TENSION MEMBERS

Tensile Design Information:

 AISC Spec. D1- Slenderness Limits
 AISC Spec. D2 – Tensile Strength
 AISC Spec. D3 – Effective Net Area
(Shear Lag Table D3.1)
 AISC Spec. D4 – Built-Up Members
 AISC Spec. D5 – Pin-Connected
Members
 AISC Spec. D6 – Eyebars

Important Tables:
 Table D3.1 – Shear Lag Coefficients
 AISC Table 5-1 to 5-8 Available Strength
in Axial Tension for Shapes
 5-1 (W-Shapes), 5-2 (Angles), 5-3 (WT),
5-4 (Rectangle HSS)
 5-5 (Square HSS), 5-6 (Round HSS) 5-7
(Pipe), 5-8 (Double Angle)
 ALLOWABLE STRENGTH

LRFD ASD

YIELDING: YIELDING:
Pn – nominal strength Pn – nominal strength
Fy – yield strength Fy – yield strength
Fu – ultimate strength Fu – ultimate strength
Ae – net cross sectional area Ae – net cross sectional area
Ag – gross sectional area Ag – gross sectional area
Design Strength for yielding Design Strength for yielding

φPn = φFyAg; φ = 0.90 Pn/Ω = FyAg/Ω; Ω= 1.67

Design Strength for Fracture Design Strength for Fracture

φPn = φFuAe; φ = 0.75 Pn/Ω = FuAe/Ω; Ω= 2.0
Lowest Governs; Lowest Governs;
 Preferable for 𝐿 /𝑟 ≤ 300 ; r = sqrt(I/A)
Net Area
This will take into account the effect of bolt holes.
Ah – Area of holes
𝐴𝑛 = 𝐴𝑔 − 𝐴ℎ ; Ah= 𝑛ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑡(𝑑 + 1/8)
𝐴𝑛 = 𝐴𝑔 − 𝑛ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑒(𝑑 + 1/8)t
Net Area for Chain Holes (Staggered)
𝐴𝑛 = 𝐴𝑔 − 𝚺dholet + Σ (s2/4g)t
Effective Net Area
Shear Lag Coefficient (U) - AISC Table D3.1
Use highest applicable U
Bolted connections
𝐴𝑒 = 𝐴𝑛𝑈
• AISC J4.1 connecting element w/ bolts 𝐴𝑛 must be less
than 0.85𝐴𝑔
• Welded connections 𝐴𝑒 = 𝐴𝑔𝑈 (Case 4 is quite
common. Case 2 w/ angles
•Hint: When using Table D3.1 Case 2 for Wide Flanges,
get midpoint from a WT section that is equivalent to half
the full section (e.g. WT5x22.5 for a W10x45).
Block Shear
𝑅𝑛 = 𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑓 0.6𝐹𝑢𝐴𝑛𝑣 + 𝑈𝑏𝑠𝐹𝑢𝐴𝑛𝑡 ≤ 0.6𝐹𝑦𝐴𝑔𝑣 +𝑈𝑏𝑠𝐹𝑢𝐴𝑛𝑡
[AISC EQ J4-5]
𝑈𝑏𝑠 = 1 when tension stress is uniform, 0.85 otherwise.
OR 0. 5 in coped beams w/ more than 1 row bolts
𝐴𝑛𝑣 = 𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 = 𝐴𝑔𝑣 − 𝐴ℎ𝑣
𝐴𝑛𝑡 = 𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 (remove hole
areas) = 𝐴𝑔𝑡 − 𝐴ℎ𝑡
DESIGN CAPACITY
∅𝑅𝑛 = 0.75 (For LRFD)
Rn/Ω=Rn/2.00 (For ASD)
 C0MPRESSION MEMBERS

Nominal Compressive strength

𝑃𝑛 = 𝐹𝑐𝑟𝐴𝑔 [AISC E3-1]
• For LRFD: ∅𝑐𝑃𝑛 = ∅𝑐𝐹𝑐𝑟𝐴𝑔 ∅𝑐 = 0.90
• For ASD: Pn/Ωc = 𝐹𝑐𝑟𝐴𝑔/ Ωc Ωc = 1.67
• K = effective length factor [AISC Apdx. 7]
Calculating Effective Length [KL] for each Axis (XX, YY, ZZ)
• Largest KL/r governs (keep under 200)
• If member sizes are known, calculate 𝐺𝐴 & 𝐺𝐵
• Apply them to the proper Alignment Chart (Sway or
Nonsway) to get “K”

When Effective slenderness ratio When Effective slenderness ratio

𝐾𝐿 𝑟 ≤ 𝟒. 𝟕𝟏√𝑬/𝑭𝒚 or 𝐾𝐿 𝑟 > 𝟒. 𝟕𝟏√𝑬/𝑭𝒚 or
𝐹𝑦 /𝐹𝑒 ≤ 2.25 𝐹𝑦/ 𝐹𝑒 > 2.25

𝐹𝑐𝑟 = 0.658(Fy/Fe)Fy 𝐹𝑐𝑟 = 0.877𝐹e

𝐹𝑒 = 𝜋 2𝐸 / (𝐾𝐿/ 𝑟) 2
LRFD: ∅𝑐𝑃𝑛 = ∅𝑐𝐹𝑐𝑟𝐴𝑔 ≥ 𝑃𝑢?
ASD: Pn/Ωc = 𝐹𝑐𝑟𝐴𝑔/ Ωc ≥𝑃𝑢?
 “Select the Lightest I shaped
Column” Style Design (without
slender elements)

Determine 𝑃𝑢
• Factored Loadings

Determine Effective Length 𝐾𝐿

• Consider each axis x-x, y-y, & z-z
• Longest governs

Determine Effective Length 𝐾𝐿

• Consider each axis x-x, y-y, & z-z
• Longest governs

AISC Table 4-1 to select member

• ∅𝑐𝑃𝑛
• Verify 𝐾𝑥𝐿𝑥 ′ = 𝐾𝑥𝐿𝑥 / (𝑟𝑥/ 𝑟𝑦) < 𝐾𝑦𝐿𝑦
• Otherwise: Verify column @ length 𝐾𝑥𝐿𝑥 ′
• If it doesn’t verify, select a larger column size
 Torsional or Flex/Torsional
Buckling of Members w/out
Slender Elements

Strength Governed by Nominal Comp. Str.

• 𝑃𝑛 = 𝐹𝑐𝑟𝐴
𝐹𝑐𝑟 is categorized as
• Double angle and T-shaped comp. members
All other cases
• Doubly symmetric members
• Singly symmetric members
• Unsymmetrical members
Double Angle & T-Shaped Comp. Members
Lowest value of 𝐹𝑐𝑟 governs:
• Standard Flexural Buckling in X & Y (previous slide)
• Torsional and Flexural/Torsional Buckle
Torsional & Flex/Torsion Buckle See AISC Table 4-7 thru 4-12
for shortcut
𝑭𝒄𝒓, 𝒚 + 𝑭𝒄𝒓, 𝒛
𝑭𝒄𝒓 = ( )(𝟏 − √𝟏 − (𝟒𝑭𝒄𝒓, 𝒚𝑭𝒄𝒓, 𝒛𝑯)/(𝑭𝒄𝒓, 𝒚 + 𝑭𝒄𝒓, 𝒛)𝟐
𝟐𝑯
Where:
𝐹𝑐𝑟,𝑦 = traditional 𝐹𝑐𝑟 from AISC Eq. E3-2 & E3-3
𝐹𝑐𝑟, = 𝐺𝐽 /𝐴𝑔 ṝo2
ṝo2= polar radius of gyration about shear center
= Xo2 + Yo2 + (𝐼𝑥+𝐼𝑦)/ 𝐴𝑔 where: 𝑋o & 𝑌o are distances
between shear center and centroid.
Shear center for double angle and T shaped is at web-flange
intersection. This makes it 𝑌o = Ỹ - tf/2

𝑯 = 𝟏 − (𝑿𝟐𝒐 + 𝒀𝟐𝒐 )/ṝ𝐨𝟐

(Xo2 = 0 for members symmetrical about Y-axis)
(Yo2 = 0 for members symmetrical about X-axis)
Other Cases
See AISC Table 4-7 thru 4-12 for shortcut
Lowest value of 𝐹𝑐𝑟 governs:
• 𝐹𝑒 for doubly symmetric members
𝝅𝟐 𝑬𝑪𝒘 𝟏
𝑭𝒆 = ( + 𝑮𝑱)( )
(𝑲𝒛 𝑳)𝟐 𝑰𝒙+ 𝑰𝒚
• 𝐹𝑒 for doubly symmetric members
𝑭𝒄𝒓, 𝒚 + 𝑭𝒄𝒓, 𝒛
𝑭𝒄𝒓 = ( )(𝟏 − √𝟏 − (𝟒𝑭𝒄𝒓, 𝒚𝑭𝒄𝒓, 𝒛𝑯)/(𝑭𝒄𝒓, 𝒚 + 𝑭𝒄𝒓, 𝒛)𝟐
𝟐𝑯
 𝑲 𝑳
Where: 𝑭𝒆𝒙 = 𝝅𝟐 𝑬/( 𝒓𝒙 )𝟐
𝒙
𝑲𝒚 𝑳
𝑭𝒆𝒚 = 𝝅𝟐 𝑬/( 𝒓 )𝟐
𝒚

𝝅𝟐 𝑬𝑪𝒘 𝟏
𝑭𝒆 = ( + 𝑮𝑱)( )
(𝑲𝒛 𝑳)𝟐 𝑨𝒈 ṝ𝐨𝟐

When Effective slenderness ratio When Effective slenderness ratio

𝐾𝐿 𝑟 ≤ 𝟒. 𝟕𝟏√𝑬/𝑭𝒚 or 𝐾𝐿 𝑟 > 𝟒. 𝟕𝟏√𝑬/𝑭𝒚 or

𝐹𝑦 /𝐹𝑒 ≤ 2.25 𝐹𝑦/ 𝐹𝑒 > 2.25

𝐹𝑐𝑟 = 0.658(Fy/Fe)Fy 𝐹𝑐𝑟 = 0.877𝐹e

LRFD: ∅𝑐𝑃𝑛 = ∅𝑐𝐹𝑐𝑟𝐴𝑔 ≥ 𝑃𝑢?

ASD: Pn/Ωc = 𝐹𝑐𝑟𝐴𝑔/ Ωc ≥𝑃𝑢?
Design of Single Angles in Comp. Use CHAPTER “H” IF These
Conditions Not Satisfied
Eccentricity may be neglected when:
• Members are loaded at the ends in compression through the
same leg
• Members are attached by welding or by at least 2 bolts per
connection
• There are not intermediate transverse loads
Choose proper effective member slenderness ratios:
Case 1 – Individual members & web members of planar trusses
w/ adjacent web members attached to the same side of the
gusset plate or chord
1A) for equal leg angles and unequal leg angles connected
through longer leg:
Calculate L/𝑟𝑥
if 0 ≤ L/𝑟𝑥 ≤ 80 if L/𝑟𝑥 > 80
𝐾𝐿/𝑟 = 72 + 0.75 (𝐿/𝑟𝑥) 𝐾𝐿/𝑟 = 32 + 1.25(𝐿/𝑟𝑥) ≤ 200
1B) For unequal leg angles with ratio of long leg/short leg
length less than 1.7 and connected through shorter leg:
if 0 ≤ L/𝑟𝑥 ≤ 80:
𝐾𝐿 𝐿 𝑏𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 2 𝐿
= 72 + 0.75 (𝑟 ) + 4 ((𝑏 ) − 1) ≤ 0.95(𝑟 )
𝑟 𝑥 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑧
if L/𝑟𝑥 > 80:
2
𝐾𝐿 𝐿 𝑏𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝐿
= 32 + 1.25 ( ) + 4 (( ) − 1) ≤ 0.95( )
𝑟 𝑟𝑥 𝑏𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑟𝑧

Choose proper effective member slenderness ratios:

Case 2 – Web members of box or space trusses with adjacent
web members attached to the same side of the gusset plate or
chord
2A) for equal leg angles and unequal leg angles connected
through longer leg:
• Calculate L/𝑟𝑥
If 0 ≤ L/𝑟𝑥 ≤ 75
𝐾𝐿 𝐿
= 60 + 0.80 ( )
𝑟 𝑟𝑥
If L/𝑟𝑥 > 75
𝐾𝐿 𝐿
= 45 + 1.00 ( ) ≤ 200
𝑟 𝑟𝑥
2B) For unequal leg angles with ratio of long leg/short leg
length less than 1.7 and connected through shorter leg:
• Calculate L/𝑟𝑥
 If 0 ≤ L/𝑟𝑥 ≤ 75:
𝐾𝐿 𝐿 𝑏𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 2 𝐿
= 60 + 0.80 (𝑟 ) + 6 ((𝑏 ) − 1) ≤ 0.82(𝑟 )
𝑟 𝑥 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑧

If L/𝑟𝑥 > 75:

2
𝐾𝐿 𝐿 𝑏𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝐿
= 45 + 1.00 ( ) + 6 (( ) − 1) ≤ 0.82( )
𝑟 𝑟𝑥 𝑏𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑟𝑧

When Effective slenderness ratio When Effective slenderness ratio

𝐾𝐿 𝑟 ≤ 𝟒. 𝟕𝟏√𝑬/𝑭𝒚 or 𝐾𝐿 𝑟 > 𝟒. 𝟕𝟏√𝑬/𝑭𝒚 or

𝐹𝑦 /𝐹𝑒 ≤ 2.25 𝐹𝑦/ 𝐹𝑒 > 2.25

𝐹𝑐𝑟 = 0.658(Fy/Fe)Fy 𝐹𝑐𝑟 = 0.877𝐹e

𝐹𝑒 = 𝜋 2𝐸 /(𝐾𝐿/ 𝑟) 2
LRFD: ∅𝑐𝑃𝑛 = ∅𝑐𝐹𝑐𝑟𝐴𝑔 ≥ 𝑃𝑢?
ASD: Pn/Ωc = 𝐹𝑐𝑟𝐴𝑔/ Ωc ≥𝑃𝑢?