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Chapter 1
Introduction
1.2. Bridge
Bridge is a structure built across an obstruction to easily pass over it. Obstruction may
be a river, stream, canal, valley, ditch, highway, railway, etc. from ancient times
bridge has played an important role in development of a place by improving its
connectivity with other places thus improving trade and economy. There are various
types of bridges. But these days for construction long span major bridges PSC bridges
are ideally suited. Prestressed concrete bridges mostly came into used because of their
rapidity, ease of construction, and competing in costs with other alternatives such as
steel and reinforced concrete. Ganga bridge in Patna is an example for major PSC
bridge in India.
Chapter 2
Loads and loading standards
Chapter 3
Prestressed concrete
1. Force fitting of metal bands on wooden barrel is an example in which the metal
bands induce a state of initial hoop compression, to counteract the hoop tension
caused by filling of liquid in barrels.
Fig 2 barrel
2. Pre tensioning the spokes in a bicycle wheel is also an example here tension is
applied to such an extent that there will always be a residual tension in the spoke.
9. 1926-Eugene Freyssinet (France) Used high tensile steel wires, with ultimate
strength as high as 1725 MPa and yield stress over 1240 MPa. In 1939, he
developed conical wedges for end anchorages for post-tensioning and developed
double-acting jacks. He is often referred to as the Father of Prestressed
concrete.
10. 1938-Hoyer.E. (Germany) Developed „long line‟ pre-tensioning method.
11. 1940-Magnel.G. (Belgium) Developed an anchoring system for post-tensioning,
using flat wedges.
12. During the Second World War, applications of prestressed and precast concrete
increased rapidly. The names of a few persons involved in developing prestressed
concrete are mentioned. Guyon, Y., (France) built numerous prestressed concrete
bridges in western and central Europe. Abeles, P. W., (England) introduced the
concept of partial prestressing. Leonhardt, F., (Germany), Mikhailor, V., (Russia)
and Lin, T. Y., (USA) are famous in the field of prestressed concrete.
13. The International Federation for Prestressing (FIP), a professional organisation in
Europe was established in 1952. The Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute (PCI)
was established in USA in 1954. Prestressed concrete was started to be used in
building frames, parking structures, stadiums, railway sleepers, transmission line
poles and other types of structures and elements.
14. In India, the applications of prestressed concrete diversified over the years. The
first prestressed concrete bridge was built in 1948 under the Assam Rail Link
Project. Among bridges, the Pamban Road Bridge at Rameshwaram, Tamil nadu,
remains a classic example of the use of prestressed concrete girders.
the concrete. The duct is then grouted to protect the tendons from corrosion. This
method is commonly used to create monolithic slabs for house construction in
locations where expansive soils (such as adobe clay) create problems for the
typical perimeter foundation. All stresses from seasonal expansion and contraction
of the underlying soil are taken into the entire tensioned slab, which supports the
building without significant flexure. Post-tensioning is also used in the
construction of various bridges; both after concrete is cured after support by false
work and by the assembly of prefabricated sections, as in the segmental bridge.
There are various methods of pre-stressing in our project for our project we adopted
post tension member for the following reason,
1. Post-tensioning allows longer clear spans, thinner slabs, fewer beams and more
slender, dramatic elements.
2. Thinner slabs mean less concrete is required.
3. Post-tensioning can thus allow a significant reduction in weight versus a
conventional concrete building with the same number of floors reducing the
foundation load and can be a major advantage in seismic areas.
4. A lower structure weight and size can also translate to considerable savings in
mechanical systems and façade costs.
Thus for adopting post tension system we use Freyssinet system which is an easy and
cost effective method thus making it the most widely used method. As post tensioning
is suitable for curve cables of different cable profile, after casting of the concrete the
stress are introduced to the wires either from one end or from both the ends. The
principal is based on wet action. It consists of a cylinder with a conical interior
through tubes. This allows high tension of wires to pan against the wall of the wire
and is wedge by a conical plug. These wedges will have number of wires in the
stranded form and these wires are twisted to take the torsional resistance of the
structures. to avoid loss of prestress due to elastic shortening of concrete these
stranded cables are tensioned simultaneously to the desired value of initial stress.
Sometimes to decrease the load bearing capacity as well as to balance different types
of load acting on the member cables of different profiles provided in the wedge tube.
In such cases cables are tensioned and anchored successively.
Fig 9 shows all the equipments and the method of post tensioning
3. A plane section before bending will remain plain even after bending.
Here the analysis of stress are done in two steps which are as follows,
1. Unloaded condition.
2. Working load condition.
The general formula for finding out the stresses in longitudinal section is,
The maximum permissible compressive stress of concrete is taken as 0.47fck for M30
concrete and 0.35fck for M60 concrete. Here fck is the grade of concrete as per the IS
1343-1980 (code of practice for prestressed concrete).
P= (A*finf*Zb)/(Zb+A*e)
Where,
P= prestressing force
A= area of section
finf= inferior stress at the section
Zb=section modulus at bottom of centroidal axis
e=eccentricity of the cable
then after selecting the system and type of anchorage number of cables are calculated
depending on the ultimate breaking load of steel strands .
Here,
Pk = prestress in the tendon
yp0 = length of a side of bearing plate
y0 = transverse dimension of the end zone.
The following sketch shows the variation of the bursting force with the parameter yp0
/ y0.
The parameter represents the fraction of the transverse dimension covered by the
Bearing plate. It can be observed that with the increase in size of the bearing plate the
bursting force (Fbst) reduces. The following sketch explains the relative size of the
bearing plate with respect to the end zone.
Ast = Fbst/fs
The stress in the transverse reinforcement (fs) is limited to 0.87fy. When the cover is
less than 50 mm, fs is limited to a value corresponding to a strain of 0.001.
The end zone reinforcement is provided in several forms, some of which are
proprietary of the construction firms. The forms are closed stirrups, mats or links with
loops. A few types of end zone reinforcement is shown in the following sketches. the
local zone is further strengthened by confining the concrete with spiral reinforcement.
The performance of the reinforcement is determined by testing end block specimens.
The end zone may be made of high strength concrete. The use of dispersed steel fibres
in the concrete (fibre reinforced concrete) reduces the cracking due to the bursting
force. Proper compaction of concrete is required at the end zone. Any honey-comb of
the concrete leads to settlement of the anchorage device. If the concrete in the end
zone is different from the rest of the member, then the end zone is cast separately.
Chapter 4
Bridge
The following figures show the detailed steps followed in desing and making of a
upper structure,
Piers- they are structures located at the ends of bridge spans at intermediate points
between the abutments. The function of pier is to transfer the vertical loads to the
foundation and to resist all horizontal forces and transfer forces acting on the bridge.
The piers contribute to aesthetic appearance of the structure.
The loads acting on the pier,
1. Dead load of the superstructure and pier.
2. Live load of vehicle moving on bridge.
3. Effect of eccentric live load.
4. Impact of different classes of loads.
5. Effect of buoyancy on submerged part of pier.
6. Effect of wind load acting on moving vehicles and superstructure.
7. Forces due to water current.
8. Forces due to wave action.
9. Longitudinal forces due to tractive effort of vehicles.
10. Longitudinal forces due to breaking of vehicles.
11. Longitudinal forces due to resistance in bearings.
12. Effect of earthquake force.
13. Forces due to collision of piers in navigable rivers.
Hence for the required bridge on the basis of locality considerations the empirical
design of a trestle pier is done. And is shown in the figure.
The pier is three legged pier of top width 7.5meter and depth of 6-8meter standing on
pile foundation. It‟s made up of RCC and pier cap supports 8 elastomeric bearings for
supporting girder.
Wing walls- the main function of will wall is to retain the earth fill without resisting
any loads from the super structure. There are two types of wing walls depending on
the type of embankment and approaches to the bridge there are two types of wing
walls,
1. Return or box type wingwall
2. Splayd type wing wall
When approaches to the bridge are in cutting or small embankments, return type wingwall is
generally provided. The length of return type wingwall depends upon the slope of the
embankment and slide slopes of the streams.
The thickness of splayed type wingwall is maximum at the junction of abutment and
gradually reduces to a minimum of 300 to 500mm towards the bottom of
embankment. The splayed wingwalls prevent the flow of soil towards the vent way
under the bridge.
The typical construction process for a wind turbine subsea monopile foundation in
sand includes driving a large hollow steel pile, of some 4 m in diameter with
approximately 2-inch-thick walls, some 25 m deep into the seabed, through a 0.5 m
layer of larger stone and gravel to minimize erosion around the pile. A "transition
piece (complete with pre-installed features such as boat-landing arrangement,
cathodic protection, cable ducts for sub-marine cables, turbine tower flange, etc.)" is
attached to the now deeply-driven pile, the sand and water are removed from the
centre of the pile and replaced with concrete. An additional layer of even larger stone,
up to 0.5 m diameter, is applied to the surface of the seabed for longer-term erosion
protection.[2]
Drilled piles
Also called caissons, drilled shafts, drilled piers, Cast-in-drilled-hole piles (CIDH
piles) or Cast-in-Situ piles. Rotary boring techniques offer larger diameter piles than
any other piling method and permit pile construction through particularly dense or
hard strata. Construction methods depend on the geology of the site. In particular,
whether boring is to be undertaken in 'dry' ground conditions or through water-logged
but stable strata - i.e. 'wet boring'.
For end-bearing piles, drilling continues until the borehole has extended a sufficient
depth (socketing) into a sufficiently strong layer. Depending on site geology, this can
be a rock layer, or hardpan, or other dense, strong layers. Both the diameter of the pile
and the depth of the pile are highly specific to the ground conditions, loading
conditions, and nature of the project.
'Dry' boring methods employ the use of a temporary casing to seal the pile bore
through water-bearing or unstable strata overlying suitable stable material. Upon
reaching the design depth, a reinforcing cage is introduced, concrete is poured in the
borehole and brought up to the required level. The casing can be withdrawn or left in
situ.
'Wet' boring also employs a temporary casing through unstable ground and is used
when the pile bore cannot be sealed against water ingress. Boring is then undertaken
using a digging bucket to drill through the underlying soils to design depth. The
reinforcing cage is lowered into the bore and concrete is placed by tremie pipe,
following which, extraction of the temporary casing takes place.
In some cases there may be a need to employ drilling fluids (such
as bentonite suspension) in order to maintain a stable shaft. Rotary auger piles are
available in diameters from 300 mm to 2400 mm or even larger and using these
techniques, pile lengths of beyond 50 metres can be achieved.
A common mode of failure for drilled piles is formation of a reduced section due to
the collapse of the walls of the shaft during installation, reducing the pile capacity
below applied loads. Drilled piles can be tested using a variety of methods to verify
the pile integrity during installation.
Under reamed piles
Under reamed piles have mechanically formed enlarged bases that have been as much
as 6 m in diameter. The form is that of an inverted cone and can only be formed in
stable soils. The larger base diameter allows greater bearing capacity than a straight-
shaft pile.[citation needed]
Auger cast pile
An auger cast pile, often known as a CFA pile, is formed by drilling into the ground
with a hollow stemmed continuous flight auger to the required depth or degree of
resistance. No casing is required. A cement grout mix is then pumped down the stem
of the auger. While the cement grout is pumped, the auger is slowly withdrawn,
conveying the soil upward along the flights. A shaft of fluid cement grout is formed to
ground level. Reinforcement can be installed. Recent innovations in addition to
stringent quality control allows reinforcing cages to be placed up to the full length of
a pile when required. A typical reinforcing cage will consist of 4 to 8 bars from #5 to
#8 bars typically 1/3 the length of the pile with longitudinal circular ties spaces along
the length of the cage. Where tension loads are present it is typical to see a single full
length bar placed at the centre of each pile.
Auger cast piles cause minimal disturbance, and are often used for noise and
environmentally sensitive sites. Auger cast piles are not generally suited for use in
contaminated soils, due to expensive waste disposal costs. In cases such as these
however a displacement pile may provide the cost efficiency of an auger cast pile and
minimal environmental impact. In ground containing obstructions or cobbles and
boulders, auger cast piles are less suitable as refusal above the design pile tip
elevation may be encountered. In certain cases drill motors that produce more torque
and horsepower may be able to mitigate these events.[citation needed]
Pier and grade beam foundation
In most drilled pier foundations, the piers are connected with grade beams -
concrete beams at grade (also referred to as 'ground' beams) - and the structure is
constructed to bear on the grade beams, sometimes with heavy column loads bearing
directly on the piers. In some residential construction, the piers are extended above
the ground level and wood beams bearing on the piers are used to support the
structure. This type of foundation results in a crawl space underneath the building in
which wiring and duct work can be laid during construction or remodelling.
Speciality piles
Micro piles
Micro piles, also called mini piles, are often used for underpinning. They are also
used to create foundations for a variety of project types,
including highway, bridge and transmission tower projects. They are especially useful
at sites with difficult or restricted access, or with environmental sensitivity. Micro
piles are normally made of steel with diameters of 60 to 200 mm. Installation of micro
piles can be achieved using drilling, impact driving, jacking, vibrating or screwing
machinery.
Tripod piles
The use of a tripod rig to install piles is one of the more traditional ways of forming
piles. Although unit costs are generally higher than with most other forms of
piling,[citation needed] it has several advantages which have ensured its continued use
through to the present day. The tripod system is easy and inexpensive to bring to site,
making it ideal for jobs with a small number of piles.
Sheet piles
Sheet piling is a form of driven piling using thin interlocking sheets of steel to obtain
a continuous barrier in the ground. The main application of sheet piles is in retaining
walls and cofferdams erected to enable permanent works to proceed. Normally,
vibrating hammer, t-crane and crawle drilling are used to establish sheet piles.
Chapter 5
HYDRAULIC DESIGN
Design Discharge:
By Ryve‟s Formula,
Discharge Q = CA2/3
Q = 2000*2132/3
= 71331.78Cusecs
= 4.4*√2020
= 197.75m = 198.00mm
Afflux:
Linear water way = 198.97m
= 0.0415m
Scour Depth:
d‟ = d ]0.61
d= (1.21Q0.63)/(f0.33w0.6)
=(1.21*20200.63)/(1.10.33*1990.6)
= 5.92m
d‟ = 5.92 ]0.61
= 5.92m
dmax = d ]1.56
= 5.92 ]1.56
= 5.92m
Chapter 6
STRUCTURAL DESIGN
Preliminary Data:
a) Bending moments:
Dead weight of slab= (1*1*0.25*24) =6.00kN/m2
Dead weight of wearing coat= (0.008*22) = 1.76kN/m2
Total dead load = 7.76kN/m2
3.70
1.01
U=B+2t
V=L+2t
U= (0.85+2*0.08) =1.01
V= (3.6+2*0.08) =3.76
u/B=1.01/2.5 = 0.404
K= B/L =0.53
MB=w(m1+0.15m2)
=350(0.095+0.15*0.02)
=34.30kN-m
=1.25*0.8*34.3
=34.30kN-m
ML=w(m2+0.15m1)
=350(0.02+0.15*0.095)
=11.98kN-m
Shear Force:
= 0.85+2(0.08+0.25)
=1.51m
For maximum shear , load is kept such that the whole dispersion is within span.
= 2.6*0.755[1-(0.755/2.3)]+[3.6+(2*0.08)]
=5.079m
=70kN
=47.00kN
=92.15kN
K=B/L= 2.5/4.75=0.526
1/K=1.9
0.85
0.25 M SLAB
0.75
2.30
MB=92.15(0.049+0.15*.01)=4.65kN-m
ML= 92.15(0.01+0.15*0.049)=1.60kN-m
MB=0.8*4.65=3.72kN-m
ML=0.8*160=1.28kN-m
=(7.76*2.3)/2
=8.92kN
Total MB=34.3+3.72=38.02kN-m
ML=11.98+1.28=13.26kN-m
=√(38.02*106)/(0.762*1000)
=223.37mm
Hence ok.
Ast = M/(σst*j*d)
=(38.02*106)/(200*0.96*300)
=792mm2
=142.80mm
=150mm
=755mm2
=250-6-5
=239mm
Ast= (13.26*106)/(200*0.96*239)
=288.96mm2= 300mm2
But minimum reinforcement using HYSD bars according o IRC 18-2000 is 0.15% of
cross section area. Hence,
Ast = 0.0015*1000*250
=375mm2
=(58.75*103)/(1000*250)
=0.235N/mm2
=1.10*0.22
Hence the shear stresses are within the safe permissible limits.
Reaction Factors:
Using Courbon‟s theory, the IRC class AA loads are arranged for maximum
eccentricity as shown in fig.
RA =( Σw1/n)*[1+(nex1)/(Σx2)]
=2w1/4)*[1+(4*1.1*3.75)/{(2*3.752)+(2*1.252)}]
=0.764 w1
W1 1.10
1.625 2.05
A B C D
RB =2w1/4)*[1+(4*1.25*1.1)/{(2*3.752)+(2*1.252)}]
=0.588 w1
If w1= 0.5w
RA=0.764*0.5w
= 0.382w
RB=0.588*0.5w
=0.294w
1.00
1.50M
FOOTPATH
0.30
0.08M
0.25 0.25M
R.C. SLAB
GIRDER
Weight of ,
It is assumed that the deck load is shared equally by all the four girders.
1.20
0.25
0.20
1.80
0.30
0.50
The maximum dead load bending moment and shear force is computed using the
loads shown in fig.
Mmax = [(0.125*34.87*192)+(0.25*15*19)+(15*9.5)+(15*4.75)
=1858.51kN-m
34.87KN/M
19.0M
Vmax = [(0.5*34.87*19)+(0.5*15*3)
= 353.76kN
3.85 3.85
= 0.5*(3.85+4.75)*700
=3010kN-m
Bending moment including impact and reaction factor for outer girder is,
For maximum live load shear in the girder, the IRC class AA loads are placed as,
Maximu live load shear with impact factor in inner girder = 395.61*1.25 =
494.51kN
1.20
0.25
y1=0.75
1.15
0.20 y2=1.05
0.40
0.50
Y1 =Σay1/Σa
=750mm
Y2 = 1800-750 =1050mm
I = [{(1200*2503)/12}+(1200*250)(750-125)2] +
[{(1150*2003)/12}+(1150*200)(750-825)2] +
[{(500*4003)/12}+(500*400)(750-1600)2]
= 2924*108mm4
Zt = I/y1 = 3.89*108mm3
Zb = I/y2 = 2.78*108mm3
fci = 40N/mm2; f
tt= ftw= 0 * MD = 0
ɳ = 80%
ML = 1437.275kN-m; M G= 1858.51kN-m
M D= 3295.785kN-m
=0.8*18 – 0
= 14.40N/mm2
= 16N/mm2
= 0 + (3295.785*106)/(0.8*2.78*108)
=14.82N/mm2
P = (A.finf.Zb.)/(Zb+A.e)
= [(73*104*14.82*2.78*108)/(2.78*108)+(73*104*850)]
= 3393.177*103N
= 3393kN
200
65
50
65
50 300
65
500
At Support section,
=< 1093.97mm
=> 0 - (2.78*108)/(0.73*106)
=> -380mm
P = 3393kN
e = 850mm
A = 0.73*106mm2
Zt =3.89*108mm3; Zb =2.78*108mm3
ML =1437.275kN-m; MG =1858.51kN-m
At transfer stage,
σt = [(P/A) – (Pe/Zt)+(ML/Zt)]
= [(3393*103)/(73*104) – {(3393*103*850)/
(3.89*108)}+(1437.275*106)/(/3.89*108)]
= 0.93N/mm2
= 9.85N/mm2
σt = [(ɳP/A) – (ɳPe/Zb)+(MD/Zt)]
=3.89N/mm2
σb = [(ɳP/A) + (ɳPe/Zt)-(MD/Zb)]
= -2.20N/mm2
1.20
0.25
0.20
0.75
CG OF THE SECTION
1.80 0.18
CG OF THE CABLE
0.87
0.30
0.50
900MM e=0.85M
e=0.45 e=0.45
1800MM
19M 19M
50MM
0.9M
CABLE 1
CABLE 2
CABLE 3
0.9M
19M
Cable Profile
Ap = 3*7*140 = 2940mm2
b = 1200mm; d= 1600mm
Df = 250mm
Mu =1.5MG+2.5ML
= (1.5*1858.51*106) + (2.5*1437.275*106)
Dept. of civil engineering, MCE, Hassan Page 46
DESIGN AND DETAILING OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BRIDGE
= 6380.95*106
= 6380.95kN-m
According to IS: 1343-1980, the ultimate flexural strength of the centre span section
is computed as,
Ap = (Apw + Apf)
= 0.45*50*(1200-200)*(250/1862)
= 3021mm2
= 81mm2
Ratio , =
= 0.0377
From table 11 of IS: 1343, we have for post tensioned beams with effective bond,
fpu/0.87fp = 1
fpu = 0.87*1862
= 1619.94
Xu/d = 0.0826
Xu = 0.0826*1700
= 115.64mm
= 1619.94*2940*(1400-115.64)
= 6116.92*106kN-m
= (1.5*351.76 + 2.5*494.51)
=1763.915kN
According to IRC: 18-2000, the ultimate shear resistance of support section uncracked
in flexure is given by,
= (0.8*4254*103)/(0.73*106)
= 4.66N/mm2
= 0.14
= 1209.14kN
Using 10mm diameter 2 legged stirrups of Fe415 HYSD bars, the spacing Sv is
obtained as,
Sv = (0.87*fy*Asv*dt)/V
= (0.87*415*2*79*1750)/(554.775*103)
= 179.94mm
Provide 10mm diameter stirrups at 150mm centres near support and gradually
increased to 300mm towards the centre of span.
Supplementary Reinforcement:
Longitudinal reinforcement of not less than 0.15 percent of gross cross sectional area
to be provided to safeguard against shrinkage cracking.
Ast = [(0.15*0.73*106)/100]
= 1095mm2
20mm diameter bars are provided and distributed in the compression flange as shown
1.20
0.25
1.80
0.30
0.50
Solid end blocks are provided at the end supports over a length of 1.5m. Typical
equivalent prisms on which the anchorage forces are considered to be effective are
detailed in the figure. The bursting tension is computed using the data given in the
table.
Pk = 1459kN
2ypo = 225mm
2yo = 900mm
As = (336*103)/(0.87*415) = 931mm2
Provide 10mm diameter bars at 100mm centres in the horizontal direction. In the
vertical plane, the ratio of (ypo/yo) being higher the magnitude of bursting tension is
smaller. However the same reinforcements are provided in the form of a mesh both in
the horizontal and vertical directions.
INTERMEDIATE SPAN:
Bending Moments:
3.70
1.01
5.0
U=B+2t
V=L+2t
U= (0.85+2*0.08) =1.01
V= (3.6+2*0.08) =3.76
u/B=1.01/2.5 = 0.404
K= B/L =0.5
MB=w(m1+0.15m2)
=350(0.098+0.15*0.02)
=35.35kN-m
=1.25*0.8*35.35
=35.35kN-m
ML=w(m2+0.15m1)
=350(0.02+0.15*0.098)
=12.14kN-m
Shear Force:
= 0.85+2(0.08+0.25)
=1.51m
For maximum shear , load is kept such that the whole dispersion is within span.
= 2.6*0.755[1-(0.755/2.3)]+[3.6+(2*0.08)]
=5.079m
=70kN
=47.00kN
=97kN
K=B/L= 2.5/5=0.5
1/K=1
0.85
0.25 M SLAB
0.75
2.30
MB=97(0.047+0.15*.01)=4.70kN-m
ML= 97(0.01+0.15*0.047)=1.65kN-m
MB=0.8*4.7=3.76kN-m
ML=0.8*165=1.32kN-m
=(7.76*2.3)/2
=8.92kN
Total MB=35.35+3.76=39.11kN-m
ML=12.14+1.32=13.46kN-m
=√(39.11*106)/(0.762*1000)
=226mm
Hence ok.
Ast = M/(σst*j*d)
=(39.11*106)/(200*0.96*230)
=938mm2
=942.47mm2
=230-6-5
=219mm
Ast= (13.46*106)/(200*0.96*219)
= 339mm2
But minimum reinforcement using HYSD bars according o IRC 18-2000 is 0.15% of
cross section area. Hence,
Ast = 0.0015*1000*250
=375mm2
=(58.75*103)/(1000*230)
=0.255N/mm2
Dept. of civil engineering, MCE, Hassan Page 56
DESIGN AND DETAILING OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BRIDGE
=1.10*0.25
Hence the shear stresses are within the safe permissible limits.
Reaction Factors:
Using Courbon‟s theory, the IRC class AA loads are arranged for maximum
eccentricity as shown in fig.
RA =( Σw1/n)*[1+(nex1)/(Σx2)]
=(2w1/4)*[1+(4*1.1*3.75)/{(2*3.752)+(2*1.252)}] =0.764 w1
W1 1.10
1.625 2.05
A B C D
RB =2w1/4)*[1+(4*1.25*1.1)/{(2*3.752)+(2*1.252)}]
=0.588 w1
If w1= 0.5w
RA=0.764*0.5w
= 0.382w
RB=0.588*0.5w
=0.294w
1.00
1.50M
FOOTPATH
0.30
0.08M
0.25 0.25M
R.C. SLAB
GIRDER
Weight of ,
It is assumed that the deck load is shared equally by all the four girders.
1.20
0.25
0.20
1.80
0.30
0.50
The maximum dead load bending moment and shear force is computed using the
loads shown in fig.
Mmax = [(0.125*34.87*192)+(0.25*15*19)+(15*9.5)+(15*4.75)
=1858.51kN-m
34.87KN/M
40.0M
De
ad Load on Main Girder
= 353.76kN
9.10 10 9.10
= 0.5*(9.1+10)*700
=6685kN-m
Dept. of civil engineering, MCE, Hassan Page 61
DESIGN AND DETAILING OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BRIDGE
Bending moment including impact and reaction factor for outer girder is,
For maximum live load shear in the girder, the IRC class AA loads are placed as,
Maximu live load shear with impact factor in inner girder = 394.41*1.1= 433.95kN
1.20
0.25
y1=0.76
1.15
0.30 y2=1.04
0.40
0.50
Y1 =Σay1/Σa
=759.91mm = 760mm
Y2 = 1800-760 =1040mm
I = [{(1200*2503)/12}+(1200*250)(760-125)2] +
[{(1150*3003)/12}+(1150*300)(760-825)2] +
[{(500*4003)/12}+(500*400)(760-1600)2]
= 3.057*1011mm4
Zt = I/y1 = 4.02*108mm3
Zb = I/y2 = 2.94*108mm3
ɳ = 80%
ML = 2809.04kN-m; M G= 8126kN-m
M D= 10935.04kN-m
=0.80*18 – 0
= 15.30N/mm2
= 16N/mm2
= 0 + (10935.04*106)/(0.80*2.94*108)
=43.75N/mm2
P = (A.finf.Zb.)/(Zb+A.e)
= [(0.845*106*43.75*2.94*108)/(2.94*108)+(0.845*106*840.08)]
= 10826.94*103N
= 10826.94kN
At Support section,
=< 140.85mm
=> 0 - (2.94*108)/(0.845*106)
=> -347.928mm
0.20
50mm 50mm
50mm
50mm 0.30
65mm
0.50
P = 10826.94kN
e = 840mm
A = 0.845*106mm2
Zt =4.02*108mm3; Zb =2.9*108mm3
ML =2809.04kN-m; MG =8126kN-m
At transfer stage,
σt = [(P/A) – (Pe/Zt)+(ML/Zt)]
= [(10826.94*103)/(84.5*104) – {(10826.94*103*840)/(
4.02*108)}+(2809.04*106)/( 4.02*108)]
= 10.4N/mm2
= 16.11N/mm2
σt = [(ɳP/A) – (ɳPe/Zb)+(MD/Zt)]
=18.85N/mm2
σb = [(ɳP/A) + (ɳPe/Zt)-(MD/Zb)]
= 0.129N/mm2
1.20
0.25
0.20
0.75
CG OF THE SECTION
1.80 0.18
CG OF THE CABLE
0.87
0.30
0.50
50MM
0.9M
CABLE 1
CABLE 2
CABLE 3
CABLE 4
0.9M CABLE 5
CABLE 6
CABLE 7
CABLE 8
40M
Ap = 8*7*140 = 7840mm2
b = 1200mm; d= 1600mm
Df = 250mm
Mu =1.5MG+2.5ML
= (1.5*8126*106) + (2.5*2809.04*106)
= 19211.60*106
= 19211.60kN-m
=51008kN-m
According to IS: 1343-1980, the ultimate flexural strength of the centre span section
is computed as,
Ap = (Apw + Apf)
= 0.45*50*(1200-300)*(250/1862)
= 2718.85mm2
= 5121.15mm2
Ratio, =
= 0.397
From table 11 of IS: 1343, we have for post tensioned beams with effective bond,
fpu/0.87fp = 0.9
fpu = 0.87*0.9*1862
= 1457.95
Xu/d = 0.653
Xu = 0.653*1600
= 1044.8mm
= 16134*106kN-m
= (1.5*805.1 + 2.5*433.95)
=2292.525kN
According to IRC: 18-2000, the ultimate shear resistance of support section uncracked
in flexure is given by,
= (0.8*10826.94*103)/(0.845*106)
= 10.25N/mm2
= 0.067
= 2064.58kN
Using 10mm diameter 2 legged stirrups of Fe415 HYSD bars, the spacing Sv is
obtained as,
Sv = (0.87*fy*Asv*dt)/V
= (0.87*415*2*79*1750)/(227.945*103)
= 437.95mm
Provide 10mm diameter stirrups at 150mm centres near support and gradually
increased to 300mm towards the centre of span.
Solid end blocks are provided at the end supports over a length of 1.5m. Typical
equivalent prisms on which the anchorage forces are considered to be effective are
detailed in the figure. The bursting tension is computed using the data given in the
table.
Pk = 1459kN
2ypo = 225mm
2yo = 900mm
As = (336*103)/(0.87*415) = 931mm2
Provide 10mm diameter bars at 100mm centres in the horizontal direction. In the
vertical plane, the ratio of (ypo/yo) being higher the magnitude of bursting tension is
smaller. However the same reinforcements are provided in the form of a mesh both in
the horizontal and vertical directions.
Cross Girders:
The cross girder of width 200mm and depth 1250mm is provided with a
nominal reinforcement of 0.15 percent of cross section consisting of 12mm diameter
bars spaced two at top, two at mid depth and two at bottom. Also provide nominal
stirrup made up of 10mm diameter two legged links at 200mm centres. Two cables
consisting of 12 numbers of 7mm high tensile wires are positioned at mid third points
along the depth. The transverse cables are straight along the length of cross girder.
= 7.07N/mm2
= (1240*103)/7.07
Hence safe.
= 5.18N/mm2
= [(2*6)+(3*3)+(2*12)]
= 45mm
Shape factor =
Hence safe.
= (0.5*6*10-4)
= 3*10-4
γd= ( Shear strain due to creep shrinkage and temperature) + (Shear strain due to
longitudinal force)
= +
=0.106 + 0.188
= 0.294N/mm2
αbi.max= ]
= (0.5*10*12)/(388*9.72)
= 0.001643radians
Where β = 0.1 σm
= 0.1*5.18
= 0.518N/mm2
αd = (0.518*2*0.00164)
Friction:
Hence safe.
Also σm =5.18 N/mm , satisfies the criteria that 10N/mm2 >= σm >= 1.5N/mm2
= 1.5(5.18/9.70)
= 0.80N/mm2
= 0.5(388/12)2 * 0.00164
= 0.857N/mm2
Hence adopt an elastomeric pad bearing of overall dimensions (400 x 630)mm with a
total thickness of 45mm having two internal elastomeric layers of 12mm thickness
and three steel laminates of thickness 3mm each having bottom and top cover of
5mm.
630MM
400MM
45MM
STEEL LAMINATES 3MM THICK
250MM
2.5M 2.5M
CONCLUDING REMARKS
In this project, efforts have been made to analyse, design and detail a PSC- I beam
bridge taking into consideration IRC Class AA tracked and wheeled vehicle loads as
specified in IRC 6. The analysis and design is done for worst combination of loads.
REFERENCES