Test Reagent Used Expected Results Actual Results Remarks

Molisch Test- a Molisch Reagent (2 A positive test is indicated by the

general test for drops)- dehydrates formation of a purple product at the
carbohydrates pentoses to form interface of the two layers.
furfural and dehydrates
hexoses to form 5-
hydroxymethyl furfural.
The furfurals further
react with -naphthol
present in the test
reagent to produce a
purple product.

Concentrated Sulfuric
Acid (1 mL/ 15 drops)-
used both to produce
the furfural derivatives
and as the condensing
agent.
Iodine Test- used Iodine Solution (1 drop) There will be a blue-black color
for the detection of
starch
Fehling’s Test- a Fehling’s Reagent (1 Brick red precipitate in glucose and
test for the mL/ 15 fructose. No reaction in sucrose
detection of drops)- chemical
reducing sugar and reagent used to
aldehydes in a differentiate between
solution water-soluble
carbohydrate and
ketone functional
groups
Benedict’s Test- this Benedict’s Reagent (1 BLUE: (-) <100 mg/dL glucose GLUCOSE:
test isn’t specific for mL/ 15 drops)- concentration
glucose; it just tells Carbohydrates with free
you if an aldehyde aldehyde or ketone GREEN: (+) 150 mg/dL glucose
is present. So it will groups have the ability concentration
also give a positive to reduce solutions of SUCROSE:
test for other various metallic ions. YELLOW: (++) 1,000 mg/dL glucose
reducing sugars. Reducing sugars concentration
under alkaline
condition tautomerise ORANGE: (+++) 2,000 mg/dL glucose
and form enediols. concentration
Enediols are powerful BRICK RED: (++++) >2,000 mg/dL LACTOSE:
reducing agents. They glucose concentration
can reduce cupric ions
(Cu2+) to cuprous form
(Cu+), which is
responsible for the FRUCTOSE:
change in color of the
reaction mixture. It is
also used to test for the
presence of glucose in
urine.

DIABETIC URINE:
The result can be
affected if certain
drugs are taken
(salicylates, penicillin,
streptomycin,
isoniazid, and p-
aminosalicyclic acid)
and if there are
chemical present
which may reduce
 Benedict’s Test
reaction.

FASTING URINE:

RANDOM URINE:

Barfoed’s Test- a Barfoed’s Reagent A positive test is indicated by the

test used to detect (1mL/ 15 drops)- a formation of a brick red colored
the presence of mixture of ethanoic precipitate within 3- 5 minutes.
monosaccharide (acetic) acid and
(reducing) sugars in copper(II) acetate, is (The glucose and fructose solutions are
solution combined with the test expected to have brick red colored
solution and boiled. A precipitate since these are
monosaccharides).
red copper(II) oxide
precipitate is formed
will indicates the
presence of reducing
sugar
Seliwanoff’s Test- a Seliwanoff’s Reagent A positive test is indicated by a red
test used to (1mL/ 15 drops)- color or red shading, which means that
distinguish aldoses dehydrates keto sugar is present in the solution.
from ketoses ketohexoses to form 5-
hydroxymethylfurfural. (Fructose and Sucrose solutions are
5-hydroxymethylfurfural expected to give a positive result).
further reacts with
resorcinol present in
the test reagent to
produce a red product
within two minutes

Bial’s Orcinol Test- Bial’s Orcinol Reagent A positive result is indicated when a Pentose was not
used to check the (1mL/ 15 drops)- used bluish color appears in the solution. If present in all the
presence of to distinguish pentoses some other color appears then the sample since the
pentose sugar from hexoses result is negative bluish color was not
sugars observed.

Mucic Acid Test- Concentrated Nitric Mucic acid forms as a white precipitate
this test is highly Acid (1mL/ 15 drops)- or the presence of crystals.
specific for able to oxidize the
galactose which is terminal groups of (Galactose is expected to have
either independently aldoses but leaves the crystals).
present in solutions
or obtained by the secondary hydroxyl
hydrolysis of lactose groups unchanged
Osazone Formation- Osazone Reagent 2mL Before heating In the experiment the
( 3 mL Sodium Acetate glucose formed needle
Solution, 2 grams of shaped crystals but
phenylhydrazine not that visible.
hydrochloride crystals)- The galactose did not
Sodium acetate is form a rhombi-shape
normally added to crystal as it was
make the reaction expected. The shape
mixture basic. The was not that clear and
production of the After heating hard to distinguish.
phenylhydrazine Sucrose on the other
proceeds much more hand will not form
rapidly in basic solution. osazone because it is
Sugars having reducing a non-reducing sugar,
property react with and therefore it gives a
phenylhydrazine negative reaction of
hydrochloride to form osazone formation.
characteristic osazones
(crystals).
Under microscope (LPO)

Glucose and fructose form needle

shaped crystals upon hydrolysis.
Sucrose is a none reducing sugar;
therefore, it will not form osazone
crystals. Glucose
Galactose will form rhombi-plate
shaped crystals.

Fructose
Sucrose

Galactose