PHYSICS EXPERIMENT REPORT (I)

Basic Physics

“Total Internal Reflection”

Arranged by:

Name : Asticha Novia Tesalonika Opod

NIM : 19101105038

Department : Pharmacy

Group : VII (Seven)

Assistant Profesor

PHYSICS LABORATORY
FACULTY OF MATHEMATICS AND NATURAL SCIENCE
SAM RATULANGI UNIVERSITY
MANADO
2019
A.Aim
In this experiment, you will determine the critical angle at which total internal reflection occurs in the
acrylic trapezoid and confirm your result using Snell’s Law.
B.Equipment Required
 Light Source
 Trapezoid from Ray Optics Kit
 Protractor
 White Paper
C.Introduction

When light passes from a medium larger refractive index into one of smailer refractive index-for
example,from water to air-the refracted ray bends away from the normal.As the angle of incidence
increases,the angle of refraction also increases.When the angle of incidence reaches a certain
value ,called the critical angle 𝜃c,the angle of refraction is 90o.When the angle of incidence exceeds the
critical angle,there is no refraction light.All the incident light is reflectied back into the medium from
which it came,a phenomenon called total internal reflection.Total internal reflection occurs only when
light travels from a higher-index medium toward a lower-index medium.It does not occur when light
propagates in the reverse direction-for example,from air to water.
For instance,the critical angle for light traveling from water (n1=1.33) to air (n2=1.00).
𝜃0=sin-1(1.00/1.33)=48.8o.For incident angles greater than 48.8o.Snell’s law predict that sin 𝜃2 is greater
than unity,a value that is not possible.Thus,light rays with incidenr angles exceeding 48.8o yield no
refracter light,and the ight is totally reflected back into yhe water.Then the air-water interface acts like a
mirror,for example shows the mirror like ability of the interface to from a reflected image og a
salamander with its snout near the surface of the water.Light from salamander bady that strikes the
surface at angles exceeding the critical angle is reflected to form the image in the upper part of the
photograph.(John Cutnell,2008)Re
The index of refraction
It can also travel through many materials, such as air, water, and glass.Atoms in the material absorb,
reemit, and scatter the light, however. Therefore, light travels through the material at a speed that is less
than c, the actual speed depending on the nature of the material. In general, we will see that the change in
speed as a ray of light goes from one material to another causes the ray to deviate from its incident
direction. This change in direction is called refraction. To describe the extent to which the speed of light
in a material medium differs from that in a vacuum, we use a parameter called the index of refraction (or
refractive index). The index of refraction is an important parameter because it appears in Snell’s law of
refraction, which will be discussed in the next section. This law is the basis of all the phenomena
discussed in this chapter.
Snell’s law
When light strikes the interface between two transparent materials, such as air and water, the light
generally divides into two parts. Part of the light is reflected, with the angle of reflection equaling the
angle of incidence. The remainder is transmitted across the interface. If the incident ray does not strike the
interface at normal incidence, the transmitted ray has a different direction than the incident ray. When a
ray enters the second material and changes direction, it is said to be refracted and behaves in
one of the following two ways:
1. When light travels from a medium where the refractive index is smaller into a medium where it is
larger, the refracted ray is bent toward the normal.
2. When light travels from a medium where the refractive index is larger into a medium where it is
smaller, the refracted ray is bent away from the normal.
These two possibilities illustrate that both the incident and refracted rays obey the principle of
reversibility. Thus, the directions of the rays in part a of the drawing can be reversed to give the situation
depicted in part b. In part b the reflected ray lies in the water rather than in the air.
In both the angles of incidence, refraction, and reflection are measured relative to the normal. Note that
the index of refraction of air is labeled n1 in part a, whereas it is n2 in part b, because we label all
variables associated with the incident (and reflected) ray with subscript 1 and all variables associated
with the refracted ray with subscript 2.
The angle of refraction 2 depends on the angle of incidence 1 and on the indices of refraction, n2 and n1,
of the two media. The relation between these quantities is known as Snell’s law of refraction, after the
Dutch mathematician Willebrord Snell (1591–1626), who discovered it experimentally. At the end of this
section is a proof of Snell’s law.
We have seen that reflection and refraction of light waves occur simultaneously at the interface between
two transparent materials. It is important to keep in mind that light waves are composed of electric and
magnetic fields, which carry energy. The principle of conservation of energy (see Chapter 6) indicates
that the energy reflected plus the energy refracted must add up to equal the energy carried by the incident
light, provided that none of the energy is absorbed by the materials. The percentage of incident energy
that appears as reflected versus refracted light depends on the angle of incidence and the refractive
indices of the materials on either side of the interface. For instance, when light travels from air toward
water at perpendicular incidence, most of its energy is refracted and little is reflected. But when the angle
of incidence is nearly 90o and the light barely grazes the water surface, most of its energy is reflected,
with only a small amount refracted into the water. On a rainy night, you probably have experienced the
annoying glare that results when light from an oncoming car just grazes the wet road. Under such
conditions, most of the light energy reflects into your eyes.
The simultaneous reflection and refraction of light have applications in a number of devices. For
instance, interior rearview mirrors in cars often have adjustment levers. One position of the lever is for
day driving, while the other is for night driving and reduces glare from the headlights of the car behind.
As Figure 26.2a indicates, this kind of mirror is a glass wedge with a back side that is silvered and highly
reflecting. Part b of the picture shows the day setting. Light from the car behind follows path ABCD in
reaching the driver’s eye. At points A and C, where the light strikes the air–glass surface, there are both
reflected and refracted rays. The reflected rays are drawn as thin lines, the thinness denoting that only a
small percentage (about 10%) of the light during the day is reflected at A and C. The weak reflected rays
at A and C do not reach the driver’s eye. In contrast, almost all the light reaching the silvered back surface
at B is reflected toward the driver. Since most of the light follows path ABCD, the driver sees a bright
image of the car behind. During the night, the adjustment lever can be used to rotate the top of the mirror
away from the driver (see part c of the drawing). Now, most of the light from the headlights behind
follows path ABC and does not reach the driver. Only the light that is weakly reflected from the front
surface along path AD is seen, and the result is significantly less glare.
Derivation of Snell’s law
Snell’s law can be derived by considering what happens to the wave fronts when the light passes from
one medium into another. light propagating from amedium 1, where the speed is relatively large, into
medium 2, where the speed is smaller; therefore, n1 is less than n2. The plane wave fronts in this picture
are drawn perpendicular to the incident and refracted rays. Since the part of each wave front that
penetrates medium 2 slows down, the wave fronts in medium 2 are rotated clockwise relative to
those in medium 1. Correspondingly, the refracted ray in medium 2 is bent toward the
normal, as the drawing shows.
Although the incident and refracted waves have different speeds, they have the same frequency f. The
fact that the frequency does not change can be understood in terms of the atomic mechanism underlying
the generation of the refracted wave. When the electromagnetic wave strikes the surface, the oscillating
electric field forces the electrons in the molecules of medium 2 to oscillate at the same frequency as the
wave. The accelerating electrons behave like atomic antennas that radiate “extra” electromagnetic waves,
which combine with the original wave. The net electromagnetic wave within medium 2 is a superposition
of the original wave plus the extra radiated waves, and it is this superposition that constitutes the refracted
wave. Since the extra waves are radiated at the same frequency as the original wave, the refracted wave
also has the same frequency as the original wave.
Total internal reflection
Many optical instruments, such as binoculars, periscopes, and telescopes, use glass prisms and total
internal reflection to turn a beam of light through 90o or 180o.Since the angle of incidence
is greater than the critical angle, the light is totally reflected at the hypotenuse and is directed vertically
upward in the drawing, having been turned through an angle of 90o.Part b of the picture shows how the
same prism can turn the beam through 180o when total internal reflection occurs twice. Prisms can also be
used in tandem to produce a lateral displacement of a light ray, while leaving its initial direction
unaltered. illustrates such an application in binoculars.
An important application of total internal reflection occurs in fiber optics, where hairthin threads of glass
or plastic, called optical fibers, “pipe” light from one place to another.an optical fiber consists of a
cylindrical inner core that carries the light and an outer concentric shell, the cladding. The core is made
from transparent glass or plastic that has a relatively high index of refraction. The cladding is also made
of glass, but of a type that has a relatively low index of refraction. Light enters one end of the
core, strikes the core/cladding interface at an angle of incidence greater than the critical angle, and,
therefore, is reflected back into the core. Light thus travels inside the optical fiber along a zigzag path. In
a well-designed fiber, little light is lost as a result of absorption by the core, so light can travel many
kilometers before its intensity diminishes appreciably. Optical fibers are often bundled together to
produce cables. Because the fibers themselves are so thin, the cables are relatively small and flexible and
can fit into places inaccessible to larger metal wires. Example 7 deals with the light entering and traveling
in an optical fiber.
An optical fiber
Optical fiber cables are the medium of choice for high-quality telecommunications because the cables
are relatively immune to external electrical interference and because a light beam can carry information
through an optical fiber just as electricity carries information through copper wires. The information-
carrying capacity of light, however, is thousands of times greater than that of electricity. A laser beam
traveling through a single optical fiber can carry tens of thousands of telephone conversations and several
TV programs simultaneously.
In the field of medicine, optical fiber cables have had extraordinary impact. In the practice of endoscopy,
for instance, a device called an endoscope is used to peer inside the body.a bronchoscope being used,
which is a kind of endoscope that is inserted through the nose or mouth, down the bronchial tubes, and
into the lungs. It consists of two optical fiber cables. One provides light to illuminate interior body parts,
while the other sends back an image for viewing. A bronchoscope greatly simplifies the diagnosis
of pulmonary disease. Tissue samples can even be collected with some bronchoscopes. A colonoscope is
another kind of endoscope, and its design is similar to that of the bronchoscope. It is inserted through the
rectum and used to examine the interior of the colon. The colonoscope currently offers the best hope for
diagnosing colon cancer in its early stages, when it can be treated.
The use of optical fibers has also revolutionized surgical techniques. In arthroscopic surgery, a small
surgical instrument, several millimeters in diameter, is mounted at the end of an optical fiber cable. The
surgeon can insert the instrument and cable into a joint, such as the knee, with only a tiny incision and
minimal damage to the surrounding tissue. Consequently, recovery from the procedure is relatively rapid
compared to recovery from traditional surgical techniques.
Polarization and the reflaction and refraction of light
For incident angles other than 0o, unpolarized light becomes partially polarized in reflecting from a
nonmetallic surface, such as water. To demonstrate this fact, rotate a pair of Polaroid sunglasses in the
sunlight reflected from a lake. You will see that the light intensity transmitted through the glasses is a
minimum when the glasses are oriented as they are normally worn. Since the transmission axis of the
glasses is aligned vertically, it follows that the light reflected from the lake is partially polarized in
the horizontal direction.
There is one special angle of incidence at which the reflected light is completely
polarized parallel to the surface, the refracted ray being only partially polarized. This angle is called the
Brewster angle ummarizes what happens when unpolarized light strikes a nonmetallic surface at the
Brewster angle.
Prisms and rainbow
A ray of monochromatic light passing through a glass prism surrounded by air. When the light enters the
prism at the left face, the refracted ray is bent toward the normal, because the refractive index of glass is
greater than that of air. When the light leaves the prism at the right face, it is refracted away from the
normal. Thus, th enet effect of the prism is to change the direction of the ray, causing it to bend
downward upon entering the prism, and downward again upon leaving. Because the refractive index
of the glass depends on wavelength (see Table 26.2), rays corresponding to different colors are bent by
different amounts by the prism and depart traveling in different directions. The greater the index of
refraction for a given color, the greater the bending, and part b of the drawing shows the refractions for
the colors red and violet, which are at opposite ends of the visible spectrum. If a beam of sunlight, which
contains all colors, is sent through the prism, the sunlight is separated into a spectrum of colors, as part c
shows. The spreading of light into its color components is called dispersion.
Another example of dispersion occurs in rainbows, in which refraction by water droplets gives rise to the
colors. You can often see a rainbow just as a storm is leaving, if you look at the departing rain with the
sun at your back. When light from the sun enters a spherical raindrop, as in Figure 26.20, light of each
color is refracted or bent by an amount that depends on the refractive index of water for that wavelength.
After reflection from the back surface of the droplet, the different colors are again refracted as they
reenter the air. Although each droplet disperses the light into its full spectrum of colors, the observer only
one color of light coming from any given droplet, since only one color travels in the right direction to
reach the observer’s eyes. However, all colors are visible in a rainbow (see Figure 26.21b) because each
color originates from different droplets at different angles of elevation.
Lenses
 The lenses used in optical instruments, such as eyeglasses, cameras, and telescopes, are made from
transparent materials that refract light. They refract the light in such a way that an image of the source of
the light is formed. Figure 26.22a shows a crude lens formed from two glass prisms. Suppose that an
object centered on the principal axis is infinitely far from the lens so the rays from the object are parallel
to the principal axis. In passing through the prisms, these rays are bent toward the axis because of
refraction. Unfortunately, the rays do not all cross the axis at the same place, and, therefore, such a
crude lens gives rise to a blurred image of the object.
A better lens can be constructed from a single piece of transparent material with properly curved
surfaces, often spherical, as in part b of the drawing. With this improved lens, rays that are near the
principal axis (paraxial rays) and parallel to it converge to a single point on the axis after emerging from
the lens. This point is called the focal point F of the lens. Thus, an object located infinitely far away on
the principal axis leads to an image at the focal point of the lens. The distance between the focal point and
the lens is the focal length f. In what follows, we assume the lens is so thin compared to f that it
makes no difference whether f is measured between the focal point and either surface of the lens or the
center of the lens. The type of lens in Figure 26.22b is known as a converging lens because it causes
incident parallel rays to converge at the focal point.
Another type of lens found in optical instruments is a diverging lens, which causes incident parallel rays
to diverge after exiting the lens. Two prisms can also be used to form a crude diverging lens,In a properly
designed diverging lens, such as the one in part b of the picture, paraxial rays that are parallel to the
principal axis appear to originate from a single point on the axis after passing through the lens. This
point is the focal point F, and its distance f from the lens is the focal length. Again, we assume that the
lens is thin compared to the focal length.
For light crossing the between boundary two transparent material’s, Snell’s Law states
n1 sin θ1 = n2 sin θ2, where θ1 is the angle of incidence, θ2 is the angle of refraction, and n1 and n2 are
the respective indices of refraction of the materials (See figure 5.1).
In this experiment, you will study a ray as it passes out of the trapezoid, from acrylic (n = 1,5) to air (nair
= 1).
If the incident angle (θ1) is greater than the critical angle (θc), there is no refracted ray and total internal
reflection occurs. If θ1 = θc, the angle of the refracted ray (θ2) is 90°, as in Figure 5,2.
In this case, Snell’s Law states :
n sin θc = 1 sin 90°
Solving for the sine of critical angle gives :
sin θc = 1/n
D.Procedure

1. Place the light source in ray-box mode on a sheet of white paper. Turn the wheel to select a single ray.
2. Position the trapezoid as shown in figure 5,3 with the ray entering the trapezoid at least 2cm from the
tip.
3. Rotate the trapezoid until the emerging ray just barely disappears. Just as it disappears, the ray
separates into colors. The trapezoid is correctly positioned if the red has just disappeared.
4. Mark the surfaces of the trapezoid. Mark exactly the point on the surface where the ray is internally
reflected. Also mark the entrance point of the incident ray and the exit point of the reflected ray.
5. Remove the trapezoid and draw the rays that are incident upon and reflected from the inside surface of
the trapezoid. See figure 5,4. Measure the angle between these rays using a protactor. (Extend these
rays to make the protractor easier to use.) Note that this angle is twice the critical angle because the
angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection. Record the critical angle here :
θc = ………… (experiment)
6. Calculate the critical angle using Snell’s Law and the given index of refraction for Acrylic (n = 1,5).
Record the theoretical value here :
θc = ………… (theorectial)
7. Calculate the percent difference between the measured and theoretical values :
% = ………...
E.Result
(dalam bentuk pdf)
F.Analysis
Total Internal Reflection adalah suatu fenomena dimana tidak ada cahaya yang dibiaskan ketika cahaya
melewati suatu medium yang berbeda,semua cahaya tersebut dipantulkan kembali.Ini terjadi pada saat
sudut sinar datang lebih besar dari sudut sinar kritis.Sudut kritis merupakan sudut datang pada saat sinar
refraksinya sama dengan 90o.
Secara konsep,Total Internal Reflection terjadi pada saat sinar datang dari medium yang padat ke
medium yang renggang..Ketika itu sinar tersebut akan dibiaskan menjauhi sinar pantul sehingga sinar bias
tersebut dapat membentuk sudut 90o dan akan menjauhi garis normal.
Dari percobaan yang dilakukan,jika sudut sinar datang diperbesar,maka sudut bias akan semakin besar
pula.Suatu saat sudut bias akan sama dengan 90o.Hal ini berarti sinar dibiaskan sejajar dengan bidang
batas antarmedium.Jika sudut datang kita perbesar lagi,maka sinar datang tidak lagi dibiaskan,akan tetapi
dipantulkan.Peristiwa inilah yang dinamakan Total Internal Reflection atau Pemantulan Sempurna.
Total Internal Reflection hanya akan terjadi apabila memenuhi dua syarat sebagai berikut.
 Sumber cahaya datang dari medium yang lebih rapat ke medium yang kurang rapat atau dengan
kata lain,indeks bias medium pertama harus lebih besar dari indeks bias medium kedua.
 Sudut sinar datang harus lebih besar daripada sudut kritis.Misalnya, jika sudut datang adalah i
dan sudut kritis adalah ik maka pada total internal reflection berlaku I lebih besar daripada ik.
Dengan demikian, pada peristiwa total internal reflection atau pemantulan sempurna tidak berlaku
Hukum Pembiasan Cahaya karena memang tidak terjadi refraksi atau pembiasan cahaya.Yang berlaku
disini adalah Hukum Pemantulan Cahaya.Berikut adalah bunyi dari Hukum Pemantulan Cahaya.
 Sinar datang, garis normal dan sinar pantul terletak pada satu bidang datar.
 Sudut datang sama dengan sudut pantul.
 Sinar datang tegak lurus cermin akan dipantulkan kembali.
Fenomena berlian yang berkilauan menggunakan konsep pemantulam cahaya.Ketika sinar cahaya
datang dari udara masuk ke dalam berlian,maka sinar di dalam berllian akan menuju batas permukaan
berlian. Apabila sinar tersebut membentuk sudut datang yang nilainya lebih besar dari sudut kritis maka
sinar tersebut tidak akan dibiaskan keluar menuju udar,melainkan akan dipantulkan di dalam ruang
berlian.Dalam hal ini, cahaya terperangkap di dalam ruang berlian.Sinar yang terperangkap tersebut akan
terus bergerak menuju batas permukaan berlian yang lain, dan jika sudut datang yang dibentuk lebih besar
dari sudut kritis maka akan terjadi pemantulan sempurna berulang-ulang.Sehingga kan tampak bahwa
berlian tersebut terlihat berkilauan.Hal ini terjadi karena sebagian besar cahaya dipantulkan di dalam
berlian bukan dibiaskan.
Prinsip pemantulan sempurna dimanfaatkan dalam teknologi komunikasi, yakni pada serat optic (fiber
optic).Serat optic adalah suatu serat halus yang terbuat dari plastic atau kaca yang digunakan untuk
menyalurkan cahaya atau gelombang elektromagnetik.Serat optic terdiri atas bagian inti dan bagian luar
sebagai pembungkusnya.Bagian inti terbuat dari kaca yang memiliki indeks bias tinggi dan berkualitas
baik.Indeks bias yang tinggi akan mengakibatkan sudut kritis kecil sehingga sinar datang dengan sudut
datang yang tidak terlalu besar akan mengalami pemantulan sempurna.
G.Conclusion
1. Total Internal Reflection adalah suatu fenomena dimana tidak ada cahaya yang dibiaskan ketika
cahaya melewati melewatisuatu medium yang berbeda,semua cahaya tersebut dipantulkan
kembali.
2. Total Internal Reflection terjadi pada saat sudut sinar datang lebih besar dari sudut kritis.
𝑛2
3. Rumus sudut kritis; 𝜃c = sin-1 ( 𝑛1 )

4. Prinsip Total Internal Reflection dimanfaatkan dalam teknologi komunikasi, yakni serat optic
(fiber optic).
H.Reference
1.Cutnell,John.2008.Introduction to Physics.USA
2.Giancoli,Douglas.2008.translated Fisika Prinsip dan Aplikasi.Indonesia:Erlangga