MMW Language Sets and Logic

Mathematical Language
and Symbol
GE 112
Mathematics in the Modern World
Anthony Capili & Eveyth Deligero

Math & Stat Department
College of Arts & Sciences
University of Southeastern Philippines
Contents
I. English Language and Math Language

- English to Math
- Math to English
II. Logic
- Truth value and truth table
III. Sets
- Basic Properties
- Venn Diagram
- Operations
- Applications
and Symbols Page 2
I. English Language and Math Language
The Importance of Language
Although ideas may be simple, there is no

access to the ideas without a knowledge of the
language in which the ideas are expressed. For
example, people frequently have trouble
understanding mathematical ideas: not
necessarily because the ideas are difficult, but
because they are being presented in a foreign
language – the language of mathematics.
and Symbols Page 3
English Language and Math Language
Characteristics of Mathematical Language
The language of mathematics makes it easy to

express the kinds of thoughts that
mathematicians like to express. It is:
1. Precise (able to make very fine distinctions)

2. Concise (able to say things briefly)
3. Powerful (able to express complex thoughts
with relative ease)
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Expression vs. Sentences
Expression is a name given to a mathematical

object of interest. Ex. 5, 2 + 3, 10 ÷ 2, 6 − 2 +
1, 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1
Mathematical sentence, just as an English

sentence, must state a complete thought.
Ex. 2 + 3 = 5, 10 ÷ 2 = 6, 6 − 2 + 1 = 5, 1 +
1 + 1 + 1 + 1 = 5.
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Difficulties
• The word “is” could mean equality, inequality, or
membership in a set
• Different use of a number (cardinal, ordinal, nominal,
ratio)
• Mathematical objects may be represented in many
ways such as sets and functions.
• The words “and” and “or” mean differently in
mathematics from its English use.
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Translate from English Language to Math

Language:
1. The sum of two numbers is 10.

2. The square root of 9 added to x is 5.
3. Two added to a number subtracted from 10 equals
3.
4. The set of integers is a subsets of the set of real
numbers.
5. The sum of two consecutive odd numbers is eight.
6. X belongs to the intersection of sets A and B.
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Translate from Math Language to English

Language:
1. 20 ÷(2 + 8)
2. (x –5) + 6x
3. 1 m = 100 cm = 1000 mm
4. 3(x –2) = x + 3
5. (6x –5) + 2 > 5x + 13
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II. LOGIC
Logic
• Allows us to determine the validity of arguments in
and out of mathematics
• Illustrates the importance of precision and
conciseness of the language of mathematics
Math Statement or Proposition

• Must express a complete thought.
• A declarative sentence or statement that is either
true or false but not both.
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LOGIC
Example
Consider the following statement. Which are
true? False? Are there possibilities other than
true and false?
1. 1+2=4
2. 𝑥−1=0
3. 𝑡+3=3+𝑡
4. 1∙𝑥 =𝑥
5. Sketch the graph of 𝑓.
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Truth Table
Negation (~)
P ~P
T F
F T
Example:
P : The square of two is four.
~P : The square of two is not four.
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Truth Table
Conjunction
P Q 𝑃∧𝑄
T T T
T F F
F T F
F F F
Example:
P: The square of two is four.
Q: Four is prime.
P and Q: ________________?
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Truth Table
Disjunction
P Q 𝑃 ∨𝑄
T T T
T F T
F T T
F F F
Example:
Q: Four is prime.
P or Q: ________________?
and Symbols Page 13
Truth Table
Conditional
P Q P→Q
T T T
T F F
F T T
F F T
Example:
Q: Four is prime.
P → Q: ________________?
and Symbols Page 14
Truth Table
Biconditional
P Q P↔Q
T T T
T F F
F T F
F F T
Example:
Q: Four is prime.
P ↔ Q: ________________?
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Truth Table (Summary)
Conjunction 𝑃∧𝑄 P and Q True if and only
if P and Q are
both true
Disjunction 𝑃 ∨𝑄 P or Q True if and only if
P is true or Q is
true or both are
true
Implication 𝑃→𝑄 P implies Q True under all
If P then Q circumstances
Q if P except when P is
P only if Q true and Q is
false.
Bi-conditional 𝑃↔𝑄 P if and only if Q True if and only if
P and Q are both
true or both false
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Quantifiers
• Universal Quantifiers
 “For all” or “For every”
 Symbol: ∀
 Example: All students in MMW are smart.
• Existential Quantifiers
 “There exists” or “For some”
 Symbol: ∃
 Example: There exists a student in MMW who is kind
and thoughtful.
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III. SETS
Sets is a well-defined, unordered and distinct

collections of objects. The objects that belong
in a set are the elements, or members, of the
set.
𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶, … (capital letters) – denote a set

𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, … (small letters) – denote elements
𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 – an element 𝑥 is in set 𝐴.
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SETS (Basic Properties)
Common Methods of Describing a Set
Roster – listing all the elements of the set

inside a pair of braces, { }. Commas are used
to separate the elements.
Rule – describing the elements of a set.
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Rule vs Roster Methods

RULE ROSTER
The first five prime numbers {2, 3, 5, 7, 11}
The set of odd positive integers
? {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
The set of polygons whose number of ?
sides from three to ten.
{0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, … }
The solution set of 𝑥 + 5 = −1 ?
? {1, 4, 9, 16, 25, … }
The set of negative integers greater ?
than -4
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Basic Number Sets
1. Natural Numbers 𝑁 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, … }

2. Whole Numbers 𝑊 = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, … }
3. Integers 𝐼 = {… , −4, −3, −2, −1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, . . }
4. Rational Numbers
𝑄 = 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑠
5. Irrational Numbers
𝐻 = 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑛𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔, 𝑛𝑜𝑛𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑠
6. Real numbers
𝑅 = 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠
and Symbols Page 21
Set Builder Notation
Another method of representing a set is set-

builder notation. Set-builder notation is
specially useful when describing infinite sets.
and Symbols Page 22
Example
Use set-builder notation to write the following

sets.
a. The set of integers greater than -3
b. The set of whole numbers less than 1000.
and Symbols Page 23
Cardinality and Finite Sets
A set is finite if the number of elements in the

set is a whole number. The cardinal number
of a finite set is the number of elements in the
set. The cardinal number of a finite set A is
denoted by the notation 𝑛 𝐴 .
and Symbols Page 24
Example 8
Find the cardinality of each of the following

sets.
a. 𝐽 = 2, 5
b. 𝑆 = 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, … , 31
c. 𝑇 = 3, 3, 7, 51
and Symbols Page 25
Equal Sets
Set A is equal to set B, denoted by 𝐴 = 𝐵, if
and only if A and B have exactly the same
elements.
Equivalent Sets
Set A is equivalent to set B, denoted by 𝐴~𝐵
if and only if A and B have the same number
of elements
and Symbols Page 26
Example
State whether each of the following pairs of

sets are equal, equivalent, both, or neither.
a. 𝑎, 𝑒, 𝑖, 𝑜, 𝑢 , 3, 7, 11, 15, 19
b. 4, −2, 7 , 3, 4, 7, 9
and Symbols Page 27
Empty Set or Null Set

The empty set, or null set, is the set that
contains no elements. The symbol ∅ or is
used to represent the empty set.
Universal Set
The set of all elements being considered is
called a universal set.
and Symbols Page 28
A Subset of a Set
Set A is a subset of set B, denoted by 𝐴 ⊆ 𝐵 if
and only if every element of A is also an element of B.
Set 𝐴 is a proper subset of set 𝐵, denoted by 𝐴 ⊂ 𝐵, if
every element of 𝐴 is an element of 𝐵, and 𝐴 ≠ 𝐵.
The Number of Subsets in a Set

A set with 𝑛 elements has 2𝑛 subsets.
Subset Relationships
1. 𝐴 ⊆ 𝐴, 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑠𝑒𝑡 𝐴
2. ∅ ⊆ 𝐴 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑠𝑒𝑡 𝐴
and Symbols Page 29
Example
Determine whether each statement is true or
false.
a. 5, 10, 15, 20 ⊆ 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30
b. 𝑊 ⊆ 𝑁
c. 2, 4, 6 ⊆ 2, 4, 6
d. ∅ ⊆ 1, 2, 3
and Symbols Page 30
SETS (Venn Diagram)
Venn Diagram
The English logician John Venn (1834-1923)

developed diagrams, which we now refer to as
Venn diagrams, that can be used to illustrate
sets and relationships between sets. In a Venn
diagram, the universal set is represented by a
rectangular region and subsets of the universal
set are generally represented by oval or circular
regions drawn inside the rectangle.
and Symbols Page 31
SETS (Venn Diagram)
Venn Diagram
𝑨⊂𝑩 𝑩⊂𝑨⊂𝑼
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SETS (Operations)
The Complement of a Set A, denoted by 𝐴′, is

the set of all elements of the universal set 𝑈 that
are not elements of 𝐴.
Example. Let 𝑈 = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 ,
𝑆 = 2, 4, 6, 7 , and 𝑇 = {𝑥|𝑥 < 10 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 ∈
and Symbols Page 33
SETS (Set Operations)
Intersection of Sets
The intersection of sets 𝐴 and 𝐵 ,
denoted by 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 , is the set of elements
common to both 𝐴 and 𝐵.
𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = 𝑥|𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 ∈ 𝐵
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Example
Let 𝐴 = 1, 2, 3, 4 , 𝐵 = 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 , and 𝐶 =
2, 3, 8, 9 . Find
a. 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵
b. 𝐴 ∩ 𝐶
c. 𝐵 ∩ 𝐶
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Disjoint Sets
Two sets are disjoint if their intersection is the

empty set
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Union of Sets. The union of sets 𝐴 and 𝐵,

denoted by 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵, is the set that contains all
the elements that belong to 𝐴 or to 𝐵 or to
both
𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 = 𝑥|𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 ∈ 𝐵
and Symbols Page 37
Example
1. Let 𝐴 = 1, 2, 3, 4 , 𝐵 = 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 , and
𝐶 = 2, 3, 8, 9 . Find
a. 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵
b. 𝐴 ∪ 𝐶
c. 𝐵 ∪ 𝐶
and Symbols Page 38
Summary
and Symbols Page 39
and Symbols Page 40
SETS (Laws)
The expressions 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 ′ and 𝐴′ ∩ 𝐵′ are both

represented by region iv. Thus, 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 ′ =
𝐴′ ∩ 𝐵′.
De Morgan’s Laws
For all sets 𝐴 and 𝐵,
𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 ′ = 𝐴′ ∩ 𝐵′ and 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 ′
= 𝐴′ ∪ 𝐵′
and Symbols Page 41
SETS (Properties)
Venn diagrams can be used to verify each of the following properties.
and Symbols Page 42
SETS (Application)
Blood Group and Blood Types

Karl Landsteiner won a Noble Prize in 1930 for his
discovery of the four different human blood groups. He
discovered that the blood of each individual contains
exactly one of the following combination of antigens.
a. Only A antigen (blood group A)
b. Only B antigen (blood group B)
c. Both A and B antigens (blood group AB)
d. No A antigens and no B antigens (blood group O)
and Symbols Page 43
SETS (Application)
In 1941, Landsteiner and Alexander Wiener

discovered that human blood may or may not
contain Rh, or rhesus, factor. Blood with this
factor is called Rh-positive and is denoted by
Rh+, Blood without this factor is Rh-negative
and is denoted by Rh-.
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SETS (Application)
Use the Venn diagrams to determine the

blood type of each of the following people.
a. Sue b. Lisa
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SETS (Application)
Example (Survey of Preferences)
A movie company is making plans for future
movies it wishes to produce. The company has
done a random survey of 1000 people. The
results of the survey are shown below.
1. 695 people like action adventures.
2. 340 people like comedies.
3. 180 people like both action adventures and
comedies.
Of the people surveyed, how many people
a. like action adventures but not comedies?
b. like comedies but not action adventures?
c. do not like either of these types of movies?
and Symbols Page 46
SETS (Application)
The Inclusion-Exclusion Principle

For all finite sets 𝐴 and 𝐵,
𝑛 𝐴∪𝐵 =𝑛 𝐴 +𝑛 𝐵 −𝑛 𝐴∩𝐵
Example. A school finds that 430 of its

students are registered in chemistry, 560 are
registered in mathematics, and 225 are
registered in both chemistry and
mathematics. How many students are
registered in chemistry or mathematics?
and Symbols Page 47
References
Aufman, R. N., Lockwood, J. S., Nation, R.

D., & Clegg, D. K. (2013). Mathematical
Excursions (3rd ed.). Belmont: Brooks/Cole,
Cengage Learning.
Burns, C. The language of mathematics [PDF
File]. Retrieved from http://www.onemathem
aticalcat.org/pdf_files/LANG1.pdf
Measures of Central
Tendency Page 48

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Mathematical Language

Anthony Capili & Eveyth Deligero

I. English Language and Math Language

The Importance of Language

Although ideas may be simple, there is no

Characteristics of Mathematical Language

The language of mathematics makes it easy to

1. Precise (able to make very fine distinctions)

Expression vs. Sentences

Expression is a name given to a mathematical

Mathematical sentence, just as an English

Translate from English Language to Math

1. The sum of two numbers is 10.

Translate from Math Language to English

Math Statement or Proposition

Sets is a well-defined, unordered and distinct

𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶, … (capital letters) – denote a set

Common Methods of Describing a Set

Roster – listing all the elements of the set

Rule – describing the elements of a set.

Rule vs Roster Methods

Basic Number Sets

1. Natural Numbers 𝑁 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, … }

Set Builder Notation

Another method of representing a set is set-

Use set-builder notation to write the following

Cardinality and Finite Sets

A set is finite if the number of elements in the

Find the cardinality of each of the following

State whether each of the following pairs of

Empty Set or Null Set

The Number of Subsets in a Set

The English logician John Venn (1834-1923)

The Complement of a Set A, denoted by 𝐴′, is

Two sets are disjoint if their intersection is the

Union of Sets. The union of sets 𝐴 and 𝐵,

The expressions 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 ′ and 𝐴′ ∩ 𝐵′ are both

Venn diagrams can be used to verify each of the following properties.

Blood Group and Blood Types

Blood Group and Blood Types

In 1941, Landsteiner and Alexander Wiener

Blood Group and Blood Types

Use the Venn diagrams to determine the

The Inclusion-Exclusion Principle

Example. A school finds that 430 of its

Aufman, R. N., Lockwood, J. S., Nation, R.

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