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Date: 24-Oct-16
q = ṁCpT
The heat flux can thus be calculated as –
q” = q/A
Where, ‘A’ is the area of cross section of the test piece
‘q’ is the rate of heat transfer through the test piece.
Thus we have –
q” = (ṁCpT/A) = -kdT/dx
The trend seen in the temperature profile inside a material of uniform conductivity and density,
in a one-dimensional heat flow without internal heat generation, at steady state, is a linear one.
Thus, calculating the temperature gradient should ideally give the same value at all points.
However, this is not a truly ideal experiment and thus we need to account for discrepancies and
thus we use several thermocouples to ensure a higher accuracy.
The temperature gradient is found as a ratio of differences and the value of heat flux
and thermal conductivity is associated with it.
Procedure: The setup consists of a metal rod which is heated using an electric current through a
band heater. The rod is simultaneously cooled using a cold water stream. The metal rod is
embedded with thermocouples that determine the temperature at various points along the
rod. A thermocouple is also set at each end of the cold water stream. The heater is switched on
and a voltage of 120 V is used to heat the rod. The cold fluid is also made to flow over the rod.
The system is allowed to attain a steady state and the temperatures at steady state at the
various points are noted. The cold water temperature at the inlet and outlet are also
determined. The same procedure is then repeated for a voltage of 140 V. A temperature vs.
distance graph is plotted.
Observations:
Distance between
Thermocouple temperature Constant voltage
thermocouples
96.7 0.035 121 V
93 0.07 121 V
85 0.105 121 V
77 0.14 121 V
69.4 0.175 121 V
61.3 0.21 121 V
52.6 0.245 121 V
100
Temperature
90
80
70
60
50
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3
Distance between
Thermocouple temperature Constant voltage
thermocouples
113.5 0.035 141 V
108.6 0.07 141 V
98.4 0.105 141 V
88.2 0.14 141 V
78.2 0.175 141 V
67.7 0.21 141 V
56.7 0.245 141 V
Table 1.2: Temperature readings at 141 V
Temperature vs. Distance (141 V)
120
110
Temperature 100
90
80
70
60
50
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3