Business Math:

RATIOS AND PROPORTIONS

Ratios
- compare values. (compare parts to the whole, whole to parts and
whole to the whole).
- Often represented in the form of a:b (a is to b)
- May also be represented in the form of a fraction

Proportion
- Determine if two ratios are equal

2 types of proportions:
● Inverse
● Direct

Direct Proportion
- Tell us that as one amount increases, the other amount increases at the
same rate.
- Represented mathematically as:
Y = kx
K = constant of proportionality
- Example:
The number of customers in a coffee shop and the amount of coffee beans used.

Indirect Proportion
- Tell us that one amount increases at the same rate that the other
decreases.
- Represented mathematically as:

Y=
K = constant of proportionality
- Example:
The speed of a car and the travel time it covered.

Ratios and Proportions

- Used to describe and explain relationships between quantities.

Profit Ratio
- One indicator of the company’s financial status.
To solve for the profit ratio:

Net profit margin = x 100

Ratios used in business:

1. Working Capital Ratio - reveals how easily a company can turn assets into
cash to pay a short-term obligation
2. Quick Ratio - Shows whether a company’s cash is sufficient to cover
short-term obligations
3. Price-to-earnings ratio - this reflects investors’ assessments of future
earnings.
4. Debt-to-Equity ratio - this reveals if the company’s borrowing too much
5. Return-on-Equity ratio - this shows how profitable the capital of investors
in their investment.

MARKUPS and DISCOUNTS

Markup
- Refer to the amount added to the cost.
- Adding the markup to the original cost give you the selling price.
Formula:
Selling Price = (1 + markup rate)manufacturing price
Discount
- Refer to the reduction in the original selling price of items or goods.
Formula:
Selling price = (1 - Discount rate) original price

EXPONENTS

Laws of exponents
- Rules that are applied in performing arithmetic operations to numbers or
algebraic expressions that involve exponents

The product law of exponents

-multiply exponential expressions with the same base
- am x an = am+n

The quotient law of exponents

 - Divide exponential expression with
the same base
- am / an = am-n

Power of a product law

- A quotient is raised to a power
- (ab)m = ambm

Power of a quotient law

- A quotient is raised to a power
- (a/b)m = am / bm

Power of a power law

- Power is raised to another exponent
- (am)n =amn

INTEREST
Interest
- Cost of borrowing money
3 main parts to understanding interests:
● Principal (P) - the base amount of money you borrowed.
● Interest Rate ( R ) - main measures to determine the amount of interest
you will pay.
● Time (T) - the length of time that one has to pay back the principal and
interest.
2 types of interest:
● Simple Interest
- Means that you only need to pay the same amount every year.
Formula:
I = prt
● Compound Interest
- The interests build up and builds up as the time period pass.
Formula:
B = p(1 +r)n
B = final balance
P = principal
R = interest rate for each interest period
N = number of interests period.

ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSION
Algebraic expression - mathematical symbols that consist of numbers, letters and
mathematical operators

Constant
- Real number
- Has unique and specific value

Variable
- Placeholder for a constant, usually in the form of a letter.

Algebraic Expression
- Mathematical phrases made by stringing constants and variables, together
with operators and grouping symbols

Polynomials
- Algebraic expression made up of algebraic expressions called terms,
separated by the operators + and -.

Coefficient
- Refers to a factor or multiplier.

Numerical Coefficient
- Constant factors

Literal Coefficient
- Factors that involve variables.

Lead Coefficient
- Numerical coefficient of the variable with the highest exponent

Monomial
- Polynomial that has 1 term
Binomial
- Polynomial with 2 terms

Trinomial
- Polynomial with 3 terms

Multinomial
- Polynomial with 4 or more terms

Similar terms
- 2 terms that have exactly the same literal coefficient

PROBLEMS ON EQUATIONS

2 categories of problems on equations:

1. One-step problem
- Has only 1 step that can refer to any of 4 mathematical operations.
2. Multi-step problem
- Require at least 2 steps to solve for the value of the variable that
may involve 2 or more of mathematical operations.

Properties of equalities

1. Reflexive Property of equality

- Used if you are only comparing one value to itself. (a=a)
2. Symmetric Property of equality
- Used if you are comparing two values. (a=2)
3. Transitive Property of equality
- Used if you are comparing three values. (a=2,b=2)
4. Addition Property of equality
- Used if you are asked to eliminate term/s in one side of the
equation (a-2=5)
5. Subtraction Property of equality
- Used if you are asked to eliminate term/s in one side of the
equation (a+2=5)
6. Multiplication Property of equality
- Used if you are asked to eliminate coefficients in one side of the
equation to find the value of the variable (a/2=10)
7. Division Property of equality
 - Used if you are asked to eliminate coefficients in one side of the
equation to find the value of the variable (2a=10)
8. Substitution Property of equality
- Used if you are asked to substitute or change variables into values
or vice versa. ( 2a=10 and a=5; so 10=10)

Combining like terms

- Putting together terms which are similar in nature.

SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS

System of linear equation

- Refers to a number of lines that may intersect at a certain points.
- Called a system because you have to deal with all the linear equations at
once

3 main methods used to solve a system of linear equations:

1. Graphing
2. Substitution
3. Elimination

SYSTEM OF LINEAR INEQUALITIES

Inequality
- Mathematical sentence that shows the relationship between two sets of
expressions.
Values:
- Less than
- Greater than
- Less than or equal to
- Greater than or equal to

System of linear inequalities

- A set of linear inequalities that you deal with all at once.

System of linear inequalities 2 possible results:

1. Can be closed or bounded

2. Have no solution
< or > = dotted line used in graph
= straight line used in graph

FUNCTIONS

Operations on functions
- Processes that combine fractions in a way similar to the operations on real
numbers.

Mathematical operations:
1. Addition
2. Subtraction
3. Multiplication
4. Division
5. Composition of functions
- involves substitution of an (inner) function into another (outer)
function

Composition of Functions
(f g) (x) = (f(g(x)).

CARTESIAN PLANE
Cartesian plane
- A flat surface determined by horizontal and vertical line, which extend
infinitely in both directions.

Axes (spelling base on the wiki)

- Cartesian plane’s horizontal and vertical line

Ordered pair
- (x,y)

Origin
- The point at which the x and y axes intersect
- Has an ordered pair of (0,0)

Quadrants:
LINEAR PROGRAMMING

Linear Programming
- The method of maximizing or minimizing an objective function given
certain constraints.
- Involves finding the best value given a certain set of conditions.

Terms:
1. Objective Function
- Function which should be maximized or minimized.
2. Optimization
- Refers to the act of maximizing or minimizing the functions.
3. Constraints
- Refers to the restrictions that you have to deal with.
4. Feasibility Region
- The region of all the possible values that can be used to optimize
the objective function
5. Points of Intersection
- Also called “corner points”
- Used to find the maximum or minimum value.

“WELCOME IN ADVANCE”
CONTEMPORARY ARTS

Contemporary means:
● Happening in recent time
● Connected to the present period
● Belonging to the same period of time
● Or belonging to the present

Art
- Different ways of expressing a person’s creative skill and imagination
which create a particular work/output.

Contemporary art
- Any visual, auditory or performing output produced at the present period of
time.
4 main categories of contemporary art
1. Visual Art
- Creations that you can look at.

2. Movement Art
- Are dances; purposefully selected sequences of body movements.

3 significant terms used in movement art:

● Body movement
- Dances are made up of actions using the body.
● Purposefully Selected
- Actions that are chosen and have a specific purpose because they
contribute to telling the story of the dance.
● Sequences
- These chosen actions come in a particular order which is also
relevant to the narrative dance.

3. Musical Art
- Produce songs that uses sounds and silence.
- Can come from voices or from instruments.

4. Cinematic Art
- Engages the sight and hearing of audiences through audiovisual
aspects.
- Has music and movement in it.
RESEARCH 1

Analyzing Data
- Part of the research process where you organize your research.

Types of chart that can be used:

● Pie chart
- Used when you want to show a part of a whole.
- Used to represent how large of the population belongs to certain
groups.
● Bar chart/Column Chart
- Used if you want to compare the quantities of different objects.
- Objects that do not need to belong to single group.
● Line Graph
- Used to measure the quantity of one object over a period of time

Research Paper
- A piece of analytical writing, an essay in which you survey what experts
know or have said about a topic and then compare or synthesize their thoughts
with your own insight or opinions.

Career Research Paper

- Is a specific type of research document.
- Are meant to give you a better and more accurate evaluation of the career
which appeals to you.
PARTS OF A CAREER RESEARCH PAPER:

● Abstract
- Should contain 1-2 paragraphs that summarize your entire paper,
including the conclusion.
● Introduction
- Should describe your objective and background.
● Scope and Limitations
- Should describe what the research paper is and what is not.
● Review of Related Literature
- Should contain all your findings from online and print media.
● Methods and Results
- Should contain a description of how you gathered data from primary
sources.
● Conclusion
 - Should contain 1-2 paragraphs that will conclude your research paper.
● Bibliography
- Contains all the sources that you used in your research paper.

Google Search
- Commonly reffered to as Google Web Search or Google, is a web search engine
owned by Google Inc.
- Originally developed by Larry Page and Sergey Brin (1997)

Main purpose of google search:

- To hunt for text in publicly accesible documents offered by web servers, as
opposed to other data, such as images or data contained in databases.

Search operators that help refine your hunt:

Function Execution

To search for results from certain sites and domains Place “site:”+ site or domain

To search for pages that link to a certain page Place “link:” +site or domain

To search for sites that are similar to a designated site or Place “related:” +site or domain
domain

To search for pages that just have one of several words Place “OR” between the two
words you are searching for

To search for designated info. about a specific site or Place “info:” + site or domain
domain, including cached pages, and those linking to the site

To search what a page looked like the last time google Place “cache:” + site or domain
crawled the site

To search for a specific file type Place “filetype:” + specific file

type

Secondary Research
- Finding information form third-party sources such as research reports,
company websites, magazine articles and other sources or any information
previously gathered.

Ways to determine the sites credibility:

● Homepage
● Author
● Sponsor
 ● Date
● Documentation
● Type of site

Primary Research
- Any type of research that you go out and collect yourself.

Commonly used types of primary research:

● Interviews
● Surveys
● Observations
● analysis