots/id, spit, signifying of It. scagliare, to shiver or splitter, and
splinter. Bav. Speide/, a chip, splinter; thence of scaglia, Fr. esguaille, esqual/e,
also, as speigel, spetteſ, spittel, a gore or escale, a scale or splinter; esquille, a little
pointed strip of cloth; Swab. speide/, scale, a splint.—Cot. The same relation
speigel, a wedge or wedge-shaped portion holds good between splatter, splutter, to
of bread, meat, cloth, &c.; speite/, a splash, and splitter, sp/inter, a shiver;
splinter. W. pia, pig, a tapering point. between Fr. flatir, to dash water, and E.
See Spile.
spike spoke. Sw. spik, a nail. N. ſlitter, ſlinder, a shiver; between E. slatter,
to splash, and Fr. esclat, a shiver.
spić, a splinter, a match ; leggspić, the To Spill. To shed liquid, and figura
shin-bone; hands/ić, a handspike, lever. tively, to waste, to destroy.
Pl. D. Speke, G. speiche, It. spica, spiga, Amºſ them sonde at wille in Inglond for to
the spoke of a wheel. Manx speek, a peak, are,
a spire; W. fig, a point, prick; ySpig, a Man and beste to spille, non ne suld theispare.
spike, a spine. R. Brunne, p. 114
The primitive sense is a splinter, from Pl.D. shillen, to shed, spill, waste, spoil;
whence the term is transferred to any N. spilla, to gush, flow, spill, waste, throw
thing pointed or tapering, as in Lat. spica, away. Han spille med, it pours with rain;
an ear of corn ; spiculum, a point, a sting. te spilles, to waste. G. spillen, Sw.spoſa,
The origin of the word seems to be a re to wash or rinse. Sjön spolade dſwer
presentation of the crack of an explosion. daicket, the sea washed over the deck.
Pol. pećač, to crack, crackle, burst, split; The word probably represents, in the
speka&sie, to split ; Russ. Aukat', to burst first instance, the sound of the dashing of
with a crack; It. Spaccare, spacchiare, to water, from a root parallel with Sw, squal,
crack or break, to burst, cleave, split in noise made by the dash of water, gush,
sunder ; Pl.D. spaken, verspaken, Bav. flow ; squala, skálja, Da, skylle, to wash,
spachen, spachten, to crack with drought, rinse, pour, gush. Compare N. spilleregre
to become leaky; spachen, spachten, chips, and Da. Sky/regn, Sw, squalnegn, a
shides, firewood. Swiss spicken, to snap, drenching shower.
to fillip; specken, spiggelen, to split wood, To Spin. ON. spinna, Da. spinde, G.
to splinter ; spigge!, a splinter. spinnen. See Spindle.
Spile. The vent-peg of a cask. It. Spindle. The pin or thin rod formerly
spi//o, a pin, prick, thorn, a spigot or used in spinning, for twisting the fibres
gimlet, also a hole made in a piece of drawn from the distaff. The thread was
wine with a gimlet or drawing-quill; spina, fastened in a slit at the upper end of the
a spigot, quill, gimlet, or tap to broach or spindle, and at the other end was a
pierce a barrel.-Fl. Spinare, Venet. whorl or round weight for keeping up the
spilare, to spile a cask, to bore a hole for circular movement. Hence the applica
a peg in order to let in the air. See tion of the name to any axis of revolution,
Spigot, Spill. as the axis of a wheel, of a capstan. In
Spill. Splinter, chip, fragment of another point of view it was taken as the
 SPINE SPIT 629
type of anything long and slender, as in spira, to shoot up, to spirt, stream, spring
spindleshanks. To spindle, among gar forth. Bav. ºftorſ, a pin, leaf of fir.
deners, to put forth a long and slender S/or/e, acicula.-Gl. in Schm.
stalk. —B. In G. the name of s/inde/n is The radical sense is perhaps a splinter,
given to the pointed lime-twigs of the which is frequently taken as a type of
fowler. In spinde/baum, the spindletree anything thin and pointed. It may be a
or prickwood, Euonymus Europeus, a contraction from Sw.s/ºi//ra, Pl.D. s/i//er,
shrub of which skewers were made, it has a splinter, whence spi//ern, to spindle or
the sense of skewer. Pl. D. spindel, a spire up, to shoot up into slender growth.
knitting-needle. The original sense would then be pre
The radical meaning of the word is served in Pl. D. spir, spirón, a crum or
simply a splinter, and the act of spinning shiver (of bread, cheese, &c.)—Danneil.
seems to take its name from being per Spirt. See Spurt.
formed by means of a spindle, instead of Spit. Du. spit, spet, a spit; spiet,
vice versä. Spindel is a nasalised form sfiesse, sfiefse, a pike, spear. ON. spita,
of Bav. Speidel, Swab. Speite/, a splinter, a little piece of wood, peg, skewer, &c.
analogous to E. shinder, shider, ſlinder, N. Ayta, a spit, a thin pointed nail, a
flitter, splinter, splitter, all in the sense knitting-needle; spita, to become pointed.
of shiver, fragment. It is a parallel form Sw. SAeta, a little rod ; spets, a point,
with G. schinde/, a splint, splinter for a extremity. Da. Aid, a spit; spids, point,
broken limb, shingle or cleft plate of wood tip, end ; pointed, peaked ; spyd, a lance
for covering roofs, and is connected with or spear; Aydºg, sharp. It spito, spedo,
Lat. spina, a thorn, and G. span, a chip, Spiedo, a spit, a spear. OHG. spiz, a spit,
just as schindel is connected with schiene, a pike, point ; G. spiess, any slender
a splint or thin plate of wood or metal, E. pointed object, a spit, a pike. W. yspyddu,
shin, the sharp-edged bone of the leg. to jut out ; y Ayddaid, prickly, sharp.
This constant parallelism between A spit of sand is a tapering point run
forms beginning with s/ and sk or sh is ning out into the sea; spitter, Spittart, a
explained by instances "; E. spatter and young stag with simple pointed horns.
scatter, Piedm. spataré, tº spill, spatter, The type from whence the designation
Scatter, spread, It, scaterare, to scatter; was originally taken seems to have been
where the endeavour to represent a rat a splinter of wood, designated on the
tling sound is equally satisfied with either principle explained under Spade, an ob
initial. ject of finer point and narrower shape
Spine.—Spinach. Lat. spina, a thorn, being indicated by the thin vowel in spit
prickle ; spinacia, whence It. Spinace, the as compared with the broader a in spat
prickly plant. tle, spade. That there is no distinct line,
-spire. — Spirit. Lat. Sfirare, to however, to be drawn between the two
breathe, spiritus, breath, the soul or life. conceptions is shown by E. dial. spit, a
Inspire, Conspire, A’espiration, &c. - Spade (Hal), or spadegraft, the portion
Spire. A steeple that tapers by de of earth taken up by the spade at once ;
grees and ends in a sharp point; to spire, Du. spitten, to dig. The It. schidone,
to grow up into an ear as corn does.—B. schidiome, a spit, is the augmentative of a
Spire, the sharp seed-leaf of corn that form corresponding to E. shide, G. scheit,
springs from the ground. a splinter or cleft piece of wood, which
Out of this ground must come the spire, that by constitutes also the latter element in G.
processe of tyme shall in greatnesse sprede to have grabscheit (digging shide), a spade.
branches and blossomes.—Chaucer.
It. Spezzare, to break, split, shiver in
Spyre of corne, barbe du bled. pieces, must not be considered as formed
I sºyer as corne dothe whan it begynneth to from dis and fezza, pezzo, a piece, but as
waxe rype, je espie.—Palsgr. bearing the same relation to G. platzen, to
Shire, a stake, a young tree, the sharp crack or fly in pieces, which sputter does to
leaves of flags.-Hal. Sw, spira, a rod, s//u//er, and must be regarded as a direct
lath, sceptre, yard or spar of a vessel, top, representation of natural sound, along
point, spire or pointed steeple; also bud, with Fr. Aatatras, crash of falling objects,
shoot, sprout ; Da. Aire, germ, sprout, feſti//ez, to crackle, pºſter, to crack or
to germinate, to sprout; spirekaa/, sprouts explode, Piedm. Spataré, to scatter, spat
from the old stock of a cabbage; spiir, ter.
boom, spar, spire; spiirtaarn, a steeple. Spit.—Spittle. OE. spattle, spottle,
N. spir, point, top, ray of a crown, spirt Spittle ; AS. spactan, Sw, spotta, ON. spyta,
or little stream of liquid shooting forth ; N. Sput/a, Da. Aytte, G. splitzen, Lat.
630 SPITE SPOIL

s/tafare, Gr. Lörrstv, to spit; Du. Alºy between Fr. des/it and N. spir, Pl.D.
ten, to spit, to spout. spie/.
Pl.D. sputtern, N. sputra, to spirt or Splash. The sound of dashing water
sputter; Piedm. spaſaré, E. spaſſer, spºt is represented by the syllable pſad, //at,
ter, or with a formative / instead of r, //ash, s//ash. G. //addern, Sw. Ż/aska,
spottle, to splash or dirty (Hal), bes/aff/e, Champ. //atrouiller, to paddle, dabble;
to splash, represent the sound in spitting G. Aſafºregºn, a dashing shower; Da.
or scattering drops of liquid. //adse, to shower down ; //adske, to dab
Spite. The somewhat antiquated equi ble, splash. E. sp/otch, a splash of dirt ;
valent despite leads us at once to Fr. sf/ºtter-s//aſſer, splashy dirt.—Hal.
despit, It. dispetto, Prov. des/ſci/, despieg, Spleen.—Splenetic. Gr. or Ajv, Lat.
Sp. aes/echo, displeasure, malice, anger; s//en.
Lat. despectus, contempt. En dºpit de, Splendid.—Splendour. Lat. splendeo,
in spite of. to shine brightly.
On the other hand, we have Du. spiiſ, To Splice. Du. $//issen, Sw, splissa,
Pl. D. s/ſet, vexation, jeering, spite. Dat G. splissen, splitzert, to join together so
Spijt my, it irks me. Di to 'm spieſ, in that the two ends shall interlace or over
spite of you ; spiet sines bardes, in spite lap. Probably to join so that the imple
of his teeth. N. spit, vexation, annoy ment shall appear as if split. G. spleis
ance, derision, affront; spiſen, spitig, de sen, to split, to cleave ; sp/iss, a cleft, slit.
risive, irritating ; Da. spydºg, sharp, sar Splint.—Splinter. Sp/inter, and thence
castic, caustic. Now it is not easy to see s//inſ, is a nasalised form of splitter, in
how a word of this nature should have the same way that we have ſlitters and
been imported from Latin into the retired ſlinders, pieces, fragments. G. sp/int, a
Norwegian dialect, while two plausible pin or peg ; splinichen, a little shiver or
derivations occur in native ground. In splitter of wood.—Küttn. See Split.
the first place, we have seen the root spit Splinter-bar. The bar to which a
used in the designation of any pointed horse is harnessed in drawing. Written
object, and hence spite may have the spººfreebar y Serenius; spin/ree-bar
sense of pricking, irritation, analogous to in Wiseman's Surgical Treatises, p. 397,
Fr. Aiguer, to prick, nettle, sting, pro cited in N. & Q., March 10, 1860.
voke, taunt, vex; figue, vexation, quarrel, Doubtless from G. spannen, to fasten ;
grudge ; or to G. stickeln, to prick, and Du. aans/annen, voors/annen, to put the
figuratively to jeer, scoff, taunt. G. spi/cg, horses to a carriage. Fr. atteler, to spang,
pointed, and figuratively, sharp, satirical, yoke or fasten horses to a chariot, plough,
offensive. cart, &c.—Cot. The word was then
Again, the feelings of disgust, dislike, originally spangtree, corrupted to spin
contempt, find natural expression in the tree, springtree, spin/ree-bar, splinter-bar.
act of spitting, whence Sw, s/ott, spittle, To Split.—Splitter. OHG. splizen,
signifies also affront, contempt, derision. Du. sp/itten, splijſen, G. spleissen, to split;
Gawaine Douglas, expressing his vexation Bav. Sp/eissen, sch/eissen, a match, splinter
at the way in which Virgil's language is for lighting. Pl.D. spliten, to split, strip;
spoilt in Caxton's translation, says : splittern, to shiver to pieces. The sound
His ornate goldin verses mare than gylt made by dashing liquid is represented by
I spitte for disspite to se thame spylte the expression sp/itter-splatter, splashy
By sic ane wicht.—5. 44. dirt. — Hal. To sp/uſter is to scatter
On this principle E. pet, a fit of anger, drops about in speaking, or in writing
has been explained from the interjection with an ill-made pen. Splaſter-dashes or
Da. Ayt A Norman pet / equivalent to E. spatter-dashes are coverings for the legs
fut/ fish / Ashaw / expressing a con to keep off the splashes of mud. Thus
temptuous blurt with the lips which ulti splitter expresses the idea of scattering
mately represents the act of spitting. abroad, in the first place, drops of liquid,
And as It. Aetto is explained by Florio, a and then fragments of a solid object, and
blurt, petſeggiare, pettachiare, to blurt thence comes to signify a shiver or splinter.
with the mouth or lips, it is quite possible Sw, splittra, to shiver, splinter; spºttra
that this may be the figure by which dis sig, to fly to pieces, explode ; s/diſtra,
Žetto comes to signify displeasure, and s?/itter, a shiver, splinter. G. platzen, to
not from the calmer sense of Lat. despec crack, snap, split, break to pieces.
tus. Thus spite and despite would ulti To Spoil. 1. To s/oi/ or despoil, from
mately be derived from the same source Fr. despouiller, Lat. Spoliare, to take the
without supposing any direct connection spoil or plunder.
 SPOKE SPRAWL 631
2. In the sense of waste, make useless, chateux—et ceo de jour en jour, sans nulle
go to ruin, the word is a broad pronun disfort avere [without having any remis
ciation of spill, to shed liquids, and sion] ou nulle mainprise trovere. —Lib.
thence to waste. Alb. i. 474.
Spoke. See Spike. It. disporto, difforto, disport, solace.—
Sponsor. -sponse. Lat. spondeo, Fl. On the same principle OFr. desauire,
sponsum, to be surety for another; re deduir (from Lat. deducere), se distraire
spondeo, to answer. The origin of the du travail, to divert, withdraw from work
word seems to have been the custom of or occupation; deduit, pastime, recrea
sanctioning an engagement by a sacrifice tlon.
or libation to the gods. Gr. orévôw, to Spot. E. /atter represents the rattling
pour out a drink offering ; orovëſ), a Sound of raindrops or hail; spatter, sput
drink offering, libation; pl. arovčai, a ter, the scattering abroad of drops of
treaty or truce. liquid or mud. Du. spatten, bespatten, to
Spontaneous. Lat. spontaneus, sponſe, bespatter or splash; spat, a drop of what
of one's own free will. is splashed, or the spot or mark which it
Spoon. AS. spon, G. span, Sw, spän, leaves.
a chip; ON. spann, spºnn, chip, splinter, Spouse. — Espouse. Lat. spondeo,
fragraent, also a spoon, originally a chip sponsum, to engage, betroth ; sponsus, -a.
of wood for supping up liquid. Du. spaen, (It. Sposo, -a, Fr. espous, four, 6% ouse),
a chip, a spoon ; schuymsfaen, a scum an affianced man or woman, a new-mar
mer.—Kil. ried man or woman, a spouse. See
Probably Lat. spina is a parallel form Sponsor.
with transference of the sense from a Spout. N. sputra, to keep spitting, to
splinter to a thorn.
The final n seems to sputter, to spirt, Squirt, spout; sputr, a
stand in the place of an original d or t, stream of liquid squirted out; sputta, to
first strengthened, and then supplanted spit : Du. Spuyten, to spit, to spout. From
by an intrusive n. From an equivalent signifying a gush of water, spout is applied
of E. spatter, to scatter, we have derived to the pipe or mouth from whence it is
Du. Spadel, G. spatel, a spatula or thin ejected.
slice of wood ; Bav. Speide/, speite/, a Sprag.—Sprack. Quick, lively, active.
splinter, as well as the nasalised spindle —Hal. A springy, elastic way of doing
of the same original sense. things is typified by the sound of a crack.
The nasalised form is also exhibited in Dan. spraeže, to crack, to burst; Sw.
Sw. Spånta, to cleave, to split ; spinſ, a spricka, to crack, burst, split, spring,
splint or snip; spinfa sénder, to cleave sprout. ON. sprae&r, brisk, fiery; sparkr,
into splinters, to cut to pieces; It spon brisk, lively. Pol. separki, quick, lively.
tone (properly a large shiver or splinter), A spark is a brisk young man.
a pike, a goad, a hunter's staff tipped On the same principle, E. sprunt, lively,
with iron, a long bodkin, the prick or active, brisk—B., may be compared with
sting of a serpent or wasp-Fl.; in sprunk, to crack or split. — Hal. To
Milanese, a needle or spindle—Diez ; G. sprunt, to spring. See Spruce.
sfund, a bung or thick peg to stop a cask. Sprain. Fr. espreindre, to press, wring,
The growth of a d after final n is seen strain, squeeze out, thrust together. From
in the vulgar pronunciation gownd for Lat. exprimere,
gown, and the passage in the opposite Sprat. A small fish considered as the
direction from na to a simple n is equally fry of the herring. Du. sprot, pullus,
easy. The same change of sound from aſ germen (a sprout), sarda pisciculus, vel
to n is also found in the parallel series harengae soboles sive halecis pullus ut
shide, shidaſer, shinder, shindle a shiver quidam putant: Angl. Sprat, sprot.—
or splinter, G. schiene, a scale or thin Kil.
plate. To Sprawl. Fris, sprawle, Da, spraelde,
Sport.—Disport. Sport or amuse spraelle, to toss about the limbs; at gióre
ment, OFr. desport, deport, is properly spraeld, to make a fuss, cut a dash. Somer
diversion, which is resorted to in order to set, sprawl, motion, movement; Devon.
divert the thoughts from the serious busi sproil, liveliness.-Hal.
ness and sorrows of life. One of the numerous cases in which a
Amors l’avoit fait a ses mains broken confused sound is used to repre
Por les fins amans conforter sent multifarious movement. We may
Et por les maulx miex deporter.—R. R. 1866. cite AS. brastlian, to crash, crackle, roar
Qu'il soit distreint par touz sex biens et like flame; G. prasselm, to crackle ; Sw.
632 SPRAY SPRING

prassla, to rustle, also to be in continual also to sprout or shoot as a tree; sproga,

movement, to wag the tail, to flounder a spray or shoot of a tree.
like a fish out of water, to kick like an To Spread. Du. spreeden, spreyden,
infant, &c.; sprassla, to crackle, s/ra/ſ/a, G. s/reiten, Sw, sprida, Da. $prede, to
s/ralla, to throw the limbs about, to spread, to scatter. OFr. espardre, espar
sprawl ; OHG. sprazalón, sprata/6n, pal tir, to scatter, spread abroad.
pitare, micare; NE. sprottle, to struggle. The sound of a heavy shower or of the
Then with inversion of the liquid and dashing of the waves is represented by It.
vowel, as before in the case of sparkle, Du. sprazzo (Fl.), while a less violent action
spartelen, to sprawl, frisk, flutter, wag is signified by spruzzare, to sprinkle,
one's legs, sparkle as wine.—Bomhoff. spruzzolare, to drizzle. In a similar
ON. sprokla, sprikla, to sprawl or throw manner are formed Swiss sprätzeln, to
about the limbs, E. dial. sprackle, to climb crackle, spreitzen, spreissen, to spirt,
(to get on by the action of hands and sprinkle water, to rain ; Bav. Spratzeln,
feet), are analogous forms from the re to sputter like a pen in writing ; gers/raf
presentation of crackling sound mentioned zen, to burst asunder ; Sw., spräſia, to
under Spark. sputter like a pen, to scatter abroad,
Spray. This word is used in two spread manure, or the like; spritta, to
senses, viz.: scattered drops of water crackle like salt in the fire, to spirt, to
dashed into the air, and twigs or shoots start ; Swiss sprätten, to spread hay, Pl.
of trees. The idea from whence both D. sprei'n (for spreiden), to spread out
significations are developed is that of hay, flax, &c. to dry (Danneil); G. spru
bursting open, springing forth, scattering de/n, to sputter, to spurt; OHG.amspradern,
abroad. to sprinkle; E. spir//e, E. dial. sprittle (Mrs
The ultimate root is the representation Baker), spraid (Forby), to spatter, to
of a crackling noise, as by Swiss sprät sprinkle.
zelen, to crackle, Bav. Spratzeln, to sput Thus there can be no doubt that spread
ter like a pen in writing, to crack, burst comes from the image of spattering
(vor leid zerspratzen, of the heart, to burst liquids; whether it is connected with G.
with grief—Schm.); It. sprazzare, to &reiten, to spread abroad, is a different
shower down as water upon stones, to question. It may be that breit itself takes
dash or bespirt, to roar and rage as the its rise in a representation of the sound of
sea; sprizzare, spruzzare, G. spritzen, to spattering or scattering particles abroad.
spirt, spatter, Sw, sprätta, to sputter like Spree. See Spry.
a pen, to scatter ; sprätta upp i /u/fen, to Sprig. The representation of a crack
throw up into the air; spritta, to crackle ling noise gives rise to two parallel roots,
like salt in the fire, to spirt, to start; G.sprat and sprak, from the first of which
sprudeln, to sputter, to spout or spurt has been deduced spray, a twig. From
out, to emit moisture by small flying the latter form spring Sw, spraka, to crack,
drops; OHG. ans/radern, to sprinkle crackle ; spricka, to crack, burst, split ;
(Schm.), E. dial. spraid, to spatter, to spricka ut, to burst forth, to spring, bud,
sprinkle; Da. sprede, to scatter, to spread. shoot ; spraicka, to shatter, break to
The final d is softened down in spray in pieces, leading to Swiss spryggen, spryg
the same way as in Pl.D. spreden, sprečn, gelen, to splinter; spryggeli, a match or
to spread, or in G. sprudeln, sprii/ien, to small splinter; gespriggeſt, speckled ;
sputter, to sparkle or cast forth anything Lith. Sprageti, spragseti, to crackle,
in a flow of small particles, to drizzle. sprogti, to crack, burst, split, and thence
The close connection between the idea to shoot, Sprout, bud ; sproga, a crack, a
of the springing forth of waters and the sprig or shoot of a tree ; spragalas, a
bursting forth of vegetation is shown by sprout or shoot. W. brigyn, ysbrigyn, a
the use of the word spring in both senses. sprig, twig, shoot of tree. -

To sprout, also, as a tree, is the same Sprightly. See Sprite.

word with Sw. Spruta, to spout, and with Spring. A sharp sudden movement is
E. spurt. Bav. Sprutzen signifies both to typified by a sound of similar character,
sprout like a shrub, and to spurt or such as a crack or snap. Now the use of
sprinkle. The immediate antecedent of a root sprag or º , representing the
spray in the sense of twig is shown in sound of a crack, is exemplified in Sw.
OHG. sprad, frutex ; spreid, sarmentum, spraža, Da. Sfrage, Lith. Spragāti, to
frutices, frutecta, arbutus; ges/raide, ar crackle ; Spragti, Sw, spricka, to crack,
busta. — Graff. Pl.D. spraſe, sprate/, a burst, split ; spräcka, to cause to burst,
sprout. Lith. Sprogti, to crack, to split, to shatter. Of these last Sw, springa, to
 SPRINGALD SPRUCE 633
split, burst, spring forth, and spränga, to series may be traced to the parallel root
cause to burst, G. sprengen, to scatter, to sprat. G. Arasse/it, spratzen, spratze/n,
burst open, to cause to spring, are nasal to crackle ; Swiss sprätten, to spread
ised forms. Glaset sprang, the glass hay ; Sw, sprätta, to sputter like a pen,
cracked ; springa ſek (to crack to the ex to scatter abroad, to spread ; spritta, to
tent of becoming leaky), to spring a leak. crackle like salt in the fire, to spirt, spring
Springa i stycken, to fly to pieces. To forth as water; N. spretta, to split, to
spring a mast is when a mast is only spring asunder, to fly abroad like chips
cracked but not broken.—B. of wood or stone under the axe; to spring
* Springald. 1. A youth. ‘Joseph, or shoot like leaves, to spring up like the
when he was sold to Potiphar, he was a fair sun at day dawn, and actively, to scatter
young springald.’—Latimer. In this ap abroad, to sprinkle. Dae spratt fliserne
plication it is probable that the word has paa alle kantar, the splinters flew on all
originally signified a branch or shoot of a sides. E. sprit, to split, sprout, grow ; to
tree, like Gael. gas, gasan, or gallan, or sprittle, to sprinkle (Mrs Baker); sprotes,
our own imp, all of which signify both a fragments. “And theibreken here speres
branch and a youth. Thus Cot, trans so rudely that the tronchouns flew in
lates mon peton, my pretty springall, my Sproſes and peces alle aboute the halle.”—
gentle imp. The origin is the OFr. es Maundeville. OHG. sprat, a crum or
pringaler, to spring, bound, spurt (Cot.), atom. Du. sprot, a spot or freckle ;
and though espringale is not found in the s/ric/e/en, to sprinkle ; spriet, the cleft
sense in question, yet Roquefort has es or fork of the body; sprietwegh, the part
Arinier, a scion, shoot, imp for grafting. ing of two ways; spriet (properly a piece
2. Fr. espringalle, espringarde, espin of cleft wood), a javelin, spear, shepherd's
garde, Prov, espringalo, espingalo, was staff, the yard of a sail, bowsprit. As.
an ancient machine of war for casting eaſor spreof, a boar spear; sprota, a nail
large darts or stones, and the name was or peg.
subsequently applied to a piece of artil Sprite. —Spright. Contracted from
lery. Sp. espingarda, a musketoon. The spirit, analogous to Fr. esprit, Sw, sprit.
double form of the word with and without Winsfrit, spirits of wine. Sprightly,
an r after the p is found in the original spirited, lively.
verb as well as in the derivative. We Sprout. — Spurt. — Spirt. The dis
have Lang. espinga as well as Fr. esprin tinction between spurt as applied to the
guer, espringaler, to leap, spring, dance; spouting or projection of liquids, and
It springare, springere, to wince or thrust sprout, to the springing of vegetable life,
forward violently, to fling; sprinto, sprin appears to be a late refinement, the two
gato, yerked, winced (Fl.); and also, spin forms being used by Cotgrave indifferently
gare, to jog one's feet (Altieri), spingere, in either sense. . . Rejaillir, to spurt or
spigmere, to drive, to thrust on forwards. sprout (as water) back again.” “Drageon
Springe. A noose to catch birds with, fourcherain, a shoot that spurteth out
a spring-noose. Du. Spring-rtet, a net to between two branches.’ In like manner
catch birds with. Bav. Sprutzen, to spirt or sprinkle, also
To Sprinkle. The representation of to sprout or spring as a plant. Du. sprui
a crackling or explosive sound by the ten, to sprout, is identical with Sw.spruta,
syllable spraž (as shown under Spark) to spirt, sprinkle, squirt.
gives rise to Lat. spargere (for spragere), Spurt, sprout, and sputter, are differ
to scatter in fragments, as well as the ent arrangements of the same consonantal
nasalised E. dial. sprunk, to crack or split; sounds representing the noise made by
G. sprengen, OE. Sprenge, to spread, scat a mixture of air and drops of water. N.
ter, sprinkle; Du. Sprenkelen, to sprinkle; sputra, spruta, spryta, Da. Sprutte, sprude,
sprenkel, a spot, a spark; G. Sprenkeln, G. sprude/n, to spurt, spout, gush, to bub
to mark with scattered spots, to speckle. ble up ; It spruzzare, to sprinkle ; E.
In the latter sense we have (without the dial, spruttled, sprinkled over; Sc. spru
nasal) Sw, spräck/a, E. dial. spreckle, Swiss fi//it, spourtiſ/it, speckled, spotted ; Pl.D.
gespriggeſt, speckled, freckled. sprutte/n, Du, sproeteſ, sproet, spots,
Sprit. Examples have been given under freckles.
Spark, Spring, Sprinkle, of words derived A short exertion is familiarly called a
from a root, sprak, representing a crack spirt or spurt, while in Sussex the name
or explosion, and signifying cracking, of sprut is given to a violent jerk or sud
splitting, bursting asunder, scattering in den movement.
fragments, spreading abroad, and a similar Spruce. 1. Neat or fine in garb.-B.
634 SPRUCE-BEER SQUAB
The original sense, as in the case of the Sw. Sfâde, spé, a staff, a rod; N. spode,
nearly synonymous smart, is brisk, lively s/ºuda, a stick for turning cakes in the
in action, then carefully attended to, as oven, a small shovel. w. yspodo/, a slice
opposed to dull and slovenly. To s/ruce to spread salve, a staff; yºpodoli, to
up, to trim, to dress. Sprack, sprag, quick, cudgel.
lively, active ; spark, a gay dashing fel Spunk. Spirit. w. ysponcio, to smack,
low.—Hal. ON. sparkr, brisk, lively. E. to bound sharply; ysponc, a jerk, squirt,
spurk, brisk, smart. skip or quick bound. Spunk is also a
Come spuré up, here's your sweetheart a-coming. spark, and thence apparently a match,
Moor. tinder, touchwood. Sc. to spank is to
To spuré up, to spring, shoot, or brisk up. move with quickness and elasticity, and
—Ray. To sprug up, to dress neatly.— also to sparkle or shine.—Jam. Compare
Hal. To perk up again, to recover from also Sc. to spang, to spring, with spangle,
sickness; to perk onese/ſ up, to adorn. to sparkle. See Spank, Spangle. Du.
The idea of attention to dress is con zon.cée, a spark, also tinder.
stantly connected with that of briskness Spur.—To Spurn. As, spura, spora,
and life. G. sporn, ON. spori, Sw.sporre, Gael. spor,
The equivalent of E. spuré, sprug, is W. yspardun, Fr. ºfferon, It. sperone,
Sw. Spricka, to crack, snap, spring, shoot, sprone, a spur; AS. spurnan, spurnettan,
and in the same way it seems that spruce to kick, to spurn ; sporning, a stumbling
is to be compared with Bav. spriessen, to block. Lith. spirti, sperdyfi, spardyfi,
spring, to sprout; sprutzen, to sprout, to to kick, stamp, thrust with the foot. Fr.
spirt; spritſzen, a well-grown young girl; esparer, to kick. Lat. Spernere, to despise,
Swiss spritzen, to spring with elastic probably signified, first, like E. spurn, to
force. kick, then to kick away, to despise. ON.
In like manner sprunt, to spring, and spor, Da. ſod’spor, footmark, the indenture
sprunt, lively, active, brisk, spruce. made by the pressure of the foot. See
See, this sweet simpering babe, To Spar.
Sweet image of thyself; see, how it sprunts Spurge. A plant, the juice of which
With joy at thy approach. is so hot and corroding that it is called
B. Jonson, Devil is an Ass. Devil's Milk, which being dropped upon
How do I look to-day, am I not dressed warts eats them away.—B. Hence the
Spruntly 2–Ibid.
name, Fr. espurge, from espurger, to
Spruce-beer.—Spruce-fir. A decoc purge, cleanse, rid of.-Cot.
tion of the young shoots of spruce and
Spurious. Lat. spurius, bastard.
silver fir was much in use on the shores of To Spurn. See Spur.
the Baltic as a remedy in scorbutic, gouty, To Spurt. See Sprout.
and rheumatic complaints. The sprouts To Sputter. Pl.D. sputtern, N. sputra,
from which it was made were called s/ros to sputter, spurt. Formed to represent
sent in G. and ſopen in Du., and the de the sound of a mixture of air and liquid
coction itself sprossen- or ſoftenbier. From driven from an orifice.
the first of these is E. spruce-beer.—Beke * Spy. Fr. espier, It. spiare, OHG.
in N. and Q., Aug. 3, 1860. And doubt spiohon, spieham, spehon, G. spathem, Du.
less the spruce-fir, G. sprosseſſichte—Ad., spieden, spien, Da. Speide, to examine
takes its name as the fir of which the narrowly, to explore. Notwithstanding
sprouts are chiefly used for the foregoing the terminal d of the Du. and Da. forms,
purpose, and not from being brought the true relation seems to be with Lat.
from Prussia, as commonly supposed. specio, specto, to look, whence speculor, to
Spry. Nimble, active, alert. A soft look out, explore ; speculator, a scout or
ened pronunciation of the synonymous spy. Oberl). spegen, spechen, Pol. sapie
sprag, sprack. Spree, a frolic, is proba gować, Let. spiggót, to spy. The radical
bly from the same root, signifying a spurt,
signification is probably shown in Let.
an ebullition of spirits. G. Sprihen, to spígulot, to glitter; spiguls, a glowworm ;
spurt. spidét, to shine; spidºgs, shining, bril
Spud.—Spuddle. W. of E. spudlee, to liant. The G. bſicken, radically signifying
stir the embers with a poker; spuddle, to to shine, expresses also the idea of looking.
move about, to do any trifling matter Squab. Anything thick and soft ; a
with an air of business.-Hal. To puddle soft stuffed cushion, a thick fat man or
iron is to stir a melted mass in the oven woman, an unfledged bird or nestling.
with an iron rod till it coheres in a viscous From a representation of the sound
lump. Spud, a pointed staff. made by the fall of a soft lump.
 SQUABBLE SQUASH 635
No, truly, Sir, I should be loth to see you squad, sloppy dirt, which seems to signify
Come fluttering down like a young rook, cry a lump or dab, an unmoulded mass,
274a6,
And ăţ. ye up with your brains beaten into your when an awkward boy is called an awk
buttocks.-B. & F. ward squad. In the same way, a swad,
The eagle took the tortoise up into the air, and a clown or bumpkin—Hal. ; a swad of
dropped him down, syuaë, upon a rock, that a woman, obesula. —Coles. The dim.
dashed him to pieces.—L'Estrange in T. syllid/et signifies a small piece of any
In the same way plump, thick and fat, thing, as of meat or cloth.-Hal. The de
from the sound made by the fall of a body rivation of Fr. escouade from E. squad is
of such a nature. supported by Rouchi escouater, to squat
Squabble. Words signifying noisy or press flat. Wad is used in a similar
talk are commonly taken from the dash manner for a body of people when it is
ing of water. Thus we have G. waschen, said of persons connected together in any
ON. thwartta, to wash, also to tattle ; It. way of business that they are all in the
guazzare, to dabble, plash ; guazzolare, same wad.—Hal.
to prattle ; Da. dial. syuatte, to slop, also Squalid. Lat. squaleo, to be filthy.
to chatter, tattle. In like manner, Du. Squall. A sudden storm of wind and
Aabòe/en, to beat as waves against the rain. Sw, squala expresses the sound
shore ; en Æaðbe/end àeekje, a murmuring of gushing water. Regnet squaſade på
brook ; Sw. Adióð/a, to squabble, wrangle; gatorna, the streets were streaming with
rain. Blodet squalade ur såret, the blood
N. swabba, E. dial. sylºad, swab, swob, to
splash ; swobble, to talk in a noisy bully
gushed out of the wound. Squalregn, a
ing manner–Forby ; Swiss schwabòe/n, violent shower of rain; syntalódek, a tor
to splash ; G. schwałóeln, geschwabóel, rent; squalor, skulor, dish-wash. See
chatter. Scullery.
Squad. A group, a company.—Hal. To Squall.—Squeal. ON. squala, to
Fr. escouade, a small body of men. The scream, cry, make a noise; squaldr, Da.
latter is explained as if for escouadre, squalder, noisy talk, clamour; N. skza/-
from Sp. escuadra, Fr. escadre, It. squadra, dra, to yelp as dogs, to bawl, make a
a troop or square of soldiers, which is noise; Sw, squal/ra, to tattle; squaſſa,
also supposed to be the origin of G. gesch to squall as an infant. E. squeal, to make
wader, Oberſ). geschwieter, Du. geswade, a shrill cry. It. squillare, to sound shrill
eswadder (Kil.), a squadron. But these and clear, to ring. Prov. Quilar, guillar,
atterforms may be satisfactorily explained to chirp, chatter, cry, complain. “La re
from an internal source, and if the Fr. gina va gitar un gran qui/.’ the queen
escadre or It. squadra had been adopted makes a great cry. Fin. Kilid, ringing,
in G. they never would have received the clear sounding ; Kilistd, to ring ; Æðua,
Teutonic prefix ge. The origin of G. to cry with a shrill voice, to vociferate.
geschwader is shown in Du. swadderen, To Squander. A nasalised form of
to splash, slop, spill, to make a noise, søreafter, signifying, in the first place, to
and thence gheswadder, a noise, disturb splash or spill liquids, then to disperse,
ance, crowd, a troop of men. Sc. swaſter, scatter, waste. Da. squatte, to splash,
to dabble, also a large collection, especi spirt, and fig. to dissipate ; Sw, squattra,
ally of small things : ‘a swatter of bairns.” to squander. E. to squat, to splash; to
In a similar manner we have charm, a swaſter, to spill or throw about water, also
hum, or low murmuring noise; a charm to scatter, to dissipate.—Hal. Squan
of goldfinches, a flock. dered is still used in the sense of dis
The E. squad, and perhaps Fr. escouade, persed.
may be derived from the same source by His family are all grown up and squandered about
a different track. The sense of break the country.—Hal.
ing up a complex body into separate divi Square. OFr. esquarré, It. squadro,
sions may naturally be expressed by the Lat. Quadratus.
figure of splashing or spilling liquid. To Squash. E. dial. squash, to dab
Thus from E. squatter, swatter, to dabble, ble, splash–Moor; squish-squash, noise
splash, we pass to Sw, squattra, to waste made by the feet in walking over a
or scatter, and the nasalised E. squander, swampy piece of ground.
provincially used in the sense of disperse, If nought was seen, he heard a squish-squash
scatter. N. squetta, to spirt, splash, to sound,
spread abroad like a flock of cattle; As when one's shoes the drenching waters fill.
Clare.
squeſt, a small portion of liquid. The
latter form is the equivalent of Lincolnsh. Pl.D. Quatsken, quasken, quassen, express
636 SQUAT SQUIB
the sound of dabbling in a wet material, 'squatter. N. skvit/ra, Grisons squit/rar,
walking with water in the shoes, or dash squitar, to squirt, spirt; syuittir (of cat
ing a soft material on the ground. G. tle), to be loose in the bowels.
Quatschen, to make the sound of wet To Squeak.-Squeal. The moment
things. In dreck treten dass es quatschet, ary sound of the terminal AE in squeak, as
to plash in the mire. Quetschen, to quash, compared with the continuous sound of
squash, crush, bruise. Den saft aus den / in squeal, adapts the former word to re
trauben Quetschen, to squeeze the juice present a short acute cry, the latter a
out of grapes. Nüsse Quetschen, to crack prolonged note of similar character. G.
nuts. It. guazzare, to dabble, splash ; quicken, Quicksen, to squeak like a pig,
syuazzo d'acqua, a plash of water ; squac &c. Prov. Quilar, to cry, chirp, &c.
clare, squasciare, Fr. esquacher, to squash, Squeamish. Sickish at stomach, and
crush something soft. met. nice, scrupulous.
To Squat. To bruise or make flat by Thou wast not skoymus of the maiden's womb.
letting fall, to sit or cower down—B. ; to Te Deum of 14th cent, in N. & Q., Feb. 20, 1869.
throw anything against the ground — Cleveland swaimous, swaimish, diffident,
Baret; to splash, to make flat, to quiet. bashful, shy ; Devon weamish, squeam
— Hal.
ish.-Hal.
Saieng that though laws were squarted in warre, It was shown under Qualm that the
yet they ought to be revived in peace. — Hollin
shed. image of choking is used to express
every degree of oppression, from sim
As radical syllable of the imitative squat ple sickness of the stomach to death
ter, squat represents the sound of a drop itself. Da. Quarle, to choke, to oppress,
of liquid falling to the ground, and is plague, torment; Sw. Quálja, to make
then figuratively used to signify lying flat sick. Mäten Qudſjer mig: the meat lies
and close to the ground like a liquid mass. heavy on my stomach, makes me qualm
Da. dial. syuatte, to slop, spill ; squat, a ish. The derivative yualm signifies what
slop, blot, drop ; Derbysh. squot, to spot causes choking. Sw. qualm, oppressive,
with dirt. It. Quaſtare, quattire, to squat suffocating weather ; 7ualm or qual f
or cowre down, to lie close and hushed. magen, sickness at stomach ; qualmig,
—Fl.
The same transition from the idea of qualmish, sickish ; Da. qualm, a choking
feeling, thick oppressive air, also as G.
spilling liquid to that of lying close to the
ground is seen in Da. dial. 6/aſ, blatte, a gua/gi, and Du. waſm, steam, vapour,
smoke. Da. dial. swalm, oppressively hot,
drop, a blot, Æoëlat, a cow-plat or flat smoke, choking vapour. E. dial. swalm,
cake of cow-dung, compared with Fr. swame, pestilence, sickness.
b/otir, to squat, skowke or lie close to the
ground, to hide or keep close.—Cot. That yere litulle shal be of wyne,
To Squatter.—Squitter. To squatter And swalme among fatte swyne.—MS. in Hal.
is a word not generally recognised in our OE. sweam or swaim, subita aegrotacio.—
dictionaries, though fully understood by Gouldm. in Pr. Prm. Sweem, tristicia, mo
every one. It is a parallel form with lestia, maeror; swemyn, molestor, maereo.
spatter, representing the sound of dashing –Pr. Prm. To think swem in Genesis
about a liquid in scattered drops, and is and Exodus is to grieve over. Skeymows,
used by Cotgrave inexplaining Fr. escarter, sweymows, Queymows, abhominativus. –
to scatter, to sheed, squatter, to throw Pr. Pm. Devon weamish may be com
about or abroad. The parallel forms spat pared with Sw, wämjas, to nauseate, have
fer and squatter are also found in Piedm. disgust at. Walmynge of the stomake,
spataré, to spill, scatter, spread, and It. nausia.-Pr. Pm.
scattarare, to scatter.—Fl. Sc. syuatter, To Squeeze. AS. cwysan, to squeeze,
swatter, to go splashing along ; E. dial. crush, bruise. Pl. D. gueſsen, gudsen, G.
swatter, to spill or throw about water as quetschen, guedden, Quetteſt, to squeeze.
geese and ducks do in drinking. Bay. Squelch.-Squolsh. The sound pro
schwaderm, schwiderm, to splash, to spill. duced by the fall of soft bodies.—Wright.
Sw. squattra preserves the secondary Hence syue/ch, a fall.
sense of chatter, tattle, constantly exSquib. A child's squirt—Mrs Baker ;
pressed by reference to the sound of also a firework, spouting fire like a squirt
dashing water. It squaccherato, squat does water. A modification of E. dial.
tered, plashy.-Fl. squah (Mrs Baker), swab, N. staða, to
The thinner vowel in squiffer indicates splash. From the notion of splashing or
an action of more confined nature than dashing about liquids we pass to that of
 SQUINT STABLE 637
driving it out in a thin stream, as in spat To Stab. To give a sharp abrupt
ter, s/uffer, spurt or spirt, squatter, s/tti/- thrust. Gael, s/ob, stab, thrust, drive into
ter, squirt. the ground, and as a noun, a projecting
To Squint. Fr. guigner, to wink or stump, a pole, stake, prickle; ON. stappa,
aim with one eye, to blink, to wink and sto//a, to pound, to stamp ; N. stappa
look askew.—Cot. To sguinny, to look also, as Lat. stiffare, to stuff, to cram;
with eyes half shut, to squint. To squine, Pl. D. staff/en, to step, to go slowly; N.
to squint.—Mrs Baker. To sguinſ, to staða, stað/a, to go slowly, to stagger;
wink or squint.—Moor. See Wink. Gr. orsigo, to stamp, to tread.
To Squir. To cast away with a jerk It has been shown, under Falter, Halt,
[to hurl], to whirl round.—Hal. To skir, Hamper, that the senses of stammering
to graze or touch lightly, to scour a coun or Stuttering, and staggering, limping,
try; to scur, to move hastily.—Wright. stumbling, are often expressed by the
From a representation of the whirring same or slightly modified forms, signify
noise of a body hurled through the air, ing a series of abrupt efforts made in the
with a prefixed s. Sw, hurra, to whirl. one case with the voice in the attempt to
Pl.D. swiren, to fly about, to riot, to swing speak, in the other with the legs and body
from side to side. G. scharren, to scrape ; in the attempt to walk. To stammer is
schurren, to slip over the surface with a used in the N. of E. and Scotland in the
scraping sound; schurrende ſusstritte, sense of stumble or stagger. Fr. chan
Hinweg schurren, to scurry off. ce/er, to stagger, also to stammer.—Cot.
It sguirrare is quoted by Adelung as Sw, staff/a, to stammer, stutter, also to
equivalent to G.schwirren, to chirp, warble, stumble. In this latter example the fre
whirr. ON. swarra, to whizz, roar, rush ; quentative 1 signifies repetition or con
N. swirla, E. dial. swir, to whirl; to swirk, tinuation of action, while the radical
to fly with velocity, to swirl, to whirl.— syllable staff corresponds to a single
Jam. element of which the action is composed,
Squire. See Esquire. viz. an abrupt effort with the voice or
To Squirm. To wriggle like an eel. with the limbs, a thrust, stamp, or stab.
The sound of a whizzing movement, as The same train of thought may be
shown under Squir, is represented by the traced through two similar series in which
syllables whirr, swirr, squir. The roots the final labial of stab, stamp, stammer,
so formed are modified by terminal ele is exchanged for a corresponding guttural
ments adapted by their nature to repre and dental.
sent a continuous or a momentary move Thus in the guttural series, Swiss stag
ment. Thus swirk signifies a jerk or ge/n, Rhenish stagg.sen, to stammer; Sc.
rapid sudden movement; swirl, a con stacker, stacher, stocker, to stagger; ON.
tinuous movement, analogous to the re sta&ra, to totter. Then passing to the
lation between squeak and squeal. The elementary form, Sc. stug, to stab; stuggy,
final m, though not so common as l, has said of stubble when cut unevenly; to
a similar effect in the construction of stock, to thrust ; stok, stog-sword, Fr.
words, giving to squirm the signification estoc, a thrusting sword.
of a whirling, twisting movement. G. For so Eneas stołżis his stiff brand,
schwärmen imitates the confused noise Throw out the youngkere hard up tyl his hand.
which things make in their motion, the D. V. 349, 14.
humming or buzzing of bees, of a crowd G. stock, a stick, staff, stock of a tree ;
of people. See Swarm. Bret. steći (for stoki), to knock, jolt ; stok,
Squirrel. Fr. ecureuil, Aragonese a shock or knock.
esquirol, escu.ro/, from a dim. of Lat. sciu With a dental termination, G. stoffern,
rus, Gr. oxioupoc, a Squirrel, properly sig and provincially stattern, statzen, stotzen,
nifying bushy-tail; from oxid, shade, and statze/n, to stutter; Sc. stoit, stof, stoiter,
ovpé, tail. to walk in a staggering way, to stumble.
Squirt. As we have spatter, sputter, Sho stof/is at straes, syne stumbilles not at
spurt, N. sputra, spruſa, by different stanis.--Montgomery in Jam.
arrangements of the consonantal sounds, Du. stooſen, to push, thrust, thump, hit;
so we are led from squatter, squitter, to stoo/steen, a stumbling-block.
squirt, from swatter to Pl D. swirtſen, Stable. I. Lat. staðulum, from stare,
E. dial. swirt, to squirt. Esthon. wirf to stand.
suma, to sprinkle, spirt, splash. N. Stable. 2.-Stablish. Lat. stabilis,
Jøtteffa, squittra, to Spirt, spout, squirt, firm on its basis, from stare, to stand ;
splash. OFr. establer, Fr. dtablin, to make stable.
638 STACK STAKE

Stack. From forms like Sc. stacker, totter; staka, to stumble; Du. staggelen,
to stagger, ON. stakra, to totter, the sylla to paw the ground. Swiss stagge/n,
ble stak comes to express the sense of jog Rhenish staggsen, N.Fris. staggin (Jo
or project sharply. ON. stakka, a stump : hannsen, p. 52), to stammer, stutter.
staksteinar, projecting stones; stakºr, a Fr. sag.gofer, to jolt, rudely to shog or
stack or projecting heap. Gael. stac, a shake.—Cot.
precipice; a steep and high cliff; stacach,A staggering gait is when one moves
rugged, uneven. A stack is a precipitous by a series of abrupt movements, sway
rock standing separate from a line of ing from side to side, while in stammering
cliffs. See Stagger. or stuttering the broken efforts are made
Staddle. A young tree left standing with the voice instead of the legs. The
when underwood is felled ; a support. syllables dog, jag, fog, shag, shog, stag,
As. starthel, stathol, a foundation, that on are all used to represent movement
which a structure stands. ON. stada, abruptly checked. See Stab.
standing; Da. stade, stand, station. See Stagnate.—Stagnant. Lat. stagnum,
Stead. a standing pool. See Stanch.
Staff on. stafr, G. stab, Alban, staffi, Staid. Grave, sober, stayed or sup
a staff. The meaning of the word is an ported, not vacillating. See Stay.
implement of stabbing or thrusting, as To Stain.-Distain. Fr. desteindre,
shown in Gael. stoà, push, stab, thrust ; to distaine, to dead or take away the
stob, a stake, pointed iron or stick, prickle, colour of ; destcinct, distained, pale, wan,
stump; Lat. stipo, to cram, stuff, pack ; bleak, whose die is decayed or colour lost.
stipes, a stake, stock. In like manner G. —Cot. I stayne a thyng, I marre the
stock, a stick, may be compared with Sc. colour : je destains.—Palsgr. Lat. tin
stug, to stab; stock, to thrust. The E. gere, to dye.
stick is used as a noun in the sense of Stairs. AS. stager, a ladder, steps; Du.
staff, and as a verb in that of stab or steiger, waterside stairs, a mason's scaf
thrust into. fold ; Sw, steg, a step ; stege, a ladder;
Stag. The name of stag is given to NE. stee, steye, a ladder. From Goth.
very different animals, chiefly however to steigan, AS. stigan, OE. steye, to mount, to
the male. ON. steggºr, staggi, a gander step up.
or drake. Sc. stag, staig, a stallion or There ne is cable in no land maked that might
young horse. E. stag, a castrated bull, a stretche to me to drawe me into blisse, nesteyers
gander, a turkey-cock fatted in its second to steye on is none.—Chaucer, Test. Love.
year. — Hal. Staggard, a hart in its N. stiga fram, to step forwards; s. 1/f, to
fourth year.—B. Swiss stage!, a hart. lift the foot; s. med, to set down the foot,
Stage. Fr. estage, a story, stage, loft, to tread ; s. uppyve, to tread over shoe
or height of a house ; also a lodging, tops in mud or water ; stig, a step, foot
dwelling-house, or place of abiding. Es print, step of a ladder or stairs. Gr.
fager, a vassal, dweller within such or artixelv, to step, to mount ; Lett. staigait,
such a liberty or manor.—Cot. Prov. to go, to walk; stigt (tief eintreten), to
estage, residence, delay, rank, manner, stump.
state. “Tornara en aquel estatge on el The ultimate origin is the figure of an
era premeiramen :' will return to that impulse abruptly stopped, which is repre
state of life where he was first. ‘Pueys sented by the parallel roots stag and staff,
s'en torna la mars suau en son estaffe : ’ as shown under Stab. From the former
then the sea returns quickly to its bed.— we have Gael. stac, a hobbling step, and
Rayn. A stage is a framework of timber E. stagger, and from the latter ON. staffa,
on which anything is made to stand. to stamp, Du. stafpen, stippen, to step.
“The great toure stode but on stages of In stamping or stepping the movement of
tymbre.”—Berners, Froissart. the foot is abruptly stopped by the solid
From Lat. stare, Prov. estar, to re ground.
main, to be. Staith. A stage or platform for ship
The sense of stage on a journey may ping coals. ON. stad, Da, stade, a stand,
be either a metaphor from the floors suc station, standing-place ; sºd also is
cessively attained in going to the top of a specially used in the sense of Du. staede,
house, or it may be used in the original statio navium.—Kil. N. stad, a quay,
sense of resting-place. landing stage, sea-wall. G. gestade, shore.
To Stagger. Sc. stacker, stocłer, See Stage.
OE. staker (Chaucer), Da. dial. staggre, Stake. Essentially the same word with
staggle, stagge, to stagger; ON. stakra, to stack, a syllable representing, in the first
 STALACTITE STALK 639
instance, effort abruptly checked, then the the foot deep in the ground. G. stange, a
idea of sticking up or sticking in, what is staff, pole ; stánge/, a stalk.
prominent or projecting, what fastens or To Stale. It stallare, OFr. estaler,
is firm. Gael. stac, stumble (make a false Du. sta//en, a decorous expression for the
step—Armstr.), a hobbling step, halt, a urining of horses. Probably not as com
stake or post driven into the ground, a monly taking place when the animal
pillar, column, eminence, rock, stack, returns to the stall or stables, but, as
thorn; stacamach, knolly, rugged, full of Schmeller explains it, from stopping the
impediments. E. stacker, staker, to stag horse to let him stale. Das pferd sta///,
ger ; ON. staka, to stumble. OFr. estac, the horse stops. Stallen den lauf des
estache, a stake, tie ; Sp. estaca, G. staken, krieges : to stop the course of the war.
Du. staeck, a stake, stick, post. Lap. Sw.std//a en hest, to stop a horse. Piedm.
staićes, stable, steady, firm. stale, to stop, to stanch.
Stalactite. — Stalagmite. Gr. oraM Their [mares] sta/ing is no hindrance to their
arriç, arakayuðc, from araXágow or oraAdºw, pace in running their carriere, as it doth the
to fall or distil in drops. horse, who must needs then stand still.—Holland,
Stale. I. Sta/e was formerly used in Pliny.
slightly varying senses, derived from Du. To Stalk. As. starſcan, to step ; Da.
stelle, position, place ; G. stellen, to place, stalke, to go with high uplifted feet, with
post, set in a certain place. Die garne, long steps. N. stau/a, to go slowly, to
eine falſe stellen, to pitch nets, to set a stump along like an old man with a stick.
trap. Hence stale, a bait laid to entrap, “A stalker or goer upon stilts or crutches,
a decoy, a snare. Stale for foules takyng. grallator.”— Withal. 1608. The proper
—Palsgr. meaning is, to set down the foot with
Still as he went he crafty stales did lay
marked effort, so as to throw the weight
With cunning trains to entrap him *g, of the body on that leg. Gael. stalc, dash
your foot against—M*Alpine ; walk with
G. stel/-vogel, a decoy bird. Das geste// halting gait— Macleod ; staile, strike,
der ſischer, nets, &c., laid by fishermen. knock against, stamp, set down the foot
Closely allied is the sense of an am suddenly ; Ir. stailc, stop or impediment;
bush, a laying in wait. Zaie in staſe, E. dial. stalk, to poach the ground, the
lay in wait.—Stanihurst. Descr. Ireland. horse's feet to sink deep into it.
Stale of horsemen in a felde, guecteurs.- It stałęs so as horses can't come on the land;
us were forced to dibble it.—Mrs Baker.
Palsgr. OFr. Arendre esſal, to take posi
tion, to stand. G. Eine schrift stellen, Stoły, miry.—Hal.
to draw up a writing. Sich stellen, to The origin may be a representation of
make as though, to behave purposely, to movement abruptly checked by a form
counterfeit. like Bret. st/ak, clap, crack. In a similar
This easy fool must be my stale, set up manner, the parallel root st/aft (shown in
To catch the people's eyes.—Dryden. Bret. st/affa, to dash, to throw with vio
lence) might give rise to Du. sta/pen, to
Was this your drift, to use Ferneses name:
Was he your fittest stale 2–B.J paw the ground (ungulá ferire), ste/ſen,
2. Another application is, when stale is stuſ/en, to stop (properly to strike against)
used in the sense of old, past its season, —Kil. ; Sc. stip, to halt, to go on crutches.
overkept. Du. stel, vetus, vetustus, reses, So also from Bret. strak, crack, loud noise,
quietus.-Kil. This sense may be ex we pass to G. strauche/n, Du. struike/n, to
plained from OFr. temir estal, to keep stumble ; Bav. storke/n, starke/n, to strut,
your place, to remain.—Roquef. Piedm. stagger; Dorset, stark, to walk slowly ;
sta/7, of a horse, kept long in the stable ;
N. Fris. staurke, to strut.
of bread, stale. On a similar plan It. Stalk. ON. stiſºr, N. sta/#, ste//, sty/#,
stanzio, stantivo, what has long been stalk; Da. stilk, stalk, stem, handle ; Suf
standing, tainted, stale. folk stavk, the handle of a whip.
Stale.—Steal. A handle, as of a be The equivalence of G. stic/chen, from
som, axe, plough. Pl.D. steel, G. stieſ, stiele, a stalk, handle, column, would lead
stalk, pillar, prop, handle. Probably a us to regard the final AE of stalk as a di
contraction from a form like Swiss stigel, minutival ending, were it not for the oc
stiege/, a staff, pole, stiege/e, stage/, a currence of parallel forms sti/ and stilt,
prop, support. Hence Swiss stic/en, to in which the AE of sta/k is exchanged for
accompany a godfather to church for the a / and t respectively. Sc. stip, to
sake of showing him honour, to support stump, to go on stilts or crutches; Walach.
him. Lett. stiga, a stalk; stigt, to stick s/i/Att, a column; stipare, a shoot, twig ;
640 STALL STANCH

Sw, stol/e, a stake, support, leg, pillar; as shown in the forms OHG. stambi/oz,
E. dial. stuſ/), stump, post ; Swiss s/e/3, a OE. stamber (Hal), E. stumble, stammez-.
stalk—Adelung ; E. stilt, a support. A similar series is exhibited in Sw. Adž
The radical signification seems to be //a, Sc. haë//e, habber, to stammer; E.
that explained under To Stalk, viz. strik /o/ö/e, to limp ; Sc. hamp, to stammer,
ing with the foot, throwing the weight of to halt in walking ; Du. hompelen, to
the body upon one leg as in staggering limp, E. hambyr (Pr. Prm.), hammer, to
or stumbling or stepping with delibera stammer, to give repeated blows, to do a
tion, whence the name is transferred to thing by repeated efforts.
anything used as a leg in bearing up a To Stamp. , See Step.
weight, a prop, support, stalk. To Stanch.-Stanch. Fr. estancher,
Stall. ON. stal/r, that on which any to stanch or stop the flow of liquid, to
thing stands or is placed, bench, foot, quench. Sp. estantcar, to stop, to pro
basis ; AS. steal, a stall, place, stead, seat, hibit, to stop a leak; estanco, stanch,
room. Horsa steal, a place for horses or water-tight. A stanch vessel is one that
stable. Geha/gode on his steal/e, con will hold the water in or out, whence fig."
secrated in his stead. OHG. stall, G. ste//e, stanch, firm, reliable. Bret. stanka, to
place; stalgeban, to give place; Kernstal, stop the flow of liquid, to stop a hole, to
the place which holds kernels, the core of obstruct; Prov, estancar, restancar, to
fruit. Bav. Aerzenstall, a candlestick ; stanch, to stop ; estanc, firm, stable.
burgstall, place where a castle stands or Lat. eatinguere, restinguere, to quench,
has stood. It sta//o, OFr. esta!, place, put out a fire, in which sense E. stanch
seat, residence, whence estaller, to install, also was formerly used.
to place in seat. Prendre estal, to take The foresaydeerle sette ſyreupon a syde of the
position. citie—whiche fyre was scantly stenchyd in seven
De haut esta! en bas escame dayes after.—Fabyan, Chron.
Puéent bien lor siège cangier : Prov. estancir, to quench. In Lat. stag
—from high stall to lowly bench can well change num, a standing water, It. stagnare, to
their seat.—Roquef. stanch, to stagnate, the g and n are
In this sense we speak of the stalls of a transposed, which are again found in
cathedral. In a somewhat different ap proper order in OFr. estanche, estang,
plication, Fr. estail, estal, the stall of a shop Gael. stang, a pond.
or booth, anything whereon wares are The sense of stoppage or hindrance of
laid and showed to be sold.—Cot. Lith. action is expressed by forms springing
stillas, Pol. stºl, a table. Bav. stellen, from two parallel roots, staff, stap, stamp,
what is set for objects to stand on ; buche' and stag, stak, stantá, signifying, in the
stellen, G. bitchengestell, a book-stand or first instance, jog, thrust, impulse ab
book-stall. ruptly checked by an obstacle, which may
Stallion. Fr. estalon, êtalon, It. sta/- either oppose an absolute resistance to
Jone, stal/ione, a horse long kept in the motion, or may be penetrated to some
stable without being used, also a stallion. extent, allowing the implement of force
—Fl. A stallion is called equits ad stal to stick fast in the substance of the im
/um in Leg. Wisig, according to Diez. pediment. To the former class belong E.
Stamina. Lat. stamen, a thread, the staff, to strike with a sudden thrust;
grain of wood. stamp, to strike the ground with the
To Stammer. Goth. stamms, OHG. foot ; Sw. staffa, to pound, to stuff or
stamm, ON. stamr, AS. stomm, stamer, thrust into ; Sc. stap, to stop ; Prov.
stomer, stammering ; ON. stama, Sw. estampir, to stop, to close: to the latter,
stamma, OHG. stament, stammen, stamma Du. stagge/en, to strike the ground with
/ón, stambilán, G. stammeln, stammern, the foot, to paw like a horse, E. stagger,
stumtmlern, AS. stomimet/art, to stammer, staker, to make abrupt movements right
stutter. Sc. stammer, to stagger. ‘The and left instead of moving steadily on
horse stammers.’ The broken efforts wards; Swiss stagge/en, stanggeln, to stut
made by the voice in stammering, as con ter, to speak by a series of broken efforts;
trasted with the uniform flow of ordinary Bret, stok, a shock or knock; ON. staka,
speech, are represented by varying forms, to stumble, to strike against an impedi
of which perhaps Sw. sta///a, to stam ment; Sc. stock, to thrust; G. stocken, to
mer or stagger, may be taken as the ori stop, to cease from motion, to stick or
ginal type. The final p of the root is first stop short in speech ; Lang. s'estacá, to
nasalised and afterwards absorbed, leav stick at, hesitate, boggle ; estangó, to
ing the nasal as its sole representative, stop, shut, fasten ; Devon stagged, stuck
 STAN CHION STAPLE 641
in the mire; Bret. staga, Castrais estaca, arme del commune de Firenze.—Joh. Vil
to fasten ; G. stang, It. stanga, a stake, lani in Duc. Ertendarium, vexillum.—
bar, or implement for thrusting ; ON. Albertinus Mussatus (ob. A.D. 1329) de
stanga, to stick, thrust, strike with the Gestis Italicorum. On the other hand,
horns; Sw.stdnga, Lap. stagget, to shut. the term frequently occurs in the histories
Stanchion. Supporters in buildings; of the crusades, designating especially
(in ships) pieces of timber that support the ensigns of the Saracens, which con
the wast-trees.— B. Fr. estanson, a prop, sisted solely of a stander or upright with
stay, trestle; estancer, to prop, to stay.— out a flag.
Cot. Prov. estanc, firm, stable. W. ystanc, Unus autem nostrorum accepit standarum
a hold-fast, bracket ; ystancio, to prop. Ammaravisi, desuper quoderat pomum aureum,
The office of a stanchion is to thrust hasta vero tota cooperta argento : quod stanta
rum apud nos dicitur vexillum.—Tudebodus in
against an object and prevent it from Duc. Longissima hasta, argento operta pertotum,
giving way. See Stanch. quod vocant Standart, et quae regis Babiloniae ex
To Stand. Goth. standan, pret. stoth, ercitui signum praeferebatur et circa quam praeci
ON. standa, stod, stadit. Stada, stand pua virtus densabatur.—Albertus Aquensis, A.D.
ing, standing still; solstada, solstice ; 11 Io. Qui omnes procedentes secus Alvertum in
campo quodam—standart, id est, malum navis
vedrstada, the standing or direction of erexerunt, vexillum S. Petri–in eo suspendentes.
the wind. Stada, as Da. stade, stand, —Simeon Dunelm. A.D. 1138.
station, stall ; also as Da. sted, stead, Aliqui eorum in medio cujusdam machinae,
place; Goth. staths, place. quam illi adduxerant, unius navis malum erexe
The root of the word is stad, which, on runt, quod Standard appellaverant, unde Hugo
the one hand, is nasalised in stand, while Eboracensis Archidiaconus :
the d is softened down and lost in G. Dicitur a stando standardum, quod stetit illic
stehem, Lat. stare, Gr. torm-u, Sanscr. Militiae probitas, vincere sive mori.
sthā, Boh. stai-ti. The final t will be ob In summitate vero ipsius arboris—vexilla suspen
derunt.—Ricardus Hagustald. A. D. 1190.
served in Lat. status, standing, posture,
station. The primary meaning is proba G. stainder, an upright in building ; thir
bly to strike against, to meet with an im ständer, echständer, a door-post, corner
pediment, to come to a stop, from the post. In this sense E. standard is a fruit
representation of an abrupt sound by the tree that stands of itself in opposition to
syllable stad, stat, in a way analogous to one that is supported against a wall.
the course of development illustrated As the standard is the object to which
under Stanch. Gael. stad, impediment, the army looks for direction, the term is
stop, cessation ; stadach, stopping, hesi met. applied to any fixed mark to which
tating, stammering; Devon stat, stopped certain actions or constructions are to be
—Hal. ; E, stoffer, stutter, stut, to speak made to conform : the standard of morals,
in broken tones ; Sc. stol, stoit, stoiter, to standard of weights and measures.
totter, stagger, stumble. Stang. ON. sºong, OHG. stanga, It.
stanga, a bar, staff, pole, properly an in
Sho stottis at straes, syne stumbillis not at stanes. strument of thrusting, from ON. stanga,
To stot, to stop.–Jam. Goth. staufan, to thrust, stick, strike with the horns.
Sw, stota, Da. stoºde, Du. stooten, to strike Sw. stainga, to shut, to fence ; stangel, a
against, to jolt, jog, thrust. bar, also, as G. stenge!, a stalk, the part of
Standard. It stendardo, Prov. estan a plant that shoots up and supports the
dart, estandard, Sp. estandarte, Fr. esſen flowering branches. Lap. stagget, to
dart, Mid. Lat. standardum, stantarum, shut ; staggo, a stake or pole.
standarum. Two words from different de Stanza. It stanza, Fr. stance, a staff
rivations seem to be confounded. The stan or stave of verses at the close of which
dard was a lofty pole or mast, either borne there is a pause in the versification. Sp.
in a car or fixed in the ground, marking the estancia, stay, continuance in a place, re
head-quarters of an army, and commonly sidence, stanza. From estar, to stand.
bearing a flag on which were displayed Walach. stare, a pause, a stanza in verse.
the insignia of the authorities to which it Staple. I. AS. staffel, a prop, support,
belonged. Hence the word is explained trestle.
from Lat. extendere, It stendere, to spread Under ech stapeſ of his bed,
abroad, display. Stenda/e, any displaid That he niste, four thai hid.—Seven Sages.
streamer, banner, or standard.—Fl. Era Du. staffeſ, stalk, stem, support, heap,
uno carro in su quattro rote, et havevavi steeple, foot, basis on which anything
su due grande antenne vermiglie, in su le rests.-Kil. Sw. staffel, stocks on which
quali ventilava il grande stendale dell’ a ship is built, a heap, pile; OFr. estappe
41 -
642 STAR STARE

Rouchi esta/e, a stake, pole, pile. Gael. —Kil., ON. stirna, to glitter. But, on the
stafful, bolt, bar, staple. Fr. estampeau, other hand, nothing is more probable
a trestle ; estamper, to support, to under than that the stars should take their name
prop.–Cot. from sparkling or glittering, and a root
The origin of the word is the root stab ser or ster having that signification ap
or staff, signifying abrupt thrust, from pears in Lat. serenus, bright, clear, shin
whence we pass to the notion of a pro ing ; Gr. orspori (dorsporii), āorpairſ,
minence or projection, as in Da. dial. (analogous to Champ. ab/ancer for balan
staff, N. stabbe, stump of a tree, ON. stabbi, cer), a flash of lightning, flashing, glitter.
a heap, a stack. The application of the See Stare.
name to a prop or support arises from Lat. stella may perhaps be for steruſa,
regarding the prop as thrusting upwards but it may be direct from the root stel,
against the weight imposed upon it. The parallel with ster, signifying, in the first
staff/e of a door is the iron loop stuck into instance, crack, then burst, scatter, sparkle,
the door-post in order to hold the bolt of according to the analogy of Fr. &clat,
the lock. Sc. stafaſis, fastenings.-Jam. which signifies, in the first place, the crack
2. In a derivative sense staple is used of an explosion, then fragment, glitter.
for a market or emporium, the merchan Sp. estallar, to crack, to burst with a
dise brought to be sold at such a market, loud sound ; esta//o, crackling, crashing,
the principal merchandise of a country, sound of anything bursting or falling ;
the materials of manufacture, raw mate OFr. estoiſe, estelle, éclat de bois, chip,
rial, substance of a thing. splint, to be compared with estoile, a star;
The origin of these significations is Du. este/er, to flash like lightning.—Roquef.
and Sw, staffel, a heap, and thence a place Another instance of the name of a star
where goods are stored up or exposed for being taken from the sense of sparkling
sale. Rouchi estapler, to expose goods is seen in Magy. tsillag, a star, compared
for sale in public market; Champ. estape, with tsiſ/ogni, tsillómlani, to sparkle,
estaple, shop, market ; estapler une voi glitter; G. schillern, to glance, play with
ture, to stop a conveyance for the purpose different colours.
of offering the goods for sale. Fr. estape, Starboard. The right side of the ves
estaple, a public storehouse wherein mer sel. ON, stformbordi, Da. styrðord; from
chant strangers lodge their commodities stform, the rudder, Da. styre, to steer, be
which they mean to vent; also a certain cause the rudder consisted of an oar on
place whereto the country is enjoined to the right side of the ship, where the steers
bring in provisions for a marching army; man stood.
also the pecuniary contribution allowed Starch. See Stark.
by those towns or persons that bring in To Stare. 1. To glitter,shine. ‘Staryng
none—Cot. Hence étape, resting-place, or schynyng as gay thyngys, rutilans.
or soldier's allowance on march. Staryn or schynyn and glyderyn, niteo.’
In the N. of France, and Germany, the —Pr. Pm. Du. sterren, to twinkle.
term was applied to a privilege accorded As ai stremande sternes stared alle thaire wedes.
to certain towns, by which they were K. Alex. p. 129.
entitled to stop all imported goods brought Her fiery eyes with furious sparks did stare.—F.O.
within their limits until they had been ex See Star.
posed to public sale for a definite period, 2. ON. stara, Sw, stirra, Du. staren,
and the name was also given to the towns staroogen, to stare, gaze, look fixedly. N.
possessed of such a privilege. Rouchi stara, stira, are also used in the sense of
estaple, public exposure to sale. “Le temps simply looking, turning the eyes towards.
de l'es/affle au lieu de deux heures devra Star, eyes, look, sight; brunt star, brown
durer toute la journée.” E. staple, a city eyes.
or town where merchants jointly lay up 3. the act of looking consists only in
their commodities for the better vending opening the eyes for the reception of light,
of them by the great ; a public store the senses of looking or gazing and of
house.—B. shining are often expressed by the same
Star. Gr. darhp, darpov, Lat. astrum, word, as in G. blick, a flash of light, a
Goth. stairno, Bret. stereſt, w. seren, a glance or look, and fig. the eye, looks.
star ; sér, stars. Bret. stºreden, a star; Swiss glare, to stare, is identical with E.
stérèd or stered.cnnou, stars; stºredemni, glare, glow ; OE. gore, glowr, to stare,
to twinkle, glitter. In a similar manner with N. glora, to glitter, to stare. To
appear to be formed w. serenu, to glitter, stare then, in the sense of looking fixedly,
dazzle, sparkle ; Du. sterren, to twinkle may be a secondary application of stare,
 STARK STATIONER 643
to shine. “I stare, as a man's eyes stare sforczyd, to raise or set up, to bristle, to
for anger, mes yeulx s'alument.”—Palsgr. prick up the ears; sterczec, to stick out,
On the other hand, we have G. starr, protrude, jut out. G. sturg am f/luge,
stiff, rigid ; ein starrer blick, a fixed A/lugstert, plough-handle ; E. dial. stert,
look ; starren, to be stiff; starren, an tail of a plough, stalk of fruit; redstart, a
starren, starr ansehem, to stare at. And bird with a red tail ; Bav. starz, tail of
certainly the verb to stare is used in this beasts, stalk. G. stièrzen, to dash, to
latter sense, when we speak of an ill do things with a quick sudden motion,
fed horse having a rough and staring throw down, fall ; Du. storten, to hurl
coat. ‘Aggricciamenti, astonishments, or throw headlong, to tumble, fall, to shed
starings of one's hairs.”— Fl. Holstein or spill. Stortregen, a violent shower.
sturr, stiff; sturre hadr, rigid hair. ON. G. eine tonne stiirzen, as in E. nautical
stargresi, Dan. stargras, starr, sedge, language, to start a cask, to spill the con
rigid grass, growing by the sea or on tentS.
moors, in E. provincially starr or bent. The origin appears to be the clattering
It stora, a mat or hassock made of bents sound of dashing down. Bohem. stur
or sedge. Sw. stirra ut/imgren, to spread cowati, to clatter, to empty out ; E. dial.
one's fingers ; stirra med dgomen, to strat, to dash to pieces, to splash with
look wildly, to stare. Bav. storren, to mud ; strat, a fall.—Hal. Comp. Bret.
project ; der storren, the stump of a tree; st/a/a, straža, to clap ; st/apa, to dash
Gael. sturr, rugged point of a hill ; stur down. Swab. stritzen, to spirt. To
rag, turret or pinnacle ; sturrach, rugged, startle, to sparkle.—Hal. ‘Frizzare, to
surly in temper. spirt, to frisk, to startle as good wine doth
Stark. —Starch. ON. sterkr, styrkr, being poured into a glass, also to frisk or
OHG. starah, starh, G. stark, rigid, stiff, skip nimbly.’—Fl.
strong. Goth. gastaurkan, to dry up ; To Starve. In the Midland Counties
ON. storkma, Du. storkelen, Swiss storche to clem is to perish from hunger; to starve,
/en, to congeal, coagulate, thicken ; Sw. to suffer from cold. I am starved, I am
storkma, provincially strogna, to choke. perished with cold. ON. starſ, labour,
E. dial. stark, starky, stiff, dry.—Mrs B. trouble, inconvenience; starſa sik, to ex
The original sense is probably rugged, ert oneself. N. starva (of a sick or wearied
uneven in surface, an idea commonly ex beast), to go slow and tottering, to shrug
pressed from the figure of a harsh, broken like cattle in the cold, to go off, fall away,
sound. Bret. straka, strakla, to crack, perish ; starving, a slow and tottering
clap, crackle, rattle; straßel, stragel, the gait. Du. sterwen, G. sterben, to die.
clapper of a mill; Bohem. s.sterkati, Compare AS. deorſan, to labour, painfully
s.strkati, sstrokotati, to rattle ; Russ. to exert oneself, to perish. Gedunſon hedra
strogat’, strugat’, to rake, scrape, plane ; scipa, their ships perished. Sw. straſwa,
strog’, rigid, hard, austere; Lith. Strägti, to endeavour, to strive ; straſwan, work,
to stiffen, to freeze. pains. See Strife.
As the sense commonly passes through State.—Station.— Stature.—Statis
the idea of a broken movement before tic. From Lat. sto, statum, to stand, are
that of a broken surface, we must in all formed statio, a station or standing-place;
probability refer to the foregoing root statura, stature ; status -ís, the standing,
such forms as E. straggle, struggle, and state or condition of a thing, and thence
G. strauchelm, Du. struikelen, to stumble; E. statist, one who examines the state of
Bav. storkeln, starkeln, to stagger ; E. things.
dial. stark, to walk slowly, stump. Stationer. In Mid. Lat. and even in
Starch for stiffening linen is G. stairke, classical times (according to Muratori,
strength, stiffness, starch. Sw, stairée/se, Diss. 25), statio was applied to a stall or
Du. stiffsel, starch. shop. It became appropriated to a seller
To Start.—Startle. To start, to do of books and paper, &c., as grocer, which
anything with a sudden spring. At a formerly signified a wholesale dealer, to a
stert, in a moment.—Chaucer. G. sturz, seller of spices. “Datia (quod dant mer
a fall, tumble, start, spurt.—Küttn. Sein catores de locis in quo vendunt) stayſge/d.’
pferd that einen sturg, his horse started ; —Dief. Supp. An ordinance of A.D. 1408
sturgkarren, a tumbril or cart that tilts prescribes, ‘quod nullus libellus sive trac
up. Sturg is also what projects abruptly, tatus—amodo legatur in scolis—nisi per
the stump of a tree, dock of a horse's tail, Universitatem Oxonii aut Cantabrigiae
handle of a plough. Das pferd stirzt die primitus examinetur—et universitatis auc
ohren, the horse pricks his ears. Pol. toritate stationariis tradatur
#
-
ut copietur
644 STATUE STEAD

et factâ collatione vendatur justo pretio.' and as the staves are separately useless
—Concil. Britan. Ed. Spelman in N. & Q., until they are set up in the form of a
Jan. 12, 1861. vessel, so the letters are individually in
Statue. Lat. statua. significant until set together in a word.
Statute. -stitut-. Lat. status, stand Stay. 1. ON., Da., Du, stag, Fr. estaye,
ing, posture, gives rise to statuo, -utum the stay or strong rope that fastens the
(in comp. -stituo), to set, place, establish, top of the mast to the bow of the vessel.
ordain. Hence Constitute, Institute, &c. ON. staga, to bind, to fasten. Bret. stag,
* To Staw. To glut, to clog, to be a tie, fastening; staga, to fasten. See
restive, to refuse to draw.—Craven. Gl. Stanch.
Staud, surfeited, tired.—Hal. 2. Stay.—Staid. Stay, a prop, a sup
Or olio that would stav a sow.—Burns. port, also a stop, let, or hindrance; to
It is merely the broad pronunciation of stay, to support, to bear up, to stop, to
s/a/, in the sense of standing-place ; to continue in a place.—B.
stall, to bring to a stand. Stalled, set The primary sense is that shown in ON.
fast in a slough, satiated, cloyed.— Mrs stod, N. stad, styd, Sw, stad, stake, prop,
Baker. support; ON. stoda, to support, to help ;
Du. staede, staeye (Kil), Fr. estaye, a prop
As stille as a stone oure ship is stolled. or supporter. Hence staid, stayed, sup
Townely Myst. ported, steadied, kept firm.
Bav. stallen, Sw, stalla, to stop ; Piedm. The abbot who to all posterity did leave
sta/e, to stop, to stanch. The fruits of his stay’d faith, delivered by his pen.
Stave. 1. A different pronunciation of Drayton.
staff, appropriated by custom to certain Du. staeden, stabilire—Kil. ; Sw. stida,
modifications of the object, as a pole of stódja, to prop or support; stádja sig, to
some length, or one of the bars of which rest, repose on; N.stjd, sto, steady, continu
a cask is composed, ON. staſr, N. stav, a ous ; stáe se, to be steady. To stay, in
stick, pole, stave of a cask. the sense of hinder, prevent, stop, as
2. A stave in psalm-singing is a verse, when one speaks of staying one's hand, is
or so much of the psalm as is given out a metaphor of the same kind as when we
at once by the precentor to be repeated use help in the sense of abstain from,
by the congregation. Pl.D. staven, to prevent. ‘It cannot be helped.” In the
recite the words of a formula that is to same way from G. steuer, which properly
be repeated by another person, to admin signifies a stake, prop, support, is formed
ister an oath ; cert staveden eed, an oath steuern, to stop, hinder, stay, keep back,
solemnly administered. avert.—Küttn.
In this sense the word is a met. from Probably stay, in the sense of continue,
the construction of a hooped vessel by remain unmoved, has come to us through
putting together the staves of which it is the Romance. Lang, estaia, residence.
composed, and as each of these is separ ‘Fstafa farem ab lui :’ mansionem apud
ately set up, so a stave is so much of the eum faciemus. Prov. esſar, to stand, to
formula as is separately recited. ON. cease or abstain from action ; OFr. ester,
stafa eintzm eid, to administer to one an esteir, to stand, remain, be.
oath ; svá sºftd sôA, a matter so con The essential function of a stay or prop
stituted, so arranged. N. stava, to set up consists in the upward thrust by which it
the staves in a cask, and thence fig. to counteracts the weight of an incumbent
set together the letters of which a written body. Thus the immediate origin of the
word is composed, to spell ; stave/se, a word may be found in G. stos.sen, Sw.
syllable, a separate element of a spoken stóſa, Da. stºde, to strike against, jog,
word. It is obviously from this meta thrust, strike end ways, stamp, pound. In
phor also (and not, as commonly sup the same way from the secondary form G.
posed, from the upright bar forming the stufzen, to dash against, to come to a
body of the letter in the Runic alphabet) stop, we have G. stiltze, Sw, stºtta, a prop
that we must explain ON. sſaſº, AS. staºſ, or support. A conjecture as to the ulti
focstaſ, G. biºchs/Gö, a letter. “Litera,’ mate origin is given under Stilt.
says AElfric, “is sta'ſ on Englisc, and is Stead. — Steady. — Steadfast. Two
se lasta dael on bocum, and is untoda words seem to be confounded in E. stead,
ledlic :' letter is stay in English, and is viz.: 1. Goth. staths, ON. stadr, sºd, Du.,
the least element in writings, and is in As stede, Da. stea', place, spot, properly
divisible. In the same way the stave is standing ; ON. standa, stod, stadt, to
the ultimate element of a cask or tub, stand. Se stede is halig, this place is
 STEAK STEER 645
holy.—Jos. v. 15. Da. i steden, in the different branches of the Gothic stock the
place of, instead of. From this sense of syllables staff, s/?, stuft, convey the sense
the word we have homestead, the home of striking end foremost, stabbing, stick
place; bedstead, G. bet/staff, befºsłółłe, ing into, stamping, setting down the foot,
ON. eld'sſad; Cleveland, ſirestead, door throwing down, lowering, dipping or sink
stead, medalenstead, ON. stad/astr, Da. ing into a liquid, soaking.
stad/ast, steadfast, standfast, E. steadfast, We may cite ON. staffa, to stamp, to
firm in its place ; Sw. stadig, E. steady, pound ; N. Fris. stu/pin, to strike against
standing in its place, stable; ON. sted/a, (Stossen, Johans. p. 50); Du. staffen,
to place, staddr, Sw. stada, situated, s/i//en, to step, to set down the foot;
placed, bestead. Wara stada i ſara, to stippen, to fix, to stick into, to embroider;
be placed in danger. Icke wara stadd G. stirpſen, to goad, to prick; Pl. D. stup
wid penningar, to be hard bestead for pen, stippen, to strike the ground with a
money. stick in walking ; stiffstock, a walking
2. Stead in the other sense corresponds stick; stiffen, also to dip ; instiffen, to
to Du. staede, Sw, stoa, prop, stay, sup dip the pen in ink. N. Fris. stießen, to
port; ON. adstod, assistance; stoda, to dip candles, Sw, stºa, to dip candles, to
avail. cast metals, to steep seed or the like in
From this sense of the word must be water, to soak into, as ink into paper.
explained the expression, to stand one in The sense of soaking is incidental to that
good stead, exactly equivalent to the Du. of dipping into liquid. ON. steypa, to
fe staede kommen, in staede staen.—Kil. cast or throw down, to pour out, to cast
See Stay. in metal ; steypask, to cast oneself down
Steak. Slices of meat to fry or broil. or out of, to fall. N. stay/a, to cast down,
—B. ON. steiðja, Dan. siege, to roast, stupa, to fall. Sw, stupa, to incline, to
broil, fry; ON. steikari, a cook. N. Fris. lower, to fall. Stupa en tumna, to tilt a
słajcken, to roast in the ashes. As roast cask; s. omkull, to drop down. Han
seems originally to signify the rod on stupade i sãagtningen, he fell in battle.
which the meat was stuck by way of a From the idea of tumbling to that of
spit, so it is probable that steak is a modi. steepness or abrupt inclination is an easy
fication of stick or stake. OHG. stećko, step. The Lat. Aracceſs, headlong, sig
pole, stake, stick, peg. Da. stag, a stake, nifies also sloping, steep. Sw, stupad, in
pole, also a roast; at 7'ende steg, to turn clined, leaning downwards; stupning, de
the spit. Sw, steć, roast meat. clivity. N. stup, a steep cliff; stuffebratt,
Steal. A handle. See Stale. so abrupt that one may fall down. The
To Steal. Goth. stilan, ON. stela. stoop of a hawk is when he falls from a
Steam. AS. stem, vapour, smoke, height upon his prey.
smell. Du. stoom, dom, dom/, damp Steeple. AS. sty?el, a tower; Sw.
(Kil.), steam, vapour. Boh. dyſm, smoke. staffel, stocks on which a ship is built, a
Bav. daum, vapour, smoke ; doam wint, heap, a pile ; Ælockstaffel, a steeple or
moist warm wind. See Damp, Stew. belfry; N. stuffel, clock-tower; Pl.D. stipeſ,
Steed. AS. steda, a horse or stallion. stiffer, a prop, support, pillar. A pair of
Gael. steud, to run, to race; a race, a thick legs are called een paar gode stiffe/s,
wave ; sieud'shruth, a rapid stream; sleud to be compared with G. stape/m, to come
each, sleud, a swift horse, racehorse, war striding along. See Staple. ON. stipul/,
horse; steudach, Swift, billowy. support, pillar, tower, steeple.
Steel. OHG. sta/al, Ober D. stahel, Steer.—Stirk. A young bull, ox, or
stachel, G. stahl, steel. Probably Wach heifer. Bav. ster, sferen, sterch, sterchen,
ter and Adelung are right in connecting the male sheep or hog. OHG. stero, a
it with stechen, to stick, and stacheſ, prick, ram. Swiss sterchi, a bull for breeding ;
point ; analogous to It, acciaro, Fr. acier, stier, an ox calf. Gael. stilir, a male calf.
steel, from acies, point, edge. When steel G. s.ſier, stierchen, a bull; siferen, to copu
was first introduced it would be too late, of the bull and the ram. AS. sſyric,
valuable to be used for more than the styrc, Du, stierick, heifer. Gris. stier!,
edge of the weapon, and would be known sterſ, yearling bull.
as edge metal. Du. stae/ van /ief mes, To Steer.—Stir. As styran, asſyrian,
the edge of a knife.—Kil. A similar con to move, stir, steer, govern. Hiſ me mihte
traction is seen in OHG. s.ſcchal, Bav. Zhat hits astyrian : it could not move
sticke/, G. stei/, steep. Boh. stady, firm, that house.—Luke vi. 48. He styreſh
stable, is unconnected. thoſe roder: he moves the sky. Osric
To Steep. — Steep. — To Stoop. In that rice art gear sty, de : ruled the realm
646 STEM

eleven years. Eal/ that the styrath and the keel below, and serves to guide the
Zeofaſh: all that moves and lives. ON. ship's rake.—B. The parts of this timber
styra, to guide, steer, govern, control. that turn upwards before and behind are
OHG. stiltraſt, stiu/jam, to direct, move, in Sw. called fram stam and bakstam, the
govern, control, also to prop, support, prow and poop respectively. In E. the
lean on. Du. stieren, stucren, to drive name of stem has been retained only in
forwards, impel, propel.-Bigl. Kilian the case of the former. “From stem to
renders it, agere, adigere, agere navigium, stern.” N. stemm, the stem or prow of a
subigere navem conto, promovere navem. vessel. ODu. steve, a staff; the handle
.Stierboom, contus nauticus, trudes, per of a plough; steve, veursteve, the stem or
tica nautica. The sense here indicated, prow of a ship; achtersteve, stern.
of poling a boat or pushing it along with To Stem. I. To stop, to put a stop to.
the help of poles would seem to be the —B. To resist, as when we speak of
original meaning of the word, as it re stemming the flood. ON, stemma, to stop,
conciles several applications, apparently close, bar, dam. At 6s: skal & stemma:
unconnected. We have OHG. stiura, a river must be stopped at its source.
baculus, stipes, remus – Graff; Bav. Stemma stigu ſyrir einum : to bar the
steuer, a prop, support, aid, contribution ; way before one.
ON. staurr, Sw, stor, a stake or pole; From a modification of the root staff,
E. dial. stour, stower, a stake, a boathook; signifying thrust, endlong blow, the final
OHG. sſurſe, stor/en, ſischersfor!, a fisher's p of which is first nasalised and then
pole for stirring the water, or fishing-rod. absorbed : staff, stamp, stam. ON. stappa,
—Dief. Supp. in v. contus. Gr. oravpóc, to stamp, to pound; Sc. staff, to stop,
a stake, pole, pale, afterwards the cross obstruct, to cram, to stuff. Prov. desta
or stake on which a criminal was crucified. par, to unstop. “Lo bondonel destapa,'
The use of a pole for a somewhat he draws the cork. Sp. destapar, to un
different purpose gives Du. stoorem, to stop, uncover. Lith. stabdyti, to stop.
stir up the mud or shallows, to disturb, The nasalised form is seen in E. stamp,
impede, to stir up, irritate, excite—Kil. ; to strike an endlong blow; Rouchi étam
G. storeſt, to poke, rake into, stir up, dis per, to support. Etampe-te cont’ ” mur:
turb ; Sw. sſdra, to trouble, interrupt, support yourself against the wall. Sºtam
hinder, molest; also to place stakes, to per, to stand upright. When the thrust
support; Bav. stiren, to poke, as with a is sufficiently violent, the implement is
stick in the mud, with a finger in the stuck into the obstacle by which it is met,
nose, &c.; gandstürer, a toothpick. and the act assumes the aspect of striking
Stem. I. AS. stemm, G. stamm, the or fixing, fastening, stopping. Prov. es
stem or trunk of a tree. E. dial. stelms, tampir, tampir, to shut, to stop. Una
s/embles, shoots that grow from an old porta—que fon barrada et estampida de
stock; staums, stalks. – Mrs B. Lith. dins :” a door that was barred and shut
stambas, the stock or stem of a cabbage within. The terminal p is finally absorbed
or the like ; stambras, stalk of grass; in G. stammen, stemmen, to plant, to stick
Lett. staðrs, stalk of grass, shaft of an something on or against an object with
chor. ODu. staffel, stalk. Lat. stipes, sudden thrust, as a stick upon the ground,
any piece of wood standing in the ground, the elbow on a table, the feet against a
a pale, stake, trunk of a tree; stipula, a wall, the foot or knee upon an adversary’s
stem, stalk, straw ; Bohem. stop/a, the breast—Sanders; to stem, resist, bear up
stalk of a leaf, fruit, &c. Fr. estampeau, against, to sustain, support, prop.–Küttn.
a prop, stay, trestle. Rouchi, s'étamper, ‘Sich gegen etwas stemmen :' to bear up
to keep upright, to support. G. staim men, against it. “Sich empor stemmen º’ to
to sustain, prop, stay or bear up; sich raise oneself up by leaning on one's elbow,
stdmmen, to lean or rest against some &c. (to be compared with Rouchi s'étam
thing. per). ‘Sass ich auſgestemmt in meinem
The stem is the part of the plant which bette : " I sat supported in my bed. Sw.
thrusts or shoots upwards and supports sidimma, to stop, stanch, to hem or border.
the boughs and whole produce of the A parallel series of similar forms, differ
plant. From the root stab, signifying ing only in the want of an initial s, may
thrust. Sanscr. stambh, to stop, support; be found under Dam. Lang. tapa, tampa,
stambha, a pillar, post, stem. to stop, shut, inclose, surround; ON. ſeppa,
2. The stem of a ship (AS. stefn, stemm, to stop, to close ; Pol. tamować, to stop,
ON. sta/71, Da. stazºn) is that great pile of to dam, to check, restrain.
timber which is wrought compassing from 2. To stem is sometimes used in a
 STENCH STERN 647
different sense derived from ON. steſta or relinquam.—Joh. xiv. 18. Ofhreow him
stemma, to turn the stem towards, to move that asteffede wiſ, miserabat eum orbatae
in a certain direction. Hafa eit fyrir mulieris. OHG. stiuſ, steoſ, step (-father,
stafni, to have an object before the stem, -child, &c.); stiuſan, orbare ; arstiuſan,
to stem towards it, to move in that di viduare; bestiuſtiu, orphani.-Graff.
rection. Their stefndu inn i fjordin: they The origin may perhaps be shown in
steered in towards the firth. ON. stićſr, a stump, whence styſa, to cut
They on the trading flood– short ; styſdr, cropped, cut short. OSw.
Ply stemming nightly towards the pole.—Milton. sfitſ, stubče, a stump; stubba, stuftwa, to
Sw.stdfwa, to direct one's course towards cut short.
a point. N. stemma, course, direction, Stereo-. Gr. arspetc, firm, solid; as
appointment, a number of ships coming in Stereotype (fixed type), Stereoscope, &c.
at an appointed time. A colliery is said Sterile. Lat. steriſis.
to have a large stem on when there are a Sterling. Originally a name of the
number of ships waiting for cargo. N.E. English penny, the standard coin in
steven, an appointed time ; to set the which it was commonly stipulated that
steven, to agree upon a time and place of payment should be made; it was sub
meeting. In Cornwall, stem, stemmin, an sequently applied to the coinage of Eng
appointed task, a day's work. land in general, and metaphorically came
Stench. See Stink. to signify, of standard value, genuine,
Stent. An allotted portion, a right of Sound.
pasturage [for a definite number of cattle] ‘Denarius Angliae qui vocatur Sterlin
—Hal. Stent, portion, part. — Palsgr. gus.”—Stat. Edw. I. in Duc. “Moneta
Stente or certeyne of value or dette and nostra, videlicet sterlingi, non deferatur
other lyke, taxatio; stentyd, taxatus.- extra regnum.”—Stat. David II. Scot. “In
Pr. Pn. The day's work of a collier is this year (1351) William Edginton—made
called his stent in Staffordshire. Mid. Lat. the kyng to make a new coyne—distroy
extendere, O Fr. esſendre, to estimate.— ing alle the elde sterlynges which were of
Roquef. ‘Haec est extenta terrarum de gretter wight.”—Capgr. Chron. 214. “In
terris et tenementis Prioris de Derhuste centum marcis bonorum novorum et lega
quantum valeant.”—Monast. Ang. ‘Par lium sterlingorum tredecim solid. et 4
mesmes les jourours soient les terres es sterling, pro qualibet marcă computetis.”
fendues à la very value.”—Duc. —Chart. H. III. in Duc.
Stentorian. Having a voice like The origin of the name is unknown.
Stentor, the crier of the Greeks at Troy. Some suppose it to be from the coin
Step. — Stamp. Du. staff, baculum, having had a star on the obverse, the ob
gradus, passus ; staffen, to step, to set jection to which is that there is no evi
down the foot. ON. staffa, to stamp, to dence of any coin in which the star occu
thrust with a pole or the like. Their stop pied a place sufficiently marked to give a
pudu snjáinn med spjótsköptum sinum : name to the coin. There are indeed
they beat down the snow with their spear pennies of King John on which there is a
shafts. .Staff a fetinum i ſãrdina, to star or sun in the hollow of a crescent
stamp with their feet on the earth. N. with other emblems, but it is a very in
stampa, to stamp, to tramp in wet or conspicuous object. Others suppose that
mud ; stappa, to pound, to stuff in, cram the name was given to coins struck at
full ; stapp, pounded or mashed food. G. Stirling in Scotland. But the hypothesis
stafſen, to step, to tread hard. Gr. orsiſ30, most generally approved is that the coin
to stamp, tread, ram down. Pol. staffaë, is named from the Easterlings or North
to step, stride; stopa, sole of the foot. Germans, who were the first moneyers in
See Stab. England. Walter de Pinchbeck, a monk
Step-father.— Step-son. The original of Bury in the time of Ed. I., says, “Sed
application of the term is to a step-child, moneta Angliae fertur dicta fuisse a no
signifying an orphan, a child deprived of minibus opificum, ut Floreni a nominibus
one at least of its parents, and is thence Florentiorum, ita Sterlingi a nominibus
extended to a person marrying a widow Esterlingorum nomina sua contraxerunt,
or widower with children, coming in the qui hujusmodi monetam in Anglia pri
place of father or mother to orphan chil mitus componebant.” The assertion how
dren. Sie bearm his a stepfe, in another ever merits as little credit in the case of
version, syn bearn his steopoila, may his the Sterling as of the Florin. We do not
children be orphans.—Ps. cwiii. 9. Me even know when the name originated.
/aete ic eow steopoila, ego non vos orbos Stern. I. Sc. stourne, stern.
 618 STEW STICK
Ac wº, Hunger was here mayster wolde non
2. Stew, a place to keep fish in alive
chide,
Nestryve agens the statute, he loked so sturne. for present use. “They take a milter out
of their steeves or pooles where they use
ON. stºra, sorrow, disturbance; stºrinn, to keep them.”— Holland, Plinie in R.
N. stureſt, sturall, sorrowful, cast down, Pl.D. stauen, to stop, to dam ; stau, a
disturbed ; Du. s/tter, torvus, austerus, dam ; Pol staw, a pond; stawidlo, a
ferox ; stooren, to disturb, trouble; Sc. floodgate.
s/our, disturbance, battle, conflict. To Stew.—Stove.—Stews. It stuva,
2. Stern, the steerage or afterpart of a stuſa, stua, Prov. estuba, ON. stofa, Sw.
ship. From ON. styra, to steer, direct, stuftwa, OHG. stupa, G. stube, Pl.D. stove,
rule; styri, the rudder; stiorn, govern $/ave, E. stove, a heated confined space,
ance, rule, rudder; stforma, to steer, to heated room, hot-bath; the notion of
govern. OHG. stiura, Du. stuur, rudder. heat being incidental merely, on the same
Himself as skippare hynt the stere on hand. principle on which we speak of a room
D. V. being close when we mean that it is too
See Steer. hot. Piedm, stua, a stove or hot closet,
I. Sc. stew, vapour, smoke, also
Stew. the wadding of a gun, what is ram
dust. med down to keep the powder tight.
Ail thair flesche of swait was wate, Pl. D. veile stoven, venal chambers, a
And sic a stew raiss owt off thaim then, bagnio or stews, a brothel.
Of aneding ſaynding, breathing] bath of From the noun is formed the verb Fr.
horss and men estuzer, to stew, soak, bathe; It stuſare,
And off powdyr, that sic myrknes stuvare, stuare, to bathe and sweat in a
Intill the ayrabowyne thaim wes.—Barbour. stove or hothouse, to stew meat in a close
Mil/stew, G. mith/staub, the dust of a covered pot or pan—Fl.; Sw. stufwa,
mill. Stew, when the air is full of dust,
Pl.D. staven, stoven, to stew. G. stauchen,
smoke, or steam.–Grose; dust, pother, to jog, thrust, stick into, stop the flow of
disturbance, ‘What a stew you are water, is also used in the sense of stewing
making.’ Figuratively, a state of vexa meat; to cram it into a confined space.
tion and perplexity, “I was in a fine stew.” Stauchen einen, to poke one in the ribs;
—Mrs Baker. Goth. stubjus, Pl.D. stoff, sich auſs bett himstauchen, to lean on the
G. staub, dust; OHG. stoupon, turbare; bed.--Schmeller. It stuſare, to glut or
stubbi, Bav. stubb, stuff, dust, powder. satiate, is also from the original sense of
It would seem that dust, smoke, vapour, stuffing or thrusting into.
is originally conceived as the suffocating Steward. ON. stivardr, the person
agent, and is named from stopping the whose business it is to look to the daily
breath, and, in the first instance, from work of an establishment, from stfä, N.
sticking or thrusting into. Thus we have sti, domestic occupation, especially the
Lat. stipare, to cram, press, stuff; It. foddering the cattle; stia, to be busy
stipare, stizare, to pack, ram in hard, to about the house, especially in taking care
stop chinks; Du. stuzwert, to ram, to of cattle, to bring the cattle to the house.
stow ; E. dial. stive, to push with poles, to ON. stia, sheephouse.
stuff, to choke. A road is said to be To Stick. The radical image is a
stivalen up when it is so full of snow as to shock or sharp blow, a thrust with a
be impassable; to be stived up, to be pointed implement, which is driven into,
stifled up in a warm place; stiving, close, and remains fixed in, a solid obstacle.
stifling. ‘Sweep gently or you will stive Hence the idea of stoppage, cessation.
us.' Hence stive, dust.—Mrs Baker. For When the action is considered with re
ference to the source from which it pro
the identity of stive and stew, compare
skewer and skiver, E. dive and Du. ceeds, rather than the end to which it is
duwen, douwen. ‘The room was so warm directed, we are led to the notion of pro
I was quite stewed.”—Mrs B. Stives, jection, of something sticking sharply out
stews or brothels.-Hal. of the surrounding surface.
A series of parallel forms without the The radical sense is seen in Pol. stuk,
initial s is seen in Du. douwen, duwen, to noise made by striking with something
push, stick into ; It. tuffare, to dip, duck, hard ; stuhač, to make such a noise, to
plunge in water, to smother; Sp. tuſo, knock; Bret. stok, a knock or shock;
choking vapour, Lang. touſo, oppressive steki, to knock; Sc. stock, to thrust. We
heat; tubós, fog, mist; Gr. Tipoc, smoke, have then Du. stećen, G. sterken, to stick
mist, cloud; ON. duff, dust; Da. duff, into, to put a ring on one's finger or
fragrance; Grisons toffar, tuffir, to stink. money into one's hand, to stick a sword
 STICKLER STILL 649
in the sheath, to stab one with a sword, if we step in the path he himself appoints.
to stick fast, to come to a stand. Im —Morris, Alliterative Poems.
Áothe stecken, to stick in the mud. Die In accordance with the above the word
sache steckt, the thing is stopped. Sich is written stite/er in the Coventry Mys
stecken, of water, to be stopped, to cease teries, p. 23.
to flow ; steckhusten, a choking cough.
In Scotland a stickit minister is one who This is the watyre abowte the place, if any
dyche may be made, ther it schal be played : or
has failed to pass his examination. To ellys that it be strongly barryd al abowte, and lete
stick or steće, to stab, to stitch, to fix or nowth over many stitelerys be withinne the plase.
fasten, and thence to close, to shut. To Stiff. G. steif, Dan. stiv. From the
steek the door, to shut it. ‘He steeked his same source with staff, staff, stub, Lat.
eyne, his neive :’ shut his eyes, his fist. stipes, &c.; what projects, stands abruptly
To steek is also to stop, to choke. out, unbending, unyielding. Swiss staben,
And Bannokburn betwix the braes
Off men, off horss swastekyt wais.-Barbour.
gestaben, to be stiff with cold; gestabet,
stiff; met. uncultivated; stabi, a clown.
ON. stika, to dam. E. dial. stagged, stog Pl.D. stavig, stiff, staff-like. Lith. stipti,
ged, stuck in the mire. It stuccare, to to become stiff with cold, or in death ;
stanch, stop or close up, to glut or cloy stiprus, strong. Let. staibus, strong,
(Fl.), also to stop masonry with a com brave. In like manner Esthon. Kang, a
position of lime, to parget. Da, stiže, to bar, lever, pole; £ange, hard, stiff, strong,
prick, stick, stab, Stitch. great.
Alongside the verb we have G. stock, The sense of stiffness may however be
stecken, a staff or stick, an implement for attained from the notion of stuffing or
thrusting; It stocco, a thrusting sword, thrusting in. Gr. orétºw, to stamp; ort
also a short truncheon or cudgel, stecco, Bapóc, strong, stiff, thick; orvptAóç, orvpx6c,
stecca, a stick, lath, splinter; N. stižka, a orvppóc, orvpéc, close, solid, rugged, harsh;
stick, pin, point, prick. orūw, to make stiff; artºpóc, pressed close,
Stickler.—To Stickle. Stick/ers were
compact, solid, strong ; origoc, anything
persons appointed on behalf of each of pressed firm. Lat. stiffare, to cram, stuff,
the parties in a combat to see that pack close ; It stipare, stivare, to ram in
their party had fair play, and to part hard ; Du, stijven, to stiffen. Dat stift
the combatants when occasion required. de beurs, that fills the purse. E. sleeve, to
Hence to stickle for, to maintain one's Stow cotton by forcing it in with screws,
rights to a thing. “I styckyll between to stiffen, to dry.—Hal. Sc. stive, steeve,
wrastellers or any folkes that prove mas firm, compact, trusty.
tries to se that none do other wronge, or To Stifle. To stop the breath. ON.
I part folke that be redy to fight : je me stſ/?a, to stop, to dam ; stifta, a stoppage,
mets entre deux.’—Palsgr. “Advanced as of the nose, of water. Fr. estouper, to
in court, to try his fortune with your stop, to close ; estouffer, to stifle, smother,
prizer, so he have fair play shown him, choke. E. stuff, to ram, to thrust in. G.
and the liberty to chuse his stickler.”—B. stopſºn, to stuff, to stop. Bret. stouſa,
Jon., Cinthia's Revels. stouwa, sleſia, stevia, to cork, stop a bottle.
The proper reading of the word should Gr. origw, to draw together, to compress.
be stightlers, as signifying those who E. dial, stiſe, a suffocating vapour; sti/y,
have the arrangement or disposition of stifling.
the field, from AS. stihtian, OE. stižtle, to Stigma.-Stigmatise. Gr. oriyua, a
govern or dispose. ‘Thas the Willelm mark or brand, from artºw, to prick in, to
weolde and stihte Englelond :’ from the brand ; oriyuaričw, to mark with ariyuara.
time that W. wielded and ruled E.
-stil.—Still. Lat. stillare, to drop, fall
Thaje he be a sturn knape in drops; as in Distiſ, Instil.
To sº stel and stad with stave, Stile. AS. stigel, gradus, scala, from
Full well con dry;tyn schape
His servaunte; for to save. stigan, to climb, to mount. A stile is a
Sir Gawaine and the Green Knight, 2136. contrivance for stepping over a fence.
When Gawaine goes to keep his appoint getting Pl.D. stegel, stiegse/, steps in a wall for
ment with the green knight in the chapel
over ; Bav. stige/, a stile.
Stiletto. Lat. stylics, stilus, a bodkin
of the wood, he asks, Who stižtles here 2 or pointed implement to write with ; It.
who rules, who is the master here?
If we leven the layk of owre layth synnes,
stile, a pricker, knitting needle, goad, in
And stylle steppen in the sty3e he systles hym dex of a dial; stileſto, a pocket dagger.
selven, * Still. adj. and adv. Without move
He will wende of his wodschip and his wrath leve: ment, and thence, without sound, or vice
65o STILT STINT

versä. G. still stehem, to stand still ; still in a similar manner in Du. stalpen (Kil.),
schweigen, to be totally silent. By those to stamp, compared with stappen, to step,
who regard the absence of movement as to stalk; in G. stolpern, to stumble, com
the original idea, the word is connected pared with Sw. staffp/a, to stammer,
with G. stelle, place, standing-place. Das stumble, and in E. sta/k, compared with
pferd will nicht von der ste//e, the horse OE. staker, to stutter, stagger, or Da. dial.
stands still, will not stir; steſ/en, to place, stagge, stagle, to stagger.
settle, order or regulate something. Der Stimulate. — Stimulus. Lat. stimu
hund ste/ſet ein wild, the game stands Zus, a prick, goad.
still before the dog; Eine uhr stellen, to Sting. ON. stanga, stinga, Da. stikke,
set or regulate a clock; steller, the regu stinge, OHG. stungan, stingan, to butt,
lator; ON. stilla, to arrange, moderate, stick, thrust, prick. A nasalised form of
direct, to tune an instrument, to stop a the same root with stick.
horse. Da. stille, to place, set, station, to Stingy. “Pinching, sordid, narrow
set a watch, to level a gun, also to stop, spirited. I doubt whether it be of ancient
still, quell, appease ; stilles, to subside, use or original, and rather think it to be
abate. Grimm supposes a primitive verb, a newly-coined word.”—Sir Thos. Brown.
stillan, stall, stullum, to rest, whence OHG. It is explained in the New Dict. of the
stil, quiet, still ; stillí, silence. Gr. oréAAw, terms ancient and modern of the Canting
to set in order, arrange, dispatch. Crew, by B. E. Gent (17 Io), as “covetous,
On the other hand, the hushing of a close-fisted, sneaking.’
person to silence affords the most lively The word is probably a corruption of
image of calm and quiet, and a plausible skingy, used in Linc. in the same sense,
origin is suggested in the interj. of silence, also in Suffolk in that of cold, nipping.
St | Du. een stille geruisch, a soft noise. To skinch, to give scant measure, to nip
3'til / seg ik, Peace I say. But this sug and squeeze, and pinch and pare.—Hal.
gestion again is opposed to forms like Schinch, a small bit. “Just give me a
Lith. tylus, quiet, still ; tilti, to be silent; schinch of your cake.' Schinching, nip
fi/dyfi, to still, to quiet; £ylà, silence; ping, niggardly, parsimonious.-Mrs B.
Pol. tulić, utulić, to calm, quiet, soothe. Lincoln. Kinch, a small bit; OE. chinche,
Stilt. G. stelzen, Du. stilſen, stilts; Fr. chiche, pinching, niggardly, sparing ;
stilte, a wooden leg; Bav. stelzen, a prop, chic, a small piece. De chic d chic, from
stilt; stelzen, to prop, to go on stilts or on little to little.—Cot. It. cica, any little
wooden legs, to strut; Sw, stulta, to totter; Jot.
stylta, stilt, prop, stay, support.—Wide Stink. — Stench. OHG. stinchan, to
gren. Sc. stilt, to halt, limp, go on smell sweet, or the converse. ‘Er stinchet
crutches; stilt of a plough, the plough suozo :’ he smells sweet. AS. stenc, Smell,
handle. fragrance. “Blostman stences.” blossoms
The common element in the foregoing of fragrance. Stencian, to scatter, sprinkle.
significations seems to be the thrust ex ON. stºva, to spring or cause to spring,
erted through the stilt, crutch, or support, to sprinkle. “Blod stººk or nôsunom :’
and perhaps the type from which the de blood sprang from his nose. Sw, stinka,
signation is originally taken may be the to spring ; stin/fidder, a steel spring;
abrupt exertion of the voice in impeded stinka, also to stink; stánka, to sprinkle.
speech, the broken efforts of the muscular N. steća, to crack, to chip.
frame in staggering or stumbling being Smell seems to be considered as arising
constantly signified by the same terms from the exhalation of odoriferous par
with the analogous exertions of the voice ticles springing from the odorous body
in stuttering or stammering. Thus we and spreading abroad in the air.
pass from E. stoßler, stutter, to Sc. stol, To Stint. To cut short, to stop. Styn
stoit, steel, stoiter, Yorkshire staufer, to tyn' of werkynge or mevynge, pauso, de
stagger, stumble, Sw, stofa, to jolt, knock, sisto.—Pr. Prm. ON. stuttr, short ; stytta,
dash, thrust, G. stutzen, to knock or dash to shorten ; stytta upp, to stop raining.
against, to start, and ſrom thence to Sc. OSw, stunt, short; stunta, to shorten. G.
stuf, steef, Du, stut, Sw, stotta, G. stilize, stuts, stutze, anything cropped or docked,
a prop or support. or short of its kind; stutzen, to crop, dock,
Again, the broad sound of the a in curtail.
Yorkshire stauter corresponds to the The radical meaning of stutz seems to
introduction of an 1 in Bav. stalzeln, tobe a jog or sudden movement; stufsen, to
stutter, from whence we pass as above to butt at, to hit, to knock, to start; awſ den
G. stelze and E. stilſ. The l is introduced stutz, on a sudden. From the notion of a
 STIPEND STOLE 651
jog we pass to that of a projection or alms were put. From this last must be
stump, then of something stumpy or short. explained the Stocks or public funds, re
Stipend. Lat. stipendium, pay; stips, ceptacles opened by the state authorities,
small money, contributions, alms. into which the contributions of the public
Stipulate. Lat. stiftulor, to covenant might be poured as into the charity trunk
or engage, probably from a straw (sti in churches. Stocks or gilliflowers are to
pula) being emblematically used in be explained by Du. stock-vio/iere, leu
making the engagement. coion, viola lutea et muraria, q. d. viola
Stirrup. As stigeraſ, G. steigretſ, a lignescens sive in baculum crescens—
rope or strap for mounting on horseback; Kil., stem- or stalk-violets (violet being
stigan, G. steigent, to mount, and rap, rope, taken as the type of a sweet-smelling
G. reiſ, a ring or hoop, as well as cord or plant), as contrasted with the humble
rope. growth of the true violet. The stockdove
Stitch. A modification of stick, signi is the wild kind, the stock or stem from
fying a prick, a sharp pain. G. sticken, to whence the tame pigeon is supposed to be
embroider. derived. In the same way, Sc. stockduck,
Stithe. As, stith, stithelic, hard, severe, G. stockemte, wild duck; stockeröse, wild
rigid; stith/erhth, firm-minded. Appar peas.
ently connected with N. styd, a pole, prop, The stocks is a wooden frame in which
support, on the same principle on which a prisoner is stocked or set fast.
stiff is connected with staff, or Fin. Aan Rather die I would, and determine
Æia, rigid, with kanki, a stake or bar. Du. As thinketh me now, stocked in prisoun.
Chaucer.
stedigh, steegh, firm, fixed, steady, obsti
nate, restive. - Sw, stockhus, prison ; G. stocken, to stick,
Stithy. ODu. stiete—Kil. ; ON. sted, stagnate, stop. Das blut, die milch stockt:
Sw. staid, an anvil. curdles, congeals. Gael. stocaich, grow
-stitute. See Statute. stiff or numb; Lincoln. stockened, stopped
Stoat. A stallion horse.—B.; also a in growth. Rouchi etoquer, to choke. A
weasel, from a supposed analogy. Du. ship is stoaked when the water cannot
stuyte, equus admissarius, vulgo stuotus. come to the pump.–B.
— Kil. Dan. stodhingst, a stallion; AS. Stocking. The clothing of the legs
stodhors, stotarius. and lower part of the body formerly con
Stock. The ultimate origin of the sisted of a single garment, called hose,
word in a representation of the sound of in Fr. chausses. It was aſterwards cut in
striking with something hard, by the two at the knees, leaving two pieces of
syllable stok, stuk, has been explained dress, viz.: knee-breeches, or, as they
under Stick. Hence arose a verb signify were then called, upperstocks, or in Fr.
ing to thrust, stab, strike endways, drive haut de chausses, and the metherstocks or
into, fasten ; and a noun signifying the stockings, in Fr. bas de chausses, and then
implement of thrusting or stabbing, for simply bas. In these terms the element
which is required something long, straight, stock is to be understood in the sense of
and rigid, as a stick, the stem of a tree, stump or trunk, the part of a body left
the part that shoots or thrusts upwards. when the limbs are cut off. In the same
The course of development may be way G. strumpſ, a stocking, properly sig
traced through Bret. stok, jog, shock, nifies a stump. ‘Mit strump und wurzel :”
knock, blow ; Rouchi étoquer, to knock; with stump and root. Strump, strump
Hereford stock, to peck; Sc. stock, to ſung, a short length cut off a strip of
thrust; Yorksh. stoche, to stab ; stoach, land.—Sanders. An r is inserted or left
stolch, to poach, tread into wet land as out in many of these forms without
cattle in winter; Fr. estoquer, to thrust change of meaning, as in the foregoing
or stab into ; Rouchi estoquer, to stick strump and E. stump; Pl.D. strumpeln
into a soft material; E. stoke, to poke the and the synonymous E. stumble, Du.
fire; G. stocker, a poker, picker; Rouchi strobbe, a shrub or bush, and E. stub; the
sfiguer, to poke, to stick. I stigue toudi. Pl.D. dim. struddić and E. stud, G. staude,
au feu: he is always poking the fire. We a shrub ; G. strampſºn and E. stamp.
have then Fr. estoc, a thrust or thrusting Stoic. Gr. Grod, a portico; orwikóc, of
sword, the stock of a tree; It stoccata, a a portico, whence a Stoic, a follower of
thrust in fencing; G. stock, a stick, staff, Zeno the philosopher, who taught in the
stem of a plant or tree, stump of a felled portico called Paecile at Athens.
tree, a short thick piece or block; almo Stole. Lat. stola, from Gr. oróAm, a
senstock, a trunk in churches in which robe.
652 STOLID STOUND

Stolid. Lat. stolidus, dull, foolish. vided or stored with. — Magna Charta.
Stomach. Gr. arápa, mouth; orápaxoc It may be doubted however whether the
(properly mouth, opening), the throat or word is not immediately derived from a
gullet, the orifice of the stomach, neck of Teutonic source. ON. staurr, Sw.stdir, a
the bladder, stomach itself. stake, pole, pillar; OHG. sºura, a stake,
Stone. AS. stan, ON. stem, G. stein. pole, prop, and thence aid, assistance,
Stook. A shock of corn of 12 sheaves. contribution. Bausteur, brandsteur, cen
From G. stauchen, to jog, is formed stairch, tribution towards building a house, to
Pl.D. stude (properly a projection), a wards loss by fire; wegsteur, viaticum,
heap or bunch. Staucheſt einen, to poke provision for a journey.—Schmeller. OHG.
one in the ribs. Ein s/auch ſlachs, a Aeristiura, expeditio, may be compared
bundle of flax ; ene studen torſ, a heap of with OFr. estorée, fleet, naval expedition;
turfs set out to dry. Rouchi stoc, estogue, G. aussteuer, marriage portion, with Fr.
a shock or stook. Bohem. stoh, a heap, estor above-mentioned. On the same
a hay-cock. principle may be explained Lat. instauro,
Stool. 1. Goth.stols, OHG. stuol, Gael. from Gr. oravpóc, a stake.
stó/, w. ystol, a stool, seat. OHG. stuo/, Stork. A bird remarkable for its
stol, also a support; G. sto//en, a prop, stalking gait and long legs. Dan. storken
foot, post; Pl. D. sta/e, foot of a table, &c.; stalker i mose: the stork stalks in the
Du. voetstal, It. Aiedesta/e, a pedestal. fen. N. Fris. staurke, to strut; Dorset.
Russ. stuſ, a stool, a block; Lith. stalas, stark, to walk slowly; Bav. storkeln, to
Pol. stol, a table. Pol. stolek, Boh. stolec, stalk, walk with long legs; storkel, man
a seat, throne, bench ; Serv. stola, seat, with long legs or long thin body; a fish
throne, table. See Stall. ing rod ; sterken, a stalk. “Der truncken
2. Stoo/, a cluster of stems rising from starckelt auf den füssen : ebrius titubat
one root; to stoo/, to ramify as corn. An pedibus.”—Gl. in Schm. The ultimate
old stool is a stump that sends up fresh origin is seen in Bret. strak, a crack;
suckers. Manx sthol, sprout or branch straž/a, to crackle; whence we pass to E.
forth, grow in many stalks from one root. strike, on the one side, and G. straucheln,
Lat. stolo, -nis, a shoot, sucker. Du. struikelen, to stumble, stagger, on
Stoop. A drinking vessel. See Stoup. the other, and thence by inversion of the
To Stoop. See To Steep. r to the foregoing forms. See Stalk.
To Stop. The radical idea is stabbing, Storm. Du. storm, rumor, strepitus,
striking endways, thrusting a lengthened tumultus vehemens; inpetus, procella,
implement into an orifice which it fills up, nimbus; stormen, tumultuare, strepere,
or into the substance of a body in which oppugnare, impetum facere. It stormo,
it sticks fast. N. staffa, to stamp, pound, a storm, a rumbling noise, a blustering
stuff, cram ; stappa, cramfull ; Sc. staff, uproar, a confused rout or crue.—Fl.
to stuff, to obstruct or stop. “The meal Stormare, to storm, rumble, rumour,
kist was bienly staff it.' Stapalis, fasten noise, to troop together tumultuously, to
ings; stappil, a stopper; Du, stoppen, to make an uproar.
stuff, to bring to a stand ; G. stop/en, to Story. 1. Fr. histoire, Lat. historia, a
stuff, cram, close a hole ; Fr. estouper, to relation.
stop, close, shut ; estoup://on, a stopper; 2. The height of one floor in a building.
estoupe, tow, the material for stopping or Probably from Fr. esſorer, to construct,
stuffing, showing the origin of Lat. stupa, build, although I cannot find that estoree
Gr. orirn, Du. stoppe, stopse!, tow. Mod. was used in the sense of E. story.
Gr. origw, to squeeze; orivic, astringency, Hii bygonne her heye tounes strengthy vaste
alum ; artwrmot, a press; aroundval, to aboute,
Her castles and storys that hii my;t be ynne in
stop up; aroviri, tow; arovutróvo, to pound, doute. —R. G. p. 181.
force in or fix.
Store. Fr. esſorer, to erect, build, store, Stound. Hour, time, season, also mis
garnish, furnish.-Cot. Estor, marriage fortune.—B. Properly a blow. AS. stu
provision ; estorement, provisions, furni ſtian, to dash, strike.
ture; Norm. 'forer, to provide. There Sotyl hys hart stoundis the pryk of deith.-D. V.
is no doubt that it is the same word with Sc. stound (a stab), a sharp pain affecting
Lat. instaurare, to repair, renew, provide, one at intervals.
by which it is rendered in Mid. Lat. : ‘Et When I was hurte thus, in stounde [at the mo
reddat haeredi cum ad plenam aetatem ment
venerit terram suam totam instauratam I fell doune plat upon the grounde.-R. R. 1733.
de carucis et omnibus aliis rebus :' pro ohg. stunſ, a noment ; Du. Zerstoºd, im
 STOUP STRADDLE 653
mediately, upon the spot. Pl.D. upsfund, to stride, straddle, deriving it with Dief
at present. OE. stoundme/e, at intervals, enbach from Goth, skreitan, to tear,
from one moment to another. In G. stuntd, OSax. scritan, scindere, lacerare; from
an hour, the word has acquired the sense the notion of separating the legs. This
of a definite interval of time. view is strengthened by the double form
Stoup. AS. stoppa, Du. stooſ, N. stauff, adduced by Kil., schrijden and scherden,
a flagon or drinking vessel. N. stauf, schrijdheenen, scherdebeenen, to straddle ;
also, as well as stava, Sw, staiſwa, is a schrija/incé, scherdelinck (G.schrift/ings),
milking-pail or wooden vessel with one straddling, astride; schrede, scherde, a
stave prolonged in order to form the stride, as if from schaerde, a gap, breach,
handle, a peculiarity from which the opening. E. share, the fork or division
vessel probably takes its name. NE. staff, between the legs. But this appearance is
staup, the stave of a tub.-Hal. In the probably deceptive, as G. schrift, a step,
same way stoué, the handle of a pail, also can hardly be distinct from Sw. skridſ,
a drinking-cup with a handle. — Hal. pace, rate of going, Da. Skridt, pace, step,
Suffolk stawk, the handle of a whip. from ON. skrida, Sw, skrida, Da. séride,
Stout. O Fr. estout, Du. stout, bold, to slide, glide, advance, OHG. séritan,
proud ; stoutherfigh, stout-hearted ; G. gaskritan, labi, delabi, collabi, significa
stolz, proud, stately, fine. tions which appear to belong to a radical
Stove. See Stew. image of a totally different nature.
To Stow. I. Da. stuve, Du. stouwen, It appears to me that the word straddle
stuven, G. stauen, stauchen, to push, to (with its derivative stride) is a kindred
stow or thrust wares together in packing. form with scrabble, scraggle, straggle,
Gr. orsigetv, to stamp, tread, stamp tight ; struggle, representing, in the first instance,
Lat. stipare, to pack together, cram, stuff, confused noise, then signifying tumultuous
make close ; It. stiffare, stivare, to stop movement, throwing about the arms and
chinks, to store or pile up close as they legs, thrusting in different directions,
do packs in ships; Mod. Gr. origa, heap standing on end, contending with, spread
ing together; orića roi kapaštov, the stow ing out the legs in the exertion of force.
ing of a ship ; origáčw, to heap together, The development of these significations
stow, pack. may be traced through Lat. stridere, to
2. To lop or top trees. Stowd, cropt, hum, whizz, creak, &c., G. strudeln, to
as a horse's ears; stowings, loppings; move tumultuously like gushing water;
stowlin, a lump of meat. The meaning Bav, strode/n, OHG. stredan, to boil; AS.
is, to reduce to a stump. ON. stuſr, a stredan, to sprinkle, scatter; Bav, stro
stump; Sw. stuſ; Pl.D. stuw (Danneil), de/n, also to kick or struggle. The
a remnant. ON. stuſa, a female slave infant strodeſt himself out of his swad
whose ears have been stowd or cropt for dlings; the child strodeſt off the bed
theft; Pl.D. s.ſi'ſ, blunt, stumpy, cut clothes. Da. dial. strutte, to stand on
short ; bome stuven, to lop or cut off the end, stick out, like the staring coat of
head of trees. a horse; Pl.D. strutt, Da. strid, stiff,
As the verb to stow, to thrust or pack rough, hard ; Bav, strut, Pl.D. strudden,
tight, is a variety of staff, s/off, stamp, so struddić, a bush or shrub, a growth con
stuſ, stuzy, above-mentioned, are modifi sisting of stems striking out in all direc
cations of stub, stump. tions. N. strat, a stalk, stump of small
To Straddle.—Stride. Pl.D. striden, trees or bushes, obstinate person; stratta,
strien, Du. strijden, G. streiten, ON. strida, strița, Sw, streta, to resist, oppose ; streta
Da. stride, to contend, oppose, struggle emot strömmen, to swim against the
with. Pl.D. striden is also to stride; be stream. Bav. verstreten, Devonsh. to
s/riden, to bestride; streate, AS. straede, a strat, to stop, hinder. Da. dial. strede, to
stride; Pl.D. strica'schoe, G. schriſ/schuh, set the feet apart for the purpose of re
sch/iffschuh, skates. sistance. At streaſe med benene. Stred,
There seems so little connection be Sw, strefa, a shore, support, strut. At
tween the two senses of Pl.D. syriaen, and staae til stred, to stand leaning against ;
the interchange of scr and str is so easy stredfast, firm, solid. Pl.D. stridae, a
(E. scraggle, stragg/e, scrugg/e, struggle; trivet ; Da. strifle, to straddle.
It. Scrosciare, strosciare, to crack, clatter; A closely similar series of forms may
E. scrub, Du. strobôe, shrub), that we are be traced in which the d of straddle is ex
inclined to regard E. stride as a corruption changed for b, v, or f. OHG. stropa/on,
of the form still retained in Somerset, crepitare, strepitum edere; Bav. strabe/n,
scride, and in Du. schrijden, G. schreifen, stra/e/n, to scrabble, struggle, sprawl;
654 STRAGGLE STRAW

strobe/n, strauben, to stand on end ; stro G. straff, tight, stretched. Violence of

belkopf, a person with tangled staring hair; action is expressed by reference to the
Du. strobbe, strubbe, a bush, shrub ; Bav. noise which accompanies it. See Strap
straub, Pl.D. struuſ, bristling, rough, up ping.
staring ; struben, striven, to stand on Strand. 1. ON. strönd, border, edge,
end, to set oneself against, to oppose; G. coast, shore; N. strind, a row, stripe,
sich strailbert, to resist, make head against; line; Sw. rand, border, margin, stripe,
Pl.D. streven, to set oneself against, to edge.
strive, also to stride, to make wide steps; 2. OHG. streno, G. strähn, stränge,
streeſ, what resists, strong, stiff; strewe, a strähe, the strand of a rope, one of the
slanting support, also a stride ; to strewe strings of which it is twisted, a skein,
staan (as Da. at stade til stred), to sup treSS.
port, to thrust in opposite directions with Strange. OFr. estrange, It. strano,
hands and feet. Sik to streve setten, to Lat. extraſteus, from extra, without.
struggle against. Streveledder, a step Strangle.—Strangury. Gr. orpáyyu,
ladder, a ladder with a straddling sup Lat. stringo, to strain, squeeze, draw tight;
port. Gr. oroayyáAm, a halter ; arpayya)\tºw, Lat.
Fr. escarguiller, to straddle, seems iden strangulo, to strangle.
tical with E. scraggle, with inversion of Again, from the same root, arpáyś, what
the liquid and vowel, as in Du. schrede, is squeezed out, a drop; arpay youpia (oipov,
scherde. Lang, esparſalia, to straddle. urine), suppression of urine.
To Straggle. To move irregularly, in Strap. Du. strop, a noose, knot, rope,
varying directions, to separate from the halter; Sw, stropp, tie, fastening, strap;
regular line of march. From the figure Bav. strupfen, a strap, noose ; einstrup
of a broken rattling noise. Bret. straka, fen, to draw together, to shrink. “Strop
strak/a, to crackle; strakel, strage!, a fen, strangulare.”— Gl. in Schm. Lat.
clapper of a mill, rattle to frighten birds. struppus, a thong, tie. It stroppo, a
A similar relation seems to hold good be withy, osier to bind faggots. Bret. stróba,
tween Sw. Skramla, to rattle, clash, and E. to tie or join several things together, to
scramble, to get on by broken efforts, to envelop, surround; stróð, whatever serves
move irregularly, confusedly. See Strug to envelop, surround, or tie together;
e.
stróðinel, a whirlwind, whirlpool. Gr.
Straight. G., ODu. strack, straight; orpóðoc, a whirling round, a cord, rope;
stracks, stracksweghs, straightways, direct orpópoc, a twisted band, cord, rope;
ly, at once.—Kil. Bav. strack, gestrakt, orpoššw, orpopée, to spin, whirl round.
outstretched, direct, immediate. ‘Stracks, Strapping. Huge, lusty, bouncing.—
recto modo, sine medio; strackait, recti B. The idea of large size is expressed by
tudo.’ — Gl. in Schm. G. strecken, to the figure of violent action, such as is
stretch. See Stretch.
accompanied by noise. Thus a large
Strain. Breed, race, hereditary dis object of its kind is called bouncing or
position, inborn character, turn, tendency, thumping, whacking, strapping, the last
manner of speech or action, style or air of which is to be explained by Bret. strap,
of music. In Scotch the word strynd or clash, racket, noise, disorder; strapa, to
strain is met. used for the resemblance of
make a noise. It strappare, to tear away
the features of the body. As we say, “he with violence, to break or snap asunder.
has a strynd or strain of his grandfather,’ —F1. We speak of a tearing passion, a
i.e. resembles him.—Rudd. in Jam. tearing, slapping, strapping pace.
AS. streonan, stryman, to acquire, get,
beget, procreate ; strynd, stock, race, ge Stratagem. Gr. orparnyóc, a general,
neration. E. dial. streme, shoot of a tree ; from orparóc, an army, and āyw, to lead.
streme, strinde, progeny, child,—Hal. Hence orparmyśw, to act as general, and
To Strain. Fr. estraindre, estreindre, orgarhymua, a piece of generalship.
from Lat. stringere, to squeeze, wring, Stratify.—Stratum. Lat. sterno, stra
strain. tum, to strew, spread over; stratum, what
Strait. OFr. estroit, Bret, striz, It. is strewed, a layer, bed.
stretto, strait, narrow. Lat. stringere, Straw. AS. streow, streaw, stre, G.
strictum, to strain. stroh, Du. stroo, ON. stró, G. streu, streu
Stram. WE. stram, a loud sudden stroh, straw, litter, what is strewed to lie
noise ; to beat, to dash down ; strambang, on. Heht he him streowne gegarwian, he
violently ; strammer, a great falsehood ; ordered to prepare a bed for him. . So
stramming, huge, great. Pl.D. stramm, Lat. stramentum, what is strewed or
 STRAY STRIKE 655
spread under anything, straw, from ster Strict. -strict. Lat. stringo, strictum,
mere, stratum, to strew. to tie, or draw tight. District, Æestrict.
Stray. A beast taken wandering from See -strain.
its pasture.—B. Mid. Lat. extrarius, OFr. Stride. Pl.D. striden, strien, to con
estrayer, estrajer, a stranger, foreign mer tend, to stride; bestriden, to bestride;
chant; a stray or beast that has lost its stride, AS. straºde, a stride. It is to be
master.—Cot. Estrayere, estrahere, estra observed that Pl. D. strezen is used in the
jere, goods left by a stranger dying with same two senses, to strive and to stride.
out heirs in a foreign country, which were See Straddle.
forfeited to the Lord. “Si catallum estra Strife.—To Strive. OFr. estriſ, strife,
ters inveniatur in teneamento ecclesiae contention ; estriver, to contend ; Bret.
Cameracencis.’ — A.D. 1302. “Justitia striſ, striz, quarrel, effort; striva, to
spaviae, quod Gallice dicitur estrahere."— quarrel, to strive or endeavour. ON. strida,
A.D. 1348. The word seems directly to contend, fight with, molest ; strid, con
formed from Lat. extra without the aid of test, war; stridr, rough, contrary, stub
a second element, and in like manner born, hard, severe, violent. G. streben, to
seems to be formed the verb: OFr. estréer strive, make efforts, exert force against;
son fief, to abandon his fief; Prov. estra strečeAſah/, a buttress, shorepost, prop.
guar, estracar, to exceed, go out of bounds. Pl.D. streven, to exert force, to resist,
Dos estraguat, an extravagant gift; for also to stride.
mada estracada, an excessive day's jour The radical image seems to be the
ney. throwing out the limbs or other means of
Streak. Pl.D. streke, Da. s.reg, a resistance in the act of opposition, the
streak, stroke, stripe, dash, line, trick. bristling up of an angry dog or other ani
See Strike. mal. G. strauben, to stand on end as
Stream. ON. straumr, Du. stroom, G. feathers or hair, to stare up, bristle; sich
strom, Pol. strumien, a stream. Ir. straitàen, to resist, oppose, or make head
sreamh, a stream, a spring ; sreamthaim, against, to go against the grain. Es
to flow. Sanscr. sru, to flow. strail/et sich, it goes against the grain.
Street. Du. straete, G. strasse, It. Das strailbert, standing on end, resisting,
strada, Lat. strata, zia strata, a paved opposing. Pl. D. struuſ, rough, bristling;
way, then the street of a town. się striºven, striben, to bristle up, to set
Stress. Pressure, compulsion. “I oneself against, to resist, to strut. See
stresse, I strayght one of his liberty, or Straddle.
thrust his body together; je estroysse. To Strike.—Stroke. A loud sharp
The man is stressyd to sore, he can nat sound such as that of a hard blow is re
styrre him : l'homme est trop estroyssé.’— presented by two parallel forms, strac and
Palsgr. OFr. estroissir, Fr. 6trºcir, to strap, the first of which is shown in Bret.
straiten, as if from a form strictiare, from strak, crack, explosive noise; straža, to
strictus, tight, compressed. See Strait. crack, to burst; Gael. stric, a loud or
To Stretch. OHG. strac, strah, rectus, crashing sound, a blow or stroke, and as
rigidus, strictus; stracchen, to be tight, a verb, strike, beat; E. stroke, G. streich,
stiff; stracchian, strecchan, AS. streccan, Du. streke, ON. strić, stryk, a stroke,
Du. recken, strecken, to make tight, to blow, lash, as well as a streak or line, the
stretch ; AS. strac, strec, rigid, violent. course of a blow. Milan. Ströcc, blows.
Strec man, a powerful man. Strece We have then the verbs, G. streichen, Du.
nimath, violenti rapiunt.—Matt. xi. 12. strijken, to take the course of a stroke, to
The ultimate origin may be found in Bret. sweep or move rapidly along a surface, to
strak, crack, loud noise, the accompani graze or touch lightly; Pl.D. striken, to
ment of violent action, whence the term sweep, move rapidly over a surface, to
is applied to the state of tension into iron linen, sharpen a tool, to stroke or
which a structure is thrown when made flatter ; stražen, straße/n, G. streichen,
the instrument of forcible exertion. See streiche/n, to stroke. Die flagge, die sege/
Stram. streichen, to let the sails sweep or slip
To Strew. Goth. straujan, OHG. strete down, to strike sail. -

The radical syllable is applied to the

tlan, strouwen, strawen, straian, AS. streo
sound of tearing in Gael. srac, tear, rend,
wian, ON. stra, Lat. sternere, stravi, stra
tum, to strew ; stramen, what is strewed, rob, spoil; It stracciare, to tear.
straw. Sanscr. stri, to strew, to spread ; The parallel root strap is seen in Bret.
AS. stredan, stregan, to sprinkle, scatter. s/ra/, fracas, crash; Lat. strepere, to
Swab. stritzen, Serv. strºzali, to sprinkle. make a noise; It strappare, to tear, snap
656 STRING STRUT

asunder ; E. straffing, thumping, large. Kil. ; G. strahl, a ray, a spirt of water;

See Strip. wasserstrahl, a waterspout; Bav. stralen,
String. — Strong. AS. streng, ON. strallen, to urine ; strálen, to stroll; Swab.
strengr, G. strang, Gael. sreang, a string, stro//en, a gush of water, struolen, strielen,
cord, rope ; It stringa, a lace, tie; Du. to stroll.
streng, a strand, twist, hank, skein, traces; Structure. -struct. Lat. struo, struc
G. strick, a noose, snare, cord, traces; Du. tum, to build, erect. As in Construct, De
strik, a noose, knot. String seems to be struction, Instruct.
originally conceived as the implement of Struggle.—Scruggle. Words of analo
compression. Gr. orpáyyw, Lat. stringo, gous formation and signification with
strictum, to draw tight, compress, squeeze. straggle, scraggle, representing in the first
To the same root belong AS. strang, instance a broken sound, then applied to
streng, ON. strangr, Du. streng, strong, broken confused movement. “I strogell,
rough, rigid, severe, tight, strict. I murmur with words secretly. He strog
Strip.–Stripe. We have seen under gleth at everything I do : il grommelle à
Strike that the parallel roots strak, strap, tout ce que je ſays. I scruggel with one
are used to represent various loud noises to get from him. I scruggel with him:
such as those of a blow, a rent, &c. In je me estrive a luy. I sprawle with my
the former of these applications we have legs, struggell.'—Palsgr. Scripºle, scrug
Pl.D. striffs', blows ; strippsen, to beat, gle, to writhe or struggle.— Forby. Scrip
to flog—Danneil; Du. strippen, to basti gins, scrogglings, the straggling apples
nado; E. stripe, a lash or stroke, and eft on a tree when the crop has been
thence the mark of a lash, a streak or gathered. Du. struikelen, Pl.D. strikeln,
long narrow line; Pl. D. stripe, Du. strepe, G. straucheln, to stumble.
strijffe, G. streiſ, a stripe or line, a strip or To Strum. To play badly on a string
long narrow portion. Swiss straipſein, to ed instrument. Properly to thump, to
stroke. make a noise. G. strampſºn, strampeln,
From the application to the sound of to stamp or make a clattering motion with
tearing, It strappare, to break or snap one's feet.—K. OHG. stroum, strum, stre
asunder, to pluck or tear away with pitus. Piedm. strun, resonance, ringing ;
violence—Fl.; Swiss straßen, straffen, struni, perstrepere, reboare, resonare. So
Bav. stratºffen, stru//en, Du, stroopert, to Boh. ssumeti, to hum, make a noise;
strip or pull off, especially something that ssumar, a strummer or bad player on the
comes off in a continuous line. A strip fiddle; ssumiariti, to strum. It strim
is a narrow slip such as is stripped off at Ael/are, to scrape, play badly on an in
a blow. Strument.
A stripling seems to signify stripe Strumpet. OFr. strupre, stupre, Lat.
shaped, a tall thin young person, as N. stuprum, concubinage. Ir, striopachas,
strić, a stripe or streak, also a tall slim fornication; strioëuid, a prostitute.
youth. To Strut. I. To project, to swell one
To Strive. See Strife. self out, to walk in an ostentatious man
Stroke. See Strike. ner. ‘Their bellies standing astrutte
To Stroll. Swiss strie/ent, strolen, with stuffing.”—Sir T. More. G. strotzen,
strolchen, to rove about ; stroſchvoſé, beg to be swollen or puffed out, to strut. Ein
gars. Lang. estralia, to wander about. gestrołst volles eiter, an udder distended
* Knowing that rest, quiet, and sleep, with with milk. Sie strotzt einher, she struts
lesser meat, will sooner feed any creature along, she flaunts it. So in vulgar lan
than your meat with liberty to run and guage a swell is one who makes a show
stroyle about.”—Blith's Husbandry, 1652. in dress. Da. strude, strutte, to stick out;
Da. dial. strelle, to stroll; gadestrelſ, a strudhuset, pot-bellied; strud, extremity,
street-walker. end. Pl.D. strutt, Da. strid, rigid, stiff,
The term seems to be a met, from the sticking out ; Bav. strut, bush, shrub, a
flow of water, as we speak of people growth of stems sticking out in all di
streaming about, wandering about with. rections.
out definite aim. The sound of milking The sense of sticking out seems to
is represented in Pl.D. by the syllables come from the image of kicking, throwing
stripº-straff-stru!! (Danneil), whence out the limbs, and the word to belong to
strial?, a thin stream of liquid; strullen, the class indicated under Straddle.
to stream out as the milk from a cow's Strut. 2. In architecture a piece of
udder; stru//-àecken, a chamber-pot: timber set slanting as a support to a
Du, strial/en, struyſen, strºy/en, to urine— beam, Sw, streta, a support, strut, stan
 STUB STUM 657
chion; streta, to resist, struggle, strive as in the case of Stub, to the idea of a
against; Da. dial. stred, a strut; at s/rede sharp projection, a short projecting body.
med beneme, stritte imod, to set the legs Da, sºda, a shock, jog, jolt, also a stub or
apart in resistance, to struggle against; Stump of a tree; G. stutzen, to knock, to
streaſig, firm, stiff. G. streiten, to contend, start; ºuts, anything stumpy; stuzzo/,
struggle with, to oppose or be contrary to. an animal with cropped ears; stutz.
See Straddle. -
schwanz, a bobtail.
Stub.-Stump. Two forms differing 2. A stock of breeding mares. Da, stoa,
only in the nasal pronunciation of the a stud; stodhingst, a stallion, stodºo/,
latter, both signifying a short projecting brood-mare. G. stute, a mare; s/uſerey,
end. Du. stobóe, Pl.D. stubbe, stump of a a stud, a collection of breeding horses
tree; Da. stub, stump, stubble ; Gael. and mares. Pol. stado, a flock ofbirds, of
stob, stump, stake, prickle, thorn; Du. sheep, covey of partridges, herd of oxen,
stompe, Pl.D. stump, stumpel, stummeſ, a stud or collection of breedin g horses;
stump, end from which something has $/adžić, a stud-horse, stallion, a town bull,
been cut off. herd bull. Lith, stodas, a herd of cattle,
The radical image is a sharp abrupt especially of horses.
thrust, a conception represented in E. by And as he welke in the wodde
He sawe a full faire stode
slightly varying forms, daff, job, stað, and Of coltis and of meris gude.
by Gael. stob, push, stab, thrust; Du. Sir Percival, 325.
stompen, to kick, push, thump ; Bav.
stuftſen, stumpen, to nudge, thrust. Student–Study. Lat. studeo,to apply
mind to a thing; studium, study.
-

The expression then passes on to sig one'sTo Stuff. To cram, thrust into a re
nify a body of the form traced out by a ceptacle. G. dial. sauchen, stuffen, to
movement of the foregoing description,
thrust, to strike endways (stossºn); G.
an abrupt projection, or object sharply stoſ.ſen, Pl.D. stop/en, to stuff, to fill up a
standing forth out of the surroun ding sur
face. In the same way from Bret. stok, cavity, and hence to stop, to prevent
jog, shock, we pass to E. stock, the trunk access or egress, to bring to a stand. Ye
or stem ; from Rouchi choguer, to knock, manden das, maul stopſºn, to stop one's
shock, jog, to chogue, stump of a tree, mouth, to silence him. Fr. eston/er, to
r,
block, and the equivalent It. 20cco, stump, stop, to close; estouffe to stop the
breath,
to stifle, choke.—Cot. That this is the
snag, log, and Fr. souche, stock, trunk; tion of €touffer is shown by
from Da. stode, to jog, strike, push, to true explanawhich signifies not only stuff,
stód, a stub or stump of a tree as well as but Pl.D. staff,
dust, the choking material. Goth.
a shock or jolt.
Sometimes an r is introduced without studius, G., stauð, dust. ON. sºybóa, thick
smoke. ‘For when they should draw their
alteration of the sense, as in Sc. stramp, breaths this stuffing air and dust came in
G. strampſºn, to trample, compared with at their mouths so fast that they had much
E. stamp, Du. strobbe, a shrub or stubby ado to hold out two days.”—North, Plu
growth, compared with stobóe, G. strumpf, tarch: ‘A stuffe one up, I stoppe his
synonymous with stumpſ, a stump; and breath. Je suffogue."—Palsgr.
Fr. estrouble, as well as estouble, stubble. ON. sta/Aa, to pound, stamp ; Gr. orsi&o,
Stubble. Fr. estouble, Prov. estoſ/a, to stamp, tread ; origw, Lat. stipo, to cram,
It stoppia, G. Du. stoppel, the stubs of
stuff, make close, pack together.
corn.
Aouseholdstºff is the goods with which
Stubborn. For stubberen, like a stub, a house is filled to fit it for occupation,
rigid, obstinate. “Stuðbernesse, contu and in a more extended sense, Fr. dºo/,
mace; stubb/eness, or sturdinesse, lour E. Stºff, the contents of a thing,
G. staff,
dasse.”—Palsgr. that of which it is essentia lly composed,
Stud. I. A knob or projecting head and specially the woven fabric of which
of a nail or button, also a bush, shrub, or clothes are made.
stumpy growth. Stultify. Lat. stuſtus, foolish.
Seest not thilke same hawthorn stud, To Stum.—Stummy. Szummed up,
How bragly it begins to bud. stummy, close, confined. G. stemmen, to
Shepherd's Cal. stop, to dam. From a modification of
G. staude, a bush, shrub. Der Koh/ sſau the same root with sfog, stuff, signifying,
def sich, the cabbage grows to a head. in the first instance, thrust or stab, then
The radical image seems to be a sud stick into, bring or come to a stand. G.
den shock or jog, from whence we pass, strºſen, to nudge, to thrust; Du. stom
42
658 STUM -SUADE

pen, to thrust, push, thump; Lith, stumti, Stunted. Dwarfed, hindered in growth.
to thrust; stump/is, a ramrod ; stum/is, ON. stuttr, short ; stytta, to cut short ;
to crowd, to press against each other. OSw, stutt, stunt, docked, short ; stunta,
See To Stem. to shorten.—Ihre. G. stutz, a stump, any
Stum. Unfermented wine. Du. stome thing short of its kind ; stutzen, to dock,
signifies dumb, and is also explained by to shorten. The fundamental meaning of
P. Marin, du vin muet, wine that has not the word is a short projection, from
worked from being oversulphured, and by stufgen, to knock, to strike against, to
Holtrop, du vin étouffé, wine that has Start.
been choked by sulphur and stopped from Stupefy. — Stupid. – Stupor. Lat.
working. We have seen in the last arti stufted, to stand still like a stock, to be
cle that stum has in E. the sense of stuff numbed, senseless, astonished. Sanscr.
or stop up, and Du. stom may be explain stam/h, stop, make or become immov
ed from regarding a dumb person as one able ; stabhda, stopped, blocked up, stupe
whose voice is smothered. fied, insensible ; stumbh, stubh, stop,
To Stumble. To make a false step, stupefy.
to strike the foot against an obstacle in Sturdy. Provincially, giddy, sulky,
walking. The derivation from stump, as and obstinate; also a disease in sheep in
if the word signified to strike against a which the animal becomes sturdy or
stump, is supported by many analogies. stupefied.—Craven Gl. Sturdy or stub
It cesſo, cespite, a turf, sod, bush; cespi born, estourdy.— Palsgr. Gael. stuira,
fare, to stumble; G. strauch, a shrub, stuiraean, vertigo, a disease in sheep,
bush; straucheln, to stumble; Du. strobbe, drunkenness.-Macleod. It storaire, to
stronck, a stump; stroëbelen, stronckelen, make dizzy or giddy in the head.—Fl.
to stumble.—Kil. OFr. bronche, a bush, Sp. atterdir, to stupefy, confuse.
&roncher, to stumble; Galla gºſu, a stump, The radical meaning is probably, as in
gueſada, to stumble. the case of stun, to stupefy with noise.
Nevertheless I believe in the present w. twrdd, noise, stir, thunder—Richards;
case that the analogy would mislead us, Da. torden, thunder; Gael. dièrdan, hum
and that the primary meaning is simply ming noise. It must be merely an acci
to strike with the feet, from the root ex dental resemblance between sturdy and
hibited in Du. stompen, to kick, thrust, Bret. stard, firm, solid, ON. stirdr, stiff,
thump, Bav. stumpen, to nudge, strike unbending, hard.
with the elbow, or the like, Mod. Gr. To Stutter. The broken efforts of the
grouptiºw, arovutróvo, to potund, E. stump, voice in imperfect speech and those of the
to walk with heavy steps, to strike the body in imperfect going are commonly
ground heavily in walking, N. stumpa, to represented by the same forms. “To stut
stumble, totter, fall, Da. dial. stumle, or stagger in speaking or going.”—Baret.
stumre, to strike the ground with the feet, “I stutte, I can nat speake my wordes
to stamp, stumble, totter. At gaae og readily, je besgue."—Palsgr. G. stos.sen,
stumre med en kiep : to stump along with to kick, knock, hit ; ansfoss, a stumbling
a stick. Pl.D. stumpe/m, stunkeln, to block, also stammering or stuttering.
hobble; Sc. stummer, to stumble. Pl.D. stoot, a blow; stotern, G. stottern,
He slaid and stummerit on the sliddry ground, to stutter. Swiss dudern, dodern, to
And fell at end grufelingis amid the fen.—D.V. stammer; dottern, duttern, to palpitate.
The resemblance to the word stump See Stammer, Stagger.
arises from the fact that the latter also isSty. 1. N. s §
stigköyna (E. dial.
derived from the same root, as explained stianeye, stion y), PI.D. stieg, a pustule at
under Stub. the corner of the eye.
Stump. See Stub. 2. ON. sti, stia, Da, sti, a sty; fadrsti,
To Stun. To stupefy with noise or a sheep-cote. Bohem. stag, stage, a
with a blow, º with noise. AS. stable, shed, from stogim, stati, to stand.
stunian, to resound, to dash; stun, gestum, Russ. stoilo, a stall, place for one beast to
strepitus.-Ettmüller. G. staunen, erstau stand.
men, to lose the power of action, to be Style. Lat. stylus, stilus, a sort of
stupefied, astonished. Sc. stomay, to pencil to write with on waxed tablets.
stupefy, astound. The same connection Styptic. Lat. stypticus, from Gr.
between a loud noise and stupefaction is arvirruköc, astringent, from artºw, to con
seen in Lat. attomare, to thunder, and tract, make close, stiff, thick. See Stiff.
thence to amaze, astonish, deprive of the -suade. -suasion. Lat. suadeo, sta
senses ; attonitus, thunderstruck. sum, to advise ; Persuade, Dissuade.
 SUB SULTRY 659
Sub-. Subter-. Lat. sub, subter, under, the termination et was added does not
beneath. appear.
To Subdue. OFr. subduzer, to subdue. Suf-. Lat. sº, before words beginning
—Roquef. The meaning of the word with ſ, as in Suffer, Suffi.r.
agrees with Lat. subdo, to put under, but Suffocate. Lat. suffoco, to choak, stop
according to form it should come from the breath, from sub and ſaur, ſaucis, the
Lat. subduco, OFr. sosduire, to take from gullet.
under, to withdraw. - Sugar. Lat. saccharum, Arab. sukkar,
Sublime. Lat. sub/imis, on high. Sanscr. sharkara.
Subtile.—Subtle. Lat. subtilis, fine, Suicide. Lat. sui, of himself, -cida,
thin, probably from tela, a web of cloth. slayer, from cardo, to kill.
Suburb. Lat. suburbium ; from suð Suit. See Sue.
and urbs, a city. * Sulky. — To Sulk. AS. asealcan,
Suc-. Lat. sub, before words beginning languescere, flaccescere, torpere; aso/cen,
with c, as in Succeed, Succumö. remissus, ignavus, deses, iners ; so/cen,
Succour. Lat. succurro (sub and curro, deses, desidiosus.-Lye.
to run), to come to the aid of, to come Ne last thu the thin mod ascalcan, let
into one's mind; Fr. secourir, to help ; not thy mind depress thee.—Caedmon.
secours, succour, assistance. 130, 30. Bav. se/chen, to dry, as hams,
Succulent. Lat. succus, juice, moist sausages, &c.
ure. Sullen. Formerly written soleine, i. e.
Such. Goth. swaleiks (so like), AS. solitary; of an unsociable morose dis
sºilk, OHG. solih, sulih, G. solcher, Sw. position.
slić, Westphalian silk. So I, quoth he [the cuckoo), may have my make
To Suck. G. saugen, Du. suigen, Lat. in peace—
sugere, Fr. sucer, It, succhiare, W. sugno, Let each of hem be soleine all hir live.—Assembly
of Foules.
Boh. cucati (tsutsati). From an imitation
of the sound. To Sully. It sogliare, Fr. souiller, to
Sudden. Fr. souðdain, soudain, Prov. befoul, dirty ; se sout/ler (of a swine), to
sobtan, Lat. subiſtes, subitanteus, sudden. wallow in the mire. Pl. D. suddeln, solen,
Suds. G. sod, the bubbling up of water G. sudeln, properly to dabble in wet and
that simpers or seethes ; seiſensod, soap dirt, to do dirty work, to dirty. G. sudel,
suds.-Küttn. G. sottern, Pl.D. suddern, It soglia, Fr. souiſ, sueil, the place where
Du. zudderen, to boil with a suppressed a boar wallows in the mire.
sound ; Pl.D. suddelm, G. sude/m, to dabble All ultimately from a representation of
in the wet, do dirty work. In the same the sound made by dabbling in the wet.
way Swiss schwadern, of liquids in a cask, Swiss siderm, to splash, to slobber, eat
to dash with a certain noise, to paddle, untidily; siderete, fen, mire, also (con
splash; schwaderete, soapsuds. , Banff. temptuously) sauce.
soffer, the noise made by anything in Sulphur. Lat. sulphur.
boiling or bubbling up ; the act of doing -sult. Lat. salio, su/tum, to leap,
work in a dirty, disorderly manner; a state whence the freq. sulfare, as in Insult,
of dirt and disorder. See Seethe. Result.
To Sue.—Suit. From Lat. segui, to Sultry.—Sweltry. Oppressively hot.
follow, arose It. seguire, Sp. seguir, OFr. Du. 2 woel, zoel, G. º: sweltry,
sewir, sievir, Wall. suir, to follow, to pro swelting, suffocating with heat.—Küttn.
secute or pursue one at law. OE. seitze, AS. swelan, to burn ; swaloth, aestus,
•ywe. “Forsake al and seuve me.”—P.P. cauma, oppressive heat; OHG. sue/e78,
To sue for an office is to follow after it. suilizon, to burn, to dry up ; suilizing,
From the participle secutus we have cauma ; Pl.D. suelen, to burn without
Mid. Lat. secta, It seguito, OE. Sywete, flame, to smoke, and thence (of cut grass)
Fr. suite, a following, a train of followers, to dry into hay. E. dial. swale, swea/, to
a set of things following in one arrange wither in the sun, to burn, dry up. “And
ment. A suit at law, a suit of clothes. men swaliden with greet heete.”—Wiclif.
A thousand knyghtes—clothed in ermyne ech one Lith. swilti, swelfi, to burn. ON. swala,
Of on sywete.—R. G. thick smoke. Pl. D. verswelen, to burn
To suit is to agree together, as things away, explains another sense of E. swea/,
made on a common plan. when applied to the guttering of a candle
Suet. Lat. sebum, OFr. sieu. ‘Miex or burning away without producing light;
valt a Dieu obéir que le sieu del multun to gutter, melt away, met. to grow thin
offrir.’—Livre des Rois. How or when Hal. A similar metaphor is seen in OHG.
42 *
 660 SUM SUPPLE

suilizon, to parch or dry up ; OFlem. (a48w, asgåyuan), to pack close, stamp

swellen, OE. swelf, to faint; M.H.G. swel down, to pack or load, was formed a 4yua,
fen, to be suffocated, to perish through a pack-saddle, a load. We have then
heat or hunger; ON. swelfa, Da. sulte, to Lat. sagma, salma (sagma quae corrupte
hunger, famish; Goth. svi/tan, AS. swel salma dicitur—Isid.), It. salma, soma, G.
tan, to die. Nearer the original form is saum, a burden; It somaro, Fr. sommier,
perhaps swelter, to suffer oppressive heat, a sumpter or pack-horse. Somaro is now
to faint, or, consequentially, to sweat. used for a donkey, as Prov. Sauma, a
Swaſterynge or swownynge, syncopa.- she-ass.
Pr. Prm. From this form of the verb we Sumptuary.—Sumptuous. Lat.sump
pass to swelfry, sulfry. tus, expense, costliness, from sumo, sump
When we seek for the radical image tum, to take.
from whence the expression is ultimately Sun. Goth. sunno, ON. sunna, Sanscr.
derived, we observe that the characteristic stºnzº, sytºna, Syona.
of a smothered flame is the fuel wasting To Sunder.—Sundry. ON. sundr,
imperceptibly away, an idea which may asunder, in separate parts; sundra, to
conveniently be expressed by reference to tear to pieces, separate ; Du. sonder, with
the spilling or slopping of a liquid, be out, separated from ; N. sund, i sund, in
cause in the latter case the fact is accom pieces; sunde Alaºde, tattered clothes;
panied by a certain noise which admits sundriven, torn to pieces.
of vocal imitation. Now swelk is used To Sup.–Sip. To draw up liquids in
to represent the sound of milk dashing in small quantities into the mouth with an
a churn ; to swilker, to splash about ; to audible noise, represented by the word
swiłłer over, to dash over ; to swiſter, to itself. Sp. Chupar, to suck ; Gr. origov, a
waste away slowly; swelking, sultry. To sucker, a pipe for sucking wine out of a
swele, swiſe, to wash or rinse. On the cask.
same principle, Pl.D. smudde/m, smullen, Super-. Lat. suffer, above, in advance
to dabble in the wet ; of a candle, to gut of.
ter or sweal; Du. smoel, sultry; smoe/ Superb... Lat. superbus, proud.
weder, aer languidulus, calor flaccidus.- Supercilious. Lat. cilium, eyelid (cillo,
Kil. E. dial. swatter, to spill or throw to stir, to twinkle); supercilium, what is
about water, to scatter, to waste; swattle, above the eyelid, the eyebrow, then, from
to waste away. the contraction of the eyebrows in the
Sum. —Summary. —Summit. Lat. expression of such feelings, pride, haughti
super, above; superior, higher; supre ness, severity.
mus, summus, highest, topmost, utmost ; Superficies. Lat. superficies; super,
summum, the top, the whole, the sum. and facies, face.
-sume. -sumption. Lat. sumo, sump Superfluous. Lat. superfluo, to over
fum, to take ; as in Consume, Presump flow.
tion, &c. Superior. See Sum.
Summer. I. G. sommer, ON. sumar, Superlative. Lat. superfero, -latum,
Gael. samhradh, w. haſ. As winter and to lift or bear above ; superlatio, excess,
wind are connected, so we should suspect amplifying.
summer and sun to be, but the connec Supersede. Lat. supersedeo, to sit
tion has not been satisfactorily traced. upon, and thence by a somewhat obscure
2. A beam ; bres somer, breast-summer figure, to cease from, to give over. To
or front beam of a house. Erroneously supersede an officer is to cause him to
explained as trabe sommaria, a principal cease from his command. -

beam. Superstition. Lat. superstes, remain

The true explanation is found in Fr. ing ; superstitio, a vain fear and worship
sommier, a sumpter-horse (and generally of supernatural beings. The word is
any toiling and load-carrying drudge or variously and not satisfactorily explained.
groom), also the piece of timber called a Supper. Fr. souper, a meal at which
summer.—Cot. It somaro, a pack-horse, soup formed the principal dish.
a summer. — Fl. W. swmer, a beam ; Supplant. Lat. Alanta, the sole of the
swmeru, to support, uphold, prop. See foot; supplanto, to trip up.
Sumpter. * Supple. Fr. souple, supple, limber,
Summon. Fr. semondre, to invite, pliant, nimble, flexible.—Cot. Apparent
warn, summon ; semonneur, a summoner. ly from OFr. soplier, soploier, souploier
Lat. summoneo; sub and moneo, to warn. (sub and plico), to bend, to yield to the
Sumpter-horse. From Gr. odºrrow will of another.—Burguy. Bret, soubla,
 SUPPLIANT SWAD 661

to bend down, to incline. Soublid hô grobis, to grow proud, to take a surly

penn, bow your head. Gael. subai/t, state upon him.—Cot.
suffail (Macalpine), flexible, supple ; sub Surmise. OFr. surmise, accusation,
daich, to make or become supple. from surmettre, to lay upon, to accuse.—
Suppliant. — Supplicate. Lat. suff Roquef.
flico, Fr. supplier, to intreat humbly, the Surname. Fr. surmom, an additional
knees bending under one. name. It sopranome, a sirname, a nick
Supply—Supplement. Lat. suffleo, name.—Fl.
Fr. supplier, sub, and //eo, to fill. Surplice. Fr. sur//is, OFr. sor/e/is,
Suppurate. Lat. suppuro, to generate Mid. Lat. superfe//iceum, a linen gown
(pus, puris) matter. Gr. Trú0w, to rot; worn over the woollen or furry garments
triov, matter. See Putrid. of the ecclesiastic.
Supreme. See Sum. Surplus. Lat. super, above, contract
Sur-. In some cases contr. from Lat. ed into sur, and plus, more.
suffer, upon, above, as in Surprise ; in Surprise. Fr. surprise, from surpren
others, where the verb begins with an r, dre, It sofraprendere, to take unawares,
from Lat. sub, under, as in Surrogate. to come upon one suddenly.
Sure. Fr. stºr, OFr. segur, séur, Lat. Surrender. OFr. surrender, to deliver
Ja'at?//7/3. up. Lat. reddere, to give back.
Surf. The foaming or broken water Surreptitious. Lat. surreptitius, sur
made by the waves beating on the shore. repo (sub repo), to creep in unawares.
Norm. etchurſer, to foam.—Héricher. Survey. OFr. survebir (Lat. videre),
Surfeit. I surfet, I eate to muche to oversee, overlook.
meate. Je surfays, or, je fays exces. You Sus-. Lat. sub, in comp. with words
surfayted yesternight at supper; vous beginning with c, f, s, f, as in Susceptible,
vous sunſisteg, or, vous fistez exces hier a Suspend, Sustain, &c.
souper.—Palsgr. Super, and facio. Sutler. G. sude/n, to dabble in the
Surge. Fr. sourdre (Lat. surgere), to wet, to do dirty work, to handle a thing
rise, spring, boil or bubble up; sourgeon, in a slovenly manner; sud/er, a dabbler,
the spouting up of water in a fountain, dauber in painting, a scullion; Du. soete
spring of a well. Men, to do dirty work, to carry on a petty
It is said that—all great rivers are gorged and trade, to huckster; soeſelaar, a camp
assemblede of divers surges and springs of water. huckster or sutler. See Suds.
—Berners, Froissart. A surge of tears.-Turber Suture. Lat. sutura, a seam sewed,
ville.
from suo, sutum, to stitch or sew.
Now applied only to the boiling of the Swab.-Swabber. Du. gwabber, Sw.
waves. swabò, a swab or kind of mop made of
Surgeon. Gr. xsipovoyóc, one who works unravelled rope, used on board ship for
with the hand ; Lat. chirurgus, Fr. chi mopping the decks. The radical mean
rurgien, Norm. serugien, OFr. surgien, ing of the word is to sop or slop, to
surgeon. splash in water. Du. 2wabòerent, to swab,
Surly. The meaning has probably dabble, paddle ; G. schwabòe/n, schwap
been modified in modern times in accord fern, schwaffen, schweſ/en, to splash,
ance with a supposed derivation from dash to and fro, wabble. “Dann
Jozzz'. schwaff/fe die woge bis zu den schultern :’
Heo schulen hem sulf grennen—and makien
the wave splashed up to the shoulders.-
sur semblant for the muchele angoise ithe pine of Sanders. N. swabba, sabba, suðba, to spill
helle.—Ancren Rivle, 212. or splash water, to dabble in wet ; E. dial.
swač, to splash over. In like manner Fr.
The original meaning seems however gadrouille, a swab, from Swiss Rom.
to have been sir-like, magisterial, arro gadrotti//i, to dabble, to disturb water.
gant. Swad.—Swaddle. Swad, a peascod,
For shepherds, said he, there doen lead, a handful of peasestraw.—Hal. A swad
As lords done otherwhere, of a woman, obesula.-Coles. Swat, to
Their sheep han crusts and they the bread, throw down forcibly, a quantity ; swatch,
The chips and they the chear—
Sike sirly shepherds han we none. a piece of anything, a patch, a sample.
Shepherd's Cal. July. The fundamental meaning of swad, swat,
swath, like that of squad, squab, would
It signoreggiare, to have the mastery, seem to be a lump or bundle of some
to domineer; signoreggewole, magisterial, thing soft, from Du. swadderen (Kil.),
haughty, stately, surly.—Altieri. Faire du Bav. Schwadern, schwaffeln, E. dial.
662 SWAG SWAP

swaſter, swattle, to splash, dasl, or spill swiggle, to shake liquor violently, to

liquids. Swiss schwetti, so much of a rinse linen to and fro in water.
fluid or soft matter as is thrown down at I swagge, as a fatte person's belly swaggeth as he
once, then a lot or quantity of things, as goth.-Palsgr.
of apples. The swath of grass would Swaggergog, a quaking bog.—Mrs Baker.
then be the bundle of grass cut at each To swagger in gait is to walk in an
stroke of the scythe, and the verb to affected manner, swaying from one side
swathe, to make a bundle of, to tie up in to the other. Swiss schwägeln, to stroll
bundles. ‘Swathed or made into sheaves.’ about. To swagger in talk may be di
—Cot. in v. javelé. It is certainly in this rectly taken from the noise made by the
sense that swatch seems to be used by dashing of liquids, as in the case of Bav.
Tusser : schwadern, to splash, tattle, bluster,
One spreadeth those bands, so in order to lie, Swagger.
As barley, in swatches, may fill it thereby. The nasalisation of the consonant gives
To swatch, to bind, as to swaddle, &c.— G. schwanken, to splash to and fro, to
Hal. The forms swatch and swatchel, a waver, rock, stagger; E. dial. swanky,
fat slattern, also to daggle, dirty, to beat, watery beer, boggy, swaggering, strutting.
unite swad, swath, swathe, swaddle, with Swain. Da. svend, a bachelor, serv
Du. swachtel, swadeſ, a swathe or swad ant, attendant, journeyman; svended, eng,
dling-band ; 27Wachtelen, to swathe, to a male child; ON. sweinn, a boy, young
swaddle. In the application of swatchel man, servant. The word has clearly no
to a fat woman, the reference is to the thing to do with swine. -

swagging or wabbling movement of the Swale. NE. windy, bleak, cold. ON.
flesh of a fat person, as in Bav. schwadig, swala, to cool, to refresh ; svali, coolness,
schwattig, swagging, soft, as boggy cold, hate.
ground, and the softer parts of the body; To Swale.—Sweal. See Sultry.
e schwadige menschin, a full-breasted Swallow. ON. swala, G. schwalbe,
WOman. Du. gwaluw, Pl.D. schwalke, Oberſ).
To swaddle was also to beat. Swad schwalm.
dled, cudgelled.—Coles. He banged, be To Swallow. G. schwelgen, to swill,
lammed, thumped, swaddled her.—Cot. guzzle, tipple. ON. svelgia, to swallow.
in v. Chaperon. And this is in accord Du. swelgem, to devour, swallow, drink.
ance with other cases in which words ex From the sound made in swallowing
pressing the dashing of liquids are used liquid. Bav. schwappeln, to splash, to
to signify beating, as to wallop, or G. swag (of loose flesh), to swill, to be ad
schwaffen, to splash, compared with E. dicted to drink. N. skvala, to gurgle.
swap, a blow ; Banff soople, to wash, Swamp.–To Swamp. To swamp a
to soak, to beat with severity; Fr. escla boat is to sink it by the washing in of the
bousser, to splash, Lang, esclabissa, as waves. ON. squampa, to splash ; Swiss
sommer de coups. schwampeln, to splash, dash to and fro
Perhaps we must regard swatchel and like water. N. skump/a, to shake to and
swatch as immediately derived from forms fro in a vessel. It is the nasalised form
in which the d of swaddle or labial of of Bav. Schwappeln, E. dial. swab, squab,
swaſ, swabble, is replaced by a guttural. to splash, dash over.
E. dial. swack, to strike, to throw ; swack, From the same source is E. swamp, a
a large quantity (Jam.), a blow, a fall; soft plashy ground; Pl.D. swamp, swamm,
swacking, huge, large.—Hal. G. schwamm, a sponge, a structure adapt
To Swag.—Swagger. The idea of ed to sop up water; or a fungus, a soft
tremulous motion, swaying backwards spongy growth.
and forwards, is commonly expressed by Swan. ON. swamr, G. schwan.
forms originally representing the sound Swap. 1. Swap and swack represent
made by the dashing of water, swabble, the sound of a blow, and thence are ap
swaddle, swagg/e, waſ ble, wada/e, waggle; plied to any sudden movement, as in fall
where the final consonant may be of any ing, striking, throwing. Pl.D. swaps /
class, labial, dental, or guttural, and the swips / swups / express the sound of a
initial s may be omitted without altering smack, and thence signify quick, imme
the force of the word. diate. Swaps / kreeg he enen an de
Thus, we have Swiss schwable/n, oren : smack / he caught it on the ears.
schºwabben, to splash, dash to and fro, Schwipp / schwapp / schlug er mir den
wabble, swag like loose flesh, stagger like kopf ab : smack / he cut off my head.
a drunken man. With a final g, E. dial. Swap / quickly, smartly. In some counties
 SWARD SWAY 663
a fall is called a swap.–Hal. W. chºwaſ, a with the arms and legs, twisting them
sudden stroke or blow, and as an adverb, around it.
instantly. To swap, to draw a sword, to He swarfed then the mainmast tree,
cast a stone, to strike.—Jam. Hence He swarfed it with might and main.
swapping (like strapping, whapping, Ballad of Sir Andrew Barton, N. & Q., Ju. 59.
bouncing, thumping), large, huge, strong. Then up the mainmast swerved he.
—Hal. In like manner from the repre Ibid., Percy Soc.
sentation of the sound of á blow by the To squirm, to wriggle about, to climb
syllable swack, swacking, unusually large. trees by embracing them with the arms
—Mrs B. “He swacked the wood in his and legs.-Webster. OFris. swerva, to
face.’ Schwapp / lasst sie ihr schlüssel crawl. “Alle da creatura deer op der eerde
band nach seinem kopfe fliegen : s/a/, / swerſ.”—Richthofen. MHG. swiròen, to
she let fly her keys at his head.—Sanders. whirl, to move in a confused mass. Sw.
2. The sense of barter or truck seems swar/wa, to turn; Du. swermen, swerven,
to come from the notion of a sudden turn, to wander about (Kil.), to rove, wander,
an exchange of place in the objects that revel.—Bomhoff. The radical image is
are swapped. In the same way to choſ is a mass in intricate confused movement.
to do anything suddenly, to turn suddenly See Swarm.
round, and to swap or barter. The wind Swart.—Swarthy. Goth. swarfs, ON.
chops round to the north, a greyhound swartr, G. schwarz, black; ON. surfr,
chops up a hare. G. stutzen or stos.sen, to swarthy. Diefenbach connects Lat.sordes,
knock or strike ; waaren verstutzen, ver dirt, as if swarthy were dirt-coloured.
stos.sen or umstos.sen, to chop, swap, bar Swash. Swish and swash represent
ter.—Küttn. the sound made by the collision of liquids
Sward. ON. svördr, Du. swaerde, G. or of divided solids. A horse swishes his
schwarte, Pl.D. swaarde, sware, the thick tail ; swish-swash, washy liquor. Piedm.
skin of bacon or pork, then applied to the svassé, to splash, to rinse. To swash
skin of the head, the coating of turf on a down, to fall with a noise. In the same
grass-field. Du. swaerde van den hoofde, way soss, a heavy fall, a dirty mess.
the skin of the head ; Pl.D. gronswaard, Sossle, to make a slop.–Hal. To swash,
greensward. also figuratively to swagger, to talk big.
The proper meaning of the word would Sw, swassa, to strut, to swagger, to talk
seem to be the crackling or skin of roast bombast.
pork. Bohem. sskwariti, Illyr. chvariºi, Swath. G. schwaden, Du. swade,
to crackle like melting fat, to fry; sºftwar, Pl.D. swad, swatt, the row of grass as it
skin of pork; sskwarek, Illyr. chzwarak, lies on the left of the mower cut by his
greaves, remnants after the melting of scythe, also the bare space from which it
tallow. OHG. swarte, cremium ſquod re is cut. Commonly explained from AS.
manet in patillá de carnibus frixis]—Schm. swathe, a track, path, footsteps. Naenige
Swarm. A multitude of creatures in swathe his owhwaer aetywde: no traces of
intricate movement. The idea of multi him anywhere appeared. On swathe, in
tudinous movement is expressed by the the way. Dolhswathe, the traces of a
representation of a confused sound, as in wound, a cicatrice. Thus the swath is
scrall, crawl, and Fr. grouiller, to rumble, understood as primarily signifying the
also to swarm, abound, break out in great path cut by the mower in the standing
numbers. Zulu bubula, to hum, as bees; grass. But the heap of grass seems to
bubulela, a swarm of bees, concourse of have a stronger claim to attention than
people. On the same principle the origin the space from which it is cut, and the
of swarm is the representation of a hum original meaning of the word is probably
ming or buzzing sound. E. dial. sharm, a the mass of grass cut by a single blow of
confused noise, buzzing, din.—Moor. G. the scythe. Fr. javeler, to swathe or
schwarm, noisy revelry; schwärmen, to gavel corn, to make it into sheaves or
buzz, to make a confused sound as a mul gavels.-Cot. E. dial. swaff, as much
titude in motion, to swarm as bees, to grass as a scythe cuts at one stroke.—
revel. “Was für ein liebliches sumsen Hal. See Swad.
schwärmtum mich her.’ Bav. schwurm, Sway. Du. gwaayen, to swing, turn,
geschwirm, confusion in the head, swarm, brandish ; Pl.D. swajen, to waver in the
throng; schwirbeln, schwarbeln, to move wind ; ON. sveigja, N. svögya, svöia, Da.
in a confused mass, to whirl, to swarm. sveie, to bend; N. svaga, Da. s.vaie, to
To Swarm.—Squirm.—Swarf. To swing to and fro, to roll like a ship;
climb the bole of a tree by clipping it svaierum, room for a ship to swing at
664 SWEAL SWIFT

anchor. Sw, swegryggad, swankriggad, Swallerynge or swownynge, syncopa.—

swayed in the back; E. swaying, a hollow Pr. Prm. Probably swatter, swaſter or
raking of the backbone.—B. For the swelter, swiłłer, are parallel forms,
ultimate origin see Swag. representing, in the first instance, the
To Sweal. To swea/ a hog, to singe noise of dashing liquids, then signifying
him; to sweal, to melt wastefully away the dashing or splashing of liquids, spill
like bad candles.—B. See Sultry. ing, squandering, wasting ; then wasting
To Swear. Goth. swaram, ON. sverſa, away, fainting. To swatter, to spill or
G. schwören, to swear; ON. swara, to an throw about water as geese or ducks do in
swer. drinking, to scatter, to waste; to swather,
The radical meaning seems to be to to faint; to swattle, to drink as ducks do
certify, to assure, to declare as true, from water, to waste away.—Hal. The inser
OHG. wair, G. waſhr, certain, assured, true. tion of an / (as in faſter compared with
Ze tdd wair, as sure as death. ‘Ez ist faſter, E. dial, swalch for swatch, a patch,
mir zvärez gewizzen: it is known to me strama/kin for stramaking, Sc. fagald
for certain. Wör machen, to make sure, for ſagot) gives swaſter, swelter, to flounder
to prove by documents. – Schmeller. in the wet, to drip, trickle.
Pl.D. waren, to certify, to prove by wit Slippes in the sloppes oslante to the girdylle,
nesses or documents. Waren up d'en Swaſters up swiftly with his swerde drawene.
hilligen, to take his corporal oath, to Morte Arthure.
swear by the holy relicks,—Brem. Wtb. I feel the drops of sweltering sweat
See Ware. Which trickle down my face.—Gascoigne.
Sweat. ON. sveifi, AS. swat, sweat, To swiſter, to waste away slowly.—Hal.
also blood. W. chºwys, Sanscr. swaidas, We must however not regard these
Lat. sudor, sweat ; udor, moisture; udus, parallel forms as actually derived from
Wet.
each other, but rather as arising from
To Sweep. ON. sépa, to sweep, to slightly varying efforts to represent the
wipe; sóőr, a besom; Sw, sofa, to sweep, same inarticulate sounds. With a final AE
wipe, brush ; also a clout, a duster; Gael. instead of t in the radical syllable we
sguaſ, sweep ; Sgtab, sguai), W. yºgub, a have swe/k, noise made by liquid in a
besom, brush, a sheaf of corn; yºguêo, to churn ; to swilker, to splash ; swelking,
sweep, to whisk; Bret, skuba, to sweep ; sultry. See Sultry.
Lat. scofa’, Sp. escoba, a besom. To Swerve. To wander from.—B. Du.
The radical image seems to be the rins swerven, swermen, to wander, rove, also
ing of a vessel with water, the dashing of
to riot, revel.
water over a surface, or the coursing of The radical image is a hum or confused
the waves along the surface of water. G. noise, from which we pass to the notion
schwappen, schweppen, to splash or slop. of noisy revelry, on the one hand, and, on
“Die schwappenden fluthmassen.’ ‘Der the other, to that of whirling, turning
wein im glase jº. ūber.’ Schweiſen, round, turning aside, moving to and fro.
to move a fluid body to and fro, to rinse, Sw, hurra, surra, swirra, to whizz, buzz,
to splash, to sweep along the ground, to whirl; surra, swirra, also to revel; on.
rove or range over the country; Du. hverfa, to turn, bend; Da. surre, to hum,
sweyven, to vacillate, fluctuate, wander. buzz, also as N. svarva, to lash or twist a
Sweet. AS. swet, Du. zoet, ON. saetr, rope round with string ; Da. swire, to
G. si'ss, Sanscr. swad, Lat. suavis. revel ; to whirl, turn round ; Da. dial.
To Swell. ON. svella, to swell; sol/in swirre, to move to and fro; slapden
skiſ, a sodden, water-logged ship. The swirrer, the sledge swerves, swings to
original sense is probably shown in Du. one side ; svarre, svarðe, to turn in a
sweſ/en (Kil.), a parallel form with wellen, lathe.
to boil, to spring, G. waſ/en, to boil, wal Swift. The idea of rapidity or mo
lop, move along in a waving manner. mentary duration is commonly expressed
Das meer wallet, the sea swel/s up in by the figure of a smart blow. Thus in
waves ; eine hohe welle, a great swelling
wave.—Küttn. The same relation is seen Scotch they say, I'll be with you in a rap,
in a clap; while swak, which originally re
in ON. bo/ginn, Da. buſ/en, swollen, presents the sound of a blow, is used for
and Lat. &//ire, to boil, Du. Öo/ghe, a a little while.
wave or billow.
To Swelter. The sense of this word He had slummerit bot an swaš.—D. V.

in the ordinary expression of sweſtering Swap, which like swack represents the
with heat seems to be to faint with heat. sound of a blow, is used for any rapid
 SWIG SWING 665
action for the drawing of a sword, cast being carried on the surface of water,
ing of a stone, or the like. The change reeling, staggering. Auff’m wasserschwe
of the vowel from a to i expresses a finer, àen, fluctuare, jactari fluctibus; das schiff
smaller motion, as in whiff, to strike with das da schwebet in dem mer, the ship
something thin, to do anything quickly, floats in the sea. Suebont, natant; sue
compared with whaft, to strike a heavy fen, siteffaron, nare.—Gl. in Schm. G.
blow. On this principle we pass from schweben, to float, wave, hover, flutter.
swap to ON. swifta, to whip, to move —Küttn.
quickly, do anything hastily, to brandish The softening of the final b to m leads
a sword ; svi/u//, moveable, transitory ; from Swiss schwabbeln to ON. swamla, to
swipr, swift, a sudden movement, a mo splash, paddle in water, and from G.
ment, instant ; i dvi swift, at the same schweben to Bav. Schwaimen. Der vogel
moment; Da. i et swift, in a trice ; ON. schwaimet in den luften, the bird hovers
svi/a, to move to and fro; to move sud in the air. Hin und wider schwaimen,
denly; swifr, moveable, yielding. Sc, to wander to and fro. G. schwemmen, to
swipper, quick, nimble, sudden ; swiff, wash, to bathe in water; schwimmen, to
rotatory motion, or the sound produced swim, to be borne along by or to be
by it; the swiff of a mill.—Jam. AS. bathed in liquid. ON. sveima, to move
swipa, a whip ; swiftian, to whip or do to and fro in a confused manner, to wan
something with a momentary action, der about, to swarm ; svima, swimmta,
Swipte hire that heaved : he whipped to swim ; swimra, Da. swimle, to be
off her head. See Swivel. dizzy, giddy. The Kestrel or Windhover
To Swig. To drink in sounding gulps. is called in G. schweimer, schwemmer,
Swig or swidge, water or beer spilt on the schwimmer, schweber/e, from its ‘schwe
floor, table, &c. If the roof or a barrel benden' flight. The head swims when
leaks, the floor will be ‘all of a swidge.’ the visible scene appears in unsteady
Swidge, a puddle ; to swiggle, to shake movement around us like the surface of
liquor in an inclosed vessel—Forby ; to Water.
rinse linen in water.—Moor. Swindle. G. schwindel, swimming in
To Swill. To rinse, to wash out with the head, dizziness, giddiness. In a
water ; swill-tub, the tub which holds figurative sense schwändel is applied to
the hog-wash—Mrs Baker; swill-bowl, a dealings in which the parties seem to have
drunkard ; swiller, a scullion, one who lost their head, as we say, to have become
washes the dishes ; AS. swilian, to wash; dizzy over unfounded or unreasonable
swiling, a gargle. Doubtless from the prospects of gain. “Als der Assignaten
sound of agitated liquid, and perhaps schwindel (Assignat-mania) zu withen
contracted from a form like swiggle, to begann.’ ‘Er hat bei dem Aktien-schwin
shake liquor violently, to rinse in water, del (Share-mania) viel geld verdient.”—
to drink greedily. To swilker, to splash, Genz in Sanders. The word may be
is a parallel form. translated madness, delusion. Then in a
Da. skylle, to rinse, wash ; sky//evand, factitive sense schwinde/er, one who in
dishwash, swillings; skyllebad, a shower duces delusions in others. Einem efwas
bath. See Scullery. G. spillen, to wash, abschwindeln, to get something from
rinse, swill. another by inducing delusion; to swindle
To Swim. This word seems origin him out of something.
ally to apply to the movement of water in The parallel form ON. sundla, to be
agitation ; to move or flow like water ; to dizzy, connects G. schwindeln through
be carried along on the surface of water, ON. sund, a swimming, with swima, swim
to move about on the surface or in the ma, to swim, swimra, Da, swimle, to be
water. N. swabba, to dabble, paddle, dizzy. Du. swijme/en, falsa imaginari
splash, spill; Swiss schwabbeln, to wab instar dormientium, vertigine laborari.-
ble, splash, fluctuate, to reel like a drunk Kil. Da. swinge!, dizziness, darnel (from
en man; schwabbelig, overflowing, reeling; producing dizziness); swingle, to reel as a
est ist mir so schwabòelig. Bav. Schwaib drunken man.
en, to overflow, to rinse, to wash. Die Swine. Goth. swein, ON. swin, Russ.
wäsche schwaiben, to swiggle or rinse swinyia, Pol. swinia, swine. Apparently
linen in water; gläse schwalbert, to rinse a derivative from the original form corre
glasses; das geschwaibet (geschwemme, sponding to E. sow.
gespiile), dishwash, swillings. Schwai Swing. G. schwingen, N. swinga, to
ben, or schweden are then used in the swing, whirl, brandish. The idea of an
sense of moving to and fro like water, undulating or to and fro movement is
666 SWINGE SYMBOL

widely expressed by forms that may be allow the thing fastened to turn freely
grouped round a root wag. E. waggle, round on its axis. ON, swif, sudden
wag, G. wacke/n, to wag, waddle, wabble; movement ; N. swiv, swing, force of move
Du. wiggheſem, to shake, to totter, also as ment ; sviva, to turn round ; sveiva,
G. wicke/n, to roll in, to wrap.–Kil. Lat. the crank or handle of a wheel ; ON.
vagari, to wander ; vacillare, to waver, sveiſla, to swing round, to brandish. See
totter; Fr. vague, a wave; and with a Swift.
nasal, Du. wan/Selen, G. wanken, to wag, Swoon.—Swound. A swoon is a fail
wabble, reel; AS. wancol, Du. wankel, ure of the active principle. AS. swindant,
wavering, unsteady; ON. vingsa, to swing, to consume, languish, vanish. OHG.
to dangle ; E. wing, from its rapid vibra swindan, swintan, tabescere ; suuintif,
tions in flight. tabescit (anima tua); farsuindan, evan
Then with a sibilant prefix, Sc. swag, to ere, deficere, absorbere, transire.
swing, move backwards and forwards, The idea of wasting or consuming is
and with the nasal, G. schwanken, Du. often expressed by the figure of spilling
swamcken, swancke/en, to waver, stagger, liquids, as in squander, which is a nasal
totter ; G. Schwänken (as E. swiggle), to ised form of squatter, to splash, dabble.
rinse in water; ein fass schwänken, toIn the same way G. verschwenden, to
swing a cask with some water in it in squander, dissipate, waste, must be re
order to wash it thoroughly.—Küttn. As. garded as a nasalised form of the equiva
swangettan, to wag, waver, palpitate. lent E. swatter, Bav. schwaddern, schwid
Fris, swinge, a wing. dern, to splash or spill. The final d is
To Swinge. To beat or strike, an act lost in schwainen, to spill, consume.
that is done with a swinging movement. “Alles des pluts das ymmer verswaint
AS. swingan, to do anything with violent und vergossen wirt : ' of all the blood that
action, to scourge ; sweng, a blow ; Fris. is ever shed and poured out. ‘Blutwers
swinge, a flail.-Japycx. wainer Christus:” Christ prodigal of his
To Swink. To labour. From a swing blood. — Schmeller. Swab. Schwanen,
ing, whirling movement, taken as a type schweinen, schwenden, to waste away,
of violent exertion. Du. swamcken, li shrink, wither; Bav. schwand, schwund',
brare, vibrare, quatere ; swamck, swinck, decrease, waste. Es geschwindet mir,
vibratio, libratio, motus, momentum.— hat mir geschwinden : I have lost my
Kil. Pl.D. swunken, to sway to and fro, strength. G. schwindsucht, the wasting
as a tree under the impulse of a violent sickness, consumption ; Swiss schwinden,
wind.—Danneil. geschwinden, to swoon or faint.
Swipe. The crane-like contrivance for Swoop. A sweeping movement.
drawing water, consisting of a rod un Sword. AS. sweard, ON. sverd, G.
evenly balanced on a post, having a weight schwert.
at the short end and bucket at the long Sycophant. Gr. ovkoºdvrnç, a common
end ; in Du. wippe, wif ga/ge, from informer, false accuser, slanderer, false
wippen, to vibrate; or swankroede, from adviser. The name would literally signify
swanken, to vibrate, as E. swipe from ON. an informer about figs, from oikov, a fig,
svipa, to brandish, to move rapidly to and and paiva, to shew, but there is no really
fro. Pl.D. swenge!, a swipe, from swing historic knowledge how it arose.
ing to and fro.—Danneil. NE. swape, the Syl-. Sym-. Syn-. Sy-. The Gr. prep.
handle of a pump. atv, with, answering to Lat. cum, con-, ap
Swipes. To swipe, to drink off hastily. pears in composition under the foregoing
— Hal. N. skvið, thin and tasteless forms, the final y being assimilated to a
drink. G. schwappen, schweppen, to following liquid, and lost before a o or &.
splash, dash; dinnes geschweppe, thin Syllable. Gr. Aapſ3dvo, AaBov, to
watery beer. Da. dial. at swife ollet, to take ; ovX\ağı, a taking together,
water the beer; swift, swipes, thin beer. several letters taken together, a syllable.
Switch. A pliant rod, from the swish
ing noise which it makes in moving Syllogism. Gr. ovX\oytonóc ; Xcytopóc,
rapidly through the air when a blow is an argument, reason.
struck with it. Pl. D. zwuksen, to make Sylph. A spirit of the air, a name
such a noise, also to bend to and fro; said to be invented by Paracelsus.
2vukse, Hanover swutsche, a long, thin Symbol. Gr. 3áAAw, to cast; ovuòá\\w,
rod, a switch. G. &vitschern, to chirp or to put together, to compare ; qūupoxov, a
twitter as birds. mark or token of a thing, a ticket, cheque,
Swivel. A fastening so contrived as to a verbal signal or watchword, hence the
 SYMMETRY TACK 667
creed or watchword of the Christian Synopsis.-Synoptical. Gr. 5 bic, a
body. viewing, sight ; oivopic, a comprehensive
Symmetry. Gr. oºpperpoc, commen giance. See Optic.
surate with, in due proportion, fitting ; Syntax. Gr. rāgaw, rāśw, to arrange ;
Hérpov, a measure. rášic, an arranging, order, rank ; qūvrašic,
Sympathy. Gr. ovutra6sia, feeling an arranging together, putting together in
with another. See Pathetic. order.
Symphony. Gr. ovupww.ia ; at v, and Synthesis. Gr. oiv0soic, from ovvri0mui,
ºwvil, a voice, uttered sound. to put together.
Symptom. Gr. oëpirroua, a coincid Syringe. Gr. ovoi...w, to pipe or whis
ence, concurrent event; from ovpatrimrw, tle ; otplyā, a pipe.
to fall out together. Syrup. It. siroppo, Sp. azarope, arara
Synagogue. Gr. ovvaywyń, an assem be, a rarabe, from Arab charáð, a frequent
bly; ovvayw, to bring together, collect. word among the Arab doctors. Becri
Syncopy. Gr. avyxotri, a cutting short ; says the charāb of honey is called hy
oëv, and kórro, to cut. dromel. From chariba, to drink.-
Syndic. Gr. 6ixm, right, law, lawsuit ; Engelberg. Sharb, shurb, drinking. See
oëvölkoç, a helper in a court of law. Sherbet.
Synod. Gr. 6666, a way; ovvočác, a System. Gr. odormua, what stands
coming together. together, a body of united elements;
Synonym. Gr. Övoua, name, avvºrumoc, ovviarmui, to put or be put together, to con
having the same name. SiSt.

Tabard. It. tabarro, Fr. tabarre, Sp. beat ; tabuss, noise, uproar. Fr. tapper,
tabardo, a wide loose overcoat, the paint to strike, clap ; E. tap, to knock gently;
ed overcoat worn by heralds. E. dial. tabber, to knock or tap. “How
Tabby. Sp. tabi, It. tabino, tabi, Fr. that boy is tabbering on the table.”—Mrs
tabis, Arab. dºttàbi, a rich kind of watered Baker. Devon. to taper at the door.—
silk. From a quarter of Bagdad called Lye. It, toppa Z toppa Z represents the
al-'Attaibiya, where figured stuffs of that sound of knocking at a door. Swiss dop
kind were manufactured.—Dozy. feln, to knock at a door, to hammer.
2. A brindled cat, marked with stripes Champagne tomóir, to resound ; tombe, a
like the waves of watered silk. hammer. It, tambussare, tambustare, to
Tabernacle. Lat. tabernaculum, dim. rumble, rattle, drum, to dubadub.-Fl.
of taberna, a booth. Tacit. Lat. tacitus, taceo, to be silent.
Table. — Tabular. Lat. tabula, a Goth. thahan, ON. thegſa, Sw. tiga, Da.
board, a table. tie, OHG. thagen, thaćen, dagen, to be
Tabor.—Tambour.—Tambourine.— silent.
Timbrel. Prov. tabor, Fr. tambour, Sp. *Tack. 1. To tack, to fasten, to sew
tambor, atambor, a drum ; tamborete, slightly together, whence tack, a small
tamboril, a little drum, a tabour or tim nail for fastening on something to a more
brel. Arab. tabl, a drum, Sp. atabal, tim important object. Piedm. taché, Milan
&al, kettledrum. The sound of a blow is taccai, It, attaccare, to fasten ; staccare, to
very generally represented by the sylla unfasten, to detach ; attaccatiocio, sticky.
bles taff, tap, dab, doë, top, or the like. Bret. tach, Langued, tacho, a tack or
Thus the Spaniards represent the beating Small nail.
of the drum by tapatan or taparapatan, Tack is, I believe, an analogous form to
as we by rubadub or dubadub. Arab. jog, jag, dag, dig, stag, stack, stick, repre
taðtabat represents the sound made by senting in the first instance a sharp move
the dashing of a waterfall. Malay tabah, ment abruptly checked, then signifying
tabuh, to beat, to drum ; fabuk, tafuk, to thrust, projection, point. The passage to
slap. Gr. rāmrw, to beat. Magyar doff the sense of fastening is seen in the ex
agni, to knock, to stamp; doë, a drum. fo. pressions to stick out, to stick in, to stick
w
Fr. tabouler, to knock loud and fast ;
Piedm. tabussé, to knock at a door, to G. gack / is used as an interj. ex
 668 TACKLE TAILOR
pressing movement with a sudden start. conformation. Fr. chabot [Lat. capiro,
—Sanders. Er saumte nicht den rappen big-head], the little fish called a bull
anzustechen, und zack / 2ack / war er zum head or millers thumb ; also the little
thor hinaus. The repetition of the signi water vermine called a bullhead.—Cot.
ficant element in zickzack represents a Another name for both is tétard (Trev.),
succession of abrupt movements in while the tadpole is distinguished as
different directions, indicated by the tºtard de grenouille, G. Aulhaupt, Kaul
change of vowel from a to i, and thus haufft (Diefenb.), kauſkopf (Sanders),
signifies a jagged or zigzag line. Au//koff, tadpole, bull-head (Idioticon v.
Hence 2acke, zacken, a jag, spike, Kurhessen), from Kulle, Boh. Kule, Æaule,
prong, tooth; zacken, to jag, notch, in a bowl or ball. W. Zenówl, a blockhead,
dent, explaining It. tacca, a notch. Pl.D. a tadpole, from Žen, head, and Žwl, ob
takā, a point, tooth, branch of a tree. tuse, blunt, properly round, globular. Gael.
The sense of thrusting is seen in Ao//ceannach, lump-headed, stupid ; foll
Piedm. taca, a support, a stand for a bar ceannan, a tadpole. To these latter
rel ; Gael. taic, prop, support ; Sp. taco, forms correspond E. dial. polehead, Sc.
stopper, plug, ramrod, billiard-cue. Some Aowhead, a tadpole, from poll, a rounded
times the word may come direct from the top, a head; a mere variation of bullhead.
figure of something clapped on. Sp. The creature is also called follwiggle,
tague, the clapping of a door ; Fr. taguer, Aollywig, from AS. wigga, Esthon. waggel,
toguer, to beat, to knock.-Jaubert. It. a worm (s. Earwig); the round-headed
tach-tach, the sound of beating, hammer WOrin.
ing, &c.; tacco, taccone, a patch, a heel The form tadpole is equivalent to Fr.
tap; toppa, a tack cobbled on an old shoe. téſard de grenouille, or to G. Kaulfadale,
—Fl. Æau/frosch, Pl.D. ##!/ogg, pillbogg (Dan
2. In nautical language a tack is the neil), the element tad, being the AS. tade,
rope which draws forward the lower cor a toad, corresponding to Pl.D. padde,
ner of a square sail, and fastens it to the Aogg, a frog, while the final pole is identi
windward side of the ship in sailing trans cal with the w. Żwl, Gael. Afoll, with the
versely to the wind, the ship being on ôu/l in bullhead, and with poll, a round
the starboard or larboard tack according top.
as it presents its right or left side to the Tag. Point of a lace.—B. Sw, tagg,
wind. The ship is said to tack when it Pl.D. takke, G. 2acken, a point, tooth,
turns towards the wind, and changes the thorn ; zacken, to jag, dent, notch. Formed
tack on which it is sailing. on the same principle as dag, jag, jog,
Tackle. The harness of a draught representing in the #.
instance a sharp
horse, or ropes and furniture of a ship. movement abruptly checked, then the
Du., Pl.D. takel, the fittings of a ship. path traced out by such a movement, a
W. taclau, accoutrements, implements; pointed shape. See Zigzag, Tack.
taclau y llong, the tackle of a vessel ; Tail. W. tagell, a dewlap, wattle. G.
taclu, to dress, deck, fit, furnish ; taclus, dial. 2agel, 24/, a tassel.—Deutsch. Mun
trim, adorned. Perhaps the word may be dart. Zagel is also the tuft of hair on a
explained from It. dial. tacar or tacar beast's tail, the tail itself; gageln, to wag
softo (Cherubini), It. attaccare, to harness the tail. ON. tagl, a horse-tail. Sw.tageſ,
horses and fasten them to the carriage. horse-hair.
• Tact-, -tact. — Tangent. -tingent. The radical idea would seem to be what
Lat. tango, tactum (in comp. -tingo, dangles to and fro.
-tactum), to touch ; factus, the sense of -tail.—Entail.—Retail. From Fr.
touch, a touch ; contingo, to touch one tailler, to cut, an estate-tail is a partial
another, to arrive, to happen ; contiguus, estate cut out of the feesimple, so as to
touching each other, near to. E. tangent, leave a remainder in the hands of another
a touching line. owner. To entail an estate is to divide
Tactics. Gr. rarruká, matters perti the feesimple among successive owners.
nent to military movements, from rāgaw, Other compounds of tailler are re
traša, to array. tailler, to shred, snip, cut very often ; re
Tadpole. The young of the frog in tail/es, shreds, clippings; detailler, to
its first stage after leaving the egg, a piecemeal, to cut into pieces. Hence E.
creature consisting apparently of a globu ze/ai/, to sell in small portions ; details,
lar head with a tail. Hence it is frequent the separate elements of which a matter
ly designated by the same name with is composed.
the miller's thumb, a small fish of similar Tailor. Fr. tailleur d habits, a cutter
 -TAIN TALL 669
of clothes. 7ailler, It. tagliare, to cut. two principles must be borne in mind :
ON. tailga, fe/gja, to cut, hew, to form by first, that the words by which this idea is
cutting. See Tally. expressed have commonly signified in the
-tain. -tent. -tin-. Lat. teneo, tentum first instance to talk much or imperfectly,
(in comp. -timeo), to hold ; contineo, to to chatter, tattle, lisp ; as Gr. AćAsty, to
keep in, keep together, withhold, contain; speak, compared with G. Vallen, to speak
abstineo, to hold from, to abstain ; cont indistinctly, to lisp, stammer, babble, or
timentia, keeping in, temperance, contin Gr. ºpáčew, to speak, compared with E.
ence; pertineo, to hold on, to reach to, to frate. And secondly, that the sense of
belong to, &c. tattling or idle talk is often expressed by
Taint. A touch of corruption. Fr. forms taken from the splashing or dashing
attaindre (Lat. attingere), to reach or at of water. So we have Swab. schwa//e/n,
tain to, to touch or hit in reaching, to to splash, also to speak quick and con
overtake in going ; attaint, raught, at fusedly; and with inversion of the mute
tained to, touched.—Cot. and liquid, Swiss schwa/pen, to splash,
To Take. ON. tak, grip, hold, grapple Da. dial. swa/Če, to tattle. E. dabble, to
in wrestling ; taka, to seize, take, touch. paddle in wet, G. dial. daćffeln, to tattle.—
Sw. tag, hold, touch ; /a/ta tag i, to seize D. M., 3. 373. Now E. daggle, or taggle
hold of; slappa tag, to let loose ; dirtag, (Mrs B.), is to trail in wet and dirt ; de
the stroke of an oar; taga, to seize, to dagg/ed, bedabbled, dirtied; daggly, wet,
take. Tag hit, give it me. Tagas, to showery. — Hal. To these correspond
struggle, to contend. Du. tacken, tangere, Oberſ). Zaggeln, tege/m, teke/n, deke/n, to
arripere, apprehendere, harpagare, capere, dabble, daub ; fºg/ich, teſſ/ich, smeary,
figere.—Kil. dirty (Deutsch. Mundart, 3.344); as well
Radically identical with Lat. tangere, as It. (acco/are, which must originally
factum, to touch ; and with It, af/accare, have signified to splash or dabble, as
Piedm. taché, to fasten, to join one thing shown by ſaccato, bedashed, speckled ;
to another. Compare tachessé, to contend, (accola, a bungling, botching piece of
dispute, quarrel, with N. takast, Sw. ſagas, business (compare dabble, to work imper
to wrestle, contend, dispute. Taché /a fectly, to bungle), also babbling, chatter
rogna da un autr, to take the itch from ing, prating.— Fl. Hence faceo/a, a jack
another; taché la rogna a unt, to give it daw, a bird eminent for chattering. A
to another. Taché '/ſett, to take fire, also like inversion to that which was shown in
to light a fire, to communicate fire. To schwaffeln and schwaſſen, or in spuffer
attack is to seize hold of one, to commence and spurſ, squitter and squirt, leads from
the struggle. E. daggle and G. tagge/m, or It. tacco/are,
Talc. ON. talgusteinn, falgstein, soap to Bav, da/ken, to dabble, also to bungle,
stone, talc, from being easily cut with a cobble, work unskilfully; verda/Ken, to
knife or split into panes; ON. telgja, to besmear; da/#, a dauber, bungler; da/Ken,
cut, carve. Herra biskup skal upp lata do/ken, dolžegen, to stutter, sputter, speak
gera brjóstit (the front of the church), ok imperfectly, to speak (in a contemptuous
i setja tvislöngan glygg med talgusteini, sense), or, finally, to talk-Schm. Talgen,
a twolight window paned with talc. ta/*en, to dabble, to smear, then to tattle,
Tale.—To Tell. ON. tala, telja, to or talk foolishly.—Sanders. So also from
speak, say, talk; tal, speech, number; It. taccola we pass to Pl.D. taalke, talk, a
felja tolu, to make a speech. Zelja is daw, a tattling woman.-Brem. Wtb. On
also to reckon or count. Du. taele, the other hand, we cannot doubt that the
speech, discourse ; tae/en, to speak; It. form is identical with Bav. dachal,
taelen, tellen, to count.—Kil. G. gah/, dah/tel, dahel, Swab. dah/e, G. do/i/e, a
number; 2ählen, to reckon, count; erzāh daw. Thus It. taccolare, to chatter, is
Men, to tell, relate. See Talk. connected with G. dahlen, da//en, to stam
Talent. Lat. talentum, Gr. rāAavrov, mer, chatter, tattle, trifle. ‘Wer lehrt
a certain weight of money. In the sense dem Psittacum unser wort dallen 2'—
of natural endowment the term is taken Sanders. Silesian tallen, to stammer.
from the Parable of the Ten Talents. “Die tunge lallt und ta//t.”—Deutsch.
Talisman. Fr., Sp. talisman, Ar. Mund. 4. 188. Swiss talen, da/en, to
telsam, a magical image, on which are speak imperfectly, to drawl. ON. tala, to
mystical characters as charms against speak or talk.
enchantments. Byzantine Gr, réAégua, in Tall. Fr. taille, cut, and thence the
cantation. size or stature of a creature. A tall man
To Talk. In seeking the origin of talk is a man of good stature.
670 TALLOW TANK

Tallow. G. tag, ON. tolgr, the solid one's ears; tampes, shutters; tampo, a
fat of ruminants. Apparently from being tank or reservoir. A nasalised form of
considered as the means of daubing or Lang. ſapa, Fr. taffer (Cot.), to stop.
smearing. G. fa/gen, /a/Ken, da/Ken, to See Tap. The same corruption as that
dabble, daub. “Sich imkuhdreck beta/gen, of famkin from fampion is seen in pump
&eta/Kent,” to daub oneself with cowdung. Æin from pompion.
—Sanders. Swiss fa/ggeti, a soft mass, Tan.--Tawny. Fr. tan, bark of young
as an ill-cooked pudding ; Swab. talkeſ, oak for tanning; tamer, to tan or dress
talkicht, clammy, doughy, fat; Bav. ver leather with oak bark; tané, tanned, also
da/Kent, to bedaub, smear. Swiss do/gg, swart, dusky, tawny of hew, as things
fo/#, a blot of ink; zerdo/ggen, verto/ken, which have been tanned.—Cot. Bret.
to bedaub. See Talk. tann, oak; aval fann, an oak-apple or
Tally, From It. tagliare, Fr. tailler, oak-gall; G. tanne, a fir-tree, the bark of
to cut, is formed Fr. fail/e, a tally or piece which is also applicable to tanning.
of wood on which an account was kept Tandem. A mode of driving from the
by notches. When complete the wood carriage seat two horses one before the
was split in two, with corresponding other. From a joking abuse of Lat. tan
notches on each piece. Hence to tally, dem, at length.
to correspond exactly. Tang. I. A rank taste.—B. A meta
The root may be preserved in It. tacca, phor from a ringing sound. Twang and
a notch or tally ; also, as Fr. taille, the tang are both used for a loud ringing
size or stature of a man. Here the syl sound and a strong taste.
lable tac seems, like E. hack, to represent There is a pretty affectation in the Almain
the sound of striking with a sharp instru which gives their speech a different tang from
ours.-Holden in Todd. His voice was some
ment. It tach-tach, sound of knocking
thing different from ours, having a little twang
at a door. A frequentative form from this like that of street music. — Search. He then
root, analogous to Du, hackelen, to chop, owned that he had received heavenly gifts in
or E. haggle, might give rise to tagliare, earthen vessels, and though the liquor was not at
failler. all impaired thereby in substance or virtue, it
Talon. The claw of a bird of prey, might get some twang of the vessel.-Search in R.
properly the hind-claw. ‘Talamt of a To tang bees is to ring a bell or make
byrde, the hynder clawe, talon, ergot.’— a noise with a piece of metal on a shovel
Palsgr. Lat. talus, the heel. or the like at the swarming of bees.—Mrs
Tamarind. Arab. tamr hindí, Indian Baker. Fr. tam-tam, a cattle-bell. Sp.
dates. tangir, tañer, to play on a musical instru
Tambour. See Tabor. ment ; taſtido, tune, sound, clink. Maori
Tame. Du. tam, taem, G. gahm, tangi, cry, sound. Arabic, tantanat,
tame. ON. tamr, accustomed to ; –vid sound, re-echoing of musical instruments,
sund, accustomed to swimming; – d. murmuring of water; famin, noise, sound,
báthar hendr, accustomed to use either echo.
hand ; temya, to accustom to, to tame. 2. The part of a knife that runs up into
Goth. gatamjan, to tame. Lat. domare, the handle; the tongue of a buckle. ON.
Gr. 6apaw, to subdue, to tame. tangi, a narrow tongue of land; the tang
Tammy. Fr. tamis, It. tamigio, of a knife or a sword. Gael. teanga,
famiso, Du. teems, tems, a boulter, tongue.
strainer, sieve. Fr. estamine, the stuff Tangent.—Tangible. See Tact.
tamine, also a strainer.—Cot. It stamig Tangled. Tangled, or in the E. of
na, a strainer made of goat's hair, from England twangled, is twisted together in
stame, Lat. stamen, the fixed threads in a a confused intricate mass. Now twang
loom, woof, yarn. ling signifies in the first instance a disso
To Tamper. To meddle with ; pro nant jingling sound like unskilful playing
bably a metaphor from the tempering of on a stringed instrument, and thence in a
clay. So Sw. Aladda, to dabble, to do a secondary sense the term is applied to a
thing in a slight manner, to meddle with confused involved texture. So from
out fitness or necessity, to tamper.—Widebrangle, representing a continuous jarring
gren. Lang. tapo, clay; tapio, dab or sound, to embrang/e, to perplex or en
daub, tempered clay for wall building. tangle. Rumble and grumble represent a
Tampion.—Tamkin.—Tomkin. Fr. broken muttering sound, rumple and
tamfort, a bung or stopper; Lang. tampa, crumple a broken uneven state of surface.
to shut, stop; ſenestro tampado, a shut Tank. Ptg. tangue, a pond, reservoir,
window ; se tampa las acurelios, to stop basin of water, a receptacle of water
 TAN KARD TARE 671
pounded or stopped up, from Prov. famcar, a waxlight. The question arises whether
to stop, to shut. Tamcar la boca, to shut it is so called because of the tapering
the mouth. Langued. tazica, to stop ; form ; or whether to taper is to assume
tanco, the bar of a door. Ptg. tanchar, to the form of a taper or dip-candle. If the
stick into ; fanchāo, a stake, a stanchion. former is the case, a satisfactory origin
Sp. taco, a stopper or plug. Cat. taco, a may be found in a taff or plug for stop
ramrod, a mace at billiards. ping a hole, which is smaller at the fore
The ideas of sticking into, stopping, most end. A taff root is a root of taper
shutting, are also expressed by the parallel ing form. G. 2aft/en is applied to different
root tap, tamp, as in Castrais tapa, to objects of tapering form, as the uvula, an
stop, to stuff or satisfy; tapoſam, a damp icicle, a fircone; and the resemblance be
er, a stop-hunger, a piece of meat given tween an icicle and a dip-candle is strik
at the beginning of a feast ; tap, a stop ing enough.
per; tampa, tanca, to stop, shut, cease; Tapestry. Fr. tapisserie, tapestry;
tampadou, fancadou, a stopper ; fanco, a faſhis, Prov, tapit, Sp. tapeſo, Lat. tapete,
stake ; Langued. tampa, to stop or shut ; hangings for covering walls. Sp. tapar,
ſemestro tampado, a shut window; tampos, to stop up, conceal, mantle, cover.
shutters; tampadou, tancadou, a bolt or Tar. AS. teor, tyrwa, ON. tſara, G.
bar; tampo, estampo, a tank or reservoir. theer, Gael. tearr, Fin. terwa, tar. The
See Stanch, Dam. root seems to be preserved in Swiss targ
Tankard. Fr. tanguard, Du. fanckaerd, gen, tooſ.ggen, daanggeln, dohrggeln, tir
N. tankar, a can with a spout; dam/ar, a gen, dirggen, dirgge/en, to dabble, daub,
jug, jar. Commonly supposed to be a work in dough, handle uncleanlily, bun
corruption of Lat. cantharus. gle ; E. dial. teer, to daub with clay, to
Tansy. Fr. tanasie, Sp. atanasia, from plaster; teerwall, a clay-wall.
Gráðavaria, immortality. To Tar. To set on, to provoke, OFr.
Tantalise. Fr. tamtaliser, from the atarier, afarjer. Si Deus teatarried vers
proper name Tantaſus. me: si Dominus incitat te adversum me.
Tantamount. Lat. tamtus, so much, —Livre des Rois. Il vient fºur mus at
and amount. tarier e escharmir: he comes to provoke
Tap. I. A form analogous to rap or and to scorn us.-Ibid. They have ter
pat, signifying a light blow. Fr. taper du rid thee to ire.—Wiclif, Psalms. Du.
Zied, to rap with the foot. Bohem. tepati, tergen, G. gergen, Pl.D. targen, tarren,
to strike with a hammer, a stick, &c.; tirtarren, to irritate, provoke. Da. tirre,
Russ, toffat', to stamp with the feet. to teaSe.
2. Then as ON. staffa, E. stamp, are The origin seems to be an imitation of
specially applied to striking endways, as the sound of a dog snarling, used for the
with a pestle, the root tap or top takes purpose of setting the animal on to fight.
the sense of striking endways, thrusting Sc. firr, to snarl; quarrelsome, crabbed.
into. We speak of the woodpecker tap Swab. gerren, to be in ill humour. So W.
fing with his beak, whence apparently Ayr, the gnar or snarl of a dog, a word
Boh. top, the beak of a bird; toparka, the used by one who puts a dog forward to
stamper of a churn; Sp. tofar, to but or fight, a pushing or egging on ; hys, a
strike with the head, run against. Hence snarl, also used in setting on a dog; hysio,
may be explained Pl.D. taffe, G. 2apſ, to cause to snarl, to set on.
Du. tap, a plug thrust in to stop a hole. Taradiddle. An idle story, a falsehood.
With the addition of an initial s we have Formed in the same way as fiddlededee."
Du. stappen, to step, to set down the foot, G. Mariſari / Langued. tatata / or Fr.
and stoppen, to thrust into, to stuff or stop. tarare / interjections mocking what is
Sp. tapar, to stop up, choke, cover; tapar said and expressing disbelief. See Tattle.
Aa boca, to stop one's mouth ; taffon, a Tardy. Fr. tardiſ, It. tardºvo, tardo,
plug, bung, cork. Lap, taffet, to shut. Lat. tardus,"slow.
Tape. AS. faffe, properly the tip or * Tare. It tara, Fr. fare, Sp. tara or
corner of a garment, then the tape or tie merma signify the deduction to be made
which is fastened to it. A like transfer from the gross weight of the merchan
ence of sense is seen in the sheet of a sail, dise on account of the package in which it
which signifying in the first instance the is contained. Of the two Sp. synonyms,
corner of a sail, is transferred to the rope merma is the participle past, mermí or
fastened to the corner, by which the sail mermá, of the Arab ramá, to reject; and
is managed. in like manner tara is the Arab. tarha, or,
Taper.—To Taper. As, taper, tafor, with the article, at-tarha, the substantive
672 TARGET TASSEL

of the verb taraha, to reject, deduct, re flat and broad. Venet. torta coffa al sole,
trench.-Dozy. Wall. fourte cuiſe au soleil, a cowdung.
Target. Fr. targe, targue, It, targa, Swiss datsch, dotsch, a blow with the flat
targetta, Sp. darga, adazºa, OHG. targa, hand; daitschen, to fall with a noise.
G. tartsche, Gael. targaid, a shield. Com Then from the noise of a soft thing ſalling,
monly referred to Lat. fergus, hide, skin, datsch or dotsch is a cake, a lump of some
thence a shield, as being made of hide. thing soft, something unseemly broad, ill
Septem taurorum tergora, a shield of baked bread, doughy, pastry; datschig,
seven bull-hides. do/schºg, doughy, soft, broad and flat,
Walach. targa, however, signifies cer dumpy; Swab. daatsch, a dumpling,
tain things made of wicker, as a wicker doughy pastry, unrisen pastry; datschen,
chimney, a wicker bed, and the old Celtic to work in pastry; Bav. datschen, dots
shield was made of wicker. chen, to press down something soft ;
Tariff. A book of rates for duties to datsch, dorsch, mash of apples, potatoes,
be laid upon merchandises.—B. Turk. &c., pudding, dumpling. Aueddtsch, a
ta"riſ, an explaining, describing ; Arab. cowdung. The addition of an r in the
ta"riſ, explanation, notification; "ariſ, imitative syllable gives Bav. traitschen,
knowledge. traitsche/n, to dabble in the wet ; tart
Tarn. ON. fºrm, a little lake, morass. schen, fortschen, to dabble, splash, bedaub;
To Tarnish. It. termire, Fr. termir, tartsch, mash (brei) of any kind, mess.-
to make dim; ferne, dull, lustreless. OHG. Deutsch. Mundart, 4. 444; tārtsch, ill
tarnjan, to conceal, cover ; farmkaffe, cooked food.—Ibid. 3. 9. Grisons trus
the coat of darkness which made the cher, furschar, to stir up, mix, knead;
wearer invisible. AS. deory: ºOE. derm, hid turschimm, dabbling. Fr. torchis, a mix
den, secret; dyrman, to secrete, conceal. ture of clay and cut straw for daubing
Tarpawlin. Properly tar-falling, a walls; torcher, to wipe, properly to daub
tarred pall or covering for goods. Or Sinear.
To Tarry. Fr. Zarder, formerly also Tartan. A word not known in Gaelic,
targer, Grisons targinar, Prov. tardar, and probably taken from Fr. tiretaine,
targar, to delay, tarry, from Lat. tardare. Du. tireteyn, Milanese tar/antanna, lin
Tart. I. AS. tearf, teartlic, sharp, sey-woolsey. In later times the word
biting, pungent. Du. taertig, subacidus, has come over again in the shape of tar
acerbus, immitis. – Kil. Perhaps from ſatan, a kind of clear muslin.
Du. tarten, to provoke, defy, as Swiss Tartar. Lat. fartarum, the hard de
råss, sharp, cutting, astringent, from Bav. posit in wine-casks.
rassen, G. reizen, to provoke, incite. Task. Fr. tasche, Rouchi tasque, a
2. It seems that there was no original definite amount of work set one to do ;
difference between Fr. fourte, fourteau, a formerly used in the sense of tax, or a
cake, a loaf of brown bread, and tarte, a definite sum appointed one to pay. Du.
pie or pudding, a flat portion of soft tackse, taescke, a task; tacks werck, task
materials which consolidates in baking. work.-Kil. Lat. taxare, to estimate, to
It. torta, a kind of pastry-work, like a tax. W. fasg, tax, tribute, also task;
rice-pudding baked ; forte/Zo, a little pud gweithio ar dasg, to work by the job;
ding—Altieri; tartera, tarterella, tarta tas.ga, to tax, rate, assess.
re/le, any tartlet or little tart.—Fl. “Et Task that a prince gadereth, taulx.-Palsgr.
aliqui loco furtarum et zoncarum dant in In this first year he lost Normandy and Angeoy,
principio prandii furtas, quas appellant and every ploughland tasked at 3s. to get it
again.—Grey Friars' Chron. 1 Hen. viii.
zartas, factas de ovibus [ovis] et caseo et
lacte et zucchero.’—De moribus Placen Tassel.-Tercel. It. terzoſo, Fr. tier
tiae, A.D. 1388, in Mur. Diss. 24. celet, a male hawk, said to be a third less
The word has often been explained as than the female.
if it signified a twist of pastry, from Lat. Tassel. A hanging tuft of silk or the
tortus, twisted ; but, as Scheler remarks, like for ornament. Entirely distinct from
Fr. tarte signifies something flat and It. tassello, Fr. tasseau, Lat. taril/us, a
squat. It is taken as the type of a die or small cube. The relationship of
squashy consistency in the expression E. tassel is with G. gote, gotte, gotte/, a
§ tarte Bourbonnaise, a mire or slough.-
Ot.
lock of shaggy hair, tuft, fringe, tassel.—
Sanders. Goldne 25ttlein auf dem hut.
The fundamental meaning seems to be Mit halbstiefeln und gotte/n daran : Hes
a mass of something soft and wet, which sian boots with tassels. Die sogenannte
when thrown down spreads out and lies zaſteln, eine zerschneidung der ränder in
 TASTE TAW 673
lange zacken oder lappen. OHG. caſa, quick; eene oolde td/e/, an old tattler.
gota, juba, villus, fimbria.-Graff. Swiss Zaaſgoos, taſe/goos, a goose in children's
zattig, zaſte//, shaggy, ragged. Henne language, a tattling woman ; fife/taſe/n,
berg gasse/, a fringe of mud hanging to to tattle continuously. It taſtame/are,
the skirts of a garment, agrees exactly with Pl.D. faotern (Danneil), to prattle. Du.
the E. word. Bav. 2a.se/, 2asse/, a catkin taſerent, to stammer, to sound as a trum
or male tassel-like flowers of the hasel, pet.
&c., hanging wavering in the wind. . We Tattoo. The imprinting of permanent
may compare also Bav. doschen, with the characters on the living body, a name
dim. dosch/, anything bushy, a nosegay, a brought from the South Sea Islands.
tassel; Da. dusk, a tuft or tassel. See Tahiti tatau, sign, writing ; Maori ta, to
Tussock, Tatter. cut, to print, to tattoo.
Taste. It tastare, Fr. faster, táter, to Tattoo. The beat of the drum is re
handle, to feel or examine by the sense of presented by various combinations of the
touch ; afterwards applied to examining syllables rap, tap, fat, or the like. E.
by the sense of taste. G. tasten, to feel or
rubadub, duðadué, Fr. rata//an, ranfan
grope. //art, Piedm. fantan, tarapatapan, tara
The primary sense is probably to strike Aatan, Sp. zaparapatan, ſafatán, It. tap
with the hand, afterwards softened down faſt (Vocab. Milan.), from the last of
to the idea of handling. G. fliegenfaschen, which we pass to Du. fa/foe, the imme
a fly-flap; mau/tasche, a slap on the diate parent of our tattoo. It is easy to
chops. Swab. datsch, a blow ; ditscheln, see that the final foe of taptoe is nothing
to pat or stroke; G. tailscheln, to stroke; but the accented tân or td of the Sp. and .
tatsche, a clumsy hand; taſze, paw of It. forms.
beast ; Bav. tasche/n, to plash with rain; To Taunt. From Fr. ſancer, famser,
taschen, tdsche/n, táfsche/it, to strike with to chide, rebuke, check, taunt (Cot), as
a clashing sound, to handle, to feel. E. jaunt from Fr. ſancer. In fancer, ten
Tatter. Clothes hanging in rags.-B. cer, two words seem to be confounded,
ON. f6turr, a rag, tatter. H/iſir han one from It. fenzone, fenga, OFr. ſançon,
gamdi tº tr; there is shelter in a hanging tance, contention, dispute, quarrel ; and
tatter. The radical image is the flutter the other probably from It. (acca, Zaccia,
ing of the torn fragment. Bav. tattern, Fr. tache, and with the nasal, Zanche, a
to tremble, shiver; tatterman, a scare spot, stain, blemish, reproach. ‘Ausi
crow, a figure dressed in rags that flutter porte Jesu Christ son sergant parmi
in the wind. So E. dial. Jouder, to chat l'ordure du monde et parmi les pechiès,
ter with cold ; fouds, rags. 2 Connected qu'il ne comprent tenche de mortel pe
forms are seen in G. gotte, zotte/, a hang chie.”—St Graal, c. 31. 3O8.
ing lock, tassel; gotte/g, shaggy; 20//et, From the latter of these forms may be
zollet, shaggy, tattered. – Schmeller. explained Fr. ſancer, Picard feincher, to
Swiss 2attig, gate//, shaggy, ragged ; chide (Roquef.), as It. Macclare, to tax,
2att/i, a tattered person. OHG. Zozarjan, charge, or accuse, to blame (Altieri),
MHG. zofferen, to hang in locks. Chaucer from facóia, a blot. But if we may rely
uses fatterwags, as Henneberg gasseſ, for on the forms cited by Florio, another
a fringe of dirt hanging to the skirts of a derivation equally plausible may be found
garment. in It. tamsa, an assessment, a taxing, a
—with graie clothis nat full clene taxing with a fault; tansare, to assess
But frettid full of tatarwags.-R. R. 72 Io.
for any payment, to tax, to chide, rebuke.
The meaning of which is apparent from Tautology. Gr. ravroMoyia ; raûrö
the original— railrov, the same thing.
Qui ont ces larges robes grises
Toutes fretelaes de crotes.—l. 12663. Tavern. Lat. taberna, properly, ac
Banff tatterwallop, to hang or flutter in cording to Cic. (from tabula), a boarded
rags. hut, a shop, warehouse, tavern.
To Tattle. A continuance of broken To Taw. As. tawian, Pl.D. fauen, to
sound without sense is represented by taw or dress leather ; Du. fouwen, mace
the syllables ta ta ſa, which are used in rare, emollire, depsere, coria perficere, pa
terjectionally in Languedoc, as tarare / rare, agitare, subigere.—Kil. To taw
in French, or tditer/etait / in Pl. D., to ex leather is properly to dress it soft. “I
press contempt or disbelief of what is zaze a thynge that is styffe, to make it
said. In the latter dialect taſe/n is to soft, je souple. It is styffe yet, but tawe
gabble like a goose, to talk much and it a little.”—Palsgr. Sc. taw, to work
43
674 TAWDRY TED

mortar, to knead. From P1.D. taa, fage, ſergeran, to destroy; Du. ferrem, to tear,
taw, Du. taey, G. cahe, tough. separate, destroy. W. fori, to break; Bret.
Tawdry. Vulgarly showy. Com terri, to break, destroy, abrogate, abolish.
monly explained from the cheap finery Tear. AS. fair, taeher, OHG. gahar,
sold at Saint Awdry's fair. But there Goth. tagr, Gr. 3áxpv, Lat, lacryma, w.
is much that is hypothetical in this ex degr, Gael. deur.
planation. If such a fair was really held To Tease.—Teasel.—Tose.—Touse.
in the Isle of Ely it does not appear how Du. feesent, to pick, pluck, pull about,
its wares got such celebrity. The term is touse; G. 2ausen, to pick or tease wool,
applied in the earlier instances to a kind to touse or pull about ; Bav. 2aisen,
of lace or necklace. ‘The primrose 2aise/n, to tease wool, to pluck, pill. “Wit
chaplet, tawdry lace and ring.’—Faithful twen und waisen Schaben und gaisen,’ to
Shepherd. shave and pill widows and orphans. Zais
Not the smallest beck el, a teasel, a plant of which the head is
But with white pebbles makes her tawdries for used in teasing or raising the nap of cloth.
her neck.-Polyolbion. Sc. fousſe, to rumple, handle roughly, pull
Now in the legend of St Ethelred she is about; tousie, rough, shaggy, dishevelled.
said to have died of a swelling in her The radical idea is picking at a lock or
throat, which she considered as a judg entangled mass. G. gotte, Bav. gotfel,
ment for having been vain of her neck zozen, 2.03e/, a cot or lock of hair; Sw.
laces in her youth. She said when dying, foſte, Da. tot, a bunch of flax or wool;
‘memini cum adhuc juvencula essem Sc. taſe, feat, tatte, a flock of wool, flax,
collum meum monilibus et auro ad vanam hay, &c., a lock of hair. ON. taeta, a bit,
ostentationem onerari solitum. Quare taeta, to pull to pieces, to tease wool.
plurimum debeo divinae providentiae quod To Tease. To annoy for the purpose of
mea superbia tam levi poena defungatur.’ provocation. Probably from the figure of
Hence the author explains the name of irritating a dog, setting him on to attack
tawdry for a necklace. “Solent Angliae by hissing or snarling sounds. To tice a
nostrae mulieres torquem quendam ex dog is in Pembrokeshire to set him on to
tenui et subtili serica confectum collo attack another animal. OFr. enticer, to
gestare quam Ethelredae torquem appel excite, provoke. Sw. tussa, to set on, to
lamus, forsan in ejus quod diximus memo provoke. See Entice. The Da. tirre,
riam.’–Harpsfield, Hist. Eccles. Ang, in to tease, corresponds to E. to far or ſer, to
Nares. set on. G. reizen is to entice, to provoke,
Tawny. See Tan. and also to tease.
Tax. Fr. ta.re, Lat. tarare, to value, Teat. Pl.D. fitte, G. gifºe, w. teth,
aSSess. Gael. did, It teſta, cigza, gizza, Fr. teſon,
To Teach. AS. taecan, to instruct, Gr, ruréðc, Pol. Cyc (tsyts), OHG. deadi,
direct. Goth.gateihan, to announce, make E. dial. diddy, breast. Goth, dadºjant,
known ; G. 26igen, to show ; Sanscr. ON. (offa, to suck.
dich, show; didich, teach ; Lat. docere, to Technical. Gr. réxvn, art.
teach ; dicare, to appoint; indicare, to -tect.—Tegument. Lat. tº go, tectum,
declare, proclaim, appoint ; inder, what to cover, preserve : as in Protect, Detec
points out; Gr. 3sixvvut, I point out, show, tion.
teach. To Ted. To turn or spread abroad new
Team.—To Teem. A feam of horses mown grass. – B. Swiss zetten, zeffeln,
is properly a string of horses drawing a to separate in small parts, especially ap
E. or waggon. ON. taumr, a rein, plied to the spreading out haycocks with
ridle, rope. Pl. D. foom, a rein, and thence the fork. Zettelkraut, sourcrout, cabbage
a line of progeny, a race; avertoom, the cut into small bits. Bav. zetten, to strew.
ascending, medalertoom, the descending “Sieh, wie settest du, en ut defluit juscu
line ; AS. team, anything following in a lum, decidunt nuces.’ “Siegatten pulver:”
row, race, progeny; tyman, to beget, pro they scattered powder. Harzetteln, to
pagate, teem. spread out flax to dry.—Schm.
The same metaphor is seen in ON. Probably from the rattling sound of
tjodr. Pl. D. tider, Du. tudder, a tether, a things falling in a scattered way. Swiss
rope for tying cattle ; A.S. tuador, off záttern, to sound like a heavy shower of
spring, progeny ; tyddriant, to procreate. rain. Ich höre das wasser 2dttern. Zát
To Tear. Goth. gatairan, to break term, göttern, ziittern, to let a little fall at
up, destroy ; distairan, to tear asunder ; a time, to sprinkle. Pl. D. toda'eln, to fall
gataura, rent, separation ; OHG. &eran, in small quantities as corn from a hole in
 TEDIOUS TEN DRIL 675
a sack. —Danneil. Hesse, zisselm, to Temporal.—Temporise. Lat, tempus,
SCatter. temporis, time.
Tedious. Lat. taedium, weariness; To Tempt.—Attempt. Fr. tenter, Lat.
tardere, to weary, to irk. tenfare, OFr. ſenter, temper, tempter, to try.
To Teem. 1. To bring forth plenteous The signification of the word may be ex
ly. See Team. plained from the figure of shaking at a
2. To pour out, to unload a cart.—Hal. thing in order to ascertain whetheritisfirm.
Sc. foom, tume, empty, void. ON. ſomr, The syllables representing sounds of differ
empty, unoccupied ; Sw. toma, Da. ent kinds are often applied to signify move
tdmme, to exhaust, empty. Gael. taom, ments of corresponding character. Thus
empty, pour out, bale a boat ; taonaire, from ding-dong, representing the sound
a pump. Ir, taomaim, to draw water. of large bells, we have to dangle, to swing
Rom. Swiss fouma, fema, to pour. to and fro. It. dondon represents the
Teen. Sorrow, trouble, mischief; to sound of bells, and thence is formed don
teen, to excite or provoke.—B. A.S. teana, do/are, to swing, toss to and fro, dandle.
reproach, injury, wrong ; teoman, tyman, The sound of a smaller bell is represented
to incense, irritate, provoke. OFr. attayne, by tintin, whence Lat. tintinuine, to ring,
a/aine, anger, hatred, vexation, dispute. tingle. The same elements are applied
Flem. tamen, tenen, irritare.—Kil. to movement in It, tentennare, to shake,
The commencement of anger and dis jog, stir. Tentennare all" uscio, to knock
cord is frequently expressed by the figure at a door. Tentennio, jogging, shaking ;
of kindling or lighting up, as when we tentennio, the tempter, the devil. The
speak of wrath being kindled, or a person contraction which must be supposed in
being incensed, from incendere, to light order to produce tentare from tentennare
up. To teend or teen a candle is still pro is precisely that which is found in Fr. tin
vincially used in the sense of lighting a ter, to tingle, from Lat. tintinnine.
candle. Fris. tinde, time, time, to kindle. Ten. Goth. taihun, taihund, OHG. 26
—Outzen. AS. tendan, Da. taende, to hun, gehan, G. &ehn, Lat. decem, Sanscr.
kindle. dasan, Gr. 38ca.
Teetotum.—Totum. Rom. Swiss to Tenable. — Tenacious.—Tenant. —
ton. Tenement. — Tenure. Lat. teneo, ten
Teine. A feine of silver, an ingot of tum, Fr. temir, to hold ; tenant, holding,
silver.—Chaucer. OHG. gain, a rod, reed, whence a tenant, one holding land under
arrow, also a bar or ingot of metal. ON. another. Lat. tenax, Fr. tenace, that holds
teinn, a thin bar, a spit. Da. teen, a fast, &c.
slender rod, spindle. N. tein, a thin stick, Tench. Lat. tinca.
shoot of a tree. To Tend.—Tender. -tend. -tension.
Tele-. Gr. rij}\s, at a distance. Lat. tendo, tensum, to stretch out, to
To Tell. See Tale. spread, to reach, to bend his course ; at
Temerity. temere, tendo, to direct the mind to, to attend,
Lat. temeritas,
rashly. and thence E. fend, to wait upon ; extendo,
Temper.—Temperate. Lat. tempero, to stretch out from ; distendo, to stretch
to mix, to bring to a proper condition, apart, &c.
to moderate, govern, refrain. Tempera A tender is a stretching out or offering
mentum, temperatura, mixture in due of something.
proportions, condition of a thing with Tender. Fr. tendre, Lat. fener.
respect to the proportion of conflicting Tendon, It. tendone, tendine, the
qualities; temperies, mixture in due pro sinew which fastens the muscles to the
portions, a good moderation or wear. bones like a string to the bow; tendere,
Tempest. Lat. tempus, time ; tem to stretch.
festas, time, season, weather good or Tendril. The tender shoot of a plant,
bad, a storm or tempest. now confined to the twisting claws of
Temple. I. Lat. tempſum, originally climbing plants, probably from having
an open space with a view all round, and been chiefly applied to the shoots of the
as such adapted for observing auguries ; vine. It, tenerume and Fr. tendron signify
a place consecrated for that purpose by the tender shoot of a plant, as well as
the augurs, a building for the worship of cartilage or gristle considered as the
the gods. young or tender state of bone. Tene
2. Lat. tempus, pl. tempora, It fempia, rella, a young girl.—Altieri. Tenerina,
Fr. tempe, the temples of the head or flat a tendrel or tender sprig of plants.--Tor
spaces behind the eyes. riano.
43 *
676 TENNIS TESTAMENT

Tennis. A game in which a ball is From Termagant or Tervagant, one of

driven to and fro with rackets.
To fennis the supposed deities of the Mahometans,
is used by Spencer in the sense of driving represented in our old plays as a person
to and fro. ‘These four garrisons issuing age of a most violent character. ‘ Gron
forth upon the enemy will so drive him nyng upon her lyke Zermagauntes in a
from one side to another and tennis him play.”—Bale in Todd.
amongst them.”—State of Ireland. It is So help me, Mahoun of might,
true that the word here used may be And Termagant, my God so bright.
taken from the game of tennis, but it is Guy of Warwick in N.
possible, on the other hand, that it may It. Termegisſo, Tremegisto, the child of
show the origin from whence the name thunder and of the earthquake, by met, a
of the game is taken. Now tennis in the great quarrellous boaster.—Fl.
foregoing sense might well arise from Fr. Ternary. Lat. fer, thrice ; ternus,
tamiser, Du. temisen, to boult or searce, three and three together.
an operation affording a lively image of Terrace. It terrazza, ferracia, coarse
an object driven to and fro from one side earth, rubble, rubbish; an open walk, flat
to the other. A similar change of m be roof.-Fl.
fore s into n is seen in E. tense, from Fr. Terrestrial.—Territory. Lat. terra,
tem/s. the earth.
Tenon. Fr. tenon, It. teſtone, a pro Terrier. I. A small dog used to hunt
jection made to fit into a mortise; the badgers, foxes, or rabbits in their holes.
leathern holdfasts of a target. That by Fr. terrier, the hole, burrow, or earth of
which something holds, from temir, to a cony or fox. —Cot.
hold.
Tense. OFr. tens (Fr. temps), Lat. roll2. or
Fr. terrier, papier terrier, the court
catalogue of all the names of a
tempus, time. Lord's tenants, and the rents they pay and
-tent. In content, retentive, &c. the
. See -tain. services they owe him; from terre,
land.
Tent. I. Lat. tentorium, Fr. tente, a Terrine. —Tureen. Fr. terrine, an
tent. Fr. tenture, a stretching, extending,
displaying ; tenture d'une chambre, the earthen vessel, with us confined to the
hangings of a chamber. It tenda, a tent
vessel that holds soup.
Terror.—Terrible. Lat. terreo, to
or any cloth to hang before a window or frighten. Sw, darra, to shiver, to tremble.
shop to keep off the sun. Tendere, Fr.
tendre, to stretch, display, spread. Terse. Lat. tergeo, tersum, to wipe ;
2. It femta, a surgeon's probe or search tersus, wiped, clean, neat.
ing needle, from tenfare, to try, to search Tertiary. Lat. tertius, the third.
a sore, as probe, from probare, to try or Tesselated. Lat. fessera, a square
prove. piece of anything, a die to play with ;
Tenter. Fr. tendoires, frames used by tessella, a small square tile, to be used in
mosaic work.
clothiers for stretching cloth. “Quand
les étoffes ont passé le moulin on les étale Test.—Testaceous. “Test is a broad
sur ces ſendoires pour les faire sécher.’— instrument made of maribone ashes
Beronie in v. Tendas. Tentar, for cloth, hooped about with iron, in which refiners
tend, tende. — Palsgr. Lang, tenfä, to do fine, refine, and part gold and silver
spread out cloth as a shelter against the from other metals, or (as we used to say)
sun ; tento, an awning. Fr. tendre, to put them in the test or trial.”—Blount,
stretch ; tenture, a stretching, spreading, Glossographia, 1679. The term is then
extending, displaying.—Cot. W. deintur, metaphorically applied to any operation
a tenter, is borrowed. by which the quality of a thing is tried.
Tenuity. -tenuate. Lat. tenuis, thin ; From Lat. festa, shell, earthen vessel,
attenuo, extenuo, to make thin, to lessen. potsherd, was taken It. testo, an earthen
See Thin. pitcher, a goldsmith's cruze or melting
Tepid. Lat. ſepidus ; tepeo, to be pot, the test of any silver or gold.—Fl.
Warin. Fr. fest, (6ſ, shell, potsherd, test.
Tergiversation. Lat. fergiversari; Lat. testaceus, made of brick or tile,
fergus, the back, versare, to turn. having a shell.
Term.—Terminate.—Terminus. Lat. Testament.—Testify. -test. Lat.
fermlinus, a bound, landmark, limit, end ; festis, a witness; fesſor, to bear or call to
Gr. 7&pua, -aroc, a goal, bound, end. witness, to make his will. Profesſor, to
Termagant. A ranting, bold woman. declare against a thing. Contestor, to
 TESTER THEME 677
come to an issue; confestafio, the trial of thugſyan, G. diinken, to seem or appear,
a cause by hearing both sides, a contest. to present itself in thought. Gr. 3oxei, iëoče,
Tester. It testiera, the testern or it seems, seems good; 3oxãº, ióoča uot, I seem
headpiece of anything, crown of a hat, to myself, I think ; Śokū, a vision. Lith.
head of a cask, &c. It testa, Fr. 18te, the dingti, to seem ; man ding, methinks, it
head, are from Lat. testa, an earthen pot, seems to me. A as dingsta taw, what is
a shell, analogous to G. koſºſ, from OHG. your opinion ? Dingoti, to think; dings
Æoff, a cup.–Diez. The dim. testula tis, opinion.
gives It. teschio, the scull. AS. thanc, thought, will, favour, thanks.
Tether. ON. tſodra, to tether. Fris. Heora agnes thances, of their own will.
fudder, Pl.D. fider, tier, a tether. Gael. Thurh uncres hearran thanc, through the
faod, a halter, hair-rope, reins ; teadhair will or favour of our lord. Thanks are a
(tyaoer), to tether. Manx tead, teid, a recognition of good will, an expression on
rope. our part of the feeling which an intended
Tetra-. Gr. prefix rérpa, for rérrapa, kindness should produce. Bav. danæ,
four. will, voluntary act; meines dankes, of my
Tetter. A humour accompanied with own accord ; dankes, willingly.
redness and itching. — B. The word ON. thełżja, to observe, to recognise ;
tetter was used in the sense of itching. thek/jasæ, to seem good; tha&#a, to
It. pizzicare, to itch and smart, to teſter, thank; thokka, to take notice of, to think,
pizza, a kind of itching scurf, teſter, or be of opinion, thoſºkask, to be agreeable
ringworm.—Fl. It was shown under Itch to ; thokki, disposition towards, good
that the name of the affection was taken will; thy&Aya, thoſ//a, ſhot, to seem, to think.
from the tremulous or twitching move Da. ty&#es, to think, to be of opinion;
ments to which it leads ; and in the same tyłże, opinion, judgment, will, pleasure;
way teſter must be connected with ON. taºkes, to please ; tanke, to think; takke,
titra, Suffolk tiffer, Bav. taſtern, G. giffern, to thank.
to tremble; whence zit/ermah/, giffer, a Thatch. As. thac, thac, a roof, thatch ;
tetter or ringworm ; 27//eraal, an electri theccan, to cover, conceal ; sceome theccan,
cal eel. to cover his nakedness; thece, cover;
Text. — Texture. -text. Lat. fero, thecen, a roof. Da. tag, roof; taºke, to
fearfum, to weave ; ſer/1/m, ferties, a weav roof, to thatch. G. dach, a roof; decken,
ing or web, a composition, the subject of to cover. Lat. fegere, Gr. oréyetv, to cover;
a discourse. Praetero (to weave in front), fectum, oré).m., a roof.
to border, cover, encompass, and met. to Thaw. As. thawan, Du. dooden, ont
colour, cloak, excuse, pretend ; praefeat dooden (Kil.), dooijen, E. dial. to dove, ON.
1, m, a border, a pretence, pretext. //ida, theya, Da. Zöe, to liquefy, to thaw ;
Thane. As the gen, thegn, a minister, ON. 1/4, unfrozen earth; theyr, thaw, mild
disciple, attendant, a soldier, servant of weather ; OHG. dawjan, G. darten, ver
the king, nobleman; ON. thegn, a brave dauen, to digest or dissolve in the stomach.
man, freeman, man, warrior ; //regziska/r, The radical sense is to become soft, to
bravery, generosity, honour ; OHG. degram, melt. Gael. tais, moist, soft ; faisich,
a male, a soldier, disciple ; edi/dºgan, moisten, soften, melt; Bret. feuci, to
nobleman ; heridegan, a warrior ; swerſ melt, to disappear ; Corn. fedha, to melt,
degan, a guardsman ; deganheit, bravery, dissolve, thaw ; w. tawda', melting,
valour. dripping ; toddi, to melt. Lat. tabesco, to
The word may perhaps be accounted dissolve, consume, waste away ; fabes,
for from the sword being taken as the mouldering away, corruption, consump
emblem of the male sex as the distaff tion.
of the female. OFlem. sweerdmaghe, Radically distinct from ON. dºgg, Da.
sweerdside, relations on the male side; dug, Du, daauw, dew, although the two
s/i//emaghe, spinde/-maghe, relations on forms are confounded in G. thauen, to
the female side. Fris. ‘Ende sint hia dissolve, to thaw, to fall in dew, and in
lika-sib dia sweerdsida ende dia spinde/- Pl.D. dauen, to fall in dew, to thaw, to
sida ; ' the male and female side are in digest in the stomach.
the same degree of consanguinity. In Theatre. Gr. Sáarpov, from 9séopal, to
this way from G. degen, a sword, the word behold.
might come to signify a male child, young Theft. See Thief.
man, warrior. Theist.—Theo-. Gr. 9eóc, God.
Thank. — Think. Goth. thagłjan, Theme.—Thesis. Gr. riºnut, to place,
than/yan, G. denken, to think; Goth. put, and thence 0#1a, what is laid down,
678 THEOREM THORP

a proposition, subject of discussion ; 0:gic, for my sake. On thisum thingum, in

a setting, placing, affirmation. this state.
Theorem.—Theory. From Gr. 98wpóc, The analogy of the foregoing train of
a spectator, springs 98wpéo, to look at, to thought would lead us to suppose that
contemplate, speculate on, whence 0:0pia, Fr. causer, to prattle, talk idly, wrangle,
a viewing, contemplation, theory; 68%pmua, strive together in words (Cot.), G. kosen,
a speculation of the mind. to talk, chatter together, indicate the
hews, in the sense of manners, quali origin of Lat. causa, subject, matter,
ties (AS. theawas), is nearly obsolete, and question, anything that is spoken about
can hardly be the same word with the ws or controverted, a suit at law, a cause,
in the sense of muscles, brawn. Thew in which in It. cosa and Fr. chose acquires
the latter sense seems identical with thigh, exactly the sense of E. thing. A like
the fleshy part of the leg. ON. thjó, but connection may be traced between G.
tooks, thick part of the thigh, especially sache, a discussion, matter of discussion,
in cattle and horses; th/6-ſeggr, thigh suit at law, affair, thing, ursache, cause,
bone. AS. theoh, Du. diede, diege, die, and sagen, to say ; or between the cor
thigh. responding AS. saca, dispute, suit at law,
Thick. ON. thyckr, thjukr, close press E. sake, cause, and secgan, to speak, say.
ed, tight, thick; G. dick, thick, frequent ; A like train of thought is found in Maori
Gael. tiugh, thick, close set, frequent. mea, to speak, say, do, think, also a thing.
The radical idea seems to be close set, To Think. Thought is considered in
compact, solid, then broad in comparison primitive languages as internal speech, as
to length, and should be derived from a in Maori Ati, speech, thought, to speak,
verb signifying stick, or thrust into, as to think; mea, to speak, think, do ; also
compact, from Lat. pangere, to stick into. a thing. See Thing, Thank.
So also Gr. Traxtºc, thick, and trnyóc, firm, Third. As thridda, Goth. thridja,
solid, seem connected with triyºvut, to Du. derde, ON. thridi, G. dritte, Lat. ter
drive or stick into, to stiffen, condense; tius, Gr. rpiroc, &c. See Three.
and Esthonian paks, thick, with Žakima, To Thirl. As thyrel, a hole; thirdian,
to stuff, to cram. The origin of thick to pierce a hole through. G. thir, a
may be preserved in Fin. tukkia, to thrust door; Bav. fir, firlein, tirl, a door, hole,
into, to stop ; tukko, tuket, a stopper ; opening. Das hosentiirlein, the slit in
Esthon. iiikkima, tit/ma, to stuff, to cram, the trowsers. Tiirlin au der masen, the
and thence titäkis, a stopper; Magy. nostril. —Schm. The Lat. forare, to
dugni, to stick into, to stop ; Sc. doo/, a pierce, seems connected in like manner
peg. The Du. dik, ODu. diſck (K.), thick, with fores, doors.
would thus be connected with dijck, a dike, Goth. thairh, through ; thairko, a hole.
a dam, a pond, as Bret. stank, close press MHG. diirhel, dirkel, perforated ; a hole.
ed, thick, with stank, a pond. Thirst. Goth. thaursus, dry; ga
Thief. — Theft. Goth. thiuws, on. thairsan, to become dry; thaurs.jan, to
thjófr, G. dieb, thief. thirst ; thaurseith mik, I am thirsty, I
Thigh. As, theoh, Du, diede, diffe, am dry; thaurstei, thirst. ON. thurr, G.
dieghe, thigh. ON. thjá. See Thews. diirr, dry; therra, thurka, to dry;
Thill. As thiſ, a stake, boarding, thyrstr, thirsty. Gr. ripaw, to dry up, to
planking, the pole or shafts of a carriage; parch. Lat. torreo, to parch or dry up,
ON. thiſ, thiſi, a pannelling, boarding. to roaSt.

Thimble. A protection for the thumb. Thistle. ON. thistill, G. disſel.

Thin. ON. thunnr, Du. dum, G. diinn , Thong. AS. thwang, thwong, ON.
thvengr, a strap. Related to whang, a
Lat. tenuis, W. teneu, tenau, Gael. tama. slice or strap, as thwack and whack,
Thine. Goth. thu, gen, theina, thou; thwittle and whittle, thwart and wharf.
theins, thine. Under this guidance we are led to sup
Thing. ON., AS. thing, G. ding. The pose that the original meaning is a separ
primitive meaning seems to be discourse, ate portion, a slice. See Whang.
then solemn discussion, judicial con Thorn. Goth. thaurnus, ON. thorn,
sideration, council, court of justice, law G. dorm, Pol. ciern, Boh. trn, W. draen.
suit, cause, sake, matter, or subject of Probably from the root preserved in Lith.
discourse. “Zelit thir iz Lucas uuaz iro durru, durti, to prick, stick.
thing thar tho uuas :’ Lucas tells you Thorp.–Throp. A village. G. dorſ,
what their discourse then was.-Otfried. S. S. N. torſ, a small farm ; a troop of
As. For minum thingum, on my account, cattle. ON. thorp, a bank or eminence, a
 THOUGHT THRIVE 679
group of houses, a collection of three (Kil), Pl.D. drowen, droen, Fris, truwa,
people. druwa, to threaten. Goth. threihan, to
The origin seems preserved in Gael. press, crowd, straiten.
farò, a clod, a lump. Perhaps Lat. turba, Three. Sanscr. tri, Lith. frys, Lat.
a crowd, may be the same word. See fres.
Troop. Threshold. AS. therscwald, thresc
Thought. See Think. wald, therscold, thersco/, OE. threswold,
Thousand. Goth. thusundi, OHG. ON, threskjol/dr, thröskul/dr, Sw. trāskel,
zens/unt, Lith. tuæstanzis, Lett. frºstěts. Da. taerskel, OG, driscuvili, truscheuſel,
Thowl. Du. do//e, an oar-pin ; ON. Bav. drischaliſe/, Swiss drischübel. Not
thoſ/r, a fir-tree, poet. tree in general; to be confounded with G. thirschwelle, E.
rothrar-thoſ/r, an oar-pin. N. fol/, /a//, doorsi//, which are composed of different
fir-tree; fol/, a pin, peg, oar-pin ; Da. elements.
fol/, a stopper, an oar-pin. The latter element in threshold is AS.
Thrall. ON. ſhra//, Gael. trāill, a weald, wold, wood ; OSw, waſ, o/, bar,
slave. staff. In the story of Genesis and Exodus
Thrapple. — Thropple. AS. throt we have rodewold, synonymous with rode
bo//a, the throat-pipe. fre in Hampole, the rood/ree or cross ;
To Thrash. — Thresh. ON. thris/ja, and archewald, the ark, corresponding to
thryskva, Da. taerske, Sw. tróska, G. earcebord in Caedmon.
dreschen, Du. dröschen, döschen, Goth. Noe sag ut of the archewolde.—l. 614.
£hriskam, to thresh. Imitative of the With regard to the first element of the
sound. G. draitschen, to sound as heavy word it must be observed that AS. thers
rain ; Bav. dreschen, to tramp; durch's col, therscel, is a flail as well as threshold,
Æoth dreschen, to tramp through the mud; and in Dorset drashel is still used in
gearásch, mud, sludge. It, frescare, O Fr. both senses. Now the notions of tread
frescher, to dance; Sp. triscar, to make ing and threshing are closely connected
a noise with the feet, to stamp, to frisk; together, and indeed the primitive mode
Milan. frescá, to thresh, especially to of threshing was to tread out the corn
tread out rice and millet under horses'
under the feet of oxen. Milan trescá, to
feet. Bohem. treskati, triskati, to knock, thresh, especially to tread out rice and
strike, crack, crash, chatter ; Pol. frzask, millet under horses’ feet; It. trescare, to
crack, crash, clap. dance, Sp. triscar, to stamp, to frisk.
Thrave. A bundle, a certain number Threshold, then, is the bar on which
of sheaves of corn set up together. Da. we tread on entering the house, as Lanc.
trave, a score of sheaves; Sw. traſwe, a threshel, Dorset drasheſ, a flail, is a staff
pile of wood. -
for threshing. In Sweden the two ele
The proper meaning seems a handful. ments of the flail are drapwal or slag wal,
AS. threaſ, manipulus. ON. thrºſa, to the bar that strikes the corn, and hand
gripe, to seize. wal, hando/, the handstaff or handle.
Thread. Du. draed, thread ; G. drahí, Thrift. Well doing, then economy,
draſh, thread, wire, straw-band. From sparingness. See Thrive.
drehen, Du, draayen, to turn, twist. To Thrill. Two words seem con
Threat. As thream, threagan, threa founded.
wiam, to reprove, reprehend, correct, 1. To thrill or third, to pierce. See
chastise, punish, afflict, vex, torment; Thirl.
threatºng, reproof, threats; threat, re 2. To tingle, shiver, to feel a sharp
proof, threat, punishment; threatan, tingling sensation.
threatian, to compel (Mat. v. 41), to cor A sudden horror chill
rect, to threaten. Mid thatre bisne men Ran through each nerve and thrilled in every
vein.-Addison.
threaſian, to warn men by the example.
Thaet hio hine threaſige to thon that he It tri/Ware, to shake; Fr. dridriller, to
bet do, that she should reprove him to tingle, as mule-bells. , See Trill.
the end that he should do better. Threat To Thrive. —Thrift. ON. thrifa, to
ende, violent.—Mat. xi. 12. -
seize, snatch, lay hold of; thrifask, pro
ON. ſhruga, to press, compel, force; perly to take to oneself, then as Da. trives,
N. fruga, frua, to force, to drive by to thrive, prosper, attain well-being, grow,
threats or fear; to threaten; Sw, fruga, flourish ; thriſnadr, well-being, advan
fru/wa, to force, to drive by threats or tage, gain; thrift/ſ, a careful, diligent
fear; frºg, constraint, threats; Da. Prize, man; thrif, good luck, well-being, dili
G. drohen, Du. dregen, drouwen, drofen gence, good bodily condition. N. triva,
68o THROAT THRUST

to snatch ; trive fi, to seize hold of ; //;- resist, use violence with. Hence, on the
zºast, to thrive, to be satisfied with his one hand, we pass to the idea of pang or
circumstances. Comp. G. clºſe/men, to agony in the dead thraws or agonies of
increase, in prove. /9er mensch nimmt death, the throes of childbirth. The word
2u, the man grows fat. Das zºnehmen, forture, by which we express the highest
increase, growth, thriving.—Küttn. Da. degree of pain, at bottom means simply
fi//age, to assume, to increase. twisting.
Throat.—Throttle. As throte, throf On the other hand, the figure of twist
bo//a, Du, stroł, It. strozza, strozzolo, ing or wresting, taken as the type of
the throat; OHG. droza, drozza, ſauces, violent exertion, leads to ON. thrá, ob
frumen, G. drosseſ, drostel, the throat, stinacy, continuance, opposition ; N. trad,
gullet, Bav. dross, the throat, the soft obstinate, enduring, close, opposing, cross,
flesh under the chin. harsh, bitter of taste ; NE. thro, eager,
To Throb. To beat in strong pulsations, earnest, sharp, bold.
a notion which the word seems adapted Thoghe the knyght were kene and thro,
to express in virtue of the abrupt effort The outlawys wanne the chylde hym fro.
MS. in Hal.
with which it is pronounced. We are
unable to show any very closely related A like train of thought may be observed
forms, but may cite G. trab, representing in Du. wringen, to wring or twist, and
the jolting trot of a horse, or the measured wrang, sharp, harsh, sour, hard.
tramp of troops. Pol. drabować, to trot. Throng. As thrang, a press or crowd;
Sw. trubb (in trułónos, snubnose, trubbig, thringan, G. dringen, to press ; ON.
stumpy) must once have signified a jog, a thryngwa (thryng, thrunginn), to press;
projection, to be compared with Du. thröngr, Da. trang, narrow, compressed,
strobbelen, to stumble, to dash the foot close, pressing, difficult. Corresponding
against an obstacle. A lighter kind of forms without the nasal are found in ON.
action is expressed by the root frep in thruga, Da. trykke, G. dricken, AS. thric
Lat. frepido, to tremble; Russ. frepetaly, can, to press; ON. 14thrugadr, voluntarily,
treffetatsya, to tremble, palpitate, beat. uncompelled. Goth. threihan, to press,
Throne. Gr. 9póvoc, Lat. thromus. to afflict.
To Throw.—Throe. The primitive AS. thriccan survives in E. dial. thrutch,
meaning of the word is to turn or whirl, to press, thrust; thruſchings, the last
and thence to cast or hurl. It will be ob pressed whey in the making of cheese.
served that the Lat. torquere has the same Throstle.—Thrush. G. drosseſ, dros
two senses, and it is probably a true tel, Da. frost, Pol. Russ. drozd, Lat. turdus.
equivalent of the E. word. Sc. thraw, to Through. Goth. thairh, OHG. durh,
wreathe, to twist. G. durch, AS. thurh, thuruh, through ; W.
‘Thraw the wand while it is green.’ frw, travy, frvydd, through, by, by means
The E. throw is still technically used of ; traws, transverse direction, adverse,
in the sense of twist or turn when we cross ; Gael. thar, over, across; tarsuinn,
speak of throwing silk, and in pottery transverse, across; Lat. trans, across,
the man who works the clay upon the over, on the other side.
wheel is called the thrower. Throwyn Thrum. An end of thread. G. trumm,
or turne vessel of a tre, torno.— Pr. Pm. a short, thick piece, an end of candle,
To throw is still used in the sense of rope's end, end of a thread, of a piece of
turning wood in the North. A throw, a stuff. The ends of the thread of the warp
turner's lathe.—Hal. G. drchen, Du. cut off by the weaver are called frumm,
draien, to twist, or turn. W. troi, to turn; in Switzerland triem. Trimmer, in pl.,
Bret. tré, to twist, to turn ; tró, a turn, fragments. Von ort bis an das drum,
an occasion ; tró-é-fró, turn about, in from beginning to end. The primitive
turns, successively. W. tro, a turn, a time. form of the word is probably shown in
The analogy of these latter forms shows Sw. trubb, stump, preserved in frubónása,
trubbnos, a snubnose; trubbig, stumpy,
that AS. thrag, thrah, OE. throw, Sc. thraw, blunt. See Throb.
a space of time, an occasion, are to be
explained in the sense of a turn, and not To Thrum. To play badly on an in
from Goth. thragjan, to run, as supposed to strument. ON. thruma, to make a noise,
thunder. See Strum.
by Jamieson. By throws, in turns.
To Thrust. ON. thrysta, to press,
By throwes eche of them it hadde.—Gower. thrust. Goth. trudan, to tread, to tread
The Sc. f/irazy is used in the sense of grapes in a press. Lat. frudere, trusum,
wrench or sprain, wrest, distort, oppose, to thrust. Russ. trud; pains, effort,
 THUD TICKET 681

labour; flotrudit', to put work upon one, the sound of blows. Whack is an ana
to incommode. logous form. So we have thwife and
Thud. The sound of a dull blow, a £h wit//e as well as whiffle, to hack with a
violent impulse. Lat. Zundo, Zuzudi, to knife; Zwirſ, synonymous with whirl,
beat, to pound. twink with win/, G. 27Werch, and guer,
Thumb. OHG. dumo, thumo, G. dau across ; zwe/i/e and 7uchſe, a towel.
men, ON. thuma/l. Thwart. ON. (Avera, to slant; thwerr,
Thump. Imitative of the sound of a AS. Zhweorh, OHG. dwerah, G. gºverch,
blow. It, thombo, thumbo, a thump.–Fl. cross, wry; Du. dwaers, dweers, oblique,
Champ. tombe, a hammer, tomóir, to re transverse; dweerwind, the whirlwind.
sound. Da. dump, Bolognese fortſ, sound ON. 1/m thverſ, across, athwart. From
of a heavy fall, or the fall itself. w. twin the same root signifying turn or twist,
fian, to thump, stamp, strike upon, fall. which produces Du. dwarden, to whirl,
Fr. tomber, to fall. Let. dumpis, noise, and E. ſwirl. AS. thwiri/, a churnstaff or
uproar. whirl for stirring milk. It is seen without
Thunder. G. dommer, Lat. tonitru, Fr. the initial dental in Fr. virer, to turn, in
tonnerre; Lat. tomare, to thunder. ON. E. whirl and Lat. vertere.
duna, dynja, to bellow, roar, rush ; diºr, To Thwite. See Whittle.
dynr, Da. dunder, dundren, rumbling Thyme. Gr. 9éuoc or 0éuov.
sound, roar, din. 7 ordenens, AEaſtonernes Tiara. Gr. ridpa, a royal head-dress
dundren, the roar of thunder or cannon. in the East.
To dun was used in OE. in the sense of Tick. Fr. figue, G. 26cke, the parasite
making a hollow noise. on dogs, &c.
Now wendeth this oste in wardes ten Tick. —Ticking. Du. tijk, G. zieche,
Ful wel araied with noblemen ; Bohem. cycha, a tick or covering of a bed.
The dust arose, the contre had wonder, Champ. tigueſ/e, a pillow-case. Grisons
The erthe doned like the thonder.
Zeigia, Zaya, faschia, a tick, sheath, case.
Syr Generides, l. 3774. Fr. faie d'oreiſler, a pillow-case.
Dunnyn in sownde, bundo. — Pr. Pm. Probably from G. gichen, to draw ; what
Lith. dundefi, Sanscr. tan, to sound. The is drawn over. Weisse ziechen fibergie/en,
reduplicate form of It, tontonare, to to put clean ticks on a bed. On the same
thunder, to make a confused noise, to principle the tick is also called itàerzºg in
grumble (Fl.), shows the imitative nature G., and omtre&sel in Du., from trekken, to
of the word, and the same may be said draw. -

of Yolof demadeno, thunder, and Yoruba To Tick. Parmesan fac-tac, Brescian

doñdoñ, a drum. Wolof danou, thunder. tech-tech, foch-foch, It. ticche-à-cche, repre
In the face of forms like these it is a sent the sound of knocking. Bolognese
wanton preference of the abstruse to de tectac, a cracker. Tick, with the thin
rive the word from the Sanscr. root tan, vowel, represents a lighter sound, and is
which from signifying stretch, is supposed then applied in a secondary sense to a
to express “that tension of the air which slight touch. “Such ticking, such toying,
gives rise to sound.’ It is impossible such smiling, such winking, &c.”—Hal.
that so incongruous a notion as the Du. tikken, to pat, touch ; Pl.D. ticken,
stretching of the air could ever have anticken, to touch gently, as with the tips
occurred to an unscientific mind. The of the fingers.-Danneil. To tick a thing
tone or pitch of a musical sound is a off is to mark an item with the touch of
totally different notion, which, depend the pen. Hence to take a thing on tick is
ing as it does on the tension of the to have it jotted down or marked on the
sounding chord, is naturally expressed by score instead of paying. So Pl. D. Áſifzen,
the root in question. The imitative sylla to jot down in writing ; up/ den &/i/g
ble is strengthened by the introduction of /a/en, to take upon tick. When this im
an r in It. tromare, to thunder; Da. drön, port of the term was not understood, a
din, peal, rumbling noise ; G. dromen, to false etymology led precisionists to speak
drone. of taking upon ticket.
Thursday. ON. Thorsdagr, the day of Ticket. A mark stuck on the outside
Thor, who in the northern mythology of anything to give notice of something
filled the place of Jove, the thunderer concerning it. Fr. &#7uet, a little note,
(Du. dondergod), in classic mythology. breviate, or ticket, especially such a one as
Hence, in Mid. Lat. it is called dies Jovis, is stuck up on the gate of a court ; et:-
AS. thunres dºg, G. donners/ag. 7uette, a ticket fastened within a lawyer's
Thwack. - Thwick-thwack represents bag, &c.—Cot. Rouchi estiguette, a point
682 TICKLE TILLER

ed stick, and ludicrously a sword (a peg— fetching the breath quickly, as after run
Roquefort), from estiguer, to stick into. ning, &c. A tiff or fit of anger; fifty,
To Tickle. Provincially title, Lat. ill-natured, petulant.—Brocket. N. Zez,
fi/i//are, Sc. Kiffle, Du. Kitſelen, G. Kitze/n, taſ?, drawing the breath, wind or scent
Fr. chatouiller, Wal. cafi, Aºki, Gael. of a beast; feva, to pant, breathe hard.
ciogail, diogaiſ, Magyar csik/ani, csiko/ui, A fiff or fit of ill-humour must be ex
to tickle ; c.sikos, ticklish. The explana plained from snuffing or sniffing the air,
tion of the expression may be found in as miff, a pet or ill-humour, from Castrais
Pl.D. ticken (Danneil), to ſick, or touch miſſa, to sniff. Tiffin, now naturalised
lightly, to twitch or cause to twitch. A among Anglo-Indians, in the sense of
tickling is a light touch that causes one luncheon, is the North-country tiffing
to twitch. See Itch. (properly sipping), eating or drinking out
Esthon. Kiddisema, to crackle, swarm, of due season.—Grose.
creep, to tickle ; kuttistama, kódditema, Tiger. Lat. tigris, Gr. riypic.
to tickle; Fin. Autiſ/aa, to tickle, to itch; Tight. Du. dicht, digt, solid, thick,
Áutinen, ticklish ; Autina, tickling, creep close, tight.—Hal. ON. thettr, Sw, tit,
ing ; kutia, Autita, to be tickled, to itch; staunch, tight. NE. theat, close, stanch,
Æutkua, to feel tickling, to itch, to waver, spoken of barrels when they do not leak.
as boggy soil; Autkuſtaa, to dangle, to Zhy.ht, hool fro brekynge, not brokyn, in
tickle. teger; thytyn', or make thyht, integro,
Tide.—Tidings.--Tidy. As tid, hour, consolido.—Pr. Prm.
time; G. 26.it, Sw. tid, time, season, period, Tile. AS. tigel, G. ziegel, Lat. fegula,
hour, space. Time is the happening of Fr. tuiſe. From Lat. tegere, to cover.
events, the course of what happens. AS. Till.—Until. G. giel, OHG. gil, Bohem.
fidan, getidan, to betide or happen. R. cy!, a bound, limit, end.
G. uses the expression tyde what so by Till. A drawer, then a money-box.
tyde, happen what may. Fr. Jayette, a till or drawer; also a box
For by my trouth in love I durst have sworn with fil/s or drawers.-Cot. Possibly
Thee should never have tidde so fair a grace. from Du. tillen, to lift, to move.
Chaucer. To Till.—Toil. The fundamental
The tides are the seasons of the sea, the signification of AS. filian and its Germanic
regular course of ebb and flow. ON. equivalents seems to be to direct one's
tidindi, events, tidings, news. Tidy, efforts to a certain end, thence to endea
seasonable, orderly, appropriate, neat. vour, to purpose, to procure or get. G.
If weather be fair and tidy, thy grain 2iel, a bound, limit, mark, end; zielen, to
Make speedier carriage for fear of a rain. aim at, to hit; Bav. zilen, to appoint a
Tusser.
set time or place, to beget children ; G.
G. gettig, timely, seasonable, mature. Ainder, getreide erzielen, to beget children,
Wiclif speaks of tideful and lateſu/ fruits. to cultivate corn. AS. tilian, to direct
Tie. AS. tige, a drawing, efficacy, a tie,one's efforts to a purpose, to labour, to till
from teon (tugon, togen, getogen), Pl.D. the soil, to get. “Sume filiath wifa : ’
teen, togen, G. Ziehen, to draw ; zug, a some seek wives. “Geornlice ic tylode to
pull; zigel, a rein; AS. tigehorn, a horn awritanne : " I earnestly laboured to write.
for drawing blood, a cupping glass. Tian, ‘He is wyrthe that thu him tilige:’ ille
getian, to tie. est dignus ut tu ei operam des, that he
Tier. OFr. tiere, rank, order. Du. was worthy for whom he should do this.
tudder, tuyer, Pl.D. fider, tier, a tether, —Luc. 7. 4. Bav. 2elgen, Du. tuylen,
a row of connected things; tuyeren, to feulen, feelen, to till the soil; tızyl, agri
tether cattle, to connect in a row.—Kil. cultura, labor, opera, opus.-Kil. Pl.D.
Pl.D. tiderm, tiren, to tie. De Ko in't gras telen, to beget, to cultivate, till.
tiren, to tether a cow to a stake. Tiller. In Suffolk the handle of a
Gael. taod, a halter, hair-rope, cable. spade is called a tiller. The ordinary
Ir. tead, a rope, cord, string. sense of the word is the handle of the rud
Tierce. Fr. tierce, from Lat. fertius, der, the bar by which it is worked. Per
third. haps from Du. tillen, to lift, to meddle
Tiff—Tift.—Tiffin. "Used in several with.
senses, all ultimately reducible to that of To Tiller. To send up a number of
a whiff or draught of breath. Tiff, a sup shoots from a root. Tillers are also the
or draught of drink.-Moor. Hence tiff, young trees left to stand when a wood is
small beer. Tift, a small draught of felled. AS. tilga, Du. telghe, felgher, a
liquor, or short fit of doing anything; branch, shoot.—Kil. In Osnabruck fe/ge
 TILT TINDER 683
is applied to a young oak.-Brem. Wtb. —it is not allotted to thee; it does not
Pl. D. teſgholt, tel/ho/t, branchwood for fall to thy lot.
burning or other purposes. Corrèze To have no time for something is a
tude/, a germ, sprout; ſude/a, to sprout. corruption from toom, leisure.
Tilt. ON. (ſal/d, a tent, a curtain ; And, or the tothyr had toyme to tak
Du. teſte, G. ge//, a tent; Sp. to/da, fo/do, His swerd, the king sic swak him gaiff
an awning. Lap. teſte, a covering for a That he the hede till the harnys claiff.
sledge ; teſtek, a sledge with a tilt; teſtet, Bruce iv. 643.
to spread.
To Tilt. I. To joust, to ride at each Timid. Lat. timeo, to be afraid.
other with blunt lances. To come full Tin. ON. tin, G. ginn, Lat. stannum.
tilt against a person is to run against him -tinct. -tinguish. — Extinguish.—
with the entire force of the body. As. Distinguish. Lat, stinguo, erstinguo,
tea/tian, tea/trian, Exmoor tilt, to totter, eatinguo, -tinctum, to put out, to quench;
vacillate. Zealaegetrywth, faith wavers. distinguo, to know apart, to separate by
marks. The foregoing forms are not to
Tealtiende, nutantes.—Ps. 108. 9.
The force of a significant syllable is be explained from Lat. tingo, tinguo, to
often increased by the addition of an / dip, sprinkle, dye, but from the root, stag,
without change of meaning, as in patter, stºg, signifying stick, prick, shown in Gr.
artºw, to prick; orirroc, pricked, marked,
paſſer, tatter, Pl.D. taſter, rags; jot, jo/t, spotted; ºtagričw, to distinguish by a
to jog. So from foſter is developed fo/ſer,
still used in Northampton in the sense of to mark, to spot ; and in Lat. stigo, instigo,
prick or urge on. The nasalised form
jog, totter, move heavily and clumsily. of the root is seen in E. sting, in stang, a
The toltering bustle of a blundering trot.—Clare. pole, and in stanch, stench, to stop the
Thence to/f, a blow against a beam or the flow of liquid, to quench or stop the ac
like.— Mrs Baker.
tion of fire. Eastinguo then is utterly to
Ouertok hem, as tyd, tuite hem of sadeles stop, and the j of the verb
Tyluche prynce had his pere put to the grounde. with E. stanch is well illustrated by It, re
Morris Allit. Poems, B. 1213. stagnar, to stanch or stop the flow of blood,
—struck or drove them from their saddles. compared with Lat. restinguere, to quench.
In another poem, in the same volume, Tincture.--Tinge.—Tint. Lat. tingo,
it is said that Jona was no sooner out-tu/de *inctum, to dip, stain, dye. Fr. taindre,
(pitched overboard) than the tempest feinare, pple. feinct, feint, to dye or colour;
ceased feint, a tint or colour. The E. finge cor
2. To filt up, to strike up a thing so as responds to Prov. tencha, tinge, colour;
to set it slanting. fenchar, It, fingere.
Timber. Goth. timrjan, 'timbrjan, to The radical sense is shown in Gr.
build. G. gimmer, formerly the stuff or réyyw, to wet, moisten, bedev, then to dye
matter of which anything was made, or stain. See Dew, Daggle.
especially building materials. Séaffe/osa Tinder. The idea of glittering or
2imber, informis materia. In Henne sparkling is commonly expressed by the
berg gimmer is used for a beam. It was figure of a crackling or tinkling sound.
then used for a building, and finally a Thus E. g/itter may be compared with
chamber. Du, timmer, fabrica, contig Da. Amittre, to rattle, crackle, and E. glis
natio, et materia, et tignum.—Kil. fer, g/isten, or Da. gmistre, to sparkle,
Timbrel. Sp. tambor, a drum ; fam with Ánistre, to crackle. On the same
&oril, a tabour or kind of small drum ; principle, Du. tinte/em, primarily to tinkle
tamboritiſ/o, a small drum for children; or ſingle, in a secondary sense is to twin
timbal, a kettle-drum. Ptg. tambóriſ, kle or sparkle, and thence tintel, tomtel, ton
tambourine, little drum. See Tabour. de/, fonder, tinder, the recipient of sparks.
Time. Time like tide seems to signify To tinkle a candle was used in North
happening, the course of events. ON. ampton, according to Kennet, in the
tima, Da. time, to happen, to befall ; sense of lighting. Sw. tindra, to sparkle ;
timask, to succeed; timi, time; timadagr, funder, tinder. ON. (yndra, to sparkle ;
a lucky day; timalaus, unlucky. Goth. fendra, tandra, to light a fire, a candle ;
gafiman, G. 2iemen, geziemen, to be fit or fundra, to blaze; fundr, tinder. N. fen
becoming, show a secondary sense ana dra, ſende, to light ; tendring, a setting
logous to that of OE. /a//, to be suitable to. fire to, a beginning to shine; maanefend
It nothing falls to thee ring, the new moon. G. 2inden, to kin
To make fair semblant where thou may,ºne. dle, set fire to ; zumder, gundel, OFr.
fondres, tinder.
684 TINE TIPPET

Time. The point of a fork, of a deer's then to sparkle. The Lat. scin/i//a itself
horn. ON. tindr, N. tind, the tooth of a might be explained from a form like Da.
comb, a rake, a harrow, sharp point of a s&ingre, to ring, clang, resound.
mountain. ON. tonn, Da. tand, a tooth. - Tiny. Small. When we wish to ex
N. tindu/, Da. Mandet, toothed. press something very small we make the
Tingle. — Tinkle. The sound of a voice pipy, and say a little tee-eeny thing,
small bell is represented in different a teeny-weeny thing, showing that the
dialects by the syllables tin, ting, Zink, force of the expression lies in the narrow
zang, twang. Thus Melchiori, Vocab. vowel ee, the only one that can be pro
Bresc., has finch-tinch, onomatopoeia for nounced when the vocal orifice is con
the sound of bells. Zing-fang, the saint's tracted to the utmost limit. The sense
bell; to tang, to sound as a bell; to of diminution is expressed by the con
fing, to ring.—Hal. Du. tinghe-fangſhen, traction of the volume of sound. The
tintinare.--Kil. Lat. tinmire, tintinare, rhyming form teeny-weeny may indicate
to ring ; finfinnaðu/um, a bell ; fin a connection with Du. weynigh, G. wenig,
zinnaculus, tinkling, clinking. Fr. fin little, small, few.
fer, to ting, ring, tingle ; tinſon, the ting The Galla has tina, little.
of a bell, the burthen of a song; tinfouin, Tip. The change of the broad vowel
a ringing, singing or tingling in the head, a or o to the narrow i is often used to in
about the ears; tintil/ant, tinging, ting dicate diminution of action or of size. So
ling, resounding.—Cot. Du. tin/e/en was from Knob, a round broad projection, we
formerly used in the sense of tinkle, but pass to nib, a fine and pointed one, and
has now the metaphorical senses of from ON. foſfºr, Da. (of, top, summit,
sparkle or ſingle, as the fingers with cold. also as G. 20//, a tuft of hair, to Du. tip,
In the original sense it represents a suc //ken, tip, point ; G. zińſe/, a tip, corner,
cession of brisk impressions upon the lappet.
ear; and is then applied to a succession The light vowel modifies the sense of
of analogous impressions on the eye or the verb in the same way as that of the
the sense of touch. Hesse zingern, zin noun. Hence from Bav. toffen, to knock,
Afte/n, to tingle with cold. to beat as the heart, Sp. topar, to butt or
Tinker.—Tinkler. A mender of pots strike with the head, to run or strike
and pans, from the clinking sound of his against, may be explained E. fift, applied
working. A tinker, or fin/c/er.—Baret. to a light, quick movement; ſo fift one a
1580. Zymāynge, the sowndyng of metalls wink; ſo fift or slip a present of money
when they be strycken together, finfin.— into the hand ; ſo ºf up, fift over.
Palsgr. For a like reason a dealer in Tippet. Properly, like G. sińſe/, the
hardware is in Fr. Quincaiſ/er, or in the fif, or lappet of a garment. The tip of
N. of France clinical//eur.—Hécart. Cli the hood was called in Mid. Lat. Ziriff
Quai//e, c/inquai//e, quizzyitai//e, chinks, Żium, and was greatly lengthened out so
coin; Quinquai//er, old iron, small iron as to admit of being wrapped round the
ware; clinquai//erie, a chinking or clink head or the neck, and thence the name
5 :g of money, or of many pans and skel of tippet was given to a wrapper round
lets together.—-Cot. the neck. Du. fim/, a tip or corner, also
So also G. Klempern, Pl.D. Álimfern, a wrapper for the neck, fascia collum am
to tinkle, to make a tinkling noise with biens et a frigore cervicem defendens,
hammers as tinkers and tinmen, to play vulgo collipendium. – Kil. Leripipium,
ill on a stringed instrument ; Henneberg 2://e, Kogel-giftſ, ka/pen-zipffeſ, timpe
A/emperer, a tinker. On the Lower Rhine van der kogelen ; temp van een kaproen.
he is called spängler, from Lith. Spengti, —Dief. Supp. “As the monks had their
to ring, to sound. cowles, caprons or whodes, and their
Tinsel. Cotgrave explains Fr. bro botes, so had they then their long typ
catel as tinsel or thin cloth of gold. From pettes, their prestes cappes.”—Bale in R.
OFr. estince//es, sparkling, spangles— Cum liripipiis ad modum cordarum circa
Roquef. ; estincelle, a spark, sparkle. It caput advolutis. – Knyghton in Duc.
will be observed that spangle also pro Ziri/?pium sive timpam retro latam du
perly signifies sparkle. Fr. estincelle is plicem et oblongam habens per dorsum
explained from Lat. scintilla, by inversion dependentem. — Longa tunica vestitus,
of the c and t. But it may perhaps, on nigro caputio, cum grandi liripipio collo
the principle indicated under Tinder, be indutus.-Duc.
derived from a form corresponding to E. It was perhaps this variety in the mode
tinkle, twinkle, or Du. tintelen, to tinkle, of wearing the tippet that led to the
 TIPPLE TOAD EATER 685
phrase of turning his tippet in the sense Tissue. Fr. fissil, tisser, OFr. tissir
of a total change of conduct. and /º/re, Lat. Zevere, to weave. See
To Tipple. Bavarian giftſ, giftſ, ſein, Texture.
a tip or corner of anything, is used for a Tit.--Tittle. Henneb. tilt/e/e, a little
bit, a small portion. Kein z//c/, not a bit. See Tot,
bit ; 2://e/weis, in small portions; gift Tithe. AS. feoff/e, tenth ; ſeofhian, to
Je/n, z//e/en, to take, give, eat, drink, tithe or take a tenth. Fris. tego/ha,
&c., in small portions. The cow zipſ:// Zienda, tenth. Tithes are called fiends in
when she lets her milk go in driblets ; Scotland.
Hesse verzi//e/n, to sprinkle, scatter in Title. Lat, titulus, an inscription, ex
small portions. So W. tic, ticyn, a par planatory mark.
ticle, a little bit ; ticial, to produce small To Titter. Swiss fitzern, Kitzern,
particles or drops, to drain the last drops Hanneberg & itſerm, Ācākern, to giggle,
in milking; tip, fiftyn, a small particle. titter. Titter, like gºggle, represents a
E. dial. tip, a draught of liquor. To fift succession of sharp thin sounds, while
ple then would be to drink in small por taſter, with the broad vowel, expresses a
tions, to be continually drinking. Pl. D. succession of opener sounds. Bav. tat
tipp/, a dot, spot, fine drop.–Danneil. term, OE. tatter (Pr. Prm.), to chatter, tattle,
N. tip/a, to drip; tipča, to drip slowly, gabble. Du. ſaferen, to make a rattling
to S1D. sound, to stammer, stutter.
Tipsy. Swab. da//s, ta//s, diebes, And as the sense is transferred from
diff's, Swiss tiffs, a fuddling with drink; sound to movement in Bav. faſtern, to
tipse/n, to fuddle oneself; bet/st, tipsy. shiver, tremble, so we have provincially to
From these forms it would appear that tiſſer, to see-saw, to tremble, ON. titra, G.
we cannot explain the word as unsteady, zittern, to tremble, shiver. In like man
apt to tip over, as we should be inclined ner Bav. gigken, gigkezen, to make broken
to do if we had only the E. word. sounds, to stutter or giggle, leads to gig
Tire. Tire of a wheel, the tier or rim Áe/n, to tremble, twitch, quiver, corre
of iron that ties or binds the fellies to sponding to E. Kickle, fickle, tottering, un
gether. steady. See To Totter.
* To Tire. 1. oe. fervyn or make To.—Too. Du. toe, G. gle, to. Too
wery, lasso, fatigo; terwyd, lassatus, fati /iot, G. 21, heiss, is hot in addition to
gatus.-Pr. Pm. As. Mirian, firigan, tyr [what is fitting]. -

wian, to vex, irritate, provoke, oppress. Toad. The name of the toad is gener
Hine mid wurdum tirigaon, illum verbis ally taken from the habit of the animal of
irritaverunt. Me tyrath mine eagan, me puffing itself up with wind. So Gr. ºvgåw,
irritant mei oculi, lippio.—Elfr. Gr. Hig to blow, to swell; piaa\oc, a toad. Fr.
me tirigaon, illime provocaverunt.—Deut. &ouſer, to puff, blow, swell up ; Lat. buſo,
32. 21. Mid ungilde tyrwigeride was, a toad. Magy. buſa, a toad, a man with
was vexing with unjust tribute.—Chr. swollen cheeks. In like manner Da.
I IOO. Du. ſergen, Da. fºrge, G. 2&rgen, tudse, Ditmarsh fuſce, a toad, are from
to irritate ; Da. (irre, to tease, to worry. ON. titºria, to swell, Somerset toſe, to bulge
The primary sense would seem to be out. In South Danish trute is to project
to provoke, irritate, harass, whence the the lips, to strut like full pockets, and
notion of weariness naturally follows. A trutz, a toad.
º long provoked is at last tired out, to Toadeater.
a mountebank.
Originally the assistant
e can bear it no longer. We speak of
being harassed with business, tired, worn Be the most scorned Jackpudding of the pack,
out. See To Tar. And turn toad-eater to some foreign quack.
2. To tire, to feed upon (especially of Satire on an ignorant quack, by Thomas Brown.
birds of prey), is a totally different word The same author, in a collection of letters
from the foregoing. from dead persons, puts the following
The foule that hight vultour, that eateth the passage into the mouth of Joseph Haines,
stomake of Titius is so fulfylled of his songe that a celebrated mountebank and fortune-tell
it mill eaten ne tyren no more.—Chaucer, Boeth. er, who died in 17oi.
“I intend to build
Sw, tira, to gnaw, eat, consume ; tāra a stage, and set up my old trade of for
Adi, to prey upon, consume, live upon. tune-telling, and as I shall have occasion
PL.D. tereſt, G. Zehren, to consume; OHG. for some understrapper to draw teeth for
2eran, Goth. fairan, AS. feran, to tear; me or to be my foad-eater on the stage,
2erjavi, to consume. See To Tear. &c.’—N. & Q., Febr. 15, 1862.
3. To tire, to dress. See Attire. The word was explained as “a metaphor
686 TOAST TONE

from a mountebank’s boy eating toads in Toil.—2. Toilet. The toils in hunt
order to show his master's skill in expel ing were nets set up to enclose the game.
ling poison.”—Daniel Simple, by Sarah Fr. toiles, toils, or a hay to inclose or en
Fielding, 1744. But this is doubtless an tangle wild beasts in.—Cot. Zoile, cloth,
imaginary explanation. A more rational from Lat. teſa, a web.
suggestion is that of Mr Keightley’s in N. Zoilette was a packing or wrapping
& Q., that swallowing toads is a version of cloth, the cloth that covered a dressing
Fr. azaler des couleuvres, which signifies table, whence in E. it is applied to the
putting up with all sorts of indignities dressing-table itself.
without showing resentment. Thus a Toise. Fr. Moise, a fathom. From
toad-eater would be a souffredouleur. Lat. fensus, It. teso, stretched. Mid. Lat.
Toast. I. Roasted bread. It fosfare, tensa, fesa, extension, width of the stretch
to toast or parch. Lat. torrere, fostum, ed arms, and thence Fr. toise, as mois from
to roast. mensis, poids from pensum.—Scheler.
2. A pledge in drinking. The German Token. Goth. taikºns, G. geichen, OSax.
cry when topers pledge each other, knock tekan, Bohem. ceych, a mark, a brand.
ing their glasses together, is stoss an A of Lith. czékis, a mark, burnt in or otherwise
which it is not improbable that the E. imprinted; czékoff, to mark. Lap. tse&#e,
term is a corruption, as carouse from gar a nick or notch, thence the number ten ;
all/.5. tsekkesteſ, to notch ; marked tsekkeset, to
Tod. A bush, a bunch of anything cut in a mark; tsekkot, to cut, to desig
fibrous, as of hay. A tod of wool is 281b. nate, to mark out for or appoint.
ON. toda'a, a flock or ball of wool; todai, Tolerate.—Tolerable. Lat. tolero, to
a lump of food. G. gote, provincially zode sustain, endure. Goth. thulan, ON. thola,
(Deutsch. Mundart. I. 408), a lock or AS. tholian, to thole, endure, suffer.
flock of wool or hair, a rag or tatter. See * Toll. Gr. ré\oc, consummation,
Dud. Da. toſ, a bunch of flax, &c. Pl.D. magistracy, government; that which is
tadaſe, fadder, ſadde/, a rag. paid for state purposes, tax, duty, toll;
To Toddle. To walk imperfectly like reA&vnç, a collector of tolls; rºtövlov, Lat.
a child, with alternate impulses. G. got felonium, a toll-house. Hence Mid. Lat.
Ze/n is used in exactly the same sense. felon, felonium, tolonium, OFr. tolin, tol
Daher zoſteln, or, gegotteſt Kommen, to /in, tollien, tonſien, ON. tol/r, G. 2011, E.
come reeling or staggering along, to be toll.
trotting along.—Küttn. Zotten, zotte/n To Toll. Tollyń' or mevyń' or steryń'
(contemptuously), to go. — Schm. Er to done a dede, incito, provoco, excito.—
zo/telt nach so gut er kann.-Sanders. Pr. Pn.
Bav. 20ttern, to dangle, indicates the With empty hand may no man hawkes fulle:
characteristic feature of the idea. Pl.D. Lo here our silver redy for to spend.—Chaucer.
2addel, a rag, tatter (dangling or flutter ‘Attirer, to draw or bring to, to tol/ or
ing in the wind).-Danneil. See Tassel, lead on, to entice, allure unto.”— Cot.
Totter. “The fault of the escape is attributable to
Toe. ON. tai, 'As. ta, Du, teen, Pl.D. the hoggishness of the man who tolled
taan, foom. The toes seem to be regarded the negroes into Dover.’—American news
as the twigs or branches of the foot. ON. paper, 1857.
teina, a shoot ; teinn, a rod; Du. teen, To fo// the bells is when they ring
an osier, a twig; AS. fain, a twig, sprout, slowly to invite the people into church.
shoot. N. tein, a shoot, rod, stick. The Tomb. Gr. ràugoc, place where a
mistletoe or mistle shrub is in ON. mistil dead body was burnt, mound of earth
teinſt. over the ashes, tomb, grave. Mid. Lat.
Toft. A place where a messuage once tomba, Fr. tombe, tombeau.
stood, that is fallen and pulled down.— Tome. Fr. tome, Lat. tomus, a volume;
B. Da. tomſ, site of a building ; foſt, Gr, réuoc, a cut, a part, a volume, from
enclosed field close to a farmhouse; tom, répuyw, to cut.
empty. Sw. tomt, place for building, site Ton.—Tun. Lat. tina, a wine-vessel;
of a house, empty space. N. fuſt, toff, Fr. time, a tub; tonne, a barrel.
tomſ, site of a house, place where a house Tone.—Tonic. Gr. reiva, to stretch,
has stood. strain, whence róvoc, a strain, stretching,
Together. See Gather. the thing stretched, a cord, and (as the
Toil. Du. tuy/en, teulen, to till the sound of a cord rises in tone in proportion
ground, to work, labour; tıy!, agriculture, to the strain) a raising of the voice, a
work, toil. See Till. musical tone, note.
 TONGS TOSS 687
Tongs. ON. taung, tong, Sw. fing, represents striking hands on the con
Du. fanghe, G. 2ange, tongs. An imple clusion of a bargain, whence toper, to
ment consisting of two stangs or rods. accept a proposition, to agree to. And
ON. tºng (as stêng), a rod, bar, stick, the according to Florio the same exclamation
bar by which the load of a sledge is tight was used for the acceptance of a pledge
ened.—-Fritzner. in drinking, where the knocking of glasses
Tongue. Goth. tuggo, ON. funga, G. stands instead of the striking of hands
2unge, Gael. teanga, O Lat. dinglea, Lat. at a bargain. “ Topa A a word among
Zingita. dicers, as much as to say, I hold it, done,
Tonsure. Lat. fondeo, tonsum, to clip, throw ! also by good fellows when they
shear. are drinking; I’ll pledge you.’
Tool. ON. toſſ. Ihre compares Lat. The foregoing explanation would make
telum, a weapon. the E. toſe the exact equivalent of Fr.
To Toot. Du. tuyſen, foeten, to sound choyuer, choguailler, to quaff, carouse,
a horn, to whisper in the ears; OE. fotte, tipple–Cot., choquer les verres, to knock
to whisper. ON. thjofa, Da. tude, to glasses.
sound, resound as the wind, waves, music. Topic.—Topography. Gr. róroc, a
Tooth. Goth. tumthus, OHG. Zand, G. place, a topic, a common - place in
zahn, Sanscr. danías, Gr. 3600c, Ödövroç, Rhetoric ; row.ukóc, concerning place, con
Lat. dens, dentis, W. dant. cerning rötrol or common-places.
Top. 1. ON. to/Ar, the top or summit, Topsyturvy. From topside fºother
anything that runs up to a point, a tuft ; way. It is written foſsi'-to'erway in
tretoppr, tree-top. Da, topsukker, loaf Searches’ “Light of Nature.”
sugar; topmaal, heaped measure. Pl.D. Torch. It. forcia, torchia, Fr. torche,
top/, Du. toff, tsop, summit, top. W. twó, a torch, also the wreathed clout, wisp, or
a round lump. wad of straw laid by wenches between
Words signifying strike or knock are their heads and the things they carry on
often applied to the end of a thing, as the them.—Cot. From It. forcere, to twist,
part with which the blow is given ; or to because the torch was made of a twisted
a projection or part that strikes out from wreath of tow or the like.
the surrounding surface, then to a bunch Torment. — Torture. Lat. torqueo,
or lump. In this way It. bot/a, a blow or fortum, to twist, wrench, rack.
stroke, is related to Fr. boſſe de ſoin, a Torpedo.—Torpid.—Torpor. Lat.
bunch of hay ; and Pl. D. bunsen, to forfeo, to be benumbed, to be dull and
strike, to E. bunch. To boë is to make drowsy.
an abrupt movement, to strike ; and &off Torrent. — Torrid. Lat. torreo, to
is a bunch or lump. roast, scorch, dry up with heat. Hence
Now topſ / represents the sound of torreſts, a stream that runs only in the
striking hands or concluding a bargain winter and dries up in summer.
(see Tope). It foſſa-toppa / sound of -tort.—Torsion. Lat. torqueo, forsi,
knocking at a door.—Diz. Parmeggiano, fortum, to twist, wrench. As in Distort,
in v. tac-tac. Sp. tofar, to knock or Contortion, &c. Aeſort, a close chemical
strike against; fo/e, the striking of one vessel with the mouth bent downwards.
thing against another, butt end of a plank, * Tortoise. It tartaruga, Sp. tortuga,
top or summit. Fr. tortue, Prov. tortesa. From Lat.
2. Du. top, G. foſſ, Kreise/ſoff, a spin tortus, twisted.
ning top. The radical idea is a rounded Be not like the crane or the tortu, for they are
summit, and the name often includes like the crane and the turfu that turnithe her
hede and fases bacward, and lokithe ouer the
the notion of something tapering. Sw. shuldre.—Knight of Latour, c. xi.
sockertoff, a sugar-loaf; N. toff, taff, a
cork; toppa, a bung; G. 3a//en, a bung * To Toss. The radical image is pro
or stopple, an icicle, a fircone; Fr. tou bably shown in N. tossa, to strew, to scat
pin, foupon, a stopper for a bottle ; fou ter. To foss hay is to spread it in small
pil, toupilſon, a casting-top; toupillonet, portions, to throw it here and there. Hesse
a very small top or stopple.—Cot. 2isse/n, to spread hay, either with the
To Tope. Properly to pledge one in hand or with rakes. See To Ted. Aus
drinking, to knock the glasses together 2isse/n, to shake the crums from a table
before drinking them off, then to have a cloth. Bav. gosse/weis, in scattered por
drinking-bout, to drink in excess. Bav. tions. Banff toosh!, an untidy bundle of
toppen, Sp. topar, to knock. In Sw, and rags, straw, &c.; to toosht, to dash hither
Pl.D. the exclamation topſ /, in Fr. to/e/, and thither. Fallersleben fost, tassel, tuft
688 TOT TOUT
of hair. E. dial. fisty-fosſy, a bunch of Total. Lat. forus, whole, entire.
cowslips tied up and used to toss to and To Totter. Zoteroi' or waveroń',
fro for amusement. — Jennings. See vacillo.—Pr. Prm. Titter-toffer, a play
Tassel, Tatter. for childre, balenchoeres.—Palsgr. Os
Tot.—Tit. The syllables fat, foſ, tiſ, cillum (a swing), a totoure.—Med. Gr. in
are used in the formation of words signi Pr. Pm. Tafter or toffer represent in the
fying broken sound, as in Du. ſaferent, first instance broken sound, then broken
toferen, to sound like a trumpet, to stam movement, doing anything by broken im
mer, G. totſern, todern, to totter in speak pulses, stammering or stuttering, totter
ing, to tattle, or twattle with stuttering ing or moving in a vacillating way, mov
(Ludwig.), Bav. taſ/ern, to chatter, OE. ing to and fro. G. tatteraſa / represents
fateryn, jangelyn, chateryn, jaberyn (Pr. the sound of the trumpet.—Sanders in v.
Pm.), E. dial. ſuffer, to stutter; fizzer, to Tusch. Du. fateren, horribilisonitu tara
giggle. The radical element by itself tantara dicere instar tubae ; titubare,
signifies a slight sound in N. foſ, a mur balbutire, imperfect& logui ; maculare,
mur ; It. mi foto ni motto, not a syllable. inepté aliquid facere.—Kil. Banff footer,
Sc. futmute, a low muttering ; Banff feet, to tattle, babble, walk with a weak falter
the smallest sound, smallest word, ‘Nae ing step, work in a weak trifling manner.
ae feet cam oot o's hehd.’ Then, as in so Du. fouíerent, to oscillate, to swing. E.
many other cases, the syllables represent dial tuffer, to stutter.
ing sound are transferred to the sense of Touch. Fr. toucher, OFr. toquer, to
bodily action and bodily substance. Hence knock, hit, touch. — Roquef. It. ticche
Bav. faſtern, to tremble ; Du. touferen, to focche represents the sound of knocking
palpitate, tremble, see-saw ; E. totter, to at a door; Prov, foc, blow ; Sp. tocar, to
move unsteadily; fitter, to tremble, to see knock at a door, to ring bells, to play on
saw (Hal); ON. titra, to shiver; Lat. fiti/ſo, a musical instrument, to reach with the
E. dial, tittle, to tickle, to excite by slight hand, to touch. It focco, a knock, stroke,
touches; Hampsh. tat, to touch lightly. hit, stroke of a clock; toccare, to hit, join
To fot about, to move with short steps, as close to, to touch.
a child attempting to walk, or a feeble Tough. AS. foh, Du. faai, G. géhe,
old person.—Mrs. Baker. Totty, un what stands pulling, from AS. teon (ptcple
steady, dizzy, reeling. To tot a thing togen), Pl.D. teen, /ögen, G. 2ichen, to pull, .
down in the margin is to mark it with a to draw. Boh. tahati, to draw; tahowitz
slight touch of the pen, as from ſof, to jog, tough.
we speak of jotting a thing down on paper. Tour. Fr. tour, a turn.
And as jot is transferred from the sense Tournament. A combat in an en
of a short abrupt movement to that of a closed space, from It. torneare, attorneare,
small quantity, so tot is applied to any to surround. “Fece attorneare soa huoste
thing small. A child is called a pretty con buone catene de fierro con pali di
little tot. In Lancash. it signifies a tuft fierro moito spessificoati in terra. Quesso
or brush. Da. (of, Sc. fait, a flock of af/orniamento fu fatto alla rotonna a
wool, flax, &c. Fr. tatin, a small portion; modo di un fierro da cavallo.’—Fragm.
It. tazzo, a lump or bit. E. dial. totty, Hist. Rom. in Muratori, vol. iii., speaking
small. of the preparations for the battle of Crecy.
The change of the vowel from a or o to To Touse.—Touzle. G. gausen, PL.D.
i marks diminution, in fiſ//e, the mark of fuse/n, to pull or hale about, to tug, tear
a touch, or the least portion of anything ; by snatches, pull by the hair, to touse
tit, anything small of its kind, a little wool; sich zausen, to tustle, fight. To
horse, a little girl, a little bird. A fi//ark fouse wool is to pull the flocks to pieces
is a small kind of lark; titmouse (Du. and lay them together again. The pro
mossche, a sparrow, G. meise, a small bird), per meaning is to pull to pieces. ‘Recipe
or tomfit, a very small bird; tiffaggots, brawne of capons or of hennys — and
small short faggots. ON. tita, a small towse them small.”—Babees Book, p. 53.
bird, an object small of its kind. E. dial. E. dial. ſug, tust, a bunch of wool or hair.
titly-fotſy, titly, diminutive, tiny.—Hal. See To Tease.
On the same principle It. Zito, ziła, a boy, To Tout.—Tote. To look, to peep.
a girl, and E. chiſ, must be explained from Than ſofed I in at a taverne and there I aspyide
It ai/to, Fr. chut, properly a slight sound, Two frere Carmes.—P. P. Creed.
thence used with ellipse of the negative Tote hy//e or hey place of lokynge,
in the sense of hush | Non fare gizzo, not conspicillum, specula.-Pr. Pm. Histon
to utter a sound ; chuchofer, to mutter. fo/eden out—P. P. : his toes peeped forth.
 TOW TRACK 689
A touter is one who looks out for custom. Pl.D. tuun, a fence, hedge, an enclosed
To tote, in Somerset, is to bulge out, and place, garden ; G. 2aun, a hedge. AS.
probably the radical meaning of the word tyman, to enclose, hedge, shut.
may be to stick out. Totodun ut tha “And ase the eie openeth and tuneth.’
heafdu, eminebant capita.—Past. 16. 5. Ancren Riwle, p. 94.
ON. tota, a snout ; tıºta, anything stick Commonly referred to Goth. tain, G.
ing out ; tığteygdr, having prominent zain, zein, AS, tain, a rod or shoot, as the
eyes; tıºtna, to swell. E. dial. tutmouthed, simplest material of a hedge. Bav. gain,
having a projecting jaw. Du. tuyte, the 2ainen, a hurdle, wattle, basket; gain
nave of a wheel ; tuytmuyl, a projecting reusen, wattled baskets for taking fish.
mouth ; tuyſpot, a pot with a spout; -toxic- Lat. to ricum, Gr. Tošików,
tuytschoenen, toteschoenen, beaked shoes; poison.
tote, a snout ; de tote setten, to make a Toy. An ellipse for play-toy, imple
snout (in nursery language), to project the ments of play, as G. spie/zeug, spie/sachen,
lips in ill temper. . From the interjection toys. Zeug, Pl. D. zig, Sw. tyg, Da. 167,
tut A expressive of displeasure, as from materials, stuff, implements. Pl.D. Ála
trut A tush | tut! fy man (Cot.), another ter-tig, rattle-traps; jungens unt derens
form of the same interjection ultimately fig, a collection of youths and girls. G.
representing a blurt with the lips, are /ieder/iches zeug, paltry stuff; /ăcher
formed Da. dial. trutte, to stick out the Ziches zeug, nonsense. In like manner
lips, to bulge as full pockets ; trutt, a daff-toy (Sc. daff, foolish, trifling) was
spout. — Molbech. Sw., dial. truta, to formerly used in the sense of a trifle.
pout; trutas, to be out of temper; trut, a The gentlewoman neither liked gown nor petti
mouth, snout, spout. coat so well as some little bunch of rubies or
Tow. Fris. touw.—Kil. ON. fog, the some such daff-toy. I mean to give her Majesty
two pairs of silk-stockings lined with plush if
long hairs or coarse shaggy part of the London afford me not more daff-toy I like better.
fleece; tog thrádr, thread spun of such —Letter of Arabella Stewart in N. & Q., Dec.
wool. From ON. toga, to draw, hale, 1860.
drag : what is drawn out in combing or Fine toys, mignotises; slender toys, menu
dressing the wool, as E. tow is the refuse sailles, menuailles.—Sherwood.
drawn out in dressing flax. The name of To Toy. To handle amorously. OE.
tow would thus be precisely synonymous togge, properly to tug, to pull about.
with oakam or ockam, AS. ācembi, what is Mid wouhinge, mid fogginge, with wooing,
combed out. with toying.—Ancren Rivle, 53. 6. Ha tollith
To Tow. Fr. touer, to hale a vessel togederes ant toggith, they fondle together and
by a rope. Du. toghen, ON, toga, to drag toy.—St Marherete in E. E. Text Society.
or pull; tog, drag or pull. Haſa hest i Trace. It, traccia, Fr. trace, a trace,
togi: to lead a horse with a string behind point of the foot, footstep, also a path or
one, to have a horse in tow. To take a tract.—Cot. Sp. traga, first sketch or
ship in tow then is to take it in drag. ON. draught, trace, outline. From trahere,
tog is also a cable, a fishing-line; the through the participial form tractus, trac
means by which the ship pulls at the tio.—Diez. It will be observed that Sp.
anchor, or by which the fish is drawn out rastra signifies both the act of dragging
of water. Du. touw, Da. toug, a cable, along and a track or mark left on the
rope. Pl.D. tog, draught, stroke, trick. ground. To trail is to drag along, and
Tog is the root of Goth, tituhan, G. 2iehen trail in N. America is the trace or mark
(gezogen), AS. teon, teohan (togen), Pl.D. where a person has passed.
teen, togen, to draw. Traces. Trayce, horsys harneys, traxus,
Towel. It towaglia, a tablecloth, restis, trahale. — Pr. Prm. Fr. traict, a
OFr. touaille, Du, dwaele, dwaal, a towel; teame-trace or trait.—Cot. From Lat.
dweil, a clout, a swab ; dwaen, dwaeden, tractus, draught; cheval de trait, a
dwaegen, to wipe, wash ; Goth. twahan, draught-horse.
AS. thwean, ON. thvá, Da. toe, to wash. Track. Fr. trac, a track, tract or trace,
Tower. W. twr, a tower, a heap or a beaten way or path, also a trade or
pile. Lat. turris, Fr. tour, a tower. An course.—Cot. Our first inclination is to
abrupt peaked hill is called torin Devon unite the word with tract or trace, or to
shire. Gael. torr, a steep hill, mound, derive it from G. trecken, to drag. The
heap, tower, and as a verb, to heap up. Prov. has trah, trag, trai, in the sense of
Town. Properly an enclosure, en draught, course. “Lo dreg trai :’ the
closed place, then farm, dwelling, village, right direction.
town. AS. wyrt-tun, a garden for worts. But the primary meaning seems to be
44
690 -TRACT TRAITOR

that given by Palsgrave : step, a print of trafago, traffic, a careful management of

one's foot, trac. And the true explana affairs; trai/agon, active, industrious,
tion of the word I believe to be that it is meddlesome. Castrais traſºga, to stir, to
a parallel form with G. tra/ſ, represent mix (brouiller), to bustle; trafºgous, med
ing the sound of the footfall, and thence dlesome, troublesome.
signifying a footprint.—Danneil. Swiss The word seems to signify active em
Rom. trac, a trap-door. Piedm. trich, ployment, from Limousin froſt, traft,
trach represents the sound made by one noise, disturbance, quarrel; then busi
who clatters along in clogs or wooden ness, commerce, traffic. ‘Lei oou fa un
shoes. Roquefort explains frac as noise, fier troſ.' they have made a fine racket.
the blow of a lance, the pace of a mule or “Oven oougu doous troń ensemble:’ we
horse. Tracas, much trotting or hurry have had some rows together. Trofºa,
ing up and down.—Cot. Castrais tra to traffic. Swiss Rom. traffi, disturbance,
Quet-traquet, tripping, going off by little noise, business. Languedoc trºff, tracas,
steps. Cat. trac, Sp. trague, a crack, re trouble, desordre, disturbance, trouble.
port of an explosion. Limosin ſa lo traco, Lou trèſ d'un oustaou, the trouble of a
to make a beaten path in snow. household ; trafica, to bustle, to be busy,
It is singular that there is yet another to frequent a place. Like many of the
route by which we are brought to the words of the S. of France it has probably
same form. From ON. troda, to tread, is a Celtic origin. W. trafu, to stir, to
the frequentative tradža, and thence N. agitate ; trafod, a stirring, turning about,
trakka, to trample, stamp; tražk, tread bustle, intermeddling, labour, pains, trou
ing, continually going to and fro. ble ; traſodiaeth, transactions—Lewis;
-tract.—Traction. Lat. traho, trac traſaes, stir, bustle, pains.—Jones.
tum, to draw, drag. As in Abstract, Con Tragedy. Lat. tragaedia, from Gr.
tract, Retract, Subtract, &c. rpaypôia; from rpáyoc, a goat, and göö, a
Tractable. See Treat. poem for singing.
Trade. The proper meaning of the To Trail. To drag along. A fre
word is a trodden way, a beaten path or quentative from Lat. trahere, to draw.
course, and thence metaphorically a way A trail, a sledge. “Dogs—which they
of life. A tradesman is one who follows yoke together as we do oxen or horses to
a special way of life in opposition to the a sled or trail.”—Hackluyt, III. 37. Sp.
husbandmen who constituted the great trailla, a drag for levelling ground. Mid.
bulk of the community. The tradewinds Lat. traha, tracula, a sled or harrow.
are winds which hold a certain trade or Trahae quae rustici tragulam vocant.—
course. Papias in Duc. Trahale, a sledge.—
Wyth wind at will the trad held thai, Carp. It tragula, a drag-net. Ptg.
And in England com rycht swyth. tralha, a fishing-net. Du. freylen, to tow
Wynton. vi. 20, 55. a vessel, to drag it by a rope. Prov.
Tho would I seek for queen-apples unripe tralh, traces, §.
To give my Rosalind, and in summer shade Train. 1. It traino, Sp. tragin, Prov.
Dight gawdy girlonds was my common trade trahi, OFr. trahin, Fr. train, from Lat.
To crown her golden locks. trahere, to draw.
Shepherd's Calendar.
2. Sw. tram, G. thram, train-oil, oil that
Pl.D. trade, trahe, wagentrahe, a waggon drips from the fat of whales. Pl.D. traon,
rut.—Adelung in v. geleise. ON. trod, tear, drop, train-oil; traonág, a dripping
treading. In the sense of commerce, eye.—Danneil. OHG. trahan, gutta, la
however, it is probable that trade, a way cryma.
of life, has been confounded with Sp. Traitor. — Treason. — Treachery.
trato, treatment, intercourse, communi From Lat. tradere, to give over, to betray,
cation, trade, traffic, commerce; tradar, were formed It, tradire, Prov. trahir,
to treat of a subject, to confer, to trade trair, Fr. trahir, to betray, and It. tradi
or traffic. See Treat. The name of traite fore, O Fr. frahitor, traitor, trahitre, Fr.
is specially given in French to the trade traitre, a traitor. In the same way
of the African coast; la traite des noirs, traditio became Fr. trahison, traison, E.
the slave trade. freason. Another version of Lat. tradere
Tradition. Lat. trado (trans, across gave Prov. trachar, to betray (quite dis
and do), traditum, to hand over, to trans tinct from Fr. tricher, to trick or cozen),
mit. and tracher, trachor, OE. trechour, a be
Traffic. Sp. trafagär, traficar, to trayer, whence E. treachery. In a similar
traffic, also to travel or make journeys; manner the Prov. had the two forms mal
 TRAMEL TRAVEL 691
faitor and maſſachor, a malefactor ; higher or lower level on the other side of
aſaitar and afachar, to train, to dress. the dyke. , Hence the dyke causing such
Tramel. It tramaglio, Sp. trasma/lo, a dislocation would seem to have been
Fr. tramail. Piedm. trimtaſ, a fishing called a traffdyke, and thence the name
net of very fine materials of two or three of traff transferred to the rock of which it
layers, the middle one of narrow meshes was composed. See Account of the strata
and the outside ones of very wide meshes. of a district in Somersetshire, Phil. Trans.
The fish strikes against the narrow meshes 1719.
of the middle net and drives a portion of To Trape.—Traipse. To trail along
it through one of the wide meshes on the in an untidy manner. Traffes, a slattern,
opposite side, where it is entangled in a an idle sluttish woman. Probably from
kind of pocket. Hence the name, from the notion of being drabbled or draft/ed
trans maculam, through the mesh. The in the mire. See Drabble, Draggle.
Sp. form of the word, trasmallo, is hardly Banff fry/e, to walk in a slovenly man
compatible with the ordinary explanation ner; traich (ch gutt.), to handle or work
from the threefold constitution of the net. in a liquid or semiliquid substance, or in
To Tramp.–Trample. From a na a lazy, dirty, disgusting manner, to go
salised form of G. trapſ / traff / repre idly from place to place.
senting the sound of the footfall. Du. Trappings. To traff a horse was to
trappen, trappelen, Sw. trampa, to tread, dress him in housings. “Mules traffted
to trample. with silke and clothe of golde.”—Udal,
Trance. It. transire, transitare, to Mark. “Coursers trapped to the earth in
pass over; by met. to fall into a swoon, cloth of gold.”—Berners, Froissart in R.
or to yield and give up the ghost; transito, Hence traffers or traffings were the
a passage over, also a dead trance or the ornamental housings of horses.
instant of giving up the ghost.—Fl. Fr. The origin seems to be the representa
transi, fallen into a transe or sowne, tion of the flapping of cloths by the
whose heart, sense, or vital spirits fail syllable traff. Sp. gua/drafa, horsecloth,
him ; astonied, appalled, half dead. housing, tatter, rag hanging down from
Transi de froid, benummed with cold. clothes; gua/drapear (of sails), to slap
Zºranse, extreme fear or anxiety of mind; against the mast ; traffo, rag, tatter, sails
a trance or sowne.—Cot. Sp. transito, of a ship, cloth. Ptg. traße, syllable re
passage to a better life, death ; transido, presenting the sound of a blow ; trapear,
languishing, dying of inanition. (of sails), to flap against the masts; trapo,
Tranquil. Lat. tranquillus. a rag.—Roquete. -

Trans-. Tra-. Lat. trans, across, Trash. . Trash or trousse signified

beyond. clippings of trees.
Transept. Lat. trans, across, and Gret fur he made ther a night of wode and of sprai,
septum, an enclosure. And tresche ladde ther aboute that me wide sai.
Transom. — Transommer. A cross R. G. 552.
beam, horizontal division in a window. Trouse is still used in Hereford for the
Fr. sommier, a sumpter-horse, also the trimmings of hedges.
piece of timber called a summer, a truss Provided always that they be laid with green
ing hoop on a cask.-Cot. willow bastons, and for default thereof with vine
cuttings or such trousse, so that they lie half a
Trap. It trappa, traffola, a trap; foot thick.-Holland, Pliny. Faggots to be
trappa is also a trap-door, a falling door: every stick of three foot in length—this to pre
Fr. attraper, to catch. From the sharp vent the abuse of filling the middle part and ends
sound of the falling door represented by with trash and short sticks.—Evelyn. See N. &
the syllable trap / which is in G. used to Q., June 11, 1853.
imitate the sound of the footfall. N. tros, the sound of breaking; frosa,
Trap-rock. A name given in Geology to make such a sound, to break to bits;
to an igneous rock which often sends out tros, windfalls, broken branches in a wood,
dykes into the fissures of more modern dry broken twigs; tros vid, light dry wood
strata, and these being found at different for burning. ON. tros, offal, rubbish ;
levels on the two sides of the dyke have trosna, to break up, wear away. Castrais
the appearance of having been dislocated trasso, old worn-out things; uno trasso
by the intrusion of the dyke. Now strata de capel, an old hat.
so dislocated are said by the miners to Travel. It travaglio, Sp. trabajo,
trap up or trap down (using trap in the Prov. trabaſh, freðalh, Fr. travail, pains,
sense of a sudden fall or sudden move labour, work. The passage to the E. sense
ment) according as they appear at a of travel has taken place in like manner
44 *
692 TRAVERSE TREPAN

in the case of G. arbeit, labour, which in grated frame.—Cot. Treille, an arbour

Bavaria is used in the sense of travel. or walk covered with vines. Lat. trichila,
Uber welt arðaiten, to travel over the an arbour.
world.—Schmeller. Tremble. — Tremendous.-Tremu
I believe that the word signifies in the lous. – Trepidation. —- Intrepid. Gr.
first instance rattle, noise; then agita rpèuw, Lat. tremo, to tremble, to quake for
tion, movement; then trouble, torment, fear; tremulus, quaking, and thence It.
work. Bret. trabel, a rattle, clapper; tremo/are, Fr. trembler, to tremble. The
Prov. trebalh, chatter. ‘Non aug original form of the root is preserved in
d'auzelhs trebalh '' I do not hear the Lat. trepidus, trembling ; trepido, to
chatter of birds. Trebalhar, to agitate, tremble, to pant. Russ. trepetaty, to pal
disturb, trouble, torment; trebalhos, tur pitate, tremble ; trepet, shivering, trem
bulent, troublesome, quarrelsome. Cast bling, fear. Boh. trepati, to clash, to
rais trebo, racket, noise at night; treba, beat ; trepatise, to palpitate, tremble.
to make a racket, to stir while others are Trench-Trencher. Prov. trencar,
in bed; treboula, to trouble or muddy to cut off, to break; It. trinciare, Fr.
water. W. traſ, a stir, a strain ; trafu, to trancher, formerly trencher, to cut off, to
stir, to agitate ; traſel, that stirs or works, cut to pieces; tranchées, the trenches or
a press, a hatchel ; trafael, extreme effort, ditches cut before a besieged place; tran
trouble. See Trouble. choir, a trencher or wooden plate on
Traverse. Fr. travers, from Lat. which our ancestors cut up their meat at
transversus. meals.
Travesty. Fr. travestir, Lat. trans The primary meaning seems to be to
and vestis, to change into other clothes. crack or break, then to break or divide
Tray. Du. draag-bak, a hod for into small pieces, to divide or cut. Ptg.
carrying mortar; draagen, to carry. The frºnco, snapping of the fingers; trincar,
Du. d’sometimes answers to an E. t, as in to crack as a nut with the teeth, to crunch,
dro//en, E. troll, to roll.—Kil. to gnaw. Sp. trincar, to break, chop,
Treachery. See Traitor. divide into small pieces. Cat. trencar, to
Treacle. From its resemblance to the break. Prov. trencar, trenchar, tringuar,
old confection called triac/e, which was to break, cleave, cut, break off. “Lo dorc
considered a sovereign remedy against se trenca : ' the crock is broken.
poison, and was named from Mid. Gr. It may be doubted whether the It.
0mpion, a viper, either because it was good trincare, Fr. tringuer, to tope or quaff,
against the bite of vipers, or because it does not properly signify the knocking of
was supposed to be made of viper's flesh ; glasses, instead of being derived from G.
6mptaxi, Mid. Lat. theriaca, teriaca, triaca. trimken, as commonly supposed. Cou
—Dief. Sup. sinié explains Castrais trinca, knocking
Tread. As tredan, Pl.D. treaten, freen, glasses as a pledge in drinking.
G. freten, ON. troda, Goth. trudan, to To Trend. See Trundle.
tread. W. troed, Gael. troidh, troigh, To Trend. In nautical language, to
foot. turn or bend in a certain direction.
Treason. See Traitor.
Not far beneath i' the valley as she trends
Treasure. Fr. trāsor, Sp. tesoro, from Her silver stream.—Brown.
Lat. thesaurus.
To Treat. Lat. traho, tractum, to As. trindel, an orb, a circle; Sw. trind,
round. See Trundle.
draw, whence tracto, Fr. traicter, traiter,
to handle, meddle with, entertain, treat.
Trepan. Gr. rpūravov, Mid. Lat. tre
Treble.—Triple. OFr. treble, triple, panum, a borer for a broken skull;
Lat. trip/us, Gr. rpur&óoc, rpur&oic, three rpurdw, to bore, to pierce.
To Trepan.—Trapan. To ensnare
fold. The highest part in music is called or entrap.
treble. -

The human voices sung a triple hie.—Fairfax. Nothing but gins, and snares and trapan's for
souls.-South, Sermons.
I have sic pleasour at my hart
That garris me sing the troubill pairt, If these swear true he was trapanned on ship
Wold sum gude fellow fill the quart. board.—Stillingfleet, Speech in 1692.
Lyndsay Satire of the three Estates. According to Fl. It trapamare signified
Tree. AS. treow, Goth. triw, ON. tre, in a met.sense “to slide and pass through
tree, wood. W. derw, Gr. Öpic, an oak ; with speed and closely, to cheat.' Io non
OSlav. dºjevo, Boh. drewo, tree. so se tu trapáni nel secreto del mio in
Trellis. Fr. treillis, any latticed or tendimento.—Aretino.
 TREPIDATION TRICKLE 693
Trepidation. -trepid. See Tremble. All sodenly as who saith treis,
Trespass. Fr. trespasser, to overpass, Where that he stode in his paleis.
Gower. Conf. A. b. 1.
exceed, pass on or over;-son serment,
to break or go from his oath.-Cot. Lat. Sp. tris, crack, noise made in breaking,
trans, beyond, and passus, a step. thence a trice, an instant. Venir en un
Tress. It treccia, Fr. tresse, Sp. tren tris, to come in a trice. So in Sc. in a
za, explained by Diez as a plait of three crack, immediately.—Jam.
bands of hair, from Gr. rpixa, threefold. Poorcrack.-Lewis.
Tackles' grimly ghost was vanished in a
So It. trena, a threefold rope, Prov. trena,
a tress, from Lat. trinus. Entrenar, to To Trice. To hoist or hale up aloft.
interlace, to plait. For the horses he had, them he made to be
Trestle. A crossbeam resting on two girt before one after the other, and then did
softly trise them with long pulleys fastened to
pair of legs, for the support of boards the beames.—North, Plutarch.
serving as a table or scaffolding or the
like. OFr. trestel, Fr. trefeau, dim. of Sw. trissa, Da. tridse, a pulley; trialse,
OFr. traste (Roquef.), It. trasto, a transom to hoist or lower by means of pulleys ;
or crossbeam. Sc. trest, traist, the frame Pl.D. drysen, updrysen, to hoist; dryse
of a table, trestles. Trabem, trastrum.— &/o/, a pulley. Trisel, a whirling, turn
Gl. Reichenau. Lat. transtrum, a cross ing round, dizziness, giddiness, a top.
beam. The analogy of the Celtic lan Trise/-stroom, -wind, a whirlpool, whirl
guages leaves it hardly doubtful (in spite wind.—Brem. Wtb.
of Gr. 9pāvoc, a serving bench) that the Trick. Du. trekken, to pluck, pull,
word is derived from the prep. trans, draw; trek, a stroke of a pen, draught,
across, or its representatives. W. traws, pull, tug; a trick at cards, i. e. the collec
transverse, across ; trawst, a rafter. tion taken up off the board at once. Een'
Bret. treuzi, to cross; a dreuz, across; trek spelen, to play one a trick. In the
treugel, crossbar; treust, beam, rafter ; same way G. streich, a stroke, a trick.
treustel, trestle, lintel of a door. Gael. I am inclined to believe that Fr. tricher,
£har, over, across ; tarsuinn, transverse, to cozen, cheat, deceive, use false tricks
across; tarsannan, tarsman, a cross-beam. (Cot.), is from a different source, viz. from
Diez erroneously derives the word from the representation of a blurt with the
Du. driestal, a trivet. mouth by the syllable truc, so that tricher
Trevet.—Trivet. Du. drijvoet, treeſt, would be equivalent to E. pop in the sense
Fr. trºpied, a support standing on three of cheating. NE. trucky, cheating.—Hal.
feet. Truc, popping or sound with the lips
Tri-. Lat. fre-; tres, three. wherewith we use to encourage a horse.—
Tribe.—Tribune. Lat. tribus, one of Cot. It truscare, to blurt or pop with
the three bodies into which the Romans one's lips or mouth; truscio di labbra, a
were originally divided. The magistrate blurting or popping with one's lips or
presiding over each of these tribes was tongue, for to encourage a horse (Fl.),
called tribunus, a tribune. from which last must be explained Fr.
Tribulation. From Lat. tero, tritum, trousse, a cozening trick, blurt, slampant.
to rub, bruise, bray, thresh, springs tri —Cot. See Trifle. -

bula, a dray used for beating out the corn, To Trickle.— Trinkle. The radical
and thence tribulo, to beat out the corn, signification seems to be to roll or advance
to thresh, and met. to afflict, vex, oppress. with an undulating motion. We speak
Tribute. -tribute. Lat. tribuo, to indifferently of tears trickling or rolling
hand over, to grant, allot, divide. Tribu down the cheeks. To trickle in the E. of
tum, tax, impost paid by the people for E. is used for the rolling of a solid body.
the public expense. Hence Attribute, ‘Trickle me that orange across the table.”
Contribute, Distribute, Retribution. —Forby. Devon. truckle, to roll, a roller
-tricate. -trigue. Lat. trica", trifles, under a heavy weight.—Hal. W. treiglo,
impediments; whence intrico, -atum, to to roll or turn over, to wander about. Sc.
entangle; extrico, to disentangle, extri trigi/, trigle, to trickle.
cate. From intrico also is Fr. intriguer Be all1 Io.
thirteris trigilland ouer my face.—D. V.
86.
(in the place of which Cot, has in
triguer, intrinquer), to perplex, puzzle ; The sense of rolling is generally ex
intrigue, a plot, entanglement, intrigue. pressed by the figure of broken sound,and
Trice. A moment. thus It. roto/are, to roll, has been con
And whan that he him moste avaunteth, nected with E. rattle. We speak of the
That lord whiche vainglorie daunteth, roll of the drum or of thunder. In like
694 TRIDENT TROLL

manner trickle, truckle, seem to be con establish, prepare, dispose, set in order.
nected with forms like Sp. trigue-trayite, Garas trymedon, they prepared arms.
clattering, clashing; traguear, trague/ear, Zºymede getimbro, would prepare build
to crack, crackle, to shake to and fro; ings. Geleaſan getrymian, to confirm be
Alban. froß, (roke/in, I knock at a door, lief. To trim the boat is to steady it.
and with the nasal, tringe/in, I ring, clink; To trim a garment is to set it in
tronge/int, I knock, clap, to be compared order, to give it the necessary ornaments
with Sc. frinkle, to tingle, to trickle. ‘The to set it off. Trim is what is properly
tares trinkled down her cheek.’—Moor. decked out.
Parallel forms with exchange of the Trinity. Lat. trinus, of three, three
final A for t, are E. dial. frittle, ON. trit/a, and three together.
It. froſto/are, to roll, bowl, twirl ; Sc. Trinkets. Gewgaws, toys.-B. Pro
trint/e, to roll, to trickle. bably to be explained from the rattling
Trident. Lat. tridens, tres, three, which pleases children in their toys, as
and dens, a tooth. Lat. cre/undia, toys, from crepere, to
Trifle. It truffa, a roguish trick, a rattle. Ptg. trinco, snapping of the fin
cheat, a trifle, toy, an idle thing ; stare in gers; trinco da porta, the latch of a door.
truffo, to play the fool, to toy or trifle.— Fr. traquet, a rattle, a mill clack; trigue
Altieri. Fr. truffe, truſſe, a gibe, mock, miques, trifles, things of no value. Walach.
flout, jest, gullery; truffer, truffler, to trankot', a rattle, a trifle, anything ridi
mock or jibe at, to lie, cheat. culous.
Hold thy tonge, Mercy, To Trip. G. traff-traff-trapp repre
Hit is truſle that thou tellest.—P. P. sents the sound of the footfall; trippeln,
How doth our bysshop try!e and mocke us.to trip, to move by short quick steps. Du.
Berner's Froissart.
trappen, trippen, to tread ; trippen, trip
The origin is probably the representa pelen, trefelen, to dance.—K. Da. trip,
tion of a contemptuous blurt with the a short step. Bret. tripa, to dance, skip,
mouth. It. tromſare, tromyiare, to snort, stamp. Fr. triper, to tread, stamp,
to huff or snuff with anger, also to trump. trample.
—Fl. Walach. truft, to swell with pride. Tripe. It trippa, Sp. tripa, Fr. tripe,
Trigger.—Tricker. Du. trekken, to Bret. striper, W. tripa, belly, guts.
pull; trekker, the trigger, by pulling Tripod. Gr. rpírovº, rpuráčoc, three
which the gun is let off. Sw. trycka, to footed.
press ; trycka aſ, to let off a gun; tryckye, To Trise. See Trice.
latch of a door, trigger of a gun. * Trist.—Tryste. An appointed time
Trigonometry. Gr. rptywyov, a tri or place. ON. treysta, treystast til, to
angle. rely upon ; Sc. traist, treist, to trust, to
To Trill. To turn, to roll, to trickle. pledge faith.
Sw. trilla, to roll ; Da. trille, to roll, to Thocht thow be greit like Gowmakmorne,
trundle; trillebär, a wheelbarrow ON. Traist weill I salyow meit the morne.
trilla, to run about. Lyndsay.
In the Squire's Tale Cambuscan is di Syne thai traist in the field throw trety of trew.
Gaw. and Gol.
rected to guide the movements of a horse
by trilling a pin in his ear. Trite. -trite.—Triturate. Lat. tero,
—sudden smarts, tritum, to rub, grind down, pound, thresh,
Which daily chance as Fortune trills the ball. wear away; tritus, worn, much used,
Gascoigne. broken, ground ; trițare, to thresh or
His salte teares trilled adowne as reyne. pound. Contrife, broken down.
Prioress' Tale. Triumph. Lat. triumphus.
The radical image is a quavering sound, Trivet. Fr. trºpied, Lat. tripes, fre
from whence the expression is transferred pedis, a three-footed stand.
to a quavering, vibratory, or whirling Trivial. Lat. trivialis, common, from
movement. It trigliare, trillare, to trivium, a place where three roads meet,
quaver with the voice in singing; W. a place of common resort.
treig/, a rolling over, walking about ; Sc. To Troll. — Trowl. I. To roll or
trigº/, trigle, E. trickle, to roll as tears. trundle. To trowl the bowl is to push it
Swiss trohlen, to thunder, to roll ; affe round. As roll answers to It. rotolare,
trohlen, to roll down, to come rumbling so trol/answers to trottolare, to turn and
down ; tró/i/en, to bowl, to roll. twirl, to roll and tumble down, whence
Trim. As. frºm, firm, stedfast, try trottolo, a top.–Fl. So ON. tritill, N.
mian, trymmian, to confirm, strengthen, trill, a pulley, a top.
 TROLLOP TROUBLE 695
Ultimately from the figure of a broken a monument of the enemy's defeat;
sound, from whence the expression is rporn, a turning or putting to flight.
transferred to a broken, reciprocating, or Trot. Diez would derive It. trottare,
rolling movement. Brescian troto/ā, to Fr. troffer, to trot, from Lat. to/utare,
make the noise of boiling water, to bubble contracted to tutare, with change from
up; Sc. frattle, to prattle, chatter, patter; ! to r as in Fr. chapitre from capitulum.
E. dial. trattles, trottles, truttles, the pel There is however no need to resort to
let-shaped dung of sheep or rabbits, which this contraction. Trott / is used in G.
falls pattering down. Swiss trohſen, to synonymous with trapp / to represent the
thunder, to roll ; abetrohlen, to come Sound of the footfall.—Sanders. We have
tumbling down; trohli, a roller; trohſen, then Sw, traffa, to trip, to trot ; ODu.
to bowl, roll; Pl.D. tril/n, N. tru//a, & atten, to step, to tread ; traf, a step—
E. dial. trull, to trundle, roll ; Pl.D. trill, Kil. ; G. treten, to step; tritt, a step.
anything of a rounded form ; affel-frii!, Bret. trota, to trot, to walk much; tro
an apple-dumpling. W. trolio, to trundle, te//a, to run here and there.
roll; trol, a cylinder. As trill, to roll,
Troth. See Truth.
was found related to two parallel forms
shown in ON. tritill, a top, and E. trickle, Trouble. Immediately from Fr.
so troll or trull is related to It. trottola, troubler, OFr. tourbſer, It. torbo/are, tur
a top, and E. truckle. &olare, and next from Lat. turðare, to dis
2. To troll or trowl a song is probably turb. Alban. tourbouloig, troubouloig, I
to roll it out with rise and fall of voice, muddy, confuse, disturb.
but it may possibly be the equivalent of The radical signification seems to be
G. trallen, tra//ern, trail/ern, Swiss tra/- to stun or confuse by a loud noise, to put
/en, tra/allen, tra//allen, to sing a tune, into confusion, to thicken or make liquors
to sound notes without words; from a re unclear. Gr. 66pušoc, noise, uproar,
presentation of the notes by the syllables tumult; 60pubéw, to disturb with noise or
fra-la-la. “Sie leiern und tra/a//en.’ tumult, to trouble. Castrais treča (tapa
‘Mit singen und tra/aren.” “Wenn er ger), to make a racket at night like ghosts,
ein lustiges liedchen tra//ert.’ to rout or toss about in bed; freðoula, to
Trollop. A slattern. — Hal. Banff trouble water. Central Fr. trebou, ferðou,
tro/lop, to hang in a wet state; ‘The a tempest ; tribou, triboul, a whirlwind,
bairn cam in wee 'ts frockie a' tro//opin' storm, great noise, confusion, agitation,
aboot its leggies:’ to do any work in a disquiet. Limousin trebla, to disturb by
slovenly manner, to walk in an unbecom noise; se trebla, to become confused, to
ing dirty manner. Trol/off, a large piece lose one's head. Bret. trabel, a rattle,
of rag, especially wet rag, a tall ill clatter; Prov. trebalh, chatter; trebalhar,
made person of dirty habits. From the to agitate, disturb, trouble, torment; Fr.
sound of dabbling in the wet. A parallel triballer, to make a noise or disturbance.
form is drabble, to draggle in the mire “Le bruit et la tribalſe des gens de nopce
(Banff); a person of dirty habits, a small vous romproient tout le testament.’—
quantity of liquid. Drap/yd, drab/yd, Rabelais iii. 30. In liv. v. ch. I the same
paludosus ; droð/y, feculentus, turbu author speaks of the ‘frin/a//ement des
lentus.-Pr. Prm. Gael. druaô/as, muddy paesles, chauderons, cymbales,' the clink
liquor ; druabag, a small drop, weak ing of pots, kettles, cymbals. Trinque
drink; dregs, tippling. For the connec &a//er les cdoches, to jangle bells or ring
tion between trollop and drabble, draple, them untunably—Cot.; trinqueballer, to
comp. wallop and wabóle, G. schwa/pen run about or carry about from place to
and schwappeln. place. — Hecart. Norm. trimballer, to
Troop. Sp. tropa, Fr. troupe, It. jangle bells, to carry about from place to
fruppa, a body of men. Prov. trop, Sp. place.—Decorde. OFr. tribal/er, and in
tropel, Fr. troupeau, a herd of cattle. W. vulgar language trainballer, to agitate,
torp, a round mass or lump; torpell, a stir; triboiſ, tribouil, agitation, disorder,
small mass, a clod, a dumpling. trouble, affliction.—Roquef. Tribou //er,
Trope.—Tropic. Gr. rpérw, to turn ; to shog or jog like a cart in an uneven
rpátroc, a turn, a changed or figurative ex way, and hence to jumble, disorder; tri
pression; roomh, a turning ; the solstice &oule-menage, an unskilful husband, one
or place where the sun seems to change that mars his own business.-Cot. Wal.
his course, whence tropic, the latitude of triboli, to chime bells.-Remacle. Champ.
the solstices. triballer, to shake; tribouiller, to agitate,
Trophy. Gr. rpóratov, Lat. tropaeum, stir; tribouler, to vex.
696 TROUGH TRUDGE

Trough. It truogo, truogolo, Walach. a smack with the lips.-Cot. Limousin

troc, OHG. trog, Norm. treu, tros. truca, to strike or knock; truco, a bruise;
* To Trounce. The passage in Judges truc, knack; o lou truc d'oco, he has the
4. 15, ‘the Lord discom/ited Sisera and knack of it. Piedm. truché, Milan. truc
his chariots and all his host with the edge car, Brescian, tracá, to knock. Trucc or
of the sword,” is rendered ‘trounced’ in trarch is then, metaphorically, a piece of
the Bible of 1551. From OFr. fronce, a business; fare un buon trucco, as we say
piece of wood, and thence froncer, troncir, in E. to do a good stroke of business.-
tronguer, briser, rompre, mettre en pieces. Diz. Parmeg. The sense of exchange is
—Roquef. Troncir, to cut or break off, explained by Piedm. barate or cančič
or in two, or into pieces.—Cot. Sp. truch-a-truch, to barter or exchange
fronzar, to shatter, to break to pieces. thing for thing. Fr. troc pour troc, ex
Trover. An action for the possession change of one thing for another. It is to
of goods founded on the pretence that be observed that the familiar synonyms
the defendant has found them and appro swap and chop both radically signify a
priated them. OFr. trover, to find. See stroke, a quick turn.
Contrive. From the sense of knocking also comes
To Trow. See True. the game of trucks or billiards, It. trucco,
Trowel. Fr. truelle, Lat. trulla, Piedm. truch, in which the balls are
truella, a ladle, trowel. struck by a mace. Fé un truch, to make
Trowsers.-Trouse. Commonly men a stroke.
tioned in the earlier passages as an IrishTruck. 2.-Truckle. Devon. truckle,
dress. “Their breeches like the Irish to roll, whence truckle, a pulley, a roller
frooze have hose and stockings sewed to under a heavy weight.—Hal. A truck is
gether.’——Sir T. Herbert. ‘The leather a small solid wheel for ordnance, also the
quilted jack serves under his shirt of mail, round disk at the top of a mast. It.
and to cover his trouse on horseback.’— troco, a top.
Spencer on Ireland. Gael. triubhas, Ir. A truckle-bed is a bed that is rolled in
triumhas, trius, breeches and stockings under another, and drawn out when
in one piece. It seems to have been a wanted for use; and such beds being
strip of cloth wrapped round the legs and occupied by attendants or inferiors, to
thighs. truckle was metaphorically used in the
Truant. Sp. truhan, Fr. truand, a sense of knocking under to one, acting in
beggar, vagabond, rogue. In Limousin a servile manner. One of the conditions
it is used in the sense of idle. Cornish
prescribed to a humble chaplain and
tru, W. truan, poor, miserable, wretched; tutor in a squire's family, according to
Gael. truagh, wretched, miserable; tru Hall, was
aghan, a wretched creature. First that he lie upon the truckle-bed
Truce. It tregua, Fr. trève, formerly While his young master lieth o'er his head.
- Nares.
used in the plural, trèves : trèves brisées,
the breach of a granted protection.—Cot. It was also called a trundle-bed.
Unes trues.—Froiss. 1.5o. The connection of the idea of rolling
Tant qu'il avint, ne sai coment, with a rattling or broken sound has been
Que les trues furent rompues repeatedly indicated, as under Roll, Troll,
Etles guerres sont revenues. Trickle. Thus truc as a root signifying
Fabliaux et Contes, 3.64. roll may be connected with such forms as
Hence OE. trews.-Capgrave, 185. The Sp. traquear, traquetear, to crack, crackle,
origin is ON. tryggr, secure, trusty ; shake, move to and fro; Alban. troë,
tryggd, troth, security, assurance, agree trokelin, I knock.
ment, peace. It was commonly used in To Trudge. The sense of contempt
the plural, tryggdir, whence the plural uous displeasure or rejection is often ex
form of Fr. trèves, and E. frews, truce. pressed by a blurt of the mouth or offens:
Goth. tryggva, covenant. See True. ive pop with the lips, and when the sound
-trude. -trus-. Lat. trudo, trusum, so made is imported into speech it is
to thrust, push forward : as in Intrude, represented by the syllables Prut, Ptrot,
Ertrusion, Protrude. Ptrupt, Tprot, Trut, Trots, which were
Truck. I. Traffic by exchange of used as interjections of contempt and
goods. Sp. trocar, Fr. troquer, to chop, defiance. Examples of many of these
swap, truck, barter. are given under Proud. We may add
The radical meaning of the word is a Ptrot, skornefulle word, or trut, Vath.
knock or blow. Fr. truc, a blow or thwack, Raca, ptrupt or fye Vath, interjectio de
 TRUE TRUMP 697
risionis vel increpacionis, Twort/—Pr. start, decamp, be off. “I see I’m not
Prm. p. 415. wanted here, so I’ll put.”—Bartlett.
A foule herlote hem slowe, trut ! for his renown. True.—Truth.-Trow.—Troth. The
R. Brunne, p. 317.primitive form known to us seems to be
The interjection takes the form of trutz, Goth. triggws, ON. tryggr, reliable, faith
trotz, tratz, in G. 7a trutz / wer tar ful, sure, true. ON. triºr, sure, trusty.
küssen mich : Trut ! who dares kiss me. Hve tº tºtt mun dat? is that sure, can one
—Schmeller. trust to it? Trua, Da. troe, Goth. trauan,
The derivation of the interjection from G. trauen, to believe, to trow, to confide
the sound of a blurt with the lips is in ; Goth. traueins, trust, confidence,
shown by It. truscare, to blurt or pop boldness; AS. treowa, truwa, trust, faith,
with the mouth ; truscio di labbra, a a pledge, a covenant; treowian, truwian,
blurting or popping with one's lips or to trust, confide, trow, justify; treowth,
tongue, to encourage a horse—Fl.; Fr. trywth, ON. tryggd, troth, truth, treaty,
truc, the popping or sound of the lips league, covenant.
whereby we encourage a horse–Cot.; ON. Trull. A sorry wench, a vile strumpet.
frutta (Haldorsen), trutta (Jonsson), to —B. Trolly, a dirty indolent sloven.—
make a noise with the mouth in driving Mrs Baker. G. trolle, a coarse, sluttish
cattle; Sw, prutta, to make an offensive woman.—K. The radical meaning of
sound with the mouth. this abusive term is very doubtful. Per
Now the expression of contemptuous haps it may be explained by Rouchi
displeasure, when uttered by a superior troule, a sow, and also a strumpet, a
in answer to the application of an inferior, coarse slut, from troulier, to wallow in
has the effect of driving the latter from the mud ; Lang. troulia, to tread grapes,
his presence, and thus the interjection to tramp in wet and mud. Central Fr.
may be interpreted off begone! Thus trouiller, to dirty; trouille, trouillon, a
the Gael. interjection truts (pronounced slut. Banff trol/, trull, to work or walk
truish), trus, is explained a word by which in a slovenly manner; a person of sloven
dogs are silenced or driven away.—Mac ly habits. -

leod. Trus a mach / trus ort / (mach, To Trump. To trump, to lie, to boast.
out ; ort, upon thee), begone, get away. —Hal. To trump up a story is to get up
—Shaw. It truccare, to scud, to pack a fraudulent story. The origin seems to
away nimbly.—Fl. Trucca via / be off be a contemptuous blurt with the mouth,
with you. In OE. trus / was used in the represented by the syllable trump. The
sense of begone. E. trump is used for various disagreeable
Lyere—was nowherwelcome, for his manye tales noises. It. trombare, trombettare, to make
Overal yhonted, and yhote, trusse / a rattling noise, to snort, break wind, to
P. P. l. 1319. bray or trump as an ass; strombare,
Thin help quoth Beryn, lewd fole thou art more strombettare, to blurt with one's mouth ;
than masid, strombazzare, to hout, shout, to hiss or
Dress thee to the shippisward with thy crown flurt at in scorn or reproach.-Fl. Tron
yrasid, fare, to snort, to huff, snuff, or chaſe with
For I might never spare thee bet, trus / and be anger, also to trump.–Fl. From the
agoo.—Chaucer, Beryn, 2269.
figure of a contemptuous blurt seems
In the same way Gascoigne uses trudge / to arise the use of trump in the sense of
which would correspond exactly to G. playing a trick upon, deceiving, cheating.
fro/2 /
Fortune,
This tale once told none other speech prevails When she is pleased to trick or tromp mankind.
But pack and trudge / all leysure was to long. B. Jonson.
The primary sense of trudge is thus to Authors have been trumped upon us
hurry away from the presence of the interpolated and corrupted.—Leslie in
speaker, then to go steadily along as if Todd. Fr. tromper, OSp. trompar, to
under compulsion. “And let them trudge cheat, to deceive.
hence apace till they come to their may Trump. 1.-Trumpet. The syllable
ster of myschef.”—Bale in R. The same frub or trump, represents a loud, harsh
train of thought may be observed in ON. sound, in Let. tribét, to snore, to sound a
futt / Da. Ayt 1 Norman pet / (Decorde), horn, Lith. truba, a herdsman's horn,
psha tut! interjection of contempt and Russ., Boh. truba, It. tromba, Fr. trompe,
rejection ; from whence must be explain from/ette, a trumpet, ON, OHG. trumba, a
ed the American put ſ begone (Biglow drum.
Papers, 2nd Series, xxxvii.); to put, to 2. A trump at cards. Fr. triomphe,
 698 TRUMPERY TRUSS

Ptg. trumſo, Sp. trium/o, G. trum/ſ, Du. dangle from ding / dong / or It. dondo
troeſ. Latimer uses triumph and trump /are, to dangle or swing, from don-don re
indifferently. presenting the sound of bells. In the
The question arises whether trump is south of France we find drin-drin, drin
a corruption of triomphe, as commonly dram for the sound of bells, and drin
supposed, or whether triomphe may not doula, trandoula, to sway to and fro, to
be an accommodation from G. trumpſ. swing ; drindoul, drindo/, trantoul, a
The G. trumpfen, is used in the sense of swing (Cousinié); trantoula, Lang. trant
giving one a sharp reprimand or set-down, talia, Lim. trontoula, Cat. tromtöllar, to
which indeed may be from the figure of stagger, shake, waggle; exactly corre
trumping his card ; but, on the other sponding to E. trundle, to roll.
hand, it may be the older sense of the Trunk. Lat. truncus, Fr. trome, the
word. A trump is a card which gives a stock, stem, or body of a tree without the
sudden set-down to the party who was boughs, the body of a man without the
winning the trick, and the word might ac limbs ; also the poor man's box in
quire that sense from the figure of a con churches.—Cot.
temptuous blurt or offensive noise with the By the foresayde place or shryne where the
lips. See To Trump. holy martyrs bodyes lay he ordeyned a cheste or
*Trumpery. Worthless matters, trifles. trunke of clene sylver, to the intente that all
Hesse, trumb, trombel, trumpe/, a trifle. such juellys and ryche gyftes as were offryd to
the holy seyntis should therein be kepte to the
“Die sache ist um einen trumpel gekauft use of the mynstres of the same place.—Fabyan,
worden.” G. trumm, end, piece, fragment; Chron. in R.
trimmer (pl.), ruins, rubbish. Sc. trump,
a trifle, a thing of little value (Jam.); A chest would seem to be called a trunk
trumps, a depreciatory term for goods, as resembling the trunk or chest of a
odds and ends. man's body. In the same way G. rumpſ,
Grant that our navy thys fyre may eschape, the trunk of the body, is applied to a
hollow vessel of different kinds.
And from distructioun delyver and out scrape
The Sobir trumpis, and meyne graith of Troyanis. We find two series of forms, with a
- D. V. 150, 55. final labial and guttural respectively,
* Truncheon. A short staff. Fr. signifying a stump or projecting end. On
tronſon, a piece cut or broken off as of a the one hand we have E. stub, stump, Du.
lance, a sword, &c. It, torso, a stock, strobbe, a shrub, G. strumpſ, rumpſ, a
stump, trunk, stalk of cabbage. Sp. frozo, stump or trunk; and on the other, It. 20cco,
Cat. tros, Prov. tros, OFr. tros, frons, E. stock, Du. struik, a stump, stalk, bush,
tron, a stump, end, fragment ; Piedm. and with the nasal, stronk, G. strunk,
trós, OFr. tron de chou, cabbage-stalk; Lat. truncus, a stump, stalk. The radical
tror de fomme, core of an apple. Prov. image is something sticking or striking
trosar, Sp. fronzar, to break to pieces. out, from forms like E. shock, concussion,
The foregoing seem to be modified Du. suckelen, strobbelen, struikelen, to
forms of Lat. truncus, a stump, stem, stumble or dash the foot against, together
with the numerous forms cited under
stock, and to be related to Bav, trumm,
a stump, end, piece, as G. strunk, to Truck, signifying knock.
strumpſ, a stump, or as E. trunk (of an Lat. trumco, to cut short (whence E.
elephant), to Fr. trompe. See Trunk. truncate), is from the notion of reducing
Trundle. Fr. frondeler, rondeler, to to a trunk or stump, and not vice versä.
turn, wind, wheel.—Cot. AS. trendel, an Trunnion. Knobs of a gun's metal
orb or circle. Sw. Da. trind, round. which bear her upon the cheeks of the
Banff trintle, to trickle. The foregoing carriage.—B. From Fr. trognon, troignon,
are nasalised versions of forms like It. the stalk of a cabbage with the leaves
trottolare, ON. tritla, trita, to twirl, turn pulled off, core of a fruit with the flesh
round (whence It. trottola, ON. tritill, a gone, trunk of a branchless tree; and that
top), E. trittle, to bowl or roll ; Banff from It. froncome, as moignon, mugnon,
tratle, to trickle. The notion of move E. munnion (mullion), from moncone, a
ment to and fro is often represented by stump.
the repetition of measured sounds, and the Truss. Fr. trousser, to pluck up, tuck
notion of reciprocating movement insensi up, pack up ; trousseau, a bundle; trous
bly passes into that of rolling or turning sis, a tuck. Sc. furse, to pack up in a
round. Thus from bom / bom A repre bale or bundle, to carry off hastily, to take
senting a ringing sound, we have G. bom oneself off. To turss forth, to bring forth
me/n, baumeln, to swing to and fro, as E. what has been kept in store.
 TRUST TUNNEL 699
This jowell he gert turss in till Ingland. summit, also as G. zoff, a tuft of hair.
Wallace.
W. twº, a round lump ; twºff, a tuft. Fr.
OFr. torser, to pack up, to make a bundle. touffeau, touffet, a tuft or tassel of silk,
Prov, torser, torsser, to twist; estorser, to &c., forelock of a horse. ON. fo//r, sum
extort, to pluck away from : OSp. trossa, mit, top, also tuft of hair, forelock. See
Lombard torza, forsa, Sp. torca, truss of Top.
hay or straw.—Diez. Fr. torche, torchon, To Tug. Commonly derived from
a wisp of straw. W. torchi, to twist, to AS. Zeon, getogen, to pull, ON. fog, G, 2ng,
wreathe, to turn up; torcha dy lewis, a pull or draught. But it is more likely
truss up thy sleeves. analogous to the verb to lug (from Sc.
Trust. N. traust, fast, steady, solid, Aug, anything hanging, as the ear or locks
hard, strong ; ON. traustr, solid, strong, of hair), to seize by something hanging.
reliable, true; traust, reliance, assistance, Thus we have Swiss fschogg, a hanging
support; treysta, to make fast, secure, to lock, (schoggen, to pull by the hair; Lap.
try the strength of, to rely upon, rest upon. fuogge, a tangled lock, Fin. tukka, fore
Goth. trausti, a covenant. See True. lock, hanging lock, tuækata, to pull by
To Try. Trynge, eleccio, preeleccio, the hair; G. goſº/, a tuft or lock of hair,
examinatio.—Pr. Pm. Fr. trier, to pick, zo//en, 21%/en, to lug, pull, twitch ;
to select, to sift out the truth. Explained schofſ, a tuft of hair, Austr. schoºſen,
by Diez from Lat. terere, tritum, to tread schuſe/t, to pull by the hair; Pol. czuò,
out or thresh corn, from the figure of sift hair of the head, czubić, to pull one by
ing out the grain from the straw. It. the hair;-sie, to fall together by the ears;
tritare, trito/are, to break very small ; Lett. Zschiſ//is, bunch of hair, tschup
met. to ponder or consider; triţamento, Aindt, to pull by the hair, scuffle.
the threshing of corn.-Fl. Piedm. trieſ, Tuition. -tuition. — Tutor. Lat.
to stamp, grind, wear down ; trii, beaten, fiteor, tuitus sum, to look, and thence to
ground down. Tria via, a beaten path. guard, protect, defend. Hence tutor, for
—Gl. Paris, in Diez. Cat. triar el arroz, Zuitor, a defender, guardian, teacher ;
to pick or clean rice. “Dieu triara lo Zulus, looked after, guarded, safe. Intui
gra de la palha al jorn de jutjamen.’ ‘Sap Zion, a looking upon.
triar los nescis dels senats :” he can dis To Tumble. Fr. tomber, It. tomare,
tinguish the foolish from the wise.—Rayn. toměolare, ON. tumba, to fall. As. tum
Tub. Du. tobbe, Pl.D. tubøe, dubbe, G. &ian, to dance.
zuber, gober, OHG. 2uiðar, zuuiñar, ex Hyttelleth that Froud swore
pººl by Schmeller as a vessel to be To her that tumblede on the flore.
Manuel des Pecchés, 2823.
orne in two hands, as OHG. ainbar, ein
Żar, G. eimer, a pail or bucket, a vessel to In the original,
be carried in one hand. From OHG. &eran, A une pucelle qui devant lui fumba.
to bear or carry. The origin is a representation of the noise
Tube.—Tubular. Lat. tuba, a trumpet. made by a heavy body falling, or by strik
Tuber.—Tubercle. Lat. tuber, a fungus, ing the ground with the feet in dancing.
a swelling on a man's body; whence Brescian tonſ, noise made in falling, or
dim. tuberculum. the fall itself; tonſete, noise of repeated
Tuck. A sword. W. twc, a chip, a blows; Parmesan tonſar, to knock; far
cut ; twca, a knife; twcio, to clip, to trim. tonſ, fonſolare, to make the sound of a
To Tuck. To turn or gather up—B. : fall ; Fr. tomóir, to make a noise with
to turn in the bedclothes. G. zucken, stamping or trampling. W. twmpian, to
to draw in, to twitch, to shrug. Den de stamp, thump, strike upon ; twmpio, to
gen—, to draw the sword ; den kopf –, to drop, to fall. Norm. faire top, to fall, to
shrink in order to ward off a blow ; das let a thing fall.
zucken, a convulsion ; Pl. D. fužken, tuft Tumid. – Tumour. Lat. tumeo, to
schuldern, to shrug the shoulders. Dat swell, be puffed up.
oge tuæket mi, my eye palpitates. G. gug, Tumult. Lat tum:uſtus. Probably
a draught, pull, stroke, from ziehen, pr. tum is the radical syllable representing
zog, AS. teon, getogen, to draw. loud noise, as in tom-tom, a drum.
Tucking-mill. A fulling-mill for Tun. Prov. tona, Fr. tonne, ON., OHG,
thickening cloth. W. few, Ir, tiugh, thick; funzia, Lat. tina, a cask.
w. tewychu, Gael. tiughaich, to thicken ; Tune. Fr. ton, Lat. fonus, a sound.
Ir. tiugh-muil/ean, a tucking-mill. Tunnel. I. A funnel or tundish for
Tuft. Fr. touffe, touffet, a group or pouring liquors into a cask, and thence
bunch of hair, trees, &c. Pl. D. to/p, top, the pipe of a chimney. It will be observed
7oo TUP TUSSOCK

that ſummel also is used in both senses. Turmoil. Skinner suggests Fr. tre
The smoke ascends from the wide open mouille, a mill-hopper, an object pro
fireplace through the pipe of the chimney, verbial ſor the constant racket it keeps up.
as water, which is poured into the broad Central Fr. triboul, tribou, great noise,
mouth of a tunnel or funnel, runs away confusion, agitation, inquietude; tribouler,
through the narrow pipe which forms the tribouiller, to agitate, stir, trouble. OFr.
other end of the implement. trimar, disturbance, noise.
One thing I much noted in the Haulle of Bol Turn. Fr. tour, a turn ; tourner, to
ton, how chimenys were conveyed by tunnels turn. W. twrm, a turn. Lat. tornare, to
made on the syde of the wauls betwixt the lights turn wood.
in the haull, and by this means and by no lovers Turnip. The first element of the name
is the smoke of the harthe in the hawle wonder
probably indicates the round form of the
strangly convayed.—Leland, Itin. viii.
root. Lat. mapus, Fr. naveſ, a turnip.
To fun up, to put liquor into a tun; to Turquoise. A Turkish stone. Pals
tunnel, to fill vessels with liquor.—B. grave translates Turkes bow, arc Tur
Doubtless Fr. tonneler was formerly used quois.
in the latter sense. Tunnellers on ship Turret. Fr. tourette, tourelle, a small
board are men who fill casks with water. tower.
2. Fr. tonnelle, a trellised walk, a vault Turtle. 1. It tortora, tortóla, torto
ed roof, a net for partridges, tonnelet, a rella, Sp. tortola, Lat. turtur, Albanian
hoop petticoat (Gattel), as well as E. tun tourra, a turtle dove, the bird that cries
nel, a net for partridges, a vaulted under tur / tur/ Du. Áorren, to coo, to cry
ground passage, must be explained from Æor/
the resemblance of the object to a tun or 2. A sea-tortoise.
cask, inasfar as it consists of a hooped -tus-. -tuse. Lat. tundo, tusum, to
structure: a hooped net, hooped petti beat, pound, bray in a mortar. Confusus,
coat, hooped or ribbed roof. beaten, bruised; obtusus, thoroughly beat
Tup. OFr. toup, a ram.—Bibeles en, blunted, dulled, blunt, dull.
worth. Perhaps from the tendency of Tush! — Tut! Tush / like pish A
the animal to butt or strike with the head.
pshaw / and other interjections of con
It. toppa-toppa represents the sound of tempt,
probably represents the act of
repeated blows; toppare, to countershock, spitting from disgust. It was formerly
to stumble upon by chance.—Fl. written twish / ‘There is a cholerike or
Turban. Fr. turban, It. turbante. disdaineful interjection used in the Irish
Commonly referred to Pers. dulbend. As language called boogh / which is as much
the name is not known either in Turkish
in English as twish /’—Hollinshed, De
or Arabic, may it not be from Fr. turbin, scrip. of Ireland. The Galla twu / re
a whelk? to which from its conical shape presents the sound of spitting. Fris.
and spiral folds the object bears a striking twoy / Da. twiſ interjection when one
resemblance.
-turb. — Turbid. – Turbulent. Lat. spits with disgust–Outzen.
Tut/ is a parallel form with Fr. trut!
turbo, to trouble, disturb, embroil; turbi (representing
a contemptuous angry
dus, troubled, muddy, thick; turba, trou blurt with the lips), tush, tut, or fy man;
ble, bustle, debate, a crowd or throng. trut avant / a fig's end no such matter.—
See Trouble.
Turbot. Du. bot, blunt; bot, botvisch,
Cot. Tutty, ill-tempered, sullen.—Hal.
flat fish, plaice; tar-bot, turbot. Aſali Tusk.-Tush. AS. tusc, tur, turla, a
but is another kind of flat fish. grinder; turel, the jaw. Fris. tds, tosch,
Turf. ON. torſ, It. torba, Fr. tourbe. tosk, tooth. Gael. toºg, tusk.
W. torp, a lump; torpell, a clod, a dump Tussock. A rough tuft of grass or
ling. sedge. W. dés, a heap, a mow ; , Gael.
fºrgia. Lat. turgeo, to swell. dos, a bush, cluster, tuft, bunch of hair,
Turkey. It is singular that a bird tassel. Manx doss, a bunch, cluster,
which came from America should have a bow of riband. Fr. tas, a heap ; tas
been considered as a Turkey fowl, but the ser, to heap, to make into trusses or
same is the case with maize, which was bundles; tasse, a tuft of grass; tasse de
called Turkey corn or Turkey wheat, Fr. foin, a truss of hay. Bav. doschen, dus
bled de Turguie. chen, with the dim. doschl, anything bushy,
In Fr. it is poule d’Inde, fowl of the a nosegay, a tassel; dosten, a bunch, bush;
Indies, as the Western Colonies of Spain Swab. doschet, doschicht, thick, bushy.
were called. Da. dusk, a tuft or tassel. Tuske of haire,
 TUSTLE TWIRE 7or
monceau de cheveulx.-Palsgr. Sw, dial. Tweezers. An implement consisting
tuss, a wisp of hay. See Tassel. of two pointed branches, for taking hold
Tustle. Another form of touzle, toozle, of small objects. From the numeral two.
to pull about roughly.—Hal. G. gausen, Swiss zwiser, gºieser, a forked twig ;
to tear and draw by violence; sich gausen, Swab. 2 wisele, a forked stem; a double
to tumble one another about, to fight ; stem springing from one root. Pl.D. twill,
Pl.D. sié herumtuse/n, to fight more in twille, a forked branch, any forked object.
jest than earnest.—Schütze. Twelve. Goth. ºvaliſ, tvalib. See
Tut! Lith. tat/ interj. of contempt. Eleven.
See Tush. Twenty. G. 27Wanzig, Goth, twaitigius,
Twang.—To Twank. Twang repre ON. tuttugu, twenty; tugr, tigr, a set of
sents the resonance of a tense string, ten things.
whence to twang a bow is to draw a bow Twig. Pl.D. twieg, G. 2weig, twig,
and let the string spring back. To twan from zwet, two, as signifying the extreme
gle is a contemptuous term for playing on divisions of the branches. Da. twege, a
a stringed instrument. A twang is a dis two-pronged fork, a forked branch; tweget,
agreeable resonance in a voice from speak forked. From the figure of division in a
ing through the nose, and metaphorically, moral sense is MHG. 87Veiec, zweig, at
a strong disagreeable flavour in what is odds, in disagreement. In the same way
eaten or drunk. Du. twist, discord, dissension; OE. twist,
As twang, ending with the guttural a twig.
liquid ng, represents a resonant sound, so To Twig. In familiar language, to
twank, in which the sound is cut off by understand. Gael. tuig, understand, dis
the guttural check #, represents an abrupt cern; tuigse, understanding, reason, sense.
sound. Thus to ſwamá is to let fall the Can it be that the sense of discernment
carpenter's line, which makes a sharp or understanding, like that of twig, a
slap on the board; to give a sharp slap shoot, arises from the figure of separation
with the palm of the hand on the breech, in (AS. twegen) twain P
&c.—Forby. Twill. G. gavillich, Lat. bilix, from bis
Twattle. Betwattled, perplexed, con and licium, a thread; a web in which the
fused, stupefied. The radical element threads are divided in sets of two, as G.
twat corresponds to G. gotte, signifying dril/ich, drill, a web in which they are
a bush of hair, whence 20tteln to entan divided in a threefold way. Pl.D. twillen,
gle ; * den vergottelten bart,” “die vergot to make double, to divide in two branches.
telle máhne.”—Sanders. The word per Twin. G. 27Willing, OHG. gºvini/inc,
flexed derives its meaning from a similar E. dial. twindilling, twinling, twindle,
metaphor. Pl.D. befunteld, betoteld, con twin ; twin, to divide into two parts.--
fused, tipsy. See Sanders in v. gote. Hal. Goth. tweihnai, two and two to
To Twattle. — Twaddle. To prate, gether. Lith. dwyni, twins.
chatter, talk foolishly. “Insipid twittle Twine. ON. twinna, Da. twinde, to
twattles, frothy jests and jingling witti twine, radically, to double. “I twyne
cisms.”—L’Estrange in Todd. threde, I double it with the spyndelle. Je
We have repeatedly observed the a retors. Twyned threde is stronger than
plication of words representing the dash syngell.’—Palsgr.
ing of water to the sense of chatter or ex Twinge. A nasalised form of twitch.
cessive talk; as G. waschen, to wash, and To Twink.-Twinkle. The idea of a
also to prattle; Bav. traitschen, traitscheln, sparkling light is commonly expressed by
N. strupſa, to tramp in wet, also to chat the figure of a crackling, twittering, or
ter; E. slattery, sladdery, wet and dirty, tinkling sound. So Du. tintelen, to tin
Da. s.ladder, tittle-tattle ; G. schwabbeln, kle (Kil.), to twinkle as stars, to sparkle.
to splash, to chatter; Swiss schwalpen, E. twinkle also is provincially used in the
to splash, Da. dial. swalpe, to tattle; Bav. sense of tinkle.—Hal. To twink, to
schwadern, schwatteln, to splash, dabble, twitter.
also to chatter, tattle. As a swallow in the air doth sing,
There is little doubt that twattle, twad With no continued song, but pausing still,
Twinks out her scattered notes in accents shrill.
dle, are formed in like manner. Swiss
Chapman, Odyss, xxi.
watteln, to dabble in the wet; watschgen,
zzwatschgen, to sound like water in the Twink, a chaffinch, from his twittering
shoes. ON. thwartta (N. twatta), to jab song.—Hal. Swiss 2 wyggen, to twitter;
ber, prate, talk nonsense. 2Winggen, 2 winken, to wink, twinkle.
To Tweak. See Twitch. To ire. To peep, glance, twinkle.
 702 TWIRL TYPHUS
I saw the wench that twired and twinkled at
thee.—B. & F. made clear by the fuller synonym zwie
% division in two. Chaucer uses twise
Formed on the same plan with twinkle, or the twig of a tree, and it is provincially
from the representation of a twittering used for the fork of the body, the part
sound. It is used by Chaucer for the where the body forks in two. Bav. gaisel,
twittering of the bird which ‘seeketh on the fork of the body or of a tree. “Im
morning only the wood, and twireth— schnee stehen bis an die zwise/r' to
with her swete voise: ' dulci voce suster stand in snow up to the twist. MHG.
rat.—Boeth. iii. met. 2. zweien signifies either to unite two things
Fr. tirelire represents the singing of together, or to separate in two. Gezzweiter
the lark; Du. tire/iren, It turluru//are, ðruoder, a half-brother; 2weien, hostility,
to chirp and warble like birds.-Fl. E. discord.
tooraſoora, as the burden of a song, re To Twit. The Goth, idweitjan, As.
presents the accompaniment of music. edigitan, a twitan, to reproach, reprove,
Then, passing to the sense of sight, and took the form of at wyte in oe.
expressing the idea of peeping from the
This louerd–set his wif forth, fot-hot,
figure of winking at a sparkling light, And hire misdedes hire afºwote.
Du. turen, Bav. 2 wiren, to spy. MHG. Seven Sages, 1687.
27Jiren, to wink, to glance, was prover
bially used as synonymous with gwinken. ON. viſa, to reprove, blame, punish, fine;
Ich 27Jiere swä man zwinket wider mich : viti, punishment, penalty.
I twire at him who twinks at me. Zwin To Twitch.--Tweak. G. 2wicken, to
Æen soll gén zwieren gån : a twink shall pluck, pinch, nip; zucken, to make a
go in return for a twire, tit for tat. quick, sudden movement, to whip out a
To Twirl. We have seen that the sword; Pl. D. tukken, to twitch, to pluck;
primary sense of twire was a twittering dat age fu&#et mi, my eye winks; tokken,
sound. The word representing sound is to pluck, to pull. E. dial. twick, a sudden
then applied to movement of analogous jerk.
nature, as in E. twitter, to tremble ; Swiss It would seem that the root twik, twitch,
2witschern, zwitzern, properly to twitter, like the nasalised twink, originally repre
then to flicker. Moreover, terms signify sented a sharp short sound, and then,
ing a vibrating or reciprocating move with the usual transference from the sig
ment are commonly applied also to the nification of sound to that of movement,
idea of whirling or turning round, as in was applied to a sharp light movement.
Lat. vibrati crimes, curled hair. Thus G. Quieken, quietschen, to squeak; E.
from whir representing a rapid vibratory guitch, to flinch (Hal); Bav. Quickezen,
sound are formed G. wirbel, Sw. hwin/wel, 2wickezen, to squeak, twitter; Pl.D.
E. whirl, what turns rapidly round, Du. 27Więźern, to run about like a mouse; ut
wervel, what is shot to and fro, the bolt un in 2wiłłern, to slip out and in; gºvić
of a door, or what turns round, as a Zoé, a loophole, a way of escape. See
whirlwind, whirlpool; and from the same Twinkle, Twitter.
imitative syllable strengthened by a den Twitter. In the first instance a sharp,
tal initial are formed Pl.D. 27Wirken, to broken sound, like the notes of a little
chirp, twitter; Fris. twierren, to whirl; bird; then a tremulous movement. “To
twierre, twierrewijn, a whirlwind (Ep be all in a twitter.’ So we have G. gºviţ
kema); Du. dwarding, dwar/wind, a schern, to twitter; Swiss 2 witschern,
whirlwind; MHG. ſwireſ, twirl, what 2witzern, to flicker; Bav. 2witzern, to
turns rapidly round; twären, to turn gnash the teeth, to tremble, wink, twinkle;
round, to bore; Swiss zwir/en, gºirrlem, Swiss zwitzizwał2, a person of inconstant
to twirl; Bav. ºweren, to stir; 27&ireſ, disposition. E. twitterlight, uncertain
27, ir/, a stirrer; 27uire/n, zwiròeln, to light, twilight.
stir, turn round, twirl. Two.—Twain. AS. twa, twegen, G.
Twist. Used in many senses, all ulti 27Vey, zwo, zween, Da. to, twende, Gr. 650,
mately referable to the numeral two. Russ. dwa, Sanscr. d’vau.
Thus Du. twisten, like twijnen, to twine, is Tyke. ON. tik, a bitch.
to double or unite two threads, duplicare, Type.—Typical. Gr. rāmrw, to strike;
retorquere fila.-Kil. Da. dial. twiste rüroc, a blow, a stamp, print, mark, thence
i. to double thread. On the other a mould or pattern.
and, twist signifies separation or division Typhus. Gr. ripoc, smoke, mist, and
in two parts, in Du. twist, G. givist, dis met. the clouding of the intellect, stupor
cord, quarrel; of which the analysis is from fever.
 TYRANT UMPIRE 703

Tyrant. Lat. tyrannus, Gr. ripavvoc. This may indicate an origin in AS. theod,
Tyro. Lat. tyro, a newly-made soldier. ON. thyod, Fris. djoe, people; Let. tauta,
people, race, kind. Illyrian cºud, dis
tº Thews, manners. Written theºys position of a man ; OSlav. schtoud, rpétroc,
in the Manuel des Pecchés. mos. The G. art signifies race, kind,
That time were here many theays, nature, quality, manner, manners.-Pott,
Many usages in many ledys.-v. IoS64. Würz. Wtb. 799.

Ubiquity. Lat. ubique, everywhere. the flask is nearly full they add a little oil
Udder. OHG. utar, G. euter, ON. ſugr, to prevent evaporation, so that to oil the
juſr, Da. yuer, Gr. oë0ap, Lat. uſer. . flask is equivalent to filling it to the brim.
Ugh An interjection representing In Provence oliar signifies to anoint with
the sound made by an utterance during oil, and also to fill up a cask.
the moment of shudder, and consequently Ulterior.—Ultimate. Lat. ultra, be
expressing any affection accompanied by yond, ulterior, further, ultimus, furthest
shudder: cold, horror, repugnance. G. or last. Perhaps the root of the prep.
Jiu / exclamation of shudder, horror, fright, ultra may be preserved in w. ol, footstep,
cold. Hu / ich erschrak. Hu / wie kalt. trace, and thence the hinder part, behind,
Auh, wird der Teufelgrimmig!—Sanders. after, hindmost. Troi yn ol, to turn back;
Ugly. From the interj. ugh / arose o/aſ, the furthest back, hindmost, last.
Du. huggeren, to shiver (K.); ON. 14.g.ga, When I speak to a person facing me,
to fear, to doubt; tºggr, fright, anxiety : what is ultra or beyond him is behind
oe. ug, houge, to shudder at, feel horror, him, towards his footsteps. Compare E.
dread, fear. To hug, or ug, abominari, fast with AS. last, footstep.
detestari, fastidire, horrere.—Cath. Ang. Umbrage. Fr. ombrage, a shade, a
Uggely, horridus, horribilis.-Pr. Pm. shadow, also jealousy, suspicion, an ink
For tha paynes er swa fel and hard— ling of, whence donner ombrage à, to dis
That ilk man may ugge, batheyhunge and alde content, make jealous of, or put buzzes
That heres tham be reherced and talde.
Hampole, Prick of Conscience, 6619. into the head of ; omórageur, suspicious,
giddy, skittish, starting at every feather.—
From ON, ugga are formed uggligr, Cot. It ombrare, to give a shadow, by
frightful, alarming, and tagg.samr, fearful, met. to startle for fear, as if it were at a
timid ; and OE. uglike or ugly had shadow.—Fl. A shadow is taken as a
formerly the sense of horrible. Speaking slight intimation of what is in the back
of Hell, the Prick of Conscience says that ground. The metaphor is widely spread.
—swylk filthe and stynkes in that ugly hole Mod.Gr. oxidºw, to shade, to frighten ;
That nan erthely man mught it thole.—1. 6683. oxid’ouai, to be afraid ; W. ysgod, shadow;
“An uglike snake.' ſysgodºgau, to start as a horse, to be
Morris, Story of Genesis, 2805. affrighted.
In modern speech the meaning is softened Umpire. A third person chosen to
down to signify what is displeasing to the decide a controversy left to arbitration,
eye, but we still use frightful for the ex in case the arbitrators should disagree.—
cess of ugliness, and the tendency of the B. This is one of the cases like apron,
uality in the extreme to produce a shud awger, where the formation of the word
j. is recognised in such a passage as, is obscured by the loss of an initial n. It
“ Ugh / the odious ugly fellow.'—Countess was formerly written mompeir, from OFr.
of St Alban's. mompair (non par), uneven, odd. In
Ulcer. Lat. ulcus, ulceris. Piers Plowman, when it had been agreed
Ullage. Among gaugers, what a cask to appoint arbitrators to appraise a bar
wants of being full.—B. Properly the gain,
quantity required to fill it up. Fr. eullage,
remplissage; eu//ier, to fill up to the Two risen rapelich and rounede togeders
bunghole.—Roquef. Olier, ouiller, to fill And preysed the penyworthes apart by hem
selve—
to the brim, to swill with drink.-Onofrio Thei couthe not by here conscience accord for
Gloss. Lyonnais. In the S. of Fr. when treuthe,
704 UN CLE USE
Till Robyn the ropere aryse thei bysouhte, the name came to signify a dealer in
And nempned hym a nompeyr that no dispute furniture, and then a maker of furniture.
were.
Uproar. Du. oproer, a tumult, sedi
AVowmffere or owmffere, arbiter, se tion ; G. aufruhr, disturbance, commo
quester.—Pr. Prm. tion; riihren, AS. hreran, ON. hraºra, to
Uncle. Fr. Concle, oncle, Lat. avun move, agitate, stir.
culus. Upsidedown. For up - so - down, up
Uncouth. Strange, awkward. Un what was down. Upsedown, up so down,
cowth, extraneus, exoticus. – Pr. Pnn. eversus, subversus.—Pr. Pn.
AS. cuth, G. kund, known ; AS. cunnan, Thare is na state of thare style that standis con
tent—
Du. Komnen, to know. Sc. couth, couthy,
agreeable in conversation, loving, kind, All wald have up that is down,
Welterit the went.—D. V. 239. 20.
comfortable, pleasant. E. dial. unkid, un
Æard, lonely, dreary, awkward, strange, Urcheon. Urchome, herisson. Irchen,
inconvenient, ugly.—Hal. a lytell beest full of prickes, herison.—
Unction.—Unguent. Lat. unguo or Palsgr. Rouchi hirchon, hurchon, Lat.
ungo, unctum, to anoint, besmear. ericius, a hedgehog. -

Under. Goth. undar, G. unter, under, Doubtless the Fr. hdrisson is from he
unten, below, Sanscr. antar, Lat. inter, risser, to set up his bristles, to make his
among, within. hair to stare; se hòrisser, his hair to stare;
Undulation. -und-, -ound. Lat. also to shiver or earne through fear.—Cot.
unda, a wave, water in motion; undo, It. riccio, crisped, curled, frizzled, hairy,
-as, to boil, to surge; abundo, to over rough ; and as a noun, certain prickly or
flow, to be in excessive quantity; inundo, shaggy things, the prickly husk of a chest
to flow upon, to inundate ; redundo, to nut, a hedgehog or porcupine; arricciare,
flow back upon, to overflow, abound ; un to curl, frizzle; also for a man's hair to
dulatus, wavy, like watered silks. Lith. bristle and stand on end through sudden
wandië, -dens, Lett. tºdems, water. See fear.—Fl. Sp. erizar, to set on end, to
Water. bristle; erico, hedgehog, husk of chest
Uni-. Lat, unus, one. nut ; rizo, frizzled, curled, cut velvet.
TJnison. Lat. unus, one, and somus, It is common to derive the foregoing
sound. forms from Lat. ericius, leaving the latter
Unit.—Unite. — Union. Lat. unio, unexplained. It is more likely that the
unitum, to make one ; unitas, oneness, derivation runs in the opposite direction.
unity, an unit in arithmetic. The hair standing on end is an incident
Universal. Lat. universus, all with of the shuddering or shivering produced
out exception ; unus and verso, to turn by cold or horror. Thus Fr. se herisser,
Over. and It. arricciarsi join on to gricciare, to
Up.—Over. , ON. upp, Pl.D. up, uſ, shiver, to chill, and chatter with one's
off, G. auſ, itber, over, on, upon ; Lat. teeth, and with Gr. pptago, to shudder,
super, upon; sub, under. Gr. intp, upon, shiver, bristle, stand on end ; ºpičoköpinc,
tró, under. Goth. ſuff, up ; uſ, under; with bristling hair. See Caprice, Frizzle.
uſar, over. Possibly however the name urcheon or
To Upbraid. AS. upgebredan, expro hurchan may not really be taken from
brare, to cry out upon. See To Bray. Fr. herisson, but from the habit of the
Upholsterer. A corruption of up animal of rolling itself into a ball. Fris.
holder. The original meaning seems to /torcken, to shrug for cold.—Kil. Pl.D.
be one who furbishes up old goods. Up Aurken, to crouch down. To huré over
holstar, fripier.—Palsgr. Caxton in the the fire.—Mrs Baker. To hurch, to cud
Booke for Travellers gives ‘Užholdsters, dle.—Hal.
vieswariers [viesware, fripperie; vies Ure. See Enure.
warier, fripier, raccomodeur, vendeur de Urge.—Urgent. Lat. urgeo.
vieux habits et d'autres vieilles choses.— TJrine. Lat, urina, from Gr. otpāw, to
Roquef.]. Everard the upholster can make water.
well stoppe (estoupper) a mantel hooled Urn. Lat. urma.
full agayn, carde agayn, Skowre agayn a Use. Use, as employed in legal instru
% and all olde things.”—Pr. Prm. note. ments in the sense of profit, benefit, is
'pholdere, that sellythe smal thynges, not to be confounded with use, from Lat.
velaber.—Pr. Pm. An upholder then itsus. The word in the former sense is
was pretty much what we now call a from Lat. opus, need, and was formerly
broker, and we can easily understand how written oeſºs, oes.
 USE VAN 705

Ceste nos plaist, ceste voluns Lat. utor, usus sum, to enjoy, have the
Que à ton oe's la saississons. benefit of, be conversant with.
Chron. des ducs de Norm. 2. 3185. Usher. It usciene, Lat. ostiarius, Fr.
A monops je chante e a mon offs flau Auíssier, a door-keeper, from uscio, ostium,
jol : according to my pleasure I sing and Auis, a door.
flute.-Rayn. E l'um asist une chaëre Usquebaugh. Gael. uirge - beatha,
al oës la dame—Livre des Rois : they set literally water of life, Fr. eau de vie.
a chair for the use of the lady. Item jeo Usury. Lat. usura, use, occupation ;
devys a ma femme tout mon hostylment, interest given for the use of money.
vessel d'argent, masers, &c., a tener a son Utility. Lat. utilis, useful; utor, I
propre opes.—Will of Sir W. de Mow use.
bray, Testam. Eborac. Utter. AS. ut, out; uter, outer, utter,
Au diner le donez de oefs extreme. Wurfath on tha utteran thys
E les atyret a soun oues. tro: ejicite in extremas tenebras. To
Bibelesworth, 15o. utter is to send out.
Use. — Usage. — Usual. — Utensil.

Vacant. — Vacate. —Vacuum. Lat. so W. givas signifies a youth, a young

zzacare, to be empty, zacuus, empty. man, a servant, whence gwasawſ, serving.
Vaccinate. Lat. vacca, a cow. From gwas arose Mid. Lat. was sus, a man,
Vacillate. Lat. vacillo (the equiva a retainer, a vassal, and vassal is used
lent of E. waggle), to totter, waver. in the Livre des Rois for vir (pp. I 19,
-vade. -vas-. Lat. vado, wasum, to 2O4), for pugnator (p. 174).-Diez. We
go. As in Invade, Evasion. may remember that the performance of
Vagabond.—Wagrant.—Vague. Lat. homage or recognition of vassalage was
zagor, to rove or wander; vagus, moving made in the words, devenio vester howto.
up and down, wandering, inconstant. We then pass to the dim. OFr. waslet,
Vagary. Fegary, a whim, freak, toy. varlet, a boy, whence Fr. valet, E. varlet,
—Forby. Sc. ſigmaleery, whig maleery, valet, a servant. Bel-acueil, in the R. R.,
whim, fancy, crotchets.-Gl. Burns. Fr. is introduced as ‘ung varlet bel et ad
Jafaridondon is the burden of a song, venant,’ which Chaucer translates ‘a lusty
representing the notes of the musical bachilere.” The Liber Albus uses the
accompaniment. G. Zarifari, syllables term in the sense of a minor : * de val/et
without sense; nonsense ! fiddlededee tis et puellis qui sunt in custodia regis, in
fiddle-ſaddle 1 “Darifari mit feindlichen cujus custodiá sint, et quantum valeant
truppen’—fiddlededee with your hostile terrae illorum.”—i. I 17. In Walloon a
troops. From nonsensical words to sense man still says that his wife is brought to
less thoughts, unreasonable fancies, is an bed do petit valet, of a little boy.—
easy step. Comp. fad, a whim, from Remacle.
fiddle-ſaddle. Valetudinarian. Lat. valetudo, health,
-vail. -val-. Lat. valeo, to be well, good or bad ; valetudinarius, subject to
to be strong ; as in Avail, Prevalent, &c. sickness or often sick.
Vain.—Vanity.—Vanish. Fr. vain, Valiant.—Walid.—Valour.—Walue.
Lat. vanus, empty, ineffectual ; vanesco, Lat. valeo, Fr. valoir, to be sound, to be
to vanish or come to nought. of worth ; OFr. va/ur, valor, value,
Valance. It. valenza, valenzana, say worth, and thence courage, as the quality
or serge for bed-curtains or valences; most prized in a man; vail/ant, worthy,
#ºnian, da letto, valences for a bed.— courageous.
Valve. Lat, valvá, folding doors.
Supposed to be from the stuff having Vamp. The upper leather of a shoe.
been made at Valencia or Valence. Vampey of a hose, avant pied.—Palsgr.
Chaucer speaks of a “kerchief of Valence.” To vamp 1%, properly to put a new upper
Vale.—Valley. Lat. va/Wis, Fr. va/. leather, to furbish up.
Valet.—Wassal. As Lat. puer, a boy, Van. 1. The front of an army; Fr.
received the subsidiary sense of servant, avant, before, from Lat. ab ante.
4
706 VANE VENISON

2. A carriage for furniture, &c., cur qu’el cuiava tan valer:” Sir B. boasted
tailed from caravan, a conveyance for a that he was of so great worth. Sp. vani
wildbeast or other show, a carriage that dad, vanity, ostentation, vain parade;
serves the purpose of a dwelling-place. hacer vania'ad, to boast of anything.
Vane. A weathercock, properly a Veal. — Wellum. It. vitello, OFr.
streamer. AS. ſana, Du. vaeme, G. ſahne, vedel, we'el, Fr. weau, from Lat. vitulus, a
a flag or standard ; OHG. ſano, a cloth, a calf. Thence Mid. Lat. vitulonium, Fr.
flag, Goth, ſana, cloth, a cloth or napkin. ve/in, E. vellum, fine calfskin dressed like
Lat. fannus, cloth. parchment for writing on.
Vanish. See Vain. Vedette. A sentinel on horseback
Vapid. Lat. va//a, palled wine; detached to give notice of the enemy's
“%. flat, dull, musty, ill-tasted. designs.—B. Fr. vedette, a sentry or
apour. Lat. vapor, exhalation, court of guard placed without a fort or
steam. Lith.'Kwapas, breath, exhalation, camp, and generally any high place from
smell. which one may see afar off.-Cot. It.
Various.-Variety.—To Vary. Lat. vedetta, a watch-tower, a sentinel's stand
zarius, of different colours, of different ing-place, a peeping-hole.—Fl. Vedere
natures; vario, to vary, alter, change. to see, to view.
Warlet. See Valet. To Weer. Fr. virer, to veer, turn
Varnish. It. vernice, Fr. Zernis, Sp. round, wheel or whirl about.—Cot. It.
berniz. Menage derives Fr. vermir, to virare, to turn. Rouchi virler, to roll.
varnish, from a Lat. vitrinire, to glaze. In all probability from the same root with
The Prov. has weirin, from vitreus. It E. whirl, whether it directly descends
seems to me more probable that it is from from Lat. gyrare or not.
Gr. 3spovirn, Bepwikm, amber, applied by Vegetable.—Vegetate. Lat. vegeo,
Agapias to sandarach, a gum rosin similar to grow ; vegetus, quick, lively, strong ;
in appearance to amber, of which varnish vegetabilis, that which grows, as herbs
was made ; 3spvikudºeuv, to varnish-Du and trees.
cange, Gl. Gr. Mod(r. 3spvirt, varnish. Vehement. Lat. vehemens.
Wase.—Wessel.-Vascular. Lat. was, Vehicle. Lat. veho, to carry; vehicu
Fr. vase, a hollow implement for holding lum, anything serving to carry.
liquids. From the dim. vasculum is Vein. Fr. veine, Lat. vena.
formed Fr. vascel, vaissel, vaisseau, a Wellum. See Veal.
vessel. Vascular, composed of vessels or Velvet. It. welluto, veluto, fleecy,
containing vessels. nappy, shaggy, and thence the stuff vel
Vast. -vast-. Lat. vastus, huge, wide, vet. From vello, Lat. vellus, a fleece.
uninhabited, waste; vasto, to devastate, It is written velouette by Chaucer, velle-.
lay waste. wet in John Russel's book of Nurture,
Vat. AS. fat, Du. vat, G. ſass, geſass, 9I4.—Babees Book.
Lat. was, a tub, vessel, implement for hold Venal. — Vend. Lat. veneo (venum
ing liquids. G. ſassen, Du. vatten, to eo), go to sale, be sold. Vendo (venum
hold, to contain. Compare rummer, a do), give to sale, sell.
large glass, from Da. rumme, to contain; -vene. -vent. Lat. vento, ventum, to
can, a vessel, from W. cannu, to contain. come ; intervenio, to come between, to
Vault. It volta, a turn, a turning come in one's way. To contravene, to go
round or about, a round walk, a going against, to disobey. To circumvent, to
round, an arched vault or roof–Fl.; vol come round one, to get the better of him.
Agere, Lat. volvere, to turn. Venerable —Venerate. Lat. veneror,
To Vault. Fr. volte, a round or turn, to worship.
and thence the bounding turn which cun Vengeance. -venge.—Vindicate.—
ning riders teach their horses; also a Vindictive. Lat. vinder, an asserter
tumbler's gambol or turn ; volter, to of rights, one who gives effect to the
vault or tumble, to bound or curvet ; also law, a punisher, avenger ; vindico, to
to turn or make turn. It. voſgere, volsi, avouch, maintain, carry into execution,
volto, to turn ; z'oltare, to turn. punish ; vindicta, vengeance, defence,
To Waunt. It. vantare, Fr. wanter, maintenance. Prov. vengar, venjar, It.
from vanitare, used by Augustine in the vengiare, Fr. venger. Scheler compares
sense of boast.—Diez. From vanus is Fr. manger, from Lat. manducare, mand
formed Prov. van, empty, vain; vaſtar, 'care. • .

zanfar, to boast; vanaire, boaster; van Venial. Lat. venia, allowance, pardon.
ansa, boast. “En Bertrand si s'vanava Venison. Fr. venaison, Lat. venatio,
 VENOM VESTRY 707

he chase, or the produce of it; venor, or limit is that to which we verge or tend.
atus sum, to hunt. Verjuice. The juice of sour and unripe
Venom. Fr. venin, OFr. venim, Lat. grapes, crabs, &c.—B. Fr. verſus, vert
venenum, poison. jus, juice of green fruit.
Vent. Air, wind, or passage out of a Vermicelli. It. vermicelli, paste
vessel.—B. Fr. vent, Lat. ventus, wind. made in the form of worms or thin
Wentilate. Lat. ventus, the wind ; Strings; Lat. vermis, a worm.
z/entilo, to winnow, to expose to the air. Vermilion. It vermiglio, Mid.Lat. ver
Ventral. Lat. venter, -tris, the belly. miculus, scarlet, red, from the worm of
Venture. See Adventure. the gall-nut from which red was dyed.
Venue. In Law, the neighbourhood The Turkish name of the gall-nut, kermes
in which a wrong is committed and in (from whence kirmizi, crimson), is said
which it should be tried. Mid. Lat. vicine to be from Sanscrit &rimi, a worm.
tum, visnetum, Norm. vesiné, visnet, OFr. Vermin. Fr. vermine, any kind of
visnage, neighbourhood.— Roquef. Et disgusting or hurtful creatures of small
sciendum est quod hi sex viri eligentur de size. Lat. 7termis, worm.
vismeto quo talis accusatus manserit.— Vernacular. Lat. verma, a slave born
Lib. Albus, 58. in the house; vernaculus, that is born in
Veracious.-Verity.—Verify. Lat. one's house, that belongs to one's native
zerus, true ; veritas, truth; verar, dis country.
posed to truth, veracious. Vernal. Lat. vernalis, belonging to
Verandah. Ptg. varamda, a balcony, (ver) the Spring.
terrace, probably an Indian word from Verse. -verse. -vert. Lat. verto,
Sanscr. varanda, a portico. versum, to turn, gives rise to numerous
Verb. Lat. verbum, corresponding to compounds, as Avert, Convert, Diverse,
E. word as Lat. barba to E. beard. Perverse, &c., and other derivatives.
Verdant.—Verderor. Versus, -ís, a turning at a land's end,
Lat. viridis,
Fr. vert, green; viridans, Fr. verdoyant, hence a row, a verse, a line. The fre
verdant, green. The verderors were the quentative form is verso, to turn about,
officers of a forest who had care of the to turn over and over, whence Versatile,
underwood, the green hue (Fr. vert) as it apt to turn about ; Converse, &c.
was called in the statutes. Vertebra. Lat. vertebra, a joint that
Verdict. Lat. Zere dictum, truly said. turns; verto, to turn.
Verdigris.-Verditer. Fr. verderis, Vertex.-Vertical. Lat. verter, a
verd-de-gris, verdigrease. — Cot. Cor whirlpool, the crown of the head where
rupted from Lat. viride aris, green of the hair turns round like a whirlpool, and
brass. thence the top of anything. Vertical,
Werditer, Fr. verd-de-terre (G. erdgrün, directly above the head. See Verse.
earth-green), a kind of green mineral Very. — Verily. Formerly verray,
chalk.-Cot. from Fr. wrai. The valow verray, the
Verge. —Werger. Fr. verge (Lat. true value, full value.—R. Brunne, 163.
virga), a rod or twig, the wand borne by Verray pilgryn.-Ibid., 189.
an officer as sign of his authority, whence ‘Lord Jhesu,” he said, ‘also verrayly
verger, a wand-bearer, a petty officer in As my luf is on the laid.’—Ib. 102.
courts and churches. -

And this is euerlastynge lyf that thei

The verge of the court was the limits knowe thee verrei God alone.—Wiclif,
within which the authority of the officers Jon. 17. Very God of very God.—
of the court extended. Sp. zara, rod, Athanasian Creed.
wand, mace, carried as an emblem of au Vesicle. Lat. vesicula, dim. of vesica,
thority; and met. the jurisdiction of a bladder. -

which it is an emblem. The Mod. Gr. Vessel. See Vase.

rotoča, a stick, mace, Sceptre, or sign of West. -west. Lat. Zestis, a garment.
authority, is used in the same metaphor Hence Invest, to clothe ; Dewest, to un
ical way for authority or command. clothe.
Fr. verge is also a plain hoop ring or Westibule. Lat. vestibulum, a porch
wedding ring, and thence the verge or
balance-wheel in a watch, distinguished or entry to a house.
from the others by the absence of cogs. Westige. Lat. vestigium, the print of
To Verge. -verge. Lat. vergo, ver a foot, a trace.
sum, to pour out, to decline or bow to, to Vestry. The apartment where the
lie towards. Verge in the sense of bound garments for the service of a church are
45 *
708 vETCH VILLAIN

kept. Lat. vestiarium, a wardrobe, from To wye who might sleepe best.—Chaucer.
ves/is, a garment. It is a metaphor taken from the language
Vetch. Lat. vicia, It. veccia. of gamesters, with whom It. invitare,
Veteran. Lat. vetus, -eris, old; vete Prov. envidar, enviar, Fr. envier, was to
ranus, one that has served long in a place, invite or propose to throw for certain
an old soldier.
stakes, and renvier, to revie, for the
Veterinary. Lat. veterina bestia, a adversary to propose certain stakes in
beast of burden, a draught animal. return.
Vex. Lat. veto (a freq. of veho, zeri,
Quum facio invitum, facias quoque, Balde, revi
to carry), to toss about, to disquiet, afflict, tum.—Merl. Cocc. in Rayn.
harass.
Viands. Provisions. Fr. viamde, meat, “Il y renvioit de sa reste: ” he set his
formerly provisions in general, from Lat. whole rest, he adventured all his estate
wivenda. “Et nous requiesmes que on upon it.—Cot. Invitare, to invite to do
nous donnast la viande: ’ and we asked anything, to vie at play; invito, an in
that one might give us something to eat. viting, a vie or vying at play.—Fl. Invi
“Les viandes qu'ils nous donnèrent, ce tare is explained by La Crusca, to name
furent begues de fourmages qui estoient the stakes or amount for which one pro
roties au soleil—et oefs durs cuis de poses to play. OFr. envier was used in
quatres jours ou de cinq : ' the viands the original sense of inviting as well as
which they gave us were cheesecakes in the secondary one of vying at play.
roasted in the sun, and hard eggs four or ‘Entre ces ki furent al convivie enzieg : ”
five days old,—Joinville. among those who were invited to the feast.
Vibrate. Lat. vibro, to quiver, to —L. des Rois.
glitter, to frizzle or ruffle. From the verb was formed the adverb
Vicar.—Wicissitude. See Vice-. ial expression d "envi, OE. a-vie, as if for
Vice-. Lat. vicis, a turn, and thence a wager, a qui mieux mieux. “They that
office, duty, place, room, stead. Vice, write of these toads strive a-vie who
instead of ; vicarius, one who fills the shall write most wonders of them.”—Hol
place of another, a deputy ; vicissim, by land, Pliny.
turns, one after the other; vicissitude, a View. Lat. videre, to see, became in
succeeding in turns. It. vedere, veduto, in Fr. veder, veer,
Vice. A movable arm capable of being veier, veoir, voir; whence It. veduta, Fr.
screwed up to a solid support for the pur veue, vue, sight or view.
pose of holding fast an object on which Vigil.—Vigilant. Lat. vigil, wake
one is at work. Also the nuel or spindle ful, waking, watchful; vigilans, watch
of a winding staircase. From Fr. vis, a ing, awake ; vigilia, a watch by night,
screw, a winding stair. the eve before a feast.
The implement takes its name from Probably from the same root with E.
comparison to the tendril of a vine. It. wake.
vite, a vine, also a winding screw ; vite Vignette. Fr. vignette, from vigne,
femina, a female screw ; vitare, vidare, Lat. vinea ; ‘the first vignettes repre
to screw with a vice.—Fl. sented vine-leaves and clusters of grapes.’
-

Vicious. – Vitiate. Lat. vitium, a —Scheler.

fault, vice; vitiare,to corrupt. Vigour. Lat. vigor; vigeo, to be
Vicinity. Lat. vicus, a village, a strong. -

street; vicinus, one who inhabits the Vile. Lat. vilis, of little worth.
same village, a neighbour. Villa.-Village. Lat, villa, a coun
-vict. -vince. Lat. winco, victum, to try- or farm-house, a farm.
conquer, overcome; convinco, to vanquish Villain. Mid. Lat. villani were the
in argument, to baffle, refute, convince ; inhabitants of villa, hamlets or country
evinco, to recover by law. To evince is estates, peasants, or rustics, and the name
to establish in a convincing manner, to was specifically applied to the serfs or
make manifest, to display. peasants who were bound to till their
Victim. Lat. victima, a beast killed in lord's estate, and were sold with the land.
Sacritice. ‘Ipse quoque terram et vil/anos et omnes
Victory. Lat. victoria, winco, vic consuetudines de ipsis villantis in vico
tum, to conquer. Silvatico concessit.”— Orderic. Vital. in
Victuals. Lat. victus, food, support Duc. The supreme -contempt in which
of life, from vivo, victum, to live. the peasants were held under the feudal
To Vie. To emulate, to compete with. system led to the bad sense of the word
 VINDICATE VOLITION 709
in modern language. Fr. vilain, a churl, Vivacious.-Vivid. See Vital.
boor, clown, and a knave, rascal, filthy Vixen. Formerly ſiren, of which Ver
fellow ; as an adj. vile, base, sordid, bad. stegan says: ‘this is the name of the she
—Cot. fox, otherwise and more anciently forin.
To Windicate. — Windictive. See It is in reproach applied to a woman
Vengeance. whose nature and condition is thereby
Vine. — Winous. – Vintage. Lat. compared to a she-fox.’—Restitution of
vinum, wine ; vinea, the tree from whose decayed Intelligence in N. & Q., Nov. 14,
fruit it is made, a vine ; vindemia, Prov. 1863. G. ſitchsin, a she-fox.
vendenha, Fr. vendange, the vintage or Vizard. See Visage.
gathering of the wine harvest. Vocal. — Vocabulary. — Vocation.
Vinegar. Fr. vin aigre, sour wine. -voke. Lat. voco, -as, to call ; vor,
Vinewed. Mouldy. See Fenewed. -cis, a voice, sound, word; vocabulum, a
Viol.—Violin. Mid. Lat. witula, vidula, word. To convoke, to call together; re
Prov. viula, It. viola, violone, violino, voke, to call back, &c. Vociferor (voci
ohg. fidula (Otfried), G. ſiedel, Du. vedele, and ſero), to raise the voice, to shout.
vele (Kil.), a fiddle or stringed instru Vogue. Fr. vogue, course of a ship,
ment. Diez derives witula, as the instru and fig. course, sway: avoir la vogue,
ment of merry-making, from Lat. vitulari, étre en vogue, Sp. estar en boga, to be cur
properly to leap like a calf, then to be rent or fashionable, to have sway. It,
joyous or merry. But see Fiddle. vogare, Sp. bogar, to row or pull at an
Violate.—Violent. Lat. vis, force; oar; Fr. voguer, to sail forth. Am rems
violo, -as, to use force with, to wrong. et am vela s'en van a mays vogar: with
Violet. Fr. violette, Lat. viola. oars and sails they sail away.—Rayn.
Viper. Lat. vipera, for vivipera (from From OHG. wagón, MHG. wagen, to be in
vivus and pario, to bring forth), because motion, to move ; in wago wesan, 6tre en
supposed to produce its young alive, and vogue;-Diez. Sach uſ den ünden wagen
not, as other snakes, in the shape of eggs. ein schif: saw a ship move on the waves.
Virgin. Lat. virgo, -inës. –Müller. Darna anno 1527, 28, wage
Virtue. Lat. virtus, -utis (from vir, den se it mit smaksegel in Scotland, Nor
a man), the especial character of a man wegen, &c.—Hamburgische Chroniken.
as opposed to woman, courage, strength, —they sailed with a smacksail to Scot
power, merit, worth. and, &c.
Virulent. Lat. virus, a strong dis Voice. Fr. voir, It. voce, Lat. vor,
agreeabie smell, venom, poison; viru vocis. See Vocal.
/entus, venomous, poisonous. Void. It. wuoto, voto, empty, hollow,
Visage.—Vision.—Visible.—Visor. concave; Fr. vuide, void, empty, waste,
Lat. video, visum, to see ; visio, a seeing, vast, wide.—Cot. Prov. voig, vuei, empty;
a vision ; visus, a sight, look, view. From voidar, voyar, vuiar, to empty; Rouchi
visus are OFr. vis, and thence Fr. visage, wife, empty; wider, to empty, void, quit.
the face, countenance; visière, the viser Diez' derivation of Fr. vuide, wide,
or sight of a helmet (Cot.); It. wisiera, a from Lat. viduus, seems far less probable
pair of spectacles or anything to see than the view which regards it as an
through.-Fl. The word was variously equivalent of G. weit, E. wide. OHG.
written in E. visor, visar, visard, and wit, amplus, latus, largus, procerus, vas
was applied to a mask or cover for the tus, vacuus. Dero ultitun uuuasti, vastae
face. It. visaruola, a mask. solitudini, to the wide waste. Uuit weg,
Viscid.—Viscous. Lat. viscus, bird spatiosa via. Diu tºutta luft, aeria latitudo.
lime, glue ; viscidus, sticky. The ideas of emptiness and space are
Visit. From Lat. video, visum, to closely connected. Space is room to
see, are formed the frequentatives viso move in, and it implies the absence of
and visito, to go to see, to visit. what would fill it up. Thus waste, empty,
Vital. — Vivid. – Vivacious. Lat. is radically identical with vast, spacious,
zivo, victum, to live; vita, life. Probably and in the same way void, empty, is iden
from the same ultimate source with E. tical with wide, spacious.
quick, which, living. Volatile. Lat. volo, -as, to fly; vola
Vitreous. Lat. vitrum, glass. tilis, that flies, flitting, passing swiftly.
Vitriol. Said to be named from its Volcano. It. volcano, from Lat. Vul
vitreous or glassy substance. canus, the God of fire.
Vituperate. Lat. vituperare, to blame, Volition.—Voluntary. Lat. volo, vis,
find fault with. to be willing, to will; voluntas, the will.
7 Io VOLLEY WABBLE
Unto his tresorie the Barons vouched saue.
Volley. Lat. voſo, It. volare, to fly;
R. Brunne, 283.
volata, Fr. vo/*e, a flight, a number of
things flying at one time. Again, when K. Edward sent messengers
Volume.—Voluble. -volve. -volu to France to renounce his fealty for Gas
tion. Lat. vo/vo, volutum, to roll, turn cony, K. Philip sent answer,
Homage up to yeld, lordschip to forsake,
over, whence volubilis, rolling, turning So Edward it willed, on that wise we it take,
about ; volument, a roll of writing, a As ye haf mad present, the kyng vouches it saue.
volume, a bundle of anything wrapt up
together. —the king gives his sanction to the con
dition.
Voluptuous. Lat. voluptas, sensual
Paroles ke sunt dites, deteres resigner,
pleasure. Des homages rendre, deseygnour refuser,
Vomit. Lat. vomo, vomitum. Le reis Phelipp resceyt en meme la maner.
Voracious.-Devour. Lat. voro, to R. Brunne, 260.
eat greedily ; voraa, inclined to eat Wow. Fr. varu, Lat. votum. See Vote.
greedily, ravenous. Vowel. Fr. voyelle, It. vocale, Lat.
Vote.—Votary.—Devote. Lat. voveo, vocalis, of or pertaining to the voice.
votum, to wish for, then to promise some Voyage. Fr. voyage, It, viaggio,
thing for the sake of obtaining the object Prov. viațge, Walach. viadi, a journey,
of desire, to devote or consecrate; votum, from Lat. viaticum, journey money, used
a wish, a vow or promise made to the by Venantius Fortunatus in the modern
Deity. A vote is the expression of our sense.—Diez. The Lat. via became Fr.
choice or wish for a particular alternative. zºoie, way, whence envoyer, renvoyer,
To Vouch.-Vouchsafe. Lat. vocare, four voyer, &c.
OFr. voucher, in Law, was when the per Vulgar.—Divulge.—Vulgate. Lat.
son whose possession was attacked called vulgus, the common people; vulgo, -as,
upon a third person to stand in his shoes to publish or spread abroad, to divulge,
and defend his right. Then in a second whence Vulgate, the version of the Scrip
ary sense, to vouch for one is to answer tures in common use.
to the call, to give your own guarantee Vulnerary. Lat. vulnus, a wound,
for the matter in dispute. vulnerarius, of a wound.
To vouchsafe, vocare salvum, is to -vulse. Lat. vello, vulsum, to pluck,
warrant safe, to give sanction to, to as pull, tug ; conve!/o, to pluck up, tear away,
sure, and thence to deign, to condescend. wrench, shatter. Revulsion, a tearing
Of merchandie the sevent penie to have away, tearing back from.

To Wabble. —Waddle. – Waggle. With the addition of an initial sibilant

These words all signify to sway to and G. schwabbeln, schwappeln, schwappern,
fro, and are probably taken in the first schwappen, to splash, dash like water, to
instance from the rolling of water. To wabble, waggle; schwabòelm, quabbeſa,
wobble, to bubble up, to reel, totter, roll Swiss wačbeln, Pl.D. wabbeln, quabbeln,
about.—Hal. Potwobbler, one who boils to shake like jelly or boggy ground.
a pot.—Grose. To wallop, which differs In favour of a like origin of the form
only in the transposition of the labial and waddle may be cited OHG. wadalon, wa
liquid, is used primarily of the motion of danon, fluctuare, vagari; Swab. watsch
boiling water, and then of any rolling mass, thoroughly wet, compared with G.
movement: to wallop about, to roll about. watscheln, to waddle; Fr. gadiller, to
—Hal. Bav. wabeln, to tattle, points in the paddle in the wet, to jog or stir up and
same direction, the sense of loquacious down ; vadrouille, a swabber, for Sop
ness being constantly expressed by the ping up the wet; and (with the sibilant
figure of splashing water. In the same initial) Du. swadderen, turbare aquas,
dialect waiben, waibeln, to stagger, totter. fluctuare — K., Bav. schwadern, schwat
Du, wafferen, to waver, dangle, flap. feln, to splash, Sc. swatter, squatter, to
Lap. wa//e/ſet, to rock as a boat; Esthon. move quickly in any fluid, including the
wabòisema, Fin, wapista, to shake, waver, idea of undulatory motion, to move
tremble. quickly in an awkward manner.—Jam.
 WAD WAG 71 I

Wad.-Wadding. A wad is a bundle to wade; gate, a ford, a shallow; or Swiss

or quantity of anything, a wisp of straw. schwadern, to move with a noise like
—Hal. It is then applied to a bunch of liquids in a vase, to splash ; Bav. Schwat
clouts, tow or the like, used by gunners te/t, to splash or spill over.
as a stopple and rammed down to keep Wafer. Fr. gauffre, Du. waeſel, G.
the powder close. To wad a garment is waſſel, Swiss waffle, a thin cake made by
to line it with flocks of cotton compacted baking it between the round flat cheeks
together, and wadding is material pre of a peculiar pair of tongs made for that
pared for that purpose. G. watte, Fr. purpose. Said to be from G. wale, a
ouate, wadding for lining. honeycomb, which the crisscross marks
Wad in Cumberland is the name given on the surface of the wafer are supposed
to black lead, a mineral found in detach to resemble. It is much more probable
ed lumps, and not, like other ores, in that it is named from the wide-mouthed
veins. Waddock, a large piece.—Hal. tongs by which it is made. G. waſ el,
The sense of a mass or separate por Swiss waſ/e, signify the wide chops of a
tion, expressed by wad, as well as by dog or any large mouth, as well as a
swad or squad, is probably taken from wafer.
the figure of splashing in the wet, when Reinhold indeed in the Henneb. Idiot
separate portions of mire are dashed off icon treats this last as the obvious deriv
on all sides. Compare squad, (in Lin ation that must occur to every one, but
coln) sloppy dirt, (in Somerset) a group rejects it on the vague supposition that
or company. — Hal. Swiss schwetti, a the word is too ancient and too widely
slop, so much as is spilt at once ; then a spread for such a derivation.
heap, as of apples. The syllable wad is To Waft.—Waff—Whiff. Sc. waſ,
applied to the agitation of liquids in N. waiſ, to blow.
vada, wadda, vassa, to dabble in water, Ane active bow apoun her schulder bare,
to chatter, tattle ; vade med, to spill or As sche had bene ane wild huntreis,
slop. And it has been argued under With wind waſing her haris lowsit of trace.
Wabble that the radical meaning of wad D. V. 23. 2.
dle was of a similar nature. See also Closely allied to Sc. wauch, waucht, E.
next Article. Quaff, to drink in hearty draughts, or
To Wade. The root is common to with a strong draught of breath. Other
the Latin and Teutonic stocks, signifying related forms are G. hauchen, to breathe,
originally to splash, then to walk through to blow; E. huff, whiff, all imitative of
water of some depth. Lat. wadus, wet ; the sound.
wadere, to wade; vadum, a shallow place, The addition of the final t in E. waſ:
a ford. It guado, a ford, a washpool or probably indicates the formation of a
plash of water; Fr. gué, a ford ; gue'er, substantive, and thence again of a second
to wade ; gue'er un cheval, to wash a ary verb, as in Da. wift, a puff or breath
horse in a river; guder du linge, to rinse of wind; wife, Sw. weſta, to waft, fan,
linen.—Cot. G. im Åothe wafen, to walk winnow, wave. Mºſta /ć eſden, to blow
in mud or dirt; Bav. weffen, Swiss the fire; weſt-offer, a wave-offering. To
schweeten, to swim or wash a horse in a waſ over, then, would be to convey over
river; Swab. wette, Bav., Swiss schweffi, by a breath of wind. So we have sniff,
a horsewash, a plash or puddle; Du. sniſt, and Sc. waitch, waucht, above
wed, a horsepond, a ford; wadde, a ford, mentioned.
a shallow; waden, to wade. N. vada, * Wag. A joker, one who plays tricks.
vadala, vassa, to wade in water, mud, or Probably a curtailment of waghaſter, one
snow, to dabble, dirty, to chatter, tattle; who is like to wag in a halter, a gallows
(of a fish) to swim on the surface of water. bird. “I can tell you I am a mad wag
Vad” thop, to stir up ; vade med, to spill, halter.” — Marston. ‘Let them beware
slop. of wagging in the galowes.”—Andrew
The imitative force of the word is Boorde, p. 84. A similar formation is
entirely lost in wade, and can only be seen in rake for rakehell, the scrapings
made out by comparing it with fuller of hell.
forms, as Pl.D. Quatsken, to sound like To Wag.—Waggle. We signify vi
water in the shoes, to dabble; It. guag bratory unsteady movement by the ad
2are, to dabble, plash, or trample in the verbial wigg/e-wagg/e. Du. wiggelen, to
water, to shake water in any vessel, to shake ; waggelen, to stagger, totter. N.
rinse; guazza, a plash or puddle of water; vigºſa, to rock, to sway from side to side;
Illyrian gacati, gaziţi, Magyar gif&olni, wagga, to rock, and thence, a cradle.
712 WAGE WAINSCOT

Bav. wagen, wegen, to shake, move, to Waggon.—Wain. As, wagen, wagm,

stir. Dem die gend wagen : he whose OHG. wagam, ON. vagn, Bohem. wriz,
teeth are loose. Die juden wegten ir Pol, woz, waggon, chariot, car. Sanscr.
/aubet : the Jews wagged their heads. vahana, vaha, bearing, conveying, any
Pl.D. we gen, wogen, to stir; Sc. waggle, vehicle, as a horse, a car; zah, carry,
wuggle, a quaking bog; G. wacke/n, to draw, bear, move; Lat. vehere, Bohem.
wag, totter, joggle, shake, and with the weeti, to carry. Lith. weau, weszti, to
nasal, wanken, Westerwald wankelen, to draw, convey, carry.
reel, waver, jog, rock. Lat. vacillare, to Waif. — To Waive. Mid.Lat. way
totter. vium, O Fr. gayve, a waif, was anything
It has been argued under Wabble that wandering at large, without an owner.
the primitive application of all these ‘Choses gayves sont qui ne sont appro
forms was to the agitation of water, the priées a nul usage de home, et qui sont
sound of which they were intended to re trouvées, que nul ne reclame siennes.”—
present. Thus we have E. dial. swiggle, Consuetudo Norm. in Duc. * Wayvium,
to shake liquor violently, to move about in quod nullus advocat.”—Fleta. “There is
water, to rinse—Moor; G. schwänken, to ane other mouable escheit of any waif
move a fluid body to and fro, to rinse. beist within the territorie of any lord, the
OHG. wag, abyss, waters, sea; G. woge, quhilk suld be cryed upon the market
Fr. vague, billow, wave. dayes, &c.’—Jam. From waif is formed
To Wage.—Wages.—Wager. The Mid. Lat. waiviare, OFr. guesver, to
Lat. was, wadis, a surety, corresponds to waive, to make a waif of or treat as a
Goth. vadi, OHG. wetti, OFris. wed, Sc. waif, to renounce the right of ownership ;
wad, wed, a pledge, security, engagement, guesver l'héretage, to renounce the in
whether these were actually borrowed heritance.
from the Lat. or not. Hence arose Mid. The origin of the word is seen in Sc.
Lat. vadium, guadium, It. gaggio, Fr. waff, waif, to blow, to move to and fro,
gage, a pledge or surety, a stake at play. to fluctuate; waſie, wauingeour, a vaga
Fr. gages, wages, is money paid to a bond; to waver, waver, to wander—
person as a pledge for his services. From Jam.; E. dial. wave, to wander or stray
wadium sprang the verb vadiare, Fr. —Hal.; ON. vºſa, voſa, to move to and
gager, to give pledges, to lay down stakes. fro, to waver.
A wager is an occasion on which oppo In like manner Lat. vagari, Fr. vaguer,
site alternatives are supported by two to wander up and down, are connected
parties, and stakes are laid down to abide with the root wag, signifying motion to
the issue of the event. The chronicle and fro.
speaking of the emperor Frederic II., To Wail. To cry wae / as Fr. miau
A.D. 1250, says, “Veneno extinctus sepul !er, to cry miau ! It. guai a me! woe is
tus est—tam occulté, quod multi per me! guaire, guaiare, guaiolare, to wail,
annos 40 wadiebant (wagered) eum vivere.” to lament. Bret. gwela, W. wylo, to weep,
—Duc. lament. Fin. woi / vox querentis, vas
When a person under the Gothic Laws ah woikata, woikailla (Sw. woja sig), to
proceeded against another at law, his first cry woi to lament, wail ; woiwotus, wail
step was to give a pledge that his cause ing. See Woe. Let. wai / Magy. jay 1
was just, and that he would abide the de oh alas ! Let. waideht, Magy, fajgatni,
cision of the court. This requisition was to groan, lament, wail.
satisfied when the appeal to law took the Wain. See Waggon.
shape of a challenge to judicial combat, Wainscot. Pl.D. wagenschot, the best
by the challenger flinging down his glove oak wood without knots.—Brem. Wtb.
in court, and the person challenged taking Du. waegheschot, oak boards, wood for
it up. The proceeding was signified by cabinet work, from the light-coloured wavy
the term vadiare duel/um, or wager of lines (waeghe, wave) by which the grain
battle, and the same verb was extended of the wood is marked.—Kil. The second
to the analogous proceedings used on a element of the word is Du. schot, schut,
solemn declaration of war, vadiare bel beschot, a closure or partition of boards;
Zum; although there might here be no schutten, to prevent, hinder, keep off;
thing in the nature of a pledge. In schutten den wind, to keep out the wind;
modern times we use the word wage for schutberd, thin board fit for partitions.
the carrying on of war, and not merely The shutters of a window are for keeping
the commencement, and the connection out the weather.
with the idea of pledgesis wholly obscured. Another Du. name for wainscot is
 • WAIST WALE 713

wandschot, from wand, wall, which leads Mine own good Bat, before thou hoise up sail
us to suspect that the supposed reference To make a furrow in the foaming seas.-Gascoyne.
to the wavy lines of wainscot may be an Fr. sillon, a furrow; sillage, sillon de
afterthought, and that the first element mer, the wake of a vessel. Seillonné, fur
in Du. waegheschot, wacghenschot, may rowed, cloven asunder as the sea by a
really be the Fris. wargh, wach, wage, ship.–Cot. Fin. wannas, ploughshare;
AS. ººg, wah, wall. weſtheen wannas (share of boat), front of
Waist.—Waistcoat. From w.gwas gu, keel, cut-water.
to squeeze or press, is formed gºwas.g., the The radical idea seems to be the open
waist, the place where the body is squeezed ing of the ground by the ploughshare,
in. Gwasgod, g was gºals, a waistcoat. from the root vag, važ, which is common
Gael. faiisg, Manx ſaast, to wring, press, to the Finnic and Scandinavian languages.
squeeze. Magy. vagni, to cut; eret vagni (eret,
To Wait.—Watch. From ON. waka, vein), to open a vein; vagás, a cut ; kerek
to wake, was formed vakta, to observe, vágdis (kerek, wheel), a wheel-rut. ON.
watch, guard, tend. The corresponding vaka, aperio, incido, transfodio; at vaka
forms are OHG. waſhtén, to watch or keep &/od, to let blood; at vaka is, to cut a
awake, to keep guard ; G. wache, watch, hole in the ice; vöé, incisura in glacie
look out, guard; wacht, the guard ; Du. facta, vel ejusmodiapertura in aliis; vauk,
waecke, wachte, watching, guard, and E. incisura seu fenestra. — Gudmund. In
watch. NFris. wachtjen, exspectare.— Norfolk when the ‘broads’ are mostly
Epkema. The stock was imported into frozen over the spaces of open water are
the Romance languages, producing It. called wakes.
guatare, to watch, to spy, OFr. waiter, * To Wake. ON. vaka, Goth. wakan,
gaiter, guaiter, Fr. guetter, to observe, to AS. wacian, G. wachen, to wake. OHG.
watch ; Wal. waiti, awaiti, to look, ob wachal, AS. wacol, Lat. vigil, waking.
serve, spy; Lang. gach, göcha, gaict, The original sense is probably to have
gaito, a watch or sentinel. Rouchi wate the eyes open, to look; Swiss Rom.
un po, just look. vouaiti, vouaiki, to look.
From Northern Fr. descended E. wait, Wakes. The annual festival of a vil
to look, observe, be on the look out for, lage, kept originally on the day of dedi
expect, remain until something happens, cation of the parish church. The E.
remain quiet, or observe, attend. churchwake, as far as the festival itself is
Beryn cleped a maryner and bad him sty on loft concerned, corresponds exactly to G. Kirch
And weyte aftir our four shippis, aftir us doith weihe, OHG. Kirichwihi, from Goth. wei
dryve.--Beryn, 856. ham, Sw, wiga, to consecrate, but it is
—yet ferthermore he ridis not easy to see how the latter word could
And waytid on his right hond a Mancepilis have passed into wake. It is commonly
plase.—Ib. 903. explained from the vigil or watch that was
Wayte, waker : vigil. Wayte, a spye : kept on the evening preceding a saint's
explorator. Waytyn or aspyyn : observo. day. But wake is sometimes used in the
Waytynge or aspyynge with evyl me sense of feasting or reveling, and it is
nynge: observatio.—Pr. Prm. probably in this sense that it is to be un
A like development of meaning may be derstood in the case of the parish wakes.
observed in G. warten, to wait, to stay, to In some parts of England it is called the
attend upon, which is radically identical village revel.
with It. guardare, to look. Wale. 1. Outward timbers in a ship's
The first of the foregoing quotations side, on which men set their feet when
from Pr. Pm. explains the Waits or nightly they clamber up. Gumwale, a wale which
musicians of Christmastide. “Assint etiam goes about the uttermost strake or seam of
excubiae vigiles [veytes] cornibus suis stre the uppermost deck in the ship's waist.—B.
pitum et clangorem et sonitum facientes.’ 2. Wale or wheal (Fris. wale, walke
—Neccham in Nat. Antiq. —Outzen), the raised streak on the skin
To Waive. See Waif. left by a stripe. AS. walan, vibices.—
Wake. The streak of smooth water Som. Wall of a strype, enfleure.—Palsgr.
left in the track of a ship ; Fr. ouaiche. The radical meaning in both cases
It is remarkable that Fin. wako, Esthon. seems to be shown in Goth. valus, ON.
waggo, signifies afurrow, the most obvious vö/r, Sw, wal, a rod, stick; drapwal,
figure from which the wake of a vessel slagwal, the part of a flail with which the
could be named. To plough the sea is a corn is struck : OFris, walubera, a pil
familiar metaphor. grim or staff-bearer; Bret. gwalem, Fr.
71.4 WALK WAMBLE

gaule, a rod, staff, the staff of a flail. For fowls; Isl. vagl, a prop or support for a
the application to the swelling raised by cross beam.
a stripe, compare ON. vöndr, a wand or To Wallop. To move to and fro, as
rod, also a streak or stripe, a long narrow the surface of water in a vessel, to boil.
mark. Swiss val//e, vacillare.—Idioticon Ber
To Walk. I. To go at a foot's pace, nense. Wallop bears the same relation
to go on foot. to wabble that Swiss swalpen does to G.
2. To full cloth, to work it in a mill schwappeln, to splash or dash to and fro
with soap and water, so as to convert it like water, or OE. walmynge to wante
into felt; AS. wealcere, a fuller of cloth. Zynge of the stomach.-Pr. Prm. Pot
Bret, gwalchi, to wash. The radical wabóler and pot-walloper are both in use
image seems to be the rolling movement for one who boils a pot. Both forms re
of boiling water. AS. weal/an, to boil, present the sound of liquid in agitation,
bubble up, roll. G. wallen, to boil, wal only the place of the labial and liquid is
lop, bubble up, move in a waving or un transposed in the two. A similar trans
dulatory manner; poetically, to wander, position of the mute and liquid is seen in
range, ramble, to go, to travel on foot.— sputter and spurt, squitter and squirt,
Kuttn. in Da. valtre and wra/te, to waddle.
Then with a derivative g or AE, OHG. The use of wallop in low language, in
walagón, walgón, fluctuare, volvi, ambu the sense of beating one, seems to be
lare; biwalegón, volutare. — Graff. G. taken from comparing the motion of the
waſge, wasserswalge, rolling water, wave; arm to the action of water dashing to and
walgen, walgern, to roll; den teig aus fro. Norm. vloper, to thresh (rosser).-
waſ gen, to roll dough. Sw, valka mägot Héricher.
ime/ſan handerma, to roll something be To Wallow. As wealwian, to roll ;
tween the hands; valka len, to temper be wealwian, to wallow, to roll oneself in.
clay, to work it up with water; vaſka Du. wallen, wellen, to boil, bubble, fluctu
A:/ade, to full cloth. ON. va/Ka, to roll in ate, also to roll, wallow.—K. Goth. va/v-
the hands. AS. wealcan, to roll, turn, jan, Lat. volvere, to roll. Swiss wałen,
tumble; wealcynde ea, rolling water; wallen, to roll; sich umetvalen, to roll on
wealcere, a fuller. Bav. walken, walchen, the ground. The figure of boiling water
to move to and fro, to hover in the air, to is often used to express confused multi
full cloth. farious movement. Lith. woloti, to roll,
The sense of going on foot is a further Gr. ixéw, OHG. wellan, to roll ; wil/it,
development of the idea of rolling or wan volvit (se in lutosa aqua). OHG. wada
dering about. OHG. wałgotun, volveban gón, fluctuare, volvi, ambulare; piu.ua/a-
tur; ulta/gota, ambulavit (in viá regum gofen, volutatum (in suo sanguine). See
Israel).-Graff. Walk.
Wall. AS. wea//, wall, a wall; Du. Wallowish. Nauseating.—B. Wal
wal, rampart, bank, shore. G. wall, a /ow, flat, insipid.-Hal. Du. waſ ghezi,
rampart, town-wall, a bank or dike. Lat. to nauseate, loathe; waſ ghinge, nausea,
za//um, the palisade or fortification of a inclination to vomit. IAE . daran, it
camp ; va//us, a stake. turns my stomach. From the sensation
Wallet. Walette, a sack or poke.— of a rolling in the stomach, caused by in
Pr. Pm. It valigia (dim. valigietta), a cipient sickness. G. waſ gen, walgeirº,
male, cloak bag, budget, seems to be a waſ germ, to roll.—Sanders. In like man
modification of bo/gia, bo/getta, a budget, ner the Da. has vamle, to nauseate,
leather bucket.—Fl. And probably Fr. loathe, corresponding to G. wammeln, to
malle, malette, a little male, a budget or move about, E. waſnöle, wadble, to move
scrip (Cot.), may be another offshoot from up and down.
the same stock.-See Budget. Walnut. Du. walnot, walschemot, AS.
Wall-eye. An eye of a whitish colour, walhnot, a foreign nut. Wealh, a foreign
from the skin becoming opaque. Caesius, er. Swiss walem, waalen, to speak an
As. wealken-eye.—Dief. Sup. Cooper in his unknown language; welsch, wallsch, a
Thesaurus, A. D. 1573, renders glaucioſus, foreign language. G. wailsch, Italian; ein
a horse with a waicle eye.—R. Fris. Wa/scher haſhm, a Turkeycock; die
waeckel, an ulcer.—Kil. ON. vagli auga, Wai/sche bohme, French beans; walschen,
glaucoma, albugo, nubes in oculo.—Gudm. to talk gibberish.
Sw, wagel i dyat, a stye in the eyelid To Wamble. To move or stir, as the
Nordforss. Sw, wagel is a perch for bowels do with wind, to rise up as seeth
 WAN WARBLE 715

ing water does, to wriggle like an arrow (impers.), to be wanting, deficient in ;

in the air.—B. Wam/yng of the stomake, vamſan, völſun, want, deprivation.
esmouvement. — Palsgr. G. wanime/n, The verb to want, used in familiar lan
wumme/n, waſmmezen, wimmeſh, to stir, guage to express the desire of the speaker
crawl, swarm. Wamble differs from waſ for something, might well be explained as
&le only in the insertion of the nasal. signifying that he feels the want of it.
Wan.—To Wane. Goth. vans, want But it is singular that the word is found
ing ; vanana gataujan, to nullify, make in W. and Bret. with the positive signifi
void ; vamains, diminution. AS. wana, cation of desire, and in those languages
deficiency, wanting. An thing the is has no apparent connection with gwan,
wana, one thing is wanting to thee. A mes the Celtic representative of the Teutonic
wana twentig, twenty wanting one, nine wan. W. chºwant, Bret, c’honnt, desire,
teen. Wanian, gewanian, awanian, to longing, appetite, lust ; chºwant bºwydd,
decrease, waste, decay, wane. Thu wa desire of food, hunger; chvanta, to covet,
modest hime, minuisti eum. Tha watera to lust after.
wanodon, aquae minuebantur. ON. vanr, Wanton. Properly uneducated, ill
wanting ; vana, to weaken, diminish, to brought up, then unrestrained, indulging
castrate a horse. the natural appetites, from the negative
The Celtic languages have preserved particle wan and the participle togen,
the word in the least abstract meaning. getogen (OE. towen, itowen), of the AS.
w. gwan, weak, faint, poor; Bret, gwan, verb feom, G. giehen, to draw or lead.
feeble, sickly, vain, empty; Gael. ſann, Ho was itogen among mankunne,
faint, feeble, infirm. Lat. 7,anus, empty, And hire wisdome brohte thenne.
futile. We have then AS. wan, wanna, E. —she was bred among mankind, and
wan, pale, livid, dusky, properly feeble or gained her wisdom from thence.—Owl
weak in colour, what is wanting in bright and Nightingale. “Vor the nome one
neSS. mahte hurten alle zve/ iſozvene earen :”
Wan in composition is used as a nega for the name alone might hurt all well
tive particle; OE. wanhope, Du. wan/ope, bred ears.--Ancren Rivle, 204. Full
wantroost, despair; wanweſent, to be iſowen, fully educated.—Ibid. 416. ‘Of
ignorant or mad ; wanmaeže, deficient idele wordes, of unfowitzte thoughts.”—
measure, &c. ON. vanaſh, without strength; Ibid. 342. Untowe bird, avis indiscipli
. . vankunnandi, unknowing; , vanmättr, nata.-Ibid. 16. Wantowe (wantown,
zyanmegin, want of might, weakness. The wanton), insolens, dissolutus.-Pr. Prm.
w. gwan is used in the same way; gºwan “Seeing evermore his (Gods) ghird to
fydd, weak faith, distrust; gºvan/ydło, chastisen us in his hand ghif we waxen
to despair; gºvangred, a faint belief; wanſowen or idil.”— Serm. on Miracle
gwangredu, to distrust. Plays, in Nat. Antiq., 2.44.
Wand. ON. vöndr, a shoot of a tree, a In like manner we have in G. wo/ge
rod. zogen, well-bred (Nibel. Lied. 1731); and
To Wander. There is no essential tangezogen, ill-bred, ill-mannered, rude,
difference between G. wanderſt, to wander saucy—Küttn.
or go about without settled aim, and wan War. Fr. guerre, It. guerra, war;
deln, to walk, travel, go about one's busi gara, strife, contention, jarring ; Du.
ness, the terminal elements r and / being werre, contention, strife, war; werren, to
used indifferently in the formation of fre disturb, contend, strive, war.—Kil. OHG.
quentative verbs. The primary sense werran, to disturb, confuse ; gawer, sedi
seems to be to fluctuate, roll, move to tio. MHG. werren, to disturb, confuse,
and fro, as shown in OHG. ultantaſtin, trouble, contend. ‘Wirret sich ein man
volvere, vertere, mutare, mercari.-Schm. mit eime andern, daz si sich slän :’ if one
Uuantalół, volutat, ventilat ; ultana'a- man strives with another so that they
Montero, fluctuantium ; giultantaſön, ver come to blows. “Daz sich di werren mit
tere (vestes).-Graff. And wan/a/ön is einander mit worten, mit stözene.” G.
only a nasalised form of wada/ón, venti wirren, to jumble, entangle, embroil, con
lare, vagari, whence wada/ari, vagabun found; wirrwarr, embranglement, dis
dus.-Graff. Thus wander would be re order, confusion. In like manner Fin.
lated to waddle nearly as waſnöſe to /asa, strepitus conviventium, rixantium,
wabble. &c.; hassa/a, strepo, inquietè me gero,
To Wane. See Wan. altercor, rixor.
Want. A derivative from the root wan, To Warble. To chirp or sing as birds
signifying deficiency, negation. ON. vanta do, to sing in a quavering or trilling way,
716 WARD WARN

to purl or gurgle as a brook.-B. The gaure, gare, to gaze. . The radical mean
radical image is probably to be found in ing is doubtless to look, observe, take
the bubbling or gurgling of water, and notice of. -
the word is a parallel form with gargle, The same root is found in all the Fin
gurgle, or It. gorgare, gorgo/are, to gar nish languages with no appearance of
gle, to rattle in the throat, to warble or being borrowed. Lap. waret, to keep,
quaver in singing, also to wharl, or speak guard; waſhrok, provident, wary; waſhro
in the throat as the Florentines do; sºor tet, to warn ; Esthon. warrima, to take
gare, sgorgolare, to gurgle, to warble ; heed ; Fin. wara, foresight, caution,
sgargagliare, to gargle, rattle in the warning ; warata, to beware, to warn ;
throat, prattle ; borbogliare, to make a waru, cautious, provident, timid. Magy.
confused noise (Fl.); Sp. barðullar, to vármi, to expect, watch, wait.
talk loud and fast; Lang, barbalia, to Wares. ON. vara, varnadr, Sw.wara
chatter, tattle ; OFr. verbeler, to speak (pl. waror), Da. ware, Du. warre, wares,
quick and indistinctly.—Roquef. “I war goods, merchandise. The radical mean
bell with the voyce as connyng singers do : ing seems to be simply provisionment,
je verbie.”—Palsgr. stores, from the root signifying look, men
The transference from the region of tioned in the last article. The develop
sound to that of movement gives Sc. ment of the signification is especially clear
warble, warple, wrabil, to crawl about, in Finnish. Warata, to be provident,
to wriggle, to move to and fro. To war cautious, to provide, to furnish with what
ble in ; to warble or wurb/e oneself out, is necessary, in such senses as, to arm
to get out of confinement by a continua my hand with a sword, to fill a purse
tion of twisting motions. To wraple, to with money.' Warasta, provisions, stores;
entangle. wara, goods, means, wealth ; wara-huo
Ward. The sense of keeping is com met (huonet, house), a storehouse, a barn ;
monly expressed by the figure of looking takawara (taka, behind, after), stores
after. Wal. warde, to guard, keep, ob provided for the future; waramakso
serve, defend. It. guardare, Fr. regarder, (makso, payment, expense), a provision
to look; garder, to keep. Robert of for expenses; wara mies, a supplemental
Gloucester, p. 486, says that when K. man, a man provided to supply the place
Richard went to the crusade he “bitoc of another. Sw. matwaror, eatables, pro
the bisshop of Ely this lond in ech ende vision of meat, to which we give the name
fo ward: ; and shortly after he speaks of of provisions, rar' tºox#v; ſiskwaror,
“the bisshop of Ely that this londe adde salted fish, provision of fish. Esthon.
to loke.’ See Guard. warrima, to keep, preserve; warra, pro
A ward is a person under age, com vision, furniture, goods, possessions;
mitted to the ward or care of a guardian. warrandus, goods, provision, treasure.
The ward of a lock is what guards the Wariangle. The shrike or butcher
lock against opening with a false key. bird, so called from hanging up its prey
The ward of a town, prison, hospital, is on the thorn of a tree, like meat in a
so much as is committed to the care of butcher's shop. G. wargangel, wurgen
one alderman or keeper. gel (Dief. Sup. in curruca), the shrike,
A warden, Fr. gardien, is one who has from wingen, to throttle, to butcher, and
ward or guard of a thing. A warden angel, a thorn.
pear, Fr. poire de garde, a keeping pear. arm. ON. varmr, G. warm, OLat.
Ware.—Aware. —Wary. ON. var, formus, Gr. 9spuéc, Hind. ghurrum, Pers.
having notice of, aware, also cautious, germ, hot ; Sanscr. gharma, heat.
wary. At verda war vid, to be aware of, To Warn. To give notice, to cause
to observe. Vara, to warn ; vara sig, one to take notice, from the root ware,
varaz, to beware, to take heed. Da. Zare, signifying look or take notice. From the
guard, care; tage sig vare, to take heed same root in a somewhat different appli
of; tage ware paa, to watch, have an eye cation are Fr. garnir, guarnir, warnir,
upon. G. gewahr, aware; Du. warren, to provide, prepare, fortify, secure, pre
waerden, to observe, take care, beware of, serve ; garnison, garnesture, provision,
keep, guard—Kil. ; wacraemen (G. waſhr furniture, stores (Roquef); from which
nehmen), to take notice, perceive ; wacr last is oe. warnestore, to furnish, store,
schouwen, to give notice, to warn. Bay. fortify. “Et que Egypte soit garnie (pre
waren, to look, take care. War was du served) de la famine des sept ans que
tuest : mind what you are about. Fr. sont a venir.’ -

Arare / look out ! take care beware OE. The notion of preserving or defending
 WARP WARRANT 717.
naturally passes into that of warding or Schmeller. , Hence OFr. garir, to seek
keeping off, thrusting away, forbidding, safety, to take refuge.
refusing. Thus Fr. de/endre acquires the
sense of forbidding, and to warn one off Mais ne saveit queu part aler,
is to forbid his entrance. I warne, I Nosout des grantz foreszeisseir,
defende one or commande him not to do Kar il ne saveit ougarir.
Benoit, Chron. des Ducs de Norm. 2. 399.
a thynge.—Palsgr. AS. wyrman, to warn,
refuse, forbid, deny, hinder. ON. varna, —he dare not quit the great forests, for he
to forbid, refuse. did not know where to find shelter. OHG.
And swa the land embandowned he gewarheit, tutela ; also security, pledge,
That name durst warne (refuse) to do his will. secure residence. — Schm. G. gewöhr,
Bruce, iv. 392. assurance, security, surety. Dem kaufer
die gewöhr leisten, to give security or
The G. uses the simpler form without safe possession to the purchaser. Ge
the derivative m, wehren, to bar, hinder, with rsmann, Pl.D. waarsman, warend,
prohibit, forbid. Einem den zugang warent, one who warrants or gives secur
wehren, to forbid one entrance, to warn ity, who answers for the safe possession
him off.
of a property. Waren, wær machen, to
Warp. ON. varp, Du. werp, werp assure, make good, certify, prove by oath,
draed, wer/gaeren, werpſe, G. werft, the witnesses, &c. OE. warant, protector,
long threads laid out parallel to each defensor.—Pr. Pm. So in OFr. garieur,
other between which the woof is shot in
garent, guarent, one who makes safe,
weaving. Du. werſ, woró, a cast. certifies, answers for; gariment, garison,
To Warp. 1. Goth. wairpan, As. surety, guarantee.
weorpan, ON. verſa, G. werſen, to cast ; Another derivative from the same source
then in a special sense, to take a certain is OFr. garene, warene, a place where
turn, to bend. A cast in the eye is when animals are kept, a henyard, pigeon-house,
one eye is turned out of the true direc fishpond, rabbit warren. — Roquef. A
tion... Das holz wirſt sich : the wood preserve for game expresses the same idea
casts or warps.-Küttn. ON. wer/ask, in modern language.
N. varða seg, Da. AEaste sig, to contract, The derivation of warrant and warren,
to warp. from the root ware, signifying caution,
2. To warp a ship, to hale her to a and thence defence, security, safety, may
place by means of a rope laid out for be further illustrated by the formation of
that purpose and fastened to an anchor. words having the same meaning from
—B. Da. varpe, to warp a ship ; varp Lat. cavere, cautum, to beware, to guard
toug, a tow-line or warp. against. Thus in Mid. Lat. we find cau
The word probably comes in the first tus, safe, undisturbed ; cautis, cautum, a
instance from the language of fishermen. security or written engagement for the
ON. varða in a special sense is to cast or performance of a condition ; cautare, in
lay out a net, whence varða, Da. varðe cautare, to protect, secure, warrant.
Aſarn, a drag-net. N. varp, a cast with a “Et omnia pecora vestra per omne reg
net, a laying out of the net ; varpa, to num meum sint secura et cauta tanquam
fish with a net, and thence, apparently mea propria, et libera et ubique habeant
from comparison with the hauling in of a pascua.”—Charta Alphons. Reg. Castellae
drag-net, to warp a ship. A.D. 1213. “Cauto vero [I guarantee]
Warrant. — Warren. It has been supradictos homines et omnia quae ha
shown under Ware and Ward, as before bent vel habebunt, quod nullus de cetero
under Guard, that the figure of looking pro aliqua voce vel calumniis, excepto
out, looking after, was used to express pro pretio debito audeat pignorare, vel
the sense of taking care of, guarding, pre de suo aliquid prendere, molestare vel
serving against, making safe. OHG. gewar, calumniare. Hujus autem liberationis et
safe, secure (as Lat. tutus, from tueor, to incautationis inchartationem facio Deo
look). Giuuara vesti, munitum praesi et Stae Agathae.’—Charta Ferrandi Reg.
dium. Daz siben ziug gewaerrer sint Cast. A.D. 1224. From the foregoing
dann zwen : that seven witnesses are application of cautus, in the sense of pro
safer, more reliable, than two. Giwar, tected, secure from intrusion, is Sp. coto,
security, safety, safe refuge. Jederman an inclosure of pasture grounds, a land
flohe an sein gewar da er denn meinte mark, and Port. couto, an inclosure, park,
sicher zu seyn : every one fled to his re warren, rabbit-burrow, form of a hare,
fuge where he considered himself safe.— asylum, refuge.
718 WART WATTLE

Wart. Du. wer/e, wraſſe–Kil., G. gadfly. There can be little doubt that it
7trotzºa. comes from a word signifying to sting.
Was.-Were. Goth. visan, prt. was, So Gael. speach, bite, strike smartly, and
zesun, to remain, continue, stay, to be ; s/each (Gr. opiš), a wasp or any venom
fauravisan, to be to the fore ; vis/s, na ous little creature, or its sting or bite.
ture. ON. vera (anciently vesa, visa— Lap. Austet, to sting as a serpent, Fin.
Jonsson), prt. var, was, varum, Sw, vara, Atºskia, to strike with the horns; puski
AS. wesan, to remain, continue, be. atment, a wasp.
Sanscr. was, to dwell, to live, to wear Wassail. A custom still used in some
clothes. places on Twelfth night of going about
It is well known that the verb to be is with a great bowl of ale, drinking of
an abstraction unknown to the language healths.-B. Hence was sailers, revellers.
of gesture and the rudest uncivilised lan From the AS. salutation on pledging one
guages. “In American and Polynesian to drink, was hal, be of health, which the
languages,’ says Farrar, Chapters on person accepting the pledge answered in
Lang. 54, “there are forms for I am well, the terms drinc har!, I drink your health.
I am here, &c., but not for I am. More E pur une feyze esternuer
than this, savage nations [when they learn Tantot quident mal trouer,
English] cannot even adopt the verb to Si uesheil ne diez aprez:
be. A negro says, “Your hat no fib that —and for a single sneeze they expect to
place you put him in.” I have known a be taken ill unless you say uesheil, God
child, when learning to speak, say, Where bless you.-Manuel des Pecchés, 1 Ioo.
it live? where is it? Sw. Ö//wa, to abide, Waste. The proper meaning of the
remain, continue, is the common word for word is the same as that of the equiva
to become, to be. We must therefore re lent Pol. Austy, empty, void, unoccupied,
gard the sense of continuance expressed desert. Thus the waste water of a millis
by the verb visan, vera, &c., as prior to what runs away without contributing to
that of abstract being, and we cannot se drive the wheel; to waste your money is
parate the verb of which was and were to spend it in vain, without obtaining an
are members from G. waſhren, to last, and adequate return. In waste was formerly
E. wear. See Wear. The primary sig used in the sense of in vain. ‘Take my
nification is probably to look, to see, from councell yet or ye go, for fear ye walk in
whence all the others naturally flow. To waste."—Gammer Gurton, II, 4.
look, to guard, preserve, defend, cover, or It. guastare and Fr. gaster, gāter, sig
to guard, to keep, to endure, to remain, nify to spoil or render unfit for occupation
to be. The G. warten, to expect or wait, or employment. Mid. Lat. gastum, bar
is identical with It. guardare, to look, ren land, fallow. OHG. wasti, wuosti, de
and it has been shown that the primary sert, solitary; wuostinna, Du. woestijne,
sense of E. wait is to look out, while we AS. westen, Mid. Lat. vastina, Fr. gastine,
have argued in favour of a similar origin a desert, uncultivated land. G. wist,
for bide, abide. waste, desert, uninhabited ; das wiste
To Wash. As, waescan, wacsan, G. gerinne, the waste water in a mill. The
waschen, Sw, waska. A parallel form term is then applied to the absence of
with swash, slosh, representing the sound cultivation in a moral sense. Ein wister
of dashing water. “A great swash of mensch, a rude, rough, brutal, ill-bred
water, magnus aquarum torrens.’—Coles man. In the same way Lat. 7'astus,
in Hal. Swash, refuse, hogwash, soft, waste, desert, desolate ; also awkward,
quashy. — Hal. “Drenched with the unmannerly, ill bred, uncouthly large, vast.
swassing waves.” – Taylor. Piedm. Watch. See Wait.
svassé, to splash, rinse, wash. Svassé Water.—Wet. Goth. vato, pl. watna,
un caval, to bathe a horse ; swassese la ON. vatn, Lith. wandº, Let. uhdens, OHG.
&oca, to rinse or wash out one's mouth. wazar, G. wasser, Gr. ºwp, *čaroc, water;
Bav. Schwaffeln, to splash ; schweffi, ON. viitr, Sw, wat, Da. vaad, Lat. udus,
a horsewash. Wet,
In G. schwatzen, waschem, to tattle, the It is difficult to suppose that these
expression is transferred from the sound forms are not from the same root with
of dashing water to that of clacking wade, to splash through water.
tongues. N. vada, wadda, vassa, to dabble, This whit was eled in the fen almost to the ancles.
splash, wade, also to chatter, tattle. P. P. (Skeat), 1. 432.
Wasp. As. wasp, waps, OHG. waſ a, Wattle. From OHG. wada/ön, M.H.G.
weſsa, Lat. 7'espis, wasp. Lith, wapsá, a wadelen, wedelen, to waver, move to and
 WAVE WEALD 719

fro (see Waddle), G. wadeſ, wedeſ are shake or tremble ; waſ ina, a tremulous
used to signify whatever wavers, dangles, sound, a trembling. See Wabble.
or moves to and fro, as a fan, the tail of Wax, AS. wear, ON. war, G. wachs,
an animal, a plume of feathers, the wav Pol. vosé, Russ. voska, Esthon. waſ/ia,
ing branches of a tree, on the same prin Magy, ziasz, wax. Fin. waſha, a rock;
ciple, in the latter instance, that the name then by a strong metaphor, waſa weden,
of waivers is given in the E. of England the rock of water, foam ; waſ a meden
to small waving twigs.-Hal. Bav. wadeſ, the rock of honey, wax; wahainen, rocky,
fir-branches, twigs, branchwood; wadeln, foamy, waxen or waxy. Fin. waaksi,
to cut brushwood.—Schm. “Da rauscht waſ ſo, or waahti also signify foam.
in den tannewedeln : it sounds in the fir To Wax. As wearan, Goth. waſ jan,
branches.”—Deutsch. Mundart. 2. 167. ON. vara, Sanscr. vah, Gael. ſas, to grow,
Swiss wedele, a bundle of twigs. Hence increase. .
must be explained E. wattle, provincially Way. Goth. wigs, ON. vegr, Sanscr.
a hurdle (Hal), a frame of interwoven vaha, Lat. via, Fr. voie.
twigs or rods; to wattle, to interweave To Wayment. To lament. The in
with rods. terjection of suffering is in Lettish waſ /
From the same sense of waving to and (corresponding to G. wehe." E. woe /), and
fro are the wattles or waddles of a cock, with the personal pronoun, waiman /
the loose pieces of flesh which dangle be. equivalent to Gr. 5uot / woe is me! From
neath his chin. So Du. Quabbe, a dew the compound interjection are formed
lap, from G. Quabbe/n, waëbe/n, to shake waimanaht / to cry waiman / (as Gr.
like jelly. MHG. wadel, an apron, what ôtudºeuv, to cry bipot'), to lament; wai
hangs before for concealment. Machſen manas, lamentation ; which seem to ex
in wadel von weigenbaum made them plain the formation of E. wayment.
aprons of fig-leaves. Wayward. Perhaps a corruption of
Wave. In OE. written wawe, Goth. wrayward, as G. wasen compared with
zegs (pl. végos), AS. wag, G. wage, Da. Du. wrase, a sod. Crabbyd, awke or
vove, N. vaag, Fr. vague, billow, wave. wrawe (wraywarde—W.), bilosus, can
Sw, waig is both a balance and a wave, cerinus ; wraw, froward, ongoodly, per
the name being given to both for the versus, bilosus, protervus.-Pr. Pn.
same reason, viz. from the up and down Weak. What yields to pressure. As.
movement of each, ohG, wegan, to wife, weak, pliant; Da veg, pliant; swag,
move, vibrate, nod, weigh ; wagon, weak; Sw, swig, supple, agile; G. weich,
moveri ; wag, gurges, vorago, lacus, Du. weeck, weycé, Sw, wek, soft, yielding
aequor. In manigero wazzero wage : in to the touch, tender, effeminate ; G.
diluvio aquarum multarum. – Notker. schwach, weak. Bret. gºvaž, soft, tender,
The radical forms waggle and waſ b/e are delicate. G. weichen, AS. wican, Da.
closely connected, and their derivatives vige, Sw, wiła, swiga, to yield, give
“...º. intermingle. place to.
o Waver.—Wave. Sc. waſ, waiſ, The radical image is seen in ON. vić,
wawe, to fluctuate; to wavel, to move a slight movement, a nick or recess,
backwards and forwards; to waver, whence vićja, to set in motion, to turn ;
awazver, to fluctuate, wander. also to give place; vićna, to give place,
And in that myrk nycht waverand will. to yield, to be moved or softened. The
Wyntown. AS. swican has the same radical mean
ON. záſa, voſa, to wave to and fro; vaſſa ing, the sense of deceiving being derived
yir (as G. schweben), to hang over; vaſra, from that of a short quick turn or move
to totter, to roam or wander about. G. ment. Compare Sw, wiža aſ, to turn
guabòe/m, waſ beln, to shake like jelly; G. aside, to quit, wiła undan, to go off,
dial. wabben, waſ be/m, wabern, waſ:/n, escape, quit, with AS. him from swicon,
wafflen, to waver, totter, move to and fro. went from him ; thone death beswican, to
—Deutsch. Mundart. 2. Bav. waibe/n, escape death.
waihen, to waver, totter, flutter, twirl. Weal.—Wealth. As wel, well; wela,
Waiben wie ein rohr, to shake like a reed; abundance, wealth, prosperity; in pl.
waiben wie ein foſſ, to whirl like a top. riches; wela, welig, rich. OHG. welida,
Du. wafferen, to waver, vacillate, swing. we/#/a, wealth. In the same way we
E. 7ttaver, to shake with the voice, to have Fr. bien, well, and as a substantive,
tremble; to guave, to move to and fro; &iens, goods, substance, wealth.
an earthquaze, a guavemüre. Fin. Weald. AS. weald, G. wald, wood
wapista, to quaver, sound tremulous, to forest. The weald of Kent is the broad
720 WEAN WEAR

woody valley between the bare chalky ret.” the righteous people which keepeth
downs which occupy so large a portion of the faith. — Isaiah 26. 2. Die geóothe
the county. Gottes bewahren : to keep or fulfil the
To Wean. G. gewöhnen, to accustom; commandments of God. Thus we finally
entwohnen, to break the custom, to use one trace the pedigree of wear to the root
to do without, to wean. Da. vanne, to war, which through a wide range of lan
accustom ; afwanne, vanne fra, to wean. guage signifies look or take notice, as
Du. wennen, to accustom, to wean. See shown under Ware, Ward, Warn, &c.
Won. The G. waſhr (Lat. verus, w. gwir), true,
Weapon. Goth. veffna, arms; OHG. is probably to be explained as what keeps
wóſan, G. waſe, ON. vapn, AS. warſºn, or fulfils the purpose for which it was de
weapon ; Du, wapen, arms, tools.-Kil. signed. The true way is that which leads
To Wear. 1. To last, endure or hold to the end we are desirous of attaining.
out, as, this cloth wears well, i.e. lasts A true man is one who fulfils his pro
long.—B. ON. vera, G. withren, and Sw. fessions. A true saying is one which
wara are used in the same sense. Me comes out in accordance with fact, when
dam det warar: while this lasts. Tyg put to the proof. Thus verity may be
som warar lange: stuff that lasts long, regarded as the capacity of a thing for
that wears well. Den klädningen har wear. OHG. uwar, veritas, fides; 2e uttare,
warat twa somrar: that coat has lasted, certé; gawāri, probitas; ungawār, im
has worn two summers. OHG. weren, probus ; warit, kewarit, piuuarit, probat.
manere, subsistere, durare; durah weren, —Graff.
permanere; werig, wirig, perpetuus, per 2. To wear clothes. The expression of
manens ; unwerig, caducus.-Graff. To a garment wearing well, or being worn
wear out is to endure to the end of its out, seems so closely connected with that
existence, to come to an end, correspond of wearing clothes, that we are at first
ing to G. verwesen, to moulder away, to inclined to identify the verb in the two
decay. To wear off, to go off by lasting, cases and to explain the sense of wearing
to go gradually off. When we look to clothes as remaining or being in them, in
the verb to last we see that the idea of accordance with ON. at vera ſ skyrtu, 1
continuance or endurance springs from brókum : to be in a shirt, in breeches, to
the sense of performing or fulfilling its pro wear them; or as we say, he was in his
per end. To last is the equivalent of G. shirt sleeves, in his best clothes. Sanscr.
Zeisten, to comply with one's duty, to per was, to dwell, to wear clothes.
form what one is required, to fulfil.- But further examination tends to show
Küttn. ‘Thei ben }. and traiterous that although the ultimate origin is pro
and lasten nogt that thei bihoten.”—Sir bably the same in wear, to last, and wear,
Jno. Mandeville. The same sequence is to bear clothes, yet the two senses are
shown in E. wear, to endure, compared not immediately connected. The line of
with ohG. weren, gawerén, gawerón, thought seems to be, to look out, take
facere, praestare, servare, to keep, fulfil, heed, beware, guard against, protect,
perform. Uuereton iro gedingung, ser cover, clothe. Sich vor der Æalte, der
vaverunt pactum ; uſueret sermones dei, Aitze bewahren, to guard against cold or
he observes the commandments of God; heat; verwahren, to preserve. ON. verſa,
legem uweren, to keep the law.—Graff. AS. werjan, to defend, protect, cover.
The word keep itself is used in both senses, Hraºgle hine mid to werianne : clothing
to observe or fulfil, and also to last. To to cover himself withal. OHG. warfan,
Æeep quiet is to remain quiet, and the werjan, defendere, prohibere, tegere, ves
word is provincially used for reside or tire.—Graff.
dwell. A Cambridge student would ask, Mit uuatier thih io waterie
Where do you keep 2 But words signify Joh emmizigen nerie:
ing keep, guard, take care of, almost Amictu ipse te defendet, et perpetuo alet.
Otfr. II. 22.47.
always derive their significance from the
figure of looking, as Lat. servare signifies Then elliptically, to wear clothes, to cover
in the first instance to look, then to keep (oneself with) clothes. AS. he moste
or guard, while the derivative observe sig wapen werian, he must wear weapons,
nifies to perform or fulfil. must guard (himself with) weapons. OHG.
The sense of a sharp look out is pre gauueridont Christan, induerunt Chris
dominant in E. ware, beware, while G. tum ; peinuueri, periscelides, leg-clothing.
bewahren signifies to keep or fulfil. ‘Das 3. To wear ship, to turn the ship before
gerechte volk, das den Glauben bewah the wind; properly to veer ship : Fr.
 WEAR WEDGE 721

zircraent arrière, It. virare in poppa a certain condition, from Goth. vidan or
Roding. witham, to bind, gavidan, to bind together,
Wear.—Weir. From G. wehren, Du. to join ; OHG. wefan, gewetan, zisamana
weren, to ward off, prevent, forbid, defend giveſan, to bind together. Goth. gaviss,
(see Wear, 2.), are G. wehr, Du. weer, a fastening or joint; diswiss, a loosing.
sepimentum, defensio, munitio, agger; G. To Wed. Properly to engage or pledge
wehr, a dam, dyke, causey. Dent strom oneself, to betroth; then passing on to
durch ein wehr auſhaſten : to stop the signify the marriage which is the conclu
current by a dyke or wear. Wehrdam, sion of the engagement. Goth. vadi, a
a wear or weir on a river. Miihl-wehr, a wed or pledge ; gavadjon, AS. weddian,
mill-dam ; seewehr, a mole or pier; fisch to engage, to promise. Him weddedon
wehr, a fish-pond; Pl.D. ware, a dam /coh to sy//enne : they engaged to give
across a stream to set nets in for catch him money. Giſhwa ordales weddige: if
ing eels, &c.; a crib to defend the banks any one undertakes an ordeal. Weddige
of a river or a sea-dyke. AS. war, wer, se bridguma : let the bridegroom promise.
sepimentum, retinaculum ; a dam for Then in the special sense of marriage
fish, fish-pond. Wayre, where water is engagement. Weddian heara magan to
holde, gort.—Palsgr. wiſe: to betroth their relation, to promise
In the sense of a fish-pond the word her in marriage. Weddian was after
may be confounded with OE. wayowre, wards, as in E., used for marriage, but the
stondinge water, piscina (Pr. Pm.); Suf proper term for the latter was awnian,
folk waver, Du, wouwer, 7./wer, G. wei and the two are contrasted together in
Aer, OHG. wizwari, M.H.G. wiver, wier, a Sax. Chron., p. 314. 37.-Cockayne, in
pond for fish, from Lat. vivarium. Gloss, to St Marherite. Flem. wedden,
Weary. As werig, weary; G. wahren, spondere, polliceri, fidejubere.—Kil.
to endure; langwierig, lingering, tedious; In like manner from Lat. spondere, to
Da. ware, to endure; lang warg, pro engage, are formed sponsus, sponsa, an
tracted, lingering. The extremity of weart engaged person, a bridegroom or bride,
mess is when we are quite worn out with and thence Fr. four, ſpouse, a husband
labour. or wife. The comparison of the corre
Weasand. AS. warsend; OFris. was sponding forms in Welsh would lead to a
ende, the windpipe; Bav. waſ sel, wage/, different view of the immediate origin of
wäsſing, Suffolk wezzen, the gullet, throat. the expression, although we are ultimate
Probably from ON. Avarsa, Da. hwæse, ly brought to the same point in both
to wheeze, to make a sound in breathing ; cases. W. gºwedd is a yoke or pair, a
E. dial. gueggen, to choke. The same team of horses ; gºveda'awg, yoked, cou
relation holds good between ON. guerk, pled, wedded; newydd weddawg, newly
the throat, and E. wherk, to breathe with married ; dyweddio, to yoke or couple
difficulty, to make a noise in breathing; together, to join in marriage, to espouse ;
wherken, Da. Avarke, to choke. dyweddi, espousal, betrothal. The point
Weasel. G. ºviesel. of connection between the two lines of
Weather. Du. weder, G. weſter, ON. thought is that w. gwedd as well as Goth.
zedr, weather, wind, storm. Pol, wiatr,
wadi, a wed or pledge, seems to be de
wind; wide, G. wehem, to blow. Bohem.
rived from the root shown in Goth. vidan,
gavidan, to bind together. OHG. Aizce
zºſtr, gen. wetru, wind; wati, w/ti, to fan, conjunctus; 2esamanagiwatan, so
blow.
ciarunt ; Ætwet, a yoke or pair of oxen;
To Weave. —Web. Sanscr. vap, MHG. geweſe, companion; Swiss, Bav.
weave ; ON. veſa, Da. vazre, Du. we'ven, an-, ein-wet/em, to yoke together. Goth.
G. weben, to weave; gewebe, Du. webbe, Thatei nu Guth gavath: what God hath
ON. veſr, what is woven, a web. G. weben joined together—let not man put asunder.
is also to move to and fro, to stir. / effen —Mark Io. 9.
und weben, to have life and motion. Bav. By a curious coincidence we have also
wabern, to be in movement, to wander to Esthon. weddama, to lead; Lith. wedu,
and fro; wabern, wadeln, to bustle about; zvesti, to lead, to lead a bride home, to
waihen, waibe/n, to stagger, totter. The marry, to be compared with Lat. ducereux
radical image is the reciprocating motion orem. Wedes, wedded, married; wedlys,
of the shuttle in weaving. See Wave, the bridegroom ; wese/e, a wedding ; Let.
Waver, Wabble. weddamta meita, a marriageable daughter,
Wed. Goth. vadi, ohG. wetti, As. Wedge. Du. wegghe, wigghe, G. week,
wedd, a pledge, what binds us to perform a wedge, oblong mass.
46
722 WEDNESDAY WEIRD

Wednesday. AS. wodensdag, Wo “Alles wiłłelt, kribbelt, sich beweget.”

den's day. ‘Das wiffende, wabende wasser.’–San
Weed. Du. wieden, to cleanse, espe º Pl.D. wibelsteerten, to wag the
cially of noxious herbs, to weed. Thence tail.
wiede, a weed, the noxious herbs that are The Latin name of the insect, curculio,
pulled up and cast out from among the seems to have been formed on exactly the
cultivated crops. Fr. vuider, to void, same principle. It may be explained
purge, cleanse. See Void. from It. gorgogliare, to gurgle, to boil,
Weeds. As. ward, clothing, garment. and then (from a comparison of the per
Jī (ist and warda, food and garments. petual movement of swarming insects to
OHG. wait, gawai'i, clothing, garment ; the agitation of boiling water), ‘to breed
Aaruwä/, mourning ; linwāt, linen or become vermine, wormlets, or such
clothes; G. wand, gewand, cloth, woven creepers or weevils as breed in pulse or
materials; leinwand, linen. Fin. waatet, corn.”—Fl. See Wabble. Russ. wryati,
cloth, clothes, garment. to boil, also to swarm, to crawl. Grisons
Week. As weace, ON. vika, G. worhe. &ug/ir, to boil, to swarm.
To Ween. Goth. vens, expectation, To Weigh.-Weight. The act of
hope; venjan, to expect ; gavenyant, to weighing takes its name from the wag
suppose, to think ; ON. van, von, varni, ging movement of the beam, one scale
expectation, hope ; vainta, våna, to hope. going up as the other goes down. Bav.
Du. warm, opinion; warnen, to think, to wagan, wagen, to rock, shake, move ;
ween.—Kil. G. waſhmen, to imagine, wagent, a cradle ; wſig, a balance ;
suppose, think. Sc. will of wane, at a gewög, a lever; wegen, to prise a thing
loss for counsel. up ; G. wiegen, to rock, to move to and
To Weep. Goth. vo/jan, to call, to fro; also (as wagen) to weigh ; bewegen,
cry ; OHG. wuofan, M.H.G. wuofen, waſºn, to move ; wage, a balance. Du. wagge
to make an outcry, to lament, weep ; 1en, waggelen, to waggle, vacillate ;
wuoſ, wuoſº, AS. wop, hºweep, outcry, waggen, to sway up and down, to vacil
lamentation. ON &p, outcry. From AS. late; to move ; wage, a balance.—Kil.
wop is formed wepam, properly to lament, ON. vagga, to rock; vega, to lift ; vaig, a
to wail, then to weep or shed tears, as balance; vagi, weight; vagr, heavy.
from ON. 6% comes apa, to shout, to cry. As. we gan, to lift, to weigh. In the ex
The syllable whoop is used to represent pression of weighing anchor the word is
a shrill sound in whooping cough, and as still used in the sense of lifting up. Boh.
a verb signifies to shout. War whoop, waha, a balance, the swipe of a well.
oN. heróp, the battle-cry, shout of attack. Russ. waga, a balance; waſ it’, to have
Lith. vapiti, Russ. vopit', to make an weight, to weigh.
outcry, to weep ; vop/, lamentation, cry. The same connection between the
In Gr. 5, Öröc, the sense of shouting terms for weighing and for wagging up
is softened down to the signification of and down is seen in Let, swärt (wippen,
the ordinary voice or a separate utterance, wägen), to seesaw, to weigh ; swirris,
a word ; and by a similar change in the swipe of a well ; swars, weight ; swarra
radical vowel to that shown in ON. 6p, tilts, a drawbridge; swarrigs, weighty,
apa, E. whoop, weep, we have iro (pre heavy. Lith. swirti, swyroti, to waver,
served in the aorist introv), to say ; tıroc, a sway, swing ; swerti, to weigh ; swarus
word. The same train of thought is seen (showing the origin of G. schwer), heavy ;
in Lat. vor, vocis (equivalent to Gr. ÖV, swartis, scales, balance ; swirtis, scale,
&Tóc), the voice, from voca, to call, where beam of balance, swipe of well. Du.
the guttural c takes the place of the p in swieren, vibrare, vagari, gyrare.
the other languages. Sanscr. Zach, speak. Weird. As. wyrd, gewyrd, fate, for
Weevil. The worm that breeds in tune, destiny, from Goth. vairthan, AS.
corn. AS. wibba, a worm ; wibil, wiſel, weortham, G. werden, to come to pass, to
G. wiebel, Du. we'vel, a weevil; Lith. become, to be.
wabalas, a beetle. To weird was then elliptically used in
The name is taken from the multi the sense of destine, appoint as one's fate,
farious movement of a swarm of small or announce as one's fate, predict.
animals. G. weben, to stir about, to And what the doom sae dire, that thou
swarm with ; webeln, to wag, stir, bustle. Dost weird to mine or me 2
—Küttn. Bav. wibeln, wubeln, wiłbeln, Jam. Pop. Ballads.
wimmeln, to move about, to swarm ; Altho' his mither in her weirds
wibeſig, stirring, sprawling, crawling. Foretald his death at Troy–
 WELD WERE 723

Hence Shakespeare in Macbeth calls the Welt. W. givald, a hem; gwaldesgid,

witches the weird-sisters, and latterly the welt of a shoe. “The weſt of a gar
weird has come to be used in our liter ment, ord, bord, bordure d'un vestement.”
ature in the sense of something belong –Cot. Gael. balſ, ballan, border, belt.
ing to the world of witches, supernatural, welt of a shoe.
unearthly. In the same way the analogous To Welter. As warſtan, Pl.D. zvä/-
conception expressed by Fr. ſerie, magic, term, weſtern, woltern, Sw. waiſta, wiltra,
and E. fairy, takes that designation from G. wailzen, to roll, wallow, welter; sich in
Lat. ſatum. seinem blute walzen, to wallow or welter
To Weld. Sw, wit//a, G. wellen, to in one's blood. Fr. vaufrer, to wallow
join two pieces of iron at a heat just short like a sow in the mire. Lat. volutare, to
of melting. From G. waſ/en, Du. wellen, roll. See Wallow.
AS. weallan, to boil; weaſlende /yr, fer Wem. AS. warm, wom, a spot, stain,
vens ignis. In Scotland coals are said to blemish, crime, sin, evil. ON. vömm,
wall when they cake together in burning. shame, dishonour, vice. Fin. wanma, a
The process of welding iron is named, in fault, blemish, wound, swelling, boil;
many languages, from the word for boil wammata, to hurt, to wound.
ing. Illyrian variti, to boil, to weld iron ; Wen. AS. wenn, a swelling, a wart.
Let. warff, to boil; sawdrif, to weld; Perhaps a corruption of wem.
Magy. ſorrmi, to boil; ſorrasſeni, to Wench. A depreciatory or familiar
solder, to weld ; Turk. Áay/tamak, to term for a young woman. The parallel
boil, to weld ; Grisons blºg/ir, to boil, to form in Germany is mensch, minsch,
solder metals. minsk, answering to Goth. mannisk, OHG.
To Welk-Welewe. G. welken, Du. memnisc, a derivative from mann. Swab.
welcken, verwelcken, to fade, wither, de mensch, a girl, a mistress, a woman of the
cay, dry. Properly to lose colour. lower orders; vermenschern, to wench.
For which full pale and weléid is my face. Westerw. mensch, a prostitute; Pl.D.
Pardoner's T. minsk, contemptuously, a woman ; sich
The which was whilome grene gras, &eminsken, to take a wife. The inter
Is welewid hay, as time now is. change of w and me is doubtless unusual,
Gower in Hal.
but wir in some parts of Germany be
w. gºve/w, pale. AS. ſeaſo, ſeaſive, fallow, comes muer, mur.
yellow ; ſeaſºviant, to grow yellow ; weal On the other hand wennik is used in
wian, to dry up. Esthon. waſ g, white ; G. as a depreciatory term for a woman ;
walkia, whitish. Fin. walkia, white ; schäſ-wennić, a slattern, untidy wench.
walawa, whitish ; walastaa, to become Wennić, wenné, a woman's garment.—
pale or whitish ; halewa, pale ; halistua, Brem. Wtb.
to become whitish, to fade. To Wend.—Went. To go. As wen
Welkin. AS. wolcen, G. wolke, cloud; dan, to turn, turn his steps, go. Of
wolken himmel, the clouds of heaven, the Ledene on Englisc wende: turns from
welkin, sky. Latin into English. Wende hine thanon:
Perhaps wolke may be from the woolly turned him thence. Wendan hider and
(G. wolle, wool) aspect of the clouds, thider: to go to and fro. In the same
analogous to Fin. Wiemen, wool, lieminka, way, to return is to go back, and in OE.
down, wool, and thence a thin cloud ; to bow, i. e. to bend, meaning to bend his
1iemettād, to cover with wool, to become steps, was much used in the sense of go.
clouded over. The fleecy cloud's is an See Bow, ON. venda, G. wenden, to turn.
habitual metaphor, which we also find in Venda vegi sinum: to turn his course.
Virgil. Bav. winden, to turn, to go in a certain
Tenuia nec lande per coelum vellera ferri. direction. ‘Thie /iuti wuntun heim : ’
Well. Goth. vaila, well, better; OHG. the people went home.—Otfr.
wala, wola, welo, G. wohl, well. W. Were.—Weregild. In the Old Ger
.gwell, better. Lap, waljo, good ; walſo man laws the death of a man was gener
d/ma, a thorough good man; waljet, ON. ally compounded for by the payment of a
ve/ja, to take what is good, to choose. sum of money to the relations of the mur
To Well.—Well. As weallan, ON. dered man. This was called his were or
vella, Du. wellen, G. wallen, to boil, were gild, OHG. werigelt, OFris. wergeld,
bubble up, spring. AS. wylle, ODu. welle, werieſd, AS. wera, wer, were geld. Gildan
walle, a spring, a well, spring water. G. were, to pay were. To eacan tham riht
7ue/len, to spring ; gue/ſe, a spring of were : in addition to his right weregild.
Water. OSax, were, weregheld, luitio, pretium
46 +
724 WEREWOLF WHELK

redemptionis.-Kil. The word is com Grose. A strap is a slice or separate

monly explained from AS. wer, Lat. vir, portion of leather.
man, in accordance with ON. manngjöld, It is probable that As. thwang has the
manmöof, Da. mandebod, composition or same origin, as we find thwack answer
fine paid for the death of a man. And ing to whack, as thwang to whang. So
doubtless the term was early understood also we have the synonyms whart and
in this sense : ‘weergelt, dat is manne thwart, whittle and thwittle.
gelſ.” — Richthofen. It is remarkable Wharf. The G. werſen, to cast (auf
however that in all the Finnic languages werſen, to cast up), is doubtless the origin
were signifies blood, which would give a of Pl.D. warſ, a mound of earth on which
much more lively expression of the idea. houses are placed for protection against
Lap. warr, Esthon. werre, Fin. weri, inundation, or a raised place by the
Magy. wer, blood; verdij, Esthon. werre waterside were ships are built and re
hind (hind, price, cost, value), G. bluſgelt, paired ; also a wharf or shore secured
the price of blood, money paid in satis with timber.—Brem. Wtb. Du. werſ, a
faction of blood. Turk. Aam, blood; kam raised place on which a house is built;
pahassi, money paid to the heir of a slain scheepswerſ, timmerwerſ, Sw, skepphzarſ,
man by the homicide. a dockyard, shipyard.—Bomhoff. Hol
Schmeller's explanation is less pro stein warſ, worſ, warve, werſ, a raised
bable, from weren, geweren, to pay or mound on which a house stands.--
discharge an obligation. Abraham says Schütze. E. Fris. warſ, werſ, raised
to Isaac, ‘Du must das opfer seyn, wir ground on which a house, church, or
müssen den Herren geweren.’ Werung, windmill is placed.—Wiarda.
werschaft, payment, satisfaction. Wheal. See Wale.
Werewolf. The temporary trans Wheat. As. hwete, Goth. hºwaitei.
formation of men into wolves was a very The name is conjectured to be derived
general superstition, giving rise to Gr. from Goth. hweits, white.
Avráv6pwrog, wolfman. The correspond Wheatear. A bird with a white rump,
ing term in AS. was werwolf, from wer, formerly called whittail, from whence
Hence Mid. wheatear appears to be corrupted. Fr.
Goth. vair, Lat. vir, man.
Lat. geru///ius, OFr. garwal, garol, #/anculet, a whittail, or bird of her big
garou. ‘Vidimus enim frequenter in ness that is very fat and good eating.—
Anglià per lunationes homines in lupos Cot.
mutari ; quod hominum genus Gerulphos To Wheedle. To persuade by coax
Galli nominant, Angli vero Werewulf ing or flattery. From G. wedeln, to wag
dicunt. Were enim Anglicé virum sonat; the tail. In Fab. et Contes, III. 58, the
wit/ſ, lupum.’—Gervas. Tileber. in Duc. dog says
Bisclaveret ad nun en Bretan,
{.orvois après et si coueſe
avoir auctine chosete.
Garwall l'apelent li Norman.
Coueter, to wag the tail. -

The intrinsic meaning of the word being Da. logre, to wag the tail, to flatter,
now obscured to a French ear, the term wheedle; ON. ſtadra, to wag the tail,
for wolf was again prefixed in an intel blanditiis fallere, to wheedle.
ligible form : loup-garou, a werewolf. Wheel. AS. hwe.ol, ON. h761, hºwel,
West. It is remarkable that both East anything circular, a wheel. W. chzwyl, a
and West admit of explanation from the turn, a course; chºwylfa, an orbit. Du.
Finnish languages. Esthon. wessi, water; wiel, a wheel, a whirlpool, the whorl of a
wessi kaar (the wet quarter), the West; spindle; wie/brood, a twist, bread twisted
wess: fun! (the wet wind), the N.W. wind. in a spiral form. Lanc. wheel, wheelpit,
Wet. See Water. a whirlpool.
Whale. As hwal, G. wall/isch. Gr. To Wheeze. As. hwe.osan, to breathe
ºãAm, páXaiva, Lat. balana. with difficulty, to breathe audibly. ON.
Whang. A blow or bang, to beat, to hzaºsa, Da. hwæse, to wheeze, to hiss.
throw or bang down with violence.—Mrs Yorksh. whazle, to wheeze. Bret. c'houega,
Baker. From the notion of flinging vio to breathe, blow, puff, swell.
lently down comes the sense of something Whelk. 1. As. wedluc, weelc, a welk,
large, a large separate piece, a whacking wilk, shellfish.
piece, a , thumper. Whang, anything 2. A whelk is also a blow, a fall, and
large, a thong–Hal. ; whang, quhayng, thence a mark, stripe, pimple. Whelker,
a thick slice, a whang of cheese.—jam. a thump or blow ; whelking, very large.
A guhank, a great slice of cheese.-Gl. —Hal. A modification of the word
 WHELM WHILE 725

whack, representing the sound of a blow. Wherret. I. A box on the ear; some
Whacking, thumping, bouncing, strap thing to make the ear whirr.
ping, are analogous expressions, convey 2. To wherreſ, to harass, to tease. Per
ing the sense of magnitude. haps like wharfle, whartw/tartle, to
To Whelm.—Whelve. To whelm or cross, to tease (Hal), a development of
whemöle, to cover a thing by turning some E. dial. whart, thwart, cross. Over
vessel over it. “Whelm that dish over whart, overthwart, across.-Forby. Wart,
them currants.’—Mrs Baker. To whawm, to overturn, to plow land across.-Hal.
to overwhelm.—Hal. To Whet. ON. Avass, hºafr, Ober D.
To wabble, and with the nasal, wanble, wass, wets, sharp ; ON, hºwetja, G. wetzen,
is to move to and fro, up and down, to Du. weſten, to whet, to sharpen. OHG.
roll about; Sc. whammle, to turn round. was so sehan, to look sharp ; wassida,
Wi' her tail in her teeth she 7that mºmeled it roun sharpness, edge.
Till a braid star drapt frae the liſt aboon. Whether. Goth. hwathar, As. hwæther,
which of two, from hºva, which, who.
Du. weme/em, to palpitate, whirl, turn * Whey. AS. hwæg, Du. wey. The
round.—Kil. Sc. womel, whilmmil, Netherlandish forms waddić, wadeke,
NE. whemmle, to turn upside down. waſtke, wa&#e, wake, waſe, G. dial.
And schyll Triton with his wyndy horne
Over whemlyt all the flowand ocean.
was sich, wess.g., point to a derivation
Bellenden in Jam. from Goth. vaſo, water, as signifying
the watery part of milk.
The change from whemmle to whelm is Which. Goth. hwiſeiks, what-like; as
an instance of an inversion that is very fre such from sve/eiks, so-like. OFris. hweſić,
quent in imitative forms. Thus we have Aulk, hºwek, huk, hoek, which.
G. schwaffe/n, parallel with Swiss schwal Whiff. A breath of air, a word like
Żen, to splash ; and E. wabò/e is synon Auff, huff, ſuff, formed in imitation of the
ymous with wallop; pot wobbler and Aot sound of blowing. W. chwaff, a quick
wal/offer are used indifferently. gust; chºviſio, to puff, whiff, hiss; charyth,
Again the same kind of inversion leads a puff, blast, breath. See Waft.
from our original waſ ble to OHG. walòon, To Whiffle. Properly to blow in
to roll, to turn round ; whence varwalb whiffs, to blow unsteadily, to veer about,
nussi, subversion, turning upside down ; to trifle. ‘Two days before this storm
sin welöe, spherical, round ; AS. h.wealſ, began the wind whiffled about to the
convex ; Da. hwælve, to arch, vault, turn south, and back again to the east, and
bottom upwards; Sw. hwdlfwa, to roll, blew very faintly.”—Dampier in R. ‘Ver
turn, change, vault; ON. hºwelſa, hwalſa, satile whifflings and dodgings.”—Barrow.
to turn over, to vault. In Staffordshire Du. wey/elen fluctuare, inconstantem
to wharve is to turn a vessel upside esse, omni vento versari; weye/er homo
down in order to cover something. To inconstans, versatilis, levis. – K. NE.
whave, to cover or hang over.—Hal. whiffle-whaffle, nonsense.—Hal.
Whelp. ON. hºwe/pr, OHG. h.welſ, MHG. * Whiffler. An officer who heads a
welſ, the young of dogs, lions, bears, &c. procession and clears the way for it.
Welſen, to bear young.
Weckerlein ist auf das bett gesprungen, Which like a mighty whiffer fore the King
Hat darauf gewa!/?seine jungen. Seems to prepare his way.—Hen. V.
Hans Sachs in Schm.
The whifflers in the civic processions
Perhaps the noun may be from the verb, at Norwich carry swords which they
and not vice verså. G. werſen, to cast, is brandish as if for clearing the way. The
used in the special sense of casting name may thus be derived from waving
young. Die hundinn hat gewonſen, sie or brandishing.
hat sechs junge geworſen : the bitch Whig. 1. A drink prepared from fer
has whelped. — Küttn. To warp in mented whey. W. chºwºg, fermented, sour;
the S. of England is to cast a foal ; in whey fermented with sweet herbs. –
N.E. to warf, eggs, to lay eggs. The Spurrell.
same interchange of r and / is seen in the 2. A bun. Bav. wegg, wegº, weck, a
parallel forms of AS. hwearſian and hweal wedge, a wedge of butter or of dough, a
Jian, to turn. roll. Du. wegghe, wigghe, a wedge,
Wherkened. Choked. To wherk, to thence a mass, an oblong cake of bread
breathe with difficulty, properly to make or of butter. —Kil.
a noise in breathing. ON. Averk, throat; While. Goth. Aveila, hour, time;
Da. AEvacrée, to choke. Avei'an, to rest, to cease; gahweiſans,
726 WHILOM WHINGE

repose, rest. ON. Avila, to rest; Avila, move round quickly; Du. wemelen, to
w. gºvely, a bed. OFris, hºiſa, to remain, palpitate, twinkle, whirl, turn.—Kil.
delay. As. on dºges hºiſe, in a day's Whim. 2.-Whimsey. Whim, a mag
space; tha hºwile, the while, so long as. goty fancy or conceit, a freakish humour.
Du. wille, a moment, space of time, —B. Properly an impulse proceeding
leisure, vacant time. Lett. walla, leisure, from some internal buzzing or stirring in
space of time, respite, permission. Wal the brain that absorbs the attention of the
Zas deema, a vacant day; wallas sings, agent and renders him deaf to rational
an unoccupied or resting horse; man inducements. G. wimmen, wimmeln, to
mawa wal/as, I have no time. Lith. stir; OSw. hwimla, to wriggle, stir, or
walanda, a while, an hour, time. crawl; thef hwimlar i huſwudet, my
It would seem from the foregoing that head is dizzy, I have a buzzing in my
the sense of a space of time springs from brain ; hºwimska, folly. Da. dial. hwimle,
the notion of repose or rest, but a differ to have a swimming in the head ; hºwim
ent origin is suggested by W. chºvy/, a me/hovedet, hwims, giddy, dizzy. Swiss
turn, a course, an event, a while, and as wimselm, to be in a state of multitudin
an adverb, while, as long as. Chºy//a, ous movement; wimse/simmig, crack
an orbit; chºwyſo, to turn, revolve, run a brained, whimsical. Da. vimse, to skip
course. Boh. chwile, time, leisure; Pol. to and fro. ON. hwim, a light movement.
chwila, a moment, time. ‘Gad, my head begins to whim it about—why
Whilom. AS. hwilon, hwilum, some dost thou not speak 2 thou art both as drunk and
time, for a time. Du. wift/en, wiy/ent, G. as mute as a fish.'—Congreve in R.
zweiland, formerly, sometime. But I forget my business. I thank ye, Monsieurs,
Whim. 1.-Whims. –Wim.—Wim I have a thousand whimseys in my brain now.
B & F. in R.
ble. Whim, wim, a drum or capstan
drawn by horses for winding ore out of a To Whimper. G. wimmern, Bav.
mine ; whims, a windlas; wimble, an wimszeln, to cry in a subdued way. E.
auger. A windlas or capstan and an dial. wifping, the chirping of birds, weep
auger are all implements that produce ing, crying.—Hal. Fin. wifuli, crying,
their effect by turning round. Bav. wim weeping.
men, ºwimmeln, wansgeln, wimszeln, A high-pitched cry is represented by
wumszeln, to stir, to be in multifarious the syllables cheep, feeſ, weep. The lap
movement. Du. wemelen, to palpitate wing is called weef, from its plaintive cry.
vibrate, be in quick and light movement, Sc. wheep, to squeak, to give a sharp
to drive round, turn round, thence to whistle; to wheepſe, to whistle in an in
bore with an auger; weme, a wimble or efficient manner. Da, dial. hweppe, hºwup
auger. Parallel forms are Fr. gimbelet, pe, ºppe, to yelp; hºippe, to chirp.
Langued. jhimóelet, a gimlet ; //timbla, Whin. Properly waste growth, weeds,
to twist. but now appropriated to gorse or furze.
The syllables whip, guif, swift re Whinnes or hethe, bruyère. — Palsgr.
present a smart stroke, a light quick turn Bret. chouenna, to hoe, to weed. W.
or movement. Thus we have Da. vippe, chwymo, to weed; chºvyn, weeds.
to seesaw, rock, tilt up ; Du. wiffen, to To Whine. Goth. Quainon, on. Kveina,
skip, to twinkle, totter, kick suddenly up ; Áveinka, to weep, lament; Bav. Quentern,
wip, a swing, a lift, a trice, the swipe of quenken, Quenkeln, to whimper; Da.
a well ; E. whip, to strike with a rod, to hvine, to whistle as the wind ; G. weinen,
do anything with a quick and nimble Du. weemen, to weep, to cry; Sc. hume, to
movement, to draw up by means of a emit a querulous sound, as children in ill
pulley; w, chºvić, a quick turn ; chvi humour. W. cwyno, to complain, bewail.
fyn, a sudden turn, an instant; chºwipio, Fin. winistd, to whistle as the wind;
to whip, to move briskly. Then with a wimkua, to whimper; Esthon. winguma,
nasalisation of the root, G. wimpern, Du. wingma, to whimper, whine, creak.
wimpoogen, to wink or blink the eyes; G. To Whinge.—Whiniard. Whinge,
augenwim/er, the eyelid; W. chwimp, to whine, to sob-Hal. A whinging
ch:vim?ym, a quick turn. The final mute blow, a sounding blow. Hence a whim
is then lost, leaving an m as the represent ger, a weapon, something large and
ative of the original p. Thus we arrive strong. “I have heard it in Suffolk,” says
at ON. hwim, a quick movement; at hºvima Moor, “as well in the sense given [a
arºgenom, to move the eyes about; Da. weapon] as of other large strong things, a
zºmise, to skip to and fro; w. Chwim, girl particularly—and swinger, also.' To
motion, impulse ; chºcºmfo, chºimſo, to swinge, to beat ; swinging, great, tre
 WHINNY WHISK 727

mendous, as a swinging lie, a swinging as bees : bombizo—Pr. Prm. I hurle,

frost. Swinger, anything large and I make a noise as the wind doth : Je bruis.
heavy. –Palsgr. Sw, hurra, to whirl; surra, to
From whinger in the sense of a sword, hum, buzz, whizz ; swirra, to whistle;
when the radical sense was forgotten, Da, hurre, surre, to buzz, hum ; svire, to
were probably developed both hanger whirl; Da. dial. hwirrelsyg, giddy, dizzy;
and whiniard. Avirreſtrind, completely round; hºirre/-
Whinny.—Whinner. To neigh. Lat. wind, a whirlwind. Fris. harre, herre,
Ainmire. Aorre, to turn about ; Da. dial. hwerre, to
To Whip. A light, quick movement turn, to change; Pl.D. h.werresteen, a
is widely represented by the syllables grindstone. E. dial. swir, to whirl about;
whip, wip, swip, as a heavier blow, by swirl, a whirling motion. Fr. virer, to
the force of the broad vowel in whap, turn round ; Rouchi virler, to roll.
swap. To whip is to do anything by a Esthon. wirroma, Pol. wirować, to whirl;
rapid swing of the arm or any quick, wir, a whirlpool, eddy. W. chºvyrnu, to
short movement, and the term is thence whizz, to snore, to snarl, to move with
applied to reciprocating or circular move rapidity; chwyrmell, a whirl, a whirligig.
ment. Du. wippen, to dangle, swing, skip, Astherepresentativesyllable is strength
do anything in a hurry, seesaw ; to ened by a final n in w. chºwyrm, it takes
twinkle, to flog—Kil. ; wift, a trice, a a final labial in Sw. hwieſia, to beat a roll
moment; wippe, a whip, the swipe of a on the drum, to whirl; hºwir/wel, a roll
well; wiństeert, a wagtail; wiſplank, a on the drum, a whirlwind, whirlpool; Du.
seesaw ; wipbrug, a draw-bridge ; Sw. werwel, worwel, G. wiròe/, vertex, vortex,
wippäärra, a tumbrel; Da. viffe, to gyrus, turbo, repagulum (Kil.), what turns
seesaw, bob, rock, wag. Pl.D. wippen, to and fro, or turns round; werve/en, to
wuppen, to move up and down; wippe, whirl. In Lat. vertere, to turn, the root
any contrivance for letting up and down, takes a final t.
a crane, a tumbrel ; wuppeln, wiiffern, Whisk.-Whisp. The syllable whisk
wippern, to set a swinging; wipsy quick! or whisp, like G. waſ sch / witsch A
oN. hwipp, a quick movement. Da, dial. wutsch / wisch / husch / ritsch / (San
hvibber, quick ; Aviðre, to turn to and ders), represents the sound of a light or
fro, to whip a child. Fin. wifferó, quick; fine body moving rapidly through the air.
wippota, to whirl round; wipu, a crane. Witsch / fiel es mir aus den händen :
w. chºwip, a quick flirt or turn; quick, Wutsch / waren sie fort. Hence witschen,
instantly ; chºwipio, to whip, to move wischen, and E., whisk, to do anything
briskly; chºwińyn, an instant. Gael. with a light quick movement. Wischen,
cuip, a whip or lash, a trick. davon wischen, to slip, to whisk away;
Then with an initial sibilant, ON. swifa, wischen, to whisk or wipe ; wisch, a
to whip, move quickly, do anything bunch of something for whisking or wip
rapidly; to waver; swiftall, unsteady, ing. Sw, wiska, to whisk, wipe, dust, to
movable ; svipan, swipr, a rapid move wag the tail; wiska, a duster, a whisk, a
ment, an instant ; stºpſa, to whip out or wisp of straw. Fin. huiska, a whisk,
in, to snatch ; Da. dial. swiffe, to move duster; huiskafa, to run to and fro;
hastily ; svip, an instant, a moment ; E. huiskuttaa, to vibrate, to shake as a dog
dial. swipper, nimble, quick ; swift/o, his tail, to sprinkle water.
supple; swife, the handle of a pump, the The equivalence of the sounds whisk
lever by which a bucket is let up and and whis/ in representing sounds made
down into a well.
To Whir. —Whur.—Whirl.—Whorl. by the motion of the air is shown by E.
whisper, compared with ON. hwiskra, Sw.
The syllables whirr, whitr, hurr, swir, ſhwiska, to whisper. The radical syllable
are used to represent a humming noise, represents the sound of switching through
as of a wheel in rapid movement, the ris the air in Du. wispelen, AEwispelen, to
ing of partridges or pheasants in the air, swish or switch, to scourge with rods, to
the snarling of a dog, &c. Then from wag the tail, to rub with a brush; Kwispel,
representing the sound the word is used a switch, a tuft, a tassel ; Sw, wis/a, to
to signify the motion by which the sound whip, to whip cream ; wisfaktig, incon
is produced ; whirling, turning rapidly stant : Swiss wispell, to move to and fro,
round. The final / only indicates con to be in constant
motion. G. w?/s /
tinuance or action without altering the interj. representing quick movement.
sense.
‘Wiſps / hat er 's weg.” Wipsen, to
We may cite OE. hurron or bombon whisk, slip away.
728 WHISKERS WHITSUNDAY

A whis/ or wisſ of straw is then a to mutter, to utter a slight sound, also to

parallel form with whisk, and signifies a stir, to make the least movement. The
handful of straw for whisking or wiping. representative syllable takes the form of
Whiskers. Bushy tufts of hair on the mick or kick in Du. noch micken noch
cheeks of a man. See Whisk. Kicken, not to utter a sound. Thence
Whiskey. Gael. uisge, water; wisge passing to the idea of movement it forms
&eatha (pronounced ushga-bhéa), usque Du. micken, to wink; Lat. micare, to
baugh, whiskey. vibrate, twinkle, glitter. The analogy is
Whisper. The sound made by a light then carried a step further, and the sense
movement of the air is represented by of a slight movement is made a stepping
various forms in which the sibilant is stone to the signification of a material
the principal element; G. ſlºpern, ſis/e/n, atom, a small bodily object. Hence Lat.
Zis/he/it, fisperm, zis/hern, to whisper. and It. mica, Sp. miga, Fr. mie, a crum,
* 14 is, wis, wis A wispelt immer hin und a little bit, and It. cica, Fr. chic, a little
machet kein wort.”—Schm. Bav. wis/c/n, bit, Sp. chico, small.
wisperm, to hiss, whistle, whisper; wis The use of the syllables mot or tot to
Žer/e, a light breath of air. represent the least sound is exemplified
Whist. The interjection commanding in E. mutter, to utter low broken sounds,
silence was written st/ by the Romans. and in the It. expression non fare me
In It. it is giffo Z; and fissi fissi / is used motto me tof/o, not to utter a syllable.
for the same purpose ; Fr. chut! G. st/ Hence Fr. mot, a word, a particle of
/list / &st / /s/ / /sch / /s/ speech, and (passing to the sense of bodily
The original intention of the utterance substance) E. mote, an atom or particle of
is to represent a slight sound, such as that body; Du. mot, dust, fragments; It.
of something stirring, or the breathing or motta, Fr. motte, a lump of earth.
whispering of some one approaching. In like manner from E. dial. whiffer, to
Something stirs Listen Be still. It. murmur, grumble, complain (Mrs Baker),
mon fare un zitto, not to make the slight whifterwhatter, to whisper (Hal), Sc.
est noise; non sen/irse ten zizio, not to whiffer, Quitter, to warble, chatter, and
hear a leaf stir. Pissi-pissi / hst hsht ! thence to vibrate or quiver as the tongue
of an adder, we pass to whitters, frag
still also a low whispering ; fissiſſissare,
to psh, to husht, also to buzz or whisper ments—Hal., to whitter, to fritter away.
very low. That Fr. chu! / represents a —Jam. Sup. Sw, dial. Quittra, a little
similar sound is shown by the verb chu bit, a small fragment of stone. Again, we
chotter, to whisper, to mutter. Sc. whish, have twiſter, to chirp, to giggle—Mrs
whush, a rushing or whizzing sound ; to Baker; twittle, twaffle, twit cum tºwat,
whish, to hush. AS. hwæstran, E. dial. chatter, idle talk—Hal. ; twiſ, the short
whister, to whisper. The game of whist intermittent chirp of a bird—Mrs Baker;
is so called from the silent attention to twitter, to tremble, to shiver; twitters,
which it requires. shivers, fragments.
Whistle. The sound made by the White. Goth. hweits, ON. hwitz, G.
rushing of air is represented by the sylla weiss, Sanscr. £7/ita.
bles whis, whisp, whisk, whist, &c. As. Whitlow. The true form of the word
/weosan, ON. hwæsa, Bret. choueza, to is probably preserved in NE, which flaw,
wheeze, breathe audibly, to blow, to hiss. a flaw or sore about the quick of the nail.
Sw. hwiss/a, to hiss, to whistle. See Whick, quick, alive; whit, quick—Hal.
Whist, Whisper. The intermediate form whifflaw is found
Whit. . A small part.—B. As wiſht, in Holland and Wiseman. “They cure
wuht, uht, a creature, animal, thing ; whifflawes, risings and partings of the
Goth. vačhá, a thing ; nivaiſit, ohG. mio. flesh and skin about the naile roots.”—
wi/t/, nought, nothing ; OHG. fowińſ, Holland, Pliny in R. “Paronychia—is a
MHG. icht, iht, ought; OHG. wiſhtir, ani small swelling about the nails and ends
mals. of the fingers— ; by the vulgar people
The use of whit in the sense of an atom amongst us it is generally called a whit
or least bit is in accordance with several flaw."—Wiseman. It is however called
other instances where words in the first blanc-dogt at Lille, Fr. doigt blanc, from
instance representing a slight sound are the white colour of the swelling.— Patois
applied to a slight movement, and then de Flandre Fr.
to a small bodily object. Thus from G. Whitsunday. Dominica in albis, so
muck, signifying in the first instance a called from the admission of the catechu
sound barely audible, is formed mucken, mens clothed in white robes to the sacra
 WHITTLE WICKET 729

ment of baptism on the eve of this festi as the names of the dog, bitch, vixen or
val.—Bailey. she-fox, hog, pig, mule, ass, are used to
. To Whittle.—White.—Thwite. NE. indicate varieties of human character.
to white or thwiſe, to cut away by bits. In like manner the name of whore may
“He has thwitten a mill-post to a pud perhaps be taken from the habits of do
ding-prick.’—Ray. “I thwyſe a stycke, mestic fowls, where one male frequents a
or I cutte lytell peces from a thynge.”— number of females. Pol. Æur, a cock ;
Palsgr. AS. sportas thwedtan, to cut chips. Áura, a hen; Kurwa, a prostitute ; Æur
To whittle is the frequentative form of estwo, fornication.
the foregoing, and is used in the same Whort.—Whortleberry. As heart
sense. ‘The Pierce administration, which berg (hart-berry), the bilberry. In the
came into power with a majority of eighty, South of E. they are called hurts.
has now been whiff/ed down to ten.”— Why. As. hwi, the instrumental case
Bartlett. To whittle sticks, to cut sticks of hwa, what. For hºwi, for what [reason].
for amusement. A saddle which pinches In the same way for thi signified for that
the shoulder whittles the skin; a shoe reason, on that account.
working against a stocking whit//es a hole Agayne hym thai ware all irows :
in it.—Mrs Baker. Whittle, thwittle, a Porthi thai set thane hym to ta
knife. The radical meaning of the word Intil Perth, or than hym sla.-Wyntown.
is to reduce a thing to whis or bits, to Nochſforthi, nevertheless.
fritter it away. Sc. whitter, to lessen by Wick. The analogy of ON. Kveikr,
taking away small portions.—Jam. Sup. wick, Aveißja, to kindle, quicken, set light
The double form of whittle and thwittle to, would seem to justify the explanation
is explained by the fact that both whitters of wick as the part of the candle which
and twiſters are provincially used in the quickens into life. E. dial. which, alive.
sense of fragments.-Hal. See Whit. Lith. wykis, life.
Whittle. A blanket, or large shawl, But the word has a more general mean
named, like the word blanket itself, from ing, seeming radically to signify a tuft or
being made of white or undyed wool. bunch of some fibrous material. Du.
Whizz. A word like ſiz2 or hiss, wiecke, a wick, a tent for a wound ; G.
formed from the sound it is intended to wicke, lint, scraped linen to put into a
represent. wound ; wicklein, a tent. Bav. wicke,
Who. Goth. h7 as, hºwo, hwa, who, the hair of the head ; wickel, a handful,
what ; hºwadre, whither; hºar, where; bunch of flax, so much as is wound (ge
hwaiva, how ; hºwan, when. Sanscr. Æas, wickelt) on the distaff at once ; wickel,
who ; Lat. 7uis, qui, who ; W. Awy, who, familiarly, a wig. A in wikhel oder gach
what ; pa, what, how. en, a wick. Swab. wicken, wick. G.
Whole. Entire, unbroken, sound, in wicke/n, to wrap up. In like manner Fr.
good health. See Hale. méche signifies as well a wick as a lock
To Whoop. Fr. houffer, to whoop of hair. Pol., Bohem. Anot, a wick, a
unto or call afar off. A representation of match, a tent for a wound, may probably
a clear, high-pitched cry, such as is heard be explained as a knot of fibrous material.
in the whooping or hooping cough. From Wicked. The origin of this word,
a cry of this nature we have Goth. vo/- which has no equivalent in the cognate
fan, to call, to cry out; AS. woff, cry, la languages, seems preserved in Esthon.
mentation; Illyrian waſ, call; vapiti, to wigga, wi&#a, spot, fault, injury; Fin.
cry out ; Russ. voſºl, cry; voff/it’, to cry, wiła, a bodily defect, then a moral fault.
make an outcry, lament ; vopit', to call Wikainen, faulty, guilty; widtoin, inno
out, to cry. The initial w is lost in ON. cent. Lap. wikke, fault, cause ; wiąża
off, cry; apa, to shout, showing the origin /ats, guilty; więkete/me, innocent. Ah
of Gr. 6], voice, and Tw, to say. The /e wik/a, there is no fault in him.
change from a labial to a guttural final, Wicker. From Da. veg, provincially
according to the usual genius of the lan vög, pliant, are formed vöge, vögger,
guage, gives Lat. voco, to call, and vor, vegre, a pliant rod, a withy, whence vage
voice. AEurv, weg ekury, a wicker basket; wager,
Whore. As. hure, commonly explain zagger, a willow. Da. vegne, to bend;
ed from AS. hyran, Du. Aueren, to hire, vegue et såm, to clinch a nail. Sw, wika,
in accordance with Lat. meretria, from to pleat, to fold. See Weak.
mercor, to earn. Wicket. Du. wikeſ, winket, Fr.
But a more lively figure would be guicheſ, a little door within a gate, for the
afforded by comparison with animal life, convenience of easier opening. Wykeſt
 730 WIDE WILD
or lytylle wyndowe, fenestra, fenestrella. that wepen.—As. Vocab. in Nat. Antiq.
—Pr. Pn. Doubtless from the notion of It was to be expected that the distinctive
rapid movement to and fro. The wicket names of man and woman should be
at the game of cricket is a narrow frame taken in the first instance from their phy
of rods stuck in the ground, which is sical construction. The woman would be
constantly being bowled over and set up viewed as the child-bearing, and the
again. word wiſe would be satisfactorily ex
A short quick movement is represent plained if it could be identified with
ed by the syllables wik, which, quick. womb, Goth. vamba, Sc. waſne, the belly,
ON. hwiła, to totter, waver; hºwiłeygdr, womb, bowels. Now Lap. waimo, is the
having an unsteady glance; hºwikull, un heart (originally perhaps the belly in
steady, flighty; vić, a start, a slight general, as W. calon, the heart, womb—
movement ; Du. wicken, vibrare—Kil. ; Richards); wuo//e-waimo (wuolle, lower),
wiłżen, to weigh in the hand, i. e. to the groin, genitals (in male or female),
move up and down. Wink, a vibration while Fin. waimo is a woman, wife.
of the eyelid, is a nasalised form of the Sanscr. véma, an udder, a woman. Bret.
Same root. gwamm, wife.
Wide. As wid, G. weit, on. widr, From AS. wiſman it was an easy cor
broad, ample, spacious; Fr. vuide, empty. ruption to winman, wimmon, woman.
See Void. The king hire wende to
Widow. AS. wuduwa, a widower ; As wapmon scolde to winmon do.
wuduwe, Goth. viduvo, G. wittwe, Lat. Layamon II. 376.
vidua, a widow. Wig. Commonly supposed to be a
Sanscr. vidhavd., a widow, is explained contraction from periwig. It is more
from vi, without, and dhava, a husband. probable however that periwig is an
So sadhavd., a woman whose husband is accommodation of Fr. perruque, under
living. the influence of the word wig already
On the other hand, from w. gwedd, a existing in the language. Bav. wickel, a
yoke or pair, we have dyweddio, to yoke bunch of flax or tow, and fig. a wig ;
together, to espouse; gºveda'awg, coupled, wicke, the hair of the head. Wikk, floc
yoked, wedded; gweddºw, fit to be con cus—Schottel, cited in Hess. Idioticon.
nected, marriageable, single, solitary; G. wicke/n, to twist, to wrap; wickelºopſ,
eidiom gweddºw, an ox without a fellow ; a tress or lock of hair. See Wick.
& was gweadw, a singleman ; dyn weddw, Wight. I.--Wighty.—Wigger. Act
a single person ; dynes wedd'w, a single ive, swift, strong. Wyte (wyght) or de
woman ; gavr gºveda'w, a widower; liver, agilis, velox. — Pr. Prm.
&wraig weddw, a widow. Y schalle gyf the two grehowndys
Wield. Goth. valdan, As. wealaam, As w!ghte as any roo.—MS. in Hal.
ON. valda, Da. volde, Lith. va/ayti, Il Sw, wig, wiger, nimble, active, quick.
lyrian vladati, Russ. vladjet’, to rule, dis Wig at swara, ready to answer. Wara
pose of. wiger i mun, to be supple of mouth,
Wife.—Woman. As., on. wiſ, ohG. ready of speech. Wigt, numbly. Da. dial.
wib, wift, G. weib, woman, wife. The vögger, a pliable rod. G. wacker, brisk,
two sexes were distinguished in AS. as agile, stirring, vigorous.
warpned-man, weaponed, and wiſman. Wight. 2. A creature, a man. Du.
lſ'a?ned-bearm, warpned-cild, a male wicht, a child. G. bāsewicht, a wicked
child ; wiſcild, a female child. God hig man. See Whit.
geworhte, waſned and wimman : God Wild.—Will. ON. villr, wandering at
created them male and female.—Mark Io. large ; villa, error; villa, to mislead ;
6. Gebletsode metod alwihta wif and villask, to lose one's way, to miss ; vil
warpned : the lord of all things blessed /urad, bewildering counsel ; villutru,
female and male.—Caedm. Io. 131. As false belief. Da. wild, wild, savage; wilde,
the sword and the distaff were taken on to mislead ; fare wild, to go astray; tale
the continent as the type of the two sexes, zildt, to talk wildly. Sc. will, confused,
it was supposed that the weapon was bewildered, at a loss; to go will, to go
here used in the same sense, while wiſe astray; I’m will what to do, I am at a
was explained from weaving taken as loss. Will of rede, at a loss for counsel;
the characteristic function of the female. will of wane, at a loss what to look to,
But in AS. warpned the weapon is certain what course to take (from ON. 7'dzi, 7'on,
ly metaphorical. Veretrum, wepen-gecynd. expectation, hope), and not, as Jamieson
—AElfr. Veretrum, teors; calamus, teors, explains it, at a loss for a habitation. Hill,
 WILE WINCE 731

desert, trackless. OE. wylgate or wrong Willow. As welig, wilig, Pl.D. wige,
gate, deviacio.—Pr. Pm. W. giviſ/, one wichel, a willow.
that strays about, a vagabond; g will mer, Wimble. 1. An auger. See Whim 1.
a pirate. Lap. willet, to wander. Russ. 2. Active, agile.
wiſe?', to turn, whirl, turn aside, turn He was so winále and so wight
hither and thither, not keep the straight From bough to bough he leaped light.
Course. Sheph. Calendar.
A rational origin may be found in Sw. From the same expression of rapid move
willer-waller, confusion, disorder, im ment to and fro or round about, as in the
broglio, tumult, medley, probably from former sense of the word.
the figure of boiling water; willa, per Wimple. Wympyl, peplum.—Pr. Pm.
plexity, confusion, distraction of mind, Fr. guimpe, guimple, a wrapper with
illusion, error; gi i willa, not to know which the nuns covered their chin and
what one is about, to wander about. G. neck. Du. wimpel, velum, velamen ;
wal/en, to wallop, bubble up, boil, be in wimpelen, involvere, implicare, velare,
violent motion. Let. willu, wilt, to de velo operire. —Kil. Wimpe/ is also a
ceive ; wiltus, fraud, treachery, deceit. streamer, a pennant.
Wile. oe. wigele, wihele, trick. The radical syllable wif, representing
Ygernewes mid childe by Uther kinge a short rapid movement, is used to sig
Althurh Merlines wigel.-Layamon II. 384. nify reciprocating action, in Du. wippen.
His wigeles and his wrenches.”— An to swing, wag, seesaw. In the technical
cren Riwle, AS. wig/ian, to juggle, expression of whipping a cord with a
divine, soothsay ; wige/ere, a conjurer, thinner string or with thread, it signifies
soothsayer, wizard. Russ. ſigli, juggling, winding about or wrapping round, in ac
sleight of hand ; ſiglar, a juggler, con cordance with the connection between the
jurer; Pol. figiel, trick, prank, frolic; ideas of reciprocating and circular move
Jiglować, to frolic, to play tricks. The ment explained under Winch. And so in
radical signification seems to be to de the nasalised form of the root the sense of
ceive the eyes by sleight of hand, to reciprocating movement is expressed by
dazzle by rapid movement. Movement to Du. wimp-oogen, G. wimpern, to wink
and fro is represented by the expressions the eyes, and by wimpel, a streamer, while
wiggle-waggle, widdle-waddle. Pl.D. that of circular movement is found in
wige/wage/n, to waver to and fro. “ — Kilian's wimpelen, to wrap round, in E.
and wige/eth as vordrunken mon that wimple, a wrapper, and in wimble, an
haveth imunt to vallen.’—Ancr. Riwle. To auger. See Whim.
diddle is explained by Jam. to shake, to To Win. Du winnen, to gain, get,
jog, and to diddle one out of a thing is to conquer, earn, to cultivate, till the ground,
trick him out of it. To widdle, to wriggle, to procreate children. ON. vinna, to
to move to and fro, then to diddle or labour, get, earn. AS. winnan, to struggle,
wile. contend, toil, get by labour, gain.
Its Antichrist his pipes and fiddles, To Wince. — Winch. I. To kick.
And other tools wherwith he widdles “I wynche, as a horse doth : je regimbe.”
Poor caitiffs into dark confusions.
—Palsgr.
Cleland in Jam. 2. Winch, a crank, a water-wheel. “I
w. chvid, a quick turn ; chvido, to wynche or wynde up with a wyndlasse :
make a quick move, to juggle; chwidog, a je guinde.”—Palsgr.
conjurer. In like manner Bav. gigkeln, The syllables wick, quick, which, or
to quiver, to move rapidly to and fro, with the nasal, wink, quink, which pro
shows the origin of Pl.D. gigeln, begigeln, bably in the first instance represent a
Du. beguichelen, begoorhelen, beghii/en, to sharp short cry, are used to signify a start
delude, beguile, bewitch. Lith. wylus, or short sudden movement. Du. Quicken,
deceit, guile; wil/u, wilfi, to deceive ; vibrare, librare, agitare, movere, mobili
wiſ/oti, to entice, beguile, deceive ; Let. tare ; quincken, micare, motitare.—Kil.
wilt, to deceive ; wiſtus, trick, cunning, ON. vić, a start, a slight movement aside;
deceit. vićya, to set in motion, to turn aside, turn
Will. Goth. viljan, ohG. willan, G. round ; hºwika, to totter. Sw. wicka,
wo//en, ON. viſa, Gr. 305A ouai, Lat. volo, Awicka, hwinka, motitare, vacillare.—
ve//e, to have will, to be desirous of Lith. Ihre. Du. wicken, vibrare—Kil. ; winken,
we/ifi, to have rather, to wish ; OSlav. to nod, to wink; to make a slight move
zºo/i/?, to will, Russ. vo/ja, will, wish, ment with the head or eyelid. w.gwing,
consent. a sudden motion, as a wince or wink of
732 WIND WINE

the eye; givingo, to spurn, fling, kick, wanto, ventilabrum ; wintán, ventilare;
struggle, wriggle; gºwingdºn, the wagtail. winda, winta, flabrum, ventilabrum.—
Bret. gwinka, to kick; Fr. guenehir, Schm. Bav. windel, swathings; AS.
guincher, to start, shrink, winch or wrench windel (what is twined), a basket ; It.
aside, to wriggle.—Cot. Swiss wing gen, guindolare, to wind silk; guindola, a
to sprawl with hands and feet; wingsen, reel; ghinidare, to draw up; Bret. Świnia,
win rent, wingsten, to kick. to tilt up, to hoist; forsgwint, Sw. wind
As a body in turning round, when ôro, a drawbridge.
viewed from one instant to another, is seen Wind. Goth. vinds, on. vindr, w.
moving in opposite directions, words sig gwynt, Lat. ventus, wind ; venti/are, to
nifying vibratory or reciprocating move swing or brandish in the air, to move to
ment are frequently diverted to the sense and fro, to fan. We need not suppose
of circular motion. that venti/are is derived from ventus: on
Thus Lat. vibrare has the sense of the contrary it appears to me that venti
twist or turn round, in vibrati crimes, Zare corresponds to OHG. wantalón, men
curled hair. From Du. wikken, to move, tioned in the last article, which exhibits
we pass to wikke/en, to wrap up, enfold. the idea in an earlier stage of develop
Weme/en is explained by Kilian to pal ment, signifying to sway to and fro. The
pitate, be in light and frequent motion, name of the wind could not be taken
and also to whirl or turn round. And in from a more striking characteristic than
the same way in the case of winch, the its proverbial inconstancy and mobility.
notion of turning on an axis is developed A reduplicative form like E. pitapat, pin
from that of a short rapid movement. tled fant/edy, or OHG. win/wanto, venti
To Wind. Goth. vindan, ON. vinda, labrum (Schm. 4. I IO), is always a sign
to wind, wrap round, twist ; vindr, of the feeling of direct representation.
crooked, wry; venda, to turn, to twist. Winniwunt, aura ; winton, ventulare ;
Sw, winda med ogonen, to squint; wind, winta, winda, flabrum, ventilabrum. So
oblique, askew. Russ. wint', a screw ; from the unnasalised root wada/Ön, fluc
wintit’, to screw. Lith. wymoti, to wrap. tuare, ventilare, seem to be formed OHG.
This appears to be one of the cases givaida, ventus; givado, afflatu, flatu
mentioned under Winch, in which the aurae ; givada, spiritum ; Bav. gewdden,
idea of turning round springs from that schneegewdden, a snowdrift.
of moving to and fro. We use the inter Windlas. Probably not a corruption
jectional expression widdle-waddle to from Du. windas, Fr. guindas, a winding
signify a wavering movement to and fro. axle, as often supposed, as the termination
To waddle, to sway to and fro in walking, Zace or lass is found in a similar sense in
and provincially, to roll up and down in stricklace, an implement for striking.
a disorderly way, to fold up, to entwine. Radius, a strike or stricklace which they
—Hal. OHG. wadalon, to waver, wander, use in measuring of corn.-Littleton Lat.
fluctuate ; wada/unga, ventilationem.— Dict. A windlace was also a compas or
Graff. M.H.G. wadelen, to flutter, sway to winding course.
and fro, fluctuate. Sc. widdiſ, to waddle, Amonge theis be appoynted a fewe horsemen
wriggle, writhe, winch. W. givid, a quick to raunge somwhat abrode for the greater ap
whirl or twirl ; chºvid, a quick turn ; pearance, bidding them fetch a wind/asse a great
chwido, to quirk, to juggle, to make a waye about, and to make al toward one place.—
Golding, Caesar in R.
quick move; Sc. Quſhid, whid, whild, to
whisk, to move nimbly. Window. ON. vindauga, Da. vindue,
Then with the nasalisation of the vowel, a window, literally wind-eye, an opening
OHG. wantalón, ventilare, volvere, volu to admit the air ; ON. auga, eye.
tare, fluctuare, mutare; It. wentaglio, a Windrow. Hay or grass raked up
fan ; G. wandeln, to go to and fro, to into rows, in order to be dried by the
change ; wandelmuth, inconstant mind, wind before cocking up. Sc. winnazº,
to be compared with MHG. wade/, vari hay or peats put together in long thin
able, inconstant. ‘Sin herze was alsó heaps for the purpose of being more
wadel.” Sc. windle-strae, a dry stem of easily dried. Probably the latter half of
grass wavering to and fro. the word is an accommodation. Du.
Branchis brattling and blaiknyt schew the brayis, winddrooge, wind-dried, vento aliquan
With hirstis harsk of waggand wyndi/straes. tulum siccatus. Pl.D. windróg, wind
D. V. 202. 29. dróg (of linen), half-dried.
Windle bears the same relation to waddle Wine. Gr. olvoc, Lat. vinum, Goth.
that wimple does to wabble. OHG. wint vein.
 WING WISE 733

Wing. ON. vangr, Sw, winge, Fris. off, to whisk away. Wischem is then to
winge, swinge (Outzen), G. schwingen, wipe, to rub ; , strohwisch, a wisp of
schwing federn, wing. Doubtless from straw, a handful of straw for rubbing
the vibratory action which is its charac down a horse. ‘Wische,’ says the West
teristic function. W. givingo, to kick, erwald Idioticon, ‘expresses a quick
spring, fling, struggle ; ON. wingsa, to movement connected with a whizzing or
swing, to dangle; Sw, swanga, to wave, swishing sound.’ G. witsch! on a sudden,
brandish, swing. In the same way from in a giffy. Pl.D. wits / wińs / quick.
Fris. wyzweckye, to swing, ºc/ueck, wu wºe, 14.7/s / ware he weg. pop ! he was off.
a wing ; wſuwckjen, to fly.— Epkema. Wiżf-waff, a seesaw.
Du. wicken, vibrare (Kil), wież, wiecke, Wire. ON. vir, virr, Pl.D. wire, wier
a wing. draad, wire. ON. af draga i virinn, to
Wink. The sound of a high-pitched wiredraw, to protract, to be niggardly;
note is represented by the syllables feeſ, viravirki, filigree. Da. dial. vire, some
Queek, ſweet, and the like, the effect of thing twisted together, a twisted wire.
which is not altered by the introduction From Sw. wira, to twist; Da. virre,
of a nasal. We may cite W. givich, a Du. wieren, to whirl, turn, twist.
squeak or shrill noise; G. Quießen, quiets Wise. I. G. weise, way, method,
chen, to squeak, creak ; E. dial. Quinch, fashion, way or manner of proceeding,
to make a noise—Hal. ; Du. Quinken, course.—Küttn. Fr. guise, manner, fash
Quincke/en, to warble; E. dial. whink, a ion, custom, usage ; W. givis, mode, cus
sharp cry. The syllable representing a tom ; Bret. gº2, #3, manner, fashion,
sharp note is then applied to signify a usage. Esthon., Fin. wiłsi, wise, manner.
sharp short movement, a start, jerk. The original meaning of the word
Thus we have Du. Quicken, to vibrate, would seem to be way, track, footsteps;
stir, move, weigh ; quinken, to vibrate, of which sense traces are to be found in
twinkle; Quikstaart, a wagtail ; E. dial. Bret. mond war he gig, to go on his foot
Quinch, to stir, twitch, jerk ; which, quick, steps or on his traces, to turn back ;
lively ; E. Quick, rapid, agile, living ; ON. Æiza, to return. It will be observed that
Avika, to waver, shiver; vić, a start or we use way in the same sense as wise.
flinch ; Du. wicken, to vibrate, to weigh In no way, in no wise.
in the hands; w. giving, a sudden mo From the sense of track or way also
tion, as a wince or wink of the eye, a may be explained OHG. wisgan, to show,
motion, turn, or shake made with a guide, teach ; G. weisen, to point out, to
spring ; givingdin (tin, tail), the wagtail : show. Jemanden curecht weisen, to
Fr. guenchir, to flinch or start aside ; show one the right way. Swiss wisen, to
Du. wicket, or wincket, a wicket or little guide, to govern; ON. visi, a leader,
movable door; Sw, winka, to make a governor. It may be however that these
sign with the hand, head, or eye. forms are to be explained from the sense
To Winnow. As. windºwian, Bav. of making to see. Etwas wers werden,
winden, Lat. vanmare, to winnow ; OHG. to be apprised of a thing, to get know
wintôn, ventilare; wintwanto, ventila ledge of it. Einem et was wei's machen,
brum ; Bav. windel, It. wentaglio, a fan. to make one believe a thing. Goth.
See Wind. vitam, to look, observe, perceive.
Winter. Goth. vintrus, ON. vetr, Wise. 2.-Wit. Goth. vitam, pret.
winter. Perhaps connected with Pol. vissa, AS. witan, pret. wiste, wisse, G.
wiatr, Boh. w/tr, wind ; G. wetter, storm, wissen, ON. vita, to know. Goth. unviſs,
tempest, weather. unweis, unwise, foolish ; unwiss, un
To Wipe. To sweep over a surface certain ; hintarzeis, cunning ; unſaur
for the purpose of cleansing. Pl.D. wief, veis, unforeseen. E. wit, wot, to know.
a wisp of straw ; aſenwieſ, a straw E. zwiſs, the senses, faculties of percep
besom to sweep out an oven. Wife is a tion; ON. vitr, knowing, viſugr, viskr
modification of the root wif, whiſ signi (for vitskr), AS. vita, wise, counsellor.
fying a short quick movement, as sweep w. gºvydd, a state of recognition or
is of the root swift, of the same significa knowledge, presence; dos o 'm gwydd /
tion with wip. Du. sweepert, to whip, to go from my presence, get out of my sight;
flog ; ON. svi/ºr, a short movement, gwydd'fa, a place of presence; gºuyddiad,
twinkling of an eye, instant. The same a knowing ; gºwyddwg, knowledge, per
train of thought is seen in G. wischen, to ception ; Gael. ſios, intelligence, know
whisk or move with a quick and transi ledge, notice; thoir yios, to give notice,
tory motion ; hinweg wischen, to whip equivalent to G. weis machen. The fact
734 WISH WITNESS

most completely known is what takes into wreaths for many agricultural pur
place before our eyes; according to the poses.
proverb, Seeing is believing. Hence the Lap. wedde, a tough twig of root for
connection between words signifying making baskets; weddet, to bind. Goth.
knowledge and seeing. Lat. videre, gavidan, to bind together; OHG. wettan,
visum, to see ; Gr. Fºw, iów, see, per wetian, givetan, to join, to bind.
ceive, know ; Boh. vid/eti, to see ; zyed The final d of the root is lost in Lat.
eſti, to know ; Sanscr. vid, know. viere, to weave or plait, and thence vimen,
Wish. ON. osé, wish, desire; askſa, a pliant twig, or osier. Lith. vyu, vyti,
yskja, AS, wiscan, to wish ; G. wunsch, to twist, wind; wytis, a withe, a hoop for
wish ; winschen, Da. Önske, Boh. wins a cask; Lett. wifu, wiht, to twine, plait,
sowati, to wish; Pol, winszować, to con pleach ; wiſhtes, a hopbine; wińtols, a
gratulate, wish joy. willow; Pol. wie, to wind, twine, twist,
Witch. As. wicce, Fris. wikke, a witch. wreathe ; widº, an osier twig; witwa, wit
Pl.D. wiłłen, to soothsay, divine. Sik winta, osier, wicker.
wižken laten, to have one's fortune told. The ultimate origin is probably the re
Wiżker, wi&#erske, a male or female presentation of a whizzing sound, applied
soothsayer. to rapid movement through the air, rush
The radical sense is shown in Du. wik ing, whirling, twisting, turning in and
Æem, to weigh in the hand, and thence to out. E. dial. whither, to whizz—Hal.;
consider, conjecture, predict. ‘’Tis eene AS. hwe.otheran, to murmur ; Sc. quhid
zaak die gy wel behoort te wikken eer gy der, quheſhir, to whizz, to rush; ON.
ze aanvaard :’ it is a thing you ought Avidra, to rush; E. dial. whidder, to
well to consider before you answer.— quake, to shiver; Sc. widdill, to wriggle,
Halma. Dit ongeluk is my gewiłł: this writhe, winch ; E. twiddle, to twist or
misfortune was foretold me. move to and fro between the fingers;
Hesse, wicken, to shake to and fro; quhid, whid, a quick movement; in a
wicke/ent, to enchant; wickeler, a sooth whid, in a moment; W. givid, a quick
sayer (ariolus). turn or whirl; chwid, a quick turn ;
To Wite. To reproach. As. witan, chwido, to quirk, to juggle, to make a
to perceive, to know, then to ascribe to, quick movement; chwidro, to move gid
dily. See Wattle, Wind.
impute, blame; are witan, to honour. To Wither. NFris. waddern, G. wit
Goth. vitan, to look; idveit, blame. OHG.
wizan, to impute, reproach, blame. MHG. term,
to
to dry by exposure to sun and air,
weather. Now the consequence of
wizzen, to reproach, find fault, punish. drying a thing like hay is to make it
“Was håst du mir gewizzen daz du min
kint erslagen häst:” what fault hast thou shrivel up and wither.
But a different line of descent seems
found in me that thou hast slain my child?
indicated by W. gºwidd, what is dried or
Comp. Lat. animadvertere, to perceive, withered ; gividdon, small particles of
and thence to punish. Da. Ajende, mark, what is dried or rotted, mites; grwiddoni,
sign; tage. Ajende paa, to take note of; to dry up, wither, rot; grwiddan, a witch
Ajende, to know, to pass sentence on. So or hag ; Pol. wiedma“, to fade, to wither;
also Fr. savoir bon gré, G. dank wissen, wiedma, a hag ; It. guizzo, vizzo, faded,
to take a thing kindly, to impute it to him withered.
as an obligation. * Withers. G. rist, widerrist, the
With. As with, ON. vid, Da. ved, shoulders of a horse, the joint by which
against, opposite, towards, near, AS. he exerts his force against (G. wider) the
wither, ON. vidr, against, opposite ; G. draught of the carriage. In the N. of E.
wider, against; wieder, again. withers are the barbs of an arrowhead or
Perhaps the radical idea may be look jags which prevent the shank of a gate
ing at, facing, in face. W. gºvydd, pre crook or the like from being drawn out of
sence; yngwydd, before or in presence. the wood in which it is fixed. AS. withe
Withe. – Withy. ON. widir, Da. rian, to resist, oppose.—Atkinson.
vidie, wie, AS. withig, G. weide, wiede, an Witness. From AS. witan, to per
osier, willow ; ON. widia, Sc. widdie, ceive, have experience of, know, we have
woodie, Bav. wid, widen, widlein (wi', gewita, a witness, one who has actual ex
wi'n, wid/, wº'ſ), a band of twisted twigs; perience of a fact ; witnesse, gewitnys,
oho. wid, retorta. The Craven Gloss. OHG. gewiznesse, ON. vitni, experience,
explains widdy, twigs of willows or hazles and thence testimony, evidence; witnc,
dried partially in the fire and then twisted Da. vidne, to give evidence, to depose;
 WITTERING WO 735

oN. witneskja, intelligence, notice, warn to be a local name of the hedge-sparrow

ing. See Wit. or some such bird.
Wittering. A hint or notice of a The yellow colour of the bird is indi
thing. ON. vita, to wit, to have notice or cated by the first half of the name, Du.
knowledge of ; zitr, having knowledge or weede, glastum, isatis, luteum.—Kil. It.
understanding, wise ; vitra, to give notice guado, woad to dye blue with : some use it
of, to reveal, display; N. vitr, warning or for dyer's weed, some possibly call it wad,
sign of an event; vitra, vittre, to give any greening weed to dye yellow with.-
warning or notice of, to let one know; Fl. Fr. gaude, the stalk of a plant where
vitring, warning, information, knowledge. with dyers make their clothes yellow ;
Wittol. – Witwall. — Wodewale. dyer's weed, greening weed.— Cot.
The name of witwall or woodwale was Wizard. A conjurer or diviner is
loosely given to various birds of a yellow called among the vulgar the wise or the
or greenish yellow colour, as the green cunning man, and in like manner from
woodpecker, yellowhammer, oriole, &c. Gael. /ios (radically identical with E. wise),
Du. weedevael, geelgorse, galgulus, gal knowledge, is ſiosach, skilful; fiosachd,
bula, chlorion, icterus, avis lurida, vulgo sorcery, divination, fortune-telling. Russ.
oriolus et widewallus; avis lutei coloris, zyedat', to know ; Uſedan’, a soothsayer.
Germ. wittewal, widdewael, Ang. widaſe Wizen. Shrivelled, dried up. on.
wo/-Kil. The synonym gee/gorse is ex visinn, Da. wissen, Sw. wisten, wissnad,
plained by Kil. emberiza flava, galgulus, dried up, withered ; wistna, wissma, to
curruca, the last of which was used as a fade, lose freshness.
term for a cuckold. Curruca est avis, vel The word is to be explained from ON.
ille qui cum credat nutrire filios suos nu vera (anciently vesa or visa—Jonsson),
trit alienos. – Dief. Supp. Curruca, to endure, remain, be, as signifying what
adulterae maritus.-Kil. in v. Hanne. The has past its time, what has been too long
origin of this designation is undoubtedly kept, in accordance with Fr. Aasser, to go
from the fact that the bird known under by, also to fade, decay, or wither. G.
the name of curruca is one of those in the wesen, existence ; verwesent (properly to
nest of which the cuckoo drops its egg. pass away, to wear away), to moulder
Now although with us the nest of the away, to decay; verwesen, verweset,
hedge-sparrow is most usually selected rotten, decayed. Sanscr. was, to dwell,
for that purpose, yet the yellowhammer continue ; what has continued too long,
and the greenfinch are mentioned by stale. Goth. visan, to be, to dwell.
Bewicke as foster-nurses of the cuckoo's * Inuh thamma garda visaith’. in illa do
egg. A slovenly pronunciation converted mo manete.—Luc. Io. 7. From the pri
witzval into wittal or wittol. ‘Godano, mary form visan or visa is formed ON.
a wittal or woodwale.”—Fl. Wittal, like vist, residence, continuance in a place ;
Mid. Lat. curruca, was then used in the Aeimvist, duration of life, continuance in
sense of a cuckold, especially one who the world ; Sw, hemwist, dwelling-place ;
winked at his wife's offence. Wittal, wistande, residence, sojourn ; wistas, to
becco contento.—Torriano. When the sojourn or reside ; wisten, faded, with
use of the word as the name of a bird ered.
became obsolete, it was supposed to be Wo.—Woe. The deep-drawn breath of
derived from AS. witol, wittol, sciens, severe pain is represented by an interjec
sapiens, as intimating that the husband tion which is written in Gr. oiát, oi, Lat.
was witting of his own disgrace. Nor vaº, vah, hei, heu, Illyrian vai, Let. wai,
was it only in English that the name of Magy. jaf, W. gºvae, It. guai, ON. vei, G.
the bird, in whose nest the cuckoo was weh, wehe, AS. wa.
supposed to lay, became a term of re The interjection was frequently joined
proach. The Fr. oriole or oriot is ren with the personal pronoun, as in Lat. hei
dered by Cot. a heighaw or witwall, the mihi / Gr. oiuot / Let. waiman / Illyr.
first of which is obviously identical with vaime / OE. wumme! “Wumme / lefdi
Picard huyau (verdon), a yellowhammer quath he tha : wa is me mine lifes : —
or greenfinch, and huyau, like wittal, was Cockayne, St Marherite, 47. b. 21.
used in the sense of cuckold. Again, the same principle which leads
Ici git Nicolas Thuyau us to imitate the cry of a cow or a sheep,
when we wish to make our hearer think
Qui de trois femmes fut huyau.—Hécart.
of those animals, or, in other words, the
I have little doubt that the G. haſinrei, principle which leads us to signify a cow
which is quite unexplained, will be found or a sheep by a representation of their
736 WO ! WOOL

cry, leads also to an imitation of the Lith. wiłas, Slav. wilk, wuk, Serv. viº,
groan of pain when we wish to make our Gr. Atºkoç.
hearer think of a person in pain, which Woman. See Wife.
is the first step towards the conception of Womb. Goth. vamba, AS. warmb, ON.
pain in the abstract. Hence the almost vömö, belly, womb.
universal use of the interjection repre The name seems applicable in the first
senting a groan, with or without gram instance to any hanging or swagging
matical additions, in the sense of pain, part of the body, as a dewlap, the belly,
suffering, whether bodily or mental, sor the udder, from MHG. waſ pen, G. schwap
row, grief. Thus we have Let. waſ ' Aem, to wag or swag ; Du. wafferent,
alas; waida, pain, sorrow. Illyrian vai, pendere–Kil. ; E. wa&b/e, waſnble. Thus
Magy, ſay, W. gºvae, AS, wa, are used not we have M.H.G. waffe, waſnme, palear ;
only as interjections but also in the sense Bav. warnben, waſnfert, wan//, the belly
of pain, sorrow, misfortune, woe. G. of beasts, and contemptuously, of man ;
Ao//weh, gahnweh, headache, toothache; G. waſnße, wanme, dewlap, double-chin,
wehe thun, to cause pain; weſimuth, paunch ; warnpig, gorbellied ; moswam
pain, sorrow, anguish. Aen, a quag or quaking moss; OHG. mi
Wo: Woh An interjection used to /ichwäppel, milichwämfel (Schm.), M.H.G.
make horses stop, whence wo, stop, miſchwempel, the udder; wembel, on.
check; “there is no wo in him,” “he udder. vembiſ/, the belly. Sanscr. väma, an
knows no wo.” In the same way ho
was used as an interjection to make one In like manner from Swab. waſ schelºr,
stop, as well in Fr. as in E., and after to waddle, swag ; watschel, a person with
wards in the sense of stop or limit : out a hanging belly.
of a///io, there is no ho with him, he is Wonder. ON. undra, AS. wundrian,
not to be restrained.—Nares. “Some OHG. wurtſeron, G. wundern.
be interjections betokening warnyng to To Won.--Wont. As. wumian, Du.
cease. Ho / as, Ho / de par le diable women, G. wohnen, to dwell, persist, con
Jo A and, //o/a (, c'est assez.”—Palsgr. tinue. ON. vani, Da. vane, custom, use ;
Why woh / or ho should be used for ON. vanr, Da. van, vant, used or accus
the foregoing purpose may perhaps be tomed to, wonned to, wont.
explained by Fin. woh / used to repre To Woo. To seek a wife. As. wogan,
sent the sound of panting. Wo/, / wo/, / to woo, to marry. From wºff, wife, the
vox moleste anhelantis; wo/thaſa, woh NFris. forms w8wwen, to lie with a
Æael/a, vocem woh edo, inde moleste an woman, to cohabit (beiliegen, beiwohnen).
helo. The sense of coming to rest can —Bendsen, Nord Fr. Spr. 323.
not better be signified than by imitating The word even in E. seems formerly to
have been used in the coarser sense.
the panting of one who is out of breath
from violent exertion. Fin. Johoa, to Wytte is trecherie,
blow ; ho/hotel/a, hohdella, hoikaſa, to Love is lecherie,
Play is vilenie,
pant ; huozwała, to groan, sigh, pant, take And holyday is gloterie.
breath, rest from labour. Old man is skorned,
Woad. OHG. weit, G. waido, It. guado, Yonge woman is wowed.
Fr. guesde. Epigram, Reliq. Antiq. p. 58.
Wold. A down or champian ground, Wood. ON. vidr, Sw. ved, As. wudu,
hilly and void of wood.—B. The proper OHG. witu, Bav. witt, wit, wood. W.
meaning seems to be the grassy surface gwydd, trees, shrubs, what is made of
of the ground. ON. vö//r, ground, earth, wood ; in composition, of the woods,
field ; O Da. vold, field ; now, mound, wild.
rampart, dike; Sw. wall, rampart, dike, Woof. The weſt or cross threads in
field, grassy surface of the ground, pas weaving. OHG. webart, pret, wab, to
ture; walla sig, to become covered with weave. ON. veſa, väf or 6/, to weave,
turf; walla, gdi i waſ/, to lead cattle to twine.
pasture; wigwall, field of battle ; Kirkia Wool. Goth. wulla, on. ull, Fris.
wall, churchyard. we welling, getting wille, Fin. willa, Russ. wolna, w. gºv/an,
turf up for burning.—Hal. “The green Gael. olana, wool. Lith, wilna, Let.
welle : 'greensward.—Sir Gawaine. Sc. willa, wilna, Illyr. vuna, Lat. villus, a
fail, turf; Gael. fail, a wall, hedge, sod. lock; vel/us, a fleece; Gr. oëNoc, woolly ;
Wolf Goth, vulſ, on. ul/r, Lat. Esthon. wil, wool ; willane, wildne,
lupus. Then with a final A. instead of A, woollen, woolly.
 WOOL WORT 737

To Wool or Woold. In nautical lan ‘Idt was daar so vull, dat idt kremeled
guage, to wind a rope round a mast or un wenelde : * it was so full that it
spar in a place where it has been fished swarmed. Up #ribbeln (Hanover krim
or scarfed, to wrap a yard round in order meln) laten : to let the water boil up.
to prevent it chafing. East E. woulders, Du. wremelen, to creep ; Da. wrimle, to
bandages.—Moor. Du. woelen, to move swarm ; wrimmel, a swarm.
to and fro, to toss or tumble in bed, In accordance with the derivation it
flutter, struggle, to wind, wrap.–Bomhoff. was written wrim in early English—
‘De mast kreegeen krak en most gezwoeld Of fis, of fugel, of wrim, of der.
worden :’ the mast got a crack and must Story of Genesis (Early E. Text Soc.), 299.
be woolled or woolded. NFris. wollin, Thorfore hem cam wrimkin [creep-kind,
Swiss willen, to wrap round. Our word worm-kind] among
That hem wel biterlike stong.—Ib. 3895.
is probably a contracted form from the
type widdle-waddle, signifying motion to Wormwood. As. wormwyrt, worm
and fro, from whence in so many cases wort, from being good against worms.
we pass to the sense of twisting, winding. To Worry. Du, worghem, to strangle,
To waddle is to sway to and fro in walk choke ; worghpeyren, chokepears. G.
ing ; G. wadeln, wedeln, to wag, waver; wiłrgent, to choke, thence to kill, to
Silesian wudeln, verwudeln, to crumple, slaughter.
tumble, as a tablecloth.-Deutsch. Mun The word is derived from a representa
dart. vi. 191. Hanover wudeln, to boil, tion of the gurgling sound made in the
to swarm ; Bav. wideln, wilteln (wue'ln, throat by a choking person. Fris. wrigia,
wou’ln), to move to and fro, to stir, to to rattle in the throat. “Werther emmant
swarm. Northampton wooddled, muffled, dulget in sin hals thet he wrigiande
wrapped up about the head and neck. gunge : ' whoso wounds any one in the
The rudiment of the lost d remains in the throat so that he goes rattling. Pl.D.
h of G. with/en, to move in a confused worghalsen, Hanover quurkhalsen, to
manner, to root in the ground. choke ; E. dial. Queré, to grunt, to moan,
Word. Goth. vaura (G. wort), word ; wherk, to breathe with difficulty; guerken,
andavaurd, answer; gavaurai, speech, wherken, to choke.
conversation. Lith. wardas, name ; Lett. Worse.—Worst. Goth. vairs, on.
wórds, name, word. verri, OFris. virra, verra, OH.G. wirs,
Work.-Wright. Goth. vaurkjan, wurstro, worse. -

vaurhta, to work, make, do ; hand Diefenbach suggests an origin fro

uvaurhis, handmade ; vaurstv, work; the idea of turning aside, twisting, as in
vaurstva, a worker. AS, wearc, work, the case of Lat. perversus, depraved, bad,
labour, grief, pain; wyrcan, pret. worhte, and of E. wrong. Lith. werfu, wercau,
to work (pret, wrought); OHG. wurcho, wersti, to bend, turn ; wirsti, to fall
wurhto, a labourer; AS. wyrhta, E. down, to change ; Let. vértít, to turn, to
wright, an artificer; Gr. ºpyov, work. change.
World. AS. werold, worold, wearold, Worsted. So named from a village
Du. wereld, Fris. warl, wrál, wráld, near Norwich where worsted stuffs were
wrád, Da. verden, G. welt, world. ON. made.
verbla, the universe, world, worldly life, Wort. I. As, wyrt, ON. virtr, Pl.D.
properly the age or life of man, from Öld, wärt, G. wirge, the decoction of barley
age, lifetime, course of time ; and ver, of which beer is made.
Goth. vair, AS. wer, Lat. vir, man. In 2. OHG. wurg, herba, gramen, olus;
the same way Lat. saeculum, age, genera ON. urt, furt, a plant; Goth. vaurts, a
tion, period, was used for the world, a root; aurtigards, ON. furtagardr, MHG.
worldly life. - wurggarte, a kitchen garden. Chaucer
Worm. As wyrm, G. wurm, Lat. calls a cabbage bed a bed of worts.
vermis, worm ; Goth. vaurms, serpent ; Both senses of the word may be ex
ON. ormz, serpent, worm. Sanscr. Armi, a plained from the notion of boiling. Lith.
worm ; Lith. Æirmis, kirminis, kirmele, werru or werdu, wirti, to boil; alle
worm, caterpillar; kirmiti, to breed wirti, to brew ale; wirtas, boiled, cook
worms; Let. 2irmis, maggot, worm. The ed. Russ. varit', Pol. warzyd, to boil, to
origin, like that of weevil, lies in the idea brew ; w. berwi, to boil; berwedd, a
of swarming, being in multifarious move boiling ; berweddu, to make a decoction,
ment, crawling. Pl.D. Áribbeln, krubbeln, to brew.
&remelen, Érimmeln, Krimmelm, to be in The sense of potherbs, vegetables, may
multifarious movement, to swarm, boil. be explained from the same source, as
47
 738 WORTH WREAK

signifying what may be boiled for food. fracas, violent breaches, wracks, destruc
Thus from Pol. warżyć, to boil, is formed tion, havoc, hurlyburly.—Cot. See Rack.
warzywo, potherbs ; ogrod warzywny, a Wrack.-Seawrack. See Wreak.
kitchen garden. Illyr. variºi, to boil, to To Wrangle. Da. rangle, to rattle,
brew beer; varivo, vegetable, any garden gingle ; ON. hrang, hyaung, noise, dis
produce that can be boiled for food. So turbance, altercation ; hraumg/, noise.
also Magy. Jozni, to boil ; fogelek, vege N. rangla, to wrangle, dispute. Hesse
tables. wrangeln, brangeln, to struggle with, to
The ultimate origin of this Slavonic pull one another about. See Brangle.
root expressing boiling is doubtless to be To Wrap.–Whap.–Hap. NFris.
found in the sound of boiling. Pol. wrappe, to wrap; ON. at reiſa barn, to
& warzyd, to buzz, hum, chatter; warczy', swathe an infant. OE. wrappynge or
to snarl, growl; wrzed, to boil ; wrzawa, hyllynge, coopercio, involucio ; waffyre
uproar, din, hubbub. Lith. alaus wir or wyndyn abowte yn clothys, involvo ;
rimas, brewing of ale; furt, wirrimas, waffynge, happynge or hyllynge, cooper
the roaring of the sea. tura, coopericio.—Pr. Pm. Goth. bivaiſ
Worth.-Worship. As weorth, price, fan, to wrap round. Expressions for the
value, honour, dignity. “Geseald to mi idea of turning or winding round are
clum wwrthe '' sold for a great price. commonly applied in the first instance to
Gildan wurth : to pay the price. To motion to and fro. Thus we have
wurthe, in honorem. Weorth scife, wadale, to sway to and fro, and in Devon,
worthiness, dignity, honour, glory, wor to fold up, to entwine–Hal. ; wooddled,
ship. Biscop/ic wurthscipe, episcopal muffled up, wrapped up—Mrs Baker;
dignity. Weorthsci/es wyrthe worthy swaddle, swathe, to wrap round. In the
of honour. Goth. vairths, worth, price, same way E. waſ ble, to roll about, MHG,
worthy ; zaïrthon, to value. OHG. werd, wafferen, to move to and fro, Du. wap
worthy, estimable ; werdón, to value, to feren, to dangle, are connected with
worship, venerate. ON. verd, virdi, Goth. bivaiſyan, and E. wap above
worth, price, money; verdr, worth, of mentioned ; while Sc. wrabiſ, warble,
value ; virding, valuation, honour, re warple, to twist or crawl about, to wriggle,
spect. W. gºverth, price, sale, value; Pl.D. wribbeln, to twist between one's
gwerthu, to sell. Bret. gwerz, sale, com fingers (Danneil), lead to Hereford wrob
merce, retribution, fee. Lith. werfas, ble, to wrap up. In like relation we have
worth, worthy, just. Illyrian vredan, Da. dial. wrappe, to waddle like a duck,
worth, of value; wréditi, to be worth ; to struggle along, compared with E. wrap.
vrédno, worthy, fitting. Fin. werta, Wrath. As. wrath, wrath, sharp,
worth, equivalent, comparable with in bitter, fierce, angry. Wrathre thonne
value, size, quantity. Riksin wenta wermod: bitterer than wormwood ;
ſywia ; a rix-dollar's worth of corn. Sen wrathe ongeald, dearly pay. Du. wreed,
averta, so much ; minkä werta, how sharp of taste, rough, hard, sour, unfeel
much. Kouran werta rahaa (koura, ing, violent. Wreede wifn, rough, harsh
the open hand), a handful of money. Ei wine. En wreede dood, a violent death.
sen wertaa ole : nemo ei aequalis est; Pl.D. wreed, bitter, austere, fierce. ON.
wertainen, par, aequalis. On sen wer reida, to incense one ; reidi, Sw. wrede,
tainen, est ei par. Werratoin, unequal, wrath ; Da. wred, angry. We speak of
incomparable, excellent. Wertaan, wer bitter feelings, of being embittered against
rata; wertailen, werrailla, to compare a person with whom we are angry.
one thing with another. 24/di koiraa The word seems to be taken from the
Aewoiseen wertaa: do not compare a writhing or twisting of the mouth under
dog with a horse. Wertaus, comparison, the influence of a harsh astringent taste,
parable, allegory. Esthon. widirt, worth; as Du. wrang, sharp, sour, astringent,
se wédrf ollema, to be of such a value. harsh, from wringen, to twist. Sw.
Wound. AS. wund, ON. und, a wound; wrida få munmen, to make a wry mouth.
Goth. z/unds, wounded. To Wreak. Goth. wrikan, to pursue;
Wrack. Crash, ruin. It. fracasso, gavrikan, to punish, to revenge ; AS.
any manner of rumbling noise, as it were wrecan, to give effect to, to exert, and
the falling of houses, trees, thunder-claps, elliptically, to revenge, punish. Torn
any ruinous destruction, wrack, havoc, wrecan, to wreak his anger. He gewrecan
hurlyburly, breaking to pieces; fracas thohſe, he thought to punish.
sare, fraccare, to ruin, wrack, havoc, make The primitive meaning is to drive, in a
a rumbling and ruinous noise.—Fl. Fr. physical sense. OSw, wrika, to drive,
 WREATH WRESTLE 739

as to drive sheep. Wrdka från sig, to twist.—Outzen. The form writling may
cast away from him ; wrika husſru bort, be explained from E. dial. writhled,
to put away his wife. Wráka, in an in withered, properly wrinkled, shrivelled.
transitive sense, to drive or wander about. Fris. written, to turn, twist, wrap.–Kil.
Even in OE. wreke is used in the physical Cotgrave explains Fr. grugeons, ‘the
sense. In the directions for keeping the Smallest or most writhen fruit on a tree,
Passover in the Story of Genesis and wriflings.’ They are provincially called
Exodus, 3148, the Jews are charged to crinch/ings or crinklings in English, from
—eten it bred, and non bon breken, crinkle, to shrink, to rumple. From the
And nogt thor of ut huse wreken. same root, crink, a very small child, a
—and cast nought thereof out of the crumpling apple.—Hal. On the same
house. principle Da. dial. wremp, a small boy,
ON. reka, to cast, to drive, to pursue ; may be explained from Du. wrempen, to
to drive a nail, drive before the wind, twist the mouth, E. wrimple, wrinkle.
drive into exile; reka a/tr, to repudiate, Wren. AS. wrenna, Gael. dreadhan,
reject; reka rettar sins, to pursue his Ir, dream.
rights; reka harma sinna, to wreak his Wrench. A sudden twist, a sprain ;
wrongs. Reki, a driver; rekatre, re to wrench, to force by twisting. ‘I
Áavidr, driftwood. From this last must wrenche with the bodye, I tourne my
robably be explained E. wrack, wreke bodye asyde : Je me guinche. I wrenche
Hal.), seawrack, Fr. wrac, warech, what my foot, I put it out of joynt.”—Palsgr.
is driven up by the sea, seaweed cast on OE. wrench, wrenck, a trick, properly a
the shore, seaweed. sharp turn. Du. rancken, rencken, to
Wreath. See Writhe. bend, turn aside ; rancée, bending, trick,
Wreck. Shipwreck, properly ship deceit—Kil. ; ranken, to twine.
wrack, Lat. mau/ragium, is the breach or A nasalised form of the same root with
destruction of a ship upon the rocks. wriggle. Pl.D. wrikken, wrikkeln, to
Du. wracke, shipwreck, fragments of move to and fro, to shake, joggle ; Du.
wreck.-Kil. See Wrack. verwrikken, to sprain the foot; G. rick
Wreckling.—Writling. Wreckling, en, to shove, move ; verricken, to dislo
an unhealthy feeble child. — Brocket. cate, displace, put out of order. Fris.
Auck/ing, the least of a brood ; wretch wriga, wrigian, to twist.— Japycx in
ocł, the least of a brood of fowls.-Hal. Outzen. Du. wreycken wit de handen, to
Wragſands [wraglings], misgrown trees wrench out of one's hands.-Kil. See
that will never prove timber.—B. The Wring, Wriggle.
least pig of a brood is also often called a To Wrest.—Wrist. To wrest, to
writ/ing. twist, turn aside, to force away by twist
“Besides it causith it to seem scortched ing. Fris, wridde, wrisse, to writhe,
and full of knots, yea and to grow like a twist—Outzen; Da. wride, to wring,
dwarf or wreckling.’—Holland, Pliny, in wrest, writhe ; wriste, to wrest, wrench.
º R. Da. dial. wraag, vragling, Fris. OFris. wriust, riust, wirst, hondwriust,
º wráž, wrdker, an ill-formed, undergrown NFris. wraast, G. dial. riest, riester, wrist,
person; wrigge, a monster; wift/de the joint on which the hand turns; OFris.
wrigge (Sw. raggen, OE. ragman), the fo/wriust, Da. wrist, ancle, the joint on

ſ devil.-Epkema. Pl.D. wrak, a poor

contemptible creature, either in body or
mind; wruuž, a short, knotty block of
wood, an ill-grown, dwarfish creature or
plant.
which the foot turns. See Writhe.
To Wrestle. As. wrast/ian, wrarliam,
Fris. wraegsilſen, wraćseljen, wragsele,
wrassele, Du, wrastelen, wratselen,
worstelen, Devon wraarle, Somerset wras
The radical meaning may possibly be s/y, to wrestle, to contend by tugging
explained from Pl.D. wraken, wroken, to and twisting each other about. The first
reject, pronounce bad of its kind; wrak, of the foregoing forms is connected with
refuse, faulty. But the more likely origin AS. wraºstan, to twist, and E. writhe,
of the metaphor seems to be from what iswrest, while the second belongs to the
shrivelled or wrinkled, as E. shrimp, same radical form with Pl.D. wrag
something small of its kind, from G. ge/n, wracke/n, wriggeln, to work a thing
schrimpſºn, to shrink. So ruck/ing or loose by pulling to and fro, to keep in
wreckling may be explained from ruckle, constant movement; wrikken, wrikkeln,
to rumple ; wrockled, wrinkled—Hal.; to move to and fro, shake, joggle ;
ON. Arºva, to pucker, curl ; Fris. wružke/n, to waggle, totter; Fris. wreka,
zwracken, wrecken, wricken, wrickje, to wretsa, to use force to, to wrench. “Ief
47 *
74o WRETCH WRITE --

emmen dysse sylen op breck, ief dora op It is a common train of thought to

wretst: ' if any one breaks up this sluice apply a root representing rattling or rum
or wrenches up the door.—Richthofen. bling sound to signify jolting or rolling
OE. rug, to tug, to shake; E. dial. ruckle, movement, and thence a rugged or
to struggle.—Hal. See Wriggle. wrinkled surface. Thus we refer the
Wretch. — Wretched. As wracca, present word to forms like Du. rabbeln,
wrecca, an exile, and thence a wretch, a G. rappeln, to rattle; rumpeln, rummeln,
miserable man. Wine/eas wraºcca, a Du. rammeln, to rumble, rattle. See
friendless exile. Swithe earme wreccan, Rumple.
very miserable exiles. The same train of To Wring. To press or squeeze hard,
thought is seen in G. elend, a foreign land, to pinch or gripe, to put to pain.—B.
exile, and thence misery, wretchedness. AS. win wringam, to press wine ; E. cheese
See Wreak. wring, a cheese-press. The proper sense
To Wriggle. Pl.D. wraggeln, wrig is to twist. Pl.D. sić wringen as een
geln, wrackeln (Danneil), wrikken, wrik wurm, to twist like a worm ; wringen im
Æeln, rikkrakken (Brem. Wtb.), to work a dive, pains in the bowels. Da. wringel,
thing loose by wriggling or shaking to twisting ; wringle, to twist, tangle;
and fro; wrikken, to scull a boat. “Du wrange, to twist. G. ringen, to wring,
bist jo'n wriggel-wraggel,' you are never wriggle, wrest, twist, wrestle. Sich wie
still.—Danneil. E. dial. to wraggle on, ein wurm ringen, to wriggle like a worm.
to struggle with difficulties. The table A nasalised form corresponding to wrig,
, wrigs, the child's allus wrigging about. wriggle, as G. wankeln to E. zwaggle, or
—Mrs Baker. OE. roggym or mevyn, as waſnble to wabble, &c.
agito.—Pr. Pn. E. dial. to roggle, rogge, Wrinkle. Du. wronck, wronckel, a
to shake ; to ruggle about, to stir about. twisting, a wreath, a wrinkle ; wroncke
Sc. rug, a rough hasty pull. Bav. rogel, len, wrinckelen, to twist, curl, wrinkle;
roglich, loose, shaking. Der zahn wird Áronckelen, to curl, twist, crook, bend ;
rogel, the tooth is loose; rigeln, to stir, to Aronckel-wronckel, sinuous, twisting, cur
shake; rigelsam, stirring, active. G. ly-whirly.
regen, to move, to stir. N. rugga, Da. Formed in the mannerexplained under
rokke, to rock or vacillate. Wrimple, from a somewhat different re
The idea of broken movement is com presentation of a rattling or clattering
monly expressed by the representation of sound. Da. rangle, to rattle; E. zwrangle,
sound of analogous character. The origin to jangle or keep making an importunate
of the foregoing expressions may accord noise; ON. hröngl, noise, rumbling ;
ingly be sought in forms like E. dial. hrang, wrangling, altercation ; hring/a,
ruggle, a child's rattle ; racket, impor to tinkle. Then passing from sound to
tunate, broken noise; rackle, rucket, to movement, Da. dial. wrangle, wringle,
rattle; Sw, rockla, N. rukla, G. rācheln, vrangle, to go unevenly, to move in a
to rattle in the throat. halting or hobbling way; zºringlet,
In like manner E. rattle indicates the crooked, twisted, crabbed in disposition.
origin of forms like Swiss rotteln, rode/n, Sw, runka, to vacillate, jog, shake; rynke,
to waggle, shake, stir; roden, to stir; a pleat, pucker, fold, wrinkle.
rottlich, loose, shaking. And see Wrim he same relation between a broken
ple. sound and a rugged or wrinkled surface
Wright. An artificer. As wyrcean, is shown in E. dial. rackle, rucket, to rat
worhte, to work; wyrhta, a maker, work tle; ruggle, a child's rattle; N. rukla, G.
er. Ealra gesceaſta wyrhta, the Creator röcheln, to rattle in the throat, and ON.
of all things. Se wyrhta ys wyrthe hys hrucka, a pleat, wrinkle ; hruckottr, rug
metys, the labourer is worthy of his hire. ged, wrinkled ; E. dial. wrocłled, wrin
Wrimple. “Rider, to wrinkle or to kled.
wrimple, rides, crumples, wrimples, To Write. ON. writa, to write; rista,
folds, plaits.” – Cot. Du. wrempen, Da. riste, ridse, to score, cut, scratch.
wrimpen (Kil), G. rimpſen, to wry the Hamm ristr miéla ristu, he scratched a
mouth ; Bav. rimpſen, to twist as a worm, deep score; rista rumir, staft, to carve
to shrink or crumple. Cumberland runes, letters. Sw, rita, ritsa, to draw,
wramp, a sprain ; Da. dial. wrimp, a trace, design; rista, to score, engrave.
little boy (a shrimp); AS. hrympelle, Du. Pl.D. riten, to draw, to make strokes, to
rimpe, rimpel, rompel (Kil), a wrinkle, tear, to split.
fold; E. rimple, rumple, to wrinkle, tum That Lat. scribere also takes its mean
ble, throw into irregular folds. ing from the notion of scratching is
 WRITHE YARD 74I

shown by Gael. sgriobh, write ; sºriob, w. Thus in the first class are E. wrap
scrape, scratch, draw lines ; $griobair, a and wrobôle, as well as wap, to envelop or
graving tool. So also Let. rakt, to en cover up ; Pl.D. wribbeln, to rub between
grave, to carve; rakstiht, to write, to the fingers, to twiddle, parallel with G.
draw; Lith. raszyti, to write ; részti, to wiłóe/m, wiebeln, to be in multifarious
cut, score, tear. - movement, to crawl; Da. wrimle, with G.
The ultimate origin is a representation wimmeln, to swarm ; Du. wrijven, G. rei
of the sound made in scratching or tear Öen, to rub, with E. wipe.
ing. Pl.D. ritsch / ratsch / imitation of In the second class are Du. wraddel, a
the sound a thing makes in tearing.— dewlap, the dangling skin under the throat
Danneil. of an ox, parallel with E. waddles or
To Writhe.—Wry. Da. wride, wrie, wattles, the dangling flesh under the
Sw, wrida, to wring or twist; wrida ur throat of a cock, and probably with G.
Jed, to dislocate a joint. Da. vridig, pli wade, the calf or fleshy part of the leg;
able ; Ditm. wriddel (Brem. Wtb.), a E. writhe, Da. wride, parallel with Goth.
wreath of clouts; Da. wrilde, wrid, wrile, zºidan, withan, to bind, Sc. widdle, to
a wisp of hay, so much as is twisted up move in and out, E. zwiddy-waddy [mov
together; wreden, half sour, turned, of ing to and fro], trifling, insignificant—
wine or beer. Du. wreed, sour, harsh, Hal: ; Da. vridig, pliant, parallel with E.
rough. withy, a pliant rod.
The train of thought is probably, as in In the third class we have Pl.D.'wrigel
so many other cases, to rattle, to move to Zvrage! as well as wigel-wagel, express
and fro, then to turn round, to twist. Sw. ing vacillation; E. wriggle, parallel with
rode/n, rotteln, to be loose and shaky, to wiggle, to reel or stagger—Hal. ; wrench
stir liquids; roden, to stir, to move ; Bav. and winch, to twist, to turn aside.
rode/n, rudeln, to shake, stir, roll; raden, Wrong. What is wrung or turned
reden, to riddle or sieve; reident, to turn, aside from the right or straight way to the
twist, plait; ride!, a wreath, tress, plait, desired end. Moral right and wrong are
wisp ; E. dial. rudder, riddle, a sieve, an the right or wrong means to satisfy the
implement worked by shaking to and fro. conscience. Da. wrange, to twist; wrang,
Bret. rodella, to roll, to curl. Du. wrad wrong ; ON. rangr, wry, crooked, unjust.
de/, a dewlap, from its swaying to and fro. In like manner Fr. droit (directus),
Fris. wridae, wrisse, to rub or turn to straight, right; fort (from tordre, to
and fro, to twist, to crook. twist), wrong. W. cam, crooked, wrong,
It is remarkable that the groups of false.
words expressing ideas connected with Wry. A degraded form of writhe.
vacillating or rolling movement, clustered The Da. wride, to writhe, is pronounced
round the forms waſ ble, waddle, waggle, wrie (Bosworth), and the participle wre
are mostly accompanied by parallel forms den (of ale), sourish, turned, vreien.—Mol
in which an r is inserted after the initial bech.

Yacht. Du. faght-schip, jaghte, a light Lith. AEarte, kartis, a pole, rod; apwyn
ship, fit to give chase with, from jaght, £arte, a hop-pole. Boh. zerd, Pol. 2erdà,
chase ; faghten, to chase, to hurry, hasten;
Russ. gerd”, pole.
jaghtigh, venaticus, valde celer, festinus;2. In the next place, probably from rods
jaghen, to hunt, and met. to hasten.— or wattlework affording the readiest means
Kil of making fences, ON. gardr, gerdi, a
Yard. I. AS. geard, gyrd, G. gerte, a fence, hedge, anything inclosed within a
rod, wand, switch, a pole or perch, a fence, a house, yard, court, garden ; ger
measuring rod ; bindgerte, an osier or da, girda, to inclose, to fence. . Dan.
withy; Bav. gart, gdirten, a twig, rod; gjerde, a fence ; gaard, a house, a farm.
ettergårten, rods for hedging ; birkene AS. geard, an inclosure; NE. garth, a
gartn, a birch rod; gert, a rod or pole, a yard, small field or inclosure, orchard,
measure for land. Du. gaerde, gheerde, garden. Bav. holºgarten, the woodyard;
virga, flagrum, Scipio, stimulus.-Kil. AoA/engarten, hop-garden; weingarten,
742 YARE YES
vineyard. Bret. gara, a hedge, a garden; Yeast. The froth in the working of
W. gardd, a yard, garden. Illyr. graditi, new beer.—B. Swiss fast, G. gaischt,
to fence, wall, build ; gradina, a hedge, froth of beer, yeast. Swiss jasen, G.
garden. gåschen, to froth or foam, to lather. Beer
Yare. Ready, quick, expeditious.-B. gáscht when it ferments or frets, but still
AS. gearo, gearw, ready, prepared; G. more when it is poured into a glass and
gar, ready, complete, altogether. Der raises a hissing froth.-Küttn. From the
Jisch ist gar, the fish is done enough, is hissing noise of fermentation yeast is
cooked. Das leder gar machen, to pre called sizzing in the S. of E.-Ray. And
pare leather, to tan. the word yeast probably arises from an
Yarn. ON., G. garn, Du. garen, imitation of the same sound. ON. ſastr,
Agaeren, yarn, thread. the rustling of leaves, sound of trees in a
Yawl. Gael. geola, a ship's boat; Sw. storm (Haldorsen), yeast, scum on sour
fulle, Da. jolle, a yawl, jolly boat ; jolle, milk (Jonsson); gyosa, to spirt, gush forth
to row. with a whizzing noise; AS. gist, a blast of
To Yawl. To cry, to howl.—Hal. G. wind, yeast; ſyst, a tempest, storm. Mice/
dial. julen, folen, ſaue/n, Swiss faulen, ſyst windes, a great storm of wind.—Mark
jauren, jause/n, to lament, wail, whimper; 4. 37. Pºstig, stormy, may be compared
ON. gºſla, to howl. Illyr. jao / alas; jao with Shakespear's ‘yesty waves.”
Æati, to cry jao !, to lament. Lat. heu / Yelk-Yolk. As, geolca, gioleca, the
eu / alas; eyulare, to cry eu, eheu, to yellow of an egg. Bohem. Å/uty, yellow;
lament. 3/autek, yolk; &lautenice, jaundice, the
To Yawn. AS. geonian, gymian, OHG. yellow disease; Pol. golty, yellow; goltek,
ginán, geinón, ON, gina, Gr. xálvu, to yolk.
gape, yawn. Yell. AS. gyllan, giellan, ON. gella,
Yea.—Yes. AS. gea, and (in composi gjalla, to yell, shriek, ring, resound; Du.
tion with se) gese, yea, yes, as me, mese, ghillen, to creak, Squeak, scream ; ghil
nay, no. Goth., G., Du. ja, yes. Illyr. finge van de sage, the creaking of a saw.
fe, is. The meaning of yea would seem —Kil. G. gellen, to tingle; Sw, gālla, to
to be, it is so. resound.
To Yean, Ean. AS. eanian, parturire, Yellow. AS. gelew, geoluwe, G. gelò,
eniti; eanigend, foetans; eanod, enixus.- ON. gulr, Lat. galbus, gilbus, gilvus, he/-
Lye. Geeane, (of sheep) in lamb ; geeane vus, fulvus, flavus, It giallo, Sp. falde,
eowa, foetae oves.—Gen. 33. 13. Ptg, falde, falne, Fr. jaune, Pol. §olly,
Plausibly explained as a corruption of Boh. gluty, yellow.
eacmian, geeacmian, to increase, conceive, There can be little doubt that the word
bring forth. But it does not appear that is connected with Gold, Gall, Yelk or
eanian, geeanian, is ever used of any Yolk. Boh. glato, Pol. 2 loto, gold; Boh.
other animals besides sheep, and a far #lue, Gr. xoMil, gall, bile. Lat. fel, gall,
more probable origin may be found in W. may be compared with flavus, fulvus.
oen, Gael. uan, Manx eayn, a lamb; eay Russ. zelt', yellow ; gelch’, gall, bile; £el
mey, to yean, to lamb. tok, yelk of an egg.
Year. Goth.jer, G. fahr, ON. dr. To Yelp. ON. gyalfr, noise, yelping
To Yearn, Earn. Properly to shiver of dogs, dashing of waves; gyalpa, to
with desire or other emotion, as a dog roar like the waves, to dash; Fr. glapir,
may be seen to do when he is intently to bark like a dog, yelp, yawl, brawl.—
watching his master eating, and yearms Cot.
for a morsel of the coveted food. “Fris Yeoman. Rightly explained by Spel
soner, to tremble, shiver, earn through man from Goth. &azi, OHG. gewi, gouwi,
cold or fear.”—Cot. Torriano explains to G. gau, gai, ge, Fris. gao, gae, district,
earn (within), swiscerarsi, tremar difreddo, country, place, village, whence OHG. gou
raccapricciarsi (to shiver with cold, the Jih, gavisc, rural, rustic. The primary
hair to stand on end); to yearm, arricci meaning of the word would thus be a
arsi ; a yearning (through sudden fear), countryman. Fris. Gaeman, gaemon,
arricciamento. ON. giarn, desirous ; villager, village inhabitants; gaekercke,
girna, to desire. ‘A child is said to girn village church; gaelioed, gaeſole, parish
when it becomes peevish from earnest ioners, village people.—Richthofen. The
desire of any object.’—Jam. Sophocles word then is quite unconnected with the
has ºppº port, I shivered with love. gam of G. braitigam, or with AS. guma, a
Alban, Maxrapic, I shiver, tremble, earn man.
estly desire. Yes. See Yea.
 YESTERDAY YULE 743

Yesterday. As. gyrstandag, gestran Acts that ‘sailing was now dangerous
dag, geosterlic, yesterday; Du. gister, because the fast was now already past,’
gistereſt, G. gestern, yesterday ; Lat. Aeri, it means that the fast was some time
hesternus; Gr. x0éc, x01%g, Sanscr. hyas, past. And precisely as now is joined in
Ayastana. -
the foregoing passage with already, the
Yet. AS. gyſ, W. etto, yet, still, again. AS. geo, now, was joined with geara, geo
Gr. ºrt, yet. ar, geo geara, geo hºwiłum, now already,
Yew. Pl.D. ibe, ive, G. eibe, Fr. iſ, w. long ago.
Jyw, Sw: id. Young.—Youth. Goth. juggs, com
To Yield. AS. gyldan, ge/dam, to re parative, juhisa, young ; yunda, youth ;
store, repay, pay, give back, give up. Sw. AS. geong, G. ſung, young ; geogothe, G.
gálda, to compensate, pay, satisfy: gäld, jugend, youth. Sanscr. yuzyan, Lat.
debt. ON. galaa, to pay; g/a/d, g/öld, juvenis, Lith. faunas, W. teuang, young.
payment, satisfaction. Goth. gildan, to Yule. The name of the Christmas
recompense, requite. See Guilt. festival among the Scandinavians and
Yoke. Goth. juć, ON. ok, G. joch, connected races; ON. f6!, Fin. foulu,
Lith. jungas, the yoke or implement by Esthon. foulo. In English the name is
which a pair of oxen are joined together nearly confined to Scotland and the
for the purpose of drawing a plough or Northern counties, where the language
waggon. was chiefly open to Scandinavian in
The name is taken from the verb sig fluences. The ON.jó/signified not merely
nifying to join. Thus Sanscr.yuj, join ; the Christmas festival but a feast in
yuga, a yoke, a pair ; Gr. Zetyvvetv, to general. Hugins föl, skölkynis jól, the
join ; ºvyöv, Keiyoc, a yoke; Lat. jungere, crow’s, wolf’s jº battle, slaughter. It
to join, jugum, Fr. foug, a yoke. is however doubtful whether the name of
Yon.-Yonder. AS. geoma, thither, the principal feast of the year has been
beyond, yonder. Hider and geond, hither generalised, or whether the word once
and thither. Geond frowerfig daga, after signifying feast in general has been in
forty days. Geond drige stowa, through course of time restricted to the Midwinter
dry places. Goth. Jains, that ; fainar, festival. On the supposition that the
there ; faind, faindvairths, faindre, primary, signification is a feast it has
thither; fainthro, from thence; ON. emn, been connected with W. givyll, Bret.
inn, hinn, that one, the ; Du. ginds, gin gouiſ, a feast. Bede seems to regard the
der, yon, yonder. name of Yule as equivalent to G. sonnen
Yore. Heretofore, anciently.—B. As. wende (sunturn), the winter solstice, when
Aſcara, gearwe, gere, formerly, for a long the sun turns from the shortening to the
time ; geara nu, jamdudum ; gearage lengthening of the day. In the AS. calen
zwuned, long used, inveterate ; geardaga, dar the months of December and January,
ancient days, days of yore. Geara was on either side of the solstice, were called
also used in the sense of thoroughly, per arre-geola and aſtera-geo/a, the former
fectly. Hi wiston geare (Luk. 20. 6), and the latter Yule, and of these Bede
they be persuaded. Gearwe cuthe, I well says, “Menses Giuli a conversione solis
knew. In the latter sense, at least, it is in auctum diei, quia unus eorum prae
impossible to doubt. that the word is cedit, alius subsequitur, nomina accepe
identical with G. gar, OHG. garo, garawo, runt.”—De temporum ratione, c. 13. The
thoroughly, altogether, complete. Caro author of the Menologium. Anglosaxoni
ni wizzanto, penitus ignorantes. Now cum takes a similar view, “Duo Sunt
the G. adverb is from OHG. garo, garaw, menses qui uno nomine gaudent ; alter
AS. gearo, gearu, yare, ready, while the Geola prior, alter posterior est. Eorum
idea of readiness passes easily into that enim alter praecedit solem priusquam
of complete, accomplished, passed, long convertat se ad longitudinem diei, alter
gone by. Es sind noch nicht gar vier subsequitur.’
wochen : it is not full four weeks, four The connection between the AS. geohol
weeks are not yet completely gone since, and the sense of turning is not apparent
&c. Gar selfen, quite seldom. The notion to us, but it has been explained from W.
of readiness is in like manner used to chwyl, a turn; AS. h.wtol, ON. hyul, a
signify time completely passed, in the wheel.
adverb already. Where it is said in the
. 744 ZANY ZYMOTIC

Zany. Zane, the name of John in poeia, and rightly so if by that name is
some parts of Lombardy, but commonly meant an attempt directly to represent
taken for a silly John, or foolish clown in the thing signified by means of the voice.
a play, as a Jack-pudding at the dancing But we need not suppose that it is an
of the ropes.—Fl. imitation of the sound made by any zigzag
Zeal.—Zealot. Gr. Zij\oc, emulation, action, as it may be a case of mere
eager pursuit of, or ardour after, a thing, analogy between the effort of utterance
whence ZnAwr)c. 'e. and the kind of effort in zigzag action.
Zenith. Said to be a corruption of It is peculiar to the mutes b, d, g,
Arab. semt, quarter, region; semi-ar-rás, p, t, k, that the breath is completely
Turk. semi-i-resst, the head region, the stopped in their utterance, whence they
zenith; semt-i-kadem, the foot region, the are called by Max Müller, checks. Hence
nadir. The word madir signifies what is a short syllable ending in one of these
opposite (viz. to the zenith), from Arab. consonants is frequently used to represent
nazar, look. A circle from the zenith to a sharp movement abruptly checked.
the horizon was in Arab. called alsemt, Thus we have dºg, dag, jig, fag, jog, Fr.
the zenith circle, whence our Azimuth.- sag-oter, to jog ; sac-cade, a rough and
Dict. Etym. sudden jerk or check—Sadler, Fr. Dict.
Zephyr. Gr. Zápwpoc, the west wind. choc, a shock; Pl.D. suk, a syllable by
Zero. There is little doubt that this which is expressed a jog or jolt in riding
word must have come to us with the or driving, and which (says the Brem.
Arabic notation, of which it is the cha Wtb.) expresses by the sound the thing
racteristic feature. In Arabic however itself. Of a ride on a jolting horse it is
it is marked by a dot or dash, and not by said, dat geit jummer suksuk / that goes
a circle. It is in vain to attempt to suk suk Sukkelm, suksen, to go jolt
identify it with cypher, as is often done. ing along. In 2ig / gag / each syllable
Possibly it may be the Arabic zar’ (or if represents a sharp movement abruptly
we mark the aim by an o, garo), a seed, checked, while the change of vowel from
as we speak of the fifts or dots by which i to a indicates the change in the direc
the numbers are marked on dice. tion of the movement. Of course no one
Zest. Fr. gest, the inner skin of a pretends that the mere utterance would
walnut, which is taken as a type of a be sufficient to convey so much meaning
worthless trifle. Il ne vaut pas un zest, to a person who heard it for the first
he is not worth a rush. Possibly the time, but the utterance would in the first
second may be the primary meaning of instance be accompanied and explained
the word. Zest is also used to express by a zigzag movement of the hand.
the sound made by a jerk, yark, stripe, Zodiac. Gr. Zwölaköc, the epithet of
thwack, &c.—Cot. In E. it signified a the circle inscribed with the twelve signs,
piece of lemon-peel put in to flavour or constellations so called.
drink, and thence was used for relish, Zone. Gr. Zóvn, a girdle.
flavour. Lat. ciccum, the soft skin sur Zoo-. Zwo-, from ºwn), life.
rounding the pips of a pomegranate ; Zymotic. Gr. Zvuoricóc, having the
met. a trifle. -
property of promoting fermentation, or of
Zigzag. G. gickaack, Fr. 2iggag, Pol. leavening ; ºun, leaven.
3yggag. Commonly called an onomato

JOHN CHILDS AND SON, PRINTERS.

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