ME-662 CONVECTIVE HEAT AND MASS

TRANSFER

A. W. Date
Mechanical Engineering Department
Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay
Mumbai - 400076
India

LECTURE-1 INTRODUCTION

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LECTURE-1 INTRODUCTION

1 Modes of Heat and Mass Transfer

2 Important Definitions
3 Examples of Convective Heat and Mass Transfer
4 Syllabus and References

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 1
MODES OF HEAT TRANSFER - L1( 15 )

Whenever Temperature Difference exists,

Heat Transfer Q ( J / s = W ) takes place Spontaneously by
1 CONDUCTION ( Solid, Liquid, Gas )
Molecular Phenomenon
2 RADIATION ( Transparent Medium including Vaccuum )
Electromagnetic Phenomenon
3 CONVECTION ( Liquid, Gas )
Transfer of Energy by Bulk Motion and Conduction

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 2
MODES OF MASS TRANSFER - L1( 15 )

Whenever Concentration Difference exists,

Mass Transfer ṁ ( kg / s ) takes place Spontaneously by
1 DIFFUSION ( Solid, Liquid, Gas )
Molecular Phenomenon
2 CONVECTION ( Liquid, Gas )
Transfer of Mass by Bulk Motion and Diffusion
There is no RADIATION-LIKE counterpart in Mass Transfer

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 3
SCOPE OF THIS COURSE - L1( 15 )
1 The Course Content is 1 You have already
designed for MTech and determined Heat and
PhD students - careers mass Transfer
in Research and Coefficients from
Development. Experimental
2 Our concern is with Correlations ( eg.
CONVECTIVE Nu = C Rem Pr n )
phenomena 2 The aim of this course is
3 Familiarity with to determine coefficients
Introductory PG courses from Theory of Mass,
in Fluid Mechanics, Momentum and Energy
Heat Transfer and transfer in moving fluids
Thermodynamics is
assumed.
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 4
Definition of Heat Flux - L1( 15 )

VELOCITY PROFILE TEMPERATURE PROFILE

Tref Tref

T > T ref
w

y
x
T q T q
w w w w
ZERO SLIP
CONDITION (q > 0) (q < 0)
w w

Due to No-slip condition, Heat Transfer Flux qw across interface

area A is defined as
Qw ∂T W
qw = = −kf |y=0 [ ] (1)
A ∂y m2

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 5
Definition of H T Coef ’h’ - L1( 15 )

qw
h ≡ (Experiment)
(Tw − Tref )
−kf ∂T /∂y |y=0 VELOCITY PROFILE TEMPERATURE PROFILE
≡ (Theory ) Tref Tref
(Tw − Tref )

1 In general, h ( W / m2 -K ) y
x
can be both positive or T q
w T q
w
ZERO SLIP w w
negative CONDITION (h > 0) (h < 0)
T > T T < T
w ref w ref
2 Tref must be known or
knowable qw , Tw and Tref need be
3 kf is fluid conductivity defined.

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 6
Definition of M T Coef ’g’ - L1( 15 )
REFERENCE STATE φ ref
1 Unlike heat transfer, in
mass transfer 3 states
VELOCITY PROFILE
must be considered: CONSIDERED PHASE

y
1 Reference state ( ref ) INTERFACE
x
far into the φ N
w w
Considered Phase
TRANSFERRED SUBSTANCE PHASE
2 Interface state ( w )
φ
3 Trans Subs state ( T ) Nw
T

deep into Transferred

Substance Phase Φref − Φw
2 B= (3)
2 M T Flux ( Nw ) kg / m -s Φ w − ΦT
is defined as M T Coef ( g ) kg / m2 - s , B
is dimensionless, Φ is a
Nw ≡ g × B (2)
Conserved Property.
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 7
Mass Transfer Considerations - L1( 15 )

In general, there are 3 types of mass transfer

1 Mass Transfer without heat transfer and chemical reaction
2 Mass Transfer with heat transfer but without chemical
reaction
3 Mass Transfer with heat transfer and chemical reaction
In each case, Conserved Property Φ must be appropriately
defined - details will be considered later

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 8
Engineer’s Tasks - L1( 15 )
1 Engineer is concerned with Design and Performance
Evaluation
2 Design implies
1 Sizing ( For a given Qw , A must be determined )
2 Safety ( For a given qw , Tw < Tsafe )
3 Economy ( Capital cost and compactness are related to A
and Running cost is related to pressure drop )
4 Hence, A must be so structured that ∆p is small
3 Fluid Mechanics determines ∆p and velocity profile. The
latter determines the T and/or Φ profiles and hence, their
gradients at the wall/interface
4 Thermodynamics cannot help Design. Knowledge of ’h’
and/or ’g’ is required. Thermodynamics can help
performance evaluation. Examples follow.

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 9
Cooling Rate - L1( 15 )
1 A hot metal sphere is
dropped in cold water in
an insulated vessel
2 Thermodynamics can HOT METAL
SPHERE
determine the final
temperature Tf of water COLD
WATER
and sphere
3 Thermodynamics cannot INSULATED
VESSEL
answer: What is the
cooling rate of the Knowledge of ’h’ between
sphere ? sphere and water is required

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Sizing a Condenser - L1( 10
15 )

1 In a Steam Condenser,
Low pressure steam
knowing ṁst and
Tubes
condenser pressure, Tin

Cooling Water
Thermodynamics can
determine ṁwater when T
out
allowable temperature
Condensate
rise ∆Tcooling is specified.
2 Thermodynamics cannot
determine tube-surface 1 Knowledge of ’h’ on
area A ( dia, length, steam and water side is
number of tubes ) for required.
allowable pressure drops 2 Pressure drops must be
on shell and tube side determined from fluid
mechanics
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Gas Turbine Blade Cooling - L1( 11
15 )

HOT GASES
1 Thermodynamics
dictates that Tgas leaving
the Comb Chamber
LEADING
must be high EDGE

PIN−FIN
2 Designer must ensure
TRAILING
that Tblade < Tsafe to EDGE
RIBS
prevent blade twisting SERPENTINE
PASSAGE
3 Cooling air from
COOLANT AIR
Compressor must be as
small to prevent How should the internal
reduction in engine passages be shaped ? Rib
thrust Roughness, Bends, Jet
impingement increase ’h’
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Cooling Water Pond - L1( 12
15 )
SOLAR RADIATION

1 Thermal Power Plants POWER COOLING

PLANT WATER
TOP−UP WATER
often use cold water WIND

from Ponds as CONDENSER

HOT WATER LARGE BODY
Condenser Cooling DISCHARGE PIPE OF WATER

water
2 It is of interest to 1 Driving force B depends
determine evaporation on water vapour mass
loss under the action of fractions Φ = ωv and
wind and solar radiation temperatures Φ = T in
3 Daily Topping-up water air, water surface and
can be estimated from deep inside the pond
knowledge of ’g’ 2 Simultaneous Heat and
between water surface Mass transfer must be
and air considered
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Pulverised Fuel Furnace - L1( 13
15 )

SUPER HEATER TO TURBINE

TUBES UPPER STEM DRUM
1 In a PF boiler, coal
CONVECTION

particles ( < 250 µm ) SECTION

WATER
LOWER STEAM
are injected with air in TUBES
DRUM
PRIMARYAIR + PF
SECONADRY

the form of a jet AIR

RADIATION
SECTION ECONOMISER

2 It is of interest to PRIMARY
A A FORCED AIR
PREHEATER
SECTION A− A
determine Particle AIR + PF

TO

Burning Rate to size the SCRUBBER AND PRECIPITATOR

furnace ASH

3 Secondary air is added

Simultaneous Heat and Mass
to reduce NOx emissions
transfer with Chemical
Reaction must be considered

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Syllabus - L1( 14
15 )

1 Definitions and Flow 1 2D Turbulent Velocity

Classifications ( 2 ) and Temperature
2 Derivation of Transport Boundary Layer
Equations s ( 4 ) Solutions ( 4 )
3 2D Laminar Velocity and 2 Energy Budgets and
Temperature Boundary Modeling ( 2 )
Layers Solutions ( 6 ) 3 Formulation of the Mass
4 Developing and Fully Transfer Problem using
Developed Laminar Duct different Models ( 6 )
Flow and Heat Transfer 4 Application of Reynolds
Solutions ( 8 ) Flow Model to different
5 Nature of Turbulent flows problems ( 4 )
& Wall Laws ( 4 )
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References - L1( 15
15 )
1 Kays W M and Crawford M E, Convective Heat and Mass
Transfer, McGraw-Hill, 3rd Edition, ( 1993 )
2 Spalding D B, Introduction to Convective Mass Transfer
McGraw-Hill, ( 1963 )
3 Bird R B, Stewart W E and Lightfoot E N, Transport
Phenomena , John Wile& Sons, ( 1960 )
4 Schlichting H, Boundary Layer Theory, 6th Edition,
McGraw-Hill , ( 1968 )
5 Incropera F P and DeWitt D P, Fundamentals of Heat and
Mass Transfer, 4th Edition, John-Wiley & Sons, ( 1996 )
6 Cebeci T and Cousteix J, Modeling and Computation of
Boundary Layer Flows, 2nd Edition, Springer, ( 2005 )
Additional references will be given during the lectures
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