A TECHNICAL REPORT

ON

STUDENTS INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE SCHEME

(S.I.W.E.S)

UNDERTAKEN AT

RAJTECH INNOVATIONS COM

(16, Tokunbo Street, Alagomeji - Yaba Lagos)

BY: AJOSE, SODIQ TEMIDAYO.

(120403022)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING,

UNIVERSITY OF LAGOS, AKOKA.

INSTITUTION BASED SUPERVISOR: DR. O.D. OSUNDE

INDUSTRY BASED SUPERVISOR: ENGR. ABDULLAH OYELAKIN

JULY 13th – DECEMBER 18th, 2015.

 CERTIFICATION
This is to certify that AJOSE, SODIQ TEMIDAYO, a student if the department of electrical
and electronics engineering, University of Lagos with matriculation number 120403022 had his
25 weeks industrial training at Rajtech Innovation Company Limited, situated at 16, Tokunbo
Street, Alagomeji – Yaba Lagos

……………………………………………. ……………………

ABDULLAHI OYELAKIN DATE

……………………………………………. …………………….

AJOSE SODIQ T. DATE

……………………………………………. …………………….

DR OSUNDE O.A DATE

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First and foremost my greatest thanks goes to Almighty Allah for keeping me hale and hearty
during the period of my training.

I also want to express my utmost gratitude to my parents for giving me their support and
encouragement in the course of my internship. My appreciation also goes to the Engineering
Manager, Rajtech Innovations company limited, Mr Suraj Oyelakin and my fellow interns who
were present during my stay.

I also want to appreciate the indefatigable effort of the ever supportive staffs in the Electrical
department who steered me extensively through Electrical engineering on the site. I also want to
thank my training supervisors; Senior Electrical Engineer, Mr Abdullah Oyelakin who is at
present with the Alma Beach Estate project.

Finally, special thanks to the Central Industrial and Liaison Placement Unit for providing the
platform for students to prepare themselves for work situations beyond graduation. In the same
vein, I am grateful to the entire staff of Electrical/Electronic Engineering Department, University
of Lagos, Akoka, Yaba for the exceptional knowledge, skills and values that was imbibed in the
students before the SIWES programme.

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 CONTENTS

Table of Contents
CERTIFICATION............................................................................................................ 1
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT................................................................................................. 2
CONTENTS................................................................................................................... 3
Table of Figures........................................................................................................... 5
ABSTRACT................................................................................................................... 5
1.0 INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................... 6
2.0 COMPANY’S PROFILE............................................................................................. 7
2.1 Company’s Vision................................................................................................. 8
2.2 Company’s Mission............................................................................................... 8
2.3 Company’s Team.................................................................................................. 9
2.4 Health and Safety................................................................................................ 10
2.5 Operations and Support........................................................................................ 10
2.6 Our Value Proposition.......................................................................................... 11
2.7 Our Services...................................................................................................... 11
2.8 Mechanical Services............................................................................................ 12
2.9 Electrical Site Services......................................................................................... 13
2.10 Plumbing Service.............................................................................................. 14
2.11 Consulting Service............................................................................................. 15
2.12 Maintenance Scheme.......................................................................................... 16
2.13 Industrial Borehole Drilling and Water Treatment......................................................16
3.O ELECTRICAL SERVICES...................................................................................... 18
3.1 ELECTRICAL SAFETY......................................................................................... 18
3.2 ELECTRICAL SITE SERVICES...............................................................................19
3.2.1 SITE PLAN DRAWING........................................................................................ 19
3.2.2 POWER LIGHTING SYSTEM...............................................................................20
Centralized Systems................................................................................................. 20
Decentralized Systems.............................................................................................. 21
Creston ilux............................................................................................................... 21

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 3.2.3 ELECTRICALONE LINE DIAGRAM DESIGN.........................................................22
3.2.4 LIGHTING DESIGN............................................................................................ 24
3.2.5 POWER SUPPLY................................................................................................ 26
Power Distribution...................................................................................................... 26
Low Voltage Distribution........................................................................................... 27
High Voltage Distribution.......................................................................................... 27
DISTRIBUTION PANELS........................................................................................ 28
3.2.6 CABLE SIZING AND SELECTION........................................................................30
4.0 Conclusion.......................................................................................................... 34
4.1 Challenges Encountered.............................................................................................. 34
4.1.1 Experience Gained............................................................................................... 34
4.2 RELATION OF TRAINING TO ACADEMIC COURSES TAKEN.................................34
4.3 CONCLUSION................................................................................................... 35
4.4 Recommendation................................................................................................... 35
5.0 REFERENCES...................................................................................................... 36

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Table of Figures

Figure 1:consultants organogram........................................................................................ 17

Figure 2: Electrical power layout........................................................................................ 20
Figure 3:A radial system one line diagram............................................................................23
Figure 4:A selective system one line diagram........................................................................24
Figure 5:First floor lighting design..................................................................................... 26
Figure 6: A distribution board layout...................................................................................28
Figure 7:A distribution board............................................................................................ 29
Figure 8: PVC Cable....................................................................................................... 31
Figure 9:LDPE Cable...................................................................................................... 31
Figure 10:HDPE Cable.................................................................................................... 32
Figure 11:XLPE Cable.................................................................................................... 32
Figure 12:EPR Cable...................................................................................................... 32
Figure 13:LSZH Cable.................................................................................................... 33

ABSTRACT
The Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) is the accepted skills training
programme which forms a part of the approved minimum academic standards in the various

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degree programmes for all universities in Nigeria. Students in various tertiary institutions in
Nigeria who offer certain courses are obligated to take part in this training scheme.

The Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme makes it possible for students to connect theory
with practical by exposing them to Industrial experience. This report distinctly expatiate on the
roles performed by Rajtech Innovation Company Limited, scope of work of several projects, the
knowledge acquired in the electrical department of the company during projects accomplishment
and work related challenges encountered during my sojourn in the company.

This report is exclusively based on my Industrial Work Experience program by Rajtech

Innovation Company Limited in partial fulfilment of the award of Bachelor’s Degree in
Electrical/Electronic Engineering, University of Lagos, Akoka, Yaba.

1.0 INTRODUCTION
The Students Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) was initiated in 1973 by the
Industrial Training Fund (ITF). This was to update practical knowledge of students in Nigerian
Universities, Polytechnics and Colleges of Technology. It was aimed at bridging the gap between
the theoretical knowledge acquired in classes and the technical knowledge required in the
industries, by providing students with the opportunities to apply their educational knowledge in
real work situations. Over the years, SIWES has contributed immensely to the building and
development of a pool of indigenous technical skills in Nigeria. These technical skills have been
fundamental towards the technological growth of Nigeria. SIWES gives students the opportunity

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to blend theoretical knowledge acquired in the classroom with practical hands-on application of
knowledge required to perform work in the industry. Also, it prepares students for employment &
makes the transition from school to the world of work easier after graduation. I did my SIWES
training at Transocean Support

Incorporated to the Electrical and electronics the internship is to introduce the student to the
main skill of electrical and electronics engineering in the current industry and understanding how
problems are being solved.

The internship experience was located on a site where electrical services are being exercised as
an important part in the construction of a residential estate which is fully observed by my
organization, services rendered by the organization includes electrical services, mechanical
services, maintenance and renovation, industrial borehole drilling, water treatment, procurement,
consulting and installation services.

As an intern I was working with the organization site based supervisor as an assistant in fixing of
all boxes and pipes wiring, planning and solving some problems together.

2.0 COMPANY’S PROFILE

RAJTECH Innovations Company Limited, a wholly indigenous company of mechanical,
electrical and plumbing services contractors. It was formerly known as Rajlak Technical Service.
Over the years, we have accumulated wealth of experience and reputation with a good number of
equally reputable consulting firms in Nigeria. Our wealth of knowledge and experience in the
repair, maintenance and installation of piping works, Electrical systems and mechanical enables
us to manage and deliver the most complex projects with the utmost efficiency. We have
successfully delivered these services in both residential and non-domestic properties including
large scale housing schemes, high-rise flats, schools, sport complexes and office buildings.

Our mechanical and electrical engineers offer a complete range of design services from
feasibility studies and site surveys, to full factory turnkey detailed designs for installation,
operation, maintenance and production reporting systems. Flexibility is key to our success and

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this enables us to provide the most effective solution tailored individually for each client. Our
management team can offer highly professional and dedicated services to your operations. With
an overall approach dedicated to improving utilities reliability and asset utilization, our
engineering team will challenge working practices, scrutinize failure modes and develop
solutions to improve the production facility of its clients.

Total customer service and satisfaction, as with all our building services, is the primary objective
of our mechanical and electrical installers. We aim to maintain continuous communication with
all stakeholders on each individual project and by doing so ensure a continuity of smooth
progress from initial design through to client handover. Such close consultation and reactive
planning ensures that any unforeseen difficulties, which are inherent in all aspects of
construction, can be remedied before they become a major issue. As part of our quality control
and health and safety systems, we employ a Managing Electrical Supervisor and a Managing
Mechanical Supervisor in house who are responsible for and oversees all our works.
RAJTECH provide sensible and reliable advice at a business and technical level. We work
closely with partners to bring effective solutions to customers. With long-term goals and
relationships, we become trusted advisors to our clients - responses to independent marketing
and references from customers testify to this. Our team focuses on reducing and managing risk
throughout your project. The effective use of a good predictive maintenance strategy is essential
in prolonging the operational life of equipment through proper application can offer an
organisation's maintenance function high levels of efficiency and effectiveness.

RAJTECH is about people and ours are well trained, skilled, long-serving, conscientious and
motivated. Our proven track record of delivering mechanical and electrical installations schemes
safely, to the highest accreditation and within timescales means you can have complete
confidence in selecting Rajtech Innovations Company Limited as your preferred partner for all
your mechanical, electrical and plumbing projects.

2.1 Company’s Vision

We will lead in Core Values of Trust, Transparency and Integrity.

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 2.2 Company’s Mission
We strive for the highest levels of customer satisfaction by promoting continuous innovation,
delivering superior performance, and maintaining a Customer First focus at the center of all of
our activities.

2.3 Company’s Team

We believe that a company is only as good as its people. Rajtech built its business with this
philosophy firmly in mind. We work with the top professionals, the finest Technical managers
and the best Consultants. Our team centers around professionals with a wealth of experience in
the construction industry. That edge sets Rajtech consultants apart from the crowd.
Every time we place a consultant, we know that our reputation is on the line. Therefore, we hire
exceptional people and empower them with the trust they need to do their jobs.

As a privately owned company, Rajtech is beholden only to our clients, our consultants and our
staff. Our flexibility and our philosophy of “doing the right thing” has been paramount to our
success. We can, and we will, do what is right for you!

Name Position Qualifications

Suraj Oyelakin
Kazeem Abdulkareem
Mesioye Olalekan Adio
Kingsley Joseph Saraka
Ojomo Oluwatobi
Omokola Akinmoladun
Mustapha Oyelakin
Nurudeen Ariyo
Senior Project Manager
Architect
Senior Project
Manager(Electrical )
Senior Quantity Surveyor B.sc Quantity Surveying (MNIQS) 12 years
HSE Officer
Mechanical Engineer
Accounts/Finance
Electrical Engineer
B.Tech Mechanical. 15 years experience
MSc. Architecture. 8 years experience in
consultancy & interiors
PGD Mgt, HND Elect.(MNSE) 15 years
experience
MICCON,ANISP,MFPAN,MOSMAN
HND. Mechanical Engineer.
BA(Hons) International Accounting
City & Guild of London. Electrical
Engineering. 15 years experience in the

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 construction industry
Adedeji Ifeoluwa Quantity Surveyor B.Sc Quantity Surveying
Nurudeen Shittu Site Supervisor 7years experience in Construction Industry
Abdullahi System Analyst Bsc. Computing. 7 years experience in ICT
Ojugbele Sunday Plumber Technical Certificate
Adam Ojomu Plumber Technical Certificate
Adefola Yusuf Plumber Technical Certificate
Shehu Sulaiman Electrician Technical Certificate
Tunde Abigun Electrician Technical Certificate
Majeed Yusuf Electrician Technical Certificate

2.4 Health and Safety

At Rajtech Innovation Company Limited, every area of our operation has a safety policy: site
organization, work at height, structural stability, cranes, electricity, fire, mobile plant and
vehicles and demolition. Our health and safety policy objective is to provide and maintain a safe
and healthy workplace, safe guard plants and equipment and implement practical safe systems of
work.
We consider that Health, Safety, Respect for the Environment and safeguarding of Assets are
essential to the efficient operation of our activities, and to our employees, contractors and other
stakeholders. We are committed to having an HSE management system in force, in recognition of
the fact that safe operations depend not only on technically good plants and equipment but also
on competent personnel and an active HSE culture.

2.5 Operations and Support

Our operations begin with our human capital. We currently maintain qualified Engineers to
technician that are well train with industry standard. We have all you required to carry out your
consulting and technical issues that might occur at any point in time. One of our main principles
is to design operations so that we can rapidly scale to meet client demands, thus translating to
increased value to the client.

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Our first level support is handled by our 24/365 Client support Department, who are able to
answered any call for a need of technical support required from the company. They will attend
to you and find a short possible solution to control the issue. The report will be pass to the
Engineers that will render the final solution to the problems. The engineers offer advice for
further occurrence and ask if they required remodeling to the client needs.

RAJTECH will provide tailor-made solutions that are reasonable, reliable, secure and effective to
match the pace of the customer business. We analysis your business needs and strategies on how
to build the maintenance that will suit the business needs at affordable rate.

2.6 Our Value Proposition

Having had extensive experience in the provision of Mechanical, Electrical and Plumbing
Solutions in Nigeria for the past Twenty years, RAJTECH has provide service that is flexible and
long-time relation with his customers.

Our work are shaped by our five values:

 Challenging
 Committed

 Purposeful
 Reliable

 Supportive

2.7 Our Services

We support a wide suite of methodology designed to provide a “best of breed” solution for every
market segment; amongst others, our services listed below:

 Mechanical Services

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  Electrical Site Services
 Plumbing Services
 Consulting Services
 Maintenance schemes
 Industrial Borehole Drilling and Water Treatment

2.8 Mechanical Services

Over the past 20 years, we have built a reputation as RAJTECH Sound region’s leading
mechanical service specialist. Whether it is for home or industrial, our highly trained
professional mechanical engineer can provide all necessary support for your project. In
mechanical design and instrumentation, RAJTECH selects proper size and machinery for valves,
materials, operations types, delivery piping and fittings on basis of velocity and losses. We select
proper design and instrument for mechanical design to create smooth operating systems, to
increase work efficiency and to reduce costing.

Mechanical building services account for substantial investments in upcoming building projects
going up to 50% of the operating cost in certain cases. These services play a key role in building
a successful project. Our engineers design for a variety of projects and clients thus having an in-
depth knowledge base to pull from. We are able to provide assessments, recommend alternatives
and provide a properly designed high-functioning system to meet the clients’ very specific
individual need.

Technology is changing the way our industry designs and constructs. Three-dimensional
software has increased productivity and enhanced coordination of the trades. As engineers, we
were trained to work 2-D but the clients relate to the 3-D as they live their life in a 3-D world.
We also offer extensive services to assist with your mechanical projects:

 Heat load calculation/analysis

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  Equipment selection/application
 Air distribution design
 Clean Room Environment design
 Laboratory Environment design
 Central Cooling Plant design
 Central Heating Plant design
 Central steam and distribution design
 Thermal storage plant design
 Heating/Ventilating/Air Conditioning
 Construction management
 Building Analysis
 Fire Protection
 Sustainable/Renewable Design
 Construction cost estimating
 Existing System Renovations and Remodels

2.9 Electrical Site Services

Our electrical engineering services include something else: ingenuity. Our electrical engineers
are experts at devising solutions that effectively meet client needs — in power system design,
energy use, telecommunications and more. Our innovative use of renewable energy can open
windows to power reduction, resulting in substantial savings in utility bills. Installing all types of
electrical systems, from medium voltage (MV) through to low voltage (LV), the division also
encompasses instrumentation services. We have in-depth knowledge and in-house expertise to
provide assistance right through from bench testing to start-up and pre-commissioning to after-
sales maintenance.

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RAJTECH electrical design and distribution system includes HV outdoor-indoor switch yard,
power transformers, standby DG set with acoustic protections, power control cable distribution
networks, internal electrical systems, illumination design, extra low voltage systems and many
more latest instruments with industry updates.
We also offer extensive services to assist with your electrical site projects

 Site Plans Drawings

 Power Lighting System
 Electrical Panel Schedules
 Electrical One line Diagrams
 Control Circuit Drawings
 Structural Cabling
 Standby Power Systems
 Lighting Design
 Life-Safety/Fire Alarm
 Studies/Reports
 Harmonic Analysis & Control
 Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS)
 Control System Upgrade and Replacement
 Captive Power Management
 Power Distributions System
 CCTV

2.10 Plumbing Service

Over the past 20 years we’ve built a reputation as RAJTECH Sound region’s leading plumbing
service specialist. Whether it is for home or office, our highly trained professional plumbers can

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install a completely new hot and cold water system quickly and affordably, with only minimal
inconvenience to you and other occupants. We also put safety first, which is why we use the
latest lead-free copper and PEX tubing technology.

Rajtech Plumbing makes sure that the plumbing in your home or office remodel project takes
shape just as you imagined. Working closely with your contractor, we install plumbing fixtures
that not only look great but also built for years of enjoyment. You will appreciate the
craftsmanship and attention to detail we bring to every aspect of your project—not to mention
how we complete projects on time and within budget.

We also offer extensive services to assist with your plumbing projects:

 Remodelling
 General Construction
 Plastic pipe and fitting failures
 Pump, water heater and boiler problems
 Construction management
 Commercial Plumbing
 Residential Plumbing
 Swimming Pool and Fountain Systems
 Plumbing Installation and Services
 Domestic water treatment plant design

2.11 Consulting Service

Plumbing consultants are a great resource. There are many situations that can benefit from the
advice from our plumbing consultant, like building a new home, remodeling, repairing a leak,
installing new plumbing, or replacing fixtures. A plumbing consultant will give you unbiased
advice on the best way to go about your projects so that you can minimize time and errors and
maximize your outcome. If you are building a new home, plumbing consulting will come out to
your home site, assess the situation, and make recommendations to you regarding your best

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options for plumbing installation in your new home. This will set you on the right path before the
plumbing is even installed so that you have the ideal plumbing setup for your new home. Advice
from an expert is worthwhile whether you intend to install the plumbing yourself or hire a
plumber to do the job for you.

Our Electrical Consultant will help you plan a state of power management and help in design and
distribution of power with appropriate methods to meet the requirement in future use. Power is
very important so it needs a proper and qualified consultant like Rajtech to guide. Our Electrical
services include, but are not limited to Lighting, Power and Control Design, Power Distribution,
Lighting Systems, Control System Upgrade and Replacement, Energy Audits, Switchgear,
Emergency Power Systems, Power Quality, Lightning Protection.

2.12 Maintenance Scheme

Rajtech Plumbing’s skilled technicians are experts at identifying and fixing plumbing problems
fast. We work in commercial buildings and restaurants, as well as condominiums, apartments,
custom homes, high-tech homes and other residential properties. Our services cover all of your
plumbing needs, such as faucets, habitual drain problems, toilets, water heaters, garbage
disposals, water filtration systems and electrical systems.
Do not wait for a plumbing crisis to call Rajtech Plumbing. We provide regular maintenance for
large commercial buildings and complexes. With our extensive knowledge of water demand
system sizes, zone valve locating and blueprint reading, we are able to head off any potential
plumbing issues before they occur.
RAJTECH will provide tailor-made solutions that are reasonable, reliable, secure and effective to
match the pace of the customer business. We analysis your business needs and strategies on how
to build the maintenance that will suit the business needs at affordable rate.

2.13 Industrial Borehole Drilling and Water Treatment

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We offer a complete service, which covers all aspects of borehole design, drilling, groundwork,
pump installation and any type of water treatment services. Through our wealth of experience,
we have trained and equipped a good number of individuals and companies in setting up their
own quality drinking water. A borehole is the generalised term for any narrow shaft drilled in the
ground, either vertically or horizontally. A borehole may be constructed for many different
purposes including the extraction of water or other liquid.

Typically, a borehole used is completed by installing a vertical pipe (casing) and well screen to
keep the borehole from caving. This also helps prevent surface contaminants from entering the
borehole and protects any installed pump from drawing in sand and sediment.

We also offer extensive services to assist with the maintenance and improvement of existing
installations.

 Water Consultancy
 Bore Hole and plant installation
 Bore Hole Drill
 Design, Preparation of contracts documents and tender appraisal Estimates
 Technical supervision of Construction
 Pump installation
 Tank and Stanchion Erection
 Braithwaite & Pre-steel Tank
 Consultancy
 Investigation

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Figure 1:consultants organogram

3.O ELECTRICAL SERVICES

3.1 ELECTRICAL SAFETY

As electrical engineers, the need to properly understand the need for safety cannot be over
emphasized. Rajtech’s electrical safety policies are aimed at protecting electrical personnel’s and
equipments from the different hazards that are inherently present when working with electricity.
Gradually, I made to understand Rajtech innovation company limited stance on site safety
through a series of Health Safety and Environmental (HSE) essentials classes. The classes were
fundamental to my understanding of the importance of safety both in the work and at home.
Below, I have listed few safety tips I learned during the HSE essentials classes and on the rig:

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 Ladders and steps used for working on electrical equipment must be constructed from non-
conductive materials.
All electrical motors, electrical panels and junction boxes must be grounded.
All electrically energy sources must be properly identified and isolated before any
maintenance job (preventive or corrective) is carried out.
A risk assessment must be carried out perform working on any electrical equipment.
Proper control measures must be put in place to reduce to the barest minimum, the
likelihood of any hazard if any.
Hand gloves must be work while working at all times.

3.2 ELECTRICAL SITE SERVICES

3.2.1 SITE PLAN DRAWING

An electrical drawing, is a type of technical drawing that shows information
about power, lighting, and communication for an engineering or architectural project. Any
electrical working drawing consists of "lines, symbols, dimensions, and notations to accurately
convey an engineering's design to the workers, who install the electrical system on the job".

A complete set of working drawings for the average electrical system in large projects usually
consists of:

 A plot plan showing the building's location and outside electrical wiring

 Floor plans showing the location of electrical systems on every floor

 Power-riser diagrams showing panel boards

 Control wiring diagrams

 Schedules and other information in combination with construction drawings.

Electrical drafters prepare wiring and layout diagrams used by workers who erect, install, and
repair electrical equipment and wiring in communication centers, power plants, electrical
distribution systems, and buildings.

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Figure 2: Electrical power layout

3.2.2 POWER LIGHTING SYSTEM

There are many ways in which a lighting control system can be organized. Construction
type, client requirements, architectural restrictions, and many other factors determine the best
solution. In general, retaining control design flexibility produces the most reliable results.

Centralized Systems
A centralized system is one in which all the high-voltage circuits are terminated within a
Crestron home automation enclosure and operate under a central control system. In a centralized
design, the high-voltage lighting, fans, motors, and switch circuits are individually wired directly
to the control modules in the Crestron home automation enclosure. The modules are controlled
by low voltage or RF user interfaces in the living area. This simplifies the high-voltage wiring
and creates a flexible and efficient design.

A central processor, connected via a local area network to the lighting modules and the user
interfaces, is dedicated to lighting, fans, motors, HVAC, and security. Other processors that are

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dedicated to other home control systems can communicate via Ethernet, RS-232, or RS-422 to
the lighting processor and eliminate the need for additional controls for other home systems.
Separating home safety and life support systems from information and entertainment systems
provides a flexible design solution and a fully integrated home control.

Decentralized Systems
A decentralized system is the traditional wiring system of individual lighting circuits with local
control. Crestron iLux devices provide the power and flexibility of automated control combined
with local control.

Creston ilux
The iLux CLS-C6 is a complete, integrated lighting system designed for wall mount installation
in boardrooms, auditoriums, home theaters, or anywhere versatile and cost-effective control of
lighting and shades is required. The Crestron® reputation for innovation and reliability—
combined with high-quality integrated dimming, native shade control, configurable rocker
buttons, extensive integration ability, and many other advanced features—makes iLux the ideal
choice for all types of room lighting and shade control applications.

Hybrid Systems
The most efficient and attractive lighting system designs are a hybrid of centralized processing
and distributed dimmers. This provides the reliability of local control along with sophisticated
central control, and limits the amount of wall clutter created by too many different controls. A
complete Crestron design is a blend of distributed and centralized design in which central control
intelligence and distributed local dimmers form a reliable whole house lighting control solution.

Large rooms, stairways, and frequently used rooms are often remotely controlled using the
astronomical time clock or whole-house presets. This level of control requires connection to a
central dimming controller. Each room is equipped with a low voltage or wireless keypad for
preset selection and audio/video integration. All of the dimmers in the system (grouped into the
central controller for wiring convenience) communicate with each other through the Crestron
control system, providing a complete, integrated Crestron home design.

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Wiring Plan
The wiring plan includes all enclosures and the interconnecting wiring.

The designer determines the location of the enclosure(s), the route of keypad and touch screens
connections to the enclosure(s), the route of the interconnecting cable from the processor to the
other enclosure(s), and the high voltage load routes to the enclosure or dimmer.

Ensure there are enough connectors and power (PAC2 offers 50 W) in the main enclosure for all
the user interfaces. Each additional enclosure filled with dimmers is connected to the main
enclosure and processor using low voltage wire. Dimmer enclosures are distributed as needed.

3.2.3 ELECTRICALONE LINE DIAGRAM DESIGN

Terms and Abbreviations

CT – Current Transformer

CB – Circuit Breaker

PMS – Power Management System

CO – Changeover Switch

VT – Voltage Transformer

A – Ammeter

V – Voltmeter

Is – Short-Circuit Current

ATS - Automatic Transfer Switch

MCC - Motor Control Center

NO - Normally Open

NC - Normally Close

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One line diagram is a generalized way of Electrical design representation using standard
schematic symbols.

TYPES OF ONE LINE DIAGRAM

Radial System: This is a system with one power supply to all the loads. It means that the power
source must be sized 100% or more of the total load.

Figure 3:A radial system one line diagram

Selective System: This is when there are more than one source of power supply to a network,
with one redundant. This increases the reliability of the system by creating options.

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Figure 4:A selective system one line diagram
Loop System: This is a system, like the selective system, that has two power supplies with both
powering both end of the network. It’s more reliable with corresponding high cost.

3.2.4 LIGHTING DESIGN

Illumination means the act or process of illuminating or supplying with light. Illumination is very
crucial in the oil and gas industry both on facilities in onshore and offshore. This brings about an
effective study of lighting sources, controls and management used both in residential and control
rooms of Power system.

COMMON TERMS OF LIGHTING

Luminous flux: This is the quantity of light emitted by a light source or received on a surface. In
other words, the amount of lumen emanated from a lamp is synonymous to the rate of luminous
energy from the lamp. The SI unit is lumen.
Illuminance: This is the quantity of light which is radiated on a surface or a plane figure. It is
also the light arriving at a surface, expressed in lumens per unit area; 1 lumen per square meter
equals 1lux.

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Luminous Intensity: This is the quantity of light that is radiated to a specific direction. The SI
unit is candela (cd)
Luminaire: This is the lighting fixture installed in various buildings.
Efficacy: The ratio of light produced to energy consumed. It's measured as the number of lumens
produced divided by the rate of electricity consumption (lumens per watt).
Glare: The excessive brightness from a direct light source that makes it difficult to see what one
wishes to see. A bright object in front of a dark background usually will cause glare.
Colour Temperature: The colour of the light source. By convention, yellow-red colours (like
the flames of a fire) are considered warm, and blue-green colours (like light from an overcast
sky) are considered cool. Colour temperature is measured in Kelvin (K) temperature.
Colour Rendition: How colours appear when illuminated by a light source. Colour rendition is
generally considered to be a more important lighting quality than colour temperature. Most
objects are not a single colour, but a combination of many colours. Light sources that are
deficient in certain colours may change the apparent colour of an object. The Colour Rendition
Index (CRI) is a 1–100 scale that measures a light source's ability to render colours the same way
sunlight does.

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Figure 5:First floor lighting design

3.2.5 POWER SUPPLY

Power Supply in buildings could be achieved through various means, the means depending on
the load in the building. In Nigeria, for small scale buildings which are not isolated, the power
supply will be achieved by tapping of from a skipper panel whose input is the output of the
11KV/415V Transformer. Due to regular power failure, most buildings have a backup power
supply (Generator or Inverters).

In larger installations (where the Three Phase load exceeds 90A), the building will need to have
its own transformer, so as to preserve the stability of the 415V line. In such scenarios a redundant
or backup generators are usually required so as to minimize the downtime.

Power Distribution
An electric power distribution system is the final stage in the delivery of electric power; it carries
electricity from the transmission system to individual consumers. Distribution substations
connect to the transmission system and lower the transmission voltage to medium voltage
ranging between 2 kV and 35 kV with the use of transformers. Primary distribution lines carry

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this medium voltage power to distribution transformers located near the customer's premises.
Distribution transformers again lower the voltage to the utilization voltage of household
appliances and typically feed several customers through secondary distribution lines at this
voltage. Commercial and residential customers are connected to the secondary distribution lines
through service drops. Customers demanding a much larger amount of power may be connected
directly to the primary distribution level or the sub transmission level.

Power Distribution in a building or establishment could be at either High Voltage (HV) or Low
Voltage (LV).

Low Voltage Distribution

Low voltage is a term used to describe 400 V three-phase and 230 V

single-phase supplies. These are nominal voltages, the actual voltage may

vary by ± 10%. The intake to buildings that have a low voltage supply is

usually provided by the electricity supplier in the form of an

underground cable that emerges at a suitable point within the building.

The cable is connected directly to the supplier’s cut-out. This is a fused

unit that protects the consumer’s installation up to the main switch.

High Voltage Distribution

In large commercial buildings and industrial installations with loads

greater than around 1000 kVA, it is necessary to have a high voltage

supply to the premises which is typically eleven thousand volts (11 kV).

For the consumer, a high voltage supply will incur significantly higher

capital and operating costs than a low voltage supply. This is due to the

following reasons:

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DISTRIBUTION PANELS
A distribution board is a component of an electricity supply system that divides an electrical
power feed into subsidiary circuits, while providing a protective fuse or circuit breaker for each
circuit in a common enclosure. Normally, a main switch, and in recent boards, one or more
residual-current devices (RCD) or residual current breakers with overcurrent protection (RCBO),
are also incorporated.

Figure 6: A distribution board layout

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Figure 7:A distribution board

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3.2.6 CABLE SIZING AND SELECTION
A Cable is an assembly of conductors held together with an overall sheath for transmission of
electrical power from electricity source such as transformer, generator, MCC, switchgear,
distribution panel etc. to the terminal of utilisation equipment.
It is generally made of materials which are good conductors of electricity like copper and
aluminium. Great percentage of the cables is made using copper because of its being a very good
conductor and less vulnerability to environmental attack.
Cables consist of three major components:
 Conductors

 Insulation

 Protective jacket.

The components of individual cables varies according to application. The construction and
material are determined by three main factors:
 Working voltage, determining the thickness of the insulation

 Current-carrying capacity, determining the cross-sectional size of the conductors

 Environmental conditions such as temperature, water, chemical or sunlight exposure, and

mechanical impact, determining the form and composition of the outer cable jacket.

Cables for direct burial or for exposed installations may also include metal armour in the form of
wires spiralled around the cable, or a corrugated tape wrapped around it.
The armour may be made of steel or aluminium, and although connected to earth ground, it is not
intended to carry current during normal operations.

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TYPES OF CABLE INSULATION

They are commonly classified based on the insulation type that exist on the cables such as:
 Thermoplastic ( PVC)

Figure 8: PVC Cable

 Low density polyethylene (LDPE)

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Figure 9:LDPE Cable

 High density polyethylene (HDPE)

Figure 10:HDPE Cable

 Cross linked polyethylene (XLPE)

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Figure 11:XLPE Cable
 Ethylene propylene rubber (EPR)

Figure 12:EPR Cable

-+
 Low Smoke Zero Halogen (LSZH)

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Figure 13:LSZH Cable

Criteria for Cable Selection and Sizing

There are basically 4 criteria to be considered when sizing a cable:
 Current Rating
 Thermal Short Circuit
 Voltage Drop
 Cable Impedance

4.0 Conclusion

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4.1 Challenges Encountered

 Limited Time span: The 6 months training wasn’t enough to fully get a grip of the rig
based electrical work; as I had spent the first few months trying to adjust to the new
environment. I had wished to explore other departments such as cctv, fire alarm system,
Control System Upgrade and Replacement and Captive Power Management

 Remote Locations Of Sites

Most sites in remote locations which was far away from the office location leading to
them, this result in high cost of transportation.
 Protocol Delay:
The official processes involved in the acquisition of certain materials needed for certain
site work was lengthy and as such posed a delay in the execution of certain urgent tasks.

4.1.1 Experience Gained

1. Ability to read and understand a building electrical design diagram
2. Understanding the principle of a lighting design
3. Cable selection for different type of appliances that can be used

4.2 RELATION OF TRAINING TO ACADEMIC COURSES TAKEN

The relevance of the experience gained can be linked to the following courses;

Pre Final year courses

EEG 201: Fundamentals Of Electrical Engineering

EEG 205: Electrical Engineering Materials

EEG 307: Instrumentation and measurement I

Final year courses

EEG 501: Power System Analysis

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EEG 504: Power Systems Protection

EEG 510: Energy Management and Power Quality Assessment

4.3 CONCLUSION
The experience I gained during my industrial training has enabled understand and appreciate

Electrical/Electronic Engineering, especially the power aspect better.

I got to perform work relating to practical application of what I had learnt in the classroom and

even beyond. I would like to say that SIWES is a very important part of our curriculum that

moulds our lives for the future especially in line with our career choices. It bridges the gap

between the classroom and the Industry and it should not be taken with levity.

4.4 Recommendation
• The Department and University should assist students in securing IT placements.

• The University should ensure that students are adequately monitored during the program.

• Students should be visited regularly by ITF officials during SIWES

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5.0 REFERENCES
• SIWES: Guide to Successful Participation in SIWES by Olusegun A. T. Mafe

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