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From the Department of Transfusion Medi- lood transfusion is the most common therapeutic procedure
cine, Warren G. Magnuson Clinical Center, performed in hospitalized patients; some 15% of inpatients receive blood
National Institutes of Health Clinical
Center, Bethesda, MD. Address reprint components during their stay. Approximately 1% of transfused products re-
requests to Dr. Panch at the Center for sult in serious adverse reactions,1 including hemolytic transfusion reactions, which
Cellular Engineering, Bldg. 10, 3C-720D, account for up to 5% of these serious adverse reactions.2 Although technical and
Department of Transfusion Medicine,
Warren G. Magnuson Clinical Center, Na- administrative controls to prevent transfusion of ABO-mismatched blood have re-
tional Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD duced transfusion-related deaths, immune-mediated hemolysis remains an important,
20892, or at sandhya.panch@nih.gov. if underappreciated, risk. Deaths attributed to emergency transfusion in patients with
N Engl J Med 2019;381:150-62. an unknown antibody history and hemolysis related to non–red-cell components
DOI: 10.1056/NEJMra1802338 such as platelets, plasma, and intravenous immune globulin constitute a small but
Copyright © 2019 Massachusetts Medical Society.
serious problem. Delayed hemolytic transfusion reactions and life-threatening “by-
stander hemolysis” (i.e., hemolysis of autologous red cells), particularly in patients
with hemoglobinopathies who have received multiple transfusions, present unique
diagnostic challenges with regard to the timing of presentation, predictability,
symptom overlap with other complications, and antibody identification and manage-
ment.3 Owing to increases in solid-organ and hematopoietic stem-cell transplanta-
tion, donor lymphocyte–mediated immune hemolysis is no longer a rare event.4-6
His t or y
The earliest description of an incompatible hemolytic transfusion reaction dates to
the experimental start of transfusion therapy in the mid-17th century. While treating
a nobleman who had episodes of violent mental derangement with infusions of
“soothing” calf blood, Jean-Baptiste Denis described what has become the classic
reaction:
The patient was transfused with 5-6 ounces of calves’ blood. During the pro-
cedure, the patient complained that the vein in his right arm became quite pain-
ful. The procedure was repeated 2 days later; a larger transfusion was given.
Following the transfusion, however, the patient complained of pain in the arm
vein; his pulse rose, he vomited, and he had a severe nosebleed, pain over the
kidney, and an “oppressive sensation in the chest.” The next day, he “made a
great glass of urine with a color as black as if it had been mixed with the soot
of a chimney.”7
The severity of the reaction prompted the Parlement of Paris (the appellate court),
along with most of Europe, to ban all human transfusions. These signs and symptoms
have come to define acute immune-mediated hemolysis.
With Landsteiner’s discovery of ABO blood groups in 1900, red-cell agglutina-
tion patterns became the recognized laboratory method for typing blood. Ottenberg
24
Nonimmune causes
20 Unidentified antibody
No. of Reported Deaths
or cold agglutinin
16 Multiple antibodies
Non-ABO single
12 antibody
ABO-incompatible
8 transfusions
0
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Fiscal Year
Figure 1. Annual Reported Deaths in the United States from Hemolytic Transfusion Reactions.
The data, reported by the Food and Drug Administration for fiscal years 2005 through 2016,9 show an overall de-
cline in deaths related to hemolytic transfusion reactions, with persistently low numbers of reported deaths in more
recent years.
applied this technique to routine pretransfusion red-cell units transfused in 2016.11 Much of this
testing as a way to prevent hemolytic transfusion decline can be attributed to a reduction in trans-
reactions.8 The development of anticoagulant– fusion of ABO-incompatible blood. Fatal hemo-
preservative solutions allowed not only storage of lytic transfusion reactions continued to decrease
typed blood but also sufficient time to perform from fiscal year 2005 through fiscal year 2010,
extended laboratory testing before transfusion. but one to four deaths continue to be reported
A combination of serologic techniques and mo- annually (Fig. 1).9 The risk of fatal ABO-incom-
lecular identification of the corresponding red-cell patible transfusion is still estimated to exceed the
genes is currently used to provide extended com- combined risks of infection with human immuno-
patibility testing, to select rare compatible units, deficiency virus and hepatitis B and C viruses.12,13
and to help establish the diagnosis when hemo- The most frequent preventable cause of lethal
lytic reactions are suspected. hemolysis remains misidentification of the patient
or mislabeling of the blood sample from the iden-
tified recipient, commonly referred to as “wrong
Epidemiol o gic Fe at ur e s
blood in the tube.”14 In the United Kingdom,
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) requires ABO-incompatible events that were nearly fatal
reporting of transfusion-related deaths in the were reported for 25 units per 100,000 issued in
United States under the Code of Federal Regu- 2017.15 Deaths from hemolysis have also been
lations, Title 21, Section 606.170(b), and publish- documented after emergency transfusions in pa-
es annual compilations of hemolysis-associated tients with an unknown antibody history.9 The
deaths (Fig. 1).9 Any effort to discern national rate of acute hemolytic transfusion reactions
trends should take into account that the classi- among patients receiving emergency transfusions
fication was modified in fiscal year 2015 to ensure of blood that has not been cross-matched, a com-
consistency with other national and international mon practice in the management of trauma, is
agencies and that deaths attributed to transfu- estimated at 1 reaction per 2000 transfusions.2
sion are probably underreported. The United States Robust data regarding nonfatal hemolytic trans-
does not require reporting of severe, nonlethal fusion reactions are not available, largely because
hemolytic reactions. of subclinical presentations and lack of rigorous
Hemolysis was the most commonly cited reporting. Consequently, the incidence of delayed
cause of transfusion-associated death during the hemolytic transfusion reactions is estimated to
1976–1985 period10 but has become one of the range from 1 in 500 transfusions to 1 in 10,000
least common fatal complications of transfusion, transfusions. Certain patients, such as those with
with an estimated risk of one death per 1,972,000 sickle cell disease, appear to be at increased risk,
A
Activation
C3a
↑ Capillary
C5a Mast cell permeability
Vasodilatation
Endothelial Hypotension
Antigen Polymorphonuclear damage Fever and DIC
cell
Endothelial
cell
Early Cytokines and chemokines
complement (TNF-α, interleukin-1,
Monocyte
Antibody IgM components interleukin-6, interleukin-8)
Terminal
complement
activation
Kidney
Hemoglobinemia
Hemoglobinuria
Renal vasoconstriction MAC
Nitric oxide scavenging
Acute tubular necrosis
Renal failure
Spleen
Conjugated
bilirubin
Macrophage
Liver
Unconjugated
C3 bilirubin and albumin
Spherocyte
Microspherocyte
Incomplete
complement Excreted as:
activation urobilinogen
stercobilinogen
high D-dimers, increased fibrino- Repeat and confirm ABO, smear, reticulocytosis
gen, PT or PTT (if DIC is present), Rh, antibody compatibility;
BUN, or creatinine repeat DAT
plantation period
Prevention: electronic verification systems to avoid labeling errors, IVIG-mediated hemolysis: report reaction to regulatory agencies, identify
WBIT; careful handling and administration of blood products and avoid or quarantine high-titer anti-A or anti-B products
should be stopped immediately, and clerical checks should be repeated, along with laboratory testing. Other causes of hemolysis, including infections and other nonimmune
causes, should be ruled out. If an AHTR is confirmed, hydration and supportive care are initiated. Prevention includes measures to avoid the wrong blood in the tube (WBIT) and
other labeling errors. Cross-matching and, in some countries, bedside compatibility testing are additional preventive measures. To prevent nonimmune hemolysis, careful handling
of blood products to make sure they are not exposed to extreme temperature or pressure changes is critical. In patients with delayed hemolytic transfusion reactions (DHTRs), lab-
oratory findings often precede clinical signs and symptoms. Delayed reactions are often clinically silent, with a positive antibody screen alone. When a DHTR is suspected, a care-
ful medical history must be obtained as detailed. Management consists of a cautious approach to transfusions, with the use of serologically matched, compatible products. In se-
vere cases, in which transfusions worsen anemia due to bystander hemolysis (i.e., hemolysis of autologous red cells), additional treatment may be needed. Preventive strategies
include prospective transfusion of antigen-matched red cells. The abbreviation aPTT denotes activated partial-thromboplastin time, BUN blood urea nitrogen, DAT direct antiglob-
ulin test, DIC disseminated intravascular coagulation, HSCT hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation, IAT indirect antiglobulin test, IVIG intravenous immune globulin, LDH lac-
tate dehydrogenase, PLS passenger lymphocyte syndrome, PT prothrombin time, and SCD sickle cell disease.
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Hemolytic Tr ansfusion Reactions
or pregnancy. These reactions rarely constitute a mens and cyclosporine as prophylaxis against
medical emergency. In many instances, alloanti- graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) or rejection have
bodies appear on routine testing in the blood been associated with an increased risk of passen-
bank (reported as “delayed serologic transfusion ger lymphocyte syndrome.29 Umbilical cord blood
reactions”) and are not associated with clinical hematopoietic stem-cell grafts with predominantly
events. Clinical manifestations, if they occur, in- naive T cells have not been associated with minor
clude anemia and jaundice due to extravascular ABO-incompatible hemolysis. An illustrative case
red-cell destruction, followed by hemoglobin deg- of delayed hemolysis after allogeneic stem-cell
radation and liberation of bilirubin into the transplantation is shown in Figure 4. The evolu-
plasma. Fever, hemoglobinuria, and hemoglobi- tion of preparative regimens (e.g., fludarabine),
nemia are even less frequent.21,22 Differences in the newer immunosuppressive agents, and modified
clinical presentations of acute hemolytic transfu- combinations for GVHD prophylaxis (methotrex-
sion reactions and delayed hemolytic transfusion ate-containing regimens) has significantly reduced
reactions are detailed in Figure 3. the incidence of passenger lymphocyte syndrome.28
Occasionally, severe hemolytic reactions in pa- Hematopoietic transplantation may also result in
tients receiving long-term transfusions for hemato- acute hemolysis due to incompatible red-cell de-
logic conditions such as sickle cell disease, thalas- struction in the graft by recipient antibodies
semia, or malaria can precipitate bystander (major ABO incompatibility). Prolonged destruc-
hemolysis, in addition to clearing transfused red tion of graft red-cell precursors in the recipient’s
cells. The mechanisms are not well understood. bone marrow may result in pure red-cell aplasia
This hyperhemolytic transfusion reaction may be for up to 1 year after transplantation.30
mediated in part by the release of cell-free hemo- Most platelets transfused in the United States
globin, which further activates leukocyte-driven are collected by means of apheresis and suspend-
inflammasome pathways and causes endothelial ed in donor plasma, which contains antibodies
dysfunction through nitric oxide scavenging.23 complementary to blood type. Use of apheresis
The decrease in reticulocytes in this context prob- platelets is often prioritized according to the date
ably results from contact lysis of red-cell precur- of expiration, without regard for donor–recipient
sors by macrophages. This process may be imme- (plasmatic) ABO compatibility. Consequently, an-
diate or delayed, with post-transfusion hemoglobin tibodies in group O platelets have been implicated
levels falling below the pretransfusion values, often in several hemolytic transfusion reactions.31,32
to life-threatening levels. Further red-cell trans- Some blood collectors screen group O platelets
fusion typically exacerbates ongoing hemolysis, for “high titer” antibodies and restrict transfu-
with the exogenous (transfused) antigen probably sion of implicated units from “dangerous donors”
triggering the development of a temporary pseudo- in group O recipients. However, there is no uni-
autoimmune state.24,25 versal definition of high-titer antibodies.33 Simi-
Immune-mediated hemolysis may also occur larly, plasma34 and blood that has not been cross-
after infusion of hematopoietic cells for trans- matched2 may result in clinically significant minor
plantation or after solid-organ transplantation. ABO-incompatible hemolysis.
Incompatibility between the donor’s plasma and Acute hemolysis may develop in patients treat-
the recipient’s red cells, termed minor ABO incom- ed with high-dose intravenous immune globulin,
patibility, with subsequent red-cell destruction in particularly patients with blood group A or AB.35
the recipient, is the most common cause of clini- One explanation involves the higher density of
cally significant hemolysis in such cases.5 How- group A antigens than of group B antigens on the
ever, viable donor B lymphocytes, termed “passen- red-cell surface and the generally higher anti-A
ger lymphocytes,” are also transferred passively antibody titers in intravenous immune globulin
with the graft and produce isohemagglutinins that products. Methods of manufacturing intravenous
target recipient red cells. Life-threatening hemo- immune globulin differ in the extent to which
lysis due to passenger lymphocyte syndrome has they can remove these isoagglutinins.36 Children
been reported to develop 5 to 14 days after heart– with Kawasaki’s disease appear to be at particu-
lung,15 liver,26 kidney,4 and intestinal27 transplan- larly high risk.37-40 Intravascular hemolysis has also
tations, as well as after hematopoietic stem-cell been observed with intravenous infusion of anti-D
infusions.28 Reduced-intensity conditioning regi- antibody concentrates used for the treatment of
HSCT Infusion
(Group O donor to Group A recipient) Group O Red-Cell Transfusions
Pos Anti-A
Eluate
Neg
Neg Neg
Neg
DAT
Urine
Neg
1+
3+
hemoglobin
12 1000
11
Hemoglobin (g/dl), Total Bilirubin (mg/dl)
10 Hemoglobin
800
9
8
7 600
LDH (U/liter)
6
5 400
4 LDH
3
200
2
1 Total bilirubin
0 0
−2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Day
sic defects (e.g., glucose-6-phosphate dehydroge- Table 1. Categories of Hemolytic Transfusion Reactions.*
nase deficiency50) or transfusion in recipients with
these red-cell defects.51 Categories of hemolytic Immune-mediated reactions
transfusion reactions are listed in Table 1. Acute hemolytic transfusion reaction due to clerical error and consequent
ABO or Rh incompatibility
Acute hemolytic transfusion reaction due to emergency transfusion of blood
Di agnos t ic C onsider at ions that was not cross-matched
An acute hemolytic transfusion reaction is consid- Delayed hemolytic transfusion reaction due to prior (evanescent) antibodies
ered to be a medical emergency. Although fever, Hyperhemolysis (with bystander hemolysis [i.e., hemolysis of autologous red
flank pain, and reddish urine represent the classic cells]) in patients receiving long-term transfusions (for SCD or thalas-
semia)
triad of an acute hemolytic transfusion reaction,
Hemolysis due to ABO-incompatible platelet or plasma infusions
this type of reaction may also be suspected if one
or more of the following signs or symptoms ap- Hemolysis due to intravenous immune globulin or Rh immune globulin
pears within minutes to 24 hours after a transfu- Passenger lymphocyte syndrome after hematologic or solid-organ transplan-
sion: a temperature increase of 1°C or more, chills, tation
rigors, respiratory distress, anxiety, pain at the Pure red-cell aplasia after transplantation (destruction of erythroid precur-
sors in bone marrow)
infusion site, flank or back pain, hypotension, or
oliguria. One fascinating early symptom, a “sense Non–immune-mediated reactions
of impending doom,” has been reported by nu- Thermal injury (excess heat or cold)
merous patients and is possibly the equivalent of Osmotic lysis (from dextrose or inadequate deglycerolization)
the “oppressive sensation in the chest” reported Mechanical injury (from pressurized or rapid infusions or infusion through
in the 17th century by Denis’s patient; it should a narrow leukodepletion filter)
not be ignored. Conditions with exacerbated hemolysis after transfusion
The severity of acute hemolytic transfusion Autoimmune hemolytic anemia (warm or cold agglutinin disease)
reactions may be related to the titer strength of
Drug-induced immune-mediated hemolytic anemia
anti-A antibodies, anti-B antibodies, or both in the
Sepsis in recipient or infusion of infected donor blood
recipient’s plasma, as well as the volume of incom-
patible blood transfused and the rate of transfu- Red-cell membrane defects in donor or recipient
sion. Most deaths have been associated with in- * The listed mechanistic categories may overlap in clinical scenarios. SCD de-
fusions of 200 ml or more of incompatible blood, notes sickle cell disease.
although volumes as small as 25 ml have been
fatal, particularly in children. Laboratory testing
does not predict the severity of the reaction. (indirect Coombs’ test) detects the presence of
When an acute hemolytic transfusion reaction antibodies in the patient’s serum. Although severe
is suspected, the transfusion should be stopped hemolytic episodes produce strong reactions to
immediately, and the blood being transfused the direct antiglobulin test, the strength of the
should be saved for analysis. Laboratory testing reactions does not correlate with the degree of
should include repeat ABO and Rh compatibility hemolysis. The test result may occasionally be
testing, along with additional antibody testing for negative in a patient with acute severe immune-
non-ABO incompatibility. Visual inspection of mediated hemolysis if the antigen–antibody com-
urine and plasma, as well as testing for urine and plexes are cleared from the circulation before the
plasma free hemoglobin, is standard. Timing is test sample is obtained.
critical, since free hemoglobin is cleared rapidly Delayed hemolysis, occurring days to a month
from the circulation. Simultaneously, alternative after transfusion, is less evident than an acute
causes, including infectious agents, must be ruled hemolytic transfusion reaction, since the tempo-
out by means of Gram’s staining and cultures of ral relationship to transfusion is often overlooked.
the remaining transfused component. New-onset anemia, jaundice, elevated lactate de-
A newly identified positive direct antiglobulin hydrogenase and bilirubin levels, a decreased
test (direct Coombs’ test), which detects IgG or haptoglobin level in a patient who has had prior
complement bound to the red-cell membrane, is transfusions or is a transplant recipient, or the
pathognomonic of immune-mediated hemolysis likelihood of preformed but often evanescent
(Fig. 5). Conversely, the indirect antiglobulin test antibodies due to pregnancy should prompt ad-
A
Transfused incompatible In vitro clumping of transfused Positive DAT
(donor) red cells coated incompatible (donor) red cells
with antibodies or complement
B
Compatible donor red cells No clumping observed Negative DAT
mia and limited cardiac reserve. Supplemental to sample-collection errors and is required by the
diuretics (a 40-mg intravenous bolus of furose- College of American Pathologists and by the AABB
mide, followed by a continuous infusion at a dose (the American Association of Blood Banks).55 Cen-
of 10 to 40 mg per hour in the absence of hypo- tralized transfusion databases help track blood
tension) are helpful in such cases. Forced alka- types and transfusion requirements and can iden-
line diuresis may be helpful. Sodium bicarbonate tify errors involving the wrong blood in the tube.56
(130 mmol per liter in 5% dextrose or water) is Delayed hemolytic transfusion reactions are of-
administered through a separate intravenous line ten clinically silent and are revealed by a positive
at a starting rate of 200 ml per hour to achieve a antibody screen alone on routine laboratory test-
urinary pH of more than 6.5. The infusion is dis- ing. These episodes do not require intervention but
continued if either the arterial pH exceeds 7.5 or must always be reported to the transfusion facility
the urinary pH fails to increase after 2 to 3 hours. in order to reduce the risk of reactions to future
Electrolyte abnormalities such as hyperkalemia transfusions. For patients receiving multiple trans-
are common and warrant swift correction. In the fusions who are at risk for more serious delayed
event of hypotension, pressor support with a dopa- hemolytic transfusion reactions (especially patients
mine infusion (2 to 10 μg per kilogram per min- with hemoglobinopathies), phenotypically matched
ute) is commonly used. In patients with dis- red-cell transfusions or units that are negative
seminated intravascular coagulation and severe for antigens known to be immunogenic and clini-
bleeding, platelets, fresh-frozen plasma, and cryo- cally significant, such as those in the Rh system,
precipitate infusions may be required to main- are desirable.52
tain a platelet count of more than 20,000 per cu- Guidelines for the extent of matching for mi-
bic millimeter, an international normalized ratio nor red-cell antigens to prevent delayed hemolytic
of less than 2.0, and a fibrinogen level of more transfusion reactions have been published.57 Iden-
than 100 mg per deciliter, respectively. tification of and tailored transfusions for recipi-
No evidence supports the routine use of thera- ents at particular risk, such as those of African
peutic high-dose glucocorticoids, intravenous im- ancestry with a high prevalence of partial Rh sys-
mune globulin, or plasma exchange. However, tem antigens, are prudent measures to prevent al-
when transfusion of incompatible units is neces- loimmunization. To optimize alloantibody detec-
sary, prophylaxis with glucocorticoids (hydro- tion, antibody testing should be repeated after
cortisone at a dose of 100 mg, administered just transfusion, preferably 1 to 3 months later.53 The
before transfusion and repeated 24 hours later) integration of mass-scale red-cell genotyping into
and intravenous immune globulin (1.2 to 2.0 g the blood supply chain has enabled timely provi-
per kilogram, administered over a period of 2 to sion of antigen-negative red-cell units beyond ABO
3 days, with the first dose given just before the and Rh types.58-60 Red-cell genotyping may be of
incompatible transfusion) has been used.53 Acute particular value in certain instances (e.g., for pa-
hemolytic reactions to transfusion of incompat- tients with multiple myeloma and anemia who
ible units, although frightening and potentially receive daratumumab, an anti-CD38 monoclonal
lethal, are self-limited in most instances. antibody known to interfere with and delay sero-
The most important aspect of management is logic testing and transfusion support).61 Among
prevention. Rates of acute hemolytic transfusion patients who are already heavily alloimmunized
reactions due to erroneous patient identification and require long-term transfusion support, pro-
and specimen collection or labeling have decreased phylactic rituximab (one or two 1000-mg doses
significantly as hospitals have instituted relatively administered intravenously, 2 weeks apart in the
inexpensive, safe, and efficient preventive strate- case of two doses, along with 10 mg of intrave-
gies.54,55 Errors due to mislabeling of samples nous methylprednisolone, with the last dose given
have been reduced by “zero tolerance” policies for 10 to 30 days before transplantation) has been
accepting blood samples without core identifiers used with some success.62
(i.e., full name of recipient, date of birth, and a For patients with sickle cell disease who
unique identification number) on electronically have hyperhemolysis,3 directed treatment strat-
generated labels and identification bands.56 Re- egies have included immune modulators such
peating ABO checks is an additional method to as glucocorticoids, intravenous immune globulin,
prevent acute hemolytic transfusion reactions due and rituximab,62 as well as erythropoiesis-stim-
ulating agents, since the endogenous erythropoi- screening donors for high-titer antirecipient an-
etic response may be inadequate or delayed.63 tibodies and avoiding transfusion of units from
Blood transfusions are generally avoided, except such donors. In addition, plasma reduction or re-
in patients with profound anemia and symptoms suspension of platelets in platelet additive solutions
of hypoperfusion.64 Plasma exchange,32,65 hemo- may mitigate hemolytic transfusion reactions.31
globin-based red-cell substitutes,66 eculizumab,67 Hemolytic reactions to intravenous immune glob-
and tocilizumab, an anti–interleukin-6 mono- ulin are also managed supportively. Reactions
clonal antibody,68 have been used in instances of should be reported to regulatory agencies expedi-
life-threatening hemolysis but are of uncertain tiously, and quarantine of batches with high-titer
benefit. Newer agents such as haptoglobin and anti-A or anti-B antibodies should be considered.
hemopexin concentrates are being explored as Key points in the diagnosis and management of
free heme scavengers in preclinical models.69,70 acute hemolytic transfusion reactions and delayed
Strategies for preventing passenger lympho- hemolytic transfusion reactions are summarized
cyte syndrome include transfusion of red cells in Figure 3.
and plasma products compatible with donor and
recipient blood types in the pretransplantation Sum m a r y
period. A recipient with blood group A receiving
a transplant from a group O donor should re- Hemolytic transfusion reactions are recognized
ceive group O red cells and group AB plasma.6 as an important cause of transfusion-associated
Severe cases have been managed with prophylac- reactions and may be subclinical, mild, or lethal.
tic plasma reduction in the donor graft, partial Acute, immune-incompatible reactions to ABO-
red-cell exchange in the recipient before trans- mismatched transfusions have declined dramati-
plantation, or both. However, the results of these cally with the introduction of electronic verifica-
interventions are equivocal.71,72 Red-cell aplasia tion systems. Other reactions, including delayed
due to immune-mediated lysis of donor red-cell hemolytic transfusion reactions, hyperhemolysis,
precursors by recipient isohemagglutinins has and passenger lymphocyte syndrome in trans-
been managed with transfusions, plasma ex- plant recipients, pose diagnostic and therapeutic
change, rapid discontinuation of cyclosporine, challenges. Preventive strategies have been effec-
donor lymphocyte infusions, erythropoietin, aza- tive in reducing hemolysis-associated morbidity
thioprine, and rituximab with some success.73 and mortality in all categories of hemolytic trans-
Recently, daratumumab, a human IgG1κ mono- fusion reactions. Established, systematic protocols
clonal antibody targeting CD38 (expressed at high for quickly identifying and responding to suspect-
levels on antibody-secreting plasma cells), was ed reactions, as well as reporting them, remain the
successfully used in a case of treatment-refractory cornerstone of timely management of hemolytic
pure red-cell aplasia after ABO-mismatched allo- transfusion reactions.
geneic stem-cell transplantation.74
ABO- or Rh-incompatible platelet transfusions No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was
reported.
due to passive antibody transfer may be mitigated Disclosure forms provided by the authors are available with
by a plasma-matching donor inventory or by the full text of this article at NEJM.org.
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