JANUARY, 1911 No.

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THE MASSES A MONTHLY MAGAZINE

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OF THE W O R K I N G PEOPLE

SPECIAL F E A T U R E S

The American Co-operative Movement

W I L L I A M J. G H E N T

M u s t I t Be So?
LEO T O L S T O Y

Unite I n B u y i n g As I n Selling
EUGENE W O O D

The Tendencies of German Socialism

PAUL LOUIS

The Increased Cost of Living

GUSTAVUS MEYERS

THE MASSES PUBLISHING COMPANY 112 E A S T 1 9 T H S T R E E T , NEW YORK

Copyright, 1910

Application for entry as second-class matter at the post office at New York City pending
Vol. I T H E M A S S E S January, 1911

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 THE MASSES
A M O N T H L Y M A G A Z I N E D E V O T E D T O T H E INTERESTS OF T H E W O R K I N G PEOPLE
EDITED BY THOMAS
C O N T E N T S
Editorial by T h o m a s Seltzer Page 1 The Little Sinner, by E . N . C h i r i k o v
Must It B e S o ? by L e o Tolstoy, Illustrated
by W i l l i a m W . Nutting " 2
T h e F u r C o a t , by L u d w i g F u l d a , Illustrated
by H . Berlin " 3
T h e Masses, A Drawing by C e s a r e " 5
Who C a n B l a m e ? by Herbert E v e r e t t " 5
The Increased C o s t of L i v i n g , by Gustavus M y e r s " 6 Impressions of O u r A r t i s t s , by G r a c e Potter__ "
The A m e r i c a n Co-operative Movement,
by W . J . Ghent, Drawing by A . Popini " 6
Evolution, Cartoon by A r t Young
THE MASSES P U B L I S H I N G C O M P A N Y , 112 EAST 19TH STREET, N E W Y O R K
EUGENE WOOD, Pres. HAYDEN CARRUTH,
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EDITORIAL
A N E W Socialist magazine requires no apology for its
appearance. T h e hollow pretense of f u l f i l l i n g a
much-felt w a n t w i t h which every capitalist period­
ical enters the field is i n the case of Socialist pub­
lications a genuine r e a l i t y . T h e Socialist move­
ment is a g r o w i n g movement and n a t u r a l l y creates a g r o w i n g
literature. A s the sphere of its a c t i v i t y extends and its means
of propaganda increase and diverge, i t automatically evolves
new organs of expression.
T h e Masses is an o u t g r o w t h of the co-operative side of So­
cialist a c t i v i t y . I t s publishers believe s t r o n g l y i n co-operation
and w i l l teach i t and preach i t vigorously t h r o u g h the columns
of this magazine. A co-operative movement already exists.
I n f a n t t h o u g h i t is, i t has quite o u t g r o w n the experimental
stage and p r o v e d its v i t a l i t y . T h e significance of a p o w e r f u l
co-operative organization for the Socialist movement i n this
c o u n t r y cannot be questioned. T h e history of co-operation i n
E u r o p e a n countries has demonstrated its value, and there
is no reason w h y a great co-operative cannot be b u i l t u p here,
too, i n as short a time as i t was b u i l t u p i n Germany. I t can
become a m i g h t y weapon i n the hands of the A m e r i c a n p a r t y .
I t can help vastly to accelerate Socialist propaganda. W h e r e
other Socialist appeals f a i l to obtain a hearing, the appeal to
the revolt against h i g h prices and the increased cost of l i v i n g
w i l l be heard.
T h e Masses w i l l watch closely the development of the A m e r ­
ican co-operative organization, and w i l l keep its readers i n ­
f o r m e d of its w o r k and progress. B u t while the co-operative
feature constitutes its distinctive feature—distinctive merely
because other Socialist publications have so far almost entirely
neglected this field—its a i m is a broad one. I t w i l l be a gen­
eral I L L U S T R A T E D magazine of art, literature, politics
and science.
W e use the w o r d i l l u s t r a t e d i n the best meaning of the
t e r m . T h e Masses w i l l p r i n t cartoons and illustrations of the
t e x t b y the best artists of the c o u n t r y , on a q u a l i t y of paper
allied printing 119
trades council union label new york city
SELTZER
Illustrated by F r a n k V a n Sloun Page 7
W h y Socialists Should Join Co-operatives,
by P . V l a g " 9
L a b o r Delegate, Cartoon by A r t Y o u n g " 10
Unite in Buying as in Selling,
by Eugene Wood " 10
11
The Tendencies of G e r m a n Socialism,
by Paul L o u i s " 12
Page 13
Vice-Pres. ANDRE TRIDON, Sec'y
SINGLE COPY, FIVE CENTS
that w i l l really reproduce them. T h i s is a l u x u r y w h i c h the
Socialist press hitherto has been unable to afford, but i t is a
necessary l u x u r y . P o o r illustrations p o o r l y reproduced are
worse t h a n worthless. T h e y merely cause an unpleasant i r r i ­
t a t i o n i n the optic nerves, w h i c h by sympathetic action is com­
municated to the entire nervous system.
T h e first issue contains t w o cartoons b y A r t h u r Y o u n g . T h e
reader needs no i n t r o d u c t i o n to A r t h u r Y o u n g . H e knows
h i m b y his works on L i f e and P u c k . H e knows his works by
the clearness and o r i g i n a l i t y of his themes, and the s k i l l of his
execution. Y o u n g belongs to the class of artists—there are
m a n y such nowadays—who stifle i n the air of the capitalist
editorial office. H e wants his artistic lungs to expand, and
he w i l l take b r a c i n g constitutionals once a m o n t h i n the
Masses. T h e cartoons i n this issue are the first o f a series. T h e
series w i l l be continued i n the succeeding numbers.
Charles W i n t e r drew the t e m p o r a r y cover design for us.
H e w i l l make a more elaborate one for the next m o n t h . T h e
m e t r o p o l i t a n magazines cannot spare W i n t e r f o r v e r y l o n g .
H e must be notified far i n advance for w o r k that takes con­
siderable time. T h i s is the reason our permanent cover had
to be delayed u n t i l the second issue.
T h e illustrators of the fiction appearing i n the present n u m ­
ber are equally representative of the best a r t i n the c o u n t r y .
T h e i r names are a l l f a m i l i a r . T h i s does not mean t h a t the
editor w i l l not a d m i t t o the columns of the Masses new, u n ­
k n o w n geniuses as soon as he discovers them.
I n fiction the Masses intends t o m a i n t a i n an equally h i g h
standard of excellence. I t w i l l publish the best that can be
had, not o n l y i n the U n i t e d States, b u t i n the w o r l d . I t w i l l
not publish a story merely because i t is original, that is, be­
cause w r i t t e n first i n the E n g l i s h language. A good story
f r o m a foreign tongue, we believe, is preferable to a bad A m e r ­
ican story.
T h i s is p a r t l y the p r o g r a m of the Masses. W h a t do y o u
t h i n k of it?
 MUST IT BE SO?
By Leo Tolstoy.
Editor's Note.—This powerful sketch gives a striking
picture of conditions as they actually exist i n Russia.
I t is typical of the best style of Tolstoy's later writings,
and in its grand simplicity reflects the simplicity of his
philosophy and of his life.
I
N the middle of a field surrounded by a wail
stands an iron foundry w i t h tall smoking
chimneys, rattling chains, blasting furnaces,
sidings, and small scattered houses for the
foremen and workmen. The men scurry
about like ants in the factory and the mine
shafts hard by. I n dark, damp, narrow,
suffocating passages three hundred feet deep be­
low the ground, exposed to death at any i n ­
stant, some dig the ore from morning till
night. Others load the ore or the dirt on cars.
Then bending their backs they haul the cars
through the dark to the hoisting bucket, and haul
them back again empty, to be filled again. That
is the way they work twelve or fourteen hours a
day the week round.
That is the way they work in the mines. I n
the foundry itself some work in the sweltering
heat of the smelting furnaces; others where the
molten iron and the slag flow; others again i n
the different shops as machinists, stokers, brick-
makers, carpenters, and so on. These, too, work
from twelve to fourteen hours a day the week
round.
O n Sunday the men receive their wages. They
wash themselves, or else without washing them­
selves they get drunk i n the saloons scattered
all about the factory to entice them. Early M o n ­
day morning they get into harness again.
Close by peasants driving tired, starved horses
plow other peole's fields. The peasants rise with
the sun, i f they have not spent the night on the
pasture near the swamp, the one place where the
horses can graze. A t sunrise they return home,
harness the horses, and taking with them a piece
of bread, they set out to plow other people's
fields.
Other peasants squat on the roadside near the
factory, breaking stones in a temporary bark-
shed. Their legs are battered, their hands horny,
their whole bodies dirty, and their faces, their
hair, their beards are covered with lime dust.
The dust has eaten into their lungs, too.
They take a great stone from the heap, put it
between their feet, covered with enormous shoes
and old rags, and strike the stone with a hammer
until it falls into pieces. Then they take the
pieces and hammer them until they fall into still
smaller pieces. N e x t they take a large stone
again and repeat the process. That is the way
they work from the gray of dawn until late at
night, fifteen or sixteen hours a day, resting two
hours after their noon meal. A n d all they take
to strengthen themselves is some bread and water
at breakfast, and all the rest they get are a few
short bits of repose.
That is the way all these people live, the men
in the mine, in the iron foundry, on the farm,
and on the roadside from boyhood until old age.
Their wives and their mothers live the same way,
working beyond their strength, and i n addition
undergoing the pangs of childbirth and. the cares
of motherhood. A n d that is the way their
fathers and children live, poorly fed and poorly
clad, overworking from morning until night,
from youth until old age.
Bells ijngle, and a carriage rolls by the iron
foundry, the plowing peasants, and the stone
breakers. As it bowls along it encounters ragged
men and women carrying sacks on their backs,
men and women who wander from place to place
living by alms. The carriage is drawn by four
bay horses. The poorest of the horses is worth
more than the entire homestead of any one of
the peasants. The peasants look at the equipage
with satisfaction.
There sit two girls, displaying gay parasols,
ribbons, and feathered hats. Each hat costs
more than the horse w i t h which the peasant
plows his field. A n officer, the galloon and but­
tons of his uniform resplendent i n the sunshine,
Nutting
sits in the front seat. A rotund coachman, with
blue silk sleeves and a velvet jacket, perches on
the box. He very nearly runs down the pilgrim
women, and almost upsets in the ditch an empty
cart jogging along, driven by a peasant i n an ore-
covered shirt.
" A r e you blind?" bawls the coachman, shak­
ing his whip at the peasant who was too slow
getting out of his way.
The peasant, i n alarm, pulls the reins w i t h one
hand and his cap off his head w i t h the other.
Three bicyclists, a woman and two men, spin
noiselessly along a short distance behind the car­
riage, their nickel-plated wheels glittering i n the
sun. They laugh as they pass the pilgrim
women, who cross themselves in fright.
T w o horseback riders gallop along the side of
the road. The man rides an English stallion, the
woman a palfrey. The woman's black hat and
lilac veil, not to mention her horse and saddle,
cost more than a stonebreaker earns in two
months. A n d upon that up-to-date crop as much
was spent as that young man walking up the path
with so contended a look because he has suc­
ceeded in getting a position, receives for a week's
work in an underground mine. As the young
man turns out of their way he gazes admiringly
at the sleek horses and sleek riders, and at the
fat, strange-looking, powerful dog w i t h a valu­
able collar about his neck running after the
equestrians with his tongue lolling out.
A t a little distance behind the party a cart fol­
lows. I n it is a giggling girl, gaudily dressed and
her hair artificially curled. She wears a white
apron. A stout, red-faced man w i t h side whis­
kers and a cigarette between his teeth, sits next
to her and whispers into her ear. Besides, there
is a samovar in the cart, several packages
wrapped in napkins, and a small ice-box.
These are the servants to the party. The day
is not an exceptional holiday. That is the way
(Continued on page 11)
 THE FUR COAT
A Humorous Story by one of Germany's Leading Contemporary Dramatists
Illustrated by H. Berlin
ROFESSOR MAX WIEGAND to Dr.
P
Gustav Strauch
B E R L I N , November 2 0 , 1909.
DEAR GUSTAV:—
I must tell you something that will
astonish you tremendously. I have separated
from my wife. Or, to be more precise, we have
separated from each other. W e agreed to separate
peacefully. M y wife went to her parents in Frei­
burg and will probably stay there altogether.
For the present, I remain in our old home. I n
the spring I may look for another, smaller house,
or I may not. I doubt whether it would be easy
for me to find so quiet a room to work in as this,
and I dread the idea of moving, especially when
I think of my large library.
You want to know, of course, what happened.
Nothing, believe me. The world w i l l seek all
possible and impossible reasons to explain why
two persons who married out of love and who
for eleven years lived a so-called happy marital
life, should suddenly decide, to put an end to their
life in common. The world, which thinks itself
so very wise, though, as a fact, its understanding
is most limited, w i l l suppose, no doubt, that some­
thing has been concealed from it. I t w i l l put this
case into one of the two or three pigeonholes
which it keeps ready-made for every event, be­
cause it does not understand that life w i t h its
inexhaustible manifold variety never repeats i t ­
self and that even one and the same situation can
assume infinitely diverse aspects according to the
character of the dramatis personae. You, dear
Gustav, I need not tell all this. Y o u w i l l com­
prehend that two finely organized souls do not
want to bind themselves to each other by external
ties when after a thousand vain attempts they
have reached the conclusion that on all large
questions no understanding is possible between
them.
W e are too opposite i n our natures, my wife
and I . Between her conception of life and mine
there is an unbridgeable gap. I n the first years
of our marriage I still hoped that I could guide
her, direct her, and gradually harmonize her w i t h
myself. She seemed so flexible and pliable, took
so warm an interest in my work and plans, and
submitted so nicely to my teachings. I t was not
until after our boy's death that a change took
place in her. The grief over his loss, from which
neither of us w i l l ever quite recover, matured her,
and made her independent. Then a tendency to
brood and ponder, from which she had been en­
tirely free, got the upper hand, and confirmed
her in her partly native, partly acquired ideas
and prejudices, which my influence had thrust
into the background, though it had never entirely
rooted them out. More and more she wrapped
herself up i n a veil of mystic ideas and senti­
mental, phantastic illusions. Stubbornly, dog­
gedly, she demanded recognition for her point of
view, insisting it had as much claim to considera­
tion as mine. She bitterly repelled my scientific
objections. She lost all interest i n my specialty
and regarded it with unexpressed but quite evi-
den aversion. T o her my work was the enemy's
camp, shielding hostile troops.
Finally there came to be scarcely a single sub­
ject in the whole wide sphere of nature, and
human life on which we had the same opinion.
I t is true, there never was an open quarrel be­
tween us, but the more sparing we tried to be of
each other, the worse became our i l l humor. W e
felt more and more distinctly that we only walked
together, but did not belong to each other. This
feeling grew in us. I t disquieted us, it tormented
By LUDWIG FULDA
Translated by Thomas Seltzer
us. Finally, it pushed all other feelings into the
background. I f we had not loved each other so
much before, i f we had not continued to respect
each other so much, we might perhaps have en­
dured such a condition for several years more.
But we both had too high a conception of mar­
riage, too lively a sense of human dignity to be
content with an imperfect makeshift. A n d so,
finally, about a week ago we had it all out. I t
came about naturally, as over-ripe fruit falls
from the tree. I can scarcely say which of us
spoke first. A conviction we had both harbored
for a long time liberated itself from our minds
at the same instant. The fact that after so many
years we could for the first time again discuss an
important subject in perfect harmony, toned
down and softened the harsh theme, and gave us
the serene calm which we had not had for so
long, and without which it was so painful to be.
Our parting yesterday was as dignified as pos­
sible. N o word of reproach, no jarring. W e
both felt the necessity as well as the significance
of our resolve. When we recalled our engage­
ment, the long span of life we had travelled to­
gether, we could scarcely restrain an access of
tenderness. A n d I confess never had my wife
inspired me with greater respect than at that
moment, when all pettiness seemed to drop away
from her and the essential grandeur of her nature
stood out in all its clearness. By her bearing, by
what she said, and by what she left unsaid the
whole scene was bared of its common, every-day
aspect, and elevated to a higher plane of solemn­
ity. Deeply moved we had difficulty in restrain­
ing tears, and shook hands on parting. A n d so
we shall be able to look back to the end of our
married life at least with unmitigated satis­
faction.
W i t h her consent I put all business arrange­
ments into the hands of a lawyer, so that there
should be no correspondence between us. I t
would only open up old wounds, and reveal new
disagreements, and paralyse our energy, which
we shall need for establishing our future separate
existences.
We must begin life anew—she and I. For this
we must free ourselves from the past, not only
externally, but also inwardly.
I am breathing more easily already. The
Rubicon is crossed. I think you may congratu­
late me.
* * * terminated relations in too dignified a way and
Professor Max Wiegand to Dr. Gustav
Strauch
B E R L I N , December 12, 1 9 0 9 .
DEAR G U S T A V : —
Thank you for your prompt reply to my last
letter. I t shows such fine appreciation and
friendly sympathy.
Excuse my delay i n answering, but it was i m ­
possible for me to write to you before, and even
now I still find it very difficult. Y o u give your
unqualified approval to the step I took, because
you think it w i l l be of extreme value to my well-
being and further development. But you forget
what it means to be separated from a person
whom you have always had at your side day and
night for eleven years. I myself have only grad­
ually come to realize it in the course of the few
weeks that I have lived alone. Habit is a mighty
force, especially with men who—like you and
myself—live in an intellectual world and require
a solid foundation for it. For how can we sur­
vey the world from the height of the tower, un­
less the foundation of the tower is sure? O f
course, these considerations are of no conse­
3
quence when balanced against the weighty rea­
sons that led me and my wife to separate. I t
goes without saying that I am still firmly con­
vinced that our resolution was for our mutual
benefit. But in this strange life there is no cal­
culation that ever comes out exactly even.
A state of transition is in its very nature dis­
agreeable and confusing. I n my case it is down­
right torture. From early morning until late at
night I must bother about trifles to which I have
not given a thought since my bachelor days—
things which I do not even want to mention to
you. They are so absurd and insignificant. A n d
yet they rob me of my time, rest, and temper out
of all proportion to their importance. A n d I
don't know what arrangements I could make to
rid myself of those thousand and one trivialities,
which my wife shielded me from. Those serv­
ants! Now that the cat is away, they carry on as
they please. Y o u have no idea of the stupid ob­
stacles I stumble over continually, the miserable
details that have to be attended to at every step.
Here is one example out of many. I t has been
bitterly cold these past few days. I have been
looking for my fur coat high and low, but can't
find it. W i t h the help of the maid I turned the
whole house upside down, until finally it occurred
to her that in the spring m y wife put my coat in
storage at the furrier's. But what furrier? I
can't find out. I have inquired in vain at a dozen
furriers.
I f only I had not arranged with my wife that
we should not write to each other. Then I could
simply ask her. Yet it is better so. I want our
separation to be free from banal commonplaces.
No farce should follow upon a drama in the
grand style. She may even think that I regret
the step we took, that I miss her more than she
misses me, that I have simply snatched at the
first pretext to enter into communication with
her again. Never!
To-day the thermometer registers five below
zero.
* * *
Professor Max Wiegand to Mrs. Emma Wie­
gand
B E R L I N , December 14, 1909.
DEAR EMMA:—
You will be greatly surprised to receive a letter
from me contrary to our mutual agreement. Do
not think I want to begin a correspondence. W e
we will not t r y to force open the door that sepa­
rates us. I merely have a question to ask about
a very slight matter, which you alone can answer.
Who is the furrier to whom you gave my coat
last spring? Lina cannot remember the address.
Thanking you in advance for your early reply,
Yours,
MAX.
* * *
M r s . Emma Wiegand to Professor Max Wie­
gand
FREIBURG, December 15, 1909.
DEAR, M A X : —
The furrier's name is Palaschke, and his place
is in the Zimmerstrasse. I cannot understand
how Lina could have forgotten it. She took the
fur coat to him herself. EMMA.
Professor Max Wiegand to Mrs. Emma Wie­
gand
B E R L I N , December 17,1909.
D E A R E M M A :—
I must trouble you again—this w i l l be the last
time. M r . Palaschke says he cannot let me have

4
" I h u n t e d for the receipt the w h o l e m o r n i n g . "
the coat unless I give h i m his receipt H e has
had several unpleasant experiences of late, and
so has made it a principle never to let anything
go from his shop without getting back his re­
ceipt. Where is the receipt? I hunted for it the
whole morning. Lina, of course, hasn't the faint­
est idea where it is. When I dared to suggest
in the gentlest tone in the world that she ought
to know, she became impertinent. She is going
to leave to-morrow. I prefer to let her have her
wages until her time is up, including a Christmas
gift, as I do not want to live under the same roof
with such a good-for-nothing, impudent person.
Well then—please be good enough to let me
know where the receipt is. I caught a good cold
for lack of my fur coat. I hope you are well
and found your family all right. MAX.
* * * would leave the house instantly. I replied calmly
Mrs. Emma Wiegand to Professor Max Wie¬
gand
FREIBURG, December 19, 1909.
DEAR M A X :
The receipt is either i n the chiffonier in the
dressing room, second or third drawer from the
top, or in my desk, right or left drawer. I could
find it at once if I were there.
Lina has great faults, still she is one of the
best. I doubt whether her successor w i l l be an
improvement. A n d now before Christmas you
won't get any at all. Y o u should have had pa­
tience with her a few weeks longer. But that
does not concern me any more.
I hope you are r i d of your cold. I am quite
well. EMMA.
* * * sue me for having called her a "common woman. '
Professor Max Wiegand to Mrs. Emma Wie­
gand
B E R L I N , December 21, 1909.
DEAR E M M A :—
I can't find the receipt either in the chiffonier
or in the desk. Maybe it fell out when you were
T H E M A S S E S
packing, and was then carelessly removed. 1 can
think of no other explanation.
I w i l l go to M r . Palaschke again to-morrow
and by all sorts of securities and guarantees try
to wheedle my own coat out of him. I must
keep strictly to my room to-day, because my cold
has been complicated by a severe attack of
nerves.
I had a dreadful scene with the cook yester­
day. By accident I found out she had been
cheating me disgracefully ever since you left.
When I mentioned it to her in a most delicate
way, she turned on me and told me in the
coarsest, vulgarest language that I did not know
the first thing about housekeeping, that it was
only for your sake, dear Emma, that she had
consented to work for such low wages, and she
but firmly that it was her duty to stay until her
month was up. Then she began to scream and
gesticulate and had the superlative impudence to
say that you had not been able to get along with
me either, and had had to leave. I lost my tem­
per, fell into a passion, and must have told her
she was a "common woman." I do not know
how I could forget myself to such an extent. I
did not think such language could pass my lips.
When I rang for supper two hours later I
found she had already packed up all her belong­
ings and was gone. I n the kitchen I discovered
a "billet-doux" teeming with orthographical mis­
takes, in which she threatened that in case I put
the least difficulties in her way and did not give
her the good reference she deserved, she would
Now I am without any help. The janitress
shines my shoes and brings me my meals from a
restaurant. The food is dreadful. As you say it
is quite impossible to get anybody half-way de­
cent before Christmas or New Year. However,
I have written to a dozen employment bureaus,
January, 1911
and will go to them myself as soon as my health
permits.
This has turned out to be quite a long letter,
dear Emma. When a man's heart is full, his pen
runs away with him.
I have a suspicion, too, that that infamous cook
of a woman has gotten away with my gold cuff
buttons—an heirloom from my uncle Frederick.
Or, maybe, you know where they are. I n that
case I should be very thankful to you for in­
formation.
Goodby, dear Emma. I hope you are getting
along better than I am.
Yours, MAX.
* * *
Mrs. Emma Wiegand to Professor Max Wie­
gand
FREIBURG, December 23, 1909.
DEAR M A X :
Your description of the little unpleansantness
you had with the cook struck a responsive chord
in me. She often told me much worse things
than she told you, but I swallowed everything,
because her cooking was good. I t is only the in­
competents that are polite. W i t h cooks the de­
gree of their impudence is a fair measure of
their efficiency.
Now at least you can see with what sort of
things I had to cope year in, year out, and you
have found out for yourself that in this sphere
as in others, there are problems that all the
sciences cannot solve.
From this distance I cannot give you any ad­
vice in the matters troubling you. N o r do I
think I am justified in doing so after our inner
relations, as you so well said in your first letter,
were terminated in the most dignified manner.
As to the furrier's receipt and your cuff but­
tons, I wager I could find both in five minutes.
You remember hoW often you would hunt for
something high and low without being able to
find it. and I would put my hand on it in an in­
stant. Men can find a new truth now and then,
but never an old button.
Since we have started a correspondence—at
your inititative—I should like to ask you for
something. Before I left, I forgot to ask you for
the letters you wrote me during our engagement.
A t my request you kept them in your iron chest.
They are my property, and I should like to have
them back as a souvenir of a happy time. W i l l
you please do me the favor to return them to me?
I wish you a Merry Christmas,
EMMA.
Professor Max Wiegand to Mrs. Emma Wie­
gand
B E R L I N , December 25, 1909.
M Y DEAR EMMA:—
Your wish for a Merry Christmas was not f u l -
filled. I never spent a drearier Christmas Eve
in all my life.
You w i l l sympathize when I tell you I could
not accept our friends' invitations. I should
have felt like an intruder looking on at other
people's family happiness. So I remained at
home, i f in the present circumstances I can still
speak of a home. I was as lonely in the house as
in a desert. I n spite of the most desperate efforts
I could not get any help before January. Yester­
day I could not even induce someone to come in
for the day. The Janitress served me a cold sup­
per i n the early afternoon, because she could not
bother about me later in the day. She wanted
to be with her children and give them their gifts.
A flickering oil lamp took the place of the Christ­
mas tree, which you always decorated so charm­
ingly and tastefully. None of your pretty sur­
prises, either, forestalling all my wishes before
I knew them myself. There was nothing on the
Christmas table except my old fur coat. M r .
Palaschke at last sent it to me mollified by my
prolonged prayers, entreaties, and appeals and
perhaps also by the holiday mood.
The room was as cold as a barn. The fire
went out and to start it again was far beyond
January, 1911
my power. So I put on my fur coat, sat down
in the light of the flickering lamp and read my
engagement letters to you, which I had taken
from their eleven years' resting place to send to
you.
Emma, dear, I cannot describe the impression
the reading of those letters produced upon me.
I wept like a child, not only because of the sad
ending to so promising a tie, but also because o f
the change that has taken place in me. There
is much in the letters that is immature, much that
does not correspond to my present views. But
what a fresh, free, warmblo ded fellow I was!
H o w I loved y o u ! H o w happy I was! How
naively, completely I abandoned myself to my
happiness! Yes, that was everything—the
youthful faith in life, the reckless pursuit of life,
the exuberant feeling, which overflowed like a
vine in springtime. U n t i l now I thought it was
only you who had changed gradually. Now I
see I have not remained the same either. A n d
God knows, when I compare the M a x of then
with the M a x of to-day, I needn't hesitate an
instant to make up my mind which I prefer.
W h e n the mills of men have ground us
T o the fighting edge of fate.
W h o can blame i f l y i n g around us
I s the wreckage of b l i n d hate?
T H E M A S S E S
I n the sleepless night lying behind me I tried
in every possible way to get myself back into the
M a x of former years, and I began to have se­
rious doubts whether the difference in your and
my opinions and even sentiments are after all so
important as they seemed to us; whether above
and beyond all that there was not something
neutral, something human, which we both had in
common, and which we shall always have in com­
mon.
Search yourself, dear Emma, and see whether
a similar voice does not speak in your soul, too.
What happened cannot be undone. But nothing
would bring me greater relief in this painful
situation than a confirmation of this from you.
For your departure has left a gap in my home
and in my life which I shall never, never be able
to fill. Your very unhappy
* * * MAX.
Mrs. Emma Wiegand to Professor Max Wie¬
gand
FREIBURG, December 27, 1909.
DEAR M A X :
When you asked me questions about receipts
THE MASSES
By CESARE
WHO CAN BLAME?
W h e n for dollars we are broken
L i k e a fagot for a fire.
W h o can blame if b y that token
W e inflame in razing ire?
5
and buttons I was glad to answer them. But the
questions you ask me in your last letter I must
refuse to answer. Do you really believe, you old
pedant, that I left your home, which was also
mine, only because we disagreed in our opinions
and sentiments? I f you do, you are fearfully
mistaken. I left you because I saw more and
more clearly that you no longer loved me. I n
fact, I had become a burden to you. Y o u wanted
to be r i d of me. I could see that in everything
you said and did. I f in that "dignified" scene of
seperation you had found one loving word to say
I might still have remained. But you always
rode the high horse of a "world philosophy"
from which you have now tumbled down so piti­
fully because you have no servants. I , too,
served you faithfully, and you never saw it. I
never let the fire go out in your home. I t is not
my fault i f you could not get your home warm
again.
W h o knows whether you would have noticed
the gap which my departure left i f you had not
happened to miss your fur coat. I t was that
(Continued on page 14)
W h e n w i t h being slave and chattel
F o r a pittance we have done,
W h o can blame i f we give battle?
W e are many, they are one!
HERBERT EVERETT.
 The Increased Cost of Living
A n Analysis of Some of the Factors That Cause the Mysterious Jumps in Prices
By GUSTAVUS MEYERS

T
H I S , of all times, is the time when The worker, who has by great difficulties The result has been that immense quantities
wage-earners should support any econo­ amassed a few hundred dollars i n a savings of watered stocks have been deposited w i t h the
mic movement i n their behalf which bank as as a security for sickness or being out United States Treasury, and many millions of
promises to conserve the power of their of work, has been robbed of more than one-half currency have been issued against them. I t is
wages. O f this there is the most the amount of his deposit. announced that $500,000,000 more w i l l be issued
imperative need, The purchasing power of against these watered stocks. A l l of this cur­
money is not only constantly falling, but a gigan­ I f , let us say, he has $200 to his credit i n bank rency is wild-cat currency, having nothing but
tic conspiracy is already successfully under way for the last few years, he really has not $200 but a fiat value, which means no basis value, even as
to impose upon the workers a fiat currency which less than $100. I f he drew the $200 out of bank, capitalist standards go. This is the spurious
has not even an artificial basis of value, as capi­ he would find out that it would buy considerably stuff that is now being paid out to the workers,
talists reckon value i n relation to money. less than what $100 did a few years ago. The while the banknotes or Treasury notes represent­
Of the whole number of workers, few realize only value of money is its buying capacity ;a dol­ ing gold, silver, or United States bonds are being
that the money that capitalists pay them in lar may still nominally be a dollar; but i f its pur­ carefully gathered in by the great financial in­
wages is a depreciated, swindling currency in chasing power is cut in half, it actually is only a terests.
more than one sense. A dollar to-day brings less half dollar.
than half in commodities of what it could pur­ Thus billions of dollars are being indirectly A smash-up is sure to come. The dice are
chase ten years ago. The enormous, exorbitant robbed from the meager wages of the workers to loaded against the working class, and pending
advances in the prices of every necessity have so pay dividends on enormous issues of watered the time when the whole capitalist régime w i l l be
reduced the buying power of a dollar, that it is stocks put out by every trust and other capitalist overthrown, the workers should realize that they
equal in value to less than what half a dollar concern. But this is not all. Under a recent act must give their support to co-operative move­
was a decade ago. I n no case have wages been passed by Congress at the bidding of the great ments. Only by this means, w i t h the present
adequately increased to meet this increase in the financial interests, the national banks are allowed odds so fearfully against them, can they hope to
cost of living. The strongest labor unions have to turn out currency against these very watered conserve something of the buying power of their
not been able to get more than a fifteen per cent. stocks. Hotherto, the United States Government scant wages, now being largely paid in wild-cat
increase in wages, and such an increase is ex­ allowed currency—that is, bank bills—to be is­ currency. I f , instead of depositing their money
ceptional, at that. W h a t is a fifteen per cent. sued against deposits of United States bonds in banks where it is cut i n half and used against
increase compared to an increase in the cost of only. But the Aldrich-Vreeland bill, passed re­ them, the workers should become partners in co­
living which approximates more than fifty per cently, contained this "little joker," "or any operative concerns, they would have the benefit
cent. of what it was ten years ago? other securities." of their wages, which they do not have now.

The American Co-operative Movement

How Co-operation Can be Made Successful in the United States
By W . J. GHENT
Drawing by Alex. Popini

P
E R H A P S the first question that comes
to the student of co-operation is this:
" W h y has the co-operative movement in
the United States so far generally
failed?"
I myself have asked this question many times.
Many replies, none of them wholly satisfactory,
have been given. So I have asked it again—this
time of Piet Vlag. This is his reply:
"Because the main spirit of the movement has
almost invariably been to obtain at once one dol­
lar's worth of goods for seventy-five cents, in­
stead of uniting the working class against ex­
ploitation. The aim has been too narrow, the i m ­
patience too great. The earlier co-operators did
not see the necessity of building up their own
wholesale co-operatives. Eeven now we do not
expect the assistance of the earlier co-operators
until we have developed to a point where they
w i l l see that it is to their immediate economic
advantage to be connected w i t h us. W i t h the
Socialist co-operators the matter is different.
They see further ahead than the others, and are
willing, in order to build up a strong central
body, to make some present sacrifices and suffer
some present inconveniences."
Consumers' leagues and buying associations
have often been urged as a substitute for co­
operative stores. I asked M r . Vllag about these,
and he replied:
"The consumers' leagues offer an interesting
problem. I t is undoubtedly true that, under cer­
tain circumstances, more immediate economic
benefits are derived from them than from co­
operative stores. But the co-operation store
gives accommodation in the matter of stock on
hand to choose from, and of small purchases and
relatively frequent deliveries, that cannot be
given by the consumers' leagues. The main fault
of the buying association, however, is its de­
fective organization. I n most cases people sim­
ply put their orders together and depend upon a
volunteer to distribute the provisions. The vol­
unteer soon gets tired of his task, and the asso­
ciation ceases to exist.
" I f , however, small associations were organ­
ized on a membership basis, w i t h , say, an invest­
ment of $10 by each member, they might be
made more effective. Goods could then be bought
in larger quantities and sold to the members at
wholesale rates. A certain percentage could be
charged for the cost of operation. The invested
$10 of each member could be used for buying
stock in small quantities to insure a greater
profit, and as a security for the payment o f the
consumer's quota of the operating expenses. For
example: A woman purchases $200 worth of
goods during six months paying wholesale prices.
After the operating expenses have been totalled,
it is found that 4 per cent. on all purchases must
be charged. This woman, i n order to maintain
her membership, must pay $8.
" I n this manner a fairly well-organized move­
ment might develop. The method is, however,
against the principles of the European co-opera­
tives. The fundamental principle of the Euro­
pean co-operatives is to sell at the established re­
tail prices, deduct from the profits the cost of
operation, and declare dividends according to the
P. VLAG net profits.

6
January, 1911
"As to whether stores or collective buying as­
sociations w i l l be the form which the co-opera­
tive movement w i l l assume in this country in the
future, only experience can tell. For the pres­
ent, it would seem that the buying association is
often best fitted for the smaller cities and for
relatively small groups of consumers, while the
store is best adapted for larger centers and
groups. Every buying association should, how­
ever, look forward to a growth of its numbers
and buying power that w i l l enable it to start a
store."
"Is it your intention to establish small grocery
stores in the industrial districts throughout the
Eastern States?"
"Not grocery stores exclusively, for we aim at
utilizing the purchasing power of the workers for
their own benefit in many other commodities."
"Is is not true that the grocer is underpaid, and
that he has to work long hours in order to make
his store profitable?"
"Often, that is true, but the purpose of the co­
operative movement is not merely the elimina­
tion of the grocer, but the centralization and
the systematization of the purchasing power of
the working class. I n order to be of economic
THE
Illustrated by F. van Sloun
K
O L Y A took the hottest and most
active interest in all the preparations
for Easter. W h e n Dasha, the maid,
w i t h up-drawn skirts and tucked-up
sleeves entered the parlor and began to
wash the window panes and to sweep the dust
and cobwebs from ceiling and corners, it was not
long before Kolya put in an appearance and be­
gan to meddle in the work.
"Dasha, Dasha," he shouted in his ringing
voice. " Y o u left a cobweb!"
"Where?"
"There! L o o k ! There it is hanging, you blind
chicken!"
"Say, mister, you'd better go away. Don't
bother me."
" I ' l l tell mama, then."
" W e l l , where is it? Where did I leave i t ? "
"There, in the corner. Don't you see the
spider? Take it off."
Dasha in exasperation thrust the broom into
the corner that Kolya pointed out to her, and
walked away.
"Stay here, stay here! The spider fell down,"
Kolya shouted joyously, noticing a little grey
spider, which he wanted Dasha to put in his pill
box.
"Oh, what a bother!" the maid cried angrily.
"The things you get into your head! W h a t do
you want such trash for?"
"Dasha, how dare you? Y o u are trash your­
self. Put him in here."
Having gotten the spider, Kolya ran into the
dining room pressing the box firmly in his little
hand. I n the dining room at the table covered
with an oil-cloth sat his twelve-year-old sister,
Natasha, and the old nurse, Mikheyevna, who
had nursed them both and was now living in
their house for the sake of auld lang syne. Na­
tasha and Mikheyevna were completely absorbed
in painting eggs.
T H E M A S S E S
benefit to the working class, the co-operative
movement must develop to a point where,
through centralized buying, it w i l l eliminate the
middleman and commission merchant, as well as
the small storekeeper."
"Does not an enterprise of that sort require a
large capital ?"
"We fully realize that, but we expect to secure
all the capital we need."
" F r o m the working class?"
" W h y not? The workers in Europe are not
as well paid as the American workingmen; yet
they have raised sufficient capital to maintain
some of the largest establishments in the world.
A large percentage of present business enter­
prise is conducted w i t h money loaned at from
six to 7 per cent. from the banks. These banks
usually get the largest bulk of their investments
from the savings of the working class, to whom
they pay from three to four per cent. As soon
as the workingman begins to realize that it is
safer to invest his money in his own enterprise,
than to allow the capitalist to exploit him, there
w i l l be a different story to tell.
" A Wholesale Co-operative's capital is sup­
posed to come from the sale of shares to the
L I T T L E SINNER
By E. N . CHIRIKOV
Translated from the Russian by Thomas Seltzer
"Natasha, Mikheyevna!"
"Well?"
"Do you want me to show you something?"
"What, Kolya, dear? W h a t will you show us?"
"Here it is in my box," Kolya announced enig­
matically, shaking his box.
"Show it to us, show it to us."
" W e l l , come here. Natasha, it's a trick."
Kolya put the box under Natasha's very nose,
and opened the l i d . Natasha was frightened,
Mikheyevna also, and Kolya was in ecstasy.
"Oh you cowards! " I ' m not a bit afraid, not
a weeny bit. Give me a little stick. Mikhe­
yevna, give me a stick, I tell you."
" I have no time, Kolya, dear I must paint
the eggs."
"You have time enough. I ' l l show you a trick.
There, give me one of those matches."
Kolya took a match, made the spider crawl on
it, and extending his hand began in a recitative:
"Spider, spider, make a web
Spider, spider, make a web."
The spider let himself down from the match
on a thin thread, and Kolya began to wind the
thread around the match, and shouted with all
his might:
"Look, look how he's hanging in the air!"
Natasha was seized with curiosity, and forgot
her egg. Mikheyevna also bent over the chil­
dren. Then their mother came in.
" W h a t are you doing?"
"Mama, mama, look!"
"Spider, spider, make a web.
Spider, spider, make a web."
"Ugh ! Throw it away! K i l l i t ! "
" I won't! It's a sin!" exclaimed Kolya, and
quickly hid the spider in the pill box.
"So far from it's being wrong to kill a spider,
Kolya, dear," said Mikheyevna, "you w i l l be for­
given forty sins for doing i t ! "
The mother walked into the kitchen, the scene
7
retail stores. Each store in our system is obliged
to purchase one share at $ 2 5 for every fifty mem­
bers. But the organization of the American
Wholesale Co-operative preceded a general or­
ganization of retail stores, and so the capital had
to be raised in other ways. A t present, w i t h but
about 1 8 stores in operation, the capital from
this source would be inadequate. Our capital
has come largely from the sale of shares to in­
dividual members—people who are interested in
the progress of the co-operative movement and
determined to help it to the limit of their ability.
Futhermore, we have recently declared a $ 2 0 , 0 0 0
bond issue. These bonds pay 5 per cent. interest.
They are secured by mortgages on our property,
and are redeemable within five years. The sale
of these bonds, which is now proceeding, w i l l
give us an ample working capital."
"Then the outlook is altogether favorable?"
"There is no other way to speak of it. O f
course, hard work is necessary to build up the
movement; and it is sometimes difficult to over­
come pessimism so frequently found, regarding
the success of an American co-operative enter­
prise. But all the while this pessimism is grad­
ually declining, and new adherents are coming
to us. The future looks more hopeful."
of the greatest bustle, and Kolya entered into a
discussion with Mikheyevna.
" I f you kill a spider, God forgives you forty
sins?"
"Yes, my boy, he does."
"Nonsense!"
"As you please, Kolya, dear. But that's what
they say. Forty sins are forgiven for killing a
spider."
" A n d how many i f you kill two?"
"Why, forty and forty again. H o w much is
that? Count."
"Eighty," Natasha said seriously, putting a
lock of hair behind her ear.
Kolya sank into reflection. H e tapped his
fingers on the box, and put it into his pocket.
"That's nonsense," he said incredulously.
"Why did you fast that time, Mikheyevna? Tell
me, w h y ? "
"Why, child, I had to."
"You should have gotten a whole lot of
spiders, and trodden on them. Then God would
have forgiven you all your sins. Forty and forty
and forty more. H o w many sins have you?"
"Oh, oh, you'd never get through counting
them, my child.
"You can find a lot of spiders. You should have
looked for them in the kitchen and the nursery,
then you could have gone to another house."
Turning on his heels Kolya skipped off to the
kitchen. He stopped in the hall and removed the
pill box from his pocket. Then he looked at the
spider, and again closed the l i d . Kolya was
wavering. I t was a question of the life or death
of the spider. Kolya felt sorry to kill it, but
perhaps it was true that i f you kill a spider, God
forgives forty sins. Kolya wanted very much
to fast during the last week of Lent, like Na­
tasha and Mikheyevna, but his mother would not
let him. The day before, when Natasha
had come from church, all had called her sin-
8 T H E M A S S E S January, 1911

less and holy. Mikheyevna said that Natasha

was now just like an angel, and Kolya was en­
vious.
" A n d I ? H o w about me?" he insistently ques­
tioned the nurse.
" Y o u are without sin, anyway. Y o u are little
still. What sins can you have committed, you
little boy?"
"Then I am holy, too?" Kolya demanded cate­
gorically.
"What sins can you have committed?"
"No, tell me, am I holy?"
"Well, yes, you are holy."
" A n d how about what happened yesterday?
Do you remember?"
"What, my boy?"
"About the jam, do you remember?" Kolya
whispered, and added, " Y o u said it was a sin."
" O f course, it's a sin. H o w can one do such
a thing without asking permission You must
obey your mother, and you mustn't do anything
on the sly. Besides you stuck your fingers into
it."
" W e l l , then I've sinned, haven't I ? "
Kolya now began to search his conscience.
Remembering the days just passed he discovered
several more sins. He had called Natasha
naughty—that was one sin—he had upset the ink
on his father's desk—two—he had fooled his
mother. She had set him on his knees, and when
she left the room he had seated himself on his
heels, but when she returned he had risen to his
knees again. That was three, and there were
many more.
Kolya had already counted six sins when
his mother passed by.
"Still fooling with the spider?" she remarked.
" I want to kill it, mama," Kolya said thought­
fully.
"That's right," the mother, who was preoccu­
pied, dropped in passing, and walked into another
room.
Kolya opened the box again. The spider scur­
ried quickly on all sides. Kolya shook it to
the floor.
"Forgive me in the next world. I would have
set you free if--- " Kolya muttered thought­
fully while he crushed the spider under his foot.
Having accomplished the bloody deed, Kolya
sat himself on the floor and began to examine
the remains of the murdered insect. The only
thing left of it was a moist blotch and the legs.
" A h , you shameless good-for-nothing! On a
dirty floor! Get up!" cried the mother, appear­
ing unexpectedly.
Kolya rose from the floor.
"Just look! Made his pants dirty again!" the
mother exclaimed in vexation, brushing the dust
from Kolya's knees. She gave him a slap, and
pushed him into the room.
"Go in there, you shameless fellow."
Here was a strange, sudden, and unexpected
conclusion to the question of sin and to Kolya's " K o l y a p u t the box u n d e r Natasha's v e r y nose and opened the l i d . "
inner conflict in regard to the murder of the
spider. Kolya did not feel at all pained, but he
felt so offended, so offended that he couldn't say "Yes, I slapped h i m , " explained the mother. this would make him very much ashamed, espe­
how much. He wanted to cry, and would have " I put all fresh clothes on him this morning, and cially before the landlord's daughter. He must
done so, had not the landlord's daughter come now he's dirty again. Where did he run to ?" suffer in patience. Out of ennui Kolya began
down from the upper floor to Natasha her Kolya held his breath, and dropped to the floor to pull hair from his mother's fur cloak. H e
schoolmate. Kolya was ashamed to cry in her of the wardrobe. looked through the door and listened. There was
presence. He ran off to the nursery, and hid "Kolya, K o l y a ! " no danger—he could creep out quietly, go across
himself in the wardrobe. He shut the closet door Kolya was silent. me room through his mother's chamber, through
behind him, and crept into the farthest corner. " I won't creep out," he resolved, insulted and his father's study and the parlor into the dining
Here it was altogether dark, and he did not have humiliated. But his mother's fur cloak, behind room, where they all were He stuck out one
to feel ashamed. He wept quietly, and then grew which the little sinner concealed himself, was foot, but immediately withdrew it because at that
silent. He did not want to cry any more. H e very warm, and he felt stifled and hot. I n a instant Natasha entered the nursery. I t was too
sat on his heels and listened to what was going few minutes he opened the door slightly and late, Natasha had noticed Kolya's leg.
on in the dining room. The conversation of M i k ­ peeped through the crack. I t was light and "Come out. I ' l l tell mama. The wardrobe is
heyevna, Natasha, and the landlord's daughter, cheerful there and not hot. He suddenly grew not meant for you to sit in. You'll soil" my new
as Kolya called Natasha's friend, reached his tired of sitting in the wardrobe, and wanted to dress. Come out."
ear. Kolya was convinced that they were speak­ join Natasha and Mikheyevna and the landlord's " I won't."
ing about the sad end of the history of the spider. daughter. But it was necessary to wait. "Mikheyevna, why is Kolya soiling my new
A n d in fact: H e must choose an opportune moment for dress? He's gotten into the wardrobe, and I
"Where is he now?" escaping unnoticed from the wardrobe, else the don't know what he's doing there."
"He ran away somewhere," Kolya heard Na­ instant he was seen everybody would surely re­ A l l was lost; both Mikheyevna and the land-
tasha reply. member that his mother had slapped h i m ; and (Continued on page 14)
W h y Socialists Should Join Co-operatives
A Talk by the Manager of the American Co-operative on the Benefits
to be Derived by Socialism from the Co-operatives
B
E C A U S E the Socialist m o v e m e n t i n the
U n i t e d States is v e r y m u c h i n need
o f an economic basis.
Co-operatives, l i k e l a b o r u n i o n s , are
a means o f s e c u r i n g an economic basis
f o r the Socialist m o v e m e n t .
O u r highest c o u n c i l , the I n t e r n a t i o n a l Socialist
Congress, a f t e r m a t u r e d e l i b e r a t i o n , passed a
r e s o l u t i o n t o t h a t effect.
W h a t is m e a n t b y an economic basis ?
I t means t o a p p l y the Socialist p h i l o s o p h y to
the present economic s i t u a t i o n o f the w o r k i n g
class.
I t means t h a t w e Socialists realize t h a t w e w i l l
never reach o u r u l t i m a t e g o a l unless w e do some­
t h i n g besides t e a c h i n g p h i l o s o p h y i n an abstract
form.
I t means t h a t w e k n o w t h a t w e m u s t reach the
w o r k e r s t h r o u g h t h e i r stomachs as w e l l as
t h r o u g h their brains.
To illustrate:
T h e E u r o p e a n Socialist m o v e m e n t appeals t o
the i n d u s t r i a l f a c t o r y slave t h r o u g h i n d u s t r i a l
unionism.
T h e y never lose sight, h o w e v e r , o f the fact t h a t
S o c i a l i s m is the goal, a n d n o t a m e r e increase o f
wages.
T h e y teach the w o r k e r s t h a t t h e i r o n l y hope t o
combat capitalism effectively, lies i n collective,
concentrated and well-organized action.
F u r t h e r m o r e , the E u r o p e a n m o v e m e n t appeals
to the w i v e s o f the w o r k e r s t h r o u g h co-opera­
tives. T h e y do n o t p r e a c h to these w o m e n t h a t
a decrease o f the cost o f l i v i n g secured t h r o u g h
co-operatives w i l l settle the economic p r o b l e m .
T h e y teach t h e m t h a t the o n l y r e m e d y f o r the
present economic p r o b l e m , is S o c i a l i s m , a n d t h a t
the co-operatives are m e r e l y used as a p r e l i m i ­
n a r y e d u c a t i o n f o r the establishing o f the co­
operative commonwealth.
T h e y p r o v e to these w o m e n and t h e i r husbands
the necessity o f c o l l e c t i v e a c t i o n .
T h e y teach t h e m the d e m o c r a t i c management
a n d c o n t r o l o f the means o f p r o d u c t i o n a n d dis­
tribution.
T h e y b i n d t h e m t o g e t h e r on an economic basis
into a well-organized body o f men and women.
T h e s e m e n a n d w o m e n are m u c h better fitted t o
c o m b a t the c a p i t a l i s t system t h a n the t y p e p r o ­
L E T T H E T R U T H BE K N O W N
N o M A N t h a t believes i n the essentials o f free­
d o m a n d j u s t i c e , no m a n t h a t believes the c o u r t s
s h o u l d be k e p t i m m a c u l a t e f r o m p e t t y spite and
malice, no m a n o f any f a i t h i n free speech a n d a
free press can t h i n k he has done his d u t y u n t i l
he has m a d e b y a l l means i n his p o w e r his u t m o s t
protest against the c o n v i c t i o n o f F r e d W a r r e n .
I f the sentence i n t h i s case can be c a r r i e d o u t
it is n o t t o o m u c h t o say t h a t at any t i m e here­
a f t e r a n y m a n t h a t becomes o b n o x i o u s t o the
p o w e r o f w e a l t h o r t h a t criticises an a d m i n i s t r a ­
t i o n can be r a i l r o a d e d t o j a i l o n any t r u m p e d - u p
charge.
I t is e v i d e n t t h e n t h a t here is a f u n d a m e n t a l
issue. W e are back again f a c i n g the o l d question
o f basic h u m a n r i g h t s . I f t h e precedent o f t h e
W a r r e n case be established no r u l e r o f mediaeval
By P. VLAG
duced b y o u r present i n d u s t r i a l system i n the
U n i t e d States. T h e t y p e w h i c h is w i l l i n g t o
suffer a l l sorts o f abuse a n d slaver w i t h the silent
hope t h a t some t i m e i n the f u t u r e he w i l l be a
s m a l l e m p l o y e r o r business m a n h i m s e l f .
T h e m e t h o d s o f the Socialist m o v e m e n t i n the
past d i d n o t reach the t y p e above m e n t i o n e d .
T h e w o r k i n g m a n o f t h i s t y p e believes t h a t w e
are v e r y g o o d a n d sincere f e l l o w s , b u t t h a t w e
are dreamers, a n d f a r off. T h i s t y p e o f A m e r i ­
can w o r k i n g m a n considers h i m s e l f p r a c t i c a l . H e
does n o t r e a l l y a p p r o v e o f the present g r a f t i n g
system, b u t considers t h a t u n d e r t h e system i t is
better t o be o n the inside t h a n o n the o u t s i d e ;
t h e r e f o r e , T a m m a n y H a l l appeals t o h i m .
T a m m a n y H a l l never professed t o u n d e r s t a n d
economic d e t e r m i n i s m , b u t i t w o r k s i n con­
f o r m i t y t o i t , nevertheless.
N o m a n can secure e m p l o y r e n t t h r o u g h Tam­
m a n y H a l l , unless T a m m a n y H a l l feels reason­
ably sure t h a t uncle, nephew, aunt, cousin, w i f e
a n d baby are g o i n g t o v o t e f o r i t — v o t e f o r i t as
o f t e n as possible.
T h i s goes t o s h o w t h a t an economic basis f o r
the Socialist P a r t y is sorely needed i n t h i s c o u n ­
t r y . N o t as a v o t e - c a t c h i n g m a c h i n e , as T a m ­
m a n y H a l l uses i t , b u t t o b i n d the w o r k e r s t o ­
gether w i t h economic ties i n a h i g h l y efficient and
s t r o n g l y c e n t r a l i z e d o r g a n i z a t i o n . W h e n t h i s is
accomplished, w e w i l l get a h e a r i n g f r o m the
workers.
N o w as t o the e d u c a t i o n a l side o f c o - o p e r a t i o n .
W h a t w i l l co-operatives do f o r the w o r k e r s f r o m
the e d u c a t i o n a l p o i n t o f v i e w ?
T h e w o r k i n g m a n o f the present type, whose
sole o c c u p a t i o n consists i n d o i n g a m i n u t e spe­
cialized p a r t o f the i n d u s t r y i n w h i c h he is en­
gaged, necessarily has a v e r y l i m i t e d m e n t a l
horizon.
I f t h i s w o r k i n g m a n is t a k e n a w a y f r o m his
present sphere, t o d e m o c r a t i c a l l y manage the
means o f p r o d u c t i o n a n d d i s t r i b u t i o n , do y o u n o t
t h i n k t h a t the m i n d o f t h i s w o r k i n g m a n w i l l
broaden out?
T h e n let us consider the effects o f the co­
o p e r a t i v e m o v e m e n t u p o n o u r Socialist o r g a n i z a ­
tions ?
H o w m u c h o f a Socialist o r g a n i z a t i o n have w e
at present i n t h i s c o u n t r y ?
BY C H A R L E S E D W A R D RUSSELL
t i m e s ever h a d a m o r e efficient g a g u p o n the
utterances o f his subjects t h a n a n a t i o n a l a d m i n ­
i s t r a t i o n at W a s h i n g t o n can use u p o n its c r i t i c s .
T h e c o u n t r y at large is n o t i n f o r m e d about t h e
successive steps o f the case a n d the fate t h a t n o w
overhangs W a r r e n , because the press w i l l n o t
p u b l i s h the facts about the m a t t e r . Therefore
the d u t y o f every believer i n j u s t i c e is t o see t h a t
the facts are w i d e l y spread. I n every t o w n o f
the c o u n t r y p u b l i c meetings s h o u l d be called t o
protest against t h i s i n t o l e r a b l e w r o n g . See t h a t
y o u r neighbors l e a r n a l l about i t . G i v e t h e m the
h i s t o r y o f the case. L e t t h e m u n d e r s t a n d the
p r i n c i p l e i n v o l v e d . S h o w t h e m t h a t whereas the
S u p r e m e C o u r t o f the U n i t e d States h e l d the k i d ­
n a p p i n g o f M o y e r , H a y w o o d and P e t t i b o n e t o be
r i g h t a n d p r o p e r , W a r r e n is n o w t o be i m p r i s o n e d
f o r suggesting t h a t the process thus u p h e l d b y
9
Is n o t o u r present o r g a n i z a t i o n , t o a v e r y large
extent, o n l y a d u e s - p a y i n g a f f a i r ?
H o w m a n y locals have w e t h a t r e a l l y deserve
the t i t l e o f o r g a n i z a t i o n , a n d are n o t m e r e l y
g r o u p s o f rebellious i n d i v i d u a l s ?
How m a n y branches have w e , w h e r e the
m i n o r i t y w i l l abide b y the decision o f the m a ­
j o r i t y , and f a i t h f u l l y and u n m o c k i n g l y carry out
its decision?
H o w m a n y locals are there i n w h i c h t h e r e is
such d i s c i p l i n e as t o m a k e the comrades c a r r y o u t
the o r d e r s w h i c h the officers g i v e r e g a r d i n g p r o ­
paganda?
U n t i l w e can answer a l l these q u e s t i o n satis­
f a c t o r i l y , f o r the m a j o r i t y o f o u r locals, do w e
deserve the t i t l e organization?
I t h i n k not, comrades.
T h e n e x t q u e s t i o n is, w h a t w i l l co-operatives
do to teach o u r people o r g a n i z a t i o n ?
T h i s question can be best a n s w e r e d b y the re­
sults o b t a i n e d i n E u r o p e , w h e r e the co-operatives
have become a p o w e r .
T h e results o b t a i n e d b y the Socialists i n Ger­
m a n y , B e l g i u m , H o l l a n d a n d D e n m a r k are the
m o s t s a t i s f a c t o r y i n those d i s t r i c t s w h e r e co­
operatives are the m o s t h i g h l y developed.
Co-operative organizations and labor unions
are o r g a n i z a t i o n s the members o f w h i c h h a v e a
stronger c o m m u n i t y o f interest t h a n m e r e l y a
s h a r i n g o f o p i n i o n s o n p h i l o s o p h i c a l subjects.
T h e y are t i e d t o g e t h e r i n these o r g a n i z a t i o n s
by economic c o n d i t i o n s . I f t h e y b r e a k the rules
of the o r g a n i z a t i o n , t h e y are p u n i s h e d econo­
m i c a l l y . T h e y either lose p a r t o f t h e i r d i v i d e n d s ,
or i n case o f l a b o r o r g a n i z a t i o n s , fines are i m ­
posed u p o n t h e m . T h u s the m e m b e r s o f these
economic bodies are t a u g h t o r g a n i z a t i o n .
R e c e n t l y , the o r g a n i z e r o f N e w Y o r k c i t y e x ­
pressed his d i s s a t i s f a c t i o n w i t h the N e w Y o r k
local.
H e asserted t h a t the o n l y people w i t h i n the
local w h o r e a l l y u n d e r s t o o d o r g a n i z a t i o n , w e r e
the G e r m a n s .
T h i s is i n itself sufficient to p r o v e m y p o i n t .
A s D r . K a r l L i e b k n e c h t expressed i t , " T h e
G e r m a n s have i n t h e i r W o r k i n g m e n ' s S i c k a n d
D e a t h Benefit F u n d the greatest Socialist co­
operative i n this country." Hence their compre­
hension o f organization.
the S u p r e m e C o u r t be used i n another case. T h e
m a n t h a t w i l l n o t m e n t a l l y r e v o l t against an i n ­
j u s t i c e so r a n k as t h i s is no A m e r i c a n a n d no
good citizen.
See t h a t these facts become u n i v e r s a l l y k n o w n .
I f y o u are a m e m b e r o f a u n i o n m a k e i t y o u r
business t o call t h e a t t e n t i o n o f a l l y o u r u n i o n
b r o t h e r s to w h a t is p u r p o s e d i n t h i s case. M o y e r ,
H a y w o o d a n d P e t t i b o n e w e r e the v i c t i m s o f an
o r g a n i z e d w a r f a r e u p o n u n i o n s . W a r r e n is suf­
f e r i n g i n the u n i o n cause. D o n o t let the u n i o n
haters have t h e i r w a y w i t h h i m .
E n t e r y o u r protest. K e e p y o u r o w n conscience
clear. I f y o u let W a r r e n go t o p r i s o n w i t h o u t
o b j e c t i n g y o u are h e l p i n g the interests t h a t are
trying to pull him down.—CHARLES EDWARD
R U S S E L L , i n The Coming Nation.
 Unite in Buying as in Selling
Advocating the Formation of a U n i o n by the Workingmen to Prevent Their Being Exploited in
the Purchase of Commodities as They A r e Exploited in the Sale of Their Labor Power
By EUGENE WOOD

dends, w e get t h e m , w e w o r k i n g m e n w h o h a v e

W
O R K E R S o f the w o r l d , u n i t e ! " last c e n t u r y , n e a r l y . I t used t o be t h a t a l a b o r e r
I t h i n k y o u ' v e h e a r d t h a t be­ w h o q u i t one e m p l o y e r t o w o r k f o r wages w i t h u n i t e d n o t o n l y t o sell o u r l a b o r - p o w e r b u t t o b u y
f o r e . O r seen i t somewhere. A l l another, c o u l d be l a w f u l l y p u t i n t o j a i l ; i t used w h a t produces o u r l a b o r - p o w e r .
the t r u e r i f y o u have. A b u t t e r - t o be t h a t a m a n t h a t c o u l d w o r k a n d w o u l d n ' t B u t t h a t ' s a s m a l l p a r t o f the benefit. I f w o r k ­
cake is a l l t h e better f o r b e i n g w o r k — w a s o u t o n s t r i k e — c o u l d be b r a n d e d i n i n g m e n a r e n ' t p r a c t i c a l business m e n i t i s n ' t be­
t u r n e d a couple o f t i m e s o n the g r i d d l e . the f o r e h e a d w i t h a r e d - h o t i r o n , so t h a t a c a p i t a l cause t h e y h a v e n ' t g o t the h e a d f o r i t , b u t be­
T h i s is an appeal t o a special class. I t i s n ' t l e t t e r V stayed w i t h h i m t i l l he r o t t e d i n the cause they h a v e n ' t h a d the experience. But
charitably inclusive. N o t a bit. It's just f o r a g r a v e . T h e y ' v e been l o s i n g g r o u n d b u t s t i l l t h e y t h a t ' s s o m e t h i n g t h e y ' v e g o t to h a v e i n t h e near
c e r t a i n c r o w d . T h e o t h e r s can be o n t h e i r w a y . k n o w h o w t o fight o n t h a t side. B u t the w e a k f u t u r e , because one o f these days b e f o r e l o n g the
I t doesn't s a y : " W o r k e r s a n d s h i r k e r s o f the p o i n t o f the bosses is the selling. D o n ' t f o r g e t C o - o p e r a t i v e C o m m o n w e a l t h is g o i n g t o a r r i v e
w o r l d u n i t e . " I t expresses w h a t w e have l e a r n e d that. L e t m e say t h a t a g a i n : The w e a k p o i n t a n d b r i n g its t r u n k f o r an e x t e n d e d stay w i t h us.
by experience, t h a t the t w o can't u n i t e , u n ­ o f c a p i t a l i s m is t h a t i t m u s t sell. A boss m a y W o r k i n g m e n w i l l have to r u n this Co-operative
less i t is a f t e r the f a s h i o n o f the l a m b a n d t h e cut d o w n wages, a n d he m a y stick u p prices, b u t C o m m o n w e a l t h , and they've got to learn h o w .
l i o n l y i n g d o w n t o g e t h e r — w i t h the l a m b o n the unless he can sell t o w o r k i n g m e n w h a t w o r k i n g - W h e r e is t h e r e so g o o d a school f o r us t o t a k e
inside. m e n p r o d u c e , he's a gone d o g . N o sale, no p r o f i t . lessons o f , as the C o - o p e r a t i v e store?
I t calls f o r a l l o f us w h o get t h e i r l i v i n g b y Sell o r go bust. So a n x i o u s is he t o m a k e a sale T o s u m i t a l l u p i n one w o r d , I s h o u l d end as
w o r k i n g t o associate ourselves i n t o a n alliance, t h a t he gives the m i d d l e m e n an e n o r m o u s slice I have begun, w i t h the advice t o o u r k i n d o f
t o d e f e n d w h a t w e h a v e a l r e a d y gained, a n d t o o f his p r o f i t s , the b i g difference b e t w e e n w h a t it people to get t o g e t h e r i n every possible w a y , to
conquer m o r e . Because w e are g o i n g t o t a k e costs f o r the l a b o r a n d m a t e r i a l , a n d w h a t the d e f e n d w h a t has been gained, a n d t o conquer
m o r e ; we're going to take all, i f y o u w a n t to finished a r t i c l e costs the c o n s u m e r o v e r t h e m o r e , w h e t h e r i n the l a b o r u n i o n w h e r e w e sell
k n o w precisely h o w m u c h . N o w t h e r e is a w e l l - counter. H e ' s c r a z y t o f i n d an " o u t l e t " f o r his o u r l a b o r - p o w e r c o l l e c t i v e l y o r i n t h e co-opera­
recogized w a y o f u n i t i n g t o sell t h e o n l y t h i n g wares. L e t the A m e r i c a n W h o l e s a l e C o - o p e r a t i v e tive where we buy collectively what our labor-
w e h a v e t o sell, o u r l a b o r - p o w e r , i n a b u n c h , c o l ­ s u p p l y h i m w i t h an o u t l e t , a n d h e ' l l u n i o n i z e his p o w e r produces, n o t o n l y t h e m e n - f o l k s w h o
lectively. W e get m o r e f o r i t b y d o i n g t h a t . w o r k s ; h e ' l l sell t o i t as cheaply as t o a m i d d l e ­ w o r k outside the h o m e a n d w h o b r i n g i n t h e
W h e n a u n i o n fails, y o u see wages go ' w a y , ' w a y man, i f he gets his m o n e y j u s t the same. H e ' l l m o s t t h e y can, b u t t h e w o m e n - f o l k s w h o w o r k
d o w n and the hours o f labor stretch out like a betray h i s c o m p e t i t o r s i n a h o l y m i n u t e i f he can inside the h o m e a n d w h o m a k e the men's wages
r u b b e r b a n d . So w e j o i n a l a b o r u n i o n a n d pay m a k e a sale. A n d , instead o f o u r enemies, t h e go as f a r as t h e y c a n — i n one w o r d : " W o r k e r s
dues, a n d go o u t o n s t r i k e w h e n necessary a n d shirkers and non-producers, getting the d i v i ­ o f the w o r l d , u n i t e ! "
stay o u t o n s t r i k e as l o n g as necessary, s u f f e r i n g
some l i t t l e inconvenience at the t i m e so t h a t w e
and our families m a y have more o f the comforts
o f l i f e . T h a t ' s w h a t we. are a f t e r : M o r e o f the
comforts of life.
B u t some o f us w h o sell o u r l a b o r - p o w e r are
i n c r a f t s t h a t a r e n ' t o r g a n i z e d o r can't be o r g a n ­
ized. I d o n ' t k n o w w h a t u n i o n I , as a l i t e r a r y
man, could join. T h e gas-fitters? Somebody
t h a t k n o w s , please t e l l me. I ' m w i t h o r g a n i z e d
labor, h e a r t a n d soul, b u t a u n i o n can't h e l p me.
I want to unite w i t h you.
A f t e r a l l , i t i s n ' t the d o l l a r m o r e a week o r t h e
five d o l l a r s m o r e a w e e k t h a t w e w a n t — t h a t is,
i t i s n ' t t h e e x t r a pieces o f paper i n t h e p a y -
envelope t h a t w e w a n t so m u c h as i t is w h a t
those pieces o f paper w i l l b r i n g i n t o t h e house,
g r u b , a n d clothes, a n d shoes a n d a l l such. We
sell o u r l a b o r - p o w e r t o a n enemy o f o u r s ; w e
all k n o w t h a t . W e also b u y f r o m enemies o f
o u r s ; w e a l l k n o w t h a t . N o w suppose w e u n i t e
t o sell t o each other, so t h a t , instead o f enemies
o f o u r s g e t t i n g the p r o f i t , we get the p r o f i t , y o u
a n d I a n d the u n i o n p l u m b e r , a n d t h e u n i o n h a t -
m a k e r a n d so o n . T h a t increases the a m o u n t o f
c o m f o r t s w e can b r i n g i n t o the house j u s t as
effectively as a u n i o n does at its end o f the game.
I f y o u can get $ 2 w o r t h m o r e c o m f o r t s i n t o y o u r
house f o r a week's w o r k , t h a t ' s j u s t as g o o d as
i f y o u w e n t o n s t r i k e a n d w o n the s t r i k e , a n d
y o u d o n ' t r u n so m a n y chances o f h a v i n g a po­
l i c e m a n tap y o u o n the c o c o a n u t ; y o u d o n ' t h a v e
G o f f m a k i n g a decision a h u n d r e d years b e h i n d
the t i m e s . T h e r e ' s no l a w , l e g i s l a t i v e o r j u d i c i a l ,
t h a t f o r b i d s y o u b u y i n g w h e r e y o u can get the
most f o r y o u r m o n e y .
Art Young
" B u t , " somebody w i l l say, " i f w e can l i v e so
m u c h cheaper b y b u y i n g f r o m the C o - o p e r a t i v e ,
w o n ' t the bosses reduce wages b y j u s t t h a t
m u c h ?"
I t ' s as b r o a d as it's l o n g . I f y o u increase y o u r
wages, w o n ' t t h e y raise the prices o f w h a t y o u
W h y is t h e c a p i t a l i s t b u r n i n g w i t h i n d i g n a t i o n ? H e i s n ' t u s e d to b e i n g o r d e r e d . H e w a n t s to
buy? T h e y ' r e doing that, anythow, aren't they? Why is h e c u r s i n g t h e d e l e g a t e o f a l a b o r do a l l t h e o r d e r i n g - h i m s e l f .
D o n ' t f o r g e t t h i s : W h e n y o u fight the bosses union ? He d o e s ' n t k n o w as A b r a h a m L i n c o l n k n e w
to m a k e t h e m g i v e y o u m o r e wages, y o u attack Why d o e s he a l w a y s c u r s e a l a b o r d e l e g a t e ? t h a t " L a b o r is p r i o r to c a p i t a l . " — B u t h e w i l l k n o w
Why? B e c a u s e the labor delegate faces h i m it s o m e d a y . — A r t h u r Young.
t h e m w h e r e t h e y are strongest a n d m o s t used t o
and says : " T h e m e n demand their rights."
fight. T o be sure, t h e y h a v e been l o s i n g f o r the

10
January, 1911
Must It Be So?
(Continued from page 2 )
the people of this party live the whole summer
round. They go on excursions almost every day.
Sometimes they take tea with them, drinks, and
dainty eatables, for the sake of a change from
the place i n which they usually eat and drink.
The picknickers come from three families liv­
ing in a summer resort, the family of a land­
holder, the owner of three thousand acres, the
family of a government official drawing a salary
of three thousand rubles a year, and the family
of a manufacturer, the richest of all.
None of the party is the least astonished or
moved by the horror of the workmen's lives, by
the misery surrounding them. They think it
must be so, and their thoughts are engaged quite
differently.
"Why, that's awful!" says the lady on the pal­
frey, turning to look at the dog. " I cannot bear
to see him that way." She stops the carriage.
They speak French w i t h one another, laugh and
haul the dog into the carriage. Then they pro­
ceed on their way, raising clouds of lime dust,
which completely envelop the stone breakers and
passersby.
The carriage, equestrians, and bicyclists speed
by like beings from a different world. The
workmen i n the foundry, the stone breakers, and
the farm hands keep on w i t h their wearisome,
monotonous tasks, which they perform, not for
themselves but for others, and which will end
only w i t h their death.
" W h a t a life those people live!" they ruminate,
as they follow the summer folks with their eyes.
A n d their painful existence seems even more
painful to them than before.
Must it be so?
Impressions of Our Artists
By GRACE POTTER
CESARE
O
H , yes, you know Cesare, you say, as
soon as his name is mentioned. He's
the man who illustrates all the funny
places and ridiculous people that M c -
Cardell grinds out " humor" about i n
the Metropolitan section of the Sunday World.
Of course, you know Cesare!
H u s h ! Maybe, you don't, after all.
Look at this picture, "The Masses." It's the
people down on the Eastside. A n eviction over
there in the corner. See that woman's face look­
ing up into your eyes from the foreground.
Yes-----It is a woman. But, oh, what has life
done to a human being to put such a look into
eyes . Y o u have an uncomfortable feeling
that some way you are to blame. You begin to
think and question . he becomes very absorbed in his work and for­
That's the real Cesare, the man who disturbs
you. The man who makes your soul uneasy.
The man who makes you think you have a re­
sponsibility beyond your own bread and butter.
When Herbert Everett, who used to be editor of
Van Norden's Magazine, and then had to be
something else, because they didn't want any So­
cialists fooling around a perfectly good publica­
tion—well, when M r . Everett saw Cesare's pic­
ture of "The Masses," he went off and looked
out of the window a few minutes. Then he came
back, he said: " I could make a poem about that."
So he did. I f you like to be amused only, go
look at what the the Sunday World Cesare does.
I f you like to be disturbed, and have the weeds
and things pulled out of your soul so that the
flowers can grow there, better look at what our
Cesare does. W e expect a good many things
from h i m in the future issues.
T H E M A S S E S
CHARLES WINTER
Charles Winter is an artist who turns out
covers to order for the Cosmopolitan and
Collier's to the tune of about four hundred
dollars apiece. Never knew there was such a
lot of money anywhere, did you? There's more
about him that's like that, too. The Montrose
A r t Gallery has exclusive right to exhibit
his stuff—oh, pardon me, M r . Winter. Maybe
painters don't call their work "stuff" as writers
do. Well, anyway, his pictures are shown in that
perfectly wonderful high-sounding place and no
one else can't exhibit 'em at all, at all. Would
you ever have thought he would have done any­
thing for a Socialist publication?
Now listen. He works like that just' enough
to make money so that he can be the ideal artist
most of the time. A n d i f you look at our cover
now, a mere sketch, Winter calls it, and the cover
of our next issue—the finished product—you
will see that his ideal is your and my ideal—
Socialism.
FRANK V A N SLOUN
Frank V a n Sloun, who did the poster which
advertised the magazine, has a "Portrait of an
A c t o r " now at the Corcoran A r t Gallery. I t was
on exhibition at The Academy last year. A
newspaper person who went to M r . Van Sloun
to get a story not long ago, asked him i f he made
his living by magazine illustrations.
"No, oh no!" said M r . V a n Sloun, swooping
down long lines of gray-white on the gown of
a lady in the picture he was working on.
"Do you fill orders for partaits then?" asked
the newspaper person.
M r . V a n Sloun stopped swooping just a min­
ute, but held his paint brush suspended in air and
looked long at his picture. " I ' l l take an order—"
he agreed with faint interest.
"No, no," hastened the newspaper person. " I
mean, how is it you make your living by your
art?"
M r . V a n Sloun showed genuine interest this
time, though he began at the lines on the lady's
gown again. " I don't know myself," he said,
w i t h quaint impersonal whimsicality. " I often
wonder how I do i t . " A n d he looked crtitcally
at the paint on his palette, and began a mixing
process that seemed to take up most of his at­
tention.
"Well—well " The poor newspaper per­
son was after "a story," and it didn't seem to be
coming readily. " D o you t r y very hard for suc­
cess?" the newspaper person trailed off at gentle
M r . V a n Sloun's astonished vehemence.
"No, no, oh, not at all," he said. "Success
isn't worth trying for. Many artists who spend
their lives trying to get it and who make lots of
money by their pictures, find out that it wasn't
worth while at a l l . " Then he turns his attention
again to his canvas, and w i t h his head turned at
an angle and his thumb gripping tight his palette,
gets the newspaper person who wanders about
the place, looking at the portraits and etchings
that adorn the studio. A n d when two complete
tours of inspection have been made, the news­
paper person slipped out quietly. " I t would be
too bad," said the newspaper person, telling me
of the visit, "to make a man talk about himself
when he'd rather paint. So I didn't get my
story."
H. BERLIN
M r . Berlin is a young artist, who, born in New
York, began to travel a few years ago to find
the phases of nature which interested him most.
Nova Scotia's rugged sea coasts, shipyards w i t h
men at work on the boats, the blue, blue sea piled
to the blue, blue, sky, and flecked w i t h dancing
gold lights—he has many pictures like that.
11
Brittainy stopped his seeking next, and he has
a large collection of street scenes there with the
quaint Breton people, ripe with color, wandering
peasant-fashion through them all. He has etch­
ings of Florence, too. They are dim, and Italian,
and yet vivid enough to make any traveller think
instantly of folk-songs and spaghetti, art gal­
leries and lovely, dirty, brown babies.
Many of these pictures are to be shown next
month at the Haas A r t Gallery, Fifty-ninth street
and Sixth avenue.
Mr. Berlin is going to do New Y o r k street
scenes this year. He did for us the picture in
Fulda's story.
WILLIAM WASHBURN
NUTTING
M r . Nutting, who has illustrated the Tolstoy
article, is an editor of one of the popular maga­
zines, although holding a degree in mechanical
engineering from Purdue University, where he
graduated four years ago. He very emphatically
and modestly denies the accusation that he is an
artist and unassumingly declares that his artistic
work is just a hobby. "Oh, no, I don't earn my
living at i t , " he said. " I couldn't. It's too much
of a risk." But when the pressure becomes too
great, occasionally, he draws a picture or rushes
off to Europe on a cattle boat.
His sketch illustrating Tolstoy's forceful ar­
ticle has something of the pathos and dignity of
a Millet about it. I t is as simple in execution as
Tolstoy's own work.
I t seems rather a pity that M r . Nutting should
only do artistic work on the side. Doesn't it
seem a shame to waste all that perfectly good
talent? Can't we hope to see h i m some day
• leave the ranks of the non-combatants ? He says
his artistic work is only to fill in the chinks—but,
"Must it be so?"
ART YOUNG
"Tell me the story of your l i f e ! "
W i t h an owlish solemnity equal to my own,
he replied:
" I was born in Illinois, studied i n Paris, "
But the rest doesn't matter—at least not yet?
A man must be dead at least fifty years before
we can take a human interest in these dry facts
o f his early life.
" I would rather draw political cartoons than
anything else;" said M r . Young. " I believe in
the picture with a purpose. There must be a
vital idea back of every drawing that is really
worth while. I have no patience with these so-
called artists who expect intricate technicality to
make up for a lack of ideas. I n fact, I don't
believe in technique at all.
"Real art is, in the last analysis, simply self-
expression. Socialism always has been and I
suppose always will be the keynote of my work.
To me it is the culmination of all radicalism and
the thought back of most of my drawings. I
have been very fortunate in being allowed con­
siderable freedom in this direction even when
employed by capitalist papers. But you see," he
concluded naively, " I made that a condition of
my work."
He summed up the purpose of his work in the
following words—simplicity and strength. The
proud possessor of an idea must present it simply
and with sufficient force to make it compre­
hensible to the proletarian for whom M r .
Young states that all his work is done. " I t is
the working man, seated by his lamp in the eve­
nings in his shirt sleeves pouring over the eve­
ning paper for whom I make my drawings."
There was no affectation, no posing, nothing but
the most virile and yet child-like simplicity here.
Strength and simplicity are, he says the key­
note of all good work.
And that was the strongest impression of
the interview, as it was of the studio, as it is
of his work, as it seems to be of the man him­
self—strength and simplicity.
 The Tendencies of German Socialism
A Prominent French Author's Impartial Review of the Present State of German Socialism
T
H E G e r m a n Social D e m o c r a c y is n o w
m o r e alert t h a n ever. The daily
events assign t o i t a r o l e o f ever
g r o w i n g i m p o r t a n c e . N o t the slightest
i n c i d e n t occurs i n the G e r m a n E m p i r e
in w h i c h i t does n o t p l a y a p a r t o r u p o n
which i t does not seize t o display its
power. S l o w l y , m e t h o d i c a l l y , i t w o r k s o u t its
r e v o l u t i o n w i t h u n d e n i a b l e patience a n d p r o d i g i ­
ous a r d o r . E v e n those w h o p r e t e n d to scorn i t
a n d q u e s t i o n its f u t u r e chances m a n i f e s t v e r y
m a r k e d signs o f uneasiness, a n d those w h o re­
p r o a c h the G e r m a n Social D e m o c r a c y w i t h the
heaviness o f its g a i t a n d the t i m i d i t y o f some o f
its declarations are o b l i g e d to r e n d e r homage to
the t e n a c i t y o f its efforts a n d the disci­
p l i n e o f its o r g a n i z a t i o n . I t forms a sort o f
counter-state r i s i n g i n o p p o s i t i o n to the G e r m a n
state, a n d i t resembles the G e r m a n state i n the
robustness o f its a r c h i t e c t u r e , the c o m p l e x i t y
o f its m e c h a n i s m , a n d its d e v e l o p m e n t o f a
bureaucracy. W h a t m o s t s t r i k e s the i m p a r t i a l
t r a v e l e r i n G e r m a n y n e x t to the e x t e r i o r s o l i d i t y
o f the E m p i r e , is the u n i v e r s a l p e n e t r a t i o n o f the
Social D e m o c r a c y . Just as e v e r y t o w n has its
r e g i m e n t , its general post office, its w e l l - k e p t
r a i l r o a d s t a t i o n , so i t has its S o c i a l i s t section,
w h i c h meets o n a fixed date, a n d p e r i o d i c a l l y
passes its m e m b e r s i n r e v i e w . N o w h e r e else has
the g o v e r n m e n t such elements o f c o e r c i o n at its
disposal, n o w h e r e else does i t m o r e l o u d l y
p r o c l a i m the p r i n c i p l e o f d i v i n e r i g h t , yet n o ­
w h e r e else are the elements o f s u b v e r s i o n g a t h ­
ered i n such n u m b e r s , a n d n o w h e r e else do t h e y
press f o r w a r d o n t h e i r course w i t h m o r e energy
and determination.
R e c e n t l y the Social D e m o c r a c y i l l u s t r a t e d its
a c t i v i t y a n d accentuated its energy i n a w h o l e
series o f events, the congresses at Copenhagen
a n d M a g d e b u r g , the M o a b i t disturbances, the
successful elections p i l i n g u p one u p o n the other,
a b o l d a n d g r o w i n g o p p o s i t i o n to the i m p e r i a l
w i l l . P e r h a p s the S o c i a l D e m o c r a c y — a n d w i t h
it G e r m a n y — i s n e a r i n g the decisive h o u r . At
any rate i t is b y no means o u t o f place to
measure its e x p a n s i o n , to take a census o f its
forces, a n d describe its d i f f e r e n t c u r r e n t s a n d
n e w tendencies n o w asserting themselves.
T h e r e p o r t presented by the G e r m a n b r a n c h o f
the Socialist p a r t y t o the I n t e r n a t i o n a l Congress
at Copenhagen offers conclusive statistics, the
l i k e o f w h i c h no o t h e r Socialist p a r t y i n the
w o r l d can show. I t h a d 530,000 members i n
1907, 587,000 i n 1908, 633,000 i n 1909, and
722,000 i n 1910. I t s receipts averaged more
t h a n $240,000 a n n u a l l y d u r i n g the last three
years. D e f e a t e d i n the general election o f 1908
b y the l i b e r a l c o n s e r v a t i v e c o a l i t i o n , the Social
D e m o c r a t s have since t h e n registered v i c t o r y
after victory. N o t o n l y d i d t h e y r e g a i n the
seats o f w h i c h t h e y h a d been d e p r i v e d , b u t t h e y
even c a p t u r e d seats w h i c h h a d never belonged t o
them, and w h i c h according to o r d i n a r y political
p r o b a b i l i t i e s they c o u l d n o t have h o p e d w o u l d
be t h e i r s so soon. T h e r a p i d i t y o f t h e i r progress,
to w h i c h eleven successive elections t e s t i f y , was
so u n e x p e c t e d t h a t i t t h r e w a l l c o n s e r v a t i v e ele­
ments i n t o d i s m a y . T h e r e a c t i o n a r y factions
have come t o a d m i t m o r e a n d m o r e t h a t the h o u r
to resort to f o r c e has s t r u c k .
T h e G e r m a n Social D e m o c r a c y is backed by
a p o w e r f u l labor u n i o n organization, almost
equal i n s t r e n g t h t o B r i t i s h t r a d e u n i o n i s m . I t
m a y be called u p o n to i n t e n s i f y its a c t i v i t y w i t h
reinforced celerity. T h e German labor unions
profess the c o l l e c t i v i s t p r i n c i p l e s , a n d stand o n
the g r o u n d o f the m o d e r n class s t r u g g l e . T h e y
By P A U L LOUIS
h a d 277,000 members i n 1891 soon a f t e r the re­
peal o f the f a m o u s e x c e p t i o n a l l a w against the
Socialists. I n 1900 t h e y increased to 689,000, i n
1904 t o 1,052,000, a n d i n 1909 they had g r o w n
i n t o a b o d y o f 1,852,000. W h i l e their number
m u l t i p l i e d seven times i n nineteen years, t h e i r
receipts increased f i f t y f o l d and t h e i r p r o p e r t y a
hundredfold. T h e fifty-nine federations
w h i c h the c o r p o r a t i v e b o d y is d i v i d e d collected
$12,000,000 last year a n d has a reserve c a p i t a l o f
$11,000,000.
H o w e v e r , the f o r w a r d m a r c h o f G e r m a n So­
c i a l i s m presents n o t h i n g s u r p r i s i n g o r i n e x p l i c ­
able to the observer w h o takes account o f the
economic t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f the E m p i r e . W i t h i n
a f e w years G e r m a n y has u n d e r g o n e an e v o l u ­
t i o n w h i c h r e q u i r e d a l m o s t a c e n t u r y i n the
other western countries o f Europe. F r o m r u d i ­
mentary i n d u s t r y and small trade it quickly
passed t o excessive p r o d u c t i o n and c o m m e r c e on
a f o r m i d a b l e scale. T h e large m a n u f a c t u r i n g
plants b u i l t i n centres t h a t u n t i l t h e n r e m a i n e d
secondary, the sudden d e v e l o p m e n t o f the g r e a t
sea a n d r i v e r p o r t s , l i k e H a m b u r g , B r e m e n ,
R u h r o r t , a n d D u i s b u r g , the u t i l i z a t i o n o f a l l the
m i n i n g resources a n d a l l the n a t u r a l forces have
b r o u g h t about a c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f m e n u n e q u a l l e d
i n the o l d w o r l d . I n m a n y respects the g i a n t cities
o f c o n t e m p o r a r y G e r m a n y are m o r e r e m a r k a b l e
i n t h e i r d e v e l o p m e n t t h a n the m u s h r o o m cities o f
the w e s t e r n U n i t e d States, A u s t r a l i a , a n d S o u t h
A m e r i c a . A l e i s u r e l y t r i p t h r o u g h the e n v i r o n s
o f H a m b u r g , w h e r e a l l the creations o f the
engineer's a r t are p i l e d u p , o r t h r o u g h the en­
v i r o n s o f Cologne, reveals the causes o f the ex­
p a n s i o n o f the Social D e m o c r a c y . T h e r e v o l u ­
t i o n a r y p r o l e t a r i a t i n a u t o m a t i c a l l y f o r m e d i n an
e n v i r o n m e n t such as is p r o v i d e d by the G e r m a n y
o f f a c t o r y a n d m i l l s . I t attracts to i t w i t h an
i r r e s i s t i b l e appeal the r u r a l elements t h a t p o u r
i n t o the u r b a n a g g l o m e r a t i o n s , elements w h i c h
the economic m o v e m e n t snatches f o r e v e r f r o m
the r o u t i n e o f c o n s e r v a t i s m . T h e c o n s t i t u t i o n o f
a Social D e m o c r a c y w h i c h g r o w s b o l d e r f r o m
day to day, absorbs m o r e a n d m o r e o f the p o p u ­
l a t i o n , a n d makes g r e a t e r a n d greater i n r o a d s ,
has s o m e t h i n g o f the i n e x o r a b i l i t y o f fate.
moves at an even pace w i t h the e n r i c h m e n t o f
the K r u p p s a n d Thyssens, w i t h the great t r u s t s ,
w h i c h e x p l o i t the blast furnaces o f W e s t p h a l i a
a n d the factories o f R u h r , the c h e m i c a l p r o ­
ducts o f S a x o n y a n d the s h i p y a r d s o f S t e t t i n ,
w i t h the e x t e n s i o n o f the docks o f the E l b e a n d
the W e s e r , w i t h the m u l t i p l i c a t i o n o f the large
banks w h i c h d r a i n the savings o f the masses a n d
d o m i n a t e t r a d e . T h a t is the r a n s o m t h a t p o w e r
has t o pay. A c r a c k is m e t h o d i c a l l y m a k i n g its
w a y f r o m the b o t t o m t o the t o p o f the i m p e r i a l
edifice, a p p a r e n t l y so massive a n d s u m p t u o u s .
G e r m a n S o c i a l i s m is n o t free f r o m d o c t r i n a l
differences a n d differences as to tactics, no m o r e
t h a n is F r e n c h , E n g l i s h , o r G e r m a n S o c i a l i s m .
H i s t o r i c a l l y i t is composed o f t w o parts, t w o
g r o u p s , w h i c h m a n i f e s t tendencies i f n o t an­
tagonistic, at least v e r y d i v e r g e n t , the M a r x i s t s
and the Lassallians. T h e L a s s a l l i a n s sought to
b r i n g about a t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f society by con­
q u e r i n g a n d d e m o c r a t i z i n g the state. T h e M a r x ­
ists d i s t r u s t e d the state a n d addressed t h e m ­
selves r a t h e r t o the s t r e n g t h o f the wage w o r k ­
ers themselves. W h e n t h e y u n i t e d a n d agreed
u p o n the p r o g r a m o f G o t h a , b o t h sides c o n ­
d e m n e d i r r i t a t i n g controversies w i t h each other,
a n d t h o u g h t they h a d f o u n d the cement to h o l d
t h e m together i n t h e i r respective a c t i v i t i e s i n
the c o m m o n w a r w h i c h they w a g e d against the
Empire. H o w e v e r great the e n t h u s i a s m that
12
t h e i r v i c t o r i e s at times i n s p i r e , h o w e v e r s t e r n
the repression o f the g o v e r n m e n t the o p p o s i n g
conceptions o f f o r t y years ago s t i l l clash. More­
over, n e w conceptions have appeared, w h i c h a d d
to the v i v a c i t y o f the debates. N o S o c i a l i s t p a r t y
has achieved m o r e t h o r o u g h g o i n g u n i t y t h a n the
G e r m a n p a r t y . Y e t i n no c o u n t r y do the e t e r n a l
into conflicts s p r i n g u p w i t h m o r e sustained p e r i o d i ­
c i t y . A f t e r a l l , such conflicts are the l a w o f l i f e
itself. T h e y have never r e t a r d e d the progress
o f p o w e r n o r d i m m e d the l i g h t o f ideas.
Conflicts o f t h i s s o r t are n o t p e c u l i a r t o
G e r m a n y . Nevertheless, to u n d e r s t a n d a n d esti­
m a t e t h e m at t h e i r real value i t is necessary t o
e x a m i n e the p a r t i c u l a r c o n d i t i o n s t h a t o b t a i n i n
Germany. I t s economy, h i s t o r y , a n d r e l i g i o n
are the elements w h i c h i n this case c o m b i n e m o r e
o r less t o e x p l a i n the facts, whose i m p o r t a n c e ,
h o w e v e r , i t w o u l d be a m i s t a k e t o exaggerate.
I n d u s t r y o n a large scale is n o t e q u a l l y dis­
t r i b u t e d o v e r the e n t i r e t e r r i t o r y o f the E m p i r e .
I t p r e d o m i n a t e s i n c e r t a i n d i s t r i c t s o f the n o r t h
a n d southeast. W h i l e f a c t o r y c h i m n e y s rise o n
all sides i n the R h i n e basin o f the p r o v i n c e o f
W e s t p h a l i a , i n S a x o n y a n d Silesia, W u r t e m b u r g ,
B a d e n a n d B a v a r i a are c o u n t r i e s o f r a t h e r s m a l l
a n d m o d e r a t e m a n u f a c t u r i n g enterprises and
a g r i c u l t u r a l e x p l o i t a t i o n . T h e a n t a g o n i s m be­
t w e e n the possessing a n d non-possessing classes
shows i t s e l f i n less m a r k e d t r a i t s a r o u n d S t u t t ­
gart, F r e i b u r g , Carlsruhe and A u g s b u r g than i n
the r i c h valleys o f the l o w e r R h i n e . D a i l y l i f e
n a t u r a l l y leaves its impress, even u p o n S o c i a l i s t
t h e o r y . I n F r a n c e the s o c i a l i s m o f the H a u t e -
G a r o n n e a n d o f the P y r e n e e s - O r i e n t a l e differs
s o m e w h a t f r o m t h a t o f the i n d u s t r i a l zone o f
w h i c h L i l l e , R o u b a i x , a n d A r m e n t i e r e s are the
centers.
T h e G e r m a n y o f the N o r t h a n d the G e r m a n y
o f the S o u t h have u n d e r g o n e v e r y d i s t i n c t h i s ­
t o r i c a l developments, b o t h b e f o r e a n d a f t e r the
unification. T h e p r i n c i p l e o f d i v i n e r i g h t is
g r o u n d e d o n the one h a n d u p o n a p e r f e c t e d
m i l i t a r i s m a n d an i n t o l e r a n t n a g g i n g b u r e a u ­
cracy, p e n e t r a t e d by the idea o f its o w n ; i m p o r t ­
ance; a n d o n the o t h e r h a n d , i t has h a d to ac­
It
c o m m o d a t e i t s e l f i n a c e r t a i n degree to c o n s t i ­
t u t i o n a l a n d l i b e r a l ideas. T h e bourgeoisie o f
W u r t e m b u r g c o l l a b o r a t e d w i t h the people t o i n ­
troduce institutions l i m i t i n g autocratic power,
a n d t h i s task w a s the easier f o r t h e m since the
f e u d a l i s m o f the S o u t h n e v e r h a d the p r e t e n ­
sions n o r the t e r r i t o r i a l p o w e r o f the c o u n t r y
squires o f P r u s s i a and Mecklenburg. The
bourgeoisie o f B r a n d e n b u r g a n d P o m e r a n i a have
as a r u l e been r a t h e r feeble i n d e m a n d i n g r i g h t s
f o r themselves, w h i l e they d e m a n d e d n o t h i n g at
a l l f o r the w o r k i n g m e n . T h e i r acquiescence o r
t i m i d i t y c o n s o l i d a t e d a b s o l u t i s m i n the n i n e t e e n t h
c e n t u r y . T h e p a r t i c u l a r i s m o f the S o u t h screens
i t s e l f b e h i n d the p a r l i m e n t a r y professions w h i c h
the N o r t h never k n e w . T h e conflict o f the
classes is necessarily keener i n a c o u n t r y i n
w h i c h the e l e m e n t a r y l i b e r t i e s are p r o s c r i b e d
t h a n i n a c o u n t r y w h i c h has a less s u p e r a n n u a t e d
political regime.
T h e N o r t h is p r e d o m i n a t i n g l y P r o t e s t a n t , the
great m a j o r i t y o f the S o u t h are C a t h o l i c . E v e n
t h o u g h P r o t e s t a n t i s m is e c o n o m i c a l l y a n d socially
as conservative as C a t h o l i c i s m , yet i t is i n c l i n e d
to dissemble a n d disguise its tendencies. The
m i d d l e class o f W u r t e n b u r g , B a v a r i a , a n d the
G r a n d D u c h y o f B a d e n , i n o r d e r to d e f e n d the
p r e r o g a t i v e s t h e y h a d a c q u i r e d — a m o n g others a
c e r t a i n degree o f l i b e r t y o f speech a n d o f
t h o u g h t — h a v e c o u r t e d the p r o l e t a r i a t , a n d v i s i b l y
sought to o b t a i n its s u p p o r t . The Prussian
January, 1911
Evolution
Today it is the consolidation
of little stores, for the purpose
of making a few people 'on top'
enormously rich.
Yesterday it was the little store, competing with other little stores
capitalism
THE PEOPLE
profit profit
Art Young
Tomorrow the vulture of capitalism will be
kicked off the top, and the store will be owend
and operated by the people for the common good
bourgeois w h o d i d n o t have the same h i s t o r i c a l
e d u c a t i o n a n d w h o d i d n o t come i n t o c o l l i s i o n
w i t h c l e r i c a l a m b i t i o n s had no i n c e n t i v e w h a t s o ­
ever t o seek the c o - o p e r a t i o n o f the people. T h e
r e f o r m e d c l e r g y , f u l f i l l i n g a f u n c t i o n o f the
state, r e m a i n e d s u b o r d i n a t e to the established
authorities. T h e ecclesiastical c o m m u n i t i e s d i d
not m o n o p o l i z e either l a r g e p o r t i o n s o f the l a n d
or any p a r t o f the i n d u s t r y a n d commerce.
T h i s b r i e f analysis w i l l perhaps e x p l a i n the
d i v e r s i t y o f the c u r r e n t s i n the G e r m a n Social
Democracy.
T h e Congress o f M a g d e b u r g h e l d i n Septem­
ber gave its a t t e n t i o n to the t h e o r e t i c a l a n d prac­
t i c a l c o n t e n t i o n s w h i c h arose between the N o r t h
a n d the S o u t h , m o r e especially between the E x ­
ecutive C o m m i t t e e o f B e r l i n a n d the g r o u p o f
B a d e n deputies. T h e seventeen members o f the
D i e t o f C a r l s r u h e w h o v o t e d the budget i n spite
o f the i n t e r d i c t i o n t h a t has a l w a y s been m a i n ­
t a i n e d b y the G e r m a n S o c i a l - D e m o c r a t i c c o n ­
gresses a n d consecarted even b y an i n t e r n a t i o n a l
congress, appeared as the c h a m p i o n s o f alliances
w i t h the l i b e r a l s . I n fact, t h e y h a d entered i n t o a
" b l o c " analgous t o t h a t w h i c h existed i n F r a n c e
f r o m 1889 t o 1905.
T H E M A S S E S
TRUST STORE
Arthur Young
T h e adversaries o f socialism t r y to r i d i c u l e the
p r i n c i p l e s t h a t p r o h i b i t the a d o p t i o n o f the
b u d g e t by the representatives o f the w o r k i n g -
men's parties. I t is c e r t a i n t h a t such a p r o h i b i ­
t i o n has o n l y a s y m b o l i c v a l u e , w h i c h v a l u e , h o w ­
ever, is b y no means a n e g l i g i b l e q u a n t i t y . T h e
r e j e c t i o n o f the budgets d e m a n d e d b y the g o v e r n ­
m e n t shows t h a t S o c i a l i s m fights t h e m o d e r n
state face t o face, a n d refuses i t the means
o f subsistance i n p r o p o r t i o n as its p o w e r i n ­
creases. H o w e v e r , this is n o t the place to enter
i n t o a c o n t r o v e r s y o n this subject. T h e Baden
representatives i n c o n c e d i n g the m o n e y to the
government d i d not merely violate a f o r m a l order.
T h e y t r a m p l e d u n d e r f o o t the d o c t r i n e o f the
class s t r u g g l e i n o r d e r to b r i n g about the collab­
o r a t i o n o f the p r o l e t a r i a t w i t h the m i d d l e class.
I t was v i r t u a l l y e q u i v a l e n t to e m b r a c i n g in toto
the r e v i s i o n i s t p r i n c i p l e s o f w h i c h B e r n s t e i n h a d
previously given a dogmatic and documentary
exposition. T h e B a d e n m e n w e r e condemned.
I n fact, t h e i r c o n d e m n a t i o n was a foregone con­
c l u s i o n . B u t w h a t s u r p r i s e d even the most u n ­
c o m p r o m i s i n g o f t h e i r opponents was t h a t the
most qualified o f the members o f the C a r l s r u h e
D i e t , F r a n k , declared he w o u l d n o t bend b e f o r e
13
the decision o f the m a j o r i t y o f the delegates.
T h u s , the o l d q u a r r e l b e t w e e n M a r x i a n d o c t r i n -
a r i a n i s m a n d r e v i s i o n i s m , instead o f l o s i n g its
edge w h e n a r e s o l u t i o n was passed, as m a n y
times before, g r e w sharper, a n d t u r n e d i n t o a
schism.
B u t there w i l l be no schism, a n d the u n i t y o f
the Social D e m o c r a c y is safe. P r u s s i a n abso­
l u t i s m , the i m p e r i a l autocracy, has already
t a k e n i t u p o n i t s e l f t o reconcile the l e f t w i t h
the r i g h t . W h e n at the c o n c l u s i o n o f the C o n g ­
ress the l o n g - s t a n d i n g s t r u g g l e was i n v o k e d
w h i c h Socialists o f P r u s s i a have c a r r i e d o n i n
o r d e r to conquer p o l i t i c a l r i g h t s , the r i g h t o f
equal suffrage, the s o u t h e r n delegates, a m i d gen­
eral applause, declared t h e y w o u l d be o n t h e i r
side. A n d a c r y o f hope w e n t u p f r o m the w o r k -
i n g m e n ' s delegates, and a b r e a t h o f r e v o l u t i o n
swept the assembly.
T h e d e m o c r a t i c alliances t h a t m i g h t have
w o r k e d o u t slow t r a n s f o r m a t i o n s , the c o a l i t i o n s
between the w o r k i n g m e n a n d the liberals o r the
radicals are m o r e p r e c a r i o u s , m o r e c h i m e r i c a l ,
and m o r e ineffective i n G e r m a n y even t h a n i n
any o t h e r c o u n t r y . E v e n w h e n the i r e o f the
parties d e v o t e d t o c o n s t i t u t i o n a l p a r l i a m e n t a r i s m
is roused against the i m p e r i a l w h i m s a n d
vagaries, t h e y s t i l l r e t a i n t h e i r d i s t r u s t o f the
Social D e m o c r a c y . The n o r m a l rule f o r con­
t e m p o r a r y politics is the l i b e r a l - a g r a r i a n c o m ­
b i n a t i o n ; n a y m o r e , i t is the g r o u p i n g o f a l l the
forces o f social c o n s e r v a t i o n against the p a r t y
w h i c h seeks t o o v e r t h r o w the present o r d e r o f
society. T h e r a d i c a l l e f t dreads the threats o f
the Social D e m o c r a t s m o r e t h a n the fatuous
b l u n d e r s o f the K a i s e r . T h e v e r y l o g i c o f events
condemns r e v i s i o n i s m a n d dedicates the w o r k ­
i n g m a n to majestic i s o l a t i o n . B u t this i s o l a t i o n
engenders a r e v o l u t i o n a r y s p i r i t . A l l i e d w i t h the
liberals the Social D e m o c r a c y w o u l d eschew a l l
a c t i o n outside the l a w . L e f t t o i t s e l f and free, i t
no l o n g e r a d m i t s the same l i m i t a t i o n s . R e c e n t l y
it offered a n e w spectacle b o t h to those w h o ex­
alted a n d to those w h o c r i t i c i z e d t h e i r u n i f o r m l y
p r u d e n t a n d pacific a t t i t u d e . A t Copenhagen i t
no l o n g e r rejects i n express t e r m s the general
s t r i k e considered as a means to p a r a l y z e w a r . A t
M a g d e b u r g i t a d m i t t e d the general s t r i k e as use­
f u l i n m a k i n g p o l i t i c a l demands. W h e n one
t h i n k s o f the h o r r o r w h i c h i t f o r m e r l y m a n i ­
fested o f the general s t r i k e , one w i l l perceive
t h a t there has been some change i n its m e n t a l i t y .
B u t b e f o r e the congresses i t h a d a l r e a d y o r g a n ­
ized i n a n s w e r to the police i n t e r d i c t i o n s large
a n d s o l e m n d e m o n s t r a t i o n s w h i c h d i s t u r b e d the
official circles. O n the v e r y day a f t e r the C o n ­
gress, the M o a b i t r i o t s b r o k e o u t , w h i c h sounded
l i k e the o v e r t u r e to an era o f t r o u b l e . T h e l a b o r
u n i o n s , the great federations o f w o r k i n g m e n ,
h i t h e r t o so measured i n t h e i r m o v e m e n t s a n d
actions, n o w ostensibly i n c l i n e to h a r s h e r tactics.
A n d the m i l i t a n t o r g a n i z a t i o n s o f the employers
l i k e w i s e c o n f e d e r a t e d take the i n i t i a t i v e a n d
answer the threats o f s t r i k e w i t h the declara­
tions o f a l o c k o u t , t h r o w i n g h u n d r e d s o f t h o u ­
sands o f m e n o n the street and c a r r y i n g the so­
cial s t r u g g l e t o a degree o f e x a s p e r a t i o n i t never
b e f o r e reached i n G e r m a n y .
W h e n d u r i n g the September t r o u b l e s the con­
servative press u r g e d the g o v e r n m e n t t o b r i n g
out its t r o o p s and m o w d o w n o r shoot the m a n i ­
festants, the e m p e r o r , i t is said, re fus e d to c o n ­
cede its demands. C e r t a i n i t is t h a t no soldiers
appeared o n the streets o f M o a b i t .
A w e e k before, at the M a g d e b u r g Congress,
the r e a d i n g o f General Bissing's secret o r d e r o f
the day created a general s t i r i n G e r m a n y , be­
cause i t was the first t i m e t h a t an official d o c u ­
m e n t , the a u t h e n t i c i t y o f w h i c h was n o t denied,
betrayed the fear o f r e v o l u t i o n p r e v a i l i n g i n h i g h
places. Kaiser W i l h e l m did not want to b r i n g
the a r m y i n t o contact w i t h the c r o w d . T h e
h o u r h a d n o t yet s t r u c k . A n d besides i t is a
t r a d i t i o n o f the G e r m a n g o v e r n m e n t t o a v o i d a n y
c o l l i s i o n between the t r o o p s a n d the s t r i k e r s . I t
14
is due to this tradition that anti-miltarist senti­
ment in the trade unions has not assumed the
same aspect in the German Empire as in the
L a t i n countries.
But will the German officers never intervene
in the social struggles? N o one can foretell
what the morrow may bring forth. I t is certain
that the Social Democracy, of necessity uncom­
promising, despite the revisionist tendiencies that
occasionall crop up, is now advancing to the
number of four million voters. Many persons
who do not allow themselves to be prejudiced
or blinded estimate i t w i l l have one hundred and
twenty seats i n the next Reichstag. I f we take
into consideration the fact that some socialist
seats represent 100,000 votes each, while some
conservative seats represent no more than 5,000
votes, it w i l l be evident what the moral effect of
this invasion must be. A n d the question that
looms up largest of all is whether the Kaiser
will not be taking a terrible risk i f he decides to
resort to force.
The Little Sinner
(Continued from page 8)
lord's daughter had now found out that Kolya
had esconced himself in the wardrobe.
" W e l l , I won't come out, and that's a l l ! " he
grumbled once more, and covered himself with
his mother's cloak.
"Kolya, dear, what a shame, come out, my
darling," said Mikheyevna.
" W e l l , well, so that's where my beau is, i n the
wardrobe," said the landlord's daughter laugh­
ing, as she too entered the nursery.
Kolya did not want to come out. Mikheyevna
caught him by the foot, and Kolya began to kick
out.
Mikheyevna conquered i n the end. Kolya
emerged from the wardrobe red as a peony,
angry and abashed. H i s hair stuck out like the
quills of a porcupine, and his eyes flashed like a
wolf's. Natasha was the fault of it all. She had
discovered and betrayed him, and that's why
Kolya was angrier w i t h her than w i t h anyone
else.
"Don't touch me," he shouted, when Natasha
took h i m by the elbow to drag h i m from the
wardrobe.
"Mama has already given you one slapping to­
day. Do you want another?" asked Natasha,
straightening the new dress hanging in the ward­
robe.
"Oh y o u ! Naughty—once—naughty—twice—
naughty—three times—I killed the spider and I
have only six sins. There you are! A n d I could
call you naughty some more and I could call you
mean!" shouted Kolya, out of breath, and ran
from the nursery.
" W e l l ? " he asked, looking from the door of
his father's study. "Well? A n d I could call
Mikheyevna naughty, too, only I don't want to."
N O T least of the signs of the greatness of the of development in which progress depends much
modern Socialist movement is the fact that it ap­ less upon the leadership of a few distinguished
peals w i t h equal charm and force to men and individuals than upon the collective labor of all
women of many diverse points of view. I t is, I workers. Proof of this is that i t is coming to be
think, the supreme glory of this great world- more and more the fact that the great scientific
movement that so many temperaments and pas­ discoveries are made simultaneously by a num­
sions, so many qualities of mind and character, ber of independent investigators—an indication
are attracted to i t ; each finding in it something that society creates in several places the indivi­
T H E M A S S E S
The Fur Goat
(Continued from page 5 )
which made you start to write to me. I t seems
to me only logical that now that you have happily
gotten your fur coat back again, we should ter­
minate our correspondence. I at least have noth­
ing more to say.
Goodby—forever,
EMMA.
* * * goose that lays their golden eggs consists simply
Professor Wiegand to Dr. Gustav Strauch
B E R L I N , January 8, 1909.
DEAR G U S T A V : —
I have something to tell you again which will
astonish you tremendously. M y wife came back
yesterday. A n d that upon my repeated and
urgent entreaties. I thought I could not live w i t h
her any longer, and I found I certainly could
not live without her. I just learned from her
that she was very unhappy during our separa­
tion. But she would never have confessed it,
because she is the stronger of us two. I don"t
know how to explain the miracle, but we love
each other more dearly than ever. W e are hav­
ing a new honeymoon. The great questions of
life divided us. Is it really only the small ones
that brought us together again? W o u l d you
have thought it possible that a man could find
his half-dried heart in the pockets of an old fur
coat ?
The edifice of my w o r l d philosophy is shaken
to its foundation. I shall have to learn every­
thing over again.
T H E chief bar to the action of imagination,
and stop to all greatness in this present age of
ours, is its mean and shallow love of jest; so that
if there be in any good and lofty work a flaw,
failing, or undipped vulnerable part, where sar­
casms may stick or stay, it is caught at, and
pointed at, and buzzed about, and fixed upon, and
stung into, as a recent wound is by flies; and
nothing is ever taken seriously or as i t was
meant, but always, i f i t may be, turned the wrong
way, and misunderstood: and while this is so,
there is not, nor cannot be, any hope of achieve­
ment of high things; men dare not open their
hearts to us, i f we are to broil them on a thorn-
fire.—Ruskin.
D R . COOK has discovered that the way of the
transgessor may be paved w i t h gold.—Pittsburg
Gazette-Times.
I F we examine our present social order, we
realize w i t h horror how barbarous it still is. N o t
only do murder and war destroy cultural values
without substituting others i n their place, not
only do the countless conflicts which take place
between the different nations and political organ­
izations act anticulturally, but so do also the con­
flicts between the various social classes of one
nation, for they destroy quantities of free energy
which are thus withdrawn from the total of real
cultural values. A t present mankind is i n a state
January, 1911
Our Benevolent Express
Companies
W I T H I N the short space of three years t w o of
the big express companies have presented their
grateful stockholders w i t h "melons" w o r t h forty-
eight million dollars. This pleasant return was
upon an original investment of practically noth­
ing. Whatever assets the companies now possess
were accumulated out of surplus profits. The
of exclusive contracts w i t h the railroads, by
which they are licensed to overcharge the long-
suffering public for carrying its parcels.
These private gold mines, called express com­
panies, employ considerable labor. Some five
thousand of their drivers, transfer men, schedule
men and helpers in New Y o r k and Jersey City
went on strike this fall. Those holding the most
responsible positions, the route drivers and trans­
fer men, received, i t appears, sixty-five to seven­
ty-five dollars a month for a day's w o r k that
began at seven A . M . and ended as soon after
six P. M . as the last load on the platforms was
hauled to its destination.
This arrangement of a workday w i t h a "regu­
lar hour for starting, but none for stopping"
often means, in practice, fifteen hours' labor out
of the twenty-four, w i t h Sunday and holiday
work, for which no extra pay is given. For help­
ers, i t seems, the companies t h r i f t i l y prefer boys,
whom they can hire at eighteen to twenty dollars
a month.
The men demanded an advance of five dollars
a month in wages, w i t h fifty dollars a month
minimum for helpers and a workday of eleven
hours. As the three-hundred-per-cent. express
companies felt unable to grant the men's de­
mands, express business in New Y o r k and Jer­
sey City was thrown into utter confusion. For
years the public' had paid the companies three-
hundred-per-cent. rates for carrying its parcels;
but, rather than deal liberally w i t h its employees
in a pinch, the companies calmly permitted the
public's parcels to lie undelivered. A t one time,
it is said, three hundred and fifty thousand pack­
ages, generally requiring haste and care, were
piled up in the various offices waiting for the
strike to end.
The grand bulwark of this precious business
consists i n the failure of Congress to pass a
parcels-post act.—Saturday Evening Post.
T H E prospect that the consumer w i l l shortly
be able to consume something is about the rosiest
outlook upon the national horizon.—St. Louis
Post-Dispatch.
Natural Philosophy
By
WILHELM OSTWALD
Translated by
THOMAS SELTZER
An excellent r e s u m e of m o d e r n n a t u r a l p h i l o s o p h y as o p p o s e d to
the academic philosophy. Of inestimable value to every one who
d e s i r e s to o b t a i n a k n o w l e d g e of t h e general results of science up to
date w i t h the least p o s s i b l e expenditure of time.

that answers its own peculiar needs. The saying dual conditions requisite for such discoveries. The author, Professor Ostwald, is the founder of Physical
C h e m i s t r y , a n d o n e of t h e l e a d i n g s c i e n t i s t s of t h e w o r l d .
attributed to Jesus, " I , i f I be lifted up out of the Thus we are living at a time when men are grad­
earth, w i l l draw all men unto myself," has been ually approximating one another very closely i n
cited many times as proof of the sublime faith of their natures, and when the social organization P r i c e , $1.00 net
Jesus. Likewise it may be said of this Socialist therefore demands and strives for as thorough
Send your orders to
movement that its adherents have a sublime faith an equalization as possible in the conditions of
in the power of their ideal to draw and unite all existence of all men.—Ostwald's Natural Philo­ THE MASSES P U B L I S H I N G GO.
men, regardless of race, color or creed.—Spargo. sophy. 112 E A S T 19TH S T R E E T , N E W Y O R K
January, 1911 T H E M A S S E S 15

ADVERTISING RATES: Full Page, $50.00; 1 Column, 3 in. wide, $20.00; 3 in., 1 Column, $6.50

The American Wholesale Co-operative

1406 A V E N U E A , N e a r 74th Street, N E W Y O R K

GROCERIES I N B U L K
Prices are net, no discount, Q u a n t i t i e s m u s t be o r d e r e d as stated. A b s o l u t e p u r i t y guaranteed. Send check w i t h o r d e r . Stores can

o b t a i n closer prices b y o r d e r i n g large q u a n t i t i e s . W e can f u r n i s h w i t h a n y t h i n g i n the g r o c e r y l i n e .

Specify w h a t y o u w a n t , and w e w i l l quote prices.

CANNED FISH. D R I E D B E A N S A N D PEAS. G R O U N D SPICES.

( N o t less t h a n one dozen.) ( I n bag lots—One bushel, 60 lbs.; 1 bag 3 bushels.) ( A b s o l u t e l y P u r e — I n 6-lb. boxes.)
D o m e s t i c Sardines i n O i l 4c, 5c and 7c per t i n N e w Y o r k State Pea Beans .$2.70 per bu. B l a c k Pepper 18c per lb.
Canned S a l m o n A c o o r d i n g t o M a r k e t Price N e w K i d n e y Beans $3.60 per bu. Cinnamon 19c per lb.
C a l i f o r n i a L i m a Beans $3.75 per bu Mustard 18c per lb.
IMPORTED FISH. Y e l l o w S p l i t Peas $2.50 per bu. Ginger 20c per lb.
Allspice 18c per lb.
Soused M a c k e r e l , 1'S t i n s $1.60 t o $1.75 per doz. NUTS.
Cloves 21c per lb.
Scotch K i p p e r e d H e r r i n g , 1's t i n s 1.75 per doz.
(Not less t h a n 10 lbs. sold.)
Scotch T o m a t o H e r r i n g , 1's t i n s 1.75 per doz.
Scotch K i p p e r e d H e r r i n g , 1/2's t i n s 1.00 per doz. Walnuts 17c, 18c, 20c per lb. TEAS.
Filbert Nuts 141/2c,16c per lb (Not less t h a n 5 pounds sold.)
Brazil Nuts L a r g e , 11 1/2c; W a s h e d , 13c per lb.
FRENCH SARDINES. Gunpowder 20c, 23c, 25c, 28c and 49c per lb.
Almond Nuts 17c, 20c per lb.
1/4's 10c, 12c, 15c each Shelled A l m o n d N u t s 35c, 46c per lb. Young Hyson 19c, 22c, 30c and 35c per lb.
18c, 21c, 25c each Rice ( n o t less t h a n 25 lbs.) 5c, 6c, 7c, 8c per lb. Japan 25c, 33c, 35c and 38c per lb.
L e n t i l s , new ( n o t less t h a n 25 lbs.) 3 3/4c per l b . Ceylon 25c, 28c, 30c and 35c per lb.
NORWEGIAN SMOKED SARDINES. L e n t i l s , i n b a g lots 31/2cper lb. Oolong 23c, 29c and 36c per lb.
N u t r e t o ( a cereal coffee) $2.25 per case
8c, 8 1/2c, 9c, 11C each. COFFEE.
P r i m e l ( a breakfast f o o d ) . $2.25 per case
CANNED FRUIT A N D VEGETABLES. (Not less t h a n 10 pounds sold.)
DRIED FRUITS.
( N o t less t h a n one case, 2 dozen per case, sold.) Special B l e n d 20c per lb.
C a l i f o r n i a Prunes, 25-lb. boxes 91/2c,10, 11, 12 per lb.
Her Favorite 23c per lb.
T o m a t o e s , size N o . 3 95c, $1.15 and $1.35 per doz. C u r r a n t s , 3 doz. i n case 10c, 10 1/2c, 12c per pkge.
O u r Best 27c per lb.
C o r n . size N o . 2 95c, $1.10 and $1.25 per doz. B u l k C u r r a n t s , 25-lb. boxes 93/4c,10c,113/4c
Peas, size N o . 2 95c, $1.20 and $1.40 per doz. Raisins, 3 doz. i n case 81/2c,9c, 11c per pkge.
S t r i n g Beans, size N o . 2. .. .95c, $1.05 and $1.15 per doz. Loose C a l i f o r n i a , fine q u a l i t y 8 1/2c, 10 1/2c per lb. CIGARS. -
Succotash, size N o . 2 95c, $1.10 and $1.25 per doz. A p r i c o t s , 25-lb. boxes 15c, 17c, 18c per lb. L i b e r t y T o r c h Regalia Havana.$3.oo per 50; $6.00 per 100
Peaches, 25-lb. boxes 8 1/2c, 9c, 10c per lb. L i b e r t y T o r c h Special $1.65 per 50; $3.30 per 100
PEACHES. D r i e d A p p l e s , 50-lb. boxes 12c, I 41/2Cper lb. Vlag's Favorite $2.00 per 50; $4.00 per 100
C a l i f o r n i a L e m o n C l i n g Peaches, 2 1/2's, Get o u r quotations on P u r e I t a l i a n O l i v e O i l i n pints,
WHOLE SPICES. quarts, half-gallons and g a l l o n tins.
$1.75, $2.00, $2.50 per doz.
Nutmegs 30c per lb. I m p o r t e d Neapolitan Macaroni.
N e w Y o r k State B a r t l e y P e a r s : W h o l e B l a c k Pepper 14c per lb.
2's $1.50 per doz. W h o l e Allspice 12c per lb. Providence Salad Oil.
3's 2.00 per doz. W h o l e Cloves 18c per lb. S a u e r k r a u t , Pickles, Groats, B a r l e y , Cereals, Scotch
H a w a i a n Slice Pineapple, 2's t a l l t i n s . . . .$1.75 per doz. Bay Leaves 12c per lb. H e r r i n g and D r i e d Codfish.

T h e prices q u o t e d o n C o l l a r s , M i l l i n e r y , S h i r t w a i s t s , U m b r e l l a s , M e n ' s F u r n i s h i n g , M e n ' s C l o t h i n g and O v e r a l l s are R e t a i l prices.

A discount is a l l o w e d on that, w h i c h is sent m o n t h l y to y o u r organization. T h e r e f o r e state carefully

w h a t organization y o u belong to. Send check w i t h order, and t e l l us how you want it shipped.

Overalls and Jumpers

HATS Ladies HATS No.
31—Medium w e i g h t , u n i o n made overalls and
Per Doz.

with or without bibs; materials blue.

B u i l d to o r d e r by highly competent milliners Denim, B r o w n . Ducks. W h i t e or Stripe

to suit y o u r i n d i v i d u a l i t y . D r i l l ; a l l sizes; 50c each. Wholesale.... $5.75

1—Heavy w e i g h t B l u e D e n i m and Stripped

M i s s G l a n z e r w h o is i n charge of this depart­
D r i l l ; 75c each. Wholesale 8.25
m e n t is a h i g h class designer of w i d e experience.
1—White D r i l l ; 75c each. Wholesale 8.00
Send photograph and state how much you
21—Heaviest w e i g h t Blue D e n i m ; 90c each.
w i s h to spend. Wholesale 9,75

We will then correspond with you before 1—Brown Duck, Heaviest Grade, 90c each.
you place y o u r o r d e r . Wholesale 9.75

63—Cotton Jeans Pants, lined o r u n l i n e d ; each .90

Satisfaction guaranteed or m o n e y returned.
6 5 — W o o l Jeans Pants, each 1.75
You will save at least 50% o v e r purchases
made i n o r d i n a r y m i l l i n e r y . J u m p e r to m a t c h a l l overalls same price. A l l goods
are double stitched, have r i v e t e d b u t t o n s and are w a r ­
LUCILLE GLANZER ranted not to r i p .
16 THE M A S S E S January, 1911

A M E R I C A N W H O L E S A L E CO-OPERATIVE
Umbrellas Four ply The four ply collars
Five ply
O u r U m b r e l l a s have
Collars on t h e left differ p r i n - Collars
cipially from the five P R I C E
all the qualities c o m ­ PRICE
ply c o l l a r s o n the right Single 15c
bined which you Single 10c o f the picture in price Two for 25c
s h o u l d find i n a g o o d P e r d o z e n . .90c Per dozen $1.10
Umbrella. They are
neat, beautiful and
servicable.
Erling Polinda
Satisfaction guaran­
Size High Size High
teed. Money returned
12-18 2 inch 13 1/2-18 2 inch
if not satisfied. Care­
fully state number,
description and price
when ordering. Florence No. 3 Florence No. 2
Size High Size High

LADIES' UMBRELLAS. 14-20 2 1/2 i n c h 14-20 2 1/2 i n c h

Q u a l i t y and D e s c r i p t i o n o f Handles.

Frames. 26-in. 28-in.

Why not Ermon
9—Paragon, 7 r i b cotton gloria ;
t u r n e d congos .62 Size High Size High
SHIRTWAISTS. 12-20 2 1/2 i n c h
25—Paragon ; 7 rib cotton gloria ; 12-20 2 1/2 i n c h
t u r n e d congos and n a t u r a l s . . . . .78 .78 500— F i n e P i n t u c k e d Batiste .98
43—Paragon ; 7 r i b c o t t o n taffeta, case 501— F i n e L a w n , side effect, ruffled .98
502— F a n c y Swiss .98
case and tassel, fancy horns, Ardmore Consort
caps and pearl, b o x princess 503— F i n e T r i m m e d , side effect 1.48
Size High
directoire .95 .95 504— F a n c y Swiss, i n colors 1.48 Size High

45—Paragon ; 7 r i b E n g l i s h g l o r i a , 505—H a n d - e m b r o i d e r e d Batiste 1.98 12-18 2 1/4 i n c h 12-18 2 1/4 i n c h

case and tassel, b o x princess 506— F u l l T r i m m e d , fancy 1.98
directoire .95 .95 507— F i n e T a i l o r B u t t o n e d F r o n t 1.98
12—Paragon ; 7 r i b c o t t o n taffeta, tape 508— F i n e H a n d - e m b r o i d e r e d Batiste 2.98 Calvert Triumph
edge, case and tassel, b o x p r i n ­ 509— E l a b o r a t e F a n c y W a i s t 2.98 Size High Size High
cess d i r e c t o i r e .95 .95
In o r d e r i n g m e n t i o n number, size and price. 12-17 1/2 2 1/8 i n c h 12-17 1/2 2 1/8 i n c h
16e—Paragon; 7 r i b dyed taffeta, T a j e
edge, A m e r i c a n piece, case and
tassel, b o x princess d i r e c t o i r e . . 1.10 1.25
160—Paragon ; 7 r i b , dyed taffeta, tape The appearance of c o l l a r is exactly shown by picture.
edge, A m e r i c a n Piece, case and S t a t e the s i z e a n d n a m e of collar.
tassel. H a n d l e s t r i m m e d . D i ­
We also urge you to order by the d o z e n as the
rectoire and fancy w o o d s 1.25 1.40
difference in p r i c e is v e r y large.
129e—Paragon ; 7 r i b , taffeta, tape edge,
s i l k piece dye, case and tassel,
t u r n e d handles, fancy cap 1.25 1.40
38—Paragon ; 7 r i b , taffeta, broad
tampen, b r o a d piece dye, case W h e r e we quote the low­
and tassel. B o x and d i r e c t o i r e est r e t a i l price we mean that
handles . 1.25 1.40 you c o u l d n o t possibly pur­
chase the g a r m e n t for less
t h a n i n A N Y store.
GENTLEMEN'S UMBRELLAS.
W e make Y O U a reduc­
9—Paragon ; 7 r i b , c o t t o n gloria ; t i o n o f three to five dollars,
t r i m m e d congos .62 .62 as y o u notice.
25—Paragon ; 7 r i b , c o t t o n g l o r i a ; W e allow Y O U R organ­
t r i m m e d congos and n a t u r a l s . . .78 .78 ization a percentage o f the
profit, to be settled for
43—Paragon 7 r i b , c o t t o n taffeta, case
monthly.
and tassel ; gents' handles, b o x
All orders must be ac­
and fancy t u r n e d congos .95 .95
companied by cash.
45—Paragon ; 7 r i b , E n g l i s h g l o r i a , Be careful in taking
case and tassel ; gents' handles, measurements.
b o x and fancy t u r n e d c o n g o s . . .95 .95 I f y o u have no measure­
1 2 — P a r a g o n ; 7 r i b , c o t t o n taffeta, tape ment b l a n k send f o r one.
edge, case and tassel; gents'
Lowest
handles, b o x and fancy t u r n e d Our Retail
congos .. .95 .95 Price Price
1. D u l l B l a c k W o r s t e d
16e—Paragon; 7 r i b , dyed taffeta, tape Suit, single breasted $12.00 $15.00
edge, A m e r i c a n piece, case and 2. B l a c k T h i b e t Suit,
and tassel, b o x and fancy t u r n e d single breasted . . . 11.00 14.00
congos 1.10 1.35 3. B e a u t i f u l G r a y D i a ­
160—Paragon; 7 r i b , dyed taffeta, tape gonal Heavy Wool

edge, A m e r i c a n piece, case and Double Breasted

Overcoat 12.00 16.00
tassel, t u r n e d b o x , t u r n e d ebony, 1.25 1.40
4. B l a c k K e r s e y S i n g l e
1 2 9 e — P a r a g o n ; 7 r i b , taffeta, tape edge, Breasted Overcoat 13.00 16.00
silk piece dyed case and tassel, 5. T a n K e r s e y D o u b l e
fancy handles, b o x and ebony Breasted Overcoat 14.50 19.00
plain 1.35 1.40 6. D u l l B l a c k W o r s t e d
38—Paragon ; 7 r i b , taffeta, b r o a d tape, Single Breasted

b r o a d piece dye, case and tassel, Overcoat, Presto

collar 13.00 16.00
fancy handles, b o x and ebony
plain 1.25 1.10

T H E C O - O P E R A T I V E P R E S S

15 S P R U C E S T R E E T , Ν . Y .
January, 1911 T H E M A S S E S Vol. I

A M E R I C A N W H O L E S A L E CO-OPERATIVE Are You A Subscriber?

MEN'S A N D BOY'S NECKWEAR.
Each. Per ½ Doz.
Each. Per ½ Doz. The New York Call
F o u r - i n - H a n d , all Silk, Open E n d Scarfs, beautiful assort­
ment of patterns, both light and dark shades 19c 90c is the only English paper in the E a s t
Same style as above in more expensive silk 25c $1.00 devoting its columns to recording the
Reversible F o u r - i n - H a n d Silk Scarf, latest patterns in both struggles of L a b o r
light and dark shades 17c 95c T h e Sunday C a l l is the only Sunday
Same style as above in more expensive silks 25c $1.45 issue of a Socialist daily paper pub­
F o u r - i n - H a n d Mercerized Silk, Reversible Scarfs, all colors. . 12c 65c lished in the world
Highest Grade Open and H e a v y Silk F o u r - i n - H a n d s , light and
dark shades 40c $2.12 "Not the Biggest Sunday
Shield Bows, large, best quality Silk, both dark and light
patterns 20c 95c Paper But the Best!"
Roy's Shield, Pointed Bows 10c 50c
F o r s u b s c r i p t i o n r a t e s see the
NIGHT ROBES. editorial page of the paper
956—Cambridge L o w Neck Single R o w T r i m m i n g 50c
963—Cambridge L o w Neck Double R o w T r i m m i n g 50c
1909—Cambridge L o w Neck Collar Effect T r i m m i n g 67c
The New York Call
5282—Cambridge L o w Neck Piped Effect T r i m m i n g (67c
1968—Cambridge L o w Neck Single R o w T r i m m i n g 86c 409 Pearl Street N e w Y o r k City
a104—Cambridge L o w Neck Plain W h i t e T r i m m i n g 86c
a118—Cambridge L o w Neck P l a i n white extra large 86c
Sizes according to collars Nos. 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20.

PAJAMAS. 140—White Dress Shirt, open front and back, Milwaukee

wrist bands laundered. ( T h i s grade is
305—Colored P a j a m a s
312—Colored P a j a m a s , trimmed with l o o p s . . . .
.85
.95 also made in coat style, cuffs attached; is now run by Workingmen
366—Colored P a j a m a s , trimmed with l o o p s . . . . 1.30 coat style, no cuffs, and open back o n l y . ) . . .95 D o n ' t you want to k n o w how
314—White P a j a m a s , trimmed with loops 1.30 601—White Dress Shirt, open back and front,
391—Helio, solid color, trimmed with l o o p s . . . . 1.60 wrist bands laundered. ( T h i s grade is w o r k i n g m e n govern a big city?
Sizes A , B , C , D . also made in coat style, cuffs attached,
I n ordering mention number of article, size and price and coat style, no cuffs.) 1.39 THEN
W4000—White Plaited Shirts made in four

MEN'S SHIRTS.
styles of bosom; 24 plaits; 16 plaits; 8
plaits and cluster style, either in coat Read the
N . S. P . — W h i t e unlaundered
only, re-enforced front
400—White unlaundered Shirt,
and back, set in bosom
197—White unlaundered Shirt,
Shirt, open back
and back
re-enforced front

re-enforced front
.50

.55
style, attached cuffs, or in regular style
without cuffs. T h e 16-plait style is also
made coat, no cuffs
W6000—Same as above (W4000)
Should you be desirous of examining any of these
. .95
.95
Chicago Dally Socialist
and back, set in bosom .69 numbers, you can do so.
W h e r e you w i l l find the latest
and most truthful news from
Milwaukee

112 East
Rand School Restaurant
19th Street Tel., Gramercy 778
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SERVICE A LA CARTE
Socialists Govern Milwaukee
The artistic
F o r all the n e w s w h a t the
and congenial sur­ Socialist A d m i n i s t r a t i o n is
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of the many in­ City, R E A D T H E
ducements w h i c h
has made the gar- Social
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rades from all
Subscription price, $1.00 per year.
parts of the Published weekly. Address:
U n i t e d States.
344 6th Street Milwaukee, Wis.

There Are Reasons.

Why certain lines of goods prove lasting favorites with the consumers. T h e big reason lies in the demandable quality which you have learned
by constant use of those lines.
T h i s is the big reason why you, M r . and M r s . Co-operator, should form the habit of calling for '' M A D E - I N - G I R A R D ' ' P R O D U C T S .

They Bear Acquaintance.

Most of you know several other good reasons. T h e n don't forget to ask for N U T R E T O cereal coffee and P R I M E L cereal Breakfast F o o d .

Agents for E a s t e r n S t a t e s :
AMERICAN
WHOLESALE CO-OPERATIVE The Girard Manufacturing Co., Girard, Kan.
Vol. I T H E M A S S E S January, 1911

T A F T B L U N T L Y SAYS, in his Report as Secretary of War, 1907, (Page 14) that the best and
most desirable class of men do not join the A r m y . Report quoted i n :

W A R - W H A T FOR? By GEORGE R. KIRKPATRICK

T h e book explains the slayer, the betrayer and the ruler of the w o r k i n g class. N o w i n the 3rd edition, 15th thousand.
352 pages, elegant gold-stamped binding, 12 chapters, 13 powerful full-page pictures (3 halftones) by John Sloan and R y a n W a l k e r — I n T h i r d Edition

560 sold in Greater Pittsburg, P a . ; 220 sold in one factory in

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T H E C H I C A G O E V E N I N G POST: " I t is as
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T H E L O U I S V I L L E , K Y . , H E R A L D also r a n k s
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THE S P R I N G F I E L D , MASS., REPUBLICAN:
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T h e R a n d S c h o o l o f S o c i a l Science offers t h e f o l l o w i n g Corre­ task, not only technical ability, b u t also a f r a t e r n a l i n t e r e s t i n t h e
spondence Courses for students l i v i n g outside of N e w Y o r k C i t y : students' progress.
Course I . American History. Textbook, McMaster's "School T h e courses n o w o f f e r e d are o f a n e l e m e n t a r y n a t u r e . L a t e r i t is

H i s t o r y of the U n i t e d States," e x p e c t e d t h a t e l e m e n t a r y courses i n o t h e r s u b j e c t s a n d also s o m e m o r e

a d v a n c e d courses w i l l be e s t a b l i s h e d .
Course I I . American Government. Textbook, Ashley's "Ameri­
N o o n e is a d v i s e d t o u n d e r t a k e m o r e t h a n one c o u r s e a t a t i m e ,
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u n l e s s he has a b u n d a n t l e i s u r e f o r s t u d y . I t is b e t t e r t o t a k e t h e t h r e e
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t e r v a l s o f one m o n t h , g i v i n g a s y n o p s i s of t h e s u b j e c t a n d d i r e c t i o n s T h e fee f o r e i t h e r c o u r s e is $2.50 i f p a i d i n a d v a n c e , o r $3.00 i f
for reading. After doing the indicated reading, the student w i l l w r i t e p a i d i n m o n t h l y i n s t a l m e n t s o f 50 c e n t s each.
a n essay each m o n t h a c c o r d i n g t o d i r e c t i o n s g i v e n i n t h e o u t l i n e a n d S t u d e n t s w h o so desire m a y p u r c h a s e t e x t b o o k s f r o m t h e R a n d
s e n d i t t o t h e R a n d S c h o o l , w h e r e i t w i l l be r e a d a n d r e t u r n e d t o t h e School, at the f o l l o w i n g prices: M c M a s t e r , $1.10; Ashley, $1.00;
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active members of the Socialist party. T h e essays w i l l b e r e a d a n d S o c i a l Science. B e sure t h a t y o u r name a n d address are clearly
m a r k e d b y comrades w e l l qualified for such w o r k . Everyone con­ w r i t t e n a t t h e h e a d o f y o u r l e t t e r a n d also o n t h e e n v e l o p e . Address
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