v

CONTENTS
CERTIFICATION
........................................................................................................................................i
DEDICATION
...........................................................................................................................................iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
.........................................................................................................................iv
CHAPTER 1
................................................................................................................................................1
1 . 0 I N T R O D U C T I O N
..........................................................................................................................1
1.1PROBLEM STATEMENT
..............................................................................................................2
1.1.1 PROPOSED SOLUTION
..........................................................................................................2
1. 2CH AL L E NGE S /DE F ICIE NCY F ACE D WITH TH E U S E OF VAR IOU S
L IF TING PLATFORM
................................................................................................................................................3
1.2.1 HYDRAULIC LIFTING PLATFORM:
....................................................................................3
1.2 2 ELECTRIC LIFTING PLATFORM
..........................................................................................5
1.2.3 PNEUMATIC SYSTEM/AIRBAG
..........................................................................................61.2.4 SCISSOR
LIFT.................................................................................................................................6
1. 3AIM S /OBJ E CTIVE S
......................................................................................................................7
CHAPTER TWO
.........................................................................................................................................8
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
.......................................................................................................................8
2.1 LIMITING DEFLECTION IN SCISSOR LIFT
............................................................................11
2.3 SUMMARY OF DEFLECTION
........................................................................................................12
CHAPTER THREE
...................................................................................................................................14
3.0 METHODOLOGY, DESIGN ANALYSIS
.......................................................................................14
3.1 CONCEPT SELECTION
....................................................................................................................14
3.1.1 LIFT FRAME
................................................................................................................................14
3.1.2 SCREW SELECTION
..................................................................................................................14
3.1.3 BEARING SELECTION
..............................................................................................................14
3.1.4 LOCKING WHEEL
.....................................................................................................................15
3.1.5 SYSTEM ANALYSIS
...................................................................................................................15
3.1.6 FRAME
.........................................................................................................................................15
3.2 SCISSOR LIFT FRAME EQUATION
...............................................................................................17
3.2.1 EQUATION OF THE SCISSOR LIFT FRAME
........................................................................18

vi
3.2.2 EQUATION FOR THE POWER SCREW DESIGN
................................................................24
3.2.3 NUT DESIGN
..............................................................................................................................27
3.2.4 BEARING SELECTION
..............................................................................................................28
3.2.5 SCREW SHAFT STRESS
.............................................................................................................28
3.2.5.1 CRITICAL LOCATIONS
.....................................................................................................28
3.2.5.2 FATIQUE FAILURE OF THE SHAFT
...............................................................................29
3.3 WHEELS
..............................................................................................................................................29
CHAPTER FOUR
.....................................................................................................................................31
4.0 INPUT SPECIFICATIONS
................................................................................................................31
4.1 STRENGTH AND RIGIDITY OF THE SYSTEM
...........................................................................36
4.2 RESULT AND DISCUSSION
...........................................................................................................37
CHAPTER 5
..............................................................................................................................................39
5.0 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION
.............................................................................39
REFERENCES
...........................................................................................................................................41APPENDIX.......................
.............................................................................................................................43DRAWINGS...................................
...............................................................................................................43

1
CHAPTER 1
1 . 0 I N T R O D U C T I O N
According to Tredgold(1827), engineering is the act of directing the great source ofpower
in nature for the use and convenience of man. Engineers, like artist start withblank sheet of
paper on which ideas develop and take conceptualizedshapes. In theancient time, man
applied engineering knowledge to reduce difficult and complex taskto easy and simplified
task. Before the invention of weight lifting device such as screw jack, hydraulic jack, crane,
etc., the early man apply a crude way of lifting objects togreat heightsthrough the use of
ropes and rollers, which was mostly applied in theconstruction industry, where,it was used
to raise mortar (cement, sand & water).After the industrial revolution, with the advent of
automobile, the automotive industrywas also faced with the challenge of load lifting,
because of the bulkiness of someautomotive parts. The automotive industry deals with
various components made ofmetal, rubber, ceramics, etc., assembled mechanically to move
people and goods fromone place to the other. Because of the interface between the
automobile and humanlives, there is need for standardization of its component parts to
improve itsperformance and efficiency and to reduce failure. For this reason care has to be
takenduring production and assembly of its component parts. Many tools and
equipmentused in the automotive industry are designed to help the personnel working in
aproduction facility. Other tools are producedto help the operators of the machine. Such

2
tools include the lifting device, generally called jack. This report presents the study of
ascissors lift for the automotive industry.
1.1PROBLEM STATEMENT
Automotive parts are mostly made of metal, which is a major reason for its largeweight,
and as suchrequires devices of lifting anddisplacement of same. In
anautomobileproductionandassembly facility, components have to be raised to
certainhe i ght swhi chcould b e more co n ve n i e n t t o t hep e rson n e l worki n g on
i t . Whe n such device is not available workers are often forced to bend fromthe waist to
access thecomponents which can lead to strains and major discomforts or even serious
injuriesthat could affect productivityConsequently,an assembly table that will be adjustable
will be required for use in theautomotive industry to improve the efficiency of personnel
working in a productionorassembly facility. In order to do this, a mechanismis
recommended tobe incorporatedinto a table platformwhere the height
isadjustable.
1.1.1 PROPOSED SOLUTION
In recent years, various platforms ordeviceswith various means of application
havebeen producedfor use in the automotive industry. The automotive industry have
alsoexperience the influx of various lifting platform, some of which are;

Electrically operated lifting device which is operated by the turning effect of electricmotor
to drive the gear which will eventually turn a screw shaft to raise or lowerload.

Hydraulic operated lifting platform which utilize the pressure power developedfrom
hydraulic oil to raise or lower a load.

Pneumatic lifting device which make use of air to create pressure or vacuum to raiseor
lower load.

Recent researchalso shows the use of air bag for raising or lowering load.(
MichaelAdel, PE (2008):
Understanding Scissors Lift Deflection
)
.All this lifting devices have contributed greatly to the advancement recently
beingexperienced in the automotive industry, but most of them are still faced with
variouschallenges.This report presents a scissors mechanism with a table platform
that willbehorizontal at every level. The proposed mechanism is a double scissors for
stability.
1 . 2 C H A L L E N G E S / D E F I C I E N C Y F A C E D W I T H T H E U S E O F VARIOUS
LIFTING PLATFORM
1.2.1 HYDRAULIC LIFTING PLATFORM:
The hydraulic lift makes use of fluid pressure to produce smooth movement duringlifting. It
has some benefits when compared to other lifting device; firstly, itsdependency on power
supply is eliminated. Secondly, it allows smooth movementwithout jerkingdue to steady
increase in fluid pressure, majority of lift platform inmarket make use of hydraulic. Above
all it has a high capacity in terms of load lifting.

4
In conclusion, hydraulic lifts are heavier because of the amount of fluid in circulation inthe
system, in extreme cold conditions, the fluid can falter or get frozen which mightleads to
leakage in hydraulic lines or pipes.The challenges of this system are;a)It is not
economical to the common technician or artesian.b )It re q ui re s
t ra i n e dp e rson n e l t o op e ra t e i t. c)Since it make use of oil, it require a
temperature range for it proper storage.d)It is very difficult to move from place
to place due to its complex design.e)Studies have shown that hydra ulic lift that
operates on two cylinders at most timeexperience delay in one of the cylinder to
actuate due to poor cross feeding betweencylinders.f)Sometime debris from
improperly preserved oil block oil tubes and at times disrupts proper functioning of
the system.g)There is always problem of valve failure.h)Hydraulic system requires
too many accessories to function efficiently.i)There is risk of slipping while
working with hydraulic system, due to leakage that might emanate from the
system. j)Hydraulic system is not flexible for usage because its component parts are not
fullyattach as a whole.k)There is frequent problem of seal leakage.l)Aging problem
of oil leads to failure in valves and shorter life of pumps. m)There is problem of
accumulation of debris in oil tank.

5
1.2 2 ELECTRICLIFTING PLATFORM
These lift devicesmake use of electromagnetic power to raise or lower through the useof
electric motor. The device could be very expensive and there is high probability of jerking
during startup of the device through the torque created by the electric motor.The device
could be put to stand still during electricity/power outage, and there ispotential of
electrocution when electric cables are exposed.The challenges of thissystem are;a)Due to
frequent raising and lowering of the lift, there is possibility of snapping
intheelectric cable which could lead to exposure of the cable and could lead
toelectrocution.b)It requires other accessories to be operated.c)Electric lift cannot
be used where the electric power isfluctuation.d)It requires trained personnel to
operate it successfully.e ) I t r e q u i r e s r e g u l a r m a i n t e n a n c e . f)The electrical
control unit must not be exposed to water or higher temperature.g)Electrically
operated solenoid valve could easily get damage during oper ationwith irregular
voltage supply.h)Over heating in electrical coil could damage the system. i )F use s
e a si ly b low -out whe n t he y a re use d as sa fe t y de vi ce . j)Dirt in electrical system
could also lead to malfunctioning of the system.k)It i s e xp e n si ve t o a cq ui re .

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