Complete Project Report

i
List Of Content
S.No. Content Page No.
1 Project Description 1
2 Bikaner Geography 2
3 Chapter- 1 3
Laying Of Sewerage Network
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 Equipment 4
1.2.1. AUTO LEVEL (Sokkia B40A Automatic Level) 4
1.2.2. Tripod 5
1.2.3. Staff 6
1.3 Materials 6
1.3.1.Pipes - DWC Pipe (Double Wall Corrugated) 6
1.3.2.Joint Ring 8
1.3.3.MANHOLE 8
1.4 Laying of Sewer Line 11
1.4.1 Survey 11
1.4.2 Excavation 13
1.4.3 Laying of Pipe 14
1.4.5 Haunching 14
1.5 Construction of Manhole 15

1.5.1 Scope and purpose 15
1.5.2 Base construction 17
1.5.3 Precast base 17
1.5.4 Assembly of top components 19
1.5.5 Step irons and ladders 19
1.5.6. Backfilling 19
1.6 Test of Sewer Line 21
1.6.1. Sewer Testing for Leakage (Water Test) 21
Govt. Polytechnic College, Bikaner Final Year Report 2018

ii
1.6.2.Test for Straightness of Alignment and Obstruction 21

(Sewer Testing)
4 Chapter – 2 23
Sewerage Pumping Station
2.1 Introduction (SPS) 23
2.2 Design & Construction of SPS 23
2.2.1 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS 23
2.2.2 Location and Configuration 23
2.2.3 Design Suction Water Level 24
2.2.4 Design Discharge Level 25

2.2.5 Selection of Power Source 25
2.2.6 Configuration, Number of Grit Chambers and Method 26
of De-gritting
2.3 Sewerage Pumping Station (SPS) Sump 27
2.4 Excavation 31
2.5 Mixer Plant 32
2.6 Test of Concrete 33

2.6.1.COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST 33
2.6.2. WORKABILITY - Slump Cone Test 35
2.7 Vibrators 38
2.7.1 Electrical needle vibrator 38
2.8 Pumps 39
2.8.1 Screw Pump Stations 39
2.9 Structure 40
2.9.1 Floor Slopes 40
2.9.2 Lighting 40
2.9.3 Ventilation 40
2.10 Piping & valves 41

iii
2.10.1 Air-Release and Air/Vacuum Release Valves 41

2.10.2 Drain Valves 41
2.11 Automatic Operation of Pumps and Equipment 41
2.11 Alarm Systems 42
5 Chapter – 3 43
Sewage Treatment Plant Based on SBR Technology
3.1 Introduction (SPT) 43
3.2 Sewage Treatment Plant (Basics) 47

3.2.1 Basics 47
3.2.2 Overview 48
3.2.3 Pretreatment 49
3.2.4 Grit Removal 49

3.2.5 Flow equalization 50
3.2.6 Fat and grease removal 50
3.2.7 Primary treatment 51

3.2.8 Secondary treatment 51
3.3 Enviro Digester 52
3.3.1 Hydrolysis 52
3.3.2 Acidogenesis 53
3.3.3 Acetogenesis 54
3.3.4 Methanogenesis 54
3.4 Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR) 55
3.4.1. Fill 56
3.4.2. React 56
3.4.3. Settle 57
3.4.4. Decant 57
3.4.5. Idle 57

iv
3.5 Decanter 59
3.6 Grit Chamber 61
3.7 Chlorination Tank 62
3.8 Parshall Flume 63
3.9 Wash Boring 64
3.10 Raft Foundation 68
3.11 Materials 70
3.11.1.Cement 70
3.11.2.Aggregates 71
3.11.3.Reinforcement 74
3.12 Concrete Plant 76
3.13 Labour Safety 79

v
LIST OF FIGURES
Fig.No. Particulars Page No.
1.1 Flow Diagram of Sewerage Network 3
1.2 Auto Level (Sokkia B40A) 4
1.3 Collapsible Staff 5
1.4 DWC (Double Wall Corrugated) Pipe 7
1.5 Joint Ring 7
1.6 Precast Manhole Details 9
1.7 Manhole Ring 9
1.8 Excavated Trench 12
1.9 Haunching 13
1.10 Precast Base 17
1.11 Backfilling of Manhole 19
1.12 Water Tightness Test 21
2.1 SPS Sump 26
2.2 Trench Detailing (SPS) 27
2.3 SPS Sump Bottom 27
2.4 Sump wall 28
2.5 Column R/F Details 29
2.6 Flori 31
2.7 Crane 31
2.8 Casted Cubes 32

2.9 Compressive Strength Testing Machine 33

vi
2.10 Slump Cone 34
2.11 Types Of Slumps 34
2.12 Electrical Needle Vibrator 37
2.13 Scaffolding & Shoring 41
3.1 Google Map Site View (STP) 43
3.2 Basic Treatment Process 46
3.3 Enviro Digester Process 52
3.4 SBR Operational Cycle 57
3.5 Activated Sludge Process 57
3.6 Decanter 58
3.7 Grit Chamber 60
3.8 Chlorination Tank 61
3.9 Parshall Flume 62
3.10 Wash Boring Channels 63
3.11 Wash Boring Drill Bit 64
3.12 Slurry Pit 64
3.13 Wash Boring 65
3.14 Raft Foundation Cross Section 66
3.15 SBR Basin Raft Foundation 67
3.16 Cement Bags Storage 68
3.17 43 Grade Cement Bag Picture 69
3.18 10mm Aggregate 70
3.19 20mm Aggregate 70
3.20 Sand 71
3.21 8mm TMT Bars 72

vii
3.22 12mm TMT Bars 73
3.23 Concrete Plant 75
3.24 Helmets & Safety Jackets 76
LIST OF TABLES
Table.No. Particulars Page No.
1 Design Of Sewer Line For Bikaner 10
2 Reduced Level Readings (TBM j20- j24) 11
3 Concrete Details (SPS) 35
4 Design Basis (STP) 44

1
Project Description
NAME OF WORK-
Providing, laying, Jointing, Testing &Commissioning of sewer system and
all ancillary works alone with design construction supply, installation,
Testing and commissioning (Civil, mechanical, electrical & other necessary
works) of SPS (if any) and STP based on SBR process inclusive of provision
for treated waste water reuse including 1 year defect liability and thereafter
10 year O&M for Bikaner town under AMRUT.
Consultant Name:- Project development management consultant(STC)
Executing Agency:- M/S BIPL – EIEPL (JV)
Bhugan Infra.Pvt. Ltd.& Enviro Infra Engg.Pvt. Ltd.
Project Implement Unit:- Nagar Nigam Bikaner
Executive engineer:-Mr. Rajeev Sharma
Mob:-8949851948
Assistant Engineer:-Mr. Ravindra Bishnoi
Mob:-9829392429
Commencement Date: - 27.08.2017 Completion Date: -26.08 2019
Project Cost: - 139.25 cr.

2
Bikaner Geography
To know more about Bikaner, it is very essential to have an idea of the geography
of Bikaner. The historic area lies very close to the Thar Desert. Bikaner is situated north
to another famous city - Jaisalmer.
The Bikaner City has a geographical location of East Longitude 28º1' and North
Latitude 73º19'. Situated at an average altitude of 797 Feet, Bikaner witnesses extreme
temperatures. The summers in Bikaner are unbearably hot with temperatures rising
above the 48º Centigrade mark. In the winters, the temperatures come down near 4º
Centigrade.
The city of Bikaner lies within the Western Desert Region of the state of Rajasthan. The
scarcity of water has effected the vegetation of the area. Similar to other desert areas,
mostly cactus and thorny bushes grow in this region. The soil type of the area is
basically alkaline. Saline soil with calcareous base is also seen in Bikaner.
Bikaner
Coordinates: 28°01′00″N
73°18′43″E28.01667°N
73.31194°ECoordinates: 28°01′00″N
73°18′43″E28.01667°N 73.31194°E
Country India
State Rajasthan
District Bikaner
Founded by Rao Bikaji
• Body Municipal corporation

Area
• Total 155 km2 (60 sq mi)
Elevation 242 m (794 ft)
• Total 644,406 (2011)

• Density 4,200/km2 (11,000/sq mi)

3
Chapter - 1
LAYING OF SEWERAGE NETWORK
1.1 Introduction
Population of Bikaner is 644406 (2011) and per capita demand is 135 litres per person
per capita per day (L/P/C/D). The 80% of water per capita demand is sewage which is 6
Million Litres per day (MLD) so for treatment of this sewage new sewage treatment
plant (STP) is made. To transport the sewage to the STP, new sewerage network is
being laid in Bikaner.
Sewage from area are near Jainarayan Colony Sector 7 and 8, near Jaipur Road, Army
area, Sophia School and surrounding area, Old Shivbari Road, Tilak Nagar and all areas,
The water of about 11 thousand houses will reach here through the sewer line from the
surrounding areas including Khaturia Colony, Shivbari Vallabh Garden, Shivbari
village.
Bikaner city is divided into four zones based on the sewage project. These are the
Vallabh Gardens, MD Vyas, Gangashahar and Shivbari zones. There is a fourth
treatment plant in Shivbari Zone, whose entire work will be done through the
Municipal.
Fig.1.1.Flow Diagram Of Sewerage System

4
1.2EQUIPMENTS
1.2.1. AUTOLEVEL (Sokkia B40A Automatic Level)
It is used for levelling on site (Kanta Khaturia Colony) in zone v. AUTO level is a
surveying optical instrument used to establish or verify points in the same horizontal
plane. It is used in surveying and building with a levelling staff to measure height
differences and to transfer, measure and set heights.
Description
Horizontal Circle for Angle Measurement - Horizontal angles can be directly read in 1°
or 1gon units. Free rotation feature allows you to read any angle from zero.
20cm (7.9 in.) – Ultra-Short Minimum Focus - Sokkia Auto Level B40A can focus on
objects at 20cm (7.9 in.) in front of the telescope. This feature dramatically facilitates
the works in confined spaces.
Fig.1.2.Auto-Level (Sokkia B40A)

5
1.2.2. Tripod:-
The tripod is placed in the location where it is needed. The surveyor will press down on
the legs' platforms to securely anchor the legs in soil or to force the feet to a low
position on uneven, pock-marked pavement. Leg lengths are adjusted to bring the tripod
head to a convenient height and make it roughly level.
Once the tripod is positioned and secure, the instrument is placed on the head. The
mounting screw is pushed up under the instrument to engage the instrument's base and
screwed tight when the instrument is in the correct position. The flat surface of the
tripod head is called the foot plate and is used to support the adjustable feet of the
instrument.
Positioning the tripod and instrument precisely over an indicated mark on the ground or
benchmark requires intricate techniques.
1.2.3. Staff
A level staff, also called levelling rod, is a graduated wooden or aluminium rod, used
with a levelling instrument to determine the difference in height between points or
heights of points above a datum surface. It cannot be used without a levelling
instrument.
Fig.1.3.Collapsible Staff (6m)

6
1.3 MATERIALS
1.3.1. Pipes - DWC Pipe (Double Wall Corrugated)
 Inner dia. 200mm

 Outer dia. 230mm
 Width 15mm
 Length 6m
 Unit Length 100/200/500 Meters
 Size 32 mm-300 mm
 Color Black
 Material HDPE (High-density polyethylene)
 Pipe Type DWC Pipes
Product description -
Double Wall Corrugated (DWC) Pipes offered by us are widely used for flow
management purposes for Sewerage, Power & Optical Fibre Cables, Telecom Cable &
Optical Fibre Cable Ducting, and Signal and Telecom. Manufactured from HDPE, these
Double Wall Corrugated (DWC) Pipes are superb in quality and high in durability.
Features:
 Optimum quality
 High durability
 Smooth operation
 Very good resistance to corrosion
 Good abrasion resistance
 Weathering is less
 Raw material saving
 Excellent Ring Stiffness
 Chemically inert & environmentally safe
 Good impact strength
 Light weight
 Flexible
 Smooth inner wall, hence minimum Friction loss
 When bend, the roundness of pipe is retained
 Moderate flexibility takes care of Soil Settlement if any
 Takes heavy earth loads
 Easy jointing using couplers provided by our company
7
Fig.1.4.DWC (Double Wall Corrugated) Pipe

1.3.2. Joint Ring–
 Diameter- 200mm
 Type - 2
 Brand- Shree Krishna (Raipur-Chhattisgarh)
 I.S.CODE- 5382
Fig.1.5.Joint Ring (200mm)

8
1.3.3. MANHOLE–
There are three types of a manhole:-
1. A Type - Dia. 1000mm

Height 800mm- 850mm
Upto. 1.5m
2. B Type - Dia. 1200mm

Height 1000mm
Upto. 2.25m
3. C Type - Dia. 1500mm

Height 1305mm
Upto. 3m
Description -
1. All the dimensions are in mm unless otherwise specified in the drawing
2. Cement used shall be sulphate Resistant cement confirming to IS: 12330
3. All precast element are made from M40 Grade concrete
4. SFRC manhole frame & cover of heavy duty as per IS:12592 (part 1&2)
5. Manhole construction and safety measurement shall be as per IS:-4111
6. MS Flat/Strip shall be part of frame ,sufficient No. of connectors shall be
welded to inner of MS FLATE ; so as to connect with the frame
Reinforcement and these shall be embedded in concrete during casting
7. Exposed surface of mild steel flat/strip shall be given suitable Treatment
with hot dip galvanizing or anti corrosive paint
8. The lifting hook of cover [dia 16mm ]Shall be protected from corrosion by
hot dip galvanizing or anti corrosive paint
9. SFRC foot rest shall be staggered in two vertical rows, which c/c 300 mm
apart horizontally as well as vertically
10. The top footrest shall be 450mm below the manhole cover and the lowest
not more than 300mm above the benching.
11.Circular ring height below conical piece is in multiple of 225/300/600mm.
12.Proper compaction of soil is to be made bellow PCC.
13. There shall be no house sewer Connection provision in conical piece.
14. Construction shall be as per IS-456:2000.
15. Minimum steel weight in all concrete piece (conical/rings) shall. Not be
less than 80 kg/m3.

9
Fig.1.6.Precast Manhole Details
Fig1.7.Manhole Ring (Dia.- 1000, 1200, 1500mm)

(Height- 150, 225, 300, 600, 1000mm)

10
1.4 LAYING OF SEWER LINE:-

1.4.1.SURVEY:-
Table.1.1
Design Of Sewer Line For Bikaner

Sewerage Contribution
Min.Earth Cover
Min. Self Cleaning Velocity
Max. Velocity

11
Table.1.2.Reduced Level Readings

(TBM J20 TO TBM J24)
S.No. B.S I.S F.S H.I R.L REMARKS
1 1.81 213.864 212.054 T.B.M J20
2 .80 213.064
3 1.885 214.94
4 1.065 213.884
5 .495 214.379
6 3.81 210.569
7 .310 210.879
8 3.245 207.634
9 .255 207.889
10 1.475 206.414
11 1.735 208.149
12 1.725 206.429
13 1.175 207.599
14 1.64 205.959
15 1.25 207.199
16 1.975 205.224
17 1.565 206.789
18 1.355 205.434
19 1.76 207.194
20 1.15 206.044
21 1.73 207.774
22 1.225 206.549
23 1.815 208.364
24 1.185 207.179
25 1.945 209.124
26 2.105 207.019
27 1.46 208.479
28 1.735 206.744
29 1.43 208.174
30 1.52 206.654 T.B.M J24
12
1.4.2. EXCAVATION
A trench is a type of excavation or depression in the ground that is generally deeper
than it is wide (as opposed to a wider gully, or ditch), and narrow compared with its
length (as opposed to a simple hole).
In geology, trenches are created as a result of erosion by rivers or by geological

movement of tectonic plates. In the civil engineering field, trenches are often created to
install underground infrastructure or utilities (such as gas mains, water mains or
telephone lines), or later to access these installations. Trenches have also often been dug
for military defensive purposes. In archaeology, the "trench method" is used for
searching and excavating ancient ruins or to dig into strata of sedimented material.
Fig.1.8. 100 mm thick layer of aggregate on excavation trench in the

slope of 1 in 80
13
1.4.3.LAYING OF PIPE
 After beding material was placed reading where taken to ensure

correct bed depth else more remming was done to ensure that.
 Pipes where lifted and palaced with the help of labour.
 Palaced on the bed and then readings where again taken of the
top of pipe after joining with the existing section.
 Readings where taken to ensure the 75mm drop per pipe.
 The pipe were set by the help of labour to make any changes in
the readings.
1.4.4.HAUNCHING –
After beding half of pipe, cover with agregate .
Fig.1.9. Concrete Arch Pipe bedding & Haunching Details

14
1.5 CONSTRUCTION OF MANHOLE:-

1.5.1. Scope and purpose
1. For the successful installation of access chambers for wastewater systems,

using precast concrete components.
2. Installers should also be aware of the guidelines issued by the
manufacturers of precast components. If you require further information
about the product in use, contact the manufacturer.
3. Typical clauses from installation specifications of various Water
Authorities are included as a guide.
4. Following this in a different type style is advice on methods of installation
and of achieving the specification requirements.
5. Please note that this advice is offered to assist with effective construction of
precast concrete access systems, but all responsibility for on-site works, and
for effective completion of the structure, remains with the installer. No
6. Responsibility for failure to meet any test is accepted by the manufacturer,
unless failure can be directly attributed to a faulty product.
7. If the typical clauses contained herein differ from the authority’s
documentation or drawings, the authority’s documentation shall apply.
8. This covers the installation of precast access chamber components for
wastewater systems up to 300 mm pipeline diameter and up to 6 metres
deep 1.5 Definitions access chamber
9. A chamber which a person can enter to inspect, test clear and remove
obstructions in safety. Authority
10. The water and/or waste water authority or corporation who will be
responsible for operation of the system and under who’s jurisdiction the
chamber is being constructed.
11. Benching Smooth finished area at the bottom of the chamber, through
which the charnel is constructed.
12. Benching is graded according to the authority’s spescification. Chamber
13. The completed structure, consisting of all components (shaft, taper, top,
coverlid) fixed in position. Channel
14. Waterway through the access chamber base, constructed ‘on grad’ with the
pipeline drawings.

15
15. Drawings issued by the authority which detail the construction

requirements. Installer
16. Any person or company who is responsible for the building of access
chambers.
17.A manufacturer or supplier of recast concrete access chamber components
Safety.
18. The installer must ensure the safety of the Installer’s employee’s and all
other people who are on or adjacent to the site.
19.The Installer must also comply with the safety codes and regulations
including but not limited to: Code of Practice for Safety Precautions in
trenching operations
20.Safe lifting regulations Entry to confiner spaces regulations
21.Lifting of components must be carried out using safe lifting practices.
22.Note: rubber jointing rings and mastic compounds used in jointing, contain
root inhibiting chemicals.
23.Care should be taken to wash hands prior to eating, after handlingthese
items.
24.Precast Concrete Access Chambers for Sewerage Applications.
25.When components and accessories are delivered to the site, they should be
checked for damage and omissions to ensure that installation can proceed
successfully. Check to ensure that the components are available to enable
finishing to the designed cover level. Correct lifting apparatus must be on
hand before work can commence. Refer to the component manufacturer for
lifting gear specification.
26. Minimum dimensions The excavation all and ground support must be a
minimum 150mm clear of the outside of the component.
27.Where an excavation is deeper than that specified, the Installer must replace
the excessive excavation , crushed rock or stabilized crushed rock, as
directed by the Superintendent before proceeding with the installation.
28. Concrete used for refilling of over excavation mustbe minimum grade
otherwise specified on the drawings.
29.Concrete used in the base construction process
30. Flexible joints must be provided on all pipeline connections to access
chambers in accordance with the authority’s drawings, if not specific,
flexible joints must be within 700 min of the outside wall of the chamber.

16
31. Two methods of base construction are possible. These are the cast-in-situ
base and the precast base.
32.Where cast in situ bases are to be used, the bottom shaft component must be
supported above the excavation bottom and concrete poured around the
bottom component leveling blocks, and inlet and outlet pipes, formwork
must be used to form the channels required in accordance with the
drawings.
33. The laying of pipes in a continuous length through access chambers for
later cutting away and channel
Over excavation
Where an excavation is deeper than that specified, the Installer must replace the
excessive excavation proceeding with the installation.Concrete used for refilling of
over excavation must be minimum grade otherwise specified on the drawings.
1.5.2. Base construction
Where the Superintendent determines that the natural foundation material is

inadequate to support the access chamber, the Installer must remove the unsuitable
material and replace as for an over excavation Concrete used in the base
construction process must be type SR, and minimum grade.
Flexible joints must be provided on all pipeline connections to access chambers in
accordance with the authority’s drawings, if not specific, flexible joints must be
within 700 min of the outside wall of the chamber.
1.5.3Precast base
The core drilled holes must be 75mm minimum clear of the near face of any access
chamber joint. The internal drop pipe must be assembled and secured in
accordance with the drawings. The inlet must be sealed to the authority’s
requirements and be capable of passing the required test.

17
Fig1.10.Precast Base
Precast base components may incorporate factory-formed holes or alternatively

holes may be core drilled on site using a core drill. Repair of factory-formed holes
which are incorrectly located is not permitted.
Where precast bases are to be used, the precast base must be supported on the same
material as used for supporting the pipeline, to a minimum thickness of 75mm and
a maximum thickness of 150mm.
Jointing of pipelines to the precast base must be either using epoxy mortar or for
vitrified clay pipelines of epoxy mortar may be replaced by type SR, grade M15
concrete provided that the concrete fills any void between the component and pipe
and extends to the first joint in the pipeline.
When drop inlets are required, they must be connected to the components in
accordance with the drawings, holes in the wall of chamber components should be
made by core drilling or by cutting the components with a concrete cutting saw and
must be made by hitting the component with a hammer or any impact tool.

18
Drop inlet installation procedure
1. Dry place the component in which the drop inlet occurs, with no rubber ring or
mastic in position.
2. Chalk mark the position of the incoming pipe.
3. Remove the component to ground level, and core drill or cut the correct size
hole with a concrete saw or core borer.
4. Install the component.
5. Fit the incoming pipe and seal as required. Await curing of sealing material
before fitting out the drop structure.
1.5.4 Assembly of top components
Covers must be finished at the required level and slop as specified on the drawings
or directed by the Superintendent. Make up rings may be used to control the level
and slope at which the cover is finished. Epoxy mortar or other approved filling
material to the authority’s requirements may also be used.
1.5.5. Step irons and ladders
Step irons or ladders where used, must be located and fixed in accordance with the
authority’s requirements and drawings. Step irons, where used MUST be installed
in components at the factory, installation of stepirons in components on site is
NOT permitted.
1.5.6. Backfilling
The material used for backfilling around the access chamber must be used for
backfilling the pipeline except where otherwise shown on the drawings or ordered
by the Superintendent. The backfilling material must be placed evenly around the
circumference of the access chamber and compacted or sluiced ensuring that the
components and joints are not displaced. Backfilling may be performed either after
the cover unit is installed or after each component is installed.

19
Care must be taken to ensure uniform compaction is achieved around the access
chamber. No uneven side loads or construction traffic loads should be allowed to
be applied. The backfilling operation should be completed with the aim of minimal
or no subsidence of the fill material after completion of the works.
Fig.1.11. Backfilling Of Manhole

20
1.6 TEST OF SEWER LINE
Testing of Sewers:
The sewers after being laid and jointed are tested for watertight joints and also for
correct straight alignment as described below
1.6.1. Sewer Testing for Leakage (Water Test)
The sewer testing is ensure no leakage through the joints after giving sufficient
time to these joints to set in. For this purpose sewer pipe sections are tested from
manhole to manhole under a test pressure of 1.5m of water head i.e. depth of water
in the manhole is maintained at about 1.5m. The lower end of the sewer is first of
all plugged. The water is then filled in the manhole at the upper end and is allowed
to flow through the sewer line. The sewer line is watched by moving along the
trench and the joints which leak or sweat are repaired. The leakage pipe if any will
also be replaced. Allowable limit is 40mm.
1.6.2. Test for Straightness of Alignment and Obstruction (Sewer

Testing)
Sewer Testing for Straightness of Alignment and Obstruction.The straightness of

the sewer pipe can be tested by placing a mirror at one end of the sewer line and a
lamp at the other end. If the pipe line is straight, the full circle of light will be
observed. However, if the pipe line is non-straight, this would be apparent and the
mirror will also indicate any obstruction in the pipe barrel. Any obstruction present
in the pipe can also be tested by inserting at the upper end of the sewer a smooth
inserting at the upper end of the sewer a smooth ball of diameter 13mm less than
internal diameter of the sewer pipe. In the absence of any obstruction, such as yarn
or mortar projecting through the joints etc. the ball shall roll down the invert of the
sewer pipe and emerge at the lower end. Steps in Laying of Sewer Pipe / Sewage
Pipes.

21
Fig1.12. Water Tightness Test

The sewage is treated before its final disposal because of the following
reasons:
1.To kill the pathogenic bacteria present in the sewage which may result in water
born diseases like cholera, typhoid, dysentery etc.
2.To avoid unhygienic condition in the area because of highly fouled sewage.
3.To protect aquatic life from harmful effects of sewage directly discharged into
the water body (river or sea).
4.The stagnant sewage may percolate into the soil and pollute the ground water
reservoir which may lead to epidemics.
5.Treatment makes the possibility of reuse of valuable fresh water for agriculture
purposes.

22
Chapter - 2
SEWERAGE PUMPING STATION
(6.50 MLD)
2.1 Introduction
The Sewage from SPS (6.50 MLD capacity) has to be pumped to an existing MH
No 732 near existing pumping station of 1600MM dia outfall sewer. This sewage
has to be pumped at a distance of 2080 Mtrs through a 450 MM dia DI K-9 pipe
line.
2.2 DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF SEWAGE

PUMPING STATIONS
2.2.1 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
Pumping stations handle sewage either as in-line for pumping the sewage from a
deeper sewer to a shallow sewer or for conveying to the STP or outfall. They are
required where sewage from low lying development areas is unable to be drained
by gravity to existing sewerage infrastructure, and / or where development areas
are too remote from available sewerage infrastructure to be linked by gravity
means.
2.2.2Location and Configuration
The proper location of the pumping station requires a comprehensive study of the
area to be served, to ensure that the entire area can be adequately drained. Special
consideration has to be given to undeveloped or developing areas and to probable
future growth. The location of the pumping station will often be determined by the
trend of future overall development of the area. The site should be aesthetically
satisfactory. The pumping station has to be so located and constructed such that it
will not get flooded at any time. The storm-water pumping stations have to be so

23
located that water may be impounded without creating an undue amount of flood-
damage, if the flow exceeds the pumping station capacity. The station should be
easily accessible under all weather conditions. Pumping stations are typically
located near the lowest point in a development. However, the sitting and
orientation of each pumping station shall be considered individually and based on
the following criteria:
• Local topography as slope of the ground and above and below ground
obstructions
• Proposed layout of the particular development and of future developments
• Proximity of proposed and/or existing sewerage infrastructure
• Size and type of the pumping station
• Access considerations for O&M needs including operators health and safety
issues.
• Visual impact, particularly the vent tube, odours, noise problems, etc.
• Availability of power, water, etc.
• Vulnerability of the site for inundation
• Compatibility to neighbouring residences by suitable dialogues.
Ditch drain shall be mandatorily provided all around and if it is not possible to
drain by gravity to the nearby natural drain. Drain pump sets shall be installed with
100% standby to pump out rain water and connected to the standby power. Rain-
water harvesting shall not be provided in sewage pumping stations to avoid ground
water pollution by raw sewage due to accidental spillage.
Minimum number of wet wells shall be two, irrespective of the volume of sewage
to be pumped out and the structures shall be as far possible circular in plan to
facilitate simpler and economical construction, besides the possibility of removing
accumulated grit from one of the wells at a time without interrupting the pumping
out.
2.2.3 Design Suction Water Level
The suction elevation should be preferably below the invert of the incoming sewer
to facilitate air passage through the sewer in the reaches closer to the pump station.
A preferable drop of 50 cm to 100 cm below the invert of the incoming sewer is

24
desirable to safeguard against problems of choking of sediments in sewers due to

stagnations.
2.2.4 Design Discharge Level
The water surface elevation in the receiving structure decides the static lift when
compared to the suction level. However, friction losses and free-fall at receiving
chamber are to be added to this to get at the design discharge level. As a rule, if
needed this has to be increased such that the hydraulic grade line does not cut the
longitudinal section of the ground level along the pumping main.
This is achieved by raising the discharge elevation by means of a raised delivery
line ending up in a goose-neck before dropping the flow into the receiving chamber
such that the hydraulic grade line moves upwards in its terminal end and thus
becomes free of the ground level.
The hydraulic grade line shall be at least 1 m above the highest ground level orthe
top most crown of the pumping main.
2.2.5 Selection of Power Source
The power source will be the local electricity grid. A dedicated feeder from the
nearby substation is recommended and in large pumping stations two such
independent dedicated feeders from two different substations is to be considered.
Drawing off a nearby power cable is permissible for small pumping stations
handling less than 1 MLD of DWF.
I. Gate
It is necessary to insert a penstock gate at the entry of the sewer into the wet well.
The gate shall close by lowering the gate by either hand driven or motorized gear
wheel.
II. Screens
These are needed to trap the floating matters like sachets, plastic milk packets,
grocery bags, etc., which otherwise can lump in the impeller. The travelling
mechanized endless screen is recommended so that man entry is totally avoided.

25
For this purpose, it is necessary to restrict the width of flow to a rectangular profile
in plan with the upstream length as at least three times the width and downstream
length as at least two times the width. It is difficult to design and construct such a
rectangular structure at deep depths. Hence, the recommended procedure is to
construct the circular well first and fill up the arc sections with partitioned mass
concrete to get at the rectangular passage.
The design is invariably governed by equipment manufacturers who use the DWF
and peak flows as the basis. In large pumping stations, it pays to have two
successive screens: one coarse and the other fine, the idea being to have a back-up,
in case one of them is in downtime. In small stations where the depth of incoming
sewer is just about 3 m or so, a hand operated screen facility can be provided.
2.2.6 Configuration, Number of Grit Chambers and Method of De-

gritting
Grit shall be removed at the SPS to safeguard the same from causing wear to the
pump impeller and inside of especially RCC pumping mains. In case of HDPE and
PVC pipeline, the material of the wall does not succumb to erosion as long as
velocities are between 1 m/s and 3 m/s and moderate grit content can be even
pumped out directly to the STP. For almost all other pipelines the grit will erode
the wall thickness and the pipes may collapse after some time. All the same, it is
best to remove the grit before pumping.
The screen champer consists of two individual screens hung from a common wire
rope gliding over a pulley lined with Teflon to avoid friction and avoid need for oil
or grease to get over the friction. When one screen is in operation, the other is in
raised position to facilitate cleaning. This relative movement can be got either by
manually rotating the pulley wheel or mechanically doing this through a motor and
limit switch. Each screen has an L shaped tray with perforated sheet at the bottom
and when raised, the cleaning between the screens by a manual rake disturbs the
screenings which will fall into the tray from where it is scooped out by a push of
the spade over it and emptying directly into the trolley at ground level.

26
2.3 Sewerage Pumping Station (SPS) Sump
Fig.2.1. Sump With R/F & Scaffolding provided
 Sump Inner Dia. = 12m

 Outer Dia. = 12.9m
 Height = 11.6m
 Trench Size = 6.5m x 1.2m x 0.9m
 5 pumps will be Installed
 2 pumps of 1/4th Capacity
 Other, 2 Pump of Mean capacity
 Last Pump of peak capacity (3.75 MLD)

27
Fig.2.2.R/F Detailing of Trench (6.5m x 1.2m x 0.9m) for Submersible Pumps
Fig.2.3. SPS Sump Bottom R/F12mm & Top R/F 10mm at spacing 150mm c/c
(Both Ways)
Thickness is 400mm & Cover is 60mm

28
Fig.2.4.SPS Sump Wall
Thickness = 450mm & Cover = 45mm
Vertical R/F 10mm@100mm c/c
Horizontal R/F 12@100mm c/c

29
Fig.2.5. Column R/F Details

30
2.4 Excavation
Excavation is the process of moving earth, rock or other materials with tools,
equipment or explosives. It includes earthwork, trenching, wall shafts, tunnelling
and underground. Excavation has a number of important applications
including exploration, environmental restoration, mining and construction.
Among these, construction is one of the most common applications for excavation.
Excavation is used in construction to create building foundations, reservoirs and
roads. Some of the different processes used in excavation include trenching,
digging, dredging and site development. Each of these processes requires unique
techniques, tools and machinery to get the job done right. The processes used will
depend upon the structure that will result from the construction process.
Before the excavation process can begin, the site must be carefully examined to
make sure that the natural habitat and artefacts surrounding it are persevered
throughout excavation. Next, the plans for the size and depth of the site are made
and the excavation company makes drawings from them to clearly mark the
excavation site’s boundaries. Once these two important steps have been taken, the
excavation work can begin.
The entire excavation process includes:
1) Setting out corner benchmarks

2) surveying ground and top levels
3) excavation to the approved depth
4) dressing the loose soil
5) making up to cut off level
6) the construction of dewatering wells and interconnecting trenches
7) making boundaries of the building
8) the construction of protection bunds and drains

31
2.5 MIXER PLANT
Fig.2.6. Flori
Fig2.7. Crane

32
2.6 TEST OF CONCERTE

2.6.1.COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST
Fig.2.8. Casted Cubes
Minimum Specified characteristic

Grade of
compressive strength compressive strength
Concrete
N/mm2 at 7 days (N/mm2) at 28 days
M15 10 15 *
M20 13.5 20
M25 17 25
M30 20 30 *
M35 23.5 35
M40 27 40
*Indicates the cube test done at site in the duration of project work

33
Fig.2.9. Compressive Strength Testing Machine
 CUBE SIZE 150mm x 150mm x 150mm

 MIX GRADE – M30
 TEMPING ROD – 16MM DIA, LENGTH 600MM.
 COMPACT IN THREE LAYER. ONE LAYER TAMPED 25
TIMES.
 RESULT:- 7 days compresive strength 22N/mm2

34
2.6.2. WORKABILITY - Slump Cone Test
Fig.2.10. Slump Cone
Fig.2.11. Types Of Slumps

35
• Cone Dimensions –
• Upper Dia. – 100mm
• Bottom Dia. – 200mm
• Height – 300mm
• This test is done to check workability of concrete mix.
• 16mm tampering rod and 600mm length
• Placed in 3 layer
• Result = 60mm
• Limit 50mm-90mm
Table 2.1.CONCERTE –USE M30 CONCRETE MIX DESIGN
M-30 CONCRETE MIX DESIGN

As per IS 10262-2009 -456-2000
A-1 Stipulations for Proportioning
1 Grade Designation M30
2 Type of Cement OPC 43 grade confirming to IS-12269-1987
3 Maximum Nominal Aggregate Size 20 mm
4 Minimum Cement Content 400 kg/m3
5 Maximum Water Cement Ratio 0.45
6 Workability 50-75 mm (Slump)
7 Exposure Condition Normal
8 Degree of Supervision Good
9 Type of Aggregate Crushed Angular Aggregate
10 Maximum Cement Content 530 kg/m3
11 Chemical Admixture Type Superplasticiser Confirming to IS-9103
A-2 Test Data for Materials
1 Cement Used OPC 43 grade
2 Sp. Gravity of Cement 3.15
3 Sp. Gravity of Water 1.00
4 Chemical Admixture BASF Chemicals Company
5 Sp. Gravity of 20 mm Aggregate 2.884
6 Sp. Gravity of 10 mm Aggregate 2.878
7 Sp. Gravity of Sand 2.605
8 Water Absorption of 20 mm Aggregate 0.97%
9 Water Absorption of 10 mm Aggregate 0.83%

36
10 Water Absorption of Sand 1.23%

11 Free (Surface) Moisture of 20 mm Aggregate Nil
12 Free (Surface) Moisture of 10 mm Aggregate Nil
13 Free (Surface) Moisture of Sand Nil
Sieve Analysis of Individual Coarse
14
Aggregates Separate Analysis Done
Sieve Analysis of Combined Coarse
15
Aggregates Separate Analysis Done
15 Sp. Gravity of Combined Coarse Aggregates 2.882
16 Sieve Analysis of Fine Aggregates Separate Analysis Done
A-3 Target Strength for Mix Proportioning
1 Target Mean Strength 42N/mm2
2 Characteristic Strength @ 28 days 30N/mm2
A-4 Selection of Water Cement Ratio
1 Maximum Water Cement Ratio 0.45
2 Adopted Water Cement Ratio 0.42
A-5 Selection of Water Content
1 Maximum Water content 179 Lit./-
Estimated Water content for 50-75 mm
2
Slump 160 Lit.
3 Superplasticiser used 0.5 % by wt. of cement
A-6 Calculation of Cement Content
1 Water Cement Ratio 0.42
2 Cement Content (160/0.42) 380 kg/m3
Which is greater than 310 kg/m3
A-7 Proportion of Volume of Coarse Aggregate & Fine Aggregate Content
1 Vol. of C.A. as per table 3 of IS 10262 62.00%
2 Adopted Vol. of Coarse Aggregate 62.00%
Adopted Vol. of Fine Aggregate ( 1-0.62) 38.00%
A-8 Mix Proportions for One Cum of Concrete (SSD Condition)
1 Mass of Cement in kg/m3 38
3
2 Mass of Water in kg/m 160
3
3 Mass of Fine Aggregate in kg/m 711
3
4 Mass of Coarse Aggregate in kg/m 1283
Mass of 20 mm in kg/m3 848
3
Mass of 10 mm in kg/m 570
3
5 Mass of Admixture in kg/m 1.90
6 Water Cement Ratio 0.42

37
2.7 VIBRATORS
2.7.1 Electrical needle vibrator:-
Fig.2.12. Electrical Needle Vibrator

Concrete particles are different sizes and it is best to use vibrators that have
different speeds. Vibrators that are used for compacting concrete are many times
referred to as poly-frequency vibrators. These are best used for compacting
concrete that is of stiff consistency. The frequencies of vibration used are from
between 2800 to 15000 rpm. 4 different types of concrete vibrators used for
compaction are described in brief below. These are also known as immersion
vibrators. It has a steel tube, called a poker, with one end being closed and
rounded. There is an eccentric vibrating element inside it. The poker is connected
to an electric motor, sometimes a diesel motor, through a flex tube.
These needle vibrators come in a variety of sizes from 40 to 100 mm in diameter.
The poker’s diameter is determined by the spacing between the reinforcing bars in
the form work. The general range of vibrations for a needle vibrator is between
3000 to 6000 rpm. The period of vibration necessary can be from 30 seconds to 2
minutes and the concrete should be placed in layers no more than 600mm high.

38
2.8 PUMPS
2.8.1 Screw Pump Stations
There is yet another type known as submersible pump set where the cooling is
made by an oil chamber filled with specific oil around the motor in the same
arrangement as the submersible pump set and in this case, there is no need to keep
the minimum depth of sewage submergence.
There is also the Archimedean screw pump set and which can only be used for lift
stations as the delivery will be atmospheric conditions.
The open impeller screw picks up and lifts the sewage on the screw and discharges
at the top of the screw. The rotational speed is generally about 20 to 30 rpm. The
motor is mounted at the top with a gearbox kept inclined and thus driving the
impeller axially. Depending on the speed of rotation the quantity lifted varies.
There is no piping or valve. The material is carbon steel.
2.6.2 Number of Pumps
The capacity of a pump is usually stated in terms of Dry Weather Flow (DWF),
estimated for the pumping station. The general practice is to provide 5 pumps for a
small capacity pumping station comprising (a) 1 pump of 1 DWF, (b) 1 of 2 DWF
and (c) 1 of 3 DWF capacity. For large capacity pumping station, 5 pumps are
usually provided, comprising (d) 2 of 1/2 DWF, (e) 2 of 1 DWF and (f) 1 of 3
DWF capacity, including standby.
Alternatively, the number of pumps can also be chosen to be in multiples of DWF
flow and provide a 100% standby capacity for peak flow. This will permit easier
inventories, cannibalization and uniformity in electrical control systems and
switchgear except that the civil structure may need a larger footprint. In this
alternative, it is also possible to defer the actual pump installations till the
commensurate volume of sewage arises in due course.
2.9STRUCTURE
Sewage pumping-station wet wells shall be constructed of brickwork duly
plastered or reinforced concrete and shall be circular. Wet wells that are installed
below the groundwater table shall be adequately designed to prevent uplift pressure
without the use of hydrostatic pressure relief valves.

39
Wet well size and depth shall be as required to accommodate the influent sewer,
provide for adequate pump suction pipe or pump submergence as recommended by
the pump manufacturer and to provide adequate volume to prevent the frequent
start and stop of pumps. Partitioning the wet well to help accommodate future
growth requirements may be practiced.
2.9.1Floor Slopes
In the case of wet well and dry well type with horizontal food mounted centrifugal
pumps in the dry well, the floor should have benching like a hopper with a
minimum slope of 1 vertical to 1 horizontal to enable suspended solids to drain
into the hopper and pumped out without depositing \on the entire flow. In the case
of submersible pump / immiscible pump, the floor shall be horizontal to permit
easy installation of present and future pumps.
2.9.2 Lighting
The interior of pump stations, whether at grade or below grade, shall have a
lighting system specifically designed to provide illumination best suited for the
station layout, which may include suspended, wall, or ceiling mounted. Energy
efficient fluorescent fixtures are preferred. Lighting shall be at levels adequate for
routine service inspections and maintenance activities.
2.9.3 Ventilation
Pump stations shall be provided with a separate ventilating system and shall be
sized to provide a minimum of 10 air changes per hour. Ventilation systems shall
be capable of matching inside air temperature to outside air and shall be automatic.
Ventilation shall be accomplished by the introduction of fresh air into the pump
station under positive pressure. The air shall be filtered to remove particulates
inside the pumping station.

40
2.10 PIPING AND VALVES

The suction and delivery piping of pumping stations are to be chosen between
ductile iron and cast iron, in that order and the inside lining shall be with either
high alumina cement mortar and outside coated with epoxy. Joints shall be of O-
ring spigot and socket and valve fixtures shall be through appropriate flanged
joints. Next are the RCC pipes with high alumina cement or polyurea lining on the
inside and a sacrificial concrete of 15 mm to 20 mm on both the inside and outside
and in cases where the soil water has sulphates exceeding the limits for concrete,
sulphate resistant cement shall be used in the manufacture itself. The use of MS
pipelines is not advocated.
2.10.1 Air-Release and Air/Vacuum Release Valves

Air release and air/vacuum release valves shall be specifically designed for
sewerage services and be sized as per the manufacturer’s recommendations. Air
release and air / vacuum release valves shall be required at pumps on the discharge
pipe as close as possible to the check valve. The air and vacuum release valves will
be contained in a vault and vented above ground.
A manually controlled isolation valve shall be installed between the force main and
the air release or air / vacuum release valves.
2.10.2 Drain Valves

There should be provision of at least one force main dewatering connection at the
pumping station and dewatering connections at other major force main low points.
Drains shall generally include a plug valve installed on a tee and drain piping to an
existing sewer manhole or to a separate manhole that can then be pumped out.
2.11 Automatic Operation of Pumps and Equipment
Automatic operation of pumps is possible by pre-programmed logic controllers

which start the specified pump set once the sewage level reaches a specified height
and progressively brings in more pumps into operation and the same in reverse
order with dropping of sewage levels. The input to this is the float switch with
mercury contact in sealed float, which gets tilted to horizontal and floats when
sewage level reaches the float and thereby closes an electronic circuit inside the

41
float which generates a standard signal of 4 mA to 20 mA which is relayed to the

control panel for activating the pump. When the sewage level falls, the circuit gets
tripped and the signal vanishes and the pump is tripped. The key to the whole issue
is to recognize the pre-set programming which may have to be validated for
different seasons like monsoon, normal and drought. For this purpose, these
controllers are referred to as programmable logic controllers (PLCs). These are
custom designed.
Fig.2.13. SCAFFOLDING & SHORING

H-Frame, Plate & Angles were used
2.12 ALARM SYSTEMS

The method of instant detection is most crucial. The dry running of the pump is
detected by the no flow reading in the flow meter. The temperature increase in the
motor is detected by the built in temperature sensor which uses the bimetallic
properties of dissimilar metals and a set point transducer. In both cases the signal
generation is the standard 4 to 20 mA which is relayed to first trip the pump set .

42
Chapter - 3
Sewage Treatment Plant Based on Sequential Batch
Reactor (SBR) Technology
(20MLD New STP & 20MLD STP Upgradation of
Existing STP)
3.1 Introduction
The STPs based on SBR technology are very efficient and requires much lesser
area for construction of a STP (SBR) unit in comparison to horizontal subsurface
flow unit. This is a very important factor which reduces ultimate cost of a STP (i.e.
total cost of STP including cost of land required for STP).
Bikaner Sewage Treatment Plant based on modern technology SBR (sequential
batch reactor) in the city will be constructed at Shivbari Zone. The cost of plant,
sewer line, house connections nod roads will be Rs. 139.25 crores. It will be the
fourth sewage treatment plant in the city. Its capacity will be 20 MLD.
The new plant will be ready by the first 20 MLD plants in the city, about a quarter
of the land will be ready. The work of Confirmatory Survey will be completed by
August 31 2017 for the sewer line and its work on the ground will start from
September 2017. There will be about 126 km of sewer lines attached to this
treatment plant.
From time to time State Level Nodal Agency RUDISKO will also monitor its
construction work. Although its construction period is two years..
Construction
Funding under the Amrit scheme for the construction of Shivbari zone sewage
treatment plant. Under the Clean India Mission, there will be a connection between
houses. Ahmedabad-based me. Bhugan Infracon Pvt. Its construction will work.
Use of treated sewage
Its water will be used for agriculture, industrial areas and parks.

43
Sewage from
In this treatment plant, the people who have made connections near the Junk Bid
area are near Jainarayan Colony Sector 7 and 8, near Jaipur Road, Army area,
Sophia School and surrounding area, Old Shivbari Road, Tilak Nagar and all
areas,
The water of about 11 thousand houses will reach here through the sewer line from
the surrounding areas including Khaturia Colony, Shivbari Vallabh Garden,
Shivbari village.
Bikaner city is divided into four zones based on the sewage project. These are the
Vallabh Gardens, MD Vyas, Gangashahar and Shivbari zones. There is a fourth
treatment plant in Shivbari Zone, whose entire work will be done through the
Municipal .
The work of Shivbari Zone Treatment Plant will commence for this, the work
order has been done. The work of the survey is going on. It is likely that its work
will start from next month. It will be constructed under the Amrit scheme.
Fig.3.1.Google Map View OF Whole Site

44
Table.3.1. Design Basis
1 INLET PARAMETERS Inlet To SBR
Flow MLD 20.00

BOD 5 @ 20o C = mg/l 300
COD = mg/l 650
Total Suspended Solids = mg/l 650
TKN = mg/l 55
Total Nitrogen mg/l -
NH3-N = mg/l -
N03-N = mg/l -
TP = mg/l 6.00
Fecal Coliform MPN/100ml 10^7-10^8
Peak Flow Factor = (Qpk / Qav) = 2.25
2 DESIGN BASIS
Average Flow (Qav) = 20.00 MLD
= 833.33 m3/hr
= 0.231 m3/s
Peak Flow (Qpk) = 45.00 MLD
= 1875 m3/hr
= 0.521 m3/s
Peak Flow Factor = (Qpk / Qav) = 2.25

45
INLET PARAMETERS
3 Considered for Design
BOD 5 @ 20o C = 300 mg/l
COD = 650 mg/l
Total Suspended Solids = 650 mg/l
TKN = 55 mg/l
Total Nitrogen - mg/l
NH3-N = - mg/l
N03-N = - mg/l
TP = 6.0 mg/l
Sulphate - mg/l
Fecal Coliform 10^7-10^8 MPN/100ml
4 OUTLET PARAMETERS
BOD 5 @ 20o C ≤ 10 mg/l
COD ≤ 50 mg/l
Total Suspended Solids ≤ 10 mg/l
TKN ( NH4-N ) ≤ 5
Total Nitrogen ≤ 10 mg/l
Total Phosphorous ( PO4-P ) ≤ 2 mg/l
Sulphate - mg/l
Fecal Coliform 100 MPN/100ml

46
3.2 Sewage Treatment Plant

3.2.1 Basics
Sewage treatment is the process of removing contaminants from wastewater,
primarily from household sewage. Physical, chemical, and biological processes are
used to remove contaminants and produce treated wastewater (or treated effluent)
that is safer for the environment. A by-product of sewage treatment is usually a
semi-solid waste or slurry, called sewage sludge. The sludge has to undergo further
treatment before being suitable for disposal or application to land.
Sewage treatment may also be referred to as wastewater treatment. However, the

latter is a broader term which can also refer to industrial wastewater. For most
cities, the sewer system will also carry a proportion of industrial effluent to the
sewage treatment plant which has usually received pre-treatment at the factories
themselves to reduce the pollutant load. If the sewer system is a combined sewer
then it will also carry urban runoff (storm water) to the sewage treatment plant.
Sewage water can travel towards treatment plants via piping and in a flow aided by
gravity and pumps. The first part of filtration of sewage typically includes a bar
screen to filter solids and large objects which are then collected in dumpsters and
disposed of in landfills. Fat and grease is also removed before the primary
treatment of sewage.
Fig.3.2.Basic Treatment Process

47
3.2.2 Overview
Sewage collection and treatment is typically subject to local, state and federal
regulations and standards.Treating wastewater has the aim to produce an effluent
that will do as little harm as possible when discharged to the surrounding
environment, thereby preventing pollution compared to releasing untreated
wastewater into the environment.
Sewage treatment generally involves three stages, called primary, secondary and
tertiary treatment.
 Primary treatment consists of temporarily holding the sewage in a quiescent

basin where heavy solids can settle to the bottom while oil, grease and
lighter solids float to the surface. The settled and floating materials are
removed and the remaining liquid may be discharged or subjected to
secondary treatment. Some sewage treatment plants that are connected to a
combined sewer system have a bypass arrangement after the primary
treatment unit. This means that during very heavy rainfall events, the
secondary and tertiary treatment systems can be bypassed to protect them
from hydraulic overloading, and the mixture of sewage and stormwater only
receives primary treatment.
 Secondary treatment removes dissolved and suspended biological matter.
Secondary treatment is typically performed by indigenous, water-borne
micro-organisms in a managed habitat. Secondary treatment may require a
separation process to remove the micro-organisms from the treated water
prior to discharge or tertiary treatment.
 Tertiary treatment is sometimes defined as anything more than primary and
secondary treatment in order to allow ejection into a highly sensitive or
fragile ecosystem (estuaries, low-flow rivers, coral reefs,...). Treated water is
sometimes disinfected chemically or physically (for example, by lagoons
and microfiltration) prior to discharge into a stream, river, bay, lagoon or
wetland, or it can be used for the irrigation of a golf course, green way or
park. If it is sufficiently clean, it can also be used for groundwater recharge
or agricultural purposes.

48
3.2.3 Pretreatment
Pre-treatment removes all materials that can be easily collected from the raw
sewage before they damage or clog the pumps and sewage lines of primary
treatment clarifiers. Objects commonly removed during pretreatment include trash,
tree limbs, leaves, branches, and other large objects.
The influent in sewage water passes through a bar screen to remove all large
objects like cans, rags, sticks, plastic packets etc. carried in the sewage stream.
This is most commonly done with an automated mechanically raked bar screen in
modern plants serving large populations, while in smaller or less modern plants, a
manually cleaned screen may be used. The raking action of a mechanical bar
screen is typically paced according to the accumulation on the bar screens and/or
flow rate. The solids are collected and later disposed in a landfill, or incinerated.
Bar screens or mesh screens of varying sizes may be used to optimize solids
removal. If gross solids are not removed, they become entrained in pipes and
moving parts of the treatment plant, and can cause substantial damage and
inefficiency in the process.
3.2.4 Grit Removal

Grit consists of sand, gravel, cinders, and other heavy materials. It also includes
organic matter such as eggshells, bone chips, seeds, and coffee grounds.
Pretreatment may include a sand or grit channel or chamber, where the velocity of
the incoming sewage is adjusted to allow the settlement of sand and grit. Grit
removal is necessary to
(1) Reduce formation of heavy deposits in aeration tanks, aerobic digesters,

pipelines, channels, and conduits.
(2) Reduce the frequency of digester cleaning caused by excessive accumulations

of grit.
(3) Protect moving mechanical equipment from abrasion and accompanying

abnormal wear.

49
The removal of grit is essential for equipment with closely machined metal
surfaces such as comminutors, fine screens, centrifuges, heat exchangers, and high
pressure diaphrampumps. Grit chambers come in 3 types: horizontal grit chambers,
aerated grit chambers and vortex grit chambers. Vortex type grit chambers include
mechanically induced vortex, hydraulically induced vortex, and multi-tray vortex
separators. Given that traditionally, grit removal systems have been designed to
remove clean inorganic particles that are greater than 0.210 mm, most grit passes
through the grit removal flows under normal conditions. During periods of high
flow ... deposited grit is re-suspended and the quantity of grit reaching the
treatment plant increases substantially. It is, therefore important that the grit
removal system not only operate efficiently during normal flow conditions but also
under sustained peak flows when the greatest volume of grit reaches the plant.
3.2.5 Flow equalization

Clarifiers and mechanized secondary treatment are more efficient under uniform
flow conditions. Equalization basins may be used for temporary storage of diurnal
or wet-weather flow peaks. Basins provide a place to temporarily hold incoming
sewage during plant maintenance and a means of diluting and distributing batch
discharges of toxic or high-strength waste which might otherwise inhibit biological
secondary treatment (including portable toilet waste, vehicle holding tanks, and
septic tank pumpers). Flow equalization basins require variable discharge control,
typically include provisions for bypass and cleaning, and may also include
aerators. Cleaning may be easier if the basin is downstream of screening and grit
removal.
3.2.6 Fat and grease removal

In some larger plants, fat and grease are removed by passing the sewage through a
small tank where skimmers collect the fat floating on the surface. Air blowers in
the base of the tank may also be used to help recover the fat as a froth. Many
plants, however, use primary clarifiers with mechanical surface skimmers for fat
and grease removal.

50
3.2.7 Primary treatment

In the primary sedimentation stage, sewage flows through large tanks, commonly
called "pre-settling basins", "primary sedimentation tanks" or "primary clarifiers".
The tanks are used to settle sludge while grease and oils rise to the surface and are
skimmed off. Primary settling tanks are usually equipped with mechanically driven
scrapers that continually drive the collected sludge towards a hopper in the base of
the tank where it is pumped to sludge treatment facilities. Grease and oil from the
floating material can sometimes be recovered for saponification (soap making).
3.2.8 Secondary treatment

Secondary treatment is designed to substantially degrade the biological content of
the sewage which are derived from human waste, food waste, soaps and detergent.
The majority of municipal plants treat the settled sewage liquor using aerobic
biological processes. To be effective, the biota require both oxygen and food to
live. The bacteria and protozoa consume biodegradable soluble organic
contaminants (e.g. sugars, fats, organic short-chain carbon molecules, etc.) and
bind much of the less soluble fractions into floc.
Secondary treatment systems are classified as fixed-film or suspended-growth

systems.
 Fixed-film or attached growth systems include trickling filters, constructed

wetlands, bio-towers, and rotating biological contactors, where the biomass
grows on media and the sewage passes over its surface. The fixed-film
principle has further developed into Moving Bed Biofilm Reactors (MBBR)
and Integrated Fixed-Film Activated Sludge (IFAS) processes. An MBBR
system typically requires a smaller footprint than suspended-growth systems.
 Suspended-growth systems include activated sludge, where the biomass is
mixed with the sewage and can be operated in a smaller space than trickling
filters that treat the same amount of water. However, fixed-film systems are
more able to cope with drastic changes in the amount of biological material
and can provide higher removal rates for organic material and suspended
solids than suspended growth systems.

51
3.3 Enviro Digester
The Enviro Improved Sequencing Batch Reactor incorporates an anaerobic Enviro

Digester. The anaerobic selector not only provides consistent phosphorous removal
by subjecting the recirculated biomass to anaerobic conditions, forcing the release
of phosphorous, but also creates soluble carbon as a food source for phosphorous
removal through anaerobic conversion of settle able BOD to soluble BOD.
Additionally, anaerobic sludge digestion occurs in the anaerobic selector chamber,
reducing waste solids production by up to 75% for the entire secondary process.
The Sewage water enters the digester inlet by gravity. The critical elements of the
reactor design are the influent distribution system, the gas-solids separator, and the
sludge withdrawal system. The success of the concept relies on the establishment
of a dense sludge bed (digestion zone) at the bottom of the reactor where the
anaerobic degradation of the wastewater organics occurs and biogas is produced.
The biogas causes hydraulic turbulence as it moves upward through the reactor,
providing adequate mixing within the system.
The sludge bed is basically formed by the accumulation of incoming suspended
solids and bacterial growth. Under certain conditions in anaerobic medium and up-
flow hydraulics, bacteria can naturally aggregate in flocs and granules. To enhance
the contact between the anaerobic bacteria and sewage proper mixing by means of
agitator and gas miing is provided. This also enhances the process of
biodegradation under anaerobic environment.
3.3.1 Hydrolysis
In general, hydrolysis is a chemical reaction in which the breakdown of water

occurs to form H+ cations and OH- anions. Hydrolysis is often used to break down
larger polymers, often in the presence of an acidic catalyst. In anaerobic digestion,
hydrolysis is the essential first step, as Biomass is normally comprised of very
large organic polymers, which are otherwise unusable. Through hydrolysis, these
large polymers, namely proteins, fats and carbohydrates, are broken down into
smaller molecules such as amino acids, fatty acids, and simple sugars. While some
of the products of hydrolysis, including hydrogen and acetate, may be used by
methanogens later in the anaerobic digestion process, the majority of the

52
molecules, which are still relatively large, must be further broken down in the
process of acidogenesis so that they may be used to create methane.
Fig.3.3. Enviro Digester Flow Diagram

3.3.2 Acidogenesis
Acidogenesis is the next step of anaerobic digestion in which acidogenic

microorganisms further break down the Biomass products after hydrolysis. These
fermentative bacteria produce an acidic environment in the digestive tank while
creating ammonia, H2, CO2, H2S, shorter volatile fatty acids, carbonic acids,
alcohols, as well as trace amounts of other byproducts. While acidogenic bacteria
further breaks down the organic matter, it is still too large and unusable for the
ultimate goal of methane production, so the biomass must next undergo the process
of acetogenesis.
3.3.3 Acetogenesis
In general, acetogenesis is the creation of acetate, a derivative of acetic acid, from

carbon and energy sources by acetogens. These microorganisms catabolize many
of the products created in acidogenesis into acetic acid, CO2 and H2. Acetogens
break down the Biomass to a point to which Methanogens can utilize much of the
remaining material to create Methane as a Biofuel.

53
3.3.4 Methanogenesis
Methanogenesis constitutes the final stage of anaerobic digestion in which

methanogens create methane from the final products of acetogenesis as well as
from some of the intermediate products from hydrolysis and acidogenesis. There
are two general pathways involving the use of acetic acid and carbon dioxide, the
two main products of the first three steps of anaerobic digestion, to create methane
in methanogenesis:
CO2 + 4 H2 → CH4 + 2H2O
CH3COOH → CH4 + CO2
While CO2 can be converted into methane and water through the reaction, the main
mechanism to create methane in methanogenesis is the path involving acetic acid.
This path creates methane and CO2, the two main products of anaerobic digestion.

54
3.4 Sequencing Batch Reactors (SBR)
Sequencing batch reactors (SBR) or sequential batch reactors are a type of

activated sludge process for the treatment of wastewater. SBR reactors treat
wastewater such as sewage or output from anaerobic digesters or mechanical
biological treatment facilities in batches. Oxygen is bubbled through the mixture of
wastewater and activated sludge to reduce the organic matter (measured as
biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD)).
The sewage after subsurface flow system is taken to SBR Basins by gravity. There
are two operating SBR basins in the plant. These SBR basins work in sequence and
the influent flow is distributed using Automatic Gates provided at the Inlet
Chamber of SBR basins. The SBR basins are equipped with air blowers, diffusers,
Return Activated Sludge (RAS) pumps, Surplus Activated Sludge (SAS) pumps,
Decanters, Auto valves, Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) etc. All cycles will
be automatically controlled using PLC.
Excess sludge at a consistency level of approx 0.8% - 1.0% will be pumped

intermittently from SAS pump to the Enviro Digester. The sludge from sludge
sump is taken for dewatering and finally for its ultimate disposal.
The treated sewage from the SBR Basins will then pass through Chlorination tank
where it is disinfected before being transferred to OHSR for further recirculation.
The raw sewage free from floating debris and grit shall be taken up for Biological
treatment for the removal of organics, nitrogen and phosphorus.
The practice of manipulating activated sludge reaction environments to obtain

maximum nitrogen and phosphorous removal has been optimized using cyclic
activated sludge technology by simultaneous nitrification-denitrification and
biological phosphorus removal.
The SBR system operates in a batch reactor mode, which eliminates all the
inefficiencies of the continuous processes. A batch reactor is a perfect reactor,
which ensures 100% treatment. Four tanks are provided to ensure continuous
operation; however, complete process takes place sequentially in each single
reactor.

55
There are five stages in the treatment process
3.4.1.Fill
During the fill phase, the basin receives influent wastewater. The influent brings
food to the microbes in the activated sludge, creating an environment for
biochemical reactions to take place. Mixing and aeration can be varied during
the fill phase to create the following three different scenarios:
Aerated Fill – Under an aerated-fill scenario, both the aerators and the
mechanical mixing unit are activated. The contents of the basin are aerated to
convert the anoxic or anaerobic zone over to an aerobic zone. No adjustments to
the aerated-fill cycle are needed to reduce organics and achieve nitrification.
However, to achieve denitrification, it is necessary to switch the oxygen off to
promote anoxic conditions for denitrification. By switching the oxygen on and
off during this phase with the blowers, oxic and anoxic conditions are created,
allowing for nitrification and denitrification. Dissolved oxygen (DO) should be
monitored during this phase so it does not go over 0.2 mg/L. This ensures that
an anoxic condition will occur during the idle phase.
3.4.2.React
This phase allows for further reduction or "polishing" of wastewater
parameters. During this phase, no wastewater enters the basin and the
mechanical mixing and aeration units are on. Because there are no additional
volume and organic loadings, the rate of organic removal increases
dramatically. Most of the carbonaceous BOD removal occurs in the react phase.
Further nitrification occurs by allowing the mixing and aeration to continue—
the majority of denitrification takes place in the mixed-fill phase. The
phosphorus released during mixed fill, plus some additional phosphorus, is
taken up during the react phase.

56
3.4.3.Settle
During this phase, activated sludge is allowed to settle under quiescent
conditions—no flow enters the basin and no aeration and mixing takes place.
The activated sludge tends to settle as a flocculent mass, forming a distinctive
interface with the clear supernatant. The sludge mass is called the sludge
blanket. This phase is a critical part of the cycle, because if the solids do not
settle rapidly, some sludge can be drawn off during the subsequent decant phase
and thereby degrade effluent quality.
3.4.4.Decant
During this phase, a decanter is used to remove the clear supernatant effluent.
Once the settle phase is complete, a signal is sent to the decanter to initiate the
opening of an effluent-discharge valve. There are floating and fixed-arm
decanters. Floating decanters maintain the inlet orifice slightly below the water
surface to minimize the removal of solids in the effluent removed during the
decant phase. Floating decanters offer the operator flexibility to vary fill and
draw volumes. Fixed-arm decanters are less expensive and can be designed to
allow the operator to lower or raise the level of the decanter. It is optimal that
the decanted volume is the same as the volume that enters the basin during the
fill phase. It is also important that no surface foam or scum is decanted. The
vertical distance from the decanter to the bottom of the tank should be
maximized to avoid disturbing the settled biomass.
3.4.5.Idle
This step occurs between the decant and the fill phases. The time varies, based
on the influent flow rate and the operating strategy. During this phase, a small
amount of activated sludge at the bottom of the SBR basin is pumped out—a
process called wasting.

57
Fig.3.4. Major Phases Of The SBR Operational Cycle
Fig.3.5. Activated Sludge Process

58
3.5 Floating Decanter

The floating decanter utilizes a circular weir for decanting supernatant liquid and a
flotation device for buoyantly supporting the weir within the basin. The floatation
device also acts as a baffle to prevent scum from being withdrawn during the
decant step. For the successful operation of an SBR, the decanter must be designed
to prohibit Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids (MLSS) from entering the decanter
during non-decant sequences as well.
Early decanters were simple pipes with drilled holes along the bottom and sides.
Unfortunately during the Fill & Settle phase solids plugged the holes & pipes
resulting in discharge of these traped solids in decant stage.
Fig.3.6. Decanter

59
The floating decanter SGSBR type is a decanter unit properly designed for
Sequencing Batch Reactors (SBR), that allows to discharge settled water from the
tank.
It is mainly composed of:

- a floating channel with adjustable weir;
- discharge pipes located at the bottom of the floating channel;
- an outlet channel to collect and discharge clarified water;
- a hinged scum stop floating pipe system that prevents scum from entering the
decanter;
- watertight supports for outlet channel;
- support with column rod and control and operation system driven by square
thread screw;
- a sturdy electric actuator;
- wall anchored supports for the discharge pipe support.
When the equipment is in “stand-by” position the weir of floating decanter SGSBR
type is located few centimetres above the maximum water level in the tank.
An ultrasonic level meter continuously measures the level in the tank while water
flows inside.
When the water reaches the maximum level in the tank, the control panel, complete
with PLC if required, keeps the decanter in stand-by position during the oxidation
and subsequent decanting phases. At the end of the decanting phase a signal is sent
to the SGSBR type decanter to start its duty run. The floating system operated by
the electrical actuator is lowered below the water level to a set height and at the
same time it starts the discharge of clarified water. When the minimum level is
reached, or after a preset time by PLC, the system returns in the “stand-by”
position. During the downward run it is possible to keep the water over the floating
channel weir at a constant height.
Strengths
• HIGH RELIABILITY AND LONGOPERATING LIFE
• COMPLETELY AUTOMATIC SYSTEM
• HIGHLY CUSTOMIZABLE SYSTEM
• LOW MAINTENANCE
• STURDINESS

60
3.6 Grit Chamber

Grit chambers are long narrow tanks that are designed to slow down the flow so
that solids such as sand, coffee grounds, and eggshells will settle out of the water.
Grit causes excessive wear and tear on pumps and other plant equipment. Its
removal is particularly important in cities with combined sewer systems, which
carry a good deal of silt, sand, and gravel that wash off streets or land during a
storm.
The sewage after Screen Channel flows by gravity for removal of grit consisting of
sand, gravel or other heavy solids having particle size of >.15mm and specific
gravity of >2.65. Grit removal is necessary to protect the moving mechanical
equipments and pump from abrasion and abnormal wear and tear. Also removal of
Grit reduces the frequency of cleaning of SBR tank, thereby increasing the life of
diffuser elements and giving trouble free operation of SBR Reactor. 2 No’s Grit
Separator each designed for half of average flow had already been erected and both
these units together will serve as standby grit removal unit.The grit obtained shall
be cleaned to remove the organic matter by means of Wash organic pump. The
dirty water shall be returned to the main inlet flow.
Fig.3.7. Grit Chamber

61
3.7Chlorination Tank
The treated sewage after secondary treatment in SBR reactor shall be received in
the Chlorine contact tank of 20 MLD new STP for disinfection purpose.
1 no. of Chlorinators shall be provided to dose the chlorine at a dosing rate of 5

mg/l to maintain the residual chlorine in the treated sewage so as to avoid further
bacterial growth in the treated sewage water. In case of any problem in operation
of chlorinator, 1 No. of chlorinator is provided for stand by purpose.
When chlorine gas enter the water, the following reaction occur:
Cl2 + H2O HOCl + HCl
The chlorine reacts with water and breaks down into hypochlorous acid and
hydrochloric acid. Hypochlorous acid may further break down, depending on pH:
HOCl H+ + OCl-
Fig.3.8. Chlorination Tank

62
3.8 Parshall Flume

The Parshall flume is an open channel flow metering device that was developed to
measure the flow of surface waters and irrigation flows. The Parshall flume is a
fixed hydraulic structure. It is used to measure volumetric flow rate in industrial
discharges, municipal sewer lines, and influent/effluent flows in wastewater
treatment plants. The Parshall flume accelerates flow through a contraction of both
the parallel sidewalls and a drop in the floor at the flume throat. Under free-flow
conditions the depth of water at specified location upstream of the flume throat can
be converted to a rate of flow.
The de-gritted sewage after removal of grit flows by gravity in the common outlet
channel. From the common outlet channel the sewage flows through the Parshall
flume house in the RCC channel. An ultrasonic flow measurement device
measures sewage depth in the flume and indicates the flow calibrated according to
the depth of flow. The Flow meter will show the instant flow as well as the total
flow of treated sewage upto date by the integrator.
Fig.3.9. Parshall Flume

63
3.9 Wash Boring
It is a popular method due to the use of limited equipments. The advantage of this
is the use of inexpensive and easily portable handling and drilling equipments.
Here first an open hole is formed on the ground so that the soil sampling or rock
drilling operation can be done below the hole. The hole is advanced by chopping
and twisting action of the light bit. Cutting is done by forced water and water jet
under pressure through the rods operated inside the hole.
In India the “Dheki” operation is used, i.e., a pipe of 5cm diameter is held
vertically and filled with water using horizontal lever arrangement and by the
process of suction and application of pressure, soil slurry comes out of the tube and
pipe goes down. This can be done upto a depth of 8m –10m (excluding the depth
of hole already formed beforehand) Just by noting the change of colour of soil
coming out with the change of soil character can be identified by any experienced
person. It gives completely disturbed sample and is not suitable for very soft soil,
fine to medium grained cohesionless soil and in cemented soil.
Fig.3.10. Channels (For silting)

64
Fig.3.11. Drill Bit
Fig.3.12. Slurry Pit

65
Fig.3.13. Wash Boring

66
3.10 Raft Foundation

Raft foundations (sometimes known as Mat Foundations) are a large concrete slab
which can support a number of columns and walls.The slab is spread out under the
entire building or at least a large part of it which lowers the contact pressure
compared to the traditionally used strip or trench footings.
Because of the speed and volume of houses required after the second world war,
the raft foundation was widely used. The raft foundation was cheaper, easier to
install and most importantly, did not require as much excavation as the usual strip
foundations.
This meant that to use a raft foundation, it had to be designed and approved by
Building Control. This made the entire operation much more difficult and time
consuming so raft foundations became less widely used almost overnight.
Fig.3.14. Cross Section Of SBR Raft Foundation (Representative)

67
Fig.3.15.SBR Basin Raft Foundation

68
3.11 Materials
3.11.1.Cement :-
A cement is a binder, a substance used for construction that sets, hardens and
adheres to other materials, binding them together. Cement is seldom used on its
own, but rather to bind sand and gravel (aggregate) together. Cement is used with
fine aggregate to produce mortar for masonry, or with sand and gravel aggregates
to produce concrete.
Fig.3.16. Cement Bags Storage

69
Fig.3.17. 43 Grade Cement Used (43 N/mm2)
3.11.2.Aggregates :-
Construction aggregate, is a broad category of coarse to medium grained
particulate material used in construction, including sand, gravel, crushed stone,
slag, recycled concrete and geosynthetic aggregates. Aggregates are the most
mined materials in the world. Aggregates are a component of composite materials
such as concrete and asphalt concrete; the aggregate serves as reinforcement to add
strength to the overall composite material.

70
Fig.3.18. 10mm Aggregate
Fig.3.19. 20mm Aggregate Storage

71
Fig.3.20. Sand (From Kolayat Mines)
3.11.3.Reinforcement :-
Reinforcement also known as “Rebar”, collectively known as reinforcing steel and
reinforcement steel, is a steel bar or mesh of steel wires used as a tension device in
reinforced concrete and reinforced masonry structures to strengthen and hold the
concrete in compression. Concrete is strong under compression, but has weak
tensile strength. Rebar significantly increases the tensile strength of the structure.
Rebar's surface is often patterned to form a better bond with the concrete.
The most common type of rebar is carbon steel, typically consisting of hot-rolled
round bars with deformation patterns. Other readily available types include
stainless steel, and composite sections made of glass fibre, carbon fibre, or basalt
fibre. These alternate types tend to be more expensive or have lesser mechanical
properties and are thus more often used in specialty construction where their
physical characteristics fulfil a specific performance requirement that carbon steel
does not provide. In practice, any material with sufficient tensile strength that is
materially compatible with concrete could potentially be used to reinforce

72
concrete, for example bamboo might be considered a viable substitution in regions

where steel is not available. Steel and concrete have similar coefficients of thermal
expansion, so a concrete structural member reinforced with steel will experience
minimal stress as the temperature changes.
TMT Bars
TMT bars or Thermo-Mechanically Treated bars are high-strength reinforcement

bars having a tough outer core and a soft inner core. The very first step of the
manufacturing process involves passing the steel wires through a rolling mill stand.
Thereafter, these rolled steel wires are again passed through the Tempcore water
cooling system. While passing the wires through the water cooling system, the
water pressure is optimised. The sudden quenching and drastic change in
temperature toughen the outer layer of the steel bar, thus making it super tough and
durable. Once this process is over, the TMT bars are subject to atmospheric
cooling. This is done in order to equalise the temperature difference between the
soft inner core and the tough exterior. Once the TMT bar cools down, it slowly
turns into a ferrite-pearlite mass. The inner core remains soft giving the TMT bar
great tensile strength and elongation point. This design is unique to the TMT bars
and gives superior ductility to the bars. Also, this unique manufacturing technique
and the absence of Cold stress make this bar corrosion-resistant and boost its
weldability.
Fig.3.21. 8mm TMT Bars

73
Fig.3.22. 12mm TMT Bars
 Fe500 TMT Bars was used

 Top & Bottom Mesh – 8mm@200mm (Both ways)
 Horizontal R/F in Wall – 12mm@varies
 Vertical R/F in wall – 16mm@180mm + 20mm@180mm(extra upto 1m.)
 Outer wall Footing – 12mm@80mm (circum.) &
12mm@100mm(radial)
 Baffle wall Footing – 10mm@200mm
 Baffle wall Vertical R/F – 8mm@200mm
 Effective Cover – 50mm
 Lap distance = 50 x dia. of bar

74
3.12 Concrete Plant

A concrete plant, also known as a batch plant or batching plant or a concrete
batching plant, is equipment that combines various ingredients to form concrete.
Some of these inputs include water, air, admixtures, sand, aggregate (rocks, gravel,
etc.), fly ash, silica fume, slag, and cement. There are two main types of concrete
plants: Dry mix plants and Wet mix plants, and also plants that contain both a
transit mix side and a central mix side while utilizing common material storage
points. A concrete plant can have a variety of parts and accessories, including:
mixers (either tilt drum or horizontal or in some cases both), cement batchers,
aggregate batchers, conveyors, radial stackers, aggregate bins, cement bins,
heaters, chillers, cement silos, batch plant controls, and dust collectors.
The heart of the concrete batching plant is the mixer, and there are many types of
mixers such as Tilt Drum, Pan, Planetary, Single Shaft and Twin shaft mixer. The
twin shaft mixer can ensure an even mixture of concrete through the use of high
horsepower motors, while the tilt mixer offers a consistent mix with much less
maintenance labor and cost. In North America, the predominant central mixer type
is a tilt drum style, while in Europe a Twin Shaft is more prevalent. A Pan or
Planetary mixer is more common at a precast plant. Aggregate bins have 2 to 6
compartments for storage of various sand and aggregate (rocks, gravel, etc.) sizes,
while cement silos are typically one or two compartments, but at times up to 4
compartments in a single silo. Conveyors are typically between 24-48 inches wide
and carry aggregate from the ground hopper to the aggregate bin, as well as from
the aggregate batcher to the charge chute.

75
Fig.3.23. Concrete Plant On Site

76
3.13 Labour Safety

Labour Safety or Personal protective equipment (PPE) refers to protective
clothing, helmets, goggles, or other garments or equipment designed to protect the
wearer's body from injury or infection. The hazards addressed by protective
equipment include physical, electrical, heat, chemicals, biohazards, and airborne
particulate matter. Protective equipment may be worn for job-related occupational
safety and health purposes, as well as for sports and other recreational activities.
"Protective clothing" is applied to traditional categories of clothing, and "protective
gear" applies to items such as pads, guards, shields, or masks, and others.
Fig.3.24. Helmets & Safety Jackets
The purpose of personal protective equipment is to reduce employee exposure to

hazards when engineering controls and administrative controls are not feasible or

77
effective to reduce these risks to acceptable levels. PPE is needed when there are
hazards present. PPE has the serious limitation that it does not eliminate the hazard
at the source and may result in employees being exposed to the hazard if the
equipment fails.Any item of PPE imposes a barrier between the wearer/user and
the working environment. This can create additional strains on the wearer; impair
their ability to carry out their work and create significant levels of discomfort. Any
of these can discourage wearers from using PPE correctly, therefore placing them
at risk of injury, ill-health or, under extreme circumstances, death. Good
ergonomic design can help to minimise these barriers and can therefore help to
ensure safe and healthy working conditions through the correct use of PPE.
Practices of occupational safety and health can use hazard controls and
interventions to mitigate workplace hazards, which pose a threat to the safety and
quality of life of workers. The hierarchy of hazard controls provides a policy
framework which ranks the types of hazard controls in terms of absolute risk
reduction. At the top of the hierarchy are elimination and substitution, which
remove the hazard entirely or replace the hazard with a safer alternative. If
elimination or substitution measures cannot apply, engineering controls and
administrative controls, which seek to design safer mechanisms and coach safer
human behavior, are implemented. Personal protective equipment ranks last on the
hierarchy of controls, as the workers are regularly exposed to the hazard, with a
barrier of protection. The hierarchy of controls is important in acknowledging that,
while personal protective equipment has tremendous utility, it is not the desired
mechanism of control in terms of worker safety.

78
 References
 Wastewater Treatment Plants By Syed R.Qasim
 Internet
 Site Plans
 Provided documents on site
 Water Supply by S.K.Garg

Complete Project Report

Încărcat de

Informații document

Drepturi de autor

Formate disponibile

Partajați acest document

Partajați sau inserați document

Opțiuni de partajare

Vi se pare util acest document?

Este necorespunzător acest conținut?

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

Complete Project Report

Încărcat de

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

i

1.4.3 Laying of Pipe 14

1.5 Construction of Manhole 15

Govt. Polytechnic College, Bikaner Final Year Report 2018

1.6.2.Test for Straightness of Alignment and Obstruction 21

2.2.3 Design Suction Water Level 24

2.2.4 Design Discharge Level 25

2.3 Sewerage Pumping Station (SPS) Sump 27

2.5 Mixer Plant 32

2.6 Test of Concrete 33

2.6.2. WORKABILITY - Slump Cone Test 35

2.8.1 Screw Pump Stations 39

2.9.1 Floor Slopes 40

Govt. Polytechnic College, Bikaner Final Year Report 2018

2.10.1 Air-Release and Air/Vacuum Release Valves 41

2.11 Automatic Operation of Pumps and Equipment 41

2.11 Alarm Systems 42

3.2 Sewage Treatment Plant (Basics) 47

3.2.4 Grit Removal 49

3.2.6 Fat and grease removal 50

3.2.7 Primary treatment 51

3.3 Enviro Digester 52

Govt. Polytechnic College, Bikaner Final Year Report 2018

3.7 Chlorination Tank 62

3.8 Parshall Flume 63

3.9 Wash Boring 64

3.10 Raft Foundation 68

3.12 Concrete Plant 76

3.13 Labour Safety 79

Govt. Polytechnic College, Bikaner Final Year Report 2018

1.1 Flow Diagram of Sewerage Network 3

1.2 Auto Level (Sokkia B40A) 4

1.3 Collapsible Staff 5

1.4 DWC (Double Wall Corrugated) Pipe 7

1.5 Joint Ring 7

1.6 Precast Manhole Details 9

1.7 Manhole Ring 9

1.8 Excavated Trench 12

1.10 Precast Base 17

1.11 Backfilling of Manhole 19

1.12 Water Tightness Test 21

2.1 SPS Sump 26

2.2 Trench Detailing (SPS) 27

2.3 SPS Sump Bottom 27

2.4 Sump wall 28

2.5 Column R/F Details 29

2.8 Casted Cubes 32

Govt. Polytechnic College, Bikaner Final Year Report 2018

2.10 Slump Cone 34

2.11 Types Of Slumps 34

2.12 Electrical Needle Vibrator 37

2.13 Scaffolding & Shoring 41

3.1 Google Map Site View (STP) 43

3.2 Basic Treatment Process 46

3.3 Enviro Digester Process 52

3.4 SBR Operational Cycle 57

3.5 Activated Sludge Process 57

3.7 Grit Chamber 60

3.8 Chlorination Tank 61

3.9 Parshall Flume 62

3.10 Wash Boring Channels 63

3.11 Wash Boring Drill Bit 64

3.12 Slurry Pit 64

3.13 Wash Boring 65