Appendix E

Chemistry Data Tables Table E.4 Conversion Factors

Quantity Relationships between units

Table E.1 Useful Math Relationships
m length
D= 1 m = 10−3 km
V
= 103 mm
F = 102 cm
P=
A

π = 3.1416 1 pm = 10−12 m

4 3
Volume of sphere V = πr
3 mass 1 kg = 103 g
Volume of cylinder = πr h 2 = 10−3 t

1 u = 1.66 × 10−27 kg
Table E.2 Fundamental Physical Constants (to six
significant digits)
acceleration due to gravity (g ) 9.806 65 m/s2 temperature 0 K = −273.15˚C

Avogadro constant (Na) 6.022 14 × 1023/mol

charge on one mole of 96 485.3 C/mol T (K) = T (˚C) + 273.15

electrons (Faraday constant) T (˚C) = T (K) − 273.15
mass of electron (ms) 9.109 38 × 10−31 kg

mass of neutron (mn) 1.674 93 × 10−27 kg mp of H2O = 273.15 K (0˚C)

mass of proton (mp) 1.672 62 × 10−27 kg bp of H2O = 373.15 K (100˚C)

molar gas constant (R ) 8.314 47 J/mol·K

molar volume of gas at STP 22.414 0 L/mol volume 1 L = 1 dm3

speed of light in vacuo (c ) 2.997 92 × 10 m/s
8 = 10−3 m3
= 103 mL
unified atomic mass (u ) 1.660 54 × 10−27 kg

Table E.3 Common SI Prefixes 1 mL = 1 cm3

tera (T) 1012

pressure 101 325 Pa = 101.325 kPa
giga (G) 109
= 760 mm Hg
mega (M) 106 = 760 torr
kilo (k) 103 = 1 atm

deci (d) 10−1

centi (c) 10−2 density 1 kg/m3 = 103 g/m3
milli (m) 10−3 = 10−3 g/mL
= 1 g/L
micro (µ) 10−6
nano (n) 10−9
energy 1 J = 6.24 × 1018 eV
pico (p) 10−12

Appendix E • MHR 595

Table E.5 Alphabetical Listing of Common Polyatomic Ions Table E.6 Summary of Naming Rules for Ions
Most common ion Common related ions Type of ion Prefix or suffix Example

acetate CH3COO− Polyatomic Ions

ammonium NH4 + if the ion is the most -ate chlorate, ClO3−

common oxoanion
arsenate AsO43− arsenite AsO33−
−
if the ion has one O -ite chlorite, ClO2−
benzoate C6H5COO atom less than the most
borate BO33− tetraborate B4O72− common oxoanion

bromate BrO3 3− if the ion has two O hypo-___-ite hypochlorite,

atoms less than the most ClO−
carbonate CO32− bicarbonate HCO3− common oxoanion
(hydrogen
carbonate) if the ion has 1 O per-___-ate perchlorate,
atom more than the ClO4−
chlorate ClO3− perchlorate ClO4− most common oxoanion
chlorite ClO2−
hypochlorite ClO− if the ion has 1 H atom bi- bicarbonate,
added to the most HCO3−
chromate CrO42− dichromate Cr2O72− common oxoanion
−
cyanide CN cyanate OCN− if the ion has 1 O atom thio- thiosulphate,
thiocyanate SCN− less and 1 S atom more S2O32−
glutamate C5H8NO4− than the most common
oxoanion
hydroxide OH− peroxide O22−
Metallic Ions
iodate IO3− iodide I−
if the ion has the higher -ic titanic, Ti4+
nitrate NO3− nitrite NO2− possible charge
oxalate OOCCOO2− if the ion has the lower -ous cuprous, Cu+
permanganate MnO4 − possible charge

phosphate PO43− phosphite PO33− Note: According to the The Roman titanium(IV) Ti4+
tripolyphosphate P3O105− Stock system, metallic numeral shows copper(I), Cu+
ions are named using the charge on manganese(VII),
silicate SiO32− orthosilicate SiO44− Roman numerals. the metal ion Mn7 +
−
stearate C17H35COO
sulfate SO42− bisulfate HSO4−
(hydrogen
sulfate) Table E.7 Summary of Naming Rules for Acids
sulfite SO32−
bisulfite HSO3− Modern name Classical acid name Example
(hydrogen aqueous hydro___ic acid HCl, aqueous
sulfite) hydrogen ___ide hydrogen chloride
2−
thiosulfate S 2 O3 or hydrochloric acid
sulfide S2− bisulfide HS− aqueous ___ic acid H2CO3, aqueous
(hydrogen hydrogen ___ate hydrogen carbonate
sulfide) or carbonic acid
aqueous ___ous acid HNO2, aqueous
hydrogen ___ite hydrogen nitrite
or nitrous acid

596 MHR • Appendix E

Table E.8 Standard Molar Enthalpies of Formation Acid Formula Conjugate base Ka
∆H ˚f ∆H ˚f ∆H ˚f hypochlorous HClO ClO− 4.0 × 10−8
Substance (kJ/mol) Substance (kJ/mol) Substance (kJ/mol) acid
Al2O3(s) −1675.7 HBr(g) −36.3 NH3(g) −45.9 iodic acid HIO3 IO3− 1.7 × 10−1
CaCO3(s) −1207.6 HCl(g) −92.3 N2H4() +50.6 lactic acid CH3CHOHCO2H CH3CHOHCO2− 1.4 × 10−4
CaCl2(s) −795.4 HF(g) −273.3 NH4Cl(s) −314.4 methanoic acid HCOOH HCOO− 1.8 × 10−4
Ca(OH)2(s) −985.2 HCN(g) +135.1 NH4NO3(s) −365.6 nitric acid HNO3 NO3− 2.4 × 101
CCl4() −128.2 H2O() −285.8 NO(g) +91.3 nitrous acid HNO2 NO2 −
5.6 × 10−4
CCl4(g) −95.7 H2O(g) −241.8 NO2(g) +33.2 phenol C6H5OH C6H5O− 1.0 × 10−10
CHCl3() −134.1 H2O2() −187.8 N2O(g) +81.6
CH4(g) −74.6 HNO3() −174.1 N2O4(g) +11.1
Table E.10 Ionization Constants for Polyprotic Acids
C2H2(g) +227.4 H3PO4(s) −1284.4 PH3(g) +5.4
Acid Formula Conjugate base Ka
C2H4(g) +52.4 H2S(g) −20.6 PCl3(g) −287.0
boric acid H3BO3 H2BO3− 5.4 × 10−10
C2H6(g) −84.0 H2SO4() −814.0 P4O6(s) −2144.3 (aqueous H2BO3− HBO32− <1.0 × 10−14
hydrogen borate)
C3H8(g) −103.8 FeO(s) −272.0 P4O10(s) −2984.0
carbonic acid H2CO3 HCO3− 4.5 × 10−7
C6H6() +49.1 Fe2O3(s) −824.2 KBr(s) −393.8
HCO3− CO32− 4.7 × 10−11
CH3OH() −239.2 Fe3O4(s) −1118.4 KCl(s) −436.5
citric acid H3 C 6H5 O7 H2 C 6H5 O7− 7.4 × 10−4
C2H5OH() −277.6 FeCl2(s) −341.8 KClO3(s) −397.7 (aqueous H2 C 6H5 O7− HC6H5O72− 1.7 × 10−5
hydrogen citrate) HC6H5O72− C6H5O73− 4.0 × 10−7
CH3COOH() −484.3 FeCl3(s) −399.5 KOH(s) −424.6
oxalic acid HOOCCOOH HOOCCOO− 5.6 × 10−2
CO(g) −110.5 FeS2(s) −178.2 Ag2CO3(s) −505.8 HOOCCOO− OOCCOO2− 1.5 × 10−4
CO2(g) −393.5 PbCl2(s) −359.4 AgCl(s) −127.0 phosphoric acid H3PO4 H2PO4− 6.9 × 10−3
COCl2(g) −219.1 MgCl2(s) −641.3 AgNO3(s) −124.4 (aqueous H2PO4− HPO42− 6.2 × 10−8
hydrogen HPO42− PO43− 4.8 × 10−13
CS2() +89.0 MgO(s) −601.6 Ag2S(s) −32.6 phosphate)
CS2(g) +116.7 Mg(OH)2(s) −924.5 SF6(g) −1220.5 hydrosulfuric H2 S HS− 8.9 × 10−8
CrCl3(s) −556.5 HgS(s) −58.2 SO2(g) −296.8 acid HS− S2− 1.0 × 10−19

Cu(NO3)2(s) −302.9 NaCl(s) −411.2 SO3(g) −395.7 sulfuric acid H2SO4 HSO4− 1.0 × 103
HSO4− SO42− 1.0 × 10−2
CuO(s) −157.3 NaOH(s) −425.6 SnCl2(s) −325.1
sulfurous acid H2SO3 HSO3− 1.4 × 10−2
CuCl(s) −137.2 Na2CO3(s) −1130.7 SnCl4() −511.3 HSO3− SO32− 6.3 × 10−8
CuCl2(s) −220.1 tartaric acid H2 C 4H4 O6 HC4H4O6− 9.3 × 10−4
HC4H4O6− C4H4O62− 4.3 × 10−5
Note: The enthalpy of formation of an element in its
standard state is defined as zero.
Table E.11 Ionization Constants for Nitrogen Bases
Table E.9 Ionization Constants for Acids
Conjugate
Acid Formula Conjugate base Ka Base Formula acid Kb
acetic acid CH3COOH CH3COO− 1.8 × 10−5 1,2-diaminoethane NH2CH2CH2NH2 NH2CH2
(ethylenediamine) CH2NH3+ 8.4 × 10−5
benzoic acid C6H5COOH C6H5COO− 6.3 × 10−5
− dimethylamine (CH3)2NH (CH3)2NH2+ 5.4 × 10−4
chlorous acid HClO2 ClO2 1.1 × 10−2
(N-methylmeth-
cyanic acid HOCN OCN− 3.5 × 10−4 anamine)
formic acid HCHO2 CHO2 −
1.8 × 10−4 ethanamine C2H5NH2 C2H5NH3+ 4.5 × 10−4
hydrobromic HBr Br− 1.0 × 109 methanamine CH3NH2 CH3NH3+ 4.6 × 10−4
acid +
trimethylamine (CH3)3N (CH3)3NH 6.4 × 10−5
hydrochloric HCl Cl− 1.3 × 106 (N-N-dimethyl-
acid methanamine)
hydrocyanic HCN CN− 6.2 × 10−10 ammonia NH3 NH4+ 1.8 × 10−5
acid
hydrazine N2 H4 N2 H5+ 1.3 × 10−6
hydrofluoric HF F− 6.3 × 10−4 +
hydroxylamine NH2OH NH3OH 8.8 × 10−9
acid
pyridine C5H5N C5H5NH+ 1.7 × 10−9
hydrogen oxide H2O OH− 1.0 × 10−14
+
aniline C6H5NH2 C6H5NH3 7.5 × 10−10
hypobromous HOBr BrO− 2.8 × 10−9
acid urea NH2CONH2 NH2CONH3+ 1.3 × 10−14
continued…

Appendix E • MHR 597

Table E.12 Solubility Product Constants in Water at 25˚C Reduction half reaction E ˚(V)
Bromates Hydroxides Ag+(aq) + e− 
 Ag(s) 0.800
−5 −22
AgBrO3 5.38 × 10 Be(OH)2 6.92 × 10 Hg2 2+
(aq) +
−
2e  2Hg() 0.797
TlBrO3 1.10 × 10−4 Cd(OH)2 7.2 × 10−15
Ca(OH)2 5.02 × 10−6 Fe3+(aq) + e−  2+
 Fe (aq) 0.771
Bromides
Co(OH)2 5.92 × 10−15 O2(g) + 2H +
(aq) +
−
2e  H2O2(aq) 0.695
AgBr 5.35 × 10−13 Eu(OH)3 9.38 × 10−27
CuBr 6.27 × 10−9 Fe(OH)2 4.87 × 10−17 I2(s) + 2e−  −
 2I (aq) 0.536
PbBr2 6.60 × 10−6 Fe(OH)3 2.79 × 10−39 + −
Cu (aq) + e  Cu(s) 0.521
Pb(OH)2 1.43 × 10−20
Carbonates O2(g) + 2H2O() + 4e−  −
Mg(OH)2 5.61 × 10−12  4OH (aq) 0.401
Ag2CO3 8.46 × 10−12 Ni(OH)2 5.48 × 10−16 −
(aq) +
2+
Cu 2e  Cu(s) 0.342
BaCO3 2.58 × 10−9 Sn(OH)2 5.45 × 10−27
CaCO3 3.36 × 10−9 Zn(OH)2 3 × 10−17 AgCl(s) + e−  −
 Ag(s) + Cl (aq) 0.222
MgCO3 6.82 × 10−6 + −
(aq) + (aq) + 2e  H2SO3(aq) + H2O()
Iodates 2−
4H SO4 0.172
PbCO3 7.40 × 10−14
Ba(IO3)2 4.01 × 10−9 Cu2+(aq) + e−  +
 Cu (aq) 0.153
Chlorides
Ca(IO3)2 6.47 × 10−6 + −
2H (aq) + 2e  H2(g) 0.000
AgCl 1.77 × 10−10 Sr(IO3)2 1.14 × 10−7
CuCl 1.72 × 10−9 Y(IO3)3 1.12 × 10−10 Fe3+(aq) + 3e− 
 Fe(s) −0.037
Chromates Iodides Pb2+(aq) + 2e− 
 Pb(s) −0.126
Ag2CrO4 1.12 × 10 −12
CuI 1.27 × 10 −12 Sn2+(aq) + 2e− 
 Sn(s) −0.138
BaCrO4 1.12 × 10−10 PbI2 9.8 × 10−9 −
(aq) + −0.257
2+
Ni 2e  Ni(s)
PbCrO4 2.3 × 10−13 AgI 8.52 × 10−17
Cyanides Cd2+(aq) + 2e− 
 Cd(s) −0.403
Phosphates
−
(aq) + −0.407
3+ 2+
Cr e  Cr
AgCN 5.97 × 10−17 AlPO4 9.84 × 10−21 (aq)

CuCN 3.47 × 10−20 Ca3(PO4)2 2.07 × 10−33 Fe2+(aq) + 2e− 

 Fe(s) −0.447
Co3(PO4)2 2.05 × 10−35 −
Fluorides
Cu3(PO4)2 1.40 × 10−37 Cr 3+
(aq) + 3e 
 Cr(s) −0.744
BaF2 1.84 × 10−7 Ni3(PO4)2 4.74 × 10−32 Zn2+(aq) + 2e− 
 Zn(s) −0.762
CdF2 6.44 × 10−3 − −
CaF2 3.45 × 10−11
Sulfates 2H2O() + 2e  H2(g) + 2OH (aq) −0.828
FeF2 2.36 × 10−6 BaSO4 1.08 × 10−10 Al3+(aq) + 3e− 
 Al(s) −1.662
CaSO4 4.93 × 10−5 −
(aq) + −2.372
2+
Hg2SO4 6.5 × 10−7 Mg 2e  Mg(s)

Thiocyanates La3+(aq) + 3e− 

 La(s) −2.379
+ −
CuSCN 1.08 × 10−13 Na (aq) + e 
 Na(s) −2.711
Pd(SCN)2 4.39 × 10−23 Ca2+(aq) + 2e−  −2.868
 Ca(s)
−
(aq) + −2.912
2+
Ba 2e  Ba(s)
Table E.13 Standard Reduction Potentials
K+(aq) + e− 
 K(s) −2.931
Reduction half reaction E ˚(V)
+ −
Li (aq) + e  Li(s) −3.040
F2(g) + 2e−  −
 2F (aq) 2.866
Co3+(aq) + e− 
 Co2+(aq) 1.92
H2O2(aq) + 2H+(aq) + 2e− 
 2H2O() 1.776
−
Ce4+(aq) + e 
 Ce
3+
(aq) 1.72
PbO2(s) + 4H+ (aq) + SO42−(aq) + 2e− 
 PbSO4(s) + H2O() 1.691
− + −
(aq) + (aq) + (aq) + 4H2O()
2+
MnO4 8H 5e  Mn 1.507
Au3+(aq) + 3e− 
 Au(s) 1.498
+ −
PbO2(s) + 4H (aq) + 2e 
 Pb 2+
(aq) + 2H2O() 1.455
Cl2(g) + 2e− 
 2Cl− (aq) 1.358
+ −
Cr2O7 2−
(aq) + 14H (aq) + 6e 
 2Cr
3+
(aq) + 7H2O() 1.232
O2(g) + 4H+(aq) + 4e− 
 2H2O() 1.229
+ −
MnO2(s) + 4H (aq) + 2e  Mn 2+
(aq) + 2H2O() 1.224
IO3−(aq) + 6H+ (aq) + 6e− 
 I−(aq) + 3H2O() 1.085
− −
Br2() + 2e  2Br (aq) 1.066
AuCl4−(aq) + 3e−  −
 Au(s) + 4Cl (aq) 1.002
− + −
NO3 (aq) + 4H (aq) + 3e  NO(g) + 2H2O() 0.957
2Hg2+(aq) + 2e−  2+
 Hg2 (aq) 0.920

continued…

598 MHR • Appendix E

Table E.14 Specific Heat Capacities of Various Energy Energy Energy Energy
Substances Bond (kJ/mol) Bond (kJ/mol) Bond (kJ/mol) Bond (kJ/mol)
Specific heat capacity Oxygen Silicon Halogens Multiple bonds
Substance (J/g ·˚C at 25˚C)
O—O 204 Si—Si 226 F—Cl 256 C C 607
Element O—F 222 Si—P 364 F—Br 280 C N 615
aluminum 0.900 O—Si 368 Si—S 226 F—I 272 C O 745
carbon (graphite) 0.711 O—P 351 Si—F 553 Cl—Br 217 N N 418
copper 0.385 O—S 265 Si—Cl 381 Cl—I 211 N O 631
gold 0.129 O—Cl 269 Si—Br 368 Br—I 179 O O 498
hydrogen 14.267 O—Br 235 Si—I 293 F—F 159 C C 839
iron 0.444 O—I 249 Si O 640 Cl—Cl 243 C N 891
Compound Br—Br 193 C O 1077
ammonia (liquid) 4.70 I—I 151 N N 945
ethanol 2.46
water (solid) 2.01
Note: The values in this table represent average values
for the dissociation of bonds between the pairs of atoms
water (liquid) 4.184
listed. The true values may vary for different molecules.
water (gas) 2.01
Other material Table E.16 Average Bond Lengths
air 1.02 Length Length Length Length
Bond (pm) Bond (pm) Bond (pm) Bond (pm)
concrete 0.88
Phosphorus
glass 0.84
Hydrogen Carbon Nitrogen and sulfur
granite 0.79
H—H 74 C—C 154 N—N 146 P—P 221
wood 1.76
H—C 109 C—N 147 N—O 144 P—S 210
H—N 101 C—O 143 N—F 139 P—F 156
H—O 96 C—F 133 N—Si 172 P—Cl 204
H—F 92 C—Si 186 N—P 177 P—Br 222
H—Si 148 C—P 187 N—S 168 P—I 243
H—P 142 C—S 181 N—Cl 191 S—S 204
Table E.15 Average Bond Energies
H—S 134 C—Cl 177 N—Br 214 S—F 158
Energy Energy Energy Energy
Bond (kJ/mol) Bond (kJ/mol) Bond (kJ/mol) Bond (kJ/mol) H—Cl 127 C—Br 194 N—I 222 S—Cl 201

Phosphorus H—Br 141 C—I 213 S—Br 225

Hydrogen Carbon Nitrogen and sulfur H—I 161 S—I 234
H—H 436 C—C 347 N—N 160 P—P 210 H—Mg 173
H—C 338 C—N 305 N—O 201 P—S 444 Oxygen Silicon Halogens Multiple bonds
H—N 339 C—O 358 N—F 272 P—F 490 O—O 148 Si—Si 234 F—Cl 166 C C 134
H—O 460 C—F 552 N—Si 330 P—Cl 331 O—F 142 Si—P 227 F—Br 178 C N 127
H—F 570 C—Si 305 N—P 209 P—Br 272 O—Si 161 Si—S 210 F—I 187 C O 123
H—Si 299 C—P 264 N—S 464 P—I 184 O—P 160 Si—F 156 Cl—Br 214 N N 122
H—P 297 C—S 259 N—Cl 200 S—S 266 O—S 151 Si—Cl 204 Cl—I 243 N O 120
H—S 344 C—Cl 397 N—Br 276 S—F 343 O—Cl 164 Si—Br 216 Br—I 248 O O 121
H—Cl 432 C—Br 280 N—I 159 S—Cl 277 O—Br 172 Si—I 240 F—F 143 C C 121
H—Br 366 C—I 209 S—Br 218 O—I 194 Cl—Cl 199 C N 115
H—I 298 S—I 170 Br—Br 228 C O 113
H—Mg 126 I—I 266 N N 110
continued… Note: The values in this table are average values. The
length of a bond may be slightly different in different
molecules, depending on the intramolecular forces
within the molecules.

Appendix E • MHR 599