MT Lab Manual

17 CVL 37 – Building Materials Testing Laboratory
Channabasaveshwara Institute of Technology

(Affiliated to VTU, Belgaum & Approved by AICTE, New Delhi)
(NAAC Accredited & ISO 9001:2015 Certified Institution)
NH 206 (B.H. Road), Gubbi, Tumkur – 572 216. Karnataka.
SYLLABUS
Building Materials Testing Laboratory (17 CVL 37)
As per Choice Based Credit System (CBCS) Scheme
Number of Lecture Hours/Week: 03 CIE Marks: 40
Credits: 02 SEE Marks: 60
Exam Hours: 03
Experiments:
1. Tension test on mild steel and HYSD bars.
2. Compression test on mild steel, cast iron and wood.
3. Torsion test on mild steel circular sections.
4. Bending Test on Wood Under two point loading.
5. Shear Test on Mild steel- single and double shear.
6. Impact test on Mild Steel (Charpy & Izod).
7. Hardness tests on ferrous and non-ferrous metals – Brinell’s, Rockwell and Vicker’s.
8. Test on Bricks and Tiles.
9. Tests on Fine aggregates – Moisture content, Specific Gravity, Bulk density, Sieve
analysis and Bulking.
10. Tests on Coarse aggregates – Absorption, Moisture content, Specific Gravity, Bulk
density and Sieve analysis.
11. Demonstration of Strain gauges and Strain Indicators.
Question paper pattern:
 Group experiments - Tension test, compression test, torsion test and bending test.
 Individual Experiments - Remaining tests.
 Two questions are to be set - One from group experiments and the other as
individual experiment.
 Instructions as printed on the cover page of answer script for split up of marks to
be strictly followed.
 All exercises are to be included for practical examination.
Reference Books:
1. Davis, Troxell and Hawk, “Testing of Engineering Materials”, International Student
Edition – McGraw Hill Book Co. New Delhi.
2. M L Gambhir and Neha Jamwal, “Building and construction materials- Testing and
Quality control”, McGraw Hill education (India)Pvt. Ltd., 2014
3. Fenner, “Mechanical Testing of Materials”, George Newnes Ltd. London.
4. Holes K A, “Experimental Strength of Materials”, English Universities Press Ltd.
London.
5. Suryanarayana A K, “Testing of Metallic Materials”, Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd.
New Delhi.
6. Kukreja C B, Kishore K. and Ravi Chawla “Material Testing Laboratory Manual”,
Standard Publishers & Distributors 1996.
Dept. of Civil Engg, CIT, Gubbi – 572 216

Page 1
7. Relevant IS Codes.
Channabasaveshwara Institute of Technology
(Affiliated to VTU, Belgaum & Approved by AICTE, New Delhi)
(NAAC Accredited & ISO 9001:2015 Certified Institution)
NH 206 (B.H. Road), Gubbi, Tumkur – 572 216. Karnataka.
Department of Civil Engineering
Building Materials Testing Laboratory (17 CVL 37)
Course Objective
The objective of the Materials Testing Laboratory is to demonstrate the basic
principles in the area of strength and mechanics of materials to the undergraduate students
through a series of experiments.
 Ability to apply knowledge of mathematics and engineering in calculating the
mechanical properties of structural materials.
 Ability to function on multi-disciplinary teams in the area of materials testing.
 Ability to use the techniques, skills and modern engineering tools necessary for
engineering.
 Understanding of professional and ethical responsibility in the areas of material
testing.
 Ability to communicate effectively the mechanical properties of materials.
Course Outcome
After successful completion of the course, the students will be able to:
 Reproduce the basic knowledge of mathematics and engineering in finding the
strength in tension, compression, shear and torsion.
 Identify, formulate and solve engineering problems of structural elements
subjected to flexure.
 Evaluate the impact of engineering solutions on the society and also will be aware
of contemporary issues regarding failure of structures due to undesirable
materials.

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INDEX PAGE
(Max .
(Max. 10)Record Marks
Signature of Student
Date
Sl. Name of the
20)Manual Marks
No Experiment Submission
Conduction Repetition
of Record
Average

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Note:
 If the student fails to attend the regular lab, the
experiment has to be completed in the same week. Then
the manual/observation and record will be evaluated for
50% of maximum marks.
Instructions to the Candidates

1. Students should come with thorough preparation for the experiment to be
conducted.
2. Students will not be permitted to attend the laboratory unless they bring the
practical record fully completed in all respects pertaining to the experiment
conducted in the previous class.
3. All the calculations should be made in the observation book. Specimen
calculations for one set of readings have to be shown in the practical record.
4. Wherever graphs are to be drawn, A-4 size graphs only should be used and the
same should be firmly attached to the practical record.
5. Practical record should be neatly maintained.
6. They should obtain the signature of the staff-in-charge in the observation book
after completing each experiment.
7. Theory regarding each experiment should be written in the practical record before
procedure in your own words.

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CONTENTS
Expt. Page
No. Title of the experiment No.
1. Tension test on mild steel 6
2. Compression test 13
3. Torsion test on solid circular shaft 19

4. Bending test on wood 23
5. Shear test 27
6. Impact test 29
Hardness test
A) Brinell’s Hardness test 37

7.
B) Rockwell Hardness test 41
C) Vickers Hardness test
43
8. Tests on bricks 47
Tests on fine aggregates

51
A) Fineness modulus and grain size distribution
B) Specific gravity 53
9.
C) Water absorption 55
D) Bulking 57
E) Bulk Density
59
Tests on coarse aggregates
10. A) Specific gravity and water absorption of coarse aggregates 61

B) Sieve analysis of coarse aggregates
63
11. Test on Tiles 65
12. Strain gauges 66

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13. IS codes 78
OBSERVATIONS:
Material of the specimen :
1. Least count of the Calipers :
2. Diameter of the specimen :
Initial Diameter (di) Final Diameter (df)
Trail Dia in Dia in Avg. Dia Trail Dia in Dia in Avg. Dia
No. direction-1 direction-2 (mm) No. direction-1 direction-2 (mm)
(mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)
1. 1.
2. 2.
BEFORE TEST:
1.
Gauge length lo = mm
2.
Length of the specimen in mm L = mm
3.
Mean diameter of the specimen do = mm
4.
Original cross-sectional area Ao = mm2
5.
Least count of the extensometer = mm
AFTER TEST:
1.
Diameter of the specimen at neck df = mm
2.
Final cross-sectional area at neck Af = mm2
3.
Final gauge length of the specimen lf = mm
CALCULATION:
 Yield Stress = Yield load / Original c/s area

=…………….
 Young’s Modulus = Stress / Strain
= ………………….. (from graph)
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 Working Stress = Yield stress / Factor of safety

= ……………….
 % Elongation = ( lf – lo) x 100
lo
= ……………….
 % reduction in Area = Ao – Af)
Ao
=………………...
Expt. No. 1 Date :

TENSION TEST ON MILD STEEL
OBJECTIVES:
i) To study the behavior of mild steel test specimen under the action of a
gradually increasing load tested up to failure.
ii) To determine the Yield stress, Modulus of Elasticity, Percentage
elongation, Percentage reduction in area, Ultimate stress and Breaking
stress.
APPARATUS:
Universal testing machine, Extensometer, Vernier Calipers, scale and Gripping devices.
Gripping device:
To grip securely the round specimen, the flat inner sides of the jaws have a
V-shaped groove. The gripping surfaces are serrated to allow a firm grip. Depending upon
the size of the specimen, jaws with appropriate V-grooves in them area selected.
Extensometer:
The gauge length of extensometer used is adjustable upto a maximum value of
13cm. There are pair of knife edges at top and bottom which are used to grip the
specimen between gauge points. The top knife edges are fixed while the extension of
specimen causes the bottom knife edges to move down. The movement of these knife
edges are magnified by a lever and transmitted to two dial gauges (one on either side) by
a rack and pinion mechanism. The least count of extensometer is 0.01mm and it can
measure upto 3mm. Two springs, one fixed at bottom and other placed at a top will keep
extensometer in position.
THEORY: The definitions of the terms used in this test are given below.
Gauge Length:
The reference length over which extension is measured.
Stress:

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When a material is subjected to action of forces, it develops resistance. The

resistance per unit area is called stress.
Linear Strain :
Change in length per unit length.
Yield Stress:
Stress at which considerable elongation first occurs in the test piece without a
corresponding increase in the load.
Tensile Strength:
The maximum load reached in a tension test divided by the original area of cross-
section. This is also termed as Ultimate strength.
TABULAR COLUMN
Sl No. Load Increase in length Stress = P / A Strain = Remarks

(KN) (l), mm (N/mm2) (l / lo)

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Modulus of Elasticity:
The ratio of normal stress to axial strain within elastic limit. This is also termed as
the Young’s modulus.
Percentage Elongation:
The permanent elongation of the gauge length after breaking, expressed as a
percentage of the original gauge length.
Percentage reduction in area:
The change in cross-sectional area which has occurred during the test at the neck ,
expressed as a percentage on the original area of cross-section.
Resilience:
The amount of energy that a unit volume of materials can absorb within the elastic
range is called Resilience or in quantitative terms, the modulus of resilience. The area
under the load elongation curve upto the elastic limit is equal to energy absorbed
(Resilience) by the specimen and the area under the stress – strain curve upto the elastic
limit is the energy per unit volume or the modulus of resilience. This energy is potential
energy and is therefore released whenever a member is unloaded.
Toughness:
Toughness of the material is its ability to absorb the energy in plastic range. The
area under stress – strain curve to the fracture point may be visualized as representing the
energy to cause failure per unit volume of the material, which is referred to as Modulus of
toughness of the material. An approximate formula to measure modulus of toughness is To
= σu (Lf – Lo) / Lo
Proof Stress:
Proof stress is the stress which is just sufficient to cause a non – linear elongation
equal to a specified percentage of the gauge length. This is used for materials which do
not have a definite yield point.
Tangent Modulus:
It is the slope of the tangent to the stress – strain diagram at any specified point.
This is used where the stress strain diagram is not a straight line even in the initial stage.

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tanϴ = stress/ strain A – Elastic limit

tanϴ = (σ/ϵ) B – Upper yield stress
σ
C – Lower yield stress

D – Ultimate stress
E – Breaking stress
Stress – Strain curve
NOTE:
1. Up to yield point, use gauge length of the given extensometer for calculating the strain
and after the yield point, use the full length of the specimen for calculating the
corresponding strain.

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2. Strength of Materials is the body of knowledge, which deals with the relation between
the internal forces, deformation and external loads.
Cup Cone
3. Cup and Cone Fracture for mild steel (ductile materials)
When a circular wire, rod or round tensile test specimen is stressed

(in tension/pulling) beyond the yield point (or yield strength) the
metal will become plastic and will “flow” at the weakest location.
The circular cross section at this location will be diminished
(necking). As the stressing/pulling continues, the metal will separate
or fail at this location. The resultant fracture will have a
characteristic appearance. One side of the fracture will appear to be
a cup and the mating (pointed) fracture will appear to be a “cone”.
This type of tensile overload fracture is referred to as “cup and
cone”.
PROCEDURE:
1. Measure the diameter at three locations and take the average value. Similarly, note
down the length of the specimen.
2. Fix the specimen in the jaws of the UTM.
3. Fix the extensometer on the specimen and note the gauge length of the
extensometer.
4. Set the extensometer and side scale to read zero.
5. Apply the load gradually making observations at regular intervals of load, the
corresponding reading on extensometer is noted.
6. Observe the yield point load indicating a slight kickback of the load pointer.
7. Remove the extensometer noting its reading at the yielding point.
8. Further load the specimen. Start measuring the change in length with the help of
side scale reading on the UTM. Observe the maximum and breaking load.
9. Remove the broken specimen and measure its final length and diameter at the
neck formation.
Result:
 Working stress =
 Young’s Modulus of specimen =
 Yield stress =

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 Ultimate stress =
 Breaking stress =
 % Elongation =
 % Reduction in area =
Date………………….
Signature of the Faculty
OBSERVATIONS:
Material of the specimen : Mild steel
BEFORE TEST:
1. Least count of the Vernier calipers =

2. Least count of dial gauge =
3. Mean diameter of the specimen in ‘mm’ ‘do’ =
4. length of the specimen in ‘mm’, ‘lo’ =
2
5. Original cross-sectional area in (mm) , Ao’ = [π(do)2] / 4 =
AFTER TEST:
1. Diameter of the specimen at neck in ‘mm’, ‘df’ =

2. Final length of the specimen in ‘mm’, ‘lf’ =
3. Final cross-sectional area in (mm)2, ‘Af’ = [π(df)2 ] / 4 =
TABULAR COLUMN
Dial gauge
Stress =
Load readings Strain =
Sl. No. P / Ao Remarks
(P), kN /Deformation l / lo
(N/mm2)
(l), mm

Page 12
Expt. No. 2 Date:

COMPRESSION TEST
OBJECTIVES:
i) To study the behavior of the materials under a gradually increasing axial

compressive load
ii) To determine the proportionality limit for ductile materials and
compressive strength for brittle materials.
iii) To obtain the value of modulus of elasticity or tangent modulus.
APPARATUS:
Universal testing machine, Vernier caliper, Dial gauge and Scale.
THEORY:
In tension test, a crooked specimen straightens under load. Any lack of alignment
in compression test is increased as the load increases and lack of stability may cause
collapse under relatively light load. Specimens for compression test must be short and
stocky to be stable. Consistent test results in compression can be obtained only with
carefully prepared specimens. Metallic specimens have their ends milled square across
the axis.
For uniform stressing of compression, a circular section is to be preferred over
other shapes. A ratio of length to diameter of 2 is commonly employed in order to prevent
the specimen failing by bending, although the height – to – diameter used varies for
different materials.

Page 13
Fracture appearance:
In compression of ductile materials, as the load increase in the plastic range, the
cross section increases. This increase in cross section area tends to decrease the true stress
and there by increase the load resistance. For this reason it becomes difficult to fracture
the ductile specimen, and continued applications of load increases lateral deformation
until a flat disc is produced. Large lateral deformations are not produced in the brittle
material but failure results by shear and sliding along an inclined plane.
CALCULATION:
 Load at proportionality , Fp , kN =
 Maximum load Fmax, kN =
 Proportionality limit, = Fp / Ao
 Compressive strength = Fmax / Ao
 % Contraction at failure = ( lo – lf) x 100
lo
= ……………….
 % increase in Area = (Af – Ao) x 100
Ao =………………...

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PROCEDURE:
1. Measure the diameter at three locations and take the average value using dial
gauge, similarly note down the lengths of the specimen.
2. Fix the specimen in the jaws of UTM.
3. Adjust the dial gauge to zero reading.
4. Gradually apply the load and record the yield point and maximum load in the
case of ductile materials or breaking load in the case of brittle material.
5. Remove the broken specimen (if it is brittle) from the machine. Observe the
location and the character of the fracture and measure the final diameter and
length.
6. Plot stress – strain diagram for the test and compute all properties.
σ
tanϴ = stress/ strain

tanϴ = (σ/ϵ)

Page 15
Result:
 Maximum compressive strength or Ultimate stress =
 % Decrease in length =
 % increase in area =
OBSERVATIONS:
Material of the specimen : CAST IRON
BEFORE TEST:
1. Least count of the Vernier calipers =

2. Least count of dial gauge =
3. Mean diameter of the specimen in ‘mm’ ‘do’=
4. length of the specimen in ‘mm’, ‘lo’=
2
5. Original cross-sectional area in (mm) , Ao’ = [π(do)2] / 4 =
AFTER TEST:
1. Diameter of the specimen at neck in ‘mm’, ‘df’=

2. Final length of the specimen in ‘mm’, ‘lf’=
2
3. Final cross-sectional area in (mm) , ‘Af’= [π(df)2 ] / 4 =
TABULAR COLUMN
Dial gauge
Stress =
Load readings Strain =
Sl. No. P / Ao Remarks
(P), kN /Deformation l / lo
(N/mm2)
(l), mm

Page 16
CALCULATION:
 Load at proportionality , Fp =
 Maximum load Fmax =
 Proportionality limit = Fp / Ao
 Compressive strength = Fmax / Ao
 % Contraction at failure = ( lo – lf) x 100
lo
= ……………….
 % reduction in Area = (Af – Ao) x 100
Ao
=………………...
Result:

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 Maximum compressive strength or Ultimate stress =
 % Decrease in length =
 % increase in area =
Date…………………. Signature of the Faculty
OBSERVATIONS:
Length of the specimen = ………………….. mm

Gauge Length of the specimen (l) = ………………. mm
Mean diameter of a specimen (D) = ……………mm
TABULAR COLUMN
Angle of twist Angle of twist Torque in No. Torque in Kg-cm Remarks

in degrees in Radians of divisions

Page 18
Expt.No.3 Date:
TORSION TEST ON MILD STEEL CIRCULAR SECTIONS
OBJECTIVES:
To study the behavior of mild steel when subjected to a gradually increasing torque and to
determine:
i. Modulus of rigidity of the material
ii. Yield point in shear
iii. Modulus of rupture (torsion)
APPARATUS:
Torsion testing machine, Vernier calipers, Measuring scale, Specimen etc
THEORY:
A circular bar, when subjected to torque will be twisted; shearing stresses are
developed in any cross-section of the bar whose value increases linearly from zero at the
centre to a maximum at the outer periphery. The relation between the applied torque, the
developed stress and the angular twist is given by the equation
T/J = τ/r = C/L
where, T is the applied torque, J is the Polar Moment of Inertia of the cross-section of the
bar, τ is the magnitude of shear stress at radius r, C is the modulus of rigidity and  is the
angle of twist over a length L of the bar. Therefore the modulus of rigidity can be
computed from the equation, C = (T/) x (L/J), where T/ is the slope of the graph of the
torque v/s twist. The yield point of shear stress is calculated from the equation f = (T/J) X
R where T is the torque at the yield point and R is the outer radius. Modulus of rupture is
the stress at failure and computed from the formula.
(τ) failure = (Tfailure x R)

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Fig: Torsion testing machine

CALCULATION:
1.
Polar Moment of Inertia = J = пD4 /32 = mm4
2.
Yield stress = N/ mm2
3.
Modulus of rupture (torsion) = N/ mm2
4.
Slope of torque v/s twist = Nm/rad
5.
modulus of rigidity = MPa
The shearing stress can be calculated by the following formula:
τ = 16 Tmax
пD3

Page 20
PROCEDURE:
1. Measure the diameter and length of the specimen accurately using Vernier
Calipers.
2. Fix the specimen in the grips and clamps provided in the machine.
3. Operate the driving mechanism either by hand or motor to apply the torque.
4. Take the readings of torque at regular intervals of twist simultaneously until the
specimen breaks.
5. Plot the graph of torque v/s angle of twist. Slope of the graph gives the torsional
stiffness.
6. Calculate modulus of rigidity and torsional shear stress
Result:
 Modulus of rigidity of the given specimen = C =

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 Maximum Torsional shear stress =
OBSERVATIONS:
Name of the material : Wood
Dimensions of the specimen :
Least count of the Vernier calipers = mm
Span of the beam = mm
Trial no. Breadth b in mm Depth d in mm

I-DIRN II-DIRN Average I-DIRN II-DIRN Average
2. Load-Deflection observations:
Least count of the dial indicator = mm
rd
Total load Dial indicator Dial indicator at 1/3 span points (div) Theoretical
(kN) readings at mid Point 1 Point 2 Average deflection at 1/3rd
span (div) span point (div)

Page 22
Expt. No. 4 Date:
BENDING TEST ON WOOD UNDER TWO POINT LOADING
OBJECTIVES:
i. To study the behavior of the wood specimen subjected to gradually increasing two
point equal loads each at 1/3rd of the span from both end.
ii. To find the modulus of elasticity.
iii. To determine the modulus of rupture or flexure modulus.
APPARATUS:
Universal testing machine, dial indicators, Scale, Vernier calipers.
THEORY:
When a simply supported beam is subjected to two equal loads of (W/2) at each of
rd
1/3 span points, the middle third portion is subjected to pure bending moment equal to
23 Wl 3 5 Wl 3
Wl/6 and deflection at mid span is and under the load is .
1296 EI 324 EI
The relation between the applied bending moment ‘M’ and the developed bending
stresses ‘f’ or ‘’ at any cross-section is given by the equation,
M/I = f/y = E/R,
where ‘I’ is the moment of inertia of the cross-section about the neutral axis, ‘y’ is the
distance from the neutral axis, ‘E’ is the modulus of elasticity and ‘R’ is the radius of
curvature, knowing the deflection c experimentally, the modulus of elasticity can be
found. Alternatively, knowing the value of E, theoretical value of c can be computed and
compared with the value obtained from the experiment to verify the bending theory.

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Modulus of rupture is the value of the bending stress computed from the formula
f/y = Mf/I, where Mf corresponds to the bending moment which causes fracture of the
specimen. Since the formula employed is valid within the elastic limit only, it is not
applicable at failure moment which is beyond the elastic limit. Hence the stress so
obtained is called ‘modulus of rupture’ and is useful only for comparison purposes.
CALCULATION:
1. Moment of inertia about the neutral axis = mm4
2. Stress at yield point = N/ mm2
3. Slope of load-deflection plot (w/δ) = N/ mm
4. Modulus of elasticity of the material = MPa
5. Modulus of rupture f = σ = Mxy = N/ mm2

I

Page 24
PROCEDURE:-
1. The cross-sectional dimensions of the specimen are noted from which the moment
of inertia about the neutral axis can be computed.
2. The specimen is placed on the roller supports which have been fixed on the lower
cross-head of the UTM and the span is noted.
3. Dial indicators are fixed to record the value of the deflections at the points of
interest.
4. The load is gradually increased and the value of the central deflection is noted for
regular load increments.
5. Plot the graph load v/s deflection.

Page 25
Result:
 Modulus of rupture or Bending Stress =
 Modulus of Elasticity =
OBSERVATIONS:
Least count of Vernier Calipers = mm
TABULAR COLUMN
Type of Type of Dia (d) Area ‘A’ Ultimate Ultimate shear

material shear in mm (mm2) load strength
(N) (N/mm2)
Single
Double
CALCULATION:
Ultimate Shear strength = Load / {C/s area of the specimen} (Single shear)
= Load/ {2 x C/s area of the specimen} (Double shear)

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Fig: Schematic representation of Shear Attachments
Expt.No.5 Date:
SHEAR TEST ON MILD STEEL
OBJECTIVES:
To Determine the Ultimate Shear Strength of the given material in Single Shear
and Double Shear.
APPARATUS:
Universal Testing Machine (UTM), Vernier Calipers, Shear Attachments,
Micrometer, Scale.
THEORY:
Shear stress is caused by forces which act parallel to an area of cross-sectional and
tend to produce sliding of one portion over another.
If there is only one cross-section which resists the failure, the material is said to be
in Single Shear and the average ultimate strength in Single Shear will be equal to the
failure load divided by the area of cross-section. If two areas resist the failure, then the
material is said to be in double Shear and the average ultimate strength in Double Shear
will be equal to the failure load divided by twice the area of cross-section
Ultimate shear strength τ = F / A for single shear and
τ = F / (2A) for double shear
Where, F is the fracture load and A is the cross sectional area.
PROCEDURE:-
1. The average diameter of the given specimen is measured.

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2. For single shear test, fix the specimen as shown in fig (a) and apply the load
slowly at right angles to the axis of the piece through the central block. Note
the fracture load.
3. Report the shape and texture of the fractured surface.
4. Repeat the above test by fixing the specimen as in fig (b) for double shear.
Result:
 Ultimate Shear Strength (Single Shear ) =
 Ultimate Shear Strength (Double Shear ) =

Page 28
Expt No 6 Date:
IMPACT TEST ON MILD STEEL
OBJECTIVES:
To determine the impact strength of given specimen and to study the behavior of
materials under the dynamic loadings.
APPARATUS:
Pendulum type Impact Testing Machine, Vernier Calipers and scale.
THEORY:
The ordinary tensile and bending tests are not the true criteria of the impact
qualities of a material and in all cases in which a material is employed for parts subjected
to shock or impact, tests should be made upon samples under similar conditions.
1. Charpy Impact Test:
The Indian Standard method of Charpy test (U-notch) consists of breaking by one
blow from a swinging hammer under prescribed conditions, a test piece U-notched in the
middle and supported at each end. The energy absorbed for failure of the specimen is
determined from which the impact value is obtained.
Impact strength with U-notch = KU = the energy absorbed in Joules for the failure
of the specimen. The symbol KU signifies that the test was performed under standard test
conditions, namely the strike energy of testing machine was 300 joules and a test piece

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having a 5mm deep U-notch was used. KU 100/3 indicates that the test was conducted
with 100 joules, striking energy on a test piece with 3mm deep notch. If during the test,
piece is not completely broken; the impact value obtained is indefinite.
A standard test piece of overall length of 55mm and a square cross-section of
10mm side with a central U-notch 5mm deep is employed to the test. It is placed in the
Charpy impact testing machine as a simply supported beam with a span of 40mm. The
notch is adjusted to be at the centre and such that it is on the tension side. The hammer is
lifted to have an initial potential energy of 300 joules, it is released without any shock and
is allowed to strike the specimen and swing to the other side. After it has reached the
maximum height on the other side and is in the process of swinging back, it is brought to
rest by the application of brakes or manually. The reading indicated by the pointer is
recorded.
2. Izod Test:
The Indian standard method of Izod impact test consists of breaking by one blow
from a swinging hammer, under specified conditions, a notched test-piece, gripped
vertically with the bottom of the notch in the same plane as the upper faces of the grips.
The blow is struck at a fixed position on the face having the notch. The energy absorbed
is determined.

Page 30
U notched Charpy Specimen

Page 31
OBSERVATION:
Length of the specimen (L) =
Breadth of the Specimen (b) =
Depth of the Specimen below the notch (d) =
Area of the specimen below the notch, A = (b x d) =

Page 32
TABULAR COLUMN
Charpy impact
Initial final Charpy impact
Type of strength
Sl .No Reading K1 Reading K2 value
Specimen I=K/A
(J) (J) K = K1 – K2 (J)
(J / mm2)
CALCULATION:
Expt No 6 (a) Date:

CHARPY IMPACT TEST
OBSERVATIONS:
Angle of drop (fall) = 140o

Weight of pendulum = 20.87 Kg

Page 33
SPECIFICATION:
Specimen size = (55 x 10 x 10) mm

Type of notch = U – Notch
Depth of notch = 2 mm
PROCEDURE:
1. Fix the charpy striker in its respective position, place the charpy test specimen on
supports.
2. Align the centre at the specimen notch with respect to centre of support by means
of setting guage.
3. Touch the striker to the test specimen and adjust the indicating pointer to 300J.
4. Lift the pendulum till it gets latched in its position at 140° from its vertical axis.
5. Allow the pendulum to swing freely and break the specimen.
6. After rupture apply the break to the pendulum slowly by operating break lever.
7. Note down the reading of absorbed energy directly on the dial as indicated by the
indicating pointer.
8. Before proceeding for the next test, remove the broken piece of the tested
specimen and bring indicating pointer, striker to its original position at 300J.
Result:
Average impact value of Mild Steel = …………….Joules
Average impact strength = …………….Joules / mm2
OBSERVATIONS:
Length of the specimen (L) =
Breadth of the Specimen (b) =
Depth of the Specimen below the notch (d) =
Area of the specimen below the notch, A = (b x d) =

Page 34
TABULAR COLUMN
Charpy impact
Initial final Charpy impact
Type of strength
Sl .No Reading K1 Reading K2 value
Specimen I=K/A
(J) (J) K = K1 – K2 (J)
(J / mm2)
CALCULATION:
Expt No 6 (b) Date:

IZOD IMPACT TEST
OBSERVATIONS:
Angle of drop = 90o

Weight of pendulum = 21.962 Kg
SPECIFICATION:

Page 35
Specimen size = (75 x 10 x 10) mm

Type of notch = V – Notch
Angle of notch = 45°
Depth of notch = 2 mm
PROCEDURE:
1. Fix the Izod striker in its respective position, place the izod test specimen as a
vertical cantilever.
2. Align the specimen notch by means of setting guage.
3. Touch the striker to the test specimen and adjust the indicating pointer to 170J.
4. Lift the pendulum till its gets latched in its position at 90o from its vertical axis.
5. Allow the pendulum to swing freely and break the specimen.
6. After rupture apply the break to the pendulum slowly by operating break lever.
7. Note down the reading of absorbed energy directly on the dial as indicated by the
indicating pointer.
8. Before proceeding for the next test, remove the broken piece of the tested
specimen and bring indicating pointer, striker to its original position at 170J.
Result:
Average impact value of Mild Steel = …………….Joules
Average impact strength = …………….Joules / mm2
BRINELL TEST CONDITIONS:-
Thickness of
Ball Load Relation Time load of
test
Material HB diameter, D F between applications
specimen
(mm) (Kg-f) F and D (sec)
(mm)
Steel / Cast Upto 450 Over 6mm 10 3000
iron 6mm to 3mm 5 750 F= 30D2 10 to 30
< 3mm 2.5 187.5

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Copper & its Over 6mm 10 1000

alloys, 31.8 - 130 6mm to 3mm 5 250 F= 10D2 30
Magnesium < 3mm 2.5 62.5
alloys
Alluminium, Over 6mm 10 250
Babbits 8 - 35 6mm to 3mm 5 62.5 F= 2.5D2 60
< 3mm 2.5 15.6
TABULAR COLUMN
Force
Indentation Brinell
Sl. Type of applied Time Average
dia (d) Hardness
No. material (P) (Sec) BHN
In mm Number
Kg
1 Mild steel
2 Brass
3 Copper
4 Aluminium
Expt.No.7 (a) Date:

BRINELL HARDNESS TEST
OBJECTIVES:
To determine the indentation hardness of the given specimen using Brinell
hardness testing machine.
APPARATUS:

Page 37
Brinell hardness testing machine:

In this machine the load is applied by a lever mounted on knife edges and carrying
a hanger for suspending the required load. The supporting table for placing the specimen
can be raised or lowered by a steel screw by operating a large hand lever. The indenter
used is a hardened steel ball which will have a diameter of 10mm, 5mm or 2.5mm. The
reading microscope has a 25-fold magnification. The gap between successive graduations
of the scale is 0.5mm and a micrometer is arranged sideways which gives readings in
0.01mm. The eye-piece of the reading micrometer may be turned by 90 , so that
impressions of ball can be measured in two perpendicular directions.
THEORY:
The property of hardness of a metal is usually associated with its resistance to
scratching, wear indentation or deformation. In the Brinell hardness test, which measures
resistance to indentation, a ball having a diameter ‘D’ is pressed on the material to be
tested under a load ‘P’. The load is maintained for 10 to 15 seconds. The diameter‘d’ of
the produced impression is measured.
The Brinell hardness number BHN is defined as the ratio of test load to the
surface area of indentation.
Brinell hardness number,
2P
BHN 

D D  D 2  d 2 
Where,
P = Applied load in Kg – f
D = Diameter of Ball indentor in mm
d = Diameter of indentation in mm
Although the Brinell test is a simple one to make, several precautions are
necessary in order to obtain good results. It is not adapted to testing extremely hard
materials because the ball itself deforms too much, nor is it satisfactory for testing thin
pieces such as raser blades, because the usual indentation may be greater than the
thickness of the piece. It is not adopted to testing case hardened surfaces, because the
depth of indentation may be greater than the thickness of the case and because the
yielding of the soft core invalidates the results; also, for such surfaces the indentation is
almost invariably surrounded by a crack that may cause fatigue failure if the part is used
in service. Obviously the Brinell test should not be used for parts the marring of the
surface of which impairs their value.
Least count of Brinell Microscope = 0.01mm
CALCULATION:
We have,
2P
BHN 

D D  D 2  d 2 
Derive the expression for BHN.

Page 38
PROCEDURE:-
1. Place the specimen on the anvil so that its surface will be normal to the direction
of the applied load.
2. With the hand wheel, raise the anvil until the specimen just makes contact with the
ball.

Page 39
3. Select the load, ball diameter and the time of application of the load according to
the material to be tested as given the load test table.
4. Apply the load gradually and maintain it for the specified time.
5. Release the load and remove the specimen. Measure the diameter of the
impression (indentation) left by the ball indenter by using Brinell’s microscope.
6. Make three trials for each specimen for calculating the hardness number.
Result:
Brinell hardness number of the given specimens is
1. Mild steel =
2. Brass =
3. Copper =
4. Aluminum =
Note: Based on BHN, the relation between the tensile strength and the hardness number
for mild steel is as follows,
Tensile strength of Mild steel = K x BHN
Where,
K = constant between 3.4 to 3.9 for all types of steel.
ROCKWELL HARDNESS CONDITIONS:

Minor load = kg
Type of material Indenter Scale Total load (Kgf)

Hard metals Diamond cone C (Black graduations) 150
Page 40
Soft metals Ball of 1/16” in dia B (Red graduations) 100
TABULAR COLUMN
Total Rockwell Hardness Number

Sl. Type of Type of Scale Average
load
No material indenter used 1 2 3 RHN
(kg)
1 Mild steel
2 Brass
3 Copper
4 Aluminium
Hardened
5
steel
Result:
Rockwell hardness number of the given specimens is
1. Mild steel =
2. Brass =
3. Copper =
4. Aluminum =
5. Hardened steel =
Expt.No. 7(b) Date:

ROCKWELL HARDNESS TEST
OBJECTIVES:

Page 41
To find the Rockwell hardness number of the given specimen by using Rockwell
hardness tester.
APPARATUS:
Rockwell hardness tester:
The Rockwell hardness testing machine essentially consists of a supporting table
for placing the specimen, a hand wheel to raise or lower the supporting table, a Rockwell
ball indenter which is a hardened steel ball 1/16 ” in diameter, a Rockwell cone indenter
which is a diamond cone of 120 apex angle, load stages adjusted by means of push
button switches, a light signal to indicate the application of the minor load of 10kg a
clamping sleeve to hold the specimen firmly, a button for applying the major load, a hand
lever to release the load and a dial gauge which directly gives the Rockwell hardness
number. The dial gauge has sets of graduations B and C, corresponding to the ball type
indenter and the cone type indenter.
THEORY:
Two consecutive loads intend on the ball, a minor load of 10Kg which does not
deform the metal and is used to seat the indenter, with the minor load still operating a
major load is added which is 90kg, for the Rockwell B test and 140kg for Rockwell C test
so that the total applied load will be 100kg and 150kg, for the ‘B’ and ‘C’ tests
respectively. The depth of penetration effected by the additional load is the measure of the
Rockwell hardness. The Rockwell hardness is read directly on the dial of the instrument
that is graduated in the hardness units. The dial has two sets of figures, (i.e., B – 30 is at C
– 0). It is made so, to avoid the negative hardness values on the B – scale, if used to test
very soft materials. This also facilitates in establishing that the highest hardness that can
be measured with a 1/16” diameter ball indenter is only B – 100 and for higher hardness
the C –scale should be employed.
PROCEDURE:-
1. Select the indenter type, Scale and major load accordingly as given in the load test
table.
2. Place the specimen on the anvil so that its surface will be normal to the direction
of the applied load.
3. With the hand wheel, raise the anvil until the specimen just makes contact with the
ball.
4. Select the load, ball diameter and the time of application of the load according to
the material to be tested as given the load test table.
5. Apply the load gradually and maintain it for the specified time.
6. Release the load and remove the specimen. The hardness number directly obtained
from experiment.
7. Make three trials for each specimen for calculating the hardness number.

Page 42
Diamond Indenter
Measuring Scale

Page 43
Expt.No. 7(c) Date:

VICKERS HARDNESS TEST
OBJECTIVES:
To find the Vickers hardness number of the given specimen by using Vickers
hardness tester.
APPARATUS:
Vickers hardness testing machine:
This machine can be used for finding Vickers hardness VH, as well as Brinell
hardness BH using a steel ball of 2.5mm diameter. It essentially consists of
1. Load stages adjusted by means of push button switches.
2. Supporting table for placing the specimen, the height of which can be altered by
operating a hand wheel.
3. Clamping sleeve which is meant for clamping the specimen against the
supporting table.
4. A penetrator which is regular pyramid having a square base and a smoothed-off
point made of diamond. The angle between the opposite face of the pyramid is
136.
5. An oil brake intended for uniformly applying the test load.
6. A controlling current key for application of load.
7. A hand lever for releasing the load.
8. A device for projecting the impression which can be magnified 70-fold or 140-
fold.
9. Attachment for measuring the impression by means of a scale and micrometer.
Under 70 fold magnification the distance a long and a short mark of the scale is
equal to 0.1mm. 10 division of the Vernier scale also correspond to 0.1mm and
the micrometer gives readings in 0.001mm.
THEORY:
An indenter in the form of a right pyramid with a square base and an angle of 136
(α) between opposite faces, when forced into the meter under a load P applied for 10 to 15
seconds, causes an indentation which has a square base. If‘d’ is the diagonal of the
indentation left on the surface of the test piece after the removal of the load, then the
Vickers hardness VH is the quotient of the test load P(kg) and sloping area (sq mm) of
indentation.
Load P
VH   2  1.854 P / d 2
Sloping area of indentation d sin 136 / 2
2
One of the advantages of the Vickers machine is in the measurement of indentation: a
much more accurate reading can be made of the diagonal of the square than can be made

Page 44
of the diameter of a circle. Also, it is a fairly rapid method that can be used on metal as
thin as 0.006 inch.
OBSERVATIONS:
Value of one division of the measuring scale

Main scale = mm
Vernier scale = mm
Micrometer = mm
TABULAR COLUMN
Sl.No Material Load Diagonal of indentation in mm Vickers

(P) d1 d2 Average d Hardness
Kg Number
CALCULATION:
Vickers Hardness Number VHN = 1.854 P/d2 kg/ mm2

Page 45
PROCEDURE:-
1. The specimen is cleaned from dirt, oil, scale etc and the test area is made even and
polished.
2. Care is taken to see the thickness of the test piece is not less than 1.5times the
diagonal of the indentation and that the distance from the centre of any indentation
to the edges of the test piece or edges of any other indentation is not less than
2.5times the diagonal of the indentation.
3. Proper value of the load is selected which could vary from 1 to 120kg. Normally
either 10kg or 30kg is selected.
4. The penetrate is inserted in the thrust piece of the machine and screwed.
5. The prepared specimen is placed on the supporting table and the hand wheel is
turned on the right, until the surface of the specimen is sharply imaged on the
screen. The clamping sleeve is turned to the left to clamp the specimen.
6. After ascertaining that there are enough gaps for the thrust piece to move in, the
controlling current key is pushed in till the hand lever starts rising.
7. The full load will act on the specimen when the hand lever reaches its top
position. The load is allowed to act for duration of 10 to 15 seconds after which
the hand lever is pushed down to remove the load.
8. The image of the impression will now be clearly visible on the screen and the two
diagonals are measured.
Result:
Vickers hardness number of the given specimens is
Hardened steel =

Page 46
TABULAR COLUMN:
Brick Dry weight of Wet weight of Difference % water absorption

No. brick w1 (gms) brick w2 (gms) (w2 – w1) gms {(w2 – w1) / w1}*100
CALCULATION:

Page 47
Expt.No.8 (a) Date:

TESTS ON BRICKS
OBJECTIVES:
To determine the water absorption of bricks
PROCEDURE:
1. Select five bricks at random out of the given sample.

2. Dry the bricks in a ventilated oven at a temperature of 105 o ± 5oC till these attain
constant mass.
3. The weight (W1) of the brick is recorded after cooling them to room temperature.
4. The bricks are then immersed in water at a temperature of 27o ± 2oC for 24 hours.
5. Remove the bricks from water and wipe off its surface with a damp cloth.
6. Weigh the brick within three minutes after its removal from water. Let its weight
be W2 Kg.
W2 – W1
7. Water Absorption Capacity = x 100
W1
8. Take the average value of the Water Absorption capacities of the five bricks.
9. Water Absorption shall not be more than 20 percent by weight upto class 12.5 and
15 percent by weight for higher classes.
The percentage of water absorption is a very valuable indication of the degree of

burning.
Result:
Average water absorption of bricks =

Page 48
TABULAR COLUMN:
Weight of Dimensions of brick (mm) c /s Area of Compressive Compressive

Brick
brick brick ( l *b ) load strength
No. Length Width Height
(Kg) (mm2) (N) (N/mm2)
CALCULATION:

Page 49
Expt.No.8 (b) Date:

TESTS ON BRICKS
OBJECTIVES:
To determine the compressive strength of bricks.
APPARATUS:
1. Compression testing machine ,

2. Balance of capacity 3kg.
3. Electric Oven
PROCEDURE:
1. Take five bricks out of the sample at random.

2. The bricks are immersed in water at room temperature for 24 hours.
3. These are then taken out of water and surplus water on the surfaces is wiped off
with cotton or a moist cloth.
4. The frog of the brick is flushed level with cement mortar 1:1 & 1:3 and the brick
is stored under damp jute bags for 24hrs followed by its immersion in water at
room temperature for three days.
5. The specimen is placed in the compression testing machine with flat faces
horizontal and mortar filled face being upwards.
6. Load is applied at a uniform rate of 14 N/mm2 per minute till failure.
7. Take the average value of the compressive strengths of the five bricks.
8. The maximum load at failure divided by the average area of bed gives the
compressive strength.
Result:
The average compressive strength of bricks is
………………..

Page 50
TABULAR COLUMN:
Weight of Weight of Percentage

Weight Cumulative
empty sieve+ sand of sand Percentage
Sieve No. of sand percentage
sieve retained retained in finer
retained retained (F)
(gms) (gms) sieve
4.75 mm
2.36 mm
1.18 mm
600 
300 
150 
Pan
Weight of sand taken = 1Kg
CALCULATION:
F
Fineness modulus of Fine aggregate =
100

Page 51
Expt.No.9 (a) Date:

TEST ON FINE AGGREGATE
OBJECTIVE:
To determine the Particle size distribution and fineness modulus of the given
sample of fine aggregate by sieve analysis.
THEORY:
Fine aggregates as the aggregate most of which will pass 4.75mm IS sieve. The
fine aggregate is often termed as a sand size aggregate. The sand is generally considered
to have a lower size limit of 0.07mm. The material between 0.06mm and 0.002 mm is
classified as silt and still smaller particles are termed as clay. The Coarse aggregate is
defined as an aggregate most of which is retained on 4.75mm IS sieve.
The fineness modulus is a numerical index of fineness, giving some idea of the
mean size of the particles present in the entire body of the aggregate.
APPARATUS:
IS test sieves:
Fine wire cloth nos. 4.75mm, 2.36mm, 1.16mm, 600m, 300m, 150m and
75m. weighting balance(sensitive to 1/1000th of the test specimen), sieve shaker, trays,
drying oven(to operate between 100 to 110 oC.
PROCEDURE:
1. Take 1Kg of sand from a laboratory sample of 10 Kg by quartering and break clay
lumps, if any.
2. Arrange the sieves in order of IS sieve nos: 4.75mm, 2.36mm, 1.18mm, 600m,
300m and 150m keeping sieve nos. 4.75mm at the top and 150m at the
bottom. Fix them in the sieve shaking machine with the pan at the bottom and
cover at the top.
3. Keep the sand in the top sieve; carry out sieving in the set of sieves as arranged
before for not less than 10minutes.
4. Find the mass retained on each sieve.

Page 52
5. Fineness modulus is an empirical factor which is obtained by dividing the

cumulative sum of the percentage of aggregate retained on each IS sieves taken in
order by 100.
Result:
Fineness modulus of the given fine aggregate =
OBSERVATIONS:
Particulars Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3
Weight of empty Pycnometer, (W1) gms
Weight of empty Pycnometer + sand (W2) gms
Weight of empty Pycnometer + sand + water (W3) gms
Weight of empty Pycnometer + water (W4) gms
Specific gravity (G),
G= (W2 – W1)
(W4 – W1) – (W3 – W2)
CALCULATION:

Page 53
Expt.No.9 (b) Date:

OBJECTIVE:
To determine the Specific gravity of Fine aggregate.
APPARATUS:

2. Pycnometer (64mm diameter at top, 90mm diameter at bottom and 73mm in
height)
3. Tamping rod 25mm in diameter.
THEORY:
The Specific gravity of an aggregate is defined as the

mass of a given volume of sample to the mass of an equal
volume of water at the same temperature.
The Specific gravity of the fine aggregate is generally

required for calculations in connection with concrete mix design
for determination of moisture content and for the calculation of
volume yield of concrete. The Specific gravity also gives
information on the quality and properties of aggregate.
PYCNOMETER
PROCEDURE:
1. Calibrate the Pycnometer, by weighing it empty and full with water at room
temperature. Roll and agitate the flask gently in an inclined position, to eliminate
air bubbles.
Page 54
2. Take a sample of the fine aggregate and soak it in water and keep it for 24±1/2
hours. The temperature should be 27±5 oC.
3. Take out and spread the sample (approximately 1.5kg) on a clean flat surface flat
surface, exposed to gently moving current of warm air until the material just
reaches free running condition (flowing freely).
4. Immediately weight 500gm of saturated surface dry sand in the flask.
5. Fill the flask with water to the top of the cone. Roll the flask in an inclined
position to eliminate all air bubbles and replace with water by means of foundation
pen filler.
6. Wipe the flask dry and weigh it accurately.
7. Calculate the specific gravity.
Result:
Specific gravity of the given fine aggregate is, G =

OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATION:
Mass of empty tray, We =
Mass of tray + saturated surface dry sample ,Ws =
Mass of saturated surface dry sample, W1 = (Ws - We ) =
Mass of tray + oven dry sample, Wo =
Mass of oven dry sample, W2 = ( Wo - We) =
Absorption percentage = (W1 – W2) x 100

W1

Page 55
Expt.No.9 (c) Date:

OBJECTIVE:
To determine the water absorption of fine aggregate.
APPARATUS:

5. Electric Oven
6. Tray
Absorption:
It influences the behavior of aggregate in concrete in several important aspects. A
highly absorptive aggregate, if used in dry condition, will reduce effective water-cement
ratio to an appreciable extent and may even make the concrete unworkable unless a
suitable allowance is made. Hence determination of absorption of aggregate is necessary
to determine net water-cement ratio.
PROCEDURE:
1. Take a sample of the fine aggregate and soak it in water and keep it for 24+ 1/2
hours. The temperature should be 27+ 5°C
2. Take out and spread the sample (approximately 1 kg) on a clean flat surface,
exposed to gently moving current of warm air until the material just reaches free
running condition (flowing freely).
3. Weigh the 1 Kg of saturated surface dry sand in the tray of known weight.
4. Dry the sample in an oven at 100 - 110°C for 24 hours.

Page 56
5. Weigh the dry sand with tray.

6. Calculate absorption capacity as the percentage of oven dry mass.
Result:
Water absorption of the given fine aggregate sample is
h'
OBSERVATIONS:
Material details:
Mass of container with oven dry aggregate = gm
Mass of empty container = gm
Mass of fine aggregate (sand) = gm
Height of dry sand ‘h’ = mm
TABULAR COLUMN

Page 57
Bulking percentage
Mass of Total Height of sand h  h'
Volume of dry sand X 100
sand percentage h’, mm
h
Expt.No.9 (d) Date:
BULKING OF FINE AGGREGATE
OBJECTIVE:
To determine the bulking of fine aggregate and to draw curve between water
content and bulking.
APPARATUS:
Balance, Cylinder container, graduated cylinder, beaker, tray, steel rule and oven.
THEORY:
In concrete mix design, the quantity of fine aggregate used in each batch should
be related to the known volume of cement. The difficulty with measurement of fine
aggregate by volume is the tendency of sand to vary in bulk according to moisture
contents. The extent of this variation is given by this test. Thus, Bulking of sand indicates
an apparent increase in volume of sand due to formation of thin layers of water around
sand particles.
If sand is measured by volume and no allowance is made for bulking, because for
given mass, moist sand occupies a considerably larger volume than the same mass of dry
sand, as the particles are less closely packed when the sand is moist. Usually the sand is
measured by loose volume, it is necessary in such case to increase the measured volume
of the sand, in order that the amount of sand put into concrete may be the amount
intended for the nominal mix used (based on the dry sand). It will be necessary to
increase the volume of sand by the ‘percentage bulking’.
PROCEDURE

Page 58
1. Put sufficient quantity of the oven dry sand loosely into the container until it is
two-third full. Calculate the mass of sand by deducting the mass of container.
2. Push a steel rule vertically down through the sand at the middle to the bottom and
measure the height of sand. Let it be ‘h’mm.
3. Empty the sand out into a clean metal tray without any loss.
4. Add one percent of water by mass of sand. Mix the sand and water thoroughly by
hand.
5. Put the wet sand loosely into the container without tamping it.
6. Smooth and level the top surface of the inundated sand and measure its depth at
the middle with a steel rule. Let it be “h`”mm.
7. Repeat the above procedure with 2 percent of water by mass.
8. Go on increasing the percentage by one till bulking is maximum and starts falling
down and ultimately bulking is zero, i.e., saturated sand occupies the same volume
as dry sand.
Result:
Maximum bulking of sand, % =
Volume of water =
Date………………….
Signature of the Faculty
OBSERVATIONS AND TABULAR COLUMN:
Diameter of the container , D = m

Height of the container , H = m
Volume of container, V = m3
Sl.
Description Trial 1 Trial 2 Avg
No
1 Empty weight of container, W1 (Kg)
2 Weight of container + fine aggregatge in loose state, W2

(Kg)
3 Weight of fine aggregate in loose state (W2 - W1) (Kg)
4 Bulk density, ρloose = (W2 - W1) / V Kg/ m3
5 Weight of container + fine aggregatge in compacted

state, W3 (Kg)
6 Weight of fine aggregate in compacted state

(W3 - W1) (Kg)
7 Bulk density, ρcompact = (W3 - W1) / V (Kg/ m3)
CALCULATION:
Volume of container, V = (п d2 / 4) h = m3

Page 59
Specimen Calculation:
ρloose = (W2 - W1) / V = Kg/ m3
ρcompact = (W3 - W1) / V = Kg/ m3
Expt.No.9 (e) Date:
BULK DENSITY OF FINE AGGREGATE

OBJECTIVE:
To find the bulk density of fine aggregates.
APPARATUS:
Weighing balance, cylindrical container, and Vibrating machine.
THEORY:
Bulk density is the total mass M per unit of its total volume.
ρ=M/V
It is expressed in terms of g / cm3 , Kg / m3 , KN / m3

The bulk density or unit weight of aggregate gives information regarding specific
gravity and grading of the aggregate. The bulk density of aggregate is measured by filling
a container by known volume in standard manner and weighing it. Bulk density of
aggregate is of interest when we deal with light weight aggregate and heavy weight
aggregate.
PROCEDURE:
1. The diameter and height of the container is measured to calculate the volume.
2. The container is weighed and its weight is noted.
Page 60
3. The container is filled with the given sample of fine aggregate and its weight is
noted.
4. The container is filled with aggregate in loose state. The weight of the container
with aggregate loosest state is noted.
5. The container is placed on the vibrating machine. Start the vibrating machine and
go on adding fine aggregates till the container is filled with aggregates upto the
brim. Note down the weight of the container with aggregate in densest state is
noted
6. Bulk density and percentage voids are calculated in both loose and compacted
state.
Result:
Bulk density of fine aggregate in loose state, ρloose = Kg / m3
Bulk density of fine aggregate in loose state, ρcompact = Kg / m3
Mass of saturated surface dry sample W1 = gm

Mass of basket suspended in water W2 = gm
Mass of material + basket suspended in water W3 = gm
Mass of aggregate suspended in water (W3 – W2) = gm
Mass of oven dry aggregate in air W4 = gm
mass of sample in air W1

a) Bulk specific gravity = =
loss in mass of sample in water W1  W3  W2 
W4
b) Apparent specific gravity = ,
W4  W3  W2 

Page 61
Water absorption:
Initial weight of aggregate, W1 = gm
Weight of saturated surface dry sample, W2 = gm
W2  W1
Water absorption in percentage = X 100
W1
Expt.No.10 (a) Date:

SPECIFIC GRAVITY AND WATER ABSORPTION OF COARSE AGGREGATE
OBJECTIVE:
Determination of Specific Gravity and Water Absorption of Coarse Aggregate.
APPARATUS:
Balance of capacity 5kg, weight box, wire basket 200mm in diameter and 200mm
height of 4.75mm IS sieve net, water tub for immersing the wire basket in water,
suitable arrangement for suspending the wire basket from centre of scale pan of
balance and absorbent cloth for surface drying of the sample.
THEORY:
Specific gravity of a coarse aggregate is defined as the ratio between the mass of
equal volume of coarse aggregate and water at constant temperature. Specific gravity of
an aggregate gives valuable information on its quality and properties. If the specific
gravity is above or below that normally assigned to a particular type of aggregate, it may
indicate that shape and grading of aggregate has altered.
It is also important in determination of moisture content and in many concrete mix
design calculations of volume yield of concrete.
PROCEDURE:
1. Take about 5kg of aggregate by method of quartering; rejecting all material
passing a 10mm IS sieve.
2. Wash thoroughly to remove dust etc., from the surface of particles. Dry to
constant mass at a temperature of 105 ±5 oC.
3. Immerse the sample in water at 22 to 32oC for a period of (24±1/2)hrs (30mins for
laboratory practice).
Page 62
4. Remove the aggregate from water and roll in a large piece of an absorbent cloth
until all visible films of water are removed, although the surface of particles will
still appear to be damp.
5. Now, weigh 3 kg of this sample in the saturated surface dry condition and note
down the mass as W1 gm.
6. Place the weighed aggregate immediately in the wire basket and dip it in water.
Weigh the basket with aggregate, while keeping it in water with the help of the
balance. Note its mass as W3 gm.
7. Dry the sample to the constant weight at the temperature of 110 oC for (24±1/2)
hrs.
8. Cool to room temperature and weigh.
9. Calculate the specific gravity and absorption of the aggregate.
10. Repeat the procedure for fresh aggregates.
Result:
Specific gravity of a given coarse aggregate = ……………..
Percentage water absorption of a given coarse aggregate = ……………..
Cumulative
Weight of Weight of Percentage Percentage
Sieve Weight of Percentage
sieve + sand sand of sand finer
size empty sieve retained on
retained retained retained on
(mm) (gm) sieve
(gm) (gm) sieve (100 – C)
(C)
40
20
10
4.75
pan
Cumulative percentage retained (ΣC) =
Fineness modulus = (ΣC + 500) / 100 =

Page 63
Expt.No.10 (b) Date:

SIEVE ANALYSIS OF COARSE AGGREGATES
OBJECTIVE:
Determination of particle size distribution and fineness modulus of the given

sample of coarse aggregates by sieve analysis.
APPARATUS:
Sieves of size 40mm, 20mm , 10mm, 4.75mm, pan, weighing balance.
THEORY:
Sieve analysis is a process of dividing a sample of aggregate in to various fractions based

on particle size, this process is referred to as grading. Fineness modulus is an empirical
factor obtained by adding the cumulative percentage of aggregate retained in each of
standard sieves and dividing the sum by 100. Smaller the value of fineness modulus, finer
is the aggregate. Sieve analysis is conducted as given in IS 2386 (Part – I). Fineness
modulus is calculated as below,
Fineness modulus = (ΣC + 500) / 100

Page 64
PROCEDURE:
1. The sieves of various sizes are cleaned and weighed.

2. The sieves are arranged in the decreasing order of their aperture sizes.
3. 5Kg of coarse aggregate is accurately weighed and placed on to the topmost sieve.
4. The entire setup is placed on the sieve shaker and jolted for 5min.
5. The sieves along with retained aggregate is weighed separately and the weight of
coarse aggregate in each sieve is calculated.
6. Percentage weight retained is calculated and then cumulative percentage retained
and fineness is found out.
Result:
Fineness modulus of the given sample of coarse aggregate is =
Calculate the maximum load carried by the tile,
Wu = W1 (a+b) (c+d) / (axc)
Wu = 12 W1
Where,
W1= Weight of the lead shots
Calculate Ultimate Moment of Tile,
Mu = (WuL)/4

Page 65
Fig. Tile Testing Machine
Expt.No.11 Date:
TEST ON TILES
OBJECTIVE:
To determine the flexural strength flexural of given roof tile.
APPARATUS:
Flexural tile testing machine, lead shots, balance.
THEORY:
The flexural test is conducted on a clay tile in a condition similar to its position in
a tiled roof. The tile is placed on buttons regular intervals. The battens act like two simple
supports on which the tile rests. The flexural strength is measured terms the maximum
point load that caused failure of the tile, when supporting on two simple supports.

Page 66
This machine is a lever-operated machine. It consists of two adjustable supports

on which the tile rests. The tile is loaded at its centre by a cylindrical bar. The loading is
done by continuously adding lead shots in the loading pan. The load on the tile is
calculated as K times the weight of lead shots collected in the loading pan, where K is a
constant for the machine depending on the length of levers.
PROCEDURE:
1. Meaasure the distance a, b, c and d of the levers, Fix supports A & B suitably and
measure the Span L (L —200mm)
2. Place the tile to be tested on the two Supports symmetrically.
3. Adjust the loading arm C to come in contact with the tile.
4. Make the lever (PQ) horizontal by adjusting the position of the balancing weight.
5. Open the loading knob; the lead shots start pouring in the loading pan.
6. When the load on the tile reached its maximum value, the tile breaks and
simultaneously the loading knob closes.
7. Note down the weight of lead shots collected in the loading pan W 1. Calculate the
maximum load carried by the tile.
Expt.No.12 Date:
STRAIN GAUGES
Strain gauges are mostly used to measure strains on the free surface of a body.
Strain gauges of all types are essentially devices that sense the change in length, magnify
it and indicate it in some form. They can be classified broadly into five groups on the
basis of the physical principle employed for the magnification of change in length:
1. Mechanical 2. Optical 3. Electrical
4. Pneumatic 5. Acoustical
Further each strain gauge is sub divided into two types:

1. Bonded strain gauge 2. Unbonded strain gauge

Page 67
In bonded strain gauge a grill of fine wire is cemented to a thin paper sheet. In
unbonded strain gauge a resistance wire is wound around the structure under study.
Properties of good strain gauge:

1. The gauge factor should be high to get more resolution.
2. The wires used in the strain gauge should have high resistance.
3. The wires have low temperature co-efficient of resistance.
4. The wires should not have any hysterisis in its response.
5. The wires should have a linear relationship between strain and resistance.
Mechanical strain gauge:

These mechanical devices are generally known as extensometers and are to
measure strain under static or gradually varying loading conditions. An extensometer is
usually provided with two knife edges which are clamped firmly in contact with the test
component at a specific distance or gauge length apart. When the test component is
strained, the two knife edges undergo a small relative displacement. This is amplified
through a mechanical linkage and the magnified displacement or strain is displayed on a
calibrated scale.
Optical Gauges:
Mechanical Optical gauges:
In mechanical-optical gauges a combination of mechanical & optical levers are
used to amplify the relative displacement between the knife edges. The moving knife is
pivoted so that it rotates while undergoing displacement.
Electrical Gauges:
In an electrical strain gauge a change in length or strain produces a change in
some electrical property. The greatest advantage common to all electrical gauges is the
ease with which the electrical signal can be displayed, recorded or conditioned as
required. Three types of electrical gauges are in use: (i) Inductance gauges, (ii)
Capacitance gauges & (iii) Electrical resistance gauges. Well over 90 percent of the strain
gauges used in practice are of the electrical-resistance type and a large proportion of these
are foil gauges.
Universal Testing Machine Software Demo
Testing of specimen through PC software:
1. Clamp the specimen between the grips.

2. Start the hydraulic pump and remove dead weight.
3. In PC software first select the required test type like -Tension Test. and create new file
by selecting “Create new” menu bar or toolbar. Enter the required initial data and save the
file.
Page 68
4. Click “start test” button in menu bar or toolbar.

5. Enter the required data like Sample type, Diameter of bar, Gauge length in the software
and click “data OK”. This data will get transferred to panel.
6. The real time graph window will appear. Enter the graph scale to see the graph upto
rupture. Click 'OK' button.
7. Tare the bad (if the bad value is not zero) by “TARE LOAD" button,
8. Click Start Test. button and start to open the loading valve.
9. At rupture of specimen the test will terminate automatically and machine
10. The software asks for final gauge length and final dia. (As per type of specimen), if
required enter these value by manual measurement.
11. Then you will get load v/s displacement Curve and all results.
12. Connect the printer and take print.
NOTE:
For testing the specimen with Extensometer, the above procedure will remains same.
Only the change is select test type as Extensometer test. The Extensometer has to be
removed before 2 mm extension or before rupture. To remove Extensometer click “Stop
Extensometer Test button first and then remove Extensometer.
Electronic Extensometer
Electronic Extensometer
This equipment is basically used with Universal Testing Machines for tension test; it is
used for measuring young's modules, proof stress or yield stress.

Page 69
It consists of pair of knife edges at top and bottom which are used to grip the specimen
between gauge points. The top knife edges are fixed while the extension of specimen
causes the bottom knife edges to move down. The movement of these knife edges are
magnified by a lever and transmitted to two dial gauges (one on either side) by a rack and
pinion mechanism. The least count of extensometer is 0.01mm and it can measure upto
3mm. Two springs, one fixed at bottom and other placed at a top will keep extensometer
in position.
THEORY
ENGINEERING MATERIALS:
A material is that out of which anything is done. It is the stuff of which something
is made. It comprises a wide range of metals and non-metals, which must be operated up
on to form the finished product.
PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS:
The term property indicates that defines a specific characteristic of a material. It

provides a basis for predicting its behavior under various conditions like forces,
temperatures, pressures, etc.
1. Physical Properties: Shape, size, finish, colour, specific gravity, density, porosity,
structure, etc
2. Mechanical Properties: Strength, stiffness, elasticity, plasticity, ductility, creep,

brittleness, hardness, toughness, resilience, impact, fatigue, bending, malleability.

Page 70
3. Thermal Properties: Specific heat, heat of transformation, thermal expansion,

thermal conductivity, thermal stresses, thermal fatigue, thermal shock, latent heat of
fusion, melting point etc.
4. Chemical Properties: Corrosion resistance, atomic weight, equivalent weight,

valency, molecular weight, acidity, alkalinity, atomic number, chemical composition.
5. Optical Properties: Colour, diffraction, fluorescence, reflectivity, hysterisis,

luminescence, refractive index, etc.
TESTS ON MATERIALS:
1. Destructive tests: After being destructively tested, the component or specimen

either breaks or remains no longer useful for further use.
Ex: Tensile test, Compression test, Torsion test, Shear test, fatigue test.
2. Non- Destructive tests: A component does not break and even after being tested
so, it can be used for the purpose for which it was made.
Ex: Radiography test, ultrasonic inspection, dye-penetrant test, magnetic particle
test, etc.
DEFINITIONS:
1. Stress:
The force per unit area of resistance offered by a body against deformation
is called the stress.
2. Tensile Stress:
Stress induced in the uniform cross sectional area ‘A’ subjected to equal
and opposite collinear forces ‘P’ resulting in the elongation of the member.
3. Compressive Stress:
When two equal and opposite collinear are applied to a member resulting
in the reduction in the length of the member, then the stress induced is called
compressive stress.
4. Strain:
It is defined as change in length per unit length, also termed as linear
strain.
Strain = (elongation / original length of specimen)

Page 71
5. Yield Stress:
Stress at which considerable elongation first occurs in the test piece
without increase in the load.
6. Direct Stress:
The resistance developed in a material due to the action of direct load or
axial load passing through the centroidal axis of the section is termed as direct
stress.
7. Shear Stress:
The stress caused by forces which are parallel to an area of cross section
and tend to produce sliding of one position over another is termed as shear stress.
8. Young’s Modulus:
It is defined as ratio of linear stress to the linear strain or the ratio of
normal stress to the axial strain within elastic limit.
9. Bulk Modulus:
When a body is subjected to three mutually perpendicular direct stress of
equal intensity, the ratio of direct stress to the corresponding volumetric strain is
known as Bulk modulus.
10. Lateral Strain:

It is the ratio of change in lateral dimension to original is called lateral
strain.
11. Volumetric Strain:

It is the ratio of change in volume to original volume is called volumetric
strain.
12. Elasticity constants:

They are the properties of materials such as young’s modulus, rigidity
modulus, Bulk modulus and Poisson’s ratio.
Young’s Modulus = Linear Stress / Linear Strain
Bulk Modulus = K = (Volumetric stress / Volumetric strain)
Poisson’s ratio = (Lateral stress / Longitudinal strain)
Rigidity Modulus: (Shearing stress / Shearing strain)
13. Elastic Length:
It is the maximum load attained within the elastic limit divided by the
cross sectional area of the specimen.
14. Deflection:
A beam when loaded gets deflected. The axis of the loaded beam bends in
a curve known as the elastic curve. The deflection at any point on the axis of the
beam is the vertical distance between its position before the load and after loading.
15. Ultimate stress:

Page 72
The maximum load to which a bar is subjected to in a test divided by its

original cross-sectional area gives a nominal stress which is known as ultimate
stress.
16. Breaking Stress:

The stress corresponding to fracture load is called breaking stress.
17. Factor of Safety:

The ratio of ultimate strength to allowable stress is called factor of safety.
18. Ductile material:

It is an important property of the material that enables it to be drawn into a
wire.
19. Brittle material:

A material is said to be brittle if it undergoes only small permanent
deformation prior to fracture.
20. Malleability:
It is the property of the material that enables it to get rolled into structural
shapes and sheets.
21. Shearing Force:

The algebraic sum of all the vertical force to one side of the section in a
beam is called its shearing force.
22. Tangential Stress:

Tensile stress induced in the wall along the circumference of the cylinder
is known as tangential stress.
23. Longitudinal Stress:

If the ends of the cylinder are closed, then the pressure at the ends will lead
to stress in the walls in the direction parallel to longitudinal axis of the cylinder
and this stress is termed as longitudinal stress.
24. Resultant Stress:
The resultant of normal and tangential stress acting on any plane is called
resultant stress.
25. Complementary Stress:

The stress which acts right angles to the original active stress is called
complementary stress.
26. Hooke’s Law:
Within the elastic limit, stress is proportional to strain.
27. Elastic Limit:

It is the limit of stress upto which the material will behave elastically (and
regains its original shape on removal of load).
28. Proportional Limit:

Page 73
It is the limit of stress upto which the stress of the material is proportional
to strain.
29. Yield Point:

It is the strain at which the elastic nature is completely lost and the
materials develops permanent deformation.
30. Yield Limit: It is the limit of stress at which considerable elongation first occurs
in the test piece without increase in the load.
31. Ductility:
It is indicated by the amount of deformation that is possible until fracture.
32. Toughness:
It is its ability to absorb energy in the plastic range.
33. Elasticity:
It is the property by which a body returns to its original shape after the
removal of external load.
34. Gauge length:

It is the failure length of the parallel portion of the specimen over which
extensions are measured.
35. Resilience:
The strain energy stored in a body due to external loading within the
elastic limit is known as resilience and the maximum energy which can be stored
in a body upto the elastic limit is called as proof resilience.
36. Plasticity:
It is the property of material by which no strain disappears when it is
relieved from the stress.
37. Proof stress:

It is the stress at which the stress-strain diagram departs by a specified
percentage of gauge length from the produced straight line of proportionality
(0.2%).
38. Brittleness:
A material is said to be brittle when it cannot be drawn out by tension to
smaller section. Here, failure takes place with small deformation.
TENSILE TEST:
In this, the operation is accomplished by gripping opposite ends of the specimen
and pulling it apart. Here, the specimen elongates in a direction parallel to the applied
load. It is most commonly made and one of the simplest test among the mechanical tests.

Page 74
The versatility of the test lies in the fact that it permits both strength and ductile
properties to be measured. In conducting the test, a specimen of the steel is subjected to
an increasing tensile pull until it fractures.
COMPRESSION TEST:
It is similar to tension test, expect that the loading is in opposite direction, i.e.,
compressive load which produce crushing action. It is used for testing brittle materials
such as stone, concrete, cast iron, glass etc. The result of this is so affected by the
frictional force occurring at the ends of the specimen.
For ductile material such as mild steel or copper, lateral distortion takes place due
to the influence of the friction at the load faces; the cross-section becomes greatest at the
center, the specimen taking up a barrel shape. Failure finally occurs by cracks appearing
on the surface and spreading inwards.
For brittle material the behavior is quite different from that of ductile material. But
there is definite load at which specimen breaks. Materials fails by shearing along thee
plane inclined at 50o deg and to the longitudinal axis.
HARDNESS TEST:
Hardness is the resistance of the metal to the penetration of another harder body
which does not receive a permanent set. It is the ability of a material to resist scratching,
abrasion cutting or penetration.
It consists of measuring the resistance to plastic deformation of layers of metal
near the surface of the specimen. In the process of the hardness determination, when the
metal is intended by a special tip (ball indentor), the tip first overcomes the resistance of
the metal to elastic deformation and then a small amount of plastic deformation.
SCOPE:
Hardness number cannot be utilized directly in design or analysis but it is used to

grade the available materials, according to hardness and indicate utility for certain use.
USES:
1. Similar materials may be graded according to hardness.
2. Quality of the material or products may be checked or controlled.
3. By establishing a co-relation between hardness and some other desired property
like tensile strength, etc.
4. Used to test the result of heat treatment like case hardening etc.
TYPES OF HARDNESS MEASUREMENTS:
1. Scratch hardness

Page 75
2. Indentation hardness
3. Rebound or Dynamic hardness
 Scratch hardness is of primary interest to mineralogists. With this measure of

hardness various materials and other are rated on their ability to scratch one another. It
is measured according to the Mohr’s scale.
 Indentation hardness test is performed by impressing into the specimen, which is
resting on a rigid platform, an indentor of fixed and known geometry, under a known
static load applied by means of lever system. Depending upon the test, the hardness is
expressed by a number that is either inversely proportional to the depth of indentation
for a specified load and indentor or proportional to a mean load over the area of
indentation.
 In rebound hardness measurements, the indentor is usually dropped onto the metal
surface, and the hardness is expressed as the energy of impact. The shore Scleroscope
measures the hardness in terms of the height of the rebound of the indentor.
ROCKWELL HARDNESS TEST:
In this the hardness of a material is determined by the depth of indentation of a

diamond cone or small steel ball. This is conducted in a specially designed machine that
applies load through a system of weights and levers. This test utilizes the depth on
indentation under constant load as a measure of hardness. Minor load minimizes the
amount of surface penetration needed and reduces the tendency for sinking in by the
indentor. The dial is reversed so that a high hardness, which corresponds to a small
penetration, results in high hardness number.
BRINELL HARDNESS TEST:
It is oldest and most used type. This is static test using relatively large indentors.
Advantages of Rockwell Hardness Test over Brinell hardness Test:
1. Due to the application of minor load to the penetrator, any effects due to surface
imperfections are eliminated.
2. Unskilled labour can operate.
3. The dial indicator eliminates the necessity for a microscope for measuring the
indentation and so that the test can be done quickly and more accurately.
4. On account of small impression made, the test is suitable for the majority of
finished components.
Note: 75HB 10/500/30 indicates a Brinell hardness of 75 measured with a ball of 10mm
diameter and
load of 500kg applied for 30seconds.
IMPACT TEST:

Page 76
The principal measurement is the energy absorbed in fracturing the specimen.

After breaking the test bar, the pendulum rebounds to a height which decreases as the
energy absorbed in fracture increases. The energy absorbed in fracture, usually expressed
in joules, is read directly from calibrated graduated scale on the machine.
SCOPE:
1. Useful in designing those components of machine which are subjected to a sudden

applied loads.
2. It gives necessary energy required to rupture the specimen.
3. For evaluating the uniformity of properties in similarly heat treated steels.
4. Gives guidance to the sensitivity of the material to notch propagation, or the
resistance of the material to the propagation of the crack, once it is formed.
SHEAR TEST:
A type of forces which tends or causes two continuous parts of the body to slide
relative to each other in a direction parallel to their plane of contact is called shear force.
The stress required to produce fracture in the plane of cross-section acted on by

the shear force is called shear strength.
A shearing force acts parallel to a plane whereas the tensile and compressive forces
act normal to a plane. There are two main types of shear stresses used in the laboratory.
1. Direct or transverse stress- stress encountered in rivets, bolts and beams.

2. Pure or torsional stress- stress encountered in a shaft subjected to pure torsion.
 Direct shear tests are conducted to obtain a measure of shear strength and pure shear
tests are employed to evaluate the basic shear properties of a material.
 For direct shear stress of metal, a bar is usually sheared in some device that clamps a
portion of the specimen while the remaining portion is subjected to a load by means
of suitable dies. If the force is resisted by failure through one plane and single area,
then the material is said to be single shear. If two areas resist the fracture, then the
material is said to be in double shear.
VIVA-VOCE QUESTIONS
TENSION TEST ON MILD STEEL
1. What is the nature of failure for brittle and ductile materials in tensile test?
2. Distinguish between
a) Yield point and yield strength b) Elastic limit and Proportionality limit
3. Why percentage elongation increases as the gauge length decreases.
COMPRESSION TEST

Page 77
2. Explain the behavior of ductile material and brittle material under compression?
3. Why a short specimen should be used in compression test?
4. The plane of failure in brittle material subjected to compression is at about 45o,
state the reason.
5. Name the devices used to measure deformation in tension and compression tests.
6. State the reason a) Tension test is preferred to compression test for determining
the modulus of elasticity.
TORSION TEST ON MILD STEEL CIRCULAR SECTIONS
1. What is a shaft? Give practical Examples.

2. How angle of twist is measured in a torsion test.
3. What mechanical property of material is determined from torsion test and how?
4. Define torsion rigidity, polar moment of inertia and rigidity modulus.
SHEAR TEST ON MILD STEEL
1. Distinguish between Single shear and Double shear.

2. Why modulus of rigidity is not determined by shear test.
IMPACT TEST ON MILD STEEL
1. Give three examples of machine parts or structural members subjected to impact

loading.
2. Distinguish between Charpy and Izod tests.
3. Why is a notch provided in the specimen for impact test?
BRINELL HARDNESS TEST
1. Very hard material cannot be tested in Brinell hardness testing machine-state the
reasons.
2. How do you select the load for Brinell hardness test in case of following
materials?
Aluminium, Brass, Mild steel, Cast iron, Copper.
3. What are the values of P are for steel and aluminium for conducting the Brinell
hardness test using a 10mm diameter ball indenter?
ROCKWELL HARDNESS TEST
1. What is the purpose of applying minor load in case of Rockwell Hardness test?
2. What are the types of indenters used in hardness tests?

Page 78
VICKERS HARDNESS TEST
1. What is static loading and dynamic loading applied to hardness test?

2. What are the types of indenters used in hardness tests?
BENDING TEST ON WOOD UNDER TWO POINT LOADING
1. Define a) Elastic limit, b) Flexural Rigidity

c) Proportionality limits d) Modulus of rupture as applied to bending
test.
2. Define a) Section modulus b) Moment of resistance
c) Tensile failure as applied to bending test.
3. Why two-point symmetrical loading is preferred in bending tests.
TESTS ON AGGREGATE
1. Define bulk density and specific gravity. Which one is most oftenly used in
concrete calculations in the field?
2. What is the range of values of specific gravity of ordinary aggregates like gravel
and crushed granite?
3. What are light weight aggregates and where do you use them?
4. Why is the knowledge of water absorption of fine aggregate essential?
5. Define bulking of aggregates and discuss its significance.
6. Discuss the relative bulking tendencies of coarse sand.
7. Why the bulking takes place only n sand and why not in coarse aggregate? Is this
test actually needed in field? If so explain why?
8. If no allowance is made for bulking of sand, how is it going to affect the mix
proportions?
9. How does specific gravity vary with hardness of stone?
10. Give the average figures for specific gravity of the aggregate:
a) Gravel, b) limestone, c) granite.
b) Define moisture content? Where do we need the knowledge of moisture
content
IS CODES
Sl
Specification Is code no. Title
no.
Metallic Materials - Tensile Testing at
1 Tension Test IS 1606-2008
Ambient Temperature

Page 79
2 Compression Test IS –13780-1993 Hardmetals - compression test

Metallic materials – Wire – Simple
IS 1717:2012
torsion test
3 Torsion Test
Method for simple Torsion test of
IS 4176:1967
aluminium and aluminium alloy wire
Method of test for determining shear
4 Shear Test IS –5242-1979
strength of metals
5 Izod Impact Test IS –1598-1977 Method for Izod impact test of metals
Method for Charpy impact test (u-notch)

6 Charpy Impact Test IS –1499-2003
for metals
Rockwell Hardness Method for Rockwell hardness test for
7 IS 1586-2000
Test metallic material
Method for Brinell hardness test for
8 Brinell Hardness test IS 1500-2005
metallic materials
Vickers Hardness Method for Vickers hardness test for
9 IS 1501-2002
test metallic materials
Methods of tests of burnt clay building
IS 3495 part I
10 Test on bricks bricks(determination of compressive
-1992
strength)
IS 2386 part I to Methods of test for
11 Test on aggregate
IV- 1963 Aggregates for concrete

Page 80

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17 CVL 37 – Building Materials Testing Laboratory

Channabasaveshwara Institute of Technology

Dept. of Civil Engg, CIT, Gubbi – 572 216

Department of Civil Engineering

Building Materials Testing Laboratory (17 CVL 37)

Dept. of Civil Engg, CIT, Gubbi – 572 216

(Max. 10)Record Marks

Sl. Name of the

Dept. of Civil Engg, CIT, Gubbi – 572 216

Instructions to the Candidates

Dept. of Civil Engg, CIT, Gubbi – 572 216

3. Torsion test on solid circular shaft 19

A) Brinell’s Hardness test 37

Tests on fine aggregates

10. A) Specific gravity and water absorption of coarse aggregates 61

Dept. of Civil Engg, CIT, Gubbi – 572 216

Material of the specimen :

1. Least count of the Calipers :

2. Diameter of the specimen :

Initial Diameter (di) Final Diameter (df)

 Yield Stress = Yield load / Original c/s area

 Working Stress = Yield stress / Factor of safety

Expt. No. 1 Date :

Dept. of Civil Engg, CIT, Gubbi – 572 216

When a material is subjected to action of forces, it develops resistance. The

Sl No. Load Increase in length Stress = P / A Strain = Remarks

Dept. of Civil Engg, CIT, Gubbi – 572 216

Dept. of Civil Engg, CIT, Gubbi – 572 216

tanϴ = stress/ strain A – Elastic limit

C – Lower yield stress

Stress – Strain curve

Dept. of Civil Engg, CIT, Gubbi – 572 216

When a circular wire, rod or round tensile test specimen is stressed

 Young’s Modulus of specimen =

Dept. of Civil Engg, CIT, Gubbi – 572 216

1. Least count of the Vernier calipers =

1. Diameter of the specimen at neck in ‘mm’, ‘df’ =

Dept. of Civil Engg, CIT, Gubbi – 572 216

Expt. No. 2 Date:

i) To study the behavior of the materials under a gradually increasing axial

Universal testing machine, Vernier caliper, Dial gauge and Scale.

Dept. of Civil Engg, CIT, Gubbi – 572 216

 Maximum load Fmax, kN =

 Compressive strength = Fmax / Ao

 % Contraction at failure = ( lo – lf) x 100

 % increase in Area = (Af – Ao) x 100

Dept. of Civil Engg, CIT, Gubbi – 572 216

tanϴ = stress/ strain

Dept. of Civil Engg, CIT, Gubbi – 572 216

 Maximum compressive strength or Ultimate stress =

Material of the specimen : CAST IRON

1. Least count of the Vernier calipers =

1. Diameter of the specimen at neck in ‘mm’, ‘df’=

Dept. of Civil Engg, CIT, Gubbi – 572 216

 Maximum load Fmax =

 Compressive strength = Fmax / Ao

 % Contraction at failure = ( lo – lf) x 100

 % reduction in Area = (Af – Ao) x 100

Dept. of Civil Engg, CIT, Gubbi – 572 216

 Maximum compressive strength or Ultimate stress =

Date…………………. Signature of the Faculty

Length of the specimen = ………………….. mm