MODULE 1: CONTEMPORARY PHILIPPINE ARTS FROM THE REGION

Art Overview of Art

- expression of thoughts, emotions, PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD
intuitions, and desire
 Ethnic Tradition
- extension of personality
- influenced by the geographical
- communication of intimate location and experiences of the
Concepts Filipinos

Art is :  Architecture
1. a natural human behavior - first Filipinos had first dwelt in
2. communication caves
3. healing - used local materials such as
4. tells our story anahaw, bamboo, cogon, cane,
5. shared experience rattan, and other light materials
1. Lean-to
Functions of Art
- portable shelter of the Negritos
1. Personal or Individual
2. Binuron
2. Social
-largest constructed Isneg house in
- it influences social behavior e.g. effigy
- benefit of the community Cordillera

- displayed and celebration 3. Bale

- social description/depicts different - constructed traditional house in Ifugao

social classes without the use of nails

3. Economic 4. Tausug house

- earn money, for tourism, and serve as
their job (e.g. architects, songwriter)
4. Political- e.g. ad campaigns and
political adviser
5. Historical
- have spacious unpartitioned rooms
and their stairways facing the rising sun
(in the East)
 Sculpture

6. Cultural - improved their ways of life

7. Religious -they have learned to make use of the
8. Physical available resources in adapting to
- form and function, its the ever changing environment
architecture,
and community planning
1. Manunggul Jar- found in Tabon cave
9. Aesthetic
2. Anthromorphic Jar in Maitum-
- appealing on the eyes of people found in Saranggani Province
3. Bul-ul- to have "good harvest"
4. Ling-ling-o- used as anting-anting,
supernatural powers, and wards of evil
spirits
 Painting
- ancient Filipinos had expressed
paintings through tattoos and cave
carvings
1. The Angono Petroglyphs (300 B.C.)
- 127 human and animal figures
- oldest work of art in the Philippines
 Weaving- religious and ritual
activities
 Music
- native Filipinos were music lover
- Filipinos had music for every phase
of life from birth to death
- Indigenous musical instruments:
Bamboo flutes and brass gongs
 Dance
- vary on the area where our
ancestors thrive
a. Highlands- imitations of the
movements of animals like birds
b. Near the sea- mimics of the
movement of the fishes
 System of Writing
- Baybayin
SPANISH COLONIAL PERIOD
 Architecture
- St. Augustine Church in Paoay
- Manila Cathedral
- Rizal's House
 Sculpture
- Saints
 Paintings
- backgrounds are mainly in religious
content
 Theatre
1. Komedya
- a three-act play combining dramatic
and comic element
- nobleman and ladies
- plot involves love, jealousy, and honor
and sometimes piety and patriotism
2. Zarsuela
- Spanish lyric dramatic genre that
alternates spoke and sung scenes
3. Senakulo- depicting the life and
suffering of Jesus Christ
4. Moro-moro- depicted battles
between Christians and Moros
(Muslims)
 Dance
- religious activity that performers by
priests and priestess in thanksgiving for
plentiful harvest, victorious battle, and
recover from sickness
- performed to venerate patrons and
saints proliferated
- a secular dances like valse, fandango,
polka, and minute
 Music
- the Spaniards introduced piano and
other Western instruments
- bands and orchestras multiplied
AMERICAN COLONIAL PERIOD
 new art patron favored idyllic
landscapes and genres
 Architecture
- Post Office Building

 Sculpture
- often symbolic and represented
events in the history of our country
- e.g. UP Oblation (Pahinungod
Oblasyon) by Guillermo Tolentino and
Bonifacio Shrine by Eduardo Castrillo
 Painting
- seen in the community, in everyday
lives, and reflect Philippine realities
- e.g. The Antipolo Fiesta by Fernando
Amorsolo, The Builders by Victorio
Edades, and Bountiful Fish Harvest by
Anita Magsaysay-Ho
MODULE 2: PHILIPPINE ART IN THE CONTEMPORARY PERIOD
2 Kinds of Art
1. Fine or Aesthetic (Major Arts)
- aesthetic enjoyment through senses
- changing of raw material for aesthetic
Pleasure
2. Utilitarian or Practical (Minor Arts)
- practical use or utility
- must possess ornaments or artistic
qualities
3 Types of Fine or Aesthetic
Art
1. Visual or Space
- focus on creating pieces of work that
mainly make use of visual environment
MODERN ART vs.
CONTEMPORARY ART
Modern Art
- practice of art in 1860's-1960's
-continuously developed even after
World War I
- led to contemporary way of art making
today
Contemporary Art
- recent and current practice of art from
1970's up to present
- mirrors the society and the culture of
the present times
- uses a combination of different
methods, materials, and ideas
3 Main Subfields of Visual or
Space Art
 Fine Art
1. Painting
- expression of ideas and emotions
-creation of certain aesthetic qualities
- a two-dimensional visual language
2. Drawing
- technique of producing images on a
surface by means of marks
3. Graphics
- image or visual representation of an
object
- often contrasted with text rather than
images
4. Sculpture 2. Art Print
- two or three dimensional - making a series of pictures from an
representative or abstract forms original or from a specially prepared
surface

5. Architecture
3. Video Art
- technique of designing and building as
distinguished from the skills associated - form of moving-image art that garnered
with construction many practitioners in 1960s and '70s
- employed to fulfill both practical and
expressive requirements and serves
both utilitarian and aesthetic ends 4. Animation
- making a movies by using series of
 Decorative Art drawings, computer graphics, or
photographs of objects
1. Tapestry
- a form of textile art and a weft-faced
5. Graffiti Art
weaving in which all the warp threads
are hidden in the completed work - "graffiti" derives from a Greek word
"graphein" or to write
- means a drawing or scribbling on a flat
2. Ceramics
surface often within public view
- art made by taking mixture of clay,
earthened elements, powder, and water
and shaping them into desired forms 2. Auditory or Time
- covered a glazers, a decorative, - primarily heard and relating to sound
water-proof, paint-like substances
- also known as "time art" because
3. Mosaic
they exist in time
- decoration of a surface with designs
made up of closely set, colored, small
pieces of material  Music
- art of sound in time that expresses
4. Glass Art ideas and emotions in significant forms
- refers to individual works of art that are
substantially or wholly made of glass
5. Jewelry Art
 Literature
- consist of small decorative item
worn for personal adorement - includes any type of writings on any
subjectP

 Contemporary Art
3. Combined or Performing
1. Artistic Photography
- creative activities presented before an
- also known as "photographic art" or audience on stage and in open places
"fine art photography"
- combined visual and auditory
- refers to an imprecise category of elements
photographs.
- also performed on screen

 Circus
- art of entertainment generally consist
of displays of horsemanship, exhibitions,
aerialist, wild animal trainers, performing
animals, and comic pantomime
 Dance
- art of moving body in a rhythmic way
- releasing energy, or simply taking
delight in the movement itself
 Opera
- a stage drama with orchestral
accompaniment
- the performers are singing all or
most of their lives
 Pantomime
- a dramatic representation by means
of facial expressions and body
movements rather than words
 Puppet Show
- theatrical performance which uses
puppet as characters
- audience perceive life and spirit from
the performance
 Drama
-relating to the words where the
characters over react or exaggerate
the importance of benign events
 Theatre
- one of the oldest and most popular
forms of entertainment
 Singing
- activity of making musical sounds with
your voice
 Motion Picture
- also called "movies", "films", or
"cinema"
- one of the popular forms of
entertainment
- a series of images that are projected
onto a screen to create illusion of motion
Types of Utilitarian or Practical Art
 Industrial Art
- changing of raw materials into some
significant product for human
consumption or use
 Applied or Household Art
- such as flower arrangement, interior
decoration, dress making, home-
making, embroidery, and cooking
 Civic Art
- refers to civic planning and
beautification in order to improve the
standards of living
 Commercial Art
- involves business propaganda in the
form of advertisements
 Graphical Art
- anything printed from raised or
sunken reliefs or plane surfaces
 Agricultural Art
- refers to agronomy (crop production),
horticulture (garden or orchard
cultivation), husbandry (raising of cows,
carabaos, poultry, and swine farming)
  Business Art
- includes merchandising, accounting,
bookkeeping, typewriting, stenography,
salemanship, and business
administration
 Distributive Art
- deals with advertising, marketing,
warehousing, packaging, and shipping
of article or goods
MODULE 3: ELEMENTS AND PRINCIPLES OF ART
Elements of Art
1. Line
 Horizontal- suggest a feeling of
rest, infinity, and perfect stability
 Vertical- give impressions of
height dominance or power
 Diagonal- action, movement,
unrest, or uncertainty
 Curved- smoothness, softness,
continuity
2. Shape and Form
- a two-dimensional figure formed
when the ends of a line meet
3. Value or Tone
- Lightness or darkness that is visible.
- It has to do with the amount of light in
an artwork
 Chiascuro
-technique that intensifies the feeling
or emotion in a painting and present
strong emphasis on the subject
4. Color
- Product of light in different
wavelength
 Fishery Art
- includes shallow and deep sea fishing,
fish refrigeration, and culture net
weaving
 Medical or Clinical art
- includes first aid treatments,
manufacturing, surgical, medical
operations, and rehabilitations
- It is what the eyes see when light is
reflected off an object
5. Space- refers to the distance
between, around, above, below, and
within thing
▪︎Positive Space- space occupied by the
shape
▪︎Negative Shape- space around
6. Texture
- refers to the surface quality
- the way things, feel or look as though
they might feel, if touched
Principle of Art
1. Balance- symmetrical and
assymetrical
2. Proportion
 Well Proportioned- pleasing to
the eyes
3. Rhythm- repetition in music and
painting
4. Emphasis and Subordination
5. Unity and Variety
 MODULE 4: SIGNIFICANT CONTEMPORARY VISUAL ARTS FROM
THE REGION

Sculpture
 Higantes of Angono, Rizal
- a way of protesting struggles on their landlords

- body is made up of bamboo and colorful cloth and the face is made up of paper
mache
- Perdigon Vocalan, brought the idea of the Higantes Festival in the 80s

 Sculptures of Paete, Laguna

- Paete was derived from the word "paet" which means chisel
- known as the "Carving Capital of the Philippines" in March 15, 2005
- it is where the modern yo-yo originated
- Mariano Madriñan made "Mater Dolorosa" and awarded a prestigious award in
Amsterdam in 1882

 Take of Paete, Laguna

- It was pioneered by Paete local, Maria Piday
- Tere Afuang popularized the craft in 1970s

 Giant Lantern Festival of Pampanga

- held in December (Saturday before Christmas Eve) in San Fernando City which is
nicknamed as the "Christmas City of the Phippines"
- actually a religious activity known today as "lubenas"
- 1931, the birth of the First Lantern Festival to honor Pres. Manuel L. Quezon

 Saniculas Cookie Mold Carvings of Pampanga

- exceptional piece of folk art and a rarity
- have the image of St. Nicholas de Tolentino known as the healer and patron saint
of children
- Panecillos de San Nicholas or Saniculas was introduced by the Augustinian Friars
- used to be made only on September 10, the feast of the saints

 Singkaban or Bamboo Art of Bulacan

- Singkaban, art of shaving bamboo into artful creations and artfully-made entrances
archers
- Singkaban Festival, annual provincial event of Bulacan that showcases the
traditional arts of the literary form Balagtasan and traditional songs Kundiman

 Bul-ul of Ifugao
- used in ceremonies of rice production and healing
- alwen bul-ul ritual, ensure the statue gains power
- treated with care and respect to avoid the risk of spirits bringing sickness

 Okir Design of Maranao

- okir, term for geometric and flowing designs which are often based on elaborate
leaf and vine pattern
• okir a datu- ornamental design for men, spiral
• okir a bay- desig for women, zigzag and angular forms

 Sarimanok of Marano
- Sarimanok, a legendary bird of the Maranao people that comes from the words
"sari" and "manok"
- become the ubiquitous symbol of Maranao art
- derived from a totem bird of the Maranao called the Itotoro which is a medium to the
spirit bird called Inikadowa

 Torogan of Maranao
- also known as Bahay Lakan, a type of house that is a symbol of high social status
- it will never complete without the Sarimanok being displayed inside

 Hagabi of Ifugao
- Hagabi, a long wooden beach that signifies an individual's wealth and prestige
belonging to the rank Cadangyan
- Hagabi Feast, conducted by the Ifugaos to build a modern house instead of making a
wooden couch
- Cadan, well-known family which symbolized by Hagabi

 Pabalat or Borlas de Pastillas of Bulacan

- made of colorful Japanese papers which are cut with intricate designs
- Fiestas are not complete without these borlas
  Puni or Palm Leaf Folding of Bulacan
- Puni, refers to the art of coconut leaf and a tagalog term in Bulacan which means to
beautify or decorate

Weaving
 Malong of Maranao
- "malong", a traditional tube skirt bearing an variety of okir design
- the pattern or style of malong indicate the weaver's tribal origin
- landap, most distinctive of all the malongs that used for ceremonies
- malong landap, characterized any large expanses of landap or pure color interrupted
by tapestry bands called langkit
- magenta and yellow colors are used by sultan
- used starting from the birth of a person until the day s/he died

 Tribal Costumes: B'laan

- indigenous people of Southern Mindanao
- famous for brassworks, beadwork, and t'nalak weave

 Tribal Costumes: Kalinga

- called as the "peacocks of the North"
- Kalinga means "enemy" because of the headhunting attacks
- heads taken from headhunting attacks brought glory to the warrior and gives good luck
to the village
- heads were preserved and worshiped in special rituals

 Tribal Costumes: T'boli

- distinguish themselves by their colorful clothes, bracelets, and earrings
- famous in their complicated beadwork, woven fabrics, and brass ornaments
- traditional colors are jet black, scarlet red, pearl white, canary yellow, tropical green

 Tribal Costumes: Bagobo

- Bagobo-Tagabawa is one of the most colorful tribes
- the skirt that they wear is hand-woven out of abaca fiber and is called "inabal"
- the dominant colors of this tribe are red, yellow, and black
  Pagbuburda
- also known as Philippine Embroidery is an art used in decorating textiles
- Needlework, considered an important accomplishment for women

2 Methods of Pagbuburda
1. Calado- decorating a textile by pulling out threads to make intricate lacy designs
2. Sombrado- curvilinear patterns appliqued to thin cloth to make silhouette designs

》sa Lumban, Laguna

- Embroidery is the main industry of the town

- known as the "Embroidery Capital of the Philippines"

》sa Taal, Batangas

- old native hand embroidery tradition of the town

-Taal is most known for the piña fabric

Dancing

 Itik-itik from Surigao

- mimetic folk dance that imitate movements of ducks among rice paddies and
swamplands
- created by the lady named "Kadang"

 Tinikling from Leyte and Visayas Region

- imitate the movements of tikling birds
- involves two people hitting bamboo poles on the ground and against each other

 Sayaw sa Bangko of Pangasinan

- also known as Sayaw ed Tapew sa Bangko wherein the performers dance on a top
of a narrow bench that is 6 inches wide
- performed during town fiestas
 Binasuan from Pangasinan
- dancer carefully balanced three-half filled glass of rice wine on their heads and
hands
- an entertaining dance that is performed at festive occasions
- originated from Bayambang, Pangasinan
  Pandanggo sa Ilaw from Mindoro
- a lively dance of Lubang Island, Mindoro
- oil lamp is called tinghoy

》Pandango Oasiwas

- similar to Pandanggo sa Ilaw

- typically performed fisherman to celebrate a good catch

 Maglalatik from Biñan, Laguna

- also known as Magbabao that is a mock-war dance and fights over coconut meat
- it has four parts: two devoted in the battle and the other two is for reconciliation
- Maglalatik comes from the word Latik which means fried coconut milk curd
- religious dance and as an offering to San Isidro de Labrador, patron saint of
farmers

 Kuratsa from the Visayas Region

- also known as Curacha which is a dance of courtship and often performed at
weddings and other social occasions

 La Jota Moncadeña from Ilocos

- a combination of Spanish and Ilocano dance steps

》Jota Florana (Moncada, Tarlac)

- Ramon Obusan, dance anthroplogist said that it was a dance to accompany bereaved
family to the burial of a loved one
- Patay or desmayo, a slow portion of the dance that is performed to a very slow
marcha funebre
- Ti Liday, same dance figure in Ilocos which means sorrow

 Kappa Malong-Malong from Mindanao

- dance essentially shows the many ways it can be worn

 Pantomina from Bicol Region

- a love dance that is mimicking the mating or love making of doves or salampati
- performed as courtship and wedding dance
  Habanera Botolena from Zambales
- performed in a ballroom or on a stage
- strongly flamenco-influenced dance that comes from Botolan, Zambales
- combines Filipino and Spanish steps and popular dance at weddings and considered a
courting dance in some situations

 Singkil from Maranao

- performed by a single women to attract its potential suitors
- originated of Maranao people who inhabit the shores of Lake Lanao
- derived in the story of Darangen
- Singkil means to entangle the feet with disturbing objects
- Putri Gandingan, the lead dance that manipulating either apir (fans), mosala
(scarves), or even their bare hands
- reffers to by non-Maranaos as a "Muslim dance", it is in fact secular in nature

 La Estudiantina from Samar and Quezon

- young women who are studying are called estudiantina
- originally carrying a book or a fan
- it is classified as Sayawing Maria Clara

 Pasiguin from Capiz

- a frolicking dance representing fishes getting out from torn fishnets locally called
sabot
- the word pasiguin means "ring net" which is used for catching fish

 Cariñosa from Panay

- the word cariñosa means the affectionate one
- a courtship dance that portrays act of flirtation between a man and a woman
- dancers perform steps resembling hide-and-seek movements

 Alcamfor from Leyte

- also called as Pandanggo han Panyo
- a couple's dance from Leyte
- a girl holds a handkerchief laced with camphor and flirts with the man by waving her
scented handkerchief in front of his face
 Philos= science
Philosophy= study of everything
INTRODUCTION TO THE PHILOSOPHY OF
Wisdom= lahat lahat, sabay sabay
THE HUMAN PERSON/PAMBUNGAD SA
Thales -(580 B.C.E., Bayan ng Miletus)
PILOSOPIYA NG TAO
-The first person who predicted the
PHILOSOPHY= Love of Wisdom solar eclipse.
=philien (to love) or philos (to love) + sophia -First to use “Universal”
(wisdom) -“the most difficult thing in life is to know
PHILOSOPHER = Lover of Wisdom yourself”
“Philosophy is the attempt to think rationally -He thought that there must be a unity
and critically about life’s most important behind the apparent plurality of things.
questions in order to obtain knowledge and - “Unity and Oneness must exit”
wisdom about them.” -“The unchanging substance that is
-J. P. Moreland disguised by the appearance of constant
Philosophy change is none other than WATER”
-Speculative
-Requires conceptual analysis Anaximander= (610-546 B.C.E., Bayan ng
-Logical scrutiny of General Ideas Miletus) *student of Thales
*What is Knowledge, Truth, Casualty, Value, - “Agreed that the plurality of kinds of
Explanation, Sciences? things in the world must be reducible to
one category but it is not water. “
Science -APEIRON= Boundless or Unlimited
-Practical
-Data Gathering Anaximenes= (545 B.C.E.)
-Experimentation -“how could anyone know there was
*Can there be successful experiments that such thing as the boundless.”
explains these events? -“The ultimate stuff must be an Empirical
substance because AIR seemed better
5 MAJOR DISCIPLINES IN PHILOSOPHY than water.”
Ontology/ Metaphysics-studies the nature of -Corporeal Monism: The view that
philosophy. ultimately there is only one kind of stuff
Epistemology- studies the nature and scope that makes up everything
of knowledge.
Ethics-studies and evaluate human conduct. RAREFACTION
Aesthetics-studies the nature of beauty. Fire
Logic- studies the science art of correct Smoke
reasoning. Steam
In study philosophy gives an effort to figure out Air
Mist
what gives meaning to the world. What makes
Water
it beautiful?, Where does evil came from?, and
ultimately, what is the very nature of reality Mud
itself? Dirt
Stone
When do we philosophize? CONDENSATION
-If you have an idea Pythagoras= (572-500 B.C.E)
-When you are curious -Numerologist interested in the mystical
-When you think about the world and your significance of numbers.
place in it. -All things are numbers and a correct
*Why? description of reality must be express in
*Value? terms of mathematical formulas.
*Why value it? -Totality of reality can be explained by
*what to do? mathematical laws.
TRANCEND-
*PHILO IS MORE THAN DESCRIPTION Heraclitus= (525-475 BC)
*“THERE’S MORE THAN MEETS THE EYE” -Fire is the single original element
PHILOSOPHY- originated in the -Fire gives insight into the appearance
Mediterranean Sea of stability (unity)-for the flames form is
PRE-SOCRATICS- Ancient Greece stable; and the fact of change-for in the
Mythos= story telling flame, everything changes.
 - “You cannot step in the same river
twice”
- LOGOS=change itself (the law of change)
Parmenides= (515-440 BC)
BEING=Rational –only what can be thought can
exist.
=Uncreated, Indestructible, Eternal,
Indivisible.
“Spherical Matter”
-“Being is equally real in all directions”
-There is no place where being is not
Motion is impossible
Motion would involve being going from
where being is to where it is not.
(But there is no such place)
Empedocles= (440 BC)
Everything is composed of the simplest part
of the four elements or “roots”:
Fire, Air, Earth, and Water
The elements, atoms, or roots were
small editions of Parmenides’Being
• Unchangeable and indivisible
• Their mixture with each other accounted for
the multiplicity in the world
• They cannot move themselves.
Love: The force of unity bringing together
unrelated items to produce new creations.
Hate: The force of destruction, breaking down
old unities into fragments.
Anaxagoras= (500-428 BC)
-Four roots = “infinite seeds”
-Mind or Nous= The universal Mind is
omniscient and omnipotent.
Pre-Socratic philosophers Conclusion:
-Attempted to explain reality without religion
(mythos)
-Attempted to understand how mathematical
numbers were related to the flux of reality
-Attempted to explain the problems of the One
and the Many
INSIGHTS
The history of philosophy shows that men have
seen and noticed things around them, thought and
pondered on these, and acted on their reflections.
2 Things to be considered regarding INSIGHTS
by Roque Ferriols
1. the INSIGHT itself
2. What to do about the INSIGHT
"How to handle INSIGHTS"
by Ferriols.
1. Use METAPHORS= "a figure of speech
containing an implied comparison, in which a word
or phrase ordinarily and primarily used of one thing
is applied to another.”
2. Use of CONCEPTUAL ANALYSIS= “abstraction
is one of the tools often used in the analysis of
insights. An abstract thought is called a concept
and analysis by abstraction is called conceptual
analysis.”
Insight is only for the aware, for those who
have eyes that “see.” It is not for the
insensitive, for the dense.
It is for those who stops to listen, who can feel
pain, who can cry … it is insight first that
isphilosophized. To me it takes a “special”
person to philosophize. “Poetry is for the
elite,” …
Father Harry Furay told a student once. “So is
insight. So is philosophy in its finest hour.”
TRUTH, LOGIC and SOUNDNESS
Distinction between statements and arguments
statement is either true or false,
while an argument is logical or illogical, sound
or unsound.
-Truth refers to the conformity of the statement
to the reality.
-Logic refers to the connection between the
premises and conclusion of an argument
-Soundness is a property of an argument that
is achieved when both truth and logic are
present in the argument
What to consider when making an argument:
1. Are the premises of the argument true?
2. Is the argument logical?
TRUTH + LOGIC = GOOD ARGUMENT
*But it does not necessarily mean that when an
argument is true it is also logical, or when it is
logical it is also truthful.
*Though both of the premises are still true, we
would definitely disagree that the conclusion is
true and acceptable. The point is: the
conclusion does not really follow from the
premises and thus, the argument is illogical.
To determine, then, whether an argument’s
conclusion is true (and therefore to be
accepted) or false (and therefore to be
rejected), two criteria must be met:
(1) all the premises are true and
(2) the argument is logical.
When these two criteria are met by an
argument, we call it a sound argument.
INFORMAL FALLACIES
Francis Julius Evangelista, Critical Thinking
Fallacy is not a false belief but a mistake
or error in thinking and reasoning.
Fallacies are deceptive and misleading since,
although they are illogical and incorrect, they
seem to correct and acceptable.
INFORMAL FALLACIES
>FALLACY OF AMBIGUITY
1. Equivocation- Using a term in its different
senses/meanings and making it appear
to have only one meaning.
2. Amphiboly-Using a phrase whose meaning
is ambiguous due to its grammatical
construction.
3. Improper Accent-Misleading people by
placing improper emphasis on a word,
phrase or particular aspect of an issue
or claim.
>FALLACIES OF RELEVANCE
1. Personal Attack- Argumentum ad Hominem
a. Abusive-Ignoring the issue by attacking
the character or the personality of the
opponent (includes name calling and
mudslinging)
b. Circumstantial- Ignoring the issue by
citing the circumstances of another
person.
> tu quoque = you're another (ikaw din
naman)
2. Appeal to Pity-
-Argumentum ad Misericordiam
-Persuading people by evoking feelings
of compassion and sympathy when
such feelings, however understandable,
are not logically relevant to the arguer’s
conclusion.
3. Appeal to Force-
- Argumentum ad Baculum
- Persuading others to accept a position
by using threat or pressure instead of
presenting evidence for one’s view.
4. Appeal to Desire-
-Ignoring the issue by appealing to the
desires, interests or passions of the
people to get the conclusion accepted
5. Begging the Question-
- Petitio Principii
- Stating or assuming as a premise the
very thing that should be proven in the
conclusion
> Pilosopong Tasyo
>FALLACY OF INSUFFICIENT EVIDENCE
1. Appeal to Popularity-
-Argumentum ad Populum
-Assuming that the conclusion is proven
because people in general believe it to
be true
2. Appeal to Tradition-
- Persuading others of a certain belief by
appealing to their feelings of reverence
or respect for some tradition, instead of
giving rational basis for such belief
3. Appeal to Inappropriate Authority-
- Argumentum ad Vericundiam
-Persuading others by appealing to
people who command respect or
authority but do not have the authority in
the matter at hand.
4. Appeal to Ignorance-
-Argumentum ad Ignorantiam
- Assuming that the conclusion is true
because its opposite cannot be proven
UCSP REVIEWER
5 Basic Instituition
 Family
 School
 Religion
 Culture
 Government
Anthropology – Study of man, evolutionary changes; uniqueness of
man
- “Anthropos” means man.
2 types of Anthropology
Biological Anthropology – deals with physiology, genetics,
evolution and functions
Social Anthropology – deals with Language, culture, politics,
family, religion

Types Identity
Individual Identity – How we see ourselves
Group Identity – how they see us as a whole

Kinds of Identities (Ways to get)

Ascribed Identity – congenital and/or assigned.
i.e. first nationality, name, sex, ethnicity,
first religion, first language,
Nationality can be gained by: by blood(Jus Sanguinis) or by
land of birth(Jus Soli)
Achieved Identity – Chosen or needs to be earned ; Gender,
social status, work roles, Relationship status.
Political Science – Deals with the study of government systems;
analyses of political activities and behaviour. It includes the
study about power relations and dynamic as well as the
structures and principles of political units and actors.
Areas of Concern in the Study of Society and Culture
1. Physical and Cultural Anthropoloogy
 Physical Anthropology- deals with understanding
humans as biological organisms
 Cultural Anthropology- Focuses on the patterns of
life in a society
 2. Social Organizations- Concerned with how society arranges
its different aspects or parts in such a way that these
parts form a meaningful and acceptable structure, which is
perceived, accepted effective and efficient for the
operation of society.
3. Social Change – Change is produced when one system or
component of a system is subjected to an external or
internal factor resulting to a manifestation of an altered
characteristic or function.
 Development- positive change
 Static- Negative change (no change at all)
4. Demography and Population Studies
- Demographic Studies – Provides significant
information that enables social scientist to
grasp a valid social condition occurring within a
society. It helps the planning of society.
5. Human Ecology- The study of understanding social phenomena
in the context of its ecology and concerned with how
society adjusts or adapts with the characteristics of its
environment
Pioneers of Sociology
1. Thomas Hobbes
- “theory of Social Contract”
- Humans are self-interested
- “omni omnium lupus”
- Men are wolves to one another
- “leviathan”-Authority
2. John Locke
- Humans are rational entities
- “Theory of Social contract”- more liberal
- Competition is healthy to society
3. Franz Boas
- Relativistic Approach - referenced/framed from your
culture
4. Adam Smith
- Father of modern economics
- Proponent of capitalism
- Land, labor and capital  factors of production 
owned by private individual
5. Karl Marx
- Proponent of Capitalism
- Believes that major factors of production should be
controlled by the government
- All are equal
 - Bourgeoisie: Middle Class/Upper Class ; Proletariat:
Workers
6. Herbert Spencer
- Survival of the Fittest
- Society = organ system = needs organs
7. Edward Tyler
- Humans are savages
- Views culture as holistic bodies of ideas and
knowledge.
8. Emile Durkheim
- Social solidarity
- Society = Machines= has systems
9. Henri Saint-Simons
- Social Physiology- involves interaction of people that
produce patterns that can be a tool to understand
social phenomena
10. Max Weber
- Value of free inquiry
- Bureaucracy( Division of labor within the gov’t)
11. August Comte
- Father of sociology
- Positivism  Scientific method
- The best way to understand social method is to use
scientific method
Characteristic of Culture
1. Learned
- Not congenital
- Learning a culture is an unconscious process
2. Abstract
- No tangible single manifestation of culture
- Can be seen through actions, manerisms and behaviour
3. Symbolic
- A developed way of representing a culture of a society
4. Shared
- Cannot be present in only a single individual
5. Dynamic/Adaptive
- Changes overtime as new ideas come and old ideas can be
modified or discarded.
6. Diversed
- We all have different culture present
7. Whole
- A system with a mutually inter-dependent parts/
8. Cumulative/Integrated

Elements of Culture
1. Language
1.1. System of symbols that allows people to communicate

2. Knowledge
2.1. The total range of what has been learned through
experience, study or interrogation
3. Social Norms
3.1. Types
3.1.1. Folkways
3.1.1.1. Standards of social behaviour that is socially
approved but is not morally significant.
3.1.2. Mores
3.1.2.1. Strict norms that control moral or ethical
behaviour. People feel strongly about them and
violating them typically results to disapproval. i.e.
religious doctrines, live-ins
3.1.3. Taboos
3.1.3.1. Violating it result to extreme disgust. i.e.
incest, cannibalism
3.1.4. Laws
3.1.4.1. Formal body of rules enacted by the state and
backed by the power of the state. Taboos are enacted
into laws, mores are sometimes enacted and folkways
are never enacted into laws
3.2. Values and Beliefs
3.2.1. Values
3.2.1.1. The basis of our judgement of what we consider
as good desirable and correct; and also the opposite
3.2.2. Beliefs
3.2.2.1. Embodies people’s perception of reality and
includes primitive ideas of the universe as well as
scientist’s empirical view on the world.
10 Unique Cultures Around the World
1. Haka
- Tradition of the Maori People in New Zealand.
- Involves menacing facial expression, grunting, guttural
howling, loud chanting, stomping, clapping, chest
thumping, and tongue wagging
- Intended to strike awe and fear into the opponents.”
- Performed by New Zealand’s National team: Tall Blacks;
during the 2014 FIBA tournament and All Blacks; Rugby
team
2. Bushido and Seppuku
- Bushido – warrior code of the Japan, emphasizes
strength loyalty and integrity
 - Seppuku – ritual suicide done by a samurai as an
alternative to defeat. Widely done during WWII.
Notable seppukus includes:
i. Yukio Mishima- 1970s while protesting against
military police
ii. Masaharu Nonaka- after he was fired from his
company
iii. Vice Principal of Students- On Aprl 16, 2016 when
MV Sewol sunk along with hundreds of students.
3. Alcohol and the Devil
- Russia ,one of the world’s leading consumer in alcohol,
has developed many drinking etiquettes such as :
i. You are not allowed to place a glass of alcohol
back on the table after a toast.
ii. Arriving late in a dinner means you will have to
drink a full glass of vodka no question asked to
catch up with the rest
iii. There must be no interruption between the first and
second shots.
iv. Never make a mistake of offering a toast with an
empty glass as you will have to drink the entire
bottle.
- If you curse someones health w./o malice you must have
to spit 3x (if written, just write tfu 3x)
4. Arriving Late
- In South America, arriving late is considered polite
and doing it otherwise means you are too “eager for a
meal”
- Chile: When the host said dinner will be served at
8:00, guest are expected to arrive at 8:15
- Ecuador: 15-25 late is considered on time
- Brazil: meeting times are elastic, they show up when
they want
- Adapted in Latin dominant states in the US, (Miami)
5. Mudras
- Seals, marks or gestures unique to Hinduism and
Buddhism culture.
- Believed to control the flow of prana(life energy) and
focus their attention toward a certain goal.
- Kinds of Mudras:
i. Gyana Mudra – thumb and index fingers touch as the
rest extends outward, promotes mental clarity and
calmness
ii. Abhaya Mudra- Raising of one’s palm symbolizes
openness and honest intent
 iii. Agni Mudra- Thumb touching the middle finger while
the rest extends away ( represents fire and aids
digestive process)
6. Henna Weddings And Blackening
- Islamic weddings are held during Thursdays as Fridays
is the holy day.
- Henna – 2 nights before the wedding, the brides women
relatives paints her hands arm and feet to symbolize
her entry to womanhood. Provudes luck and fertility.
- Blackening – Scotland; involves the to be married
couple to be tied together in bathubs- large crates or
behind pick-ups as they will paraded along the streets
to be pelted with disgusting things. Done to ward of
evil spirits.
7. Bayanihan
- Done mostly in rural places in the Philippines, the
carrying of a whole house (nipa huts) to avoid
impending floods or landslides.
- In urban areas it was limited to moving furnitures,
playgrounds, etc.
8. Mano Po
- Pagmamano – a courteous gesture symbolizing the respect
for elders by taking their hands and pressing it to
one’s forehead.
- Borrowed from the Chinese centuries ago.
- Includes the use of “po” and “opo”.
9. Taarof
- Iranian practice of showing respect and deference.
- Refusing the payment of a customer of a higher social
rank and the customers must insist on paying. Also
extends to social invitations.
10. Pearly whites and the Tooth fairy
- Denmark; Tann Feen
- France; Le petite souris
- Spain; Ratoncito perez
- Colombia: El Raton Miguelito
- Greece and Mauritania; They throw it as high as they
can to provide good luck and strong teeth.
- Jamaica; they put teeth in can and shake it vigorously
to repel a calf that will take them away.
- Malaysians; bury teeth in the ground
- Turkey; conveys parents’ expectation to their children
Evolution – is a process of change in a certain direction, a
continuous process from lower to higher.
Charles Darwin - “it is the change in the heritable
characteristics of biological populations over successive
generations. Its processes give rise to biodiversity at every
level of biological organization.”
Herbert Spencer – explained his social evolution theory through
physical and biological evolution. It is now his most important
contribution to sociology
-he was more concerned with natural changes in
social structure and social institutions.
- Agreed with Charles Darwin’s “Survival of the
Fittest” in Darwin’s theory of natural selection.
Types of SOCIETAL EVOLUTION
1. Biological – genetic and physical changes
2. Cultural – development of languages, norms, laws,
beliefs,etc
3. Technological - invention of tools and equipments.

Bio-Cultural Evolution
Homo Habilis
- First to make stone tools
- lived about 2.4 to 1.4 million years ago
Homo Rudolfensis
-Species characterized by a longer face, larger molar and
pre molar teeth and a larger braincase in comparison to the homo
habilis.
- lived about 1.9 to 1.8 million years ago.
Homo Erectus
- “Up right man”
- Body proprotions similar to modern man
- 1.89 to 143,000 years ago
- First to produce fire.
- First hunters with improvised knives.
Homo Heidelbergenesis
- Large brow ridge and with short wide bodies.
- 700,000 to 200,000 years ago
- Lived in colder climates
- First to hunt large animals on routine using spears
- First to construct human shelters
Homo Floresiensis
- Nicknamed the Hobbit; height more or less than three
feet
- Lived in 95,000 to 17,000 years ago
- Flores, Indonesia
Homo Sapiens
- Means wise man; appeared 200,000 years ago
i. Homo Sapien Neandertalensis
1. Closest relative of humans
2. Practiced burials
3. Practiced hunting and gathering food
4. Sewed using animal bones as needles
ii. Homo Sapien Sapien
1. Cro magnons
2. 40,000 to 10,000 years ago
3. Lived in the ice age of europe
Pre Historic Periods in the Philippines
Paleolithic Period
- Robert Fox, “the first men who inhabited the
Philippines ever since the Paleolithic Period (500,000
years ago)
- Moved by land; Palawan is the entry point
- Tabon cave filled with their remnants of chert,
choppers am\nd hammers made of stone 50,000-90,000
years ago.
Neolithic Period
- Marked by the aftermath of the ice age.
- People form these era improved tools like axes to clear
trees for their crops.
- Adzes were also found in Palawan made of giant clams
- Shifted from food gathering to food production
- Mobile Probably seafaring
Metal Age
- 500 to 400 BC
- Started the use of iron
- More durable tools
- Agriculture improved because of the tools developed
- Glass and Jade ornaments from China and North Indo
China became extensive
- Foreigners crossed land and sea alternatively to reach
the Philippines
- Weaving is similar to those used in the mountain
province
- Abaca clothes were common
- Settlements found along the shore and river banks
- Tools used for catching fish, shellfish and food storge
- Pottery was used for food storage and burials
Ceramic age
 - 11th century
- The first trader were probably Arabs then came the
Chinese during the 13th century
- Porcelein and silk came from China
- Spices came from Moluccas
- Formal trade policies between China and Philippines
- Large communities developed in ports because of trade
deals (Cebu, Iloilo, and Manila)
Effects of Globalization in the Philippines
- The Philippines is openly available in the foreign
market without or with very little restriction
- Due to the privatization of companies, businesses can
be accessible to foreign nationals, companies and
nations allowing them to invest in their stocks, which
is about 40% of the company(MAXIMUM)
- Deregulation of businesses are often exploited for
income rather than providing services to consumers for
a lower price, the government has no authority to
dictate to its operation
- Liberalization is done to amend laws regarding about
tariffs and quotas in imported product, excessive
imports could lead to the backlash of the local
economy.
- The Philippines are also entitled to debt when in need,
although funds may be used our country needs to be very
careful in signing deals as it cost land, or control of
the other nation in our state.
Notes: JUST READ THE PHILIPPINES A CENTURY HENCE, SOCIAL
EVOLUTION AND GLOBALIZATION IN THE MODULE

Mock Test
I. Identification

1. The first species to make tools.

2. The father of Sociology
3. The total range of what has been learned through
experience, study or interrogation
4. The characteristic of culture that implies culture cannot
be manifested by a single tangible manifestation.
5. Accroding to Karl Marx, these are the workers.
6. Acquiring nationality by blood
7. Lived in the ice age of Europe
8. When an Islamic wedding usually takes place.
 9. The basis of our judgement on what we consider good.
10. Tooth fairy in Spain

Enumeration
1. Three elements of globalization and describe.
2. Pre historic periods in the Philippines with at least 2
distinct events or characteristic
3. Characteristic of culture and examples
4. the Basic instituitions
5. Areas of Concern in the study of society and culture.
AKADEMIKONG SULATIN
 Pag aaral ng mga kasanayang kritikal,
proseso at produko
 Sulating inihanda ng isang magaaral
kaugnay sa kanyang pag-aaral
 Halimbawa: report, refleksyon,
konseptong papel, dyornal,
pamanahong papel at papel na
pananaliksik
 Nakabatay sa isang tiyak na disiplina o
larangan na maaaring inter-display at
multi-display mula sa disiplinang
siyentipiko, pilosopikal, agham,
humanistiko.
KASANAYANG KRITIKAL
 Kakayahan ng isang manunulat na
suriin, balangkasin, ihambing at ibuod
ang isang binasa.
PROSESO AT PRODUKTO
 Pagsusuri sa proseso ng paggawa ng
mga siyentipikong papel o pananaliksik.
DISIPLINANG PANG-AKADEMIKO KUNG
SAAN MAAARING UMIKOT ANG PAKSA AT
PARAAN NG AKADEMIKONG SULIRANIN :
A. Humanidades : wika, literatura,
pilosopiya at pinong sining
a. Pinong Sining : arkitektura,
teatro, sining, sayaw at musika
B. Agham Panlipunan : kasayahan,
sosyolohiya, sikolohiya, ekonomiks,
antropolohiya, arkelohiya. hegrapiya,
agham at abogasya.
KALIKASAN NG AKADEMIKONG SULATIN
 Naglalaman ng samu’t-saring kaalaman.
 Ang kaalaman ay nararapat na bago at
mahalaga.
Bago – ang nilalaman ng pangungusap at
ideya ay impormasyong nagbibigay ng
kabatiran.
Mahalaga – lubos na mapakinabangan para
sa pansarili, pampamilya, panlipunan at
pambansang kapakinabangan.
Katotohanan – may sinusunod na metodo ng
disiplinang makatotohanan.
Ebidensya – mapagkakatiwalaang ebidensya.
Balanse – walang pagkiling o seryoso.
KATANGIAN NG AKADEMIKONG PAGSULAT
Makatao – pahayag na pagiging
kapakipakinabang sa tao.
Makabayan – humhanap ng kaugnay na
artikulo at talakayin ito, produktibong kasapi ng
bansa.
Demokratiko – pahayag na patas at walang
kinikilingan, kintatakutan sapagkat totoo.
IBA PANG KATANGIAN NG AKADEMIKONG
SULATIN.
1. May malinaw na paglalahad sa
katotohanan at opinyon sa mga sulatin.
2. Pantay ang paglalahad ng mga ideya.
3. May paggalang sa magkakaibang
pananaw.
4. Organisado
5. Gumagamit ng sapat na katibayan.
HAKBANG SA PAGBUO NG AKADEMIKONG
SULATIN
1. Pagpaplano – pagtatakda ng paksa,
paraan ng pangangalap ng datos,
pagsusuri at panahon kung kailan
sisimulan at matatapos ang
akademikong sulatin.
2. Pag-aayos – paghahanda ng sarili
upang maayos na maisulat ang
akademikong sulatin.
3. Drafting – panimulang pagsulat o
pagmamapa ng mga ediya.
4. Pagrebisa – mula sa ginawang sariling
pagtataya ay babaguhin, aayusin at
pauunlarin ang akademikong sulatin.
5. Pinal na pagbasa at pagsulat – mula
sa ginawang proofreading maisasapinal
ang akademikong sulatin taglay ang
tamang wika at nilalaman.
BAHAGI NG AKADEMIKONG SULATIN
1. Paksa at Tesis Bilang Panimula
 Nagpapakila sa paksa at tesis ng
akademikong sulatin.
 Tanging mahalagang bahagi na
nagsisilbing pang-akit sa mga
mambabasa.
 Sa bahaging ito iikot ang proposisyon,
katwiran o ediya batay sa diskursong
nais ihatid, kung ito may pagsasalaysay,
paglalarawan, paglalahad o
pangangatwiran.
GABAY SA EPEKTONG PAGPAPAHAYAG
NG PAKSA AT TESIS
a. Matalinong magtanong.
b. Magpahayag ng katotohanan na dapat
tandaan.
c. Maglahad ng angkop na paglalarawan.
d. Magsalaysay ng may saysay.
 e. Magbahagi ng sariling karanasan batay
sa usapan at iba pa.
2. Nilalaman Bilang Katawan
 Huwag kalimutan ang estruktura at
kaayusan ng akademikong sulatin.
 Pinakamahalagang bahagi,
pinakamasustansiyang bahaging dapat
makuha ng mambabasa.
 Estraktura at impormasyon na
nakahanay sa lohikal na paraan.
BATAYAN UPANG MAKABUO NG ISANG
LOHIKAL NA KATAWANG TAGLAY NG
AKADEMIKONG SULATIN:
1. Ugnayan ng nilalaman at ekstruktura
1.1 Kronolohikal na paglalahad
1.2 Pagpopook o paglulugar
1.3 Pagpbibigay diin
1.4 Pagtutulad at pagiiba-iba
1.5 Paglalahad ng sanhi at bunga
1.6 Pagtukoy sa problema at solusyon
2. Elaborsyon o Pagpapalawak
2.1 Pagllantad ng mga patunay o
testimonya/tesminonya
2.2 Paglalahad ng estadistika
2.3 Pagbibigay ng halimbawa
3. Lagom Konklusyon Bilang Wika
 Bahaging nag-iiwan ng mahalagang
punto na dapat matandaan o
makintal sa puso at isip ng
mambabasa
 Nakakatawag pansin
 Maipahayag ang pinaka nais na
mensaheng iparating taglay ang
impluwensiyang nais maipanatili.
AKADEMIKONG PAGSULAT AYON KAY:
BAYADOS - Sistema ng komunikasyong
interpersonal
LALUNIO – Prosesong sosyal o panlipunan
(interaksyon).
WHITE & STRUNK – Matrabaho at mabagal
na proseso.
LAYUNIN NG PAGSULAT
1. INFORMATIV O IMPORMATIBONG
PAGSULAT ( report ng obserbasyon,
balita)
 Layuning makapagbigay ing
impormasyon at maipaliwanag sa
mga mambabasa
 Nakatuon sa bagay na
pinaguusapan
 Pagsukat na kailangan ng ebidensya
o patunay upang paniwalaan
2. PERSWEYSIV O MAPANGHIKAYAT
NA PAGSULAT ( sanaysay, talumpati,
editoryal, proposal, anunsyo)
 Maingat na paglalahad ng
impormasyon
 Layuning makaimpluwensiya ng
mambabasa, mabago ang
paniniwala nito at umayon sa
paniniwalaan ng may-akda.
 Kumbinsihin ang mambabasa
tungkol sa isang pananaw, palagay
at paniniwala.
3. IMAGINATIV O MALIKHAING
PAGSULAT ( maikling kwento, tula,
dula, nobela, at iba pa.)
 Produkto ng mlikhain at malikot nap
ag-iisip ng makata, nobelista at
kwentista
 Nangangailangan ng imahinasyon o
likhang isip.
 Layuning magbigay inspirasyon o
mang-aliw, magliibang, magbigay
pag-asa at madala ka sa mundo ng
pantasya at katatakutan.
ABSTRAK
 Tinatawag ding sinopsis o presi
 Maikling lagom ng isang
pananaliksik, tesis, rebuy, daluy ng
kumprehesiya
 Tinutulungan ang mambabasa na
medaling matukoy ang pag-aaral
 Matatagpuan sa unang bahagi ng
isang manuskrito
 Protektado sa ilalim ng batas
copyright
 Maaaring maghayag ng
pangunahing resulta at konklusyon
ng siyentipikong artikulo.
APAT NA ELEMENTO
1. Ang tuon ng pananaliksik ( paglalahad
ng suliranin)
2. Ang metodolohiya ng pananaliksik (
palarawang pananaliksik)
3. Ang resulta o kinalabasan ng
pananaliksik
4. Ang pangunahing konklusyon at
rekomendasyon.
URI NG ABSTRAK
1. IMPORMATIBONG ABSTRAK
 Kilala ring ganap na abstrak
(complete)
 Nagbibigay impormasyon
 100-200 salita
 Naglalagom sa istruktura ng papel
sa mga pangunahing paksa at
mahahalagang punto
 Nilalaman: Kaligiran, Layunin,
Metodolohiya, Resulta, Konklusyon

2. DESKRIPTIBONG ABSTRAK
 Pagsasama-sama ng mga ideya na
may iba’t-ibang pinanggalingan sa
isang sanaysay o presentasyon
 HINDI paglalagom, paghahambing o
rebuy
 Ito ay resulta ng integrasyon ng
iyong naririnig, nabasa at kakayanan
mong magamit ang natutunan upang
madebelop at masuportahan ang
iyong pangunahing tesis o
argumento
 Pinagyayaman ang uring ito ng
akademikong sulatin sa paglalahad
ng argumento, pananaw at
paninindigan na nagmula sa dati at
bagong kaalaman
KATANGIAN NG SINTESIS
 Naguulat ng tamangimpormasyon
mula sa sanggunian at gumagamit
ng iba’t-ibang istruktura ng
pagpapahayag.
 Nagpapakita ng organisasyon ng
teksto
 Nagpapatibay ng nilalaman ng
pinagkuhaang akda
BUOD
 Tala ng isang indibidwal gami ang
sariling pananalita
 Maaring oral o pasulat
 Nagtataglay ng obhetibong
balangkas ng orihinal na teksto
 Hindi nagbibigay ng sariling ideya o
criticism
 Hindi nagsasama ng halibawa,
detalye o impormasyon na wala sa
orihinal na teksto
 Gumagamit ng mga susing salita.
 CHAPTER 1 MATTER

Matter

Pure Mixture
substance substance

Compound Element Heterogeneous Homogeneous

Acid Base Salt Metals Nonmetals Metalloids Suspensions Colloids Solutions

Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass. Matter is composed of tiny particles called atoms which
consist of even subatomic particles such as electrons, protons, and neutrons.
Lesson 1 STATES OF MATTER
Solids ֎ have definite shape and volume
֎ rigid or inelastic particles locked into place
֎ particles are difficult to compress
֎ particles do not easily flow
֎ very minimal space between particles
֎ the rigid particles do not move nor slide one another
Liquids ֎ have definite volume but do not have definite shape
֎ assumes the shape of the container
֎ can move/slide past one another
֎ particles are not easy to compress
֎ particles have the ability to flow
֎ very small space between particles
֎ particles move or flow past one another
Gases ֎ have neither definite volume nor definite shape
֎ assumes the shape of the container
֎ can move at a very high speed past one another
֎ particles are highly compressible
֎ particles move/flow at high speed
֎ large space between particles
֎ particles move past one another
Lesson 2 PROPERTIES OF MATTER
All matter can be described through their physical and chemical properties.
Physical Properties ֎ perceived by the senses
֎ can be observed, measured, and tested without changing the composition of matter
֎ examples are color, odor, taste, hardness, melting point, and boiling point
֎ no change in composition takes place during the determination or measurement of
these properties
Physical properties can be either extensive or intensive.

Prepared by: STEM 12-A1 Mayors and President

Intensive properties ֎ properties that do not depend on the amount of matter present or being measured if
there is a change in the amount of matter
֎ do not change their value when the amount of matter is changed
Extensive properties֎ properties that depend on the amount of matter
֎ change their value when the amount of matter is changed
Chemical Properties ֎ properties involved in the transformation of substance into other materials which
possess a completely different structure and composition from the original
֎ examples are flammability, the ability of matter to burn, reactivity, the ability of matter
to chemically combine with another, and ability to rust
֎ a change in composition occurs during determination of measurement of these
properties
Lesson 3 CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER
Matter can be classified as pure substance or mixture.
Pure Substance ֎ contains only one kind of element or compound
֎ has a constant composition
֎ cannot be separated by physical means
Pure substances can be classified into elements and compounds.
1. Elements ֎ substances composed of only one kind of atom
Elements can be classified into metals, nonmetals, and metalloids.
a. Metals ֎ constitute the greatest number of elements in the periodic table
֎ Properties of Metals are lustrous in nature, ductile, good conductors of heat
and electricity, hard, have high densities, and solid (except Mercury)
b. Nonmetals ֎ elements lack or do not have the characteristics of metals
֎ Properties of Nonmetals are dull in appearance, brittle, poor conductors
of heat and electricity, good insulators, may exists in three states (solid, liquid,
and gas) at room temperature, and have low densities.
c. Metalloids ֎ elements which have the properties of both metals and nonmetals
Compounds ֎ substances composed of two or more kinds of atoms that are chemically bonded
together in fixed proportions
Compounds can be classified as acid, base, or salts.
a. Acid ֎ a compound that donates H+ ions in an aqueous solution
b. Base ֎ a compound that accepts H+ ions in an aqueous solution
c. Salt ֎ a compound that is formed when an acid and a base react
Mixtures ֎ are made up of two or more substances which are mixed together but are not chemically
combined
A mixture can be homogeneous or heterogeneous.
1. Homogeneous mixture ֎ has only one phase and a uniform composition all throughout
a. Solution ֎ a homogeneous mixture
2. Heterogeneous mixture ֎ has two or more phases and a non-uniform composition all
throughout
a. Colloids ֎ also called colloidal dispersions, heterogeneous mixtures that
have particles bigger than those of a solution but smaller than those of a suspension.
b. Suspensions ֎ heterogeneous mixtures that have particles bigger than those of
colloids, contain solid particles which eventually settle after interacting with a solvent-like
phase
Lesson 4 METHODS OF SEPARATING MIXTURES
The separation of mixtures into their components may be done using physical processes.

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 1. Filtration- to separate a solid from a liquid in a heterogeneous mixture using a filtering
membrane like paper cloth or filter paper
 Residue- solid component that remained on the filter paper
 Filtrate- clear liquid that was collected
2. Distillation- to separate a liquid in a homogeneous mixture
3. Magnetic separation- to separate a magnetic solid from a heterogeneous mixture
4. Decantation- to separate a solid from a liquid in a heterogeneous mixture based on gravity
5. Sublimation- to separate a volatile solid from a non-volatile solid
CHAPTER 2 MEASUREMENTS
Lesson 1 ACCURACY AND PRECISION
Scientific knowledge is advanced through studies that demand high levels of mathematical rigor. These studies
should be precise and accurate in measuring quantities.
Accuracy ֎ refers to how close the measured value is relative to a standard value
Precision ֎ refers to how close to one another the measure values in a series are
Example 1: The standard measure of a table’s length is 16 cm. A student measured the length of the table
three times. Determine whether the student’s measurement are accurate, precise, or both.
1st Measurement 15.54 cm
2nd Measurement 16.01 cm
rd
3 Measurement 16.05 cm
To determine the accuracy of the given measurements, we will first get the average of the measured values by
adding all the values by adding all the values and dividing the sum three. Compare now this average value to
the standard value. The average value that is equal to 15.87 cm is close to 16.00 cm (standard value), thus
we can conclude that the measurements are accurate. In fact, the set of values is accurate and precise.
𝟏𝟓. 𝟓𝟒 𝒄𝒎 + 𝟏𝟔. 𝟎𝟏 𝒄𝒎 + 𝟏𝟔. 𝟎𝟓 𝒄𝒎
= 𝟏𝟓. 𝟖𝟕 𝒄𝒎
𝟑

֎ Measurements can be accurate and precise, accurate but not precise, precise but not accurate, or neither
accurate nor precise.
֎ Measurements which are both precise and accurate are the most valid.
Example 2:

Lesson 2 SIGNIFICANT FIGURES

Measurement in science often requires a definite o specific figure to express a certain number or a calculated
quantity in data. Scientists use the correct number of significant figures to deal with measurements taking into
consideration a certain degree of uncertainty.
Significant Figures ֎ pertain to the digits or figures that are certain to give reasonably reliable information
Rules in Determining Significant Figures
1. All nonzero digits (1-9) are significant.
2. Zeros to the left of the first nonzero digit are not significant.
3. Zeros between nonzero digits are significant.
4. Zeros to the right of a nonzero digit with a decimal point are significant.
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 5. Zeros at the end of a nonzero digit without a decimal point are not significant.
Significant Figures in Calculations
1. Addition and Subtraction ֎ the number of decimal places in the answer should be the same
as the number with the least decimal place among those being added or subtracted.
Example: 2.051 mm + 3.56 mm + 72.1 mm

2.051 mm has 3 decimal places

+
3.56 mm has 2 decimal places
+
72.1 mm has 1 decimal place
________________________________
77.7 mm

2. Multiplication and Division ֎ the answer should have the same number of significant
figures as the number, among those being multiplied or subtracted, with the least number of
significant figures
Example 1: 7.065 m × 12.0 m

7.065 m has 4 significant figures

× 12.0 m has 3 significant figures
____________________________________
84.8 m2
Example 2: 162.05 m ÷ 3.2 s

162.05 m has 5 significant figures

× 3.2 s has 2 significant figures
___________________________________
51 m/s
Lesson 3 UNITS OF MEASUREMENTS
Parameters measured in chemistry are length, mass and weight, volume, pressure, temperature, time, density,
and specific gravity.
The systems of measurement currently in use are the Metric System which uses the units kilograms, meter,
and second for measuring mass, distance, and time respectively and the English System, which employs
units such as foot, pound, and second for measuring distance, weight, and time respectively.
In 1960, the International Systems of Units (SI), which is based on the metric system was published as a
result of an international agreement.
Fundamental SI Units
Physical Quantity Name of Unit Abbreviation
Mass kilogram kg
Length meter m
Time second s
Temperature kelvin K
Electric Current ampere A
Amount of substance mole mol
Luminous intensity candela cd
Physical Quantities
1. Mass ֎ the actual amount of matter that a substance contains
֎ can be measured in a flatform balance
2. Weight ֎ measure of the gravitational attraction exerted by the center of gravity upon a
body
3. Length ֎ distance between two points
֎ non-directional
֎ includes width, depth, and height

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 4. Time ֎ the interval between two events
5. Volume ֎ not a fundamental unit, derived from length
6. Temperature ֎ the degree of hotness or coldness of a body
֎ the property of matter that determines the direction of heat transfer
֎ measured by thermometer
7. Density ֎ defined as mass per unit volume
8. Specific gravity ֎ density of a substance compared to the density of water at a given
temperature
CHAPTER 3 MOLECULES, ATOMS AND IONS
Lesson 1 DEVELOPMENT OF THE MODERN ATOMIC THEORY
Empedocles (490-435 B.C.) ֎ asserted that properties of materials are imparted by the different
proportions of the four elements that comprise them; air, water, earth,
and fire.
Aristotle (460-370 B.C.) ֎ most influential Greek philosopher at that time
֎ supported the idea of Empedocles and added a fifth element which he
called quintessence
Democritus (460-370 B.C.) ֎ assumed the presence of a void in which the unchanging particles
were in continuous random motion
֎ supported the idea of matter based on particular theory Atomos,
John Dalton (1766-1844) ֎ English chemist who proposed that atoms have fixed weights and
definite properties
֎ came up a theory that marked the beginning of the modern era of
chemistry
֎ proposed that atoms have fixed weights and definite properties
Law of Chemical Combination
Law of Constant Composition ֎ In 1799, Joseph Proust (1754-1826), a French chemist, suggested
that when forming a compound, elements always combine in similar
proportions by mass regardless of the size of the sample
֎ states that all samples of a chemical compound contain all elements in
the same proportion
Law of Conservation of Mass ֎ proposed by Antoine Laurent Lavoisier (1743-1794), a French
chemist who is also known as the Father of Modern Chemistry
֎ states that the mass of the products in a chemical reaction will always
be equal to the mass of the reactants
Law of Multiple Proportions ֎ formulated by John Dalton (1766-1844), an English chemist and
meteorologist who made many contributions to science
֎ states that the elements in a compound have the proportion of those
chemical compounds that can be expressed in a small, whole-number
ratio
Dalton’s Atomic Theory (1803)
The Postulates of Dalton’s Atomic Theory
1. All matter is made up of atoms- hard indivisible, indestructible particles.
2. Atoms of the same element are identical in all properties; and atoms of one element differ in
properties from atoms of another element.
3. Compounds are combinations of atoms of two or more elements. A compound is made up of a
fixed number of its constituent elements.
4. In chemical reactions, atoms of reactants combine or rearrange to form products. No atom is
created nor destroyed in chemical reactions.
Lesson 2 THE ATOMIC STRUCTURE
The Atom ֎ tiniest particle of an element that retains the chemical properties of an element
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 ֎ made up of nucleus and electrons
֎ consists of positively charged nucleus surrounded by a negatively charged electron cloud
֎ at the center of an atom is the nucleus, which is composed of protons and neutrons- this
two units are collectively called nucleons
֎ the nucleus is orbited by the atom’s electrons
֎ After the discovery of X-rays in 1895 by Wilhelm Roentgen, Antoine Becquerel started
studying the fluorescent properties of some substance
֎ Antoine Becquerel accidentally learned that the darkening of thickly wrapped photographic
plates occurs after exposing them to a Uranium compound.
֎ Madam Marie Curie, one of Becquerel’s students, proposed term radioactivity to describe
the ability of a material to undergo spontaneous emission of particles or radiation.
֎ 3 types of rays are produced by the radioactive decay of a material
֎ Alpha (α) rays consist of positively charged particle called alpha particle and are therefore
deflected by a positively charged plate.
֎ Beta (β) rays consist of negatively charged particle called beta particle (high energy
electrons) and are deflected by a negatively charged plate.
֎ Gamma (γ) rays has high energy. Similar to X-ray have no charge and are not affected by
an external electric or magnetic field.
֎ In 1897, John Joseph (J. J.) Thomson presented that electrons have a negative charge. He
proposed the plum pudding model of an atom- it illustrates how the negatively charged
electrons (plums) are mixed with smeared-out positive charges (pudding) and explained the
neutrality of an atom. This model was short-lived and was immediately disproved as more
information regarding the atom and its nature and composition was unearthed.
֎ in 1911, the result of Ernest Rutherford’s gold foil experiment showed another view on the
structure of the atom
֎ Rutherford used gold foil in measuring the scattering of alpha particles and noticed that
most of the alpha particles passed through the foil with little or no deflection; a few were
deflected at wide angles.
֎ Rutherford concluded that most of the atom is empty, which allowed most of the alpha
particles to pass through the foil.
֎ the gold foil experiment established that nucleus is very dense, very small, and positively
charged.
֎ Rutherford concluded that the electrons are located outside the nucleus.
The Structure of an Atom (The Protons and Neutrons)
֎The positively charged particle in the nucleus is called proton.
֎ Experiments revealed that the magnitude of the charge of each proton is the same as that of an electron
which is 1.6022 x 10-19 coulombs.
֎ Each proton weighs as much as 1.62262 x 10-24 grams.
֎ Rutherford and other scientists thought that there must be another type of subatomic particle in the
nucleus, in 1932, James Chadwick proved the presence of neutral subatomic particles, which he named
neutrons
֎ In the experiment of James Chadwick, a thin sheet of Beryllium was bombarded with alpha particles that
led to emission of a very high-energy radiation that did not deflect upon passing through a magnetic field and
thus electrically neutral. The result of this experiment is similar to those of Frederic and Irene Joliot-Curie.
֎ Chadwick found out that the radiation can knock off protons of hydrogen atom from a paraffin target and
recoil the protons with great velocity.
֎ Chadwick believed that only particles that are greater in mass than the proton can recoil them from the
target.

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֎ Chadwick concluded that radiation consisted of neutral particles that are slightly heavier than protons,
and that these particles are found in the nucleus together with protons.
The Structure of an Atom (The Electrons)
֎ Surrounding the nucleus are negatively charged particles called electrons.
֎ staying in their orbits- also called shells or energy levels.
֎ In a series of experiments conducted by Robert Millikan in the early 1900s found out that an electron has a
charge equal to -1.6022 x 10-19 coulombs.
֎ The mass of an electron was calculated to be 9.10 x 10-23 grams.
֎ Each electron is considered 1840 times lighter than proton.
֎ Electrons are considered elementary particles- cannot be broken down into smaller subunits.
֎ The equal number of proton and electron make an atom electrically neutral and stable.
֎ The stability of atoms was proven by Neils Bohr in 1913 using a new model in which electrons stay in
particular orbit where they do not lose or gain energy and serve as the beginning of quantum mechanics.
Atomic Number and Atomic Mass
֎ Henry Gwyn Jeffreys Moseley experimentally found that different metals bombarded with electrons
produced varying frequencies of X-rays.
֎ Attributed these results to the differences in the positive charge in the nucleus of the elements.
֎ He correlated the frequencies to whole numbers, which he assigned to each element- the Atomic Number
֎ The atomic number serves as the identity of an atom.
֎ Given the symbol Z, the atomic number refers to the number of protons in the nucleus of each atom of an
element.
֎ In a neutral atom, the number of proton is equal to the number or electrons.
֎ Atomic number indicated the number of electrons in a neutral atom.
֎ Atomic mass, given the symbol A, is the total number of neutrons and protons present in the nucleus of an
atom of an element.
֎ All atomic nuclei contain both protons and neutrons, except Hydrogen which has one proton but no
neutron.
Atomic Mass = number of neutron + number of proton Atomic Number = number of proton
= atomic number + number of neutron = number of electron
The most acceptable way to represent the atomic number Z and atomic mass A of an atom of hypothetical
element X

֎ Dmitri Mendeleev arranged the elements according to their atomic masses in 1869 and pave the way to
the construction of the periodic table.
֎ Henry Gwyn Jeffreys Moseley argued and confirmed in 1913 that the basis for the arrangement of
elements in the periodic table should be the atomic number.
Isotopes
֎ atoms of the same element that have the same number of protons but different number of neutrons
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֎ the isotopes of an element have the same atomic number but different atomic mass
Lesson 3 MOLECULES AND IONS
Molecules ♥ made up of atoms that are chemically bonded together
♥ can be a combination of atoms of the same element of different elements.
Diatomic molecules ♥ contain only two atoms and normally occur in nature
♥ if atoms of the same element, they are called homonuclear, if they are of different
elements, they are called heteronuclear.
Ions ♥ atoms or molecules that have a charge, meaning the number of protons is not equal to the number of
electrons, giving the atom either a positive or negative net charge.
Cations ♥ positive charged ion
Anions ♥ negative charged ion
Lesson 4 CHEMICAL FORMULAS
Chemical formulas ♥ a way of expressing in symbols the elements present in a compound, as well as the
number of atoms of each element present in the compound.
Different Types of Chemical Formulas
1. Structural Formula ♥ indicates how the atoms are arranged and bonded chemically
♥ graphical representations of compounds showing the elements
connected to each other in symbols and how they are arranged in the molecule of the
compound.

2. Molecular Formula ♥ formula that shows the number of atoms per element present in a
compound.
♥ also called the true formula
Example: glucose C6H12O6
3. Empirical Formula ♥shows the simplest form of the atomic ratio in a chemical compound.
Example: take the molecular formula of glucose 6H12O6, the ratio of the carbon, hydrogen,
and oxygen atoms, respectively, is 6:12:6, in its simplest form, the ratio will be 1:2:1.
Therefore, the empirical of glucose is CH2O.
Molecular Models
Molecular model ♥ a representation of a compound’s structure in a molecular view, a 3-dimentional view of
compound, and is usually represented by a ball-and-stick model or a space-filling model.
Ball-and-stick model ♥ depicts a 3-dimentional view of the atoms of a compound and the bonds between
them, represented by balls and bonds between them are represented by sticks connecting the balls.

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Space-filling model ♥ depicts the atoms of compound using spheres that are joined together, approximating
the proportionate sizes of the atoms.

Lesson 5 NAMING COMPOUNDS

Naming Ionic Compounds
Ionic compound ♥ a neutrally-charged compound that contains a cation (positively charged ion), and an
anion (negatively charged ion).
Cations ♥ usually metallic
Anions ♥ usually nonmetallic
If the cation has only one oxidation state, the following rules apply:
1. Name the metal.
2. Indicate the charge of the metal cation using Roman numerals and enclose it in preferences or
use the suffixes –ous (lower charge) and –ic (higher charge).
If an anion is monoatomic, add the suffix –ide to the root of the name of the nonmetal.
1. Monoatomic anion ♥ made up of only one atom.
2. Polyatomic anion made up of more than one atom of different elements.
If an anion is polyatomic, use the name of the anion.
Ionic charges of Some Common Elements
Name of Element Names of Ion/s Ionic Charge
Hydrogen Hydrogen H+
Lithium Lithium Li+
Sodium Sodium Na+
Potassium Potassium K+
Beryllium Beryllium Be2+
Calcium Calcium Ca2+
Aluminum Aluminum Al3+
Nickel Nickelous Nickelic Ni2+ Ni3+
Iron Ferrous Ferric Fe2+ Fe3+
Cobalt Cobaltous Cobaltic Co2+ Co3+
Copper Cuprous Cupric Cu2+ Cu3+
Silver Silver Ag+
+
Gold Aurous Auric Au Au3+
Mercury Mecurous Mercuric Hg+ Hg2+
Tin Stannous Stannic Sn2+ Sn4+
Antimony Antimonous Antimonic Sb3+ Sb5+
Phosphorus Phosphide P3+
Oxygen Oxide O2-
Sulfur Sulfide S2-
Iodine Iodide I-
Chlorine Chloride C-
Fluorine Fluoride F-

Some Common Polyatomic Charges

Name of Polyatomic Ion Formula and Charge of Polyatomic Ion
carbonate CO32-
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 chlorate ClO3
chlorite Clo2
chromate ChO4
cyanate CNO-
cyanide CN-
hydroxide OH-
hyperchlorite ClO-
iodate IO3-
nitrate NO3-
nitrite NO2-
oxalate C2O42-
perchlorate ClO4-

Naming Molecular Compounds

Molecular compound is composed of nonmetallic elements
In naming molecular compounds, the following rules apply:
1. Use prefixes for both elements in the compound to indicate the number of atom for each
element present in the compound. If there is only one atom in the first element, the prefix
mono is usually dropped.
1 mono- 6 hexa-
2 di- 7 hepta-
3 tri- 8 octa-
4 tetra- 9 nona-
5 penta- 10 deca-
2. Add the suffix –ide to the root of the name of the second element.
Example: SF6 is a molecular compound. In naming SF6 use the prefixes for both elements to indicate the
number of atoms for each Sulfur has only one atom and Flourine has 6 atoms. The prefixes mono- and
hexa- will be used and add the suffix –ide to the root of the name of the second element.
Answer: Sulfur hexafluoride

WAG MAHIHIYANG MAGTANONG,

PWEDE NAMAN MAGPATURO ♥, PAG
MAY MALI SA TYPE MAKIKISUYONG
ISABI, GOD BLESS AND GOODLUCK!
Mag-aral ng mabuti kung
gusto pa pumasok ng
school. Pero Tita…wag mo
na kong pigilan Cassie…

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PHYSICS
Scalar Quantity- has magnitude only (i.e. length, mass, temperature, etc.)

Vector Quantity- magnitude with direction (i.e. displacement, velocity, momentum)

*Negative Sign (South;West)
*Positive Sign (North; East)

Tail- point of origin

Head- indicates the direction
Magnitude- given value, length from tail to head

GRAPHICAL METHOD

>Tail to Head Method (Triangle Method)

[APPLICABLE WITH ONLY 2 VECTORS]

Triangle Method Process

1. Draw a Cartesian plane
2. Input the vector with the correct angle (this is important because you will get the answer by
measuring the resultant using a ruler)
3. Draw a smaller Cartesian plane on the HEAD of the first vector
4. Input the second vector unto the smaller Cartesian plane
5. Draw the resultant- starting from the TAIL of the first vector to the HEAD of the second vector
6. Measure the resultant using a ruler; convert the length measured to the designated value using the
scale given in the problem
7. Get the angle of the resultant (base it on the main Cartesian plane)
8. Include proper direction (i.e. E54°N)

>Parallelogram Method

[APPLICABLE WITH ONLY 2 VECTORS]

Parallelogram Method

1. Draw a Cartesian plane.

2. Input the two vectors on the same Cartesian plane (be mindful of the
degree/direction/measurement based on the scale given)
3. On the HEAD of the first vector, draw a smaller Cartesian plane and input the second vector.
4. On the Head of the second vector draw a smaller Cartesian plane and input the first vector

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5. To get the resultant, draw a diagonal, connecting the origin of the first and second vector to the
imaginary intersecting point which is accomplished by following steps 3 and 4
6. Measure the diagonal line using a ruler, convert the length to the given value on the scale
7. Identify the angle and direction of the diagonal based on the cartesian plane
8. Complete the resultant by combining the converted value, angle and direction. (i.e. 124m,E50ºN)

>Polygon Method

[APPLICABLE WITH MULTIPLE VECTORS]

1. Draw a Cartesian plane.

2. Input the first vector (be mindful of the degree/direction/measurement based on the scale given)
3. After the first vector has been drawn, make a smaller Cartesian plane on the HEAD of the previous
vector. (Repeat this step until all given vectors have been drawn)
4. Draw the resultant by connecting the origin/tail of the first vector to the head of the last vector
drawn
5. Measure the resultant using a ruler, convert the length to the given value on the scale
6. Identify the angle and direction of the resultant based on the Cartesian plane
7. Complete the resultant by combining the converted value, angle and direction. (i.e. 124m,E50ºN)

ANALYTICAL METHOD

>Pythagorean Theorem and Trigonometric Method

[APPLICABLE TO RIGHT TRIANGLES]

Process:
1. Input the two vectors in a Cartesian plane.
2. Connect the tail of the first vector to the HEAD of the second vector.
3. Find the magnitude of the resultant by inputting the needed values on the formula given
2
→Where R Rx  R y
2 2 2
R x
is a vector parallel to the x-axis and R y
is a vector parallel to the
y-axis.
4. After identifying the magnitude, proceed with finding the angle.

1  opp 
5. Input the information on the following formula   tan   .
 adj 
→Take note that the “opposite side” is the opposite of the angle and the “adjacent side” is adjacent to
the angle being identified.
6. Place the magnitude of R along with the proper value and direction of the resultant by basing on
the Cartesian plane.

Example:

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R V V
2 2
1 2 1  opp 
  tan  
R 400  300  adj 
2 2

1  300 
R  16000  90000   tan  
 400 
R  250000   36.87
R  500m

Final Answer: 500m, E36.87ºN

> Law of Cosine

[APPLICABLE TO OBLIQUE TRIANGLES]

-THE EXAMPLE TO BE SHOWN HAS ONLY 2 VECTORS-

1. Input the vectors into a Cartesian plane.

2. Use the parallelogram method to make a parallelogram and

acquire the diagonal inside.

3. Determine the angle of the diagonal inside the parallelogram first, to

get the other angle.
Note: The 80º stated in the parallelogram was acquired by adding the 70º
and 30º, making a 100º angle, therefore, the angle of the diagonal is 80º
because the x-axis has 180º. Since the angles in a parallelogram are congruent, the other angle is
also 80º.

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 To find the remaining angles, input the values needed in this formula.
2x + 80 + 80 = 360
2x = 360-160
2x= 200
x=100

4. Proceed to input the values needed in the law of cosines.

c  a b  2ab(cos c)
2 2 2

R  120 150  2120150cos100

2 2 2

R  36900  36000cos100
2

R  43151.3
2

R  43151.3
2

R  207.7

5. Identify the angle of the resultant using the law of sines

sin A sin B sin C

 
a b c

Cross
sin  sin 100 Multiply

150 207.7
207.7 sin   147.72
207.7 sin  147.72

207.7 207.7
sin   0.7112
1
  sin (0.7112)
  45.33

6. Take note that the angle 45.33º is inside the triangle. DO NOT FORGET to add the outside angle
which is 30º. To get the direction of the vector, determine the quadrant and base it on the x-axis.

Thus the final answer would be

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R= 207.7N,E75.33N

>Component Method

[APPLICABLE TO MULTIPLE VECTORS]

-PROCESS UNAVAILABLE-

DISPLACEMEN X- Y-
T COMPONENT COMPONENT
d1 10.0m,E 10 cos 0º= 10 10 sin 0º= 0
d2 5.0m, E30ºN 5 cos 30º= 4.33 5 sin 30º= 2.5
d3 6.0m,NW 6 cos 45º= - 6 cos 45º= 4.24
4.24
d4 8.0m,W 8 cos 0º= 8 8 sin 0º= 0
 x= 18.04  y= 6.74
After accomplishing the table, input the values in the following formula.
R   Rx   R y
2 2

This is for the magnitude of the resultant vector.

R   Rx   R y
2 2

R 18.04  6.74
2 2

R  370.8692
R  19.25

Proceed to identify the angle and direction of the resultant vector. Input the
values in the following   opp 
  tan   formula.
1

 adj 
1  opp 
  tan  
 adj 
1  6.74 
  tan  
 18.04 
  20.49

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 [COMPILATION OF “TO BE REMEMBERED”]

East of South East of North North of East North of West

South of East South of West

West of South West of North

-FORMULAS ANALYTICAL METHOD-

>Law of Sine
sin A sin B sin C
 
a b c
>Law of Cosine

R V V  2V V cos R 
2 2
1 2 1 2

>Pythagorean Theorem

R R R
2 2
x y

*Component Method*
-For magnitude

Prepared by: STEM 12-A1 Mayors and President

R   Rx   R y
2 2

-For direction

1  opp 
  tan  
 adj 
> Perpendicular Vector- a vector that lies parallel to the X and Y-axis.
Non-perpendicular Vector- a vector that is not parallel to X nor Y-axis.

Adding Perpendicular Vector- if vectors are in the same direction, add; if the vectors are in the
opposite direction, subtract.

Note: You can identify the direction that is needed in the sum of the vectors, by identifying which
direction is more prominent (N,S,E,W).

In the example above, the resultant is 50N. It is explicitly shown that the the force of 100N going
to the East is greater than the 50N going to the West. Therefore, the direction needed to complete the
resultant is the East direction. Thus, the final answer would be 50N,E.

Prepared by: STEM 12-A1 Mayors and President

 Objects to be measured are
placed between the measuring
Measuring
Faces faces; the anvil and the spindle.
Stationary measuring face
against which parts are held
Anvil until the spindle makes contact
with the work.
The moving measuring face of
Spindle
the micrometer.
Primary measuring device of the
micrometer; displays the
Sleeve measurement taken; the
Scale measurement taken from this is
the first significant value.
Secondary measuring device;
provides the two remaining
Thimble significant figures; value on the
Scale scale aligns with the index line
on the sleeve scale
Indicates the value on the
sleeve scale.
(minor part lang to)
When the thimble is turned, the
spindle rotates and alters the
Thimble distance between the measuring
faces of the micrometer.
Increases the speed at which
Ratchet the spindle rotates.
Speeder
Secures the spindle and
Lock Nut preserves the measurement.
Supports the anvil and the
sleeve of the micrometer; the
Frame frame is held by the user whilst
measurements are taken.
Prepared by: STEM 12-A1 Mayors and President
Used to measure inside
dimensions of hollow
Upper Jaws objects such as inside
diameters of pipes, lengths
and widths of boxes etc.
Used to measure outer
dimensions of objects such
Lower Jaws as the length, width or
diameter.
A smaller scale attached to
the main scale and can
move along the main scale
Vernier Scale as the jaws are opened or
closed; provides accuracy
to the reading of the main
scale.
A large scale which runs
along the body of the
vernier caliper; either in
Main Scale centimeters and
millimeters or inches; the
main scale is stationary.
Used to fix the position of
Lock Screw the jaws once the object is
positioned properly.
To provide a grip for the
user to slide the jaws
Thumb Screw easily and adjust the
position of the jaws and
depth rod
Used to measure the
depths of holes or steps; a
Depth Rod thin rod located at the end
of the main scale.