Hydraulic Structure II, spillway components and types

TABLE OF CONTENT
1 SPILLWAYS ...................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 1
1.2 REQUIRED CAPACITY OF THE SPILLWAY ......................................................................... 1
1.3 COMPONENT PARTS OF A SPILLWAY.............................................................................. 1
1.4 CLASSIFICATION OF SPILLWAYS...................................................................................... 2
1.4.1 Main (or service) spillway .......................................................................................... 2
1.4.2 Auxiliary spillways...................................................................................................... 2
1.4.3 Emergency spillways.................................................................................................. 3
1.4.4 Free overfall (straight drop) spillway......................................................................... 3
1.4.5 Ogee (overflow) spillway ........................................................................................... 3
1.4.5.1 Discharge over ogee Spillway ........................................................................... 4
1.4.6 Chute (open channel or tough) spillway.................................................................... 8
1.4.6.1 Water surface profile on the chute................................................................... 9
1.4.6.2 Height of Side Wall.......................................................................................... 10
1.4.7 Side‐channel spillway .............................................................................................. 10
1.4.8 Shaft (morning glory) spillway ................................................................................. 11
1.4.9 Siphon spillway ........................................................................................................ 13
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1‐1:‐ Values of a, b, R1, R2, K and n for different U/S slope ................................................... 4
Table 1‐2:‐ Value of pier contraction coefficient ............................................................................ 8
Table 1‐3:‐ Value of abutment contraction coefficient................................................................... 8
Table 1‐4: ‐ Water surface profile computation using standards step method............................ 10

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1‐1:‐ Overfall spillway........................................................................................................... 3
Figure 1‐2:‐Standard Spillway crest (after US Army Waterways Experimental Station, 1959)....... 4
Figure 1‐3:‐ Discharge coefficients for vertical‐faced ogee crest.................................................... 5
Figure 1‐4: ‐ Discharge coefficients for other than the design head............................................... 6
Figure 1‐5: ‐ Discharge coefficients for ogee‐shaped crest with slopping upstream face .............. 6
Figure 1‐6: ‐Ratio of discharge coefficient caused by tail water effects ......................................... 7
Figure 1‐7: ‐Ratio of discharge coefficients resulting from apron effects....................................... 7
Figure 1‐8:‐ Typical chute and side channel spillway arrangement ................................................ 9
Figure 1‐9:‐ Side channel spillway: (a) Plan (b) section A‐A, side view ......................................... 10
Figure 1‐10:‐ Shaft spillway (a), Plan and (b) section .................................................................... 11
Figure 1‐11:‐ Nature of flow and discharge characteristics of morning glory spillway................. 12
Figure 1‐12:‐ siphon pipe installed within the gravity dam........................................................... 13
Hydraulic Structure II, spillway
1 SPILLWAYS
1.1 INTRODUCTION
The spillway is intended to discharge the excess river flow, during times of flood, in such a manner as to insure
the safety of the dam and appurtenant works at all times. It is of paramount importance for the spillway
facilities to be designed with sufficient capacity to avoid overtopping of the dam, especially when an earth‐fill
or rock‐fill type of dam is selected for the project. In cases where safety of the inhabitants downstream is a
key consideration during development of the project, the spillway should be designed to accommodate the
probable maximum flood.

The spillway must be hydraulically and structurally adequate and must be located so that spillway discharges
do not erode or undermine the downstream toe of the dam.

A spillway may be located either in the middle of the dam or at the end of the dam near abutments. In some
case, it is located away from the dam as an independent structure if there is suitable saddle (natural
depression).

Hence, the essential requirements of spillway may be summarized as below;
1. It must have adequate discharge capacity;
2. It must be hydraulically and structurally safe;
3. The surface of spillway must be erosion resistant;
4. The spillway must be located that the spillway discharges does not erode or undermine the
downstream toe of the dam;
5. It should be provided with some device for the dissipation of excess energy; and
6. The spillway discharge should not exceed the safe discharge capacity of the downstream channel to
avoid flooding.
1.2 REQUIRED CAPACITY OF THE SPILLWAY
The required spillway capacity is usually determined by flood routing. The spillway capacity should be equal to
the minimum outflow rate determined by flood routing. The following data are required for flood routing:
1. Inflow flood hydrograph, indicating the rate of inflow with respect to time. It is the same as design
flood hydrograph of the spillway
2. Reservoir‐capacity curve, indicating the reservoir storage at different elevations
3. Outflow discharge curve, indicating the rate of outflow through spillways at different reservoir
elevations.
Factors affecting the capacity of the spillway are:
a. inflow flood hydrograph
b. available storage capacity
c. capacity of outlets
d. gates of spillways
e. Possible damage, if capacity is exceeded.
1.3 COMPONENT PARTS OF A SPILLWAY
Spillway generally has the following components:
i. Entrance channel: ‐ are required in those types of spillways in which the control structure is away
from the reservoir. The entrance channel is used to draw water from the reservoir and carries to
control structure. It may not be required for spillway types which draw water directly from the
reservoir.
BDU‐Engineering Faculty, School of Civil Eng’g and Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, 2010 1
ii. Control structure: ‐ it is major component of a spillway device, which regulates the outflows from
the reservoir. A control device limits or prevents outflows below fixed reservoir levels and
regulates releases when the reservoir rises above that level. A control structure may consist of a
sill, weir, orifice, or pipe.
iii. Discharge channel (or waterway): ‐ Flow released through the control structure is conveyed to
the streambed below the dam in a discharge channel or waterway. The conveyance structure may
be the downstream face of a concrete dam, an open channel excavated along the ground surface,
a closed cut‐and‐cover conduit placed through or under a dam, or a tunnel excavated through an
abutment. The profile may be variably flat or steep; the cross section may be variably rectangular,
trapezoidal, circular, or another shape; and the discharge channel may be wide or narrow, long or
short. Dimensions are governed primarily by hydraulic requirements, but the selection of profile,
cross‐sectional shape, width, length, etc., is influenced by the geologic and topographic
characteristics of the site. Open channels excavated in the abutment usually follow the ground
surface profile. In plan, open channels may be straight or curved, and their sides may be parallel,
convergent, divergent, or a combination of these. A closed conduit may consist of a vertical or an
inclined shaft leading to a nearly horizontal tunnel through the abutment or to a cut‐and‐cover
conduit under or through the dam.
iv. Terminal structure (energy dissipater): ‐ When spillway flows drop from reservoir pool level to
downstream river level, the static head is converted to kinetic energy. This energy manifests itself
in the form of high velocities that, if impeded, result in high pressures. Means of returning the
flow to the river without serious scour or erosion of the toe of the dam and without damage to
adjacent structures must usually be provided. It is therefore, necessary that the high energy of
flow must be dissipated before the flow is returned to the river downstream. It is located at the
end of discharge channel to dissipate energy.
v. Exit channel: ‐ in some types of spillway, the exit channels are provided to convey the discharge
from the terminal structure to the river downstream.
1.4 CLASSIFICATION OF SPILLWAYS
Spillways can be classified in to different types based on the various criteria as below:
a. Classification based on Purpose
i. Main (or service) spillway ii. Auxiliary spillways
iii. Emergency spillways
b. Classification based on Control
i. Controlled (gated) spillway ii. Uncontrolled spillway
c. Classification based on prominent features
i. Free overfall (straight drop) spillway v. Shaft (morning glory) spillway
ii. Overflow or ogee spillway vi. Siphon spillway
iii. Chute (open channel or tough) spillway vii. Conduit (tunnel) spillway
iv. Side‐channel spillway ix. Cascade spillway
1.4.1 Main (or service) spillway
It is designed to bypass a prefixed of the design flood. This spillway is necessary for all dams and in most case
it is the only.
1.4.2 Auxiliary spillways
If the site condition is favorable, it is constructed with a main spillway. The main spillway is designed to pass
floods which are likely to occur more frequently and when the flood greater than this, auxiliary spillway comes
in operation. The crest elevation of auxiliary spillway is higher than main spillway.
1.4.3 Emergency spillways
Some times, it is provided in addition to the main spillway. It is operated for emergency case only. The
emergency may arise due to the following reasons:
a. when the actual flood exceeds the design flood;
b. when the outlet is shutdown;
c. when the gates or other parts of spillway are not working
1.4.4 Free overfall (straight drop) spillway
In this type of spillway, the control structure consists low‐height, narrow‐crested weir and the downstream
face is vertical or nearly vertical so that the water falls freely. The overflowing water may discharge as a free
nappe, as in the case of sharp crested weir.

It is commonly used for low arch dam for the downstream face is almost vertical. It is also used for as a
separate structure for low earth dams. It is suitable for sound rock foundation.

Figure 1‐1:‐ Overfall spillway
1.4.5 Ogee (overflow) spillway
The ogee spillway has a control weir which is ogee or S‐shaped in profile. Flow over the crest adheres to the
face of the profile by preventing access of air to the underside of the sheet. For discharges at designed head,
the flow glides over the crest with no interference from the boundary surface and attains near‐maximum
discharge efficiency.

The shape of crest profile depends upon the head, the inclination of the upstream face of the overflow
section, and the height of the overflow section above the floor of the entrance channel (which influences the
velocity of approach to the crest). For most conditions the data can be summarized according to the form
shown on below, where the profile is defined as it relates to axes at the apex of the crest. That portion
upstream from the origin is defined as either a single curve or a tangent or as a compound circular curve. The
portion downstream is defined by the equation:
x n = k .H dn −1 . y
Where: ‘K’ and ‘n’ are constants whose value depend upon the upstream inclination and approach velocity.
‘X’ is taken as positive towards the downstream and ‘y’ is taken as positive in the downstream direction and Hd
is the design head including the velocity head.

Different u/s curves are given by different slopes and the equation used to compute it is given by:
0.724 ( x + 0.27 H d )
y= 0.85
+ 0.126 H d − 0.4315 H d0.375 * ( x + 0.27 H d ) 0.625
Hd
The u/s profile extends up to X= ‐ 0.27Hd
The slope of d/s face of the over flow dam usually varies in the range of 0.7:1 to 0.8:1. At the end of slopping
surface, a curved circular surface called bucket is provided to create a smooth transition of flow from the
spillway surface to the river d/s of the outlet channel. The bucket is useful for dissipation of energy and
prevention of scour. The radius of the bucket can be approximated by the equation:
R = 10 a , where a = (V + 6.4 H d + 4.88) /(3.6 H d + 19.52)
V is the velocity of flow at the toe of the spillway and is approximated by:
V = 2 g (Z + H a − y)
Z is the total fall from u/s water level to the floor level at the d/s toe, Ha is the head due to velocity of
approach, y is depth of flow at the toe and g is acceleration due to gravity.

Generally, a radius of about one‐fourth of the spillway height is found satisfactory for this reverse bottom
curve.

The following crest profile has been found to give good agreement with the prototype measurement by U.S.
Waterways Experimental Station (WES). Such shapes are known as WES Standard Spillway shapes as shown in
figure below

Figure 1‐2:‐Standard Spillway crest (after US Army Waterways Experimental Station, 1959)

Table 1‐1:‐ Values of a, b, R1, R2, K and n for different U/S slope
U/S slope b/Hd a/Hd R1/Hd R2/Hd K n
0H:1V 0.175 0.282 0.50 0.20 2 1.85
1H:3V 0.139 0.237 0.68 0.21 1.936 1.836
2H:3V 0.115 0.214 0.48 0.22 1.936 1.81

1.4.5.1 Discharge over ogee Spillway
The spillway discharge is given by: Q = C d Le H e Where: Q‐ discharge, Cd – Coefficient of discharge, Le‐
3/ 2
effective crest length, He‐ the actual effective head including the head due to the velocity of approach. I.e. He =
Hd + Ha

1. Coefficient of discharge (Cd): ‐ an ogee has relatively high value of coefficient of discharge because of its
shape. The maximum value of Cd is about 2.20 if no negative pressure occurs on the crest. However, the
value of Cd is not constant and depends on the shape of the ogee profile, and also on the following factors:

a) Height of spillway crest above the stream bed: ‐ it affects the discharge coefficient because the
velocity of approach depends upon this height. With an increase in the height, the velocity of
approach decreases but the coefficient of discharge increases. There is marked increase in the
coefficient of discharge when the height of the spillway increases up to about twice of the design
head; with further increase in height of spillway, there is no much increase on Cd and remain 2.20.

Model tests of the spillway shows that the effect of velocity approach on Cd is negligible when the
height (P) is equal to or greater than 1.33Hd, where Hd is the design head excluding the head due
to velocity of approach.

Figure 1‐3:‐ Discharge coefficients for vertical‐faced ogee crest

b) Ratio of actual total head (He) to the design total head (HD): ‐ figure below shows the variation of
actual discharge coefficient C. It is plotted b/n (C/ CD) as ordinate and (He/ HD) as abscissa. The plot
is applicable with P ≥ 1.33Hd

Figure 1‐4: ‐ Discharge coefficients for other than the design head

c) Slope of the u/s face of spillway: ‐ Figure 1‐5 shows the variation of discharge coefficient due to
slope u/s face of spillway.

Figure 1‐5: ‐ Discharge coefficients for ogee‐shaped crest with slopping upstream face

d) Extent of the d/s submergence of crest: ‐ the actual C is decreased due to downstream
submergence as shown on Figure 1‐6 below. The degree of submergence is expressed by He/hd,
where He is the depth of water over the crest on the downstream and ‘hd’ is on the upstream.

Figure 1‐6: ‐Ratio of discharge coefficient caused by tail water effects

e) Downstream apron: ‐ When the value of (hd+ d)/ HD exceed 1.70, the d/s floor apron has little
effect on the coefficient of discharge, but for lower value, the coefficient of discharge is lower. In
this expression ‘d’ is tail water depth, and ‘hd’ is the depth of d/s water level below u/s TEL. thus,
Hd + d = P + HD

Figure 1‐7: ‐Ratio of discharge coefficients resulting from apron effects

2. Effective length of crest: ‐ Where crest priers and abutments are shaped to cause side contractions of the
overflow, the effective length, Le, will be less than the net length of the crest. The effect of the end
contraction may be taken into account by reducing the crest length as follows:
(
Le = L' − 2 NK p + K a H e )
Where: L’‐ net length of the crest, N‐ Number of piers, Kp‐ piers contraction coefficient and Ka‐ abutment
contraction coefficient.

The pier contraction coefficient, Kp, is affected by the shape and location of the pier nose, the thickness of the
pier, the head in relation to the design head, and the approach velocity. The average pier contraction
coefficient may be assumed as follows:

Table 1‐2:‐ Value of pier contraction coefficient
Pier condition Kp
Square nosed pier with corners rounded on a radius equal to about 0.1 of the pier thickness 0.02
Rounded nosed piers 0.01
Pointed nose piers 0

The abutment contraction coefficient is affected by the shape of the abutment, the angle between the
upstream approach wall and the axis of flow, the head in relation to the design head, and the approach
velocity. The average abutment contraction coefficient may be assumed as follows:

Table 1‐3:‐ Value of abutment contraction coefficient
Abutment condition Ka
o
Square abutments with head wall at 90 to direction of flow 0.20
Rounded abutments with head wall at 90o to the direction flow 0.10
Rounded abutments with head wall placed at not more than 45o to the direction of flow 0

1.4.6 Chute (open channel or tough) spillway
A chute spillway is a steep channel conveying the discharge from a low overfall, side channel, or special shape
spillway over the valley side into the river downstream.

For earthen and rock fill dams, a separate spillway is generally constructed in a flank or a saddle, away from
the main valley. Sometimes, even for gravity dams, a separate spillway is required because of the narrowness
of the main valley. In all such circumstances, a separate spillway like chute may have to be provided.

A chute spillway essentially consists of a steeply sloping open channel, placed along a dam abutment or
through a flank or a saddle. It leads the water from the reservoir to the downstream channel below.

The entire channel spillway can hence be divided into the following parts:
I. Entrance channel
II. Control structure (Low Ogee weir)
III. Chute channel or discharge carrier
IV. Energy dissipation arrangements at the bottom in the form of the stilling basin

A control structure may or may not be provided for this type of spillway, depending on the natural level of the
saddle (natural depression). If the natural ground level of the saddle is higher than the full reservoir level,
excavation is done in the saddle up to the full reservoir level to form a flat‐crested weir. However, if the
natural ground level of the saddle is lower than the full reservoir level, an ogee‐shaped weir is usually built to
achieve a high discharge coefficient.


Figure 1‐8:‐ Typical chute and side channel spillway arrangement
1.4.6.1 Water surface profile on the chute
A determination of the flow velocity and depth in the chute is required for the design of vertical curves and
wall heights. Velocity and depth are also required at the end of the chute in order to calculate the sequent
depth and size of the hydraulic jump. Although this does not affect the design of the chute itself, it is a very
important phase of the design, since the design of the entire discharge section is related to the size of the
hydraulic jump.

The normal procedure to determine the chute velocity involves calculation of the water surface profile down
the chute by a step method starting with the known velocity and depth at the start of the chute. This initial
depth may be computed from the known head, discharge, and weir height. Since the energy loss due to
friction over the weir can be neglected, the specific energy at the base of the weir on the downstream side
may be taken as Z + P + Y, in which H is the head on the weir, P is the height of the weir and Y is the drop in
floor elevation from the upstream to the downstream side of the weir, if any. This is numerically equal to the
sum of the depth (d1) plus the velocity head (v2/2g or q2/2gd12), from which:

E = Z + P + Y = d1 +q2/ (2g d12)

By applying Bernoulli’s equation, the water depth and velocity can be determined for the known hydraulic
parameter of the channel. The method applied to determine the above value is called standard step method.


Table 1‐4: ‐ Water surface profile computation using standards step method
S1=(n^2*V^2)/R^(4/
Z+ d + hv + h
hf=(V2/2g)
V=(Q/A)
(7)+(13)
R=(A/P)
Remark
Station
Z+d+hf
S,(avg)
Error
Distance b/n
h1=(11)x(12)
E=
A
d
P
Z
3)

Stations
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16)
1.4.6.2 Height of Side Wall
The height of walls for the chute is based on the flow depth plus an allowance for freeboard. The flow depth
may be calculated with sufficient accuracy for design from Manning’s equation; however, the freeboard
allowance is often a matter of judgment. The purpose of freeboard is to safely confine the flow to the chute
with due regard to waves, splash, spray, and bulking due to air entrainment. It is recommended that the
minimum wall height (hw) for parallel sided chutes be taken as:

hw = 1.5d + 0.05v:
Where d and v are the chute depth and velocity at the point
1.4.7 Side‐channel spillway
Side channel spillways (Figure 1‐9) are mainly used when it is not possible or advisable to use a direct overfall
spillway as, e.g., at earth and rock fill dams.

(a) (b)
Figure 1‐9:‐ Side channel spillway: (a) Plan (b) section A‐A, side view

They are placed on the side of the dam and have a spillway proper, the flume (channel) downstream of the
spillway, followed by the chute or tunnel. The spillway proper is usually designed as a normal overfall spillway.
The depth, width, and bed slope of the flume must be designed in such a way that even the maximum flood
discharge passes with a free overfall over the entire horizontal spillway crest, so that the reservoir level is not
influenced by the flow in the channel. The width of the flume may therefore increases in the direction of the
flow. From the energy dissipation point of view, the deeper the channel and the steeper the side facing the
spillway, the better; on the other hand , this shape is in most cases more expensive to construct than a
shallow wide channel with a gently sloping side.
1.4.8 Shaft (morning glory) spillway
It is the spillways designed like an inverted bell so that water can enter all around the perimeter. These
uncontrolled spillway devices are also called morning glory spillways. The structure is considered to comprise
three elements: an overflow control weir, a vertical transition, and a closed discharge channel.

The discharge curve shows the following three cases on flow control:
a) crest control (condition 1) will prevail for heads between the ordinates of ‘a’ and ‘g’;
b) orifice or tube control (condition 2) will govern for heads between the ordinates of ‘g’ and ‘h’; and
c) Full pipe flow (condition 3) Spillway conduit will flow full for heads above the ordinate of h. It is
not recommended.

A drop inlet spillway is advantageous:
a) At dam sites where there is narrow canyons and the abutments rises steeply or where a diversion
tunnel or conduit is available for use as the downstream leg.
b) Maximum capacity is attained at relatively low heads; this characteristic makes the spillway ideal for
use where the maximum spillway outflow is to be limited.

Disadvantage
i. There is unsymmetrical flow down the shaft, which causes considerable turbulence;
ii. Heavy turbulence occurs at the bottom of the vertical shaft where there is a transition to the horizontal
conduit;
iii. There is a possibility of clogging of the spillway with debris;
iv. The capacity of the spillway does not increase much with an increase in head beyond a particular head.
There for the spillway is not able to cope with increased flood in case of an emergency.

(a) (b)
Figure 1‐10:‐ Shaft spillway (a), Plan and (b) section


Figure 1‐11:‐ Nature of flow and discharge characteristics of morning glory spillway

Rating Curve: ‐ the discharge during crest control is given by:

Q = C d ( 2πRs ) H 3 / 2
Where: Cd is discharge coefficient, Rs is the radius of the funnel at crest and H is the head over the crest. The
above equation holds true for the limit up to H/Rs = 1.0.

When the head over the crest is increased beyond the limit (H/Rs ≤ 1) the orifice flow occurs and the crest is
completely submerged and the water surface has a slightly depression. The discharge is given by:
Q = C d (πR 2 ) 2 gH a
Where: Cd is discharge coefficient, R is the radius of the vertical shaft and Ha is the depth of the orifice formed.
1.4.9 Siphon spillway
Siphon spillways (Figure 1‐12) are closed conduits in the form of an inverted U with an inlet, short upper leg,
throat (control section), lower leg, and outlet.

Figure 1‐12:‐ siphon pipe installed within the gravity dam

For very low flows a siphon spillway operates as a weir; as the flow increases, the upstream water level rises,
the velocity in the siphon increases, and the flow in the lower leg begins to exhaust air from the top of the
siphon until this primes and begins to flow full as a pipe, with the discharge given by:
Q = C d A(2gH )
1/ 2

Where: A is the (throat) cross‐section of the siphon, H is the difference between the upstream water level and
siphon outlet or downstream water level if the outlet is submerged and
Cd = 1/(K1 + K2 + K3 + K4 )1/ 2

Where: K1, K2, K3, and K4 are head loss coefficients for the entry, bend, exit, and friction losses in the siphon.

Assignment‐1: write the different kinds and working principles of Siphon spillway. Discuss with the help of
graph (sketch). (Minimum 1 page, maximum 2 pages of A4 size).

Exercise: An over flow spillway with u/s vertical face to be designed for a flood of 2100m3/s. The level of the
spillway crest is at RL of 130.00 and the river bed is at RL of 100.00. The end walls of the spillway are 79m
apart and there are 4 rounded‐nosed piers, each 1m wide. Determine the total head over the crest. Take
C=2.20 and Ka = 0.10. [ answer 5.53m]

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