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Design and detailing of Pres-Stressed concrete bridge

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DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.2738.0647

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DESIGN AND DETAILING OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BRIDGE

Chapter 1
Introduction

1.1. Prestressed concrete


The main difference between reinforced concrete and prestressed concrete is the fact
that reinforced concrete combines concrete and steel bars by simply putting them
together and letting them to act together as they may wish. Prestressed concrete, on
the other hand, combines high strength concrete with high strength steel in an
“active” manner. This is achieved by tensioning the steel and holding it against the
concrete, thus putting concrete into compression. This active combination results in a
much better behaviour of two materials. Steel is ductile and now is made to act in
high tension by prestressing. And concrete is a brittle material with its tensile capacity
now improved by being compressed, while its compressive capacity is not really
harmed. Thus prestressed concrete is an ideal combination of two modern high
strength materials.

1.2. Bridge

Bridge is a structure built across an obstruction to easily pass over it. Obstruction may
be a river, stream, canal, valley, ditch, highway, railway, etc. from ancient times
bridge has played an important role in development of a place by improving its
connectivity with other places thus improving trade and economy. There are various
types of bridges. But these days for construction long span major bridges PSC bridges
are ideally suited. Prestressed concrete bridges mostly came into used because of their
rapidity, ease of construction, and competing in costs with other alternatives such as
steel and reinforced concrete. Ganga bridge in Patna is an example for major PSC
bridge in India.

Fig 1 Ganga Sethu Patna

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Chapter 2
Loads and loading standards

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Chapter 3
Prestressed concrete

3.1. History and background


A prestressed concrete structure is different from a conventional reinforced concrete
structure due to the application of an initial load on the structure prior to its use. The
initial load or prestress is applied to enable the structure to counteract the stresses
arising during its service period. The prestressing of a structure is not the only
instance of prestressing. The concept of prestressing existed before the applications in
concrete. Two examples of prestressing before the development of prestresses
concrete are provided.

1. Force fitting of metal bands on wooden barrel is an example in which the metal
bands induce a state of initial hoop compression, to counteract the hoop tension
caused by filling of liquid in barrels.

Fig 2 barrel

2. Pre tensioning the spokes in a bicycle wheel is also an example here tension is
applied to such an extent that there will always be a residual tension in the spoke.

Fig 3 wheel spokes

Before the development of prestressed concrete, two significant developments of


reinforced concrete are the invention of Portland cement and introduction of steel in
concrete. These are also mentioned as the part of the history. The key developments
are mentioned next to the corresponding year.
1. 1824-Aspdin.J. (England) Obtained a patent for the manufacture of Portland
cement.

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2. 1857-Monier.J. (France) Introduced steel wires in concrete to make flower pots,


pipes, arches and slabs.
3. 1886-Jackson.P.H. (USA) Introduced the concept of tightening steel tie rods in
artificial stone and concrete arches.
4. 1888-Doehring.C.E.W. (Germany) Manufactured concrete slabs and small beams
with embedded tensioned steel.
5. 1908-Stainer.C.R. (USA) Recognised losses due to shrinkage and creep, and
suggested retightening the rods to recover lost prestress.
6. 1923-Emperger.F. (Austria) Developed a method of winding and pre- tensioning
high tensile steel wires around concrete pipes.
7. 1924-Hewett.W.H. (USA) Introduced hoop-stressed horizontal reinforcement
around walls of concrete tanks through the use of turnbuckles. Thousands of
liquid storage tanks and concrete pipes were built in the two decades to follow.
8. 1925-Dill.R.H.(USA) Used high strength unbonded steel rods. The rods were
tensioned and anchored after hardening of the concrete.

Fig 4 Portrait of Eugene Freyssinet

9. 1926-Eugene Freyssinet (France) Used high tensile steel wires, with ultimate
strength as high as 1725 MPa and yield stress over 1240 MPa. In 1939, he
developed conical wedges for end anchorages for post-tensioning and developed
double-acting jacks. He is often referred to as the Father of Prestressed
concrete.
10. 1938-Hoyer.E. (Germany) Developed „long line‟ pre-tensioning method.
11. 1940-Magnel.G. (Belgium) Developed an anchoring system for post-tensioning,
using flat wedges.
12. During the Second World War, applications of prestressed and precast concrete
increased rapidly. The names of a few persons involved in developing prestressed
concrete are mentioned. Guyon, Y., (France) built numerous prestressed concrete
bridges in western and central Europe. Abeles, P. W., (England) introduced the
concept of partial prestressing. Leonhardt, F., (Germany), Mikhailor, V., (Russia)
and Lin, T. Y., (USA) are famous in the field of prestressed concrete.
13. The International Federation for Prestressing (FIP), a professional organisation in
Europe was established in 1952. The Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute (PCI)
was established in USA in 1954. Prestressed concrete was started to be used in
building frames, parking structures, stadiums, railway sleepers, transmission line
poles and other types of structures and elements.

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14. In India, the applications of prestressed concrete diversified over the years. The
first prestressed concrete bridge was built in 1948 under the Assam Rail Link
Project. Among bridges, the Pamban Road Bridge at Rameshwaram, Tamil nadu,
remains a classic example of the use of prestressed concrete girders.

Fig 5- Pamban bridge, Rameshwaram, Tamil nadu.

The development of prestressed concrete can be studied in the perspective of


traditional building materials. In the ancient period, stones and bricks were
extensively used. These materials are strong in compression, but weak in tension. For
tension, bamboos and coir ropes were used in bridges. Subsequently iron and steel
bars were used to resist tension. These members tend to buckle under compression.
Wood and structural steel members were effective both in tension and compression.
In reinforced concrete, concrete and steel are combined such that concrete resists
compression and steel resists tension. This is a passive combination of the two
materials. In prestressed concrete high strength concrete and high strength steel are
combined such that the full section is effective in resisting tension and compression.
This is an active combination of the two materials. The following sketch shows the
use of the different materials with the progress of time.

Fig 6 development of building materials

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3.2. Types of prestressing

Prestressing can be accomplished in three ways: pre-tensioned concrete, and bonded


or unbonded post-tensioned concrete.

1. Pre-tensioned concrete is cast around already tensioned tendons. This method


produces a good bond between the tendon and concrete, which both protects the
tendon from corrosion and allows for direct transfer of tension. The cured
concrete adheres and bonds to the bars and when the tension is released it is
transferred to the concrete as compression by static friction. However, it requires
stout anchoring points between which the tendon is to be stretched and the
tendons are usually in a straight line. Thus, most pre-tensioned concrete elements
are prefabricated in a factory and must be transported to the construction site,
which limits their size. Pre-tensioned elements may be balcony elements, lintels,
floor slabs, beams or foundation piles. An innovative bridge construction method
using pre-stressing is the stressed ribbon bridge design.

Fig 7 pre-tensioning of beams

2. Bonded post-tensioned concrete is the descriptive term for a method of


applying compression after pouring concrete and the curing process (in situ). The
concrete is cast around a plastic or steel or aluminum curved duct, to follow the
area where otherwise tension would occur in the concrete element. A set of
tendons are fished through the duct and the concrete is poured. Once the concrete
has hardened, the tendons are tensioned by hydraulic jacks that react (push)
against the concrete member itself. When the tendons have stretched sufficiently,
according to the design specifications (see Hooke's law), they are wedged in
position and maintain tension after the jacks are removed, transferring pressure to

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the concrete. The duct is then grouted to protect the tendons from corrosion. This
method is commonly used to create monolithic slabs for house construction in
locations where expansive soils (such as adobe clay) create problems for the
typical perimeter foundation. All stresses from seasonal expansion and contraction
of the underlying soil are taken into the entire tensioned slab, which supports the
building without significant flexure. Post-tensioning is also used in the
construction of various bridges; both after concrete is cured after support by false
work and by the assembly of prefabricated sections, as in the segmental bridge.

3. Unbonded post-tensioned concrete differs from bonded post-tensioning by


providing each individual cable permanent freedom of movement relative to the
concrete. To achieve this, each individual tendon is coated with grease
(generally lithium based) and covered by a plastic sheathing formed in
an extrusion process. The transfer of tension to the concrete is achieved by the
steel cable acting against steel anchors embedded in the perimeter of the slab. The
main disadvantage over bonded post-tensioning is the fact that a cable can destress
itself and burst out of the slab if damaged (such as during repair on the slab).

Fig 8 steel tendons being stretched by jacks in post tensioned members

3.3. Methods for post tensioning(Freyssinet System)

There are various methods of pre-stressing in our project for our project we adopted
post tension member for the following reason,
1. Post-tensioning allows longer clear spans, thinner slabs, fewer beams and more
slender, dramatic elements.
2. Thinner slabs mean less concrete is required.
3. Post-tensioning can thus allow a significant reduction in weight versus a
conventional concrete building with the same number of floors reducing the
foundation load and can be a major advantage in seismic areas.
4. A lower structure weight and size can also translate to considerable savings in
mechanical systems and façade costs.

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5. Another advantage of post-tensioning is that beams and slabs can be continuous,


i.e. a single beam can run continuously from one end of the building to the other.
6. Reduces occurrence of tension cracks.
7. Freezing & thawing durability is higher than non pre stressed concrete.
8. Post-tensioning allows bridges to be built to very demanding geometry
requirements, including complex curves, and significant grade changes.
9. Post-tensioning also allows extremely long span bridges to be constructed without
the use of temporary intermediate supports. This minimizes the impact on the
environment and avoids disruption to water or road traffic below.

Thus for adopting post tension system we use Freyssinet system which is an easy and
cost effective method thus making it the most widely used method. As post tensioning
is suitable for curve cables of different cable profile, after casting of the concrete the
stress are introduced to the wires either from one end or from both the ends. The
principal is based on wet action. It consists of a cylinder with a conical interior
through tubes. This allows high tension of wires to pan against the wall of the wire
and is wedge by a conical plug. These wedges will have number of wires in the
stranded form and these wires are twisted to take the torsional resistance of the
structures. to avoid loss of prestress due to elastic shortening of concrete these
stranded cables are tensioned simultaneously to the desired value of initial stress.
Sometimes to decrease the load bearing capacity as well as to balance different types
of load acting on the member cables of different profiles provided in the wedge tube.
In such cases cables are tensioned and anchored successively.

Fig 9 shows all the equipments and the method of post tensioning

3.4. Resultant longitudinal stress developed in PSC section


The analysis of stress developed in PSC section is based on the following assumption,
1. Concrete is homogeneous and elastic material.
2. With the range of working stress both concrete and steel behave elastically not
withstanding small amount of creep which occur in both materials under sustained
load.

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3. A plane section before bending will remain plain even after bending.

Here the analysis of stress are done in two steps which are as follows,
1. Unloaded condition.
2. Working load condition.
The general formula for finding out the stresses in longitudinal section is,

f= (F/A) + (F*e*y/I) + (M*y/I)


Where,
f= stress developed at the required longitudinal section
F= is the prestressing force induced in the wires.
e=eccentricity of the centroidal axis of the steel wire.
y=distance of longitudinal fibre from centroidal axis.
A= Area of cross section
M= bending moment due to self weight and working load as per the required
condition.
I=moment of inertia of the section about centroidal axis of bending.
η=loss ratio is defined as the ratio of effective Pestressing force to the initial pre
stressing force.
Here, the above stresses at both the conditions must be satisfied and tension is not
permitted means there is no shear reinforcement required.
The values of e and y are taken positive if measured above centroidal axis and if they
are measured below the centroidal axis the values are taken as negative.
Here for moment values o M for unloaded condition only girder moment or dead load
moment is considered and for working load condition overall moment that is the sum
of dead load and live load moment is considered.

The maximum permissible compressive stress of concrete is taken as 0.47fck for M30
concrete and 0.35fck for M60 concrete. Here fck is the grade of concrete as per the IS
1343-1980 (code of practice for prestressed concrete).

3.5. Calculation of prestressing force


After selecting the cross section of the members all the parameters such as centroid,
area, moment of inertia, section modulus and the inferior and superior stresses are
calculated. Then from inferior and superior stresses the prestressing force is calculated
as follows,

P= (A*finf*Zb)/(Zb+A*e)
Where,
P= prestressing force
A= area of section
finf= inferior stress at the section
Zb=section modulus at bottom of centroidal axis
e=eccentricity of the cable

then after selecting the system and type of anchorage number of cables are calculated
depending on the ultimate breaking load of steel strands .

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3.6. End blocks


Unlike in a pre-tensioned member without anchorage, the stress in the tendon of a
posttensioned member attains the prestress at the anchorage block. There is no
requirement of transmission length or development length.The end zone (or end
block) of a post-tensioned member is a flared region which is subjected to high stress
from the bearing plate next to the anchorage block. It needs special design of
transverse reinforcement. The design considerations are bursting force and bearing
stress.The stress field in the end zone of a post-tensioned member is complicated. The
compressive stress trajectories are not parallel at the ends. The trajectories diverge
from the anchorage block till they become parallel. Based on Saint Venant‟s principle,
it is assumed that the trajectories become parallel after a length equal to the larger
transverse dimension of the end zone. The following figure shows the external forces
and the trajectories of tensile and compressive stresses in the end zone.
Stress trajectories in the end zone
The larger transverse dimension of the end zone is represented as y0. The
corresponding dimension of the bearing plate is represented as yp0. For analysis, the
end zone is divided into a local zone and a general zone as shown in the following
sketch.
The transverse tensile stress is known as splitting tensile stress. The resultant of the
tensile stress in a transverse direction is known as the bursting force (Fbst). Compared
to pre-tensioned members, the transverse tensile stress in post-tensioned members is
much higher. Besides the bursting force there is spalling forces in the general zone.
Spalling force Bursting force
IS:1343 - 1980, Clause 18.6.2.2, provides an expression of the bursting force (Fbst)
for an individual square end zone loaded by a symmetrically placed square bearing
plate. The formula is

Fbst= Pk*(0.32-0.3* ypo/y0)

Here,
Pk = prestress in the tendon
yp0 = length of a side of bearing plate
y0 = transverse dimension of the end zone.
The following sketch shows the variation of the bursting force with the parameter yp0
/ y0.
The parameter represents the fraction of the transverse dimension covered by the
Bearing plate. It can be observed that with the increase in size of the bearing plate the
bursting force (Fbst) reduces. The following sketch explains the relative size of the
bearing plate with respect to the end zone.

End Zone Reinforcement


Transverse reinforcement is provided in each principle direction based on the value of
Fbst. This reinforcement is called end zone reinforcement or anchorage zone
reinforcement or bursting links. The reinforcement is distributed within a length from
0.1y0 to y0 from an end of the member. The amount of end zone reinforcement in
each direction (Ast) can be calculated from the following equation.

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Ast = Fbst/fs

The stress in the transverse reinforcement (fs) is limited to 0.87fy. When the cover is
less than 50 mm, fs is limited to a value corresponding to a strain of 0.001.
The end zone reinforcement is provided in several forms, some of which are
proprietary of the construction firms. The forms are closed stirrups, mats or links with
loops. A few types of end zone reinforcement is shown in the following sketches. the
local zone is further strengthened by confining the concrete with spiral reinforcement.
The performance of the reinforcement is determined by testing end block specimens.
The end zone may be made of high strength concrete. The use of dispersed steel fibres
in the concrete (fibre reinforced concrete) reduces the cracking due to the bursting
force. Proper compaction of concrete is required at the end zone. Any honey-comb of
the concrete leads to settlement of the anchorage device. If the concrete in the end
zone is different from the rest of the member, then the end zone is cast separately.

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Chapter 4
Bridge
The following figures show the detailed steps followed in desing and making of a
upper structure,

Fig 10 fabrication of reinforcement

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Fig 11- placing of the tendons in their positions and profile

Fig 12 Stretching and anchoring of tendons

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Fig 13 reinforcement cage for box girder

Fig 14 formwork for box girder

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Fig 14-post tensioning of box girder

Fig15 transportation of box girder

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Fig 16 completed bridge

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4.1. Substructure of a bridge

Fig 17 typical section of a bridge showing various parts of substructure.

Fig 18 typical section of a bridge showing various parts of substructure.

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Piers- they are structures located at the ends of bridge spans at intermediate points
between the abutments. The function of pier is to transfer the vertical loads to the
foundation and to resist all horizontal forces and transfer forces acting on the bridge.
The piers contribute to aesthetic appearance of the structure.
The loads acting on the pier,
1. Dead load of the superstructure and pier.
2. Live load of vehicle moving on bridge.
3. Effect of eccentric live load.
4. Impact of different classes of loads.
5. Effect of buoyancy on submerged part of pier.
6. Effect of wind load acting on moving vehicles and superstructure.
7. Forces due to water current.
8. Forces due to wave action.
9. Longitudinal forces due to tractive effort of vehicles.
10. Longitudinal forces due to breaking of vehicles.
11. Longitudinal forces due to resistance in bearings.
12. Effect of earthquake force.
13. Forces due to collision of piers in navigable rivers.
Hence for the required bridge on the basis of locality considerations the empirical
design of a trestle pier is done. And is shown in the figure.
The pier is three legged pier of top width 7.5meter and depth of 6-8meter standing on
pile foundation. It‟s made up of RCC and pier cap supports 8 elastomeric bearings for
supporting girder.

Fig 19 typical cross section of pier.

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Abutment- an abutment is the substructure with supports one terminus of super


structure of a bridge and the same time literally supports the embankment which
serves as an approach to the bridge. For river bridge is also protects the embankment
from scour of stream. Bridge abutment can be made of masonry, plain concrete of
reinforces concrete.
Forces acting on abutment,
1. Dead load of the superstructure.
2. Self weight of abutment.
3. Live load on the superstructure.
4. Longitudinal force due to tractive resistance.
5. Forces due to temperature variation.
6. Earth pressure due to back fill.
Hence after the following consideration the empirical design of reinforced concrete
abutment is done and shown.

Fig 20 typical dimension of the abutment

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Wing walls- the main function of will wall is to retain the earth fill without resisting
any loads from the super structure. There are two types of wing walls depending on
the type of embankment and approaches to the bridge there are two types of wing
walls,
1. Return or box type wingwall
2. Splayd type wing wall

When approaches to the bridge are in cutting or small embankments, return type wingwall is
generally provided. The length of return type wingwall depends upon the slope of the
embankment and slide slopes of the streams.

In case of bridges with heavy approach embankments it becomes necessary to provide


splayed type wingwalls as shown in figure

The thickness of splayed type wingwall is maximum at the junction of abutment and
gradually reduces to a minimum of 300 to 500mm towards the bottom of
embankment. The splayed wingwalls prevent the flow of soil towards the vent way
under the bridge.

Foundations- A deep foundation is a type of foundation distinguished from shallow


foundations by the depth they are embedded into the ground. There are many reasons
a geotechnical engineer would recommend a deep foundation over a shallow
foundation, but some of the common reasons are very large design loads, a poorsoil at
shallow depth, or site constraints (like property lines). There are different terms used
to describe different types of deep foundations including the pile (which is analogous
to a pole), the pier (which is analogous to a column), drilled shafts, and caissons. Piles
are generally driven into the ground in situ; other deep foundations are typically put in
place using excavation and drilling. The naming conventions may vary between
engineering disciplines and firms. Deep foundations can be made out
of timber, steel, reinforced concrete and prestressed concrete.
Pile foundation systems
Foundations relying on driven piles often have groups of piles connected by a pile
cap (a large concrete block into which the heads of the piles are embedded) to
distribute loads which are larger than one pile can bear. Pile caps and isolated piles
are typically connected with grade beams to tie the foundation elements together;
lighter structural elements bear on the grade beams while heavier elements bear
directly on the pile cap.[citation needed]
Monopile foundation
A monopile foundation utilizes a single, generally large-diameter, foundation
structural element to support all the loads (weight, wind, etc.) of a large above-surface
structure.
A large number of monopile foundations[1] have been utilized in recent years for
economically constructing fixed-bottom offshore wind farms in shallow-
water subsea locations.[2] For example, the Horns Rev wind farm from 2002 in
the North Sea west of Denmark utilizes 80 large monopiles of 4 metres diameter sunk
25 meters deep into the seabed,[3] while the Lynn and Inner Dowsing Wind Farm off
the coast of England went online in 2008 with over 100 turbines, each mounted on a
4.7-metre-diameter monopile foundation in ocean depths up to 18 metres of water.[4]

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The typical construction process for a wind turbine subsea monopile foundation in
sand includes driving a large hollow steel pile, of some 4 m in diameter with
approximately 2-inch-thick walls, some 25 m deep into the seabed, through a 0.5 m
layer of larger stone and gravel to minimize erosion around the pile. A "transition
piece (complete with pre-installed features such as boat-landing arrangement,
cathodic protection, cable ducts for sub-marine cables, turbine tower flange, etc.)" is
attached to the now deeply-driven pile, the sand and water are removed from the
centre of the pile and replaced with concrete. An additional layer of even larger stone,
up to 0.5 m diameter, is applied to the surface of the seabed for longer-term erosion
protection.[2]
Drilled piles
Also called caissons, drilled shafts, drilled piers, Cast-in-drilled-hole piles (CIDH
piles) or Cast-in-Situ piles. Rotary boring techniques offer larger diameter piles than
any other piling method and permit pile construction through particularly dense or
hard strata. Construction methods depend on the geology of the site. In particular,
whether boring is to be undertaken in 'dry' ground conditions or through water-logged
but stable strata - i.e. 'wet boring'.
For end-bearing piles, drilling continues until the borehole has extended a sufficient
depth (socketing) into a sufficiently strong layer. Depending on site geology, this can
be a rock layer, or hardpan, or other dense, strong layers. Both the diameter of the pile
and the depth of the pile are highly specific to the ground conditions, loading
conditions, and nature of the project.
'Dry' boring methods employ the use of a temporary casing to seal the pile bore
through water-bearing or unstable strata overlying suitable stable material. Upon
reaching the design depth, a reinforcing cage is introduced, concrete is poured in the
borehole and brought up to the required level. The casing can be withdrawn or left in
situ.
'Wet' boring also employs a temporary casing through unstable ground and is used
when the pile bore cannot be sealed against water ingress. Boring is then undertaken
using a digging bucket to drill through the underlying soils to design depth. The
reinforcing cage is lowered into the bore and concrete is placed by tremie pipe,
following which, extraction of the temporary casing takes place.
In some cases there may be a need to employ drilling fluids (such
as bentonite suspension) in order to maintain a stable shaft. Rotary auger piles are
available in diameters from 300 mm to 2400 mm or even larger and using these
techniques, pile lengths of beyond 50 metres can be achieved.
A common mode of failure for drilled piles is formation of a reduced section due to
the collapse of the walls of the shaft during installation, reducing the pile capacity
below applied loads. Drilled piles can be tested using a variety of methods to verify
the pile integrity during installation.
Under reamed piles
Under reamed piles have mechanically formed enlarged bases that have been as much
as 6 m in diameter. The form is that of an inverted cone and can only be formed in
stable soils. The larger base diameter allows greater bearing capacity than a straight-
shaft pile.[citation needed]
Auger cast pile
An auger cast pile, often known as a CFA pile, is formed by drilling into the ground
with a hollow stemmed continuous flight auger to the required depth or degree of
resistance. No casing is required. A cement grout mix is then pumped down the stem
of the auger. While the cement grout is pumped, the auger is slowly withdrawn,

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conveying the soil upward along the flights. A shaft of fluid cement grout is formed to
ground level. Reinforcement can be installed. Recent innovations in addition to
stringent quality control allows reinforcing cages to be placed up to the full length of
a pile when required. A typical reinforcing cage will consist of 4 to 8 bars from #5 to
#8 bars typically 1/3 the length of the pile with longitudinal circular ties spaces along
the length of the cage. Where tension loads are present it is typical to see a single full
length bar placed at the centre of each pile.
Auger cast piles cause minimal disturbance, and are often used for noise and
environmentally sensitive sites. Auger cast piles are not generally suited for use in
contaminated soils, due to expensive waste disposal costs. In cases such as these
however a displacement pile may provide the cost efficiency of an auger cast pile and
minimal environmental impact. In ground containing obstructions or cobbles and
boulders, auger cast piles are less suitable as refusal above the design pile tip
elevation may be encountered. In certain cases drill motors that produce more torque
and horsepower may be able to mitigate these events.[citation needed]
Pier and grade beam foundation
In most drilled pier foundations, the piers are connected with grade beams -
concrete beams at grade (also referred to as 'ground' beams) - and the structure is
constructed to bear on the grade beams, sometimes with heavy column loads bearing
directly on the piers. In some residential construction, the piers are extended above
the ground level and wood beams bearing on the piers are used to support the
structure. This type of foundation results in a crawl space underneath the building in
which wiring and duct work can be laid during construction or remodelling.
Speciality piles
Micro piles
Micro piles, also called mini piles, are often used for underpinning. They are also
used to create foundations for a variety of project types,
including highway, bridge and transmission tower projects. They are especially useful
at sites with difficult or restricted access, or with environmental sensitivity. Micro
piles are normally made of steel with diameters of 60 to 200 mm. Installation of micro
piles can be achieved using drilling, impact driving, jacking, vibrating or screwing
machinery.
Tripod piles
The use of a tripod rig to install piles is one of the more traditional ways of forming
piles. Although unit costs are generally higher than with most other forms of
piling,[citation needed] it has several advantages which have ensured its continued use
through to the present day. The tripod system is easy and inexpensive to bring to site,
making it ideal for jobs with a small number of piles.
Sheet piles
Sheet piling is a form of driven piling using thin interlocking sheets of steel to obtain
a continuous barrier in the ground. The main application of sheet piles is in retaining
walls and cofferdams erected to enable permanent works to proceed. Normally,
vibrating hammer, t-crane and crawle drilling are used to establish sheet piles.

Dept. of civil engineering, MCE, Hassan Page 27


DESIGN AND DETAILING OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BRIDGE

Chapter 5
HYDRAULIC DESIGN
Design Discharge:

Catchment area = 522sq.kms

Type of catchment = Hilly – Good

Ryve‟s coefficient c= 2000 as recommended by the technical committee for Cauvery


basin.

By Ryve‟s Formula,

Discharge Q = CA2/3

Where , Q = Maximum flood discharge

C= Ryve‟s coefficient = 2000

A = Catchment area in square miles = 213 sq.m

Q = 2000*2132/3

= 71331.78Cusecs

.‟. Maximum flood discharge = 71331.78Cusecs = 2020 m3/sec

Linear Water Way:


Discharge = 2020m3/sec

Linear water way = C√Q

= 4.4*√2020

= 197.75m = 198.00mm

End span = 19*2 = 38m

Intermediate span = 40 *4 = 160m

Dept. of civil engineering, MCE, Hassan Page 28


DESIGN AND DETAILING OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BRIDGE

Afflux:
Linear water way = 198.97m

Natural water way = 199m

Velocity of water , V = 1.85m/s

Afflux = a = (V2/2g) [(L2/c2L12) – 1]

Where c = 0.9 for Bell mouthed entry.

.‟. Afflux = a = (1.852/2*9.81)[(1992/0.92*198.972) – 1]

= 0.0415m

Scour Depth:

For uniform scour,

Scour depth = dmax= 1.5d‟

d‟ = d ]0.61

d= (1.21Q0.63)/(f0.33w0.6)

=(1.21*20200.63)/(1.10.33*1990.6)

= 5.92m

d‟ = 5.92 ]0.61

= 5.92m

.‟. dmax = 8.80m

For non-uniform scour,

dmax = d ]1.56

= 5.92 ]1.56

= 5.92m

Dept. of civil engineering, MCE, Hassan Page 29


DESIGN AND DETAILING OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BRIDGE

Chapter 6
STRUCTURAL DESIGN
Preliminary Data:

Total span of the Bridge = 198.00m

Width of the road = 7.5m

Kerbs on each side = 600mm

Footpath on either side = 1.5m

Grade of concrete = M20

Loss ratio = 0.80

Spacing of Cross- girder = 5m

Grade of steel = Fe 415 – HYSD bars

Depth of slab = 250mm

Thickness of wearing coat = 80mm

Live load – Class AA tracked vehicle – 700kN

6.1. END SPAN:

Design of Interior Panel:

a) Bending moments:
Dead weight of slab= (1*1*0.25*24) =6.00kN/m2
Dead weight of wearing coat= (0.008*22) = 1.76kN/m2
Total dead load = 7.76kN/m2

Dept. of civil engineering, MCE, Hassan Page 30


DESIGN AND DETAILING OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BRIDGE

3.70

1.01

Position of IRC Class AA wheel load for maximum Bending moment

U=B+2t

V=L+2t

U= (0.85+2*0.08) =1.01

V= (3.6+2*0.08) =3.76

u/B=1.01/2.5 = 0.404

V/L = 3.76/4.75 = 0.792

From Pigeaud‟s curve,

K= B/L =0.53

m1=0.095 and m2=0.02

MB=w(m1+0.15m2)

=350(0.095+0.15*0.02)

=34.30kN-m

As the slab is continuous,

Design BM= 0.8MB

Design BM including impact and continuity factor

=1.25*0.8*34.3

=34.30kN-m

ML=w(m2+0.15m1)

Dept. of civil engineering, MCE, Hassan Page 31


DESIGN AND DETAILING OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BRIDGE

=350(0.02+0.15*0.095)

=11.98kN-m

Shear Force:

Dispersion in the direction of span,

= 0.85+2(0.08+0.25)

=1.51m

For maximum shear , load is kept such that the whole dispersion is within span.

The load is kept at 1.51/2=0.755m from the edge of the beam.

Effective width of slab= kx[1-(x/L)]+bw

Clear length of panel=4.75-0.2=4.55m

.‟. B/L= 4.55/2.3=1.978

From table, (IRC 21-2000) value of k for continuous slab is = 2.6

Effective width of slab,

= 2.6*0.755[1-(0.755/2.3)]+[3.6+(2*0.08)]

=5.079m

Load per meter width=350/5.079

=70kN

Shear force per meter width = 70(2.3-0.755)/2.3

=47.00kN

Shear force with impact = 1.25*47.0=58.75kN

Dept. of civil engineering, MCE, Hassan Page 32


DESIGN AND DETAILING OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BRIDGE

Dead Load BM And Shear Force:

Total dead load = 7.76kN/m2

Total dead load on panel = 2.5*4.75*7.76

=92.15kN

For UDL U/B=1 and V/L= 1

K=B/L= 2.5/4.75=0.526

1/K=1.9

0.85

0.25 M SLAB

0.75

2.30

Position Of Wheel Load For Maximum Shear

From Pigeaud‟s curve,

m1=0.049 and m2=0.01

MB=92.15(0.049+0.15*.01)=4.65kN-m

ML= 92.15(0.01+0.15*0.049)=1.60kN-m

Design BM including continuity factor,

MB=0.8*4.65=3.72kN-m

ML=0.8*160=1.28kN-m

Dead load shear force=wl/2

=(7.76*2.3)/2

=8.92kN

Dept. of civil engineering, MCE, Hassan Page 33


DESIGN AND DETAILING OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BRIDGE

Design moments and shear forces:

Total MB=34.3+3.72=38.02kN-m

ML=11.98+1.28=13.26kN-m

Design Of Slab Section And Reinforcement:


Effective depth , d=√(M/Qb)

=√(38.02*106)/(0.762*1000)

=223.37mm

dprovided > defective.

Hence ok.

Ast = M/(σst*j*d)

=(38.02*106)/(200*0.96*300)

=792mm2

Use 12mm dia. Bars @150mm c/c

Center to centre spacing =[ 1000*(π*122)/4]/792

=142.80mm

=150mm

Ast = [1000*( *122)/4]/150

=755mm2

Effective depth for long span using 10mm dia.,

=250-6-5

=239mm

Ast= (13.26*106)/(200*0.96*239)

=288.96mm2= 300mm2

Dept. of civil engineering, MCE, Hassan Page 34


DESIGN AND DETAILING OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BRIDGE

But minimum reinforcement using HYSD bars according o IRC 18-2000 is 0.15% of
cross section area. Hence,

Ast = 0.0015*1000*250

=375mm2

Check For Shear Stress:

Nominal shear stress = τv=V/bd

=(58.75*103)/(1000*250)

=0.235N/mm2

At support section, Ast=755mm2

Hence, (100Ast)/bd= (100*755)/(1000*250) = 0.302

For M20 concrete, τc=0.22N/mm2

(from table 12B IRC 21-2000)

For overall depth 300mm, K=1.01

(From table 12C IRC: 21-2000)

.‟. Permissible shear stress in concrete slab= K τc

=1.10*0.22

=0.235N/mm2 > τv = 0.19N/mm2

Hence the shear stresses are within the safe permissible limits.

Dept. of civil engineering, MCE, Hassan Page 35


DESIGN AND DETAILING OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BRIDGE

Design Of Longitudinal Girders:

Reaction Factors:

Using Courbon‟s theory, the IRC class AA loads are arranged for maximum
eccentricity as shown in fig.

Reaction factor for outer girder A is,

RA =( Σw1/n)*[1+(nex1)/(Σx2)]

=2w1/4)*[1+(4*1.1*3.75)/{(2*3.752)+(2*1.252)}]

=0.764 w1

W1 1.10

1.625 2.05

2.50 2.50 2.50

A B C D

Transverse Disposition of IRC Class AA Tracked Vehicle

Reaction factor for inner girder B is ,

RB =2w1/4)*[1+(4*1.25*1.1)/{(2*3.752)+(2*1.252)}]

=0.588 w1

If w1= 0.5w

RA=0.764*0.5w

= 0.382w

RB=0.588*0.5w

=0.294w

Dept. of civil engineering, MCE, Hassan Page 36


DESIGN AND DETAILING OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BRIDGE

Dead Load From Slab Per Girder:

1.00

1.50M

FOOTPATH

0.30
0.08M

0.25 0.25M

R.C. SLAB

GIRDER

Weight of ,

Parapet railing (lump sum) = 0.92kN/m

Foot path and kerb = 0.3*1.5*24 = 10.08kN/m

Deck slab = 0.25*1.5*24 = 20.72kN/m

Total load on deck slab = [(2*20)+(7.76*7.25)] = 97.70kN/m

It is assumed that the deck load is shared equally by all the four girders.

.‟. Dead load per girder = 97.70/4 = 24.425kN/m

Dead Load On Main Girder:

Overall depth of girder = 1800mm

Dead weight of rib = 1.15*0.2*24 = 5.52kN/m

Dead weight of bottom flange = (0.5*0.4*24) = 4.80kN/m

Total load = 10.32kN/m

Dept. of civil engineering, MCE, Hassan Page 37


DESIGN AND DETAILING OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BRIDGE

Weight of cross girder = (0.2*1.25*24) = 6kN/m

1.20

0.25

0.20

1.80

0.30

0.50

Cross section of Prestressed Concrete Girder

Dead Load Moment And Shear In Main Girder:

Reaction from deck slab on each girder = 24.55kN/m

Weight of cross girder = 6kN/m

Reaction on main girder = (6*2.5) = 15kN/m

Self weight of main girder = 10.32kN/m

Total dead load on gierder = (24.55+10.32) = 34.87kN/m

The maximum dead load bending moment and shear force is computed using the
loads shown in fig.

Mmax = [(0.125*34.87*192)+(0.25*15*19)+(15*9.5)+(15*4.75)

=1858.51kN-m

Dept. of civil engineering, MCE, Hassan Page 38


DESIGN AND DETAILING OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BRIDGE

22.5KN 22.5KN 22.5KN

34.87KN/M

4.75 4.75 4.75 4.75

19.0M

Dead Load on Main Girder

Dead load shear at support

Vmax = [(0.5*34.87*19)+(0.5*15*3)

= 353.76kN

Live Load Bending Moment In Girder:

Span of the girder = 19m

Impact factor (class AA) = 25%

a=9.50 3.60 b=9.50

3.85 3.85

Influence Line Diagram For Bending Moment In Girder

Live load is placed centrally on the span

Bending moment at centre of span

= 0.5*(3.85+4.75)*700

=3010kN-m

Dept. of civil engineering, MCE, Hassan Page 39


DESIGN AND DETAILING OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BRIDGE

Bending moment including impact and reaction factor for outer girder is,

Live load bending moment = 3010*1.25*0.382 = 1437.275kN-m

For inner girder, BM = 3010*1.25*0.294 = 1106.175kN-m

Live Load Shear Forces In Girder:

For maximum live load shear in the girder, the IRC class AA loads are placed as,

Reaction of w2 on girder B = (350*0.45)/2.5 = 63kN

Reaction of w2 on girder A = (350*2.05)/2.5 = 287kN

Total load on girder B = 350+63 = 413kN

Maximum reaction in girder B = (413*18.2)/19 = 395.61kN

Maximum reaction in girder A = (287*18.2)/19 = 274.92kN

Maximu live load shear with impact factor in inner girder = 395.61*1.25 =
494.51kN

Outer girder = 294.92*1.25 = 343.64kN

Design Bending Moment And Shear Force:

Bending Dead Load Live load BM Total BM Unit


Moment BM
Outer girder 1858.51 1437.275 3295.785 kN-m
Inner girder 1858.51 1106.175 2964.685 kN-m

Shear force Dead load SF Live load SF Total SF Unit


Outer girder 395.50 343.64 739.14 kN
Inner girder 395.50 494.52 890.00 kN

Dept. of civil engineering, MCE, Hassan Page 40


DESIGN AND DETAILING OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BRIDGE

Properties Of Main Girder Section:

Cross sectional area = (1200*250)+(1150*200)+(400*500) = 73*104mm2

1.20

0.25

y1=0.75

1.15

0.20 y2=1.05

0.40

0.50

Cross Section Of Main Girder

To locate position of centroid,

Y1 =Σay1/Σa

=750mm

Y2 = 1800-750 =1050mm

Moment of inertia about axis of bending,

I = [{(1200*2503)/12}+(1200*250)(750-125)2] +
[{(1150*2003)/12}+(1150*200)(750-825)2] +
[{(500*4003)/12}+(500*400)(750-1600)2]

Dept. of civil engineering, MCE, Hassan Page 41


DESIGN AND DETAILING OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BRIDGE

= 2924*108mm4

Zt = I/y1 = 3.89*108mm3

Zb = I/y2 = 2.78*108mm3

Check for Minimum Section Modulus:

fck = 50N/mm2; fct = 18N/mm2

fci = 40N/mm2; f
tt= ftw= 0 * MD = 0

ɳ = 80%

ML = 1437.275kN-m; M G= 1858.51kN-m

M D= 3295.785kN-m

Fbr = ɳ fct - ftw

=0.8*18 – 0

= 14.40N/mm2

Ftr= fcw - ɳ ftt

= 16N/mm2

Inferior stress = finf =( ftw/ ɳ) + (M D/ ɳZb)

= 0 + (3295.785*106)/(0.8*2.78*108)

=14.82N/mm2

Minimum section modulus required,

Zrequired = [ML + (1- ɳ)MG]/ Fbr

= [1437.275*106 + (1- 0.8)1858.51*106]/ 14.40

= 1.25*108mm3 < 2.78*108 mm3

Hence the section provided is adequate.

Dept. of civil engineering, MCE, Hassan Page 42


DESIGN AND DETAILING OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BRIDGE

Pre Stressing Force:

Assume a cover of 200mm

Maximum possible eccentricity e = (1050 – 200) = 850mm

Prestressing force is obtained as,

P = (A.finf.Zb.)/(Zb+A.e)

= [(73*104*14.82*2.78*108)/(2.78*108)+(73*104*850)]

= 3393.177*103N

= 3393kN

Using Freyssinet system, anchorage type 7K-15 ( 7 strands of 15.2mm diameter ) in


65mm cab les duct, (IS:6006-1983)

Force in each cable = (7 * 0.8 * 280.7 ) = 1459kN

No. of cables = 3393/1459 = 2.32 =3 no.s

Area of each strand = 140mm2

Area of 7 strands in each canle = 7 * 140 =980mm2

Area of each strand in 3 cables = Ap = 3*980 = 2940mm2

The cables are arranged at centre of span as shown

200

65

50

65

50 300

65

500

Arrangement of Cable at Centre of Span section

Dept. of civil engineering, MCE, Hassan Page 43


DESIGN AND DETAILING OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BRIDGE

Permissible Tendon Zone:

At Support section,

e=< (Zb.fct/P) – (Zb/A)

=< [ (2.78*108*18)/(3393*103)] – (2.78*108)/(0.73*106)

=< 1093.97mm

And e=> (Zb.ftw/ɳP) – (Zb/A)

=> 0 - (2.78*108)/(0.73*106)

=> -380mm

Check For Stresses:

For the centre of the span section, we have

P = 3393kN

e = 850mm

A = 0.73*106mm2

Zt =3.89*108mm3; Zb =2.78*108mm3

ML =1437.275kN-m; MG =1858.51kN-m

At transfer stage,

σt = [(P/A) – (Pe/Zt)+(ML/Zt)]

= [(3393*103)/(73*104) – {(3393*103*850)/
(3.89*108)}+(1437.275*106)/(/3.89*108)]

=4.65 – 7.41 – 3.69

= 0.93N/mm2

σb = [(P/A) + (Pe/Zb) - (ML/Zb)]

= [(3393*103)/(73*104) + {(3393*103*850)/( 2.78*108)}-(


1437.275*106)/(/2.78*108)]

= 4.65 + 10.37 - 5.17

= 9.85N/mm2

Dept. of civil engineering, MCE, Hassan Page 44


DESIGN AND DETAILING OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BRIDGE

At working load stage,

σt = [(ɳP/A) – (ɳPe/Zb)+(MD/Zt)]

= [(0.8*3393*103)/(73*104) - {(0.8*3393*103*850)/( 2.78*108)}+(


3295.785*106)/(/3.89*108)]

=3.72 – 8.3 + 8.47

=3.89N/mm2

σb = [(ɳP/A) + (ɳPe/Zt)-(MD/Zb)]

= [(0.8*3393*103)/(73*104) - {(0.8*3393*103*850)/( 3.89*108)}+(


3295.785*106)/( 2.78*108/)]

=3.72 +5.93 – 11.85

= -2.20N/mm2

1.20

0.25

0.20
0.75

CG OF THE SECTION
1.80 0.18
CG OF THE CABLE

0.87

0.30

0.50

Arrangement Of Cables At Support Section

Dept. of civil engineering, MCE, Hassan Page 45


DESIGN AND DETAILING OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BRIDGE

900MM e=0.85M

e=0.45 e=0.45
1800MM

19M 19M

Concordant Cable Profile

50MM

0.9M
CABLE 1

CABLE 2

CABLE 3
0.9M

19M

Cable Profile

Check For Ultimate Flexural Strength:

For the centre of span section,

Ap = 3*7*140 = 2940mm2

b = 1200mm; d= 1600mm

bw =200mm; fck= 50N/mm2

Df = 250mm

According to IRC: 18-2000,

Mu =1.5MG+2.5ML

= (1.5*1858.51*106) + (2.5*1437.275*106)
Dept. of civil engineering, MCE, Hassan Page 46
DESIGN AND DETAILING OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BRIDGE

= 6380.95*106

= 6380.95kN-m

The ultimate flexural strength is computed as,

i) Failure by yielding of steel


Mu = 0.9*d*Ap*fp
= 0.9*1600*2940*1862
= 7882.96kN-m

ii) Failure by crushing of materials


Mu= 0.176bwd2fck + 0.667*0.8*(b-bw)(d-Df/2)Df*fck
= (0.176*200*16002*50) + 0.667*0.8*1000*(1600-
(250/2))*(250*250)
=14343kN-m

According to IS: 1343-1980, the ultimate flexural strength of the centre span section
is computed as,

Ap = (Apw + Apf)

Apf = 0.45fck(b-bw) (Df/fp)

= 0.45*50*(1200-200)*(250/1862)

= 3021mm2

.‟. Apw = 3021- 2940

= 81mm2

Ratio , =

= 0.0377

From table 11 of IS: 1343, we have for post tensioned beams with effective bond,

fpu/0.87fp = 1

fpu = 0.87*1862

= 1619.94

Xu/d = 0.0826

Xu = 0.0826*1700

Dept. of civil engineering, MCE, Hassan Page 47


DESIGN AND DETAILING OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BRIDGE

= 115.64mm

.‟. Mu = fpu. Ap. (d-0.42 Xu)

= 1619.94*2940*(1400-115.64)

= 6116.92*106kN-m

Check For Ultimate Shear Strength:

Ultimate Shear force Vu = (1.5Vg + 2.5Vq)

= (1.5*351.76 + 2.5*494.51)

=1763.915kN

According to IRC: 18-2000, the ultimate shear resistance of support section uncracked
in flexure is given by,

Vcw = 0.67bw.h√(ft2 + 0.8fcp.ft ) + ɳ.P.Sinɵ

Where bw = Width of web = 200mm

h = Overall depth of Girder = 1800mm

ft = Maximum principal tensile stress at centroid axis

ft = 0.24√fck = 0.24√50 = 1.7N/mm2

fcp = Compressive stress at centroidal axis due to prestress

= (0.8*4254*103)/(0.73*106)

= 4.66N/mm2

Eccentricity of cables at centre of span = 850mm

Eccentricity of cables at support = 180mm

Net eccentricity = e = (850 – 180) = 670mm

Slope of the cable = ɵ =

= 0.14

Dept. of civil engineering, MCE, Hassan Page 48


DESIGN AND DETAILING OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BRIDGE

.‟. Vcw = 0.67*200*1800√(1.72 + 0.8*4.66*1.7) + 0.8*42548103*0.14

= 1209.14kN

Shear resistance required = 1763.915kN

Shear capacity of section = 1209.14kN

Base shear = (1763.915 – 1209.14) = 554.775kN

Using 10mm diameter 2 legged stirrups of Fe415 HYSD bars, the spacing Sv is
obtained as,

Sv = (0.87*fy*Asv*dt)/V

= (0.87*415*2*79*1750)/(554.775*103)

= 179.94mm

Provide 10mm diameter stirrups at 150mm centres near support and gradually
increased to 300mm towards the centre of span.

Supplementary Reinforcement:

Longitudinal reinforcement of not less than 0.15 percent of gross cross sectional area
to be provided to safeguard against shrinkage cracking.

Ast = [(0.15*0.73*106)/100]

= 1095mm2

20mm diameter bars are provided and distributed in the compression flange as shown

Dept. of civil engineering, MCE, Hassan Page 49


DESIGN AND DETAILING OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BRIDGE

1.20

0.25

20MM DIA BARS


0.20

10MM DIA 2 LEGGED STIRRUPS

1.80

0.30

0.50

Dept. of civil engineering, MCE, Hassan Page 50


DESIGN AND DETAILING OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BRIDGE

DESIGN OF END BLOCKS:

Solid end blocks are provided at the end supports over a length of 1.5m. Typical
equivalent prisms on which the anchorage forces are considered to be effective are
detailed in the figure. The bursting tension is computed using the data given in the
table.

(ypo/yo) 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7


(Fbst/Pk) 0.23 0.20 0.17 0.14 0.11

In the horizontal plane we have the data,

Pk = 1459kN

2ypo = 225mm

2yo = 900mm

.‟. The ratio (ypo/yo) = ( 112.5/450) = 0.25

Bursting Tension, Fbst = (0.23*1459) = 336kN

Area of stel required to resist this tension is obtained as,

As = (336*103)/(0.87*415) = 931mm2

Provide 10mm diameter bars at 100mm centres in the horizontal direction. In the
vertical plane, the ratio of (ypo/yo) being higher the magnitude of bursting tension is
smaller. However the same reinforcements are provided in the form of a mesh both in
the horizontal and vertical directions.

Dept. of civil engineering, MCE, Hassan Page 51


DESIGN AND DETAILING OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BRIDGE

INTERMEDIATE SPAN:

Design Of Interior Panel:

Bending Moments:

Dead weight of slab= (1*1*0.25*24) =6.00kN/m2


Dead weight of wearing coat= (0.008*22) = 1.76kN/m2
Total dead load = 7.76kN/m2

3.70

1.01

5.0

Position Of IRC Class AA Wheel Load For Maximum Bending Moment

U=B+2t

V=L+2t

U= (0.85+2*0.08) =1.01

V= (3.6+2*0.08) =3.76

u/B=1.01/2.5 = 0.404

V/L = 3.76/5 = 0.752

From Pigeaud‟s curve,

K= B/L =0.5

m1=0.098 and m2=0.02

Dept. of civil engineering, MCE, Hassan Page 52


DESIGN AND DETAILING OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BRIDGE

MB=w(m1+0.15m2)

=350(0.098+0.15*0.02)

=35.35kN-m

As the slab is continuous,

Design BM= 0.8MB

Design BM including impact and continuity factor

=1.25*0.8*35.35

=35.35kN-m

ML=w(m2+0.15m1)

=350(0.02+0.15*0.098)

=12.14kN-m

Shear Force:

Dispersion in the direction of span,

= 0.85+2(0.08+0.25)

=1.51m

For maximum shear , load is kept such that the whole dispersion is within span.

The load is kept at 1.51/2=0.755m from the edge of the beam.

Effective width of slab= kx[1-(x/L)]+bw

Clear length of panel=4.75-0.2=4.55m

.‟. B/L= 4.55/2.3=1.978

From table, (IRC 21-2000) value of k for continuous slab is = 2.6

Effective width of slab,

= 2.6*0.755[1-(0.755/2.3)]+[3.6+(2*0.08)]

=5.079m

Dept. of civil engineering, MCE, Hassan Page 53


DESIGN AND DETAILING OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BRIDGE

Load per meter width=350/5.079

=70kN

Shear force per meter width = 70(2.3-0.755)/2.3

=47.00kN

Shear force with impact = 1.25*47.0=58.75kN

Dead Load BM and Shear Force:

Total dead load = 7.76kN/m2

Total dead load on panel = 5*2.5*7.76

=97kN

For UDL U/B=1 and V/L= 1

K=B/L= 2.5/5=0.5

1/K=1

0.85

0.25 M SLAB

0.75

2.30

Position Of Wheel Load For Maximum Shear

From Pigeaud‟s curve,

m1=0.047 and m2=0.01

Dept. of civil engineering, MCE, Hassan Page 54


DESIGN AND DETAILING OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BRIDGE

MB=97(0.047+0.15*.01)=4.70kN-m

ML= 97(0.01+0.15*0.047)=1.65kN-m

Design BM including continuity factor,

MB=0.8*4.7=3.76kN-m

ML=0.8*165=1.32kN-m

Dead load shear force=wl/2

=(7.76*2.3)/2

=8.92kN

Design moments and shear forces:

Total MB=35.35+3.76=39.11kN-m

ML=12.14+1.32=13.46kN-m

Design shear force=58.75+8.92=67.67KN

Dept. of civil engineering, MCE, Hassan Page 55


DESIGN AND DETAILING OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BRIDGE

Design Of Slab Section And Reinforcement:

Effective depth , d=√(M/Qb)

=√(39.11*106)/(0.762*1000)

=226mm

dprovided > defective.

Hence ok.

Ast = M/(σst*j*d)

=(39.11*106)/(200*0.96*230)

=938mm2

Use 12mm dia. Bars @120mm c/c

Ast provided = [1000*( *122)/4]/120

=942.47mm2

Effective depth for long span using 10mm dia.,

=230-6-5

=219mm

Ast= (13.46*106)/(200*0.96*219)

= 339mm2

But minimum reinforcement using HYSD bars according o IRC 18-2000 is 0.15% of
cross section area. Hence,

Ast = 0.0015*1000*250

=375mm2

Check For Shear Stress:

Nominal shear stress = τv=V/bd

=(58.75*103)/(1000*230)

=0.255N/mm2
Dept. of civil engineering, MCE, Hassan Page 56
DESIGN AND DETAILING OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BRIDGE

At support section, Ast=942mm2

Hence, (100Ast)/bd= (100*942)/(1000*230) = 0.4

For M20 concrete, τc=0.25N/mm2

(from table 12B IRC 21-2000)

For overall depth 250mm, K=1.1

(From table 12C IRC: 21-2000)

.‟. Permissible shear stress in concrete slab= K τc

=1.10*0.25

=0.275N/mm2 > τv = 0.19N/mm2

Hence the shear stresses are within the safe permissible limits.

Dept. of civil engineering, MCE, Hassan Page 57


DESIGN AND DETAILING OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BRIDGE

Design Of Longitudinal Girders:

Reaction Factors:

Using Courbon‟s theory, the IRC class AA loads are arranged for maximum
eccentricity as shown in fig.

Reaction factor for outer girder A is,

RA =( Σw1/n)*[1+(nex1)/(Σx2)]

=(2w1/4)*[1+(4*1.1*3.75)/{(2*3.752)+(2*1.252)}] =0.764 w1

W1 1.10

1.625 2.05

2.50 2.50 2.50

A B C D

Transverse Disposition of IRC Class AA Tracked Vehicle

Reaction factor for inner girder B is ,

RB =2w1/4)*[1+(4*1.25*1.1)/{(2*3.752)+(2*1.252)}]

=0.588 w1

If w1= 0.5w

RA=0.764*0.5w

= 0.382w

RB=0.588*0.5w

=0.294w

Dept. of civil engineering, MCE, Hassan Page 58


DESIGN AND DETAILING OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BRIDGE

Dead Load From Slab Per Girder:

1.00

1.50M

FOOTPATH

0.30
0.08M

0.25 0.25M

R.C. SLAB

GIRDER

Weight of ,

Parapet railing (lump sum) = 0.92kN/m

Foot path and kerb = 0.3*1.5*24 = 10.08kN/m

Deck slab = 0.25*1.5*24 = 9kN/m

Total load on deck slab = [(2*20)+(7.76*7.5)] = 98.20kN/m

It is assumed that the deck load is shared equally by all the four girders.

.‟. Dead load per girder = 98.20/4 = 24.55kN/m

Dead Load On Main Girder:

Overall depth of girder = 1800mm

Dead weight of rib = 1.15*0.3*24 = 8.28kN/m

Dead weight of bottom flange = (0.5*0.4*24) = 4.80kN/m

Total load = 13.08kN/m

Dept. of civil engineering, MCE, Hassan Page 59


DESIGN AND DETAILING OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BRIDGE

Weight of cross girder = (0.2*1.25*24) = 6kN/m

1.20

0.25

0.20

1.80

0.30

0.50

Cross section of Prestressed Concrete Girder

Dead Load Moment And Shear In Main Girder:

Reaction from deck slab on each girder = 24.55kN/m

Weight of cross girder = 6kN/m

Reaction on main girder = (6*2.5) = 15kN/m

Self-weight of main girder = 13.08kN/m

Total dead load on girder = (24.55+13.08) = 37.63kN/m

The maximum dead load bending moment and shear force is computed using the
loads shown in fig.

Mmax = [(0.125*34.87*192)+(0.25*15*19)+(15*9.5)+(15*4.75)

=1858.51kN-m

Dept. of civil engineering, MCE, Hassan Page 60


DESIGN AND DETAILING OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BRIDGE

15KN 15KN 15KN

34.87KN/M

5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0

40.0M

De
ad Load on Main Girder

Dead load shear at support

Vmax = [(0.5*34.87*19) + (0.5*15*3)

= 353.76kN

Live Load Bending Moment In Girder:

Span of the girder =40m

Impact factor (class AA) = 10%

a=20 3.60 b=20

9.10 10 9.10

Influence line diagram for Bending Moment in Girder

Live load is placed centrally on the span

Bending moment at centre of span

= 0.5*(9.1+10)*700

=6685kN-m
Dept. of civil engineering, MCE, Hassan Page 61
DESIGN AND DETAILING OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BRIDGE

Bending moment including impact and reaction factor for outer girder is,

Live load bending moment = 6685*1.1*0.382 = 2809.04kN-m

For inner girder, BM = 6685*1.1*0.294 = 2161.93kN-m

Live Load Shear Forces In Girder:

For maximum live load shear in the girder, the IRC class AA loads are placed as,

Reaction of w2 on girder B = (350*0.45)/2.5 = 63kN

Reaction of w2 on girder A = (350*2.05)/2.5 = 287kN

Total load on girder B = 350+63 = 413kN

Maximum reaction in girder B = (413*38.2)/40 = 394.41kN

Maximum reaction in girder A = (287*38.2)/40 = 274.08kN

Maximu live load shear with impact factor in inner girder = 394.41*1.1= 433.95kN

Outer girder = 274.08*1.1 = 301.488kN

Design Bending Moment And Shear Force:

Bending Dead Load Live load BM Total BM Unit


Moment BM
Outer girder 8126 2809.04 10935.04 kN-m
Inner girder 8126 2161.93 10287.93 kN-m

Shear force Dead load SF Live load SF Total SF Unit


Outer girder 805.1 301.48 1106.58 kN
Inner girder 805.1 433.95 1239.05 kN

Dept. of civil engineering, MCE, Hassan Page 62


DESIGN AND DETAILING OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BRIDGE

Properties Of Main Girder Section:

Cross sectional area = (1200*250)+(1150*300)+(400*500) = 8.45*105mm2

1.20

0.25

y1=0.76

1.15

0.30 y2=1.04

0.40

0.50

Cross- Section of Main Girder

To locate position of centroid,

Y1 =Σay1/Σa

=759.91mm = 760mm

Y2 = 1800-760 =1040mm

Dept. of civil engineering, MCE, Hassan Page 63


DESIGN AND DETAILING OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BRIDGE

Moment of inertia about axis of bending,

I = [{(1200*2503)/12}+(1200*250)(760-125)2] +
[{(1150*3003)/12}+(1150*300)(760-825)2] +
[{(500*4003)/12}+(500*400)(760-1600)2]

= 3.057*1011mm4

Zt = I/y1 = 4.02*108mm3

Zb = I/y2 = 2.94*108mm3

Check for Minimum Section Modulus:

fck = 50N/mm2; fct = 18N/mm2

fci = 40N/mm2 ; ftt= ftw= 0 * MD= 0

ɳ = 80%

ML = 2809.04kN-m; M G= 8126kN-m

M D= 10935.04kN-m

Fbr = ɳ fct - ftw

=0.80*18 – 0

= 15.30N/mm2

Ftr= fcw - ɳ ftt

= 16N/mm2

Inferior stress = finf =( ftw/ ɳ) + (M D/ ɳZb)

= 0 + (10935.04*106)/(0.80*2.94*108)

=43.75N/mm2

Minimum section modulus required,

Zrequired = [ML + (1- ɳ)MG]/ Fbr

= [2809.04*106 + (1- 0.80)8126*106]/ 15.30

= 2.63*108mm3 < 2.94*108 mm3

Hence the section provided is adequate.

Dept. of civil engineering, MCE, Hassan Page 64


DESIGN AND DETAILING OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BRIDGE

Pre Stressing Force:

Assume a cover of 200mm

Maximum possible eccentricity e = (1040.08 – 200) = 840.08mm

Prestressing force is obtained as,

P = (A.finf.Zb.)/(Zb+A.e)

= [(0.845*106*43.75*2.94*108)/(2.94*108)+(0.845*106*840.08)]

= 10826.94*103N

= 10826.94kN

Using Freyssinet system, anchorage type 7K-15 ( 7 strands of 15.2mm diameter ) in


65mm cab les duct, (IS:6006-1983)

Force in each cable = (7 * 0.8 * 280.7 ) = 1459kN

No. of cables = 10826.94/1459 = 7.41 =8 no.s

Area of each strand = 140mm2

Area of 7 strands in each canle = 7 * 140 =980mm2

Area of each strand in 3 cables = Ap = 8*980 = 7840mm2

The cables are arranged at centre of span as shown

Permissible Tendon Zone:

At Support section,

e=< (Zb.fct/P) – (Zb/A)

=< [ (2.94*108*18)/(10826.94*103)] – (2.94*108)/(0.845*106)

=< 140.85mm

And e=> (Zb.ftw/ɳP) – (Zb/A)

=> 0 - (2.94*108)/(0.845*106)

=> -347.928mm

Dept. of civil engineering, MCE, Hassan Page 65


DESIGN AND DETAILING OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BRIDGE

0.20
50mm 50mm

50mm

50mm 0.30
65mm

0.50

Arrangement of Cable at Centre of Span section

Check For Stresses:

For the centre of the span section, we have

P = 10826.94kN

e = 840mm

A = 0.845*106mm2

Zt =4.02*108mm3; Zb =2.9*108mm3

ML =2809.04kN-m; MG =8126kN-m

At transfer stage,

σt = [(P/A) – (Pe/Zt)+(ML/Zt)]

= [(10826.94*103)/(84.5*104) – {(10826.94*103*840)/(
4.02*108)}+(2809.04*106)/( 4.02*108)]

=12.81 – 22.62 + 20.21

= 10.4N/mm2

σb = [(P/A) + (Pe/Zb) - (ML/Zb)]

= [(10826.94*103)/(84.5*104) + {(10826.94*103*840)/( 2.9*108)}-(


2809.04*106)/(2.9*108)]

= 12.81 + 30.93 – 27.63

Dept. of civil engineering, MCE, Hassan Page 66


DESIGN AND DETAILING OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BRIDGE

= 16.11N/mm2

At working load stage,

σt = [(ɳP/A) – (ɳPe/Zb)+(MD/Zt)]

= [(0.85*10826.94*103)/(84.5*104) - {(0.85*10826.94*103*840)/( 2.9*108)}+(


8126*106)/( 4.02*108)]

=18.85N/mm2

σb = [(ɳP/A) + (ɳPe/Zt)-(MD/Zb)]

= [(0.85*`10826.94*103)/(84.5*104) - {(0.85*10826.94*103*840)/( 4.02*108)}+(


8126*106)/( 2.9*108/)]

= 0.129N/mm2

1.20

0.25

0.20
0.75

CG OF THE SECTION
1.80 0.18
CG OF THE CABLE

0.87

0.30

0.50

Arrangement Of Cables At Support

Dept. of civil engineering, MCE, Hassan Page 67


DESIGN AND DETAILING OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BRIDGE

50MM

0.9M

CABLE 1

CABLE 2

CABLE 3

CABLE 4
0.9M CABLE 5
CABLE 6
CABLE 7
CABLE 8

40M

Check For Ultimate Flexural Strength:

For the centre of span section,

Ap = 8*7*140 = 7840mm2

b = 1200mm; d= 1600mm

bw =300mm; fck= 50N/mm2

Df = 250mm

According to IRC: 18-2000,

Mu =1.5MG+2.5ML

= (1.5*8126*106) + (2.5*2809.04*106)

= 19211.60*106

= 19211.60kN-m

The ultimate flexural strength is computed as,

iii) Failure by yielding of steel


Mu = 0.9*d*Ap*fp
= 0.9*1600*7840*1862
= 21021kN-m

iv) Failure by crushing of materials


Mu= 0.176bwd2fck + 0.667*0.8*(b-bw)(d-Df/2)Df*fck
= (0.176*300*16002*50) + 0.667*0.8*900*(1600-(250/2))*(250*250)

Dept. of civil engineering, MCE, Hassan Page 68


DESIGN AND DETAILING OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BRIDGE

=51008kN-m

According to IS: 1343-1980, the ultimate flexural strength of the centre span section
is computed as,

Ap = (Apw + Apf)

Apf = 0.45fck(b-bw) (Df/fp)

= 0.45*50*(1200-300)*(250/1862)

= 2718.85mm2

.‟. Apw = 7840- 2718.85

= 5121.15mm2

Ratio, =

= 0.397
From table 11 of IS: 1343, we have for post tensioned beams with effective bond,

fpu/0.87fp = 0.9

fpu = 0.87*0.9*1862

= 1457.95

Xu/d = 0.653

Xu = 0.653*1600

= 1044.8mm

.‟. Mu = fpu. Apw. (d-0.42 Xu) + 0.45fck (b-bw)Df (d-0.5Df)

=[1457.95*5121.15*(1600-0.42*1044.8)] + [0.45*50*900*250*(1600- 0.5*250)

= 16134*106kN-m

Check For Ultimate Shear Strength:

Ultimate Shear force Vu = (1.5Vg + 2.5Vq)

= (1.5*805.1 + 2.5*433.95)

=2292.525kN

Dept. of civil engineering, MCE, Hassan Page 69


DESIGN AND DETAILING OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BRIDGE

According to IRC: 18-2000, the ultimate shear resistance of support section uncracked
in flexure is given by,

Vcw = 0.67bw.h√(ft2 + 0.8fcp.ft ) + ɳ.P.Sinɵ

Where bw = Width of web = 300mm

h = Overall depth of Girder = 1800mm

ft = Maximum principal tensile stress at centroid axis

ft = 0.24√fck = 0.24√50 = 1.7N/mm2

fcp = Compressive stress at centroidal axis due to prestress

= (0.8*10826.94*103)/(0.845*106)

= 10.25N/mm2

Eccentricity of cables at centre of span = 850mm

Eccentricity of cables at support = 180mm

Net eccentricity = e = (850 – 180) = 670mm

Slope of the cable = ɵ =

= 0.067

.‟. Vcw = 0.67*300*1800√(1.72 + 0.8*10.25*1.7) + 0.8*10826.94*103*0.067

= 2064.58kN

Shear resistance required = 2292.525kN

Shear capacity of section = 2064.58kN

Base shear = (2292.525 – 2064.58) = 227.945kN

Using 10mm diameter 2 legged stirrups of Fe415 HYSD bars, the spacing Sv is
obtained as,

Sv = (0.87*fy*Asv*dt)/V

= (0.87*415*2*79*1750)/(227.945*103)

= 437.95mm

Dept. of civil engineering, MCE, Hassan Page 70


DESIGN AND DETAILING OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BRIDGE

Provide 10mm diameter stirrups at 150mm centres near support and gradually
increased to 300mm towards the centre of span.

DESIGN OF END BLOCKS:

Solid end blocks are provided at the end supports over a length of 1.5m. Typical
equivalent prisms on which the anchorage forces are considered to be effective are
detailed in the figure. The bursting tension is computed using the data given in the
table.

(ypo/yo) 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7


(Fbst/Pk) 0.23 0.20 0.17 0.14 0.11

In the horizontal plane we have the data,

Pk = 1459kN

2ypo = 225mm

2yo = 900mm

.‟. The ratio (ypo/yo) = ( 112.5/450) = 0.25

Bursting Tension, Fbst = (0.23*1459) = 336kN

Area of stel required to resist this tension is obtained as,

As = (336*103)/(0.87*415) = 931mm2

Provide 10mm diameter bars at 100mm centres in the horizontal direction. In the
vertical plane, the ratio of (ypo/yo) being higher the magnitude of bursting tension is
smaller. However the same reinforcements are provided in the form of a mesh both in
the horizontal and vertical directions.

Cross Girders:

The cross girder of width 200mm and depth 1250mm is provided with a
nominal reinforcement of 0.15 percent of cross section consisting of 12mm diameter
bars spaced two at top, two at mid depth and two at bottom. Also provide nominal
stirrup made up of 10mm diameter two legged links at 200mm centres. Two cables
consisting of 12 numbers of 7mm high tensile wires are positioned at mid third points
along the depth. The transverse cables are straight along the length of cross girder.

Dept. of civil engineering, MCE, Hassan Page 71


DESIGN AND DETAILING OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BRIDGE

Design of Elastomeric Bearing:


Selection of Bearing Pad dimension:

Maximum vertical load on bearing = Nmax= 1240kN

Select plan dimension of bearing pad of size (400 x 630)mm

Loaded area, A2 = 23.9*104mm2

According to clause 307.1 of IRC: 21,

Allowable contact pressure = 0.25fc √(A1/A2)

Where A1= Concrete bed block area over peir

A2= Elastomeric pad area

The ratio (A1/A2) is limited to 2

Allowable contact pressure = σc = (0.25 * 20 √2 )

= 7.07N/mm2

Effective bearing area required = Nmax/ σc

= (1240*103)/7.07

= 17.5*104mm2 < 23.9*104

Hence safe.

Bearing stress = αm= [(1240*103)/(23.9*104)

= 5.18N/mm2

According to IRC:83 clause 916.2, thickness of individual elastomer layers hi=12mm

Thickness of outer layer = he=6mm

Thickness of steel laminates = hs=3mm

Side covering = c=6mm

Adopt 3 laminates with two internal layers,

Total thickness of elastomeric pad,

Ho= (2he + 3hs + 2hi)

= [(2*6)+(3*3)+(2*12)]

= 45mm

Dept. of civil engineering, MCE, Hassan Page 72


DESIGN AND DETAILING OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BRIDGE

Shape factor =

= 9.7 > 6<12

Hence safe.

Shear strain due to creep, shrinkage and temperature per bearing,

= (0.5*6*10-4)

= 3*10-4

Shear strain due to translation per bearing

γd= ( Shear strain due to creep shrinkage and temperature) + (Shear strain due to
longitudinal force)

= +

=0.106 + 0.188

= 0.294N/mm2

Assuming σm max= 10N/mm2

Maximum permissible angle of rotation of a single internal layer of elastomeric

Corresponding to σm value 0f 10N/mm2 is given by

αbi.max= ]

= (0.5*10*12)/(388*9.72)

= 0.001643radians

Permissible rotation = αd=β.ɳ.αbi.max

Where β = 0.1 σm

= 0.1*5.18

= 0.518N/mm2

And n = number of internal elastomeric layers = 2

αd = (0.518*2*0.00164)

= 0.00169 > 0.0015 (Actual). .‟. Hence safe.

Dept. of civil engineering, MCE, Hassan Page 73


DESIGN AND DETAILING OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BRIDGE

Friction:

Shear strain computed = 0.294

Under critical loading conditions,

Shear strain <= 0.2 + 0.1 σm

<= 0.2 + 0.1*5.18

<= 0.718 > 0.294

Hence safe.

Also σm =5.18 N/mm , satisfies the criteria that 10N/mm2 >= σm >= 1.5N/mm2

Total shear stress,

Shear stress due to compression = 1.5(σm/S)

= 1.5(5.18/9.70)

= 0.80N/mm2

Shear stress due to horizontal deformation,

= τr= γd = 0.294N/mm2 as per computation due to translation.

Shear stress due to rotation = 0.5*(b/hi)2*αbi

= 0.5(388/12)2 * 0.00164

= 0.857N/mm2

Total shear stress = (0.80 + 0.294 + 0.857)

= 1.95N/mm2 < 6N/mm2

Hence adopt an elastomeric pad bearing of overall dimensions (400 x 630)mm with a
total thickness of 45mm having two internal elastomeric layers of 12mm thickness
and three steel laminates of thickness 3mm each having bottom and top cover of
5mm.

Dept. of civil engineering, MCE, Hassan Page 74


DESIGN AND DETAILING OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BRIDGE

630MM

400MM

45MM
STEEL LAMINATES 3MM THICK

ELASTOMERIC PAD BEARING

Dept. of civil engineering, MCE, Hassan Page 75


DESIGN AND DETAILING OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BRIDGE

1.5M 8MM DIA BARS 12MMM DIA BARS


@150MM C/C @150MM C/C

250MM

2.5M 2.5M

CROSS-SECTION OF DECK SLAB

Dept. of civil engineering, MCE, Hassan Page 76


DESIGN AND DETAILING OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BRIDGE

CONCLUDING REMARKS

In this project, efforts have been made to analyse, design and detail a PSC- I beam
bridge taking into consideration IRC Class AA tracked and wheeled vehicle loads as
specified in IRC 6. The analysis and design is done for worst combination of loads.

The proposed bridge is a two-lane bridge which is sufficient enough to


accommodate present traffic conditions.

Dept. of civil engineering, MCE, Hassan Page 77


DESIGN AND DETAILING OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BRIDGE

REFERENCES

1. Design of prestressed concrete structure- t.y.lin and ned h.burns.


2. Design of prestressed concrete structure - krishnaraju.n.
3. Design of bridges -N. Krishna raju.
4. Essentials of bridge engineering- D.Johnson victor.
5. IS 456-2000, plain reinforced concrete- code for practice.
6. IRC 6-2000 standard specifications and code of practice for road bridges-loads
and stresses.
7. IRC 21-2000 standard specifications and code of practice for road bridges-
cement concrete (plain and reinforced).
8. IRC 78-2000 standard specifications and code of practice for road bridges-
foundations and substructure.
9. IRC 18-2000 design criteria for prestressed concrete bridges (post tensioned
member).
10. IS 1343-1980 indian standard code of practice for pre stresses concrete.
11. IS 1785-1983 indian standard specifications for plain and hard drawn steel
wire.

Dept. of civil engineering, MCE, Hassan Page 78

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