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AM Exam
(Breadth)
40 Questions
PM Exam
(Depth)
Water Resources/Environmental
Module
40 Questions
Course Agenda
Section 1 - The Hydrologic Cycle 2
Section 2 - Probability 5
Section 3 - Precipitation 7
Section 5 - Hydrographs 19
Page 1
ASCE YMF HYDROLOGY
The hydrologic cycle is the conceptual model that describes the movement of water
in all of its phases (gas, liquid, solid) from the Earth to the atmosphere and back to
the Earth.
eoNMNurm
i
i
k X.
i ,H
lll'ilr--,,
nllniiTiii
‘ if IIMHH
A MC
mum
Sill
& j-hTlMUIl
III 11 ll.il It
rx
j S || 9 CwOMTUN
'LAKE
OCUN
Runoff is the total precipitation that reaches the ground minus the total losses:
where:
R = Runoff
P = Precipitation
T = Transpiration
E = Evaporation
/ = Infiltration
S = Storage
G = Groundwater Flow
Page 2
ASCE YMF HYDROLOGY
What is the combined evaporation and transpiration for a 5000 mi2 watershed for a
year in which it received 20 in. of precipitation and the average rate of flow in the
river draining the basin was 3000 cfs? The topoi, •H*U 'J ^ f ^f **F
I Ulu WUlO.Oi IOU to OUOli U ICH.
^ i-^.% s «L At- i-
the surface divide follows the groundwater divide and there are no lakes or
depressions.
a) 5 in/yr
b) 12 in/yr
c) 16 in/yr
d) 20 in/yr
P = 20.0 in/yr
2*0
7*
-t / r-
/j’oooJLi- { ^ \ (a r I -)
\ S^V \ P-4- ) ty
f.fOOO
I
Page 3
ASCE YMF HYDROLOGY
Depth Example:
How much water will be stored in a detention pond if it captures all of the runoff from
a 100-acre watershed in Sacramento County for a 10-yr, 24-hour storm of 2.98
inches? The land use in the basin is condominiums with impervious area of 65%.
The infiltration rate for the pervious areas is 0.17 in/hr. Groundwater is stagnant
within the basin. Storage losses are given in the table below.
a) 15 ac-ft
b) 5 ac-ft
c) 22 ac-ft
d) 11 ac-ft
Solution: Evaporation and transpiration during the storm can be neglected. We need
to account for water lost into the ground (infiltration losses) and also storage losses.
R = P- G- T- E- S — I >- R = P- 0- 0- 0- S- l R=P-S-I
Page 4
ASCE YMF HYDROLOGY
2. Probability
It is not economically justifiable to provide for the largest flood that could occur.
Government and private institutions each have their own design standards for the
flood frequency they design for.
Probability p(F)
The probability of a flood event of recurrence interval F occurring in any given year
is:
Reliability
The probability of no occurrences greater than an F-year event in n years:
Risk
The probability of at least one occurrence of an F-year event in n years:
Breadth 2
Breadth Example 1
a) 2%
b) 50%
c) 98%
d) 10%
Page 5
ASCE YMF HYDROLOGY
Breadth 3
Breadth Example 2
A City wishes to construct a bridge over a river. The City requires the design
engineer to design the bridge for a 25 year life span. What is the probability that a
100-year flood will not occur within the bridge’s designed life span?
a) 4%
b) 22%
c) 1%
d) 78%
Answer: d
Breadth 4
Breadth Example 3
If an existing house resides within the 100-year floodplain, what is the probability
that it will be flooded by a 100-year event within the typical mortgage period of 30
years?
a) 1%
b) 26 %
c) 74%
d) 30%
Answer: b
Page 6
ASCE YMF HYDROLOGY
3. Precipitation
Precipitation data can be obtained by collecting data from gaging stations. Many
sources of precipitation data exist such as the USGS, State Department of Water
Resources, NOAA, and local agencies (cities, counties).
• Arithmetic Mean
•Pi •Pa
•P2 •P4
d -
“avg - (Eqn. 3-1)
n
• Thiessen Method
- Draw lines between stations
- Draw perpendicular bisectors
- Determine area of each station polygon
- Weight each station area vs. total shed area
- Multiply gage area weighting by recorded depth
- Add up each result to obtain weighting
.pi •>P
\ 3
¥
P2 •P4
(Pj)(A,)
Pavg = Z (Eqn. 3-2)
At
Page 7
ASCE YMF HYDROLOGY
• Isohyetal Method
- Draw contours of equal precipitation (isohyets)
- Determine the average rainfall depth between isohyets
- Determine area between each of the isohyets
- Multiply the individual areas by their average rainfall depth
- Add all of the products
- Divide by the total shed area
•Pi •Pa
P2 •P4
Pavg ~
I PWM (Eqn. 3-3)
At
Breadth 5
Breadth Example 1
The gage precipitation for a watershed is shown below. What is the average
precipitation for the watershed?
• 0.5"
• 1.8” • 1.3'
• 2.2
a) 1.5”
b) 0.9”
c) 1.2”
d) 1.9”
Page 8
ASCE YMF HYDROLOGY
Solution:
Breadth 6
Breadth Example 2
Gage precipitation and area information is given for the following watershed. What is the
average precipitation for the watershed?
A = 4.2 mi2
A = 3.0 mi2 /1.8’
•1.0’
¥
2.0” • 1.2’
A = 3.5 mi2
A = 5.6 mi2
a) 1.4”
b) 1.8”
c) 1.1”
d) 1.6”
mini
2.0
A (mi2)
3.5
Aj/AT
0.22
(P,)(Aj/AT) (in)
0.44
1.8 3.0 0.18 0.32
1.2 5.6 0.34 0.41
1.0 4.2 0.26 0.26
z 16.3 1.00 1.43
Answer: a
Page 9
ASCE YMF HYDROLOGY
Depth Example 1
An isohyetal map for a defined watershed is shown below and the gross area enclosed
by each isohyet within the watershed boundary is summarized in the table. What is the
average precipitation for the watershed?
a) 15.0 cm
b) 16.8 cm
c) 17.5 cm
d) 52.0 cm c
\ I, C ^A 18 cm
14 cm 16 cm or
t- Area Isohyet Enclosed
20 cm
Area (km2)
r,' ft
VI 22 cm ,v
X
>22 84
v 20 252 u
IV n i
m 18 578
^*c-
IV 16 892
V 14 1136
VI <14 1294
Solution:
£ F'^
h
Area Isohyet
6 c
Pavg Enclosed Area
D
Net Area
Precipitation
Volume
(cm)(cm) (km2) (km2) (cm*km2)
>22 23 84 84 1932
20 21 252 168 3528
18 19 578 326 6194
IV 16 17 892 314 5338
V 14 15 1136 244 3660
VI <14 13 1294 158 2054
I 1294 22706
Page 10
ASCE YMF HYDROLOGY
4.2 Hyetographs
These graphs illustrate the variation of intensity over the duration of the storm.
■ilia.
> 1 1
3 3.4 < 1.5 1.5
08
~
4 4.4 1.0 1.0 c 0.6
(D
5 4.9 0.5 0.5 c 0.4
6 5.2 0.3 0.3 0.2
o
1 2 3 4 5 6
Time (hr)
Page 11
ASCE YMF HYDROLOGY
4.3 Depth-Duration-Frequency
$
Time Rainfall Depth (in)
(f->) (hr) 10-Year 100-Year
5 0.08 0.30 0.42
/o 0.17 0.40 0.57
0.25 0.48 0.68
‘O
0.50 0.65 0.91
1 0.87 1.23
2 1.17 1.66
3 1.39 1.97
6 1.87 2.66
12 2.52 3.58
24 3.40 4.82
6.00 T
j l
I i I
i
5.00 - 10-year r
100-year ‘
:
i I
4.00 •
i J
c l
£ 3.00 -
a0
a i
!r
2.00 - i
T
I
/] I
too —h
l I
s’ 4'j ] f
!
3
0.00
0 4 8 12 16 20 24
Duration (hrs)
Page 12
ASCE YMF HYDROLOGY
4.4 Intensity-Duration-Frequency
C
A o €~ A
Rainfall Depth (in) Rainfall Intensity (in/hr)
Time (hr) 10-Year 100-Year 10-Year 100-Year
0.08 0.30 0.42 3.60 5.04
0.17 0.40 0.57 2.40 3.42
0.25 0.48 0.68 1.92 2.72
0.50 0.65 0.91 1.30 1.82
1 0.87 1.23 0.87 1.23
2 1.17 1.66 0.59 0.83
3 1.39 1.97 0.46 0.66
6 1.87 2.66 0.31 0.44
12 2.52 3.58 0.21 0.30
24 3.40 4.82 0.14 0.20
Intensity -Duration-Frequency
5.00
I
i
I
4.00 r ■ i
| T i
i
j
i ! \{
i
i
S- i
•c 3.00
10-year
>v
*5 100-year ~ i
i
r.
c 2.00-
<D i *1"' !
i i
c
I
i
\ I
1.00- ’
I
0.00 I -
0 4 8 12 16 20 24
Duration (hrs)
Page 13
ASCE YMF HYDROLOGY
4.5 Histograph
A cumulative frequency distribution that shows the probability of a value being
equaled or exceeded.
A 6 c
Depth Class C4mwfcrtfve~~ Inverse
Year Occurrences -Occurrences Cumulation
M Interval
0.0-1.9 3 * 10
1990 1.6' V
Histograph
10 p
8#
W!t§
T3 Ijjgj
ili
0 ■
»
itiis If
ss®
03
O 8 llllglgl Ml 8 pi
m wmma"
'~"'
Mi
■a q, is
as
IglSl
c |jj|S
Ml
6
A|£ 1
MBf11 mbM PISJm
lllMgs
m
4? SisaSi HS§§!I§
0) li
9 i
o a 4
0
■bhh SmI iH :¥|?€r4'"-
C 0 k
Hin |||jfcp
a) Q ..IS
3 2 iftfH
o I
o
o
0
0.0 -1.9 2.0 - 3.9 4.0 - 5.9 6.0 - 7.9
Depth (in)
Page 14
ASCE YMF HYDROLOGY
Breadth 7
Breadth Example 1
The 25-year return period rainfall depth-duration-frequency curves for a coastal region
is shown below. For a mean annual precipitation of 27 inches, what is the rainfall
intensity for a 2.5 hour storm?
100
10
c
Q. z !I z*
z 73
z 2:z RZZZ
a?
“O
c
co
-1
2
i Z
Z-
0.1 10 100
duration (hr)
frequency curve 1 30 in
frequency curve 2 25 in
frequency curve 3 20 in
a) 0.40 in/hr
b) 0.60 in/hr
c) 1.5 in/hr
d) 11 in/hr
Solution:
From the DDF chart, find the duration of 2.5 hours and proceed vertically until
approximately midway between curve 1 and 2. This gives a value of approximately 1.5
inches. BE CAREFUL!!! Since the problem is looking for intensity, the depth needs to be
divided by the duration:
1.5 in
l= 0.60 in/hr -> Answer: b
2.5 hr
Page 15
ASCE YMF HYDROLOGY
Breadth 8
Breadth Example 2
20
5
18
16
14 _ 4
12
10 - 3
CO
c
a> 8 2
6-
4-1
2
1 1 1 i X 1 1 1 1 J
60 120 180 240
duration (min)
a) 2 year
b) 10 year
c) 25 year
d) 50 year
Solution:
Find the 60 minute duration on the horizontal axis and the 5.8 in/hr intensity on the
vertical axis. The intersection of these values falls on Curve 4 - the 2% storm.
1
Probability = —j= 0.02 F = 50 years -> Answer: d
Page 16
ASGE YMF HYDROLOGY
Depth Example 1
A histograph of flood peak flows representing 112 events over a 94 year period is
presented in the following illustration. If the largest 18 floods resulted in significant
economic impact, what is the minimum peak flow of these floods?
rQ)100
ID 90
>
o
80
70
L
CD
0>
Q. 60 -
“O
o> 50 -
CD
O
T3 40
C
a> 30
>
o 20
JQ
ID
o
ID
<0
10 -
2 4 6
L
8 10 12 14
h 1
16 18 20 22
CD
& peak flow (100 m3/s)
a) 500 m3/s
b) 110 m3/s
c) 1,600 m3/s
d) 16,000 m3/s
Solution:
Determine what percent the largest 18 floods represents...
18
%= 0.16 = 16%
112
Entering the figure at 16% on the y-axis and extending horizontally to intersect the
curve, the peak flow is 1,600 m3/s.
Answer: c
Page 17
ASCE YMF HYDROLOGY
Depth Example 2
The figure below shows a histograph of peak flows for a 112 year period. What is the
frequency for the event corresponding to a flow of 40,000 cfs?
3
O
-100
a>
3
to 90
>
£ 80
o
70
to
©
a 60
■o
© 50
to
o
■ ■■ 40
"O
c
©
30
>
o
.a 20 I
CQ
o 10 -
(D
1 1 1 JL A 1 1 1
<0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110
(0
<D peak flow (1000 f^/s)
a
a) 1 year
b) 5 year
c) 3 year
d) 10 year
Solution:
Find 40,000 cfs along the x-axis, project vertically to the curve, and project horizontally
to the y-axis. This produces a peak flow count of 40. Determine percentage of total and
convert to frequency:
40 1
%= 0.35 P----- > F = 2.8 years -> Answer: c
112
Page 18
ASCE YMF HYDROLOGY
5. Hydrographs
The response of an affected stream over time during a storm event is
characterized by the flood hydrograph.
Baseflow: Runoff which percolates down to the water table and then discharges
into a stream.
Rising Limb: The time increment when the flow rate increases in the stream.
Flow increases as the upper reaches contribute to runoff.
Peak: The point in time when the stream flow peaks (when rain stops).
Falling Limb lrecession): The time increment when the flow rate decreases in the
stream and returns to the baseflow condition.
Direct Runoff: The total area under the hydrograph minus the baseflow equates
to the total volume of runoff.
Separation: The distinction between storm runoff and the baseflow contribution to
the total stream flow.
D Peak
Rising Limb
A
<■
N-days >
<D
03 Recession
sz
o
CO
O Direct Runoff
A
G
B
Baseflow
Time >
Page 19
ASCE YMF HYDROLOGY
c?
»u* lit
STORM A STORM 8
to
Ll STORM B
U
O
i
i ( !!!:
> Nk m UJ
STORM A
t tj
i * I
i *Y‘
1
* Vt x
* o
i it 5
TIME , T (HRS)
• Basin Characteristics
X0
GENTLER STEEPER
! t
Page 20
ASCE YMF HYDROLOGY
Figure 5.1 is a “direct runoff’ hydrograph. It is the surface runoff from the
“effective rainfall” (total rainfall minus losses) and is for a rainfall of duration D.
If the effective rainfall was exactly 1.0 inch, this would be a unit hydrograph,
specifically a “D-hour unit hydrograph". Unit hydrographs represent the runoff
from a watershed assuming a linear runoff response which does not vary with
time.
Breadth 9
Breadth Example 1
Given a 4-hour unit hydrograph (UHG) that is represented by the following:
If there is 0.5 inches of excess rain in a four hour period, what is the peak flow
from the direct runoff hydrograph (DRO)?
a) 600 cfs
b) 150 cfs
c) 300 cfs
d) 225 cfs
Solution:
The peak flow of the UHG occurs at t = 4 hours and equals 300 cfs. Since the
watershed experienced 0.5 inches of excess runoff and a UHG represents 1 inch
of excess runoff, all ordinates must be multiplied by 0.5.
Breadth 10
Breadth Example 2
A unit hydrograph for a drainage area is shown in the figure below. Twelve hours
after the beginning of runoff, the discharge measured at a gaging station at the
outlet of the drainage area is 150 m3/s. What is the peak discharge from the
drainage area?
Page 21
ASCE YMF HYDROLOGY
70
4060
^
pi
£ 50
» 40
o>
<5 30
y 20
10
mwmm
10
I 1 1 J
6 12 18 24 30 36
time (h)
a) 59 m3/s
b) 180 m3/s
c) 210m3/s
d) 265 m3/s
Solution:
From the graph, determine the unit discharge at the 12 hour duration-^ 34 m3/s.
Determine the unit peak discharge 60 rrr/s
Determine the factor by which the actual hydrograph is greater than the UHG:
150 m3/s
Factor= 4.4
34 m3/s
Depth Example 1
400 n
A unit hydrograph
developed for a 3 hour 350 -
storm and a 420 km2 300 -
drainage area is shown
£ 250 -
below. What is the peak E.
Page 22
ASCE YMF HYDROLOGY
Solution:
A 6 t> \-
Time UHG Storm Runoff (cm) Qlotal
3
(hr) (m /s) 1.6 3.1 2.7 (m3/s)
0 0 0 0
1 25 40 40
2 125 200 200
3 370 592 0 592
4 355 568 77.5 645.5
5 320 512 387.5 899.5
6 270 432 1147 0 1579
7 220 352 1100.5 67.5 1520
8 170 272 992 337.5 1601.5
9 120 192 837 999 2028 •*
10 85 136 682 958.5 1776.5
11 60 96 527 864 1487
12 40 64 372 729 1165
Answer: b
Depth Example 2
What is the approximate direct runoff from the storm characterized by the
hydrograph shown below? The basin area is 5480 mi2.
5500
5000
a) 0.016 in — 4500
b) 2.6 in ^ 4000
c) 13 in S 3500
d) 16 in S 3000
§, 2500
£ 2000
is 1500
1000
500
4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32
duration (h)
Solution:
Separate groundwater from direct runoff and count grid segments above separation line
(~116). Then determine the value of each grid segment:
1 ac
Segment = (250,000 ft3/s) x (2 hr) x (3600 sec/hr) x ( r) = 41,322 ac-ft
43560 ft
Calculate the total runoff:
6. Time of Concentration
The time of concentration is the time it takes a theoretical drop of water to travel
from the most distant hydraulic point in the watershed to the outlet. It can be
represented by the following:
Travel Length
tc = Travel Velocity (Eqn. 6-1)
1 0.7
1000
0.8
100L -9
CN
tc = (min) (Eqn. 6-3)
1900 S JT5
0.94L06n06
fc = (min) (Eqn. 6-4)
I*-4 S°
K
tc = -b (min) (Eqn. 6-5)
i
Page 24
ASCE YMF HYDROLOGY
Breadth 11
Breadth Example 1
The travel time along each channel segment of the watershed is shown below. What
is the total time of concentration at the outlet of the watershed?
a) 31 min
b) 65 min
10 min c) 29 min
d) 19 min
5 min 9 min
3 min ^ llv*
A
B
15 min
!?mi
c 17 min
10 min
OUTLET
Solution:
Greatest travel time to A: 10 min
Greatest travel time to B: 15 min
Greatest travel time to C: 21 min
Greatest travel time to outlet: 31 min -> Answer: a
Breadth 12
Breadth Example 2
The drainage conveyance for Watershed A has the following successive
components: 300 feet of flow in a gutter at a slope of 0.01 ft/ft, 1,000 feet of flow in
an underground storm drain pipe with an average velocity of 4 ft/sec, and 1,500 feet
of open channel flow that averages 3 ft/sec. What is the total time of concentration
for Watershed A?
a) 20 min
b) 12 min
c) 28 min
d) 15 min
Solution:
tc - tg + tp + tch
Page 25
ASCE YMF HYDROLOGY
tg can be determined from Chart 1b in Appendix 2. Per Chart 1b, the average
velocity is approximately 2 ft/sec.
300 ft
- = 150 sec or 2.5 min
2 ft/sec
tp can be determined from the given velocity of the pipe flow (4 ft/sec) and the
length of pipe (1,000 ft):
1000 ft
tP = 4 ft/sec = 250 sec or 4.2 min
tCh can be determined from the given velocity of the channel flow (3 ft/sec) and
the length of channel (1,500 ft):
1500 ft
tch — = 500 sec or 8.3 min
3 ft/sec
Depth Example 1
A rainfall depth-duration-frequency curve for a watershed is shown below. The values
for the Steel formula constants K and b are 180 in-min/hr and 25 minutes, respectively.
What is the time of concentration for the 2 hour, 50-year storm?
16 4,
14
a) 15 min 12
b) 26 min E 10
O
3
C) 42 min 8 2
d) 75 min OL
6 1
4
2
0
0.1 1 10 100
recurrence interval (yr)
Page 26
ASCE YMF HYDROLOGY
9 cm
i= 4.5 cm/hr =1.8 in/hr
2 hr
Depth Example 2 5
A small, developed area covered with manicured sod and well defined damage
channels has a flow distance of 83 m and an average surface slope of 0J)1jL The
rainfall intensity for the area from the 15 minute, 10-year storm is 5.3 cm/hr. What is the
time of concentration? '
L
a) 2.7 min
b) 26 min
c) 29 min
d) 38 min
Solution:
Use Kinematic Wave equation. Since this equation requires English units, a unit
conversion is necessary. ---------------
1 in
i= (5.3 cm/hr) x ( )= 2.09 in/hr
2.54 cm
For manicured sod, the Manning’s roughness coefficient for overland flow is
approximately 0.30. (See Appendix 2, Table 5)
0.6 0.6
0.94(nL) 0.94(0 30 x 272)
tc”
iU4 S h 7J7J 38 min Answer: d
(2.09) 0 4 (0.011)
Page 27
ASCE YMF HYDROLOGY
Q = k cC i A (Eqn. 7-1)
where:
Q = peak flow (cfs or cms)
C = runoff coefficient (See Tables 3a and 3b)
i = rainfall intensity (in/hr or mm/hr)
A = watershed area (acres or hectares)
kc = conversion factor (1.008 English, 0.00278 metric)
Assumptions:
• Watershed area is < 1 sq mi or 640 acres
• Rainfall intensity is uniform over the entire watershed
• The frequency of the runoff is equal to the frequency of the rainfall event
• The time of concentration (tc) is equal to the time of the peak
Step 2: Determine runoff coefficient, C, based on land use. Weighting of the C value
may be necessary if multiple land uses exist within the watershed.
IAiC,
Cweighted (Eqn. 7-2)
IA,
Page 28
ASCE YMF HYDROLOGY
Breadth 13
Breadth Example 1
A 131 acre watershed has the following intensity-duration-frequency curve and land
use characteristics. What is the peak runoff from the watershed for the 30 min, 10-
year storm?
land use area %
apartments 30
a) 20 ac-ft/hr landscaped open space (park) 25
b) 33 ac-ft/hr light industrial 45
c) 72 ac-ft/hr
d) 315 ac-ft/hr
10 r
9-
8-
-zr
-E '
7-
| 6 -
Solution:
.£ 5 -
Step 1: Determine the watershed c 4 -
area: &
-E 3 -
2-
Aapartment = 0.30 X 131 = 39.30 aC
1-
Apark = 0.25x131 =32.75 ac i j
Ajndustrial = 0.45x131 =58.95 ac 60 120 180 240
Atotal = 131 ac duration (min)
Step 2: Multiple land uses are contained within this shed so a weighted runoff
coefficient must be calculated. From Table 3a (Appendix 2), the individual C values
are:
^apartment ” 0.60
Cpark = 0.15
^industrial = 0.65
Answer: b
Page 29
ASCE YMF HYDROLOGY
Breadth 14
Breadth Example 2
Two adjacent residential areas are planned as shown below. The time of
concentration for Area 1 is 15 minutes and for Area 2 is 10 minutes. What is the 25-
year peak discharge for the storm water collector?
2 Acres
Residential
“j (Suburban)
A
5.2 —
4.9
4 Acres (In/hr)
Apartments
2 4.4
3.9 — r
1—I—i—I—i—*>
5 10 15 20 25
collector to (min)
Schematic 25-year IDF curve
a) 18.1 cfs
b) 10.2 cfs
c) 12.2 cfs
d) 15.3 cfs
Solution:
Step 1: Determine the watershed area.
Ai = 2 acres A2 = 4 acres Atotai = 6 acres
(2)(0.35) + (4)(0.60)
(-/weighted — = 0.52
6
Page 30
ASCE YMF HYDROLOGY
Answer: c
Depth Example 1
Intensity-Duration-Frequency Table
Rainfall Intensity (in/hr)
a) 103.7 cfs Duration 10-year 100-year
b) 85.2 cfs 5 3.60 5.04
c) 120.5 cfs 10 m 2.40 3;42
d) 98.1 cfs
15 I 1.92 2.72
30 n 1.30 1.82
60 0.87 1.23
2 h 0.59 0.83
3 o 0.46 0.66
Solution: 6u 0.31 0.44
Step 1: The total watershed area is 12 r 0.21 0.30
given as 120 acres. 24 s 0.14 0.20
Step 2: Multiple land uses are contained within this shed so a weighted runoff
coefficient must be calculated.
tC “ tg + tp + tch
Page 31
ASCE YMF HYDROLOGY
tg can be determined from Chart 1b in Appendix 2. Per Chart 1b, the average
velocity is approximately 2 ft/sec.
300 ft
= 150 sec or 2.5 min
2 ft/sec
tp can be determined from the given velocity of the pipe flow (4 ft/sec) and the
length of pipe (1,000 ft):
1000 ft
tp - = 250 sec or 4.2 min
4 ft/sec
tCh can be determined from the given velocity of the channel flow (3 ft/sec) and
the length of channel (1,500 ft):
1500 ft
tch — = 500 sec or 8.3 min
3 ft/sec
Answer: a
Depth Example 2
a) 37 cfs
b) 140 cfs
c) 60 cfs
d) 126 cfs
Page 32
ASCE YMF HYDROLOGY
C
E
A B D
10 Acres 10 Acres 30 Acres 10 Acres 15 Acres
Solution: ,\gr
A a c. £ K* €*^
X
Manhole 1:
Tc = 8 min (inlet time)
105
I= = 4.57 in/hr
8 + 15
Q = (0.80)(4.57 in/hr)(10 ac) = 37 cfs
Manhole 2:
Tc = 8 min (inlet time) + 5 min (pipe time) = 13 min
105
= 3.75 in/hr
13 + 15
Q = (0.80)(3.75 in/hr)(20 ac) = 60 cfs
Page 33
ASCE YMF HYDROLOGY
Manhole 3:
Tc = 25 min in order for the entire area of 60 acres to be contributing runoff.
105
I= = 2.63 in/hr
25 + 15
Q = (0.80)(2.63 in/hr)(60 ac) = 126 cfs
Manhole 4:
Tc = 25 min (inlet time) + 5 min (pipe time) = 30 min
105
= 2.33 in/hr
30 + 15
Q = (0.80)(2.33 in/hr)(75 ac) = 140 cfs
Answer: b
Page 34
ASCE YMF HYDROLOGY
Example Problem 1:
Q: A sand and gravel operation will be setup adjacent to a creek. The company
plans to mine for 20 years. What is the probability that the operation will be
flooded by a 50 year event during the mining operation?
20
1
A: /&* = !- !-— = 0.33 or 33%
50
Example Problem 2:
Example Problem 3:
Q: A detention reservoir is being designed for the 100-year event. What is the
probability that the reservoir will see a 100-year event in any one year?
1
A: p{F1 1= 100} = — = 0.01 or 1%
100
Q: If the project takes three years to construct, what is the probability that it will
see a 100-year event once during construction?
(3\
A: P{x = l} = p' (l - py = 3 x 0.01 x(\ - 0.0l)2 = 0.029 or 2.9%
w1
n a,Q: What is the probability that the reservoir will receive the 100-year event
during the second year of construction?
Example Problem 4:
Q: The following table lists values for rain gages found in Shed A. What is the
mean precipitation for the storm event?
Example Problem 5:
Q: The figure below illustrates incremental rainfall data taken from a rain gage
during a storm event.
Gage Data
2.5 T
2
2 --
1.4
? 1.5 -■
£a 1
o 1
0.7
0.5
0.5-- 0.3
0.2
0.1
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Time (hrs)
A: Simply the rainfall increment in the 3rd hour divided by the time duration, one
hour:
1.4 *71
hour
= 1.4 in!hr
1 hr
Q: What is the average rainfall intensity for the entire storm event?
Example 6:
Q: A watershed contains the single soil type. The Horton soil parameters are:
/C=0.25,/O=2.1, *=1.1. What is the total infiltration capacity of the soil between
hours 2 and 5 of a rainfall event?
A: Calculate the total volume at hour 5 then subtract the total volume at hour 2:
(fo-fc)
Vol= fct + k (1 - e'w)
Example Problem 7:
The proposed development plans to alter the shed by changing the land use to
30 acres of light industrial, 50 acres of single family residential, 15 acres of
detached multi-family and 15 acres of apartments. Runoff in the developed state
will travel from the most hydraulic distant point in the watershed over 250 feet in
the concrete gutter at 2 fps, then over 1.000 feet in a storm-drain pipe atBJlips
where it enters a constructed channel for an additional 1,000 feet of travel at 1.5.
fps to the outlet of the shed, ifthestorm intensity for the 10-year frequency is
given as 43/(rc+6), then what is the maximum 10-year discharge in the existing
condition? In the developed?
43 43
3. i— = 0.90 in / hr
tc + 6 42 + 6
tcpipe = 1,000' in the storm drain pipe system @ 3.5 fps = 5 min
43 _ 43
3. i = = 1.79 ini hr
te + 6 18 + 6
4. A=110 acres
The peak flow increased by 49.1 cfs in the developed conditions due to the
reduction of tc.
ASCE YMF HYDROLOGY
Example Problem 8:
Q: A 100 acre watershed drains to a single 36" diameter concrete pipe culvert
under a highway. The culvert was constructed at a 1% slope and is 40 feet long.
The watershed has a weighted runoff coefficient, ( C), of 0.65 and a time of
concentration (tc) of one hour. If a rainfall event of one hour totaling 0.90” on the
watershed, will the existing culvert be able to convey the runoff from the storm?
Next, determine the capacity of the existing culvert using King’s Table 4b
in the Appendix 2.
K'
Q — — diS2, where d = diamter of circular channel
n
If the culvert were assumed flowing full, K’=0.463. Other known values
are: n=0.013 (concrete), 5=0.01 ft/ft and diameter (d)=3’
0 4* —
Qfuii - ———3*0.012 = 66.7 cfs
0.013
If the full flow capacity = 66.7 which is greater than the peak storm flow,
then yes, the culvert can pass the storm event.
Q: If the 1=1.35 in/hr, what pipe diameter would the culvert have to be in
order to pass the runoff?
K'
From King’s Table 4b, Q = d 3S2, where d = diamter of circular channel
ASCE YMF HYDROLOGY
87.8 x 0.013
d= i
= 3.33'= 40'
0.463 x 0.012
ASCE YMF HYDROLOGY
Example Problem 9:
Shed Diagram
A D
B
C
D Pipe 1
O Pipe 2
U Pipe 3 IF^O
Pipe 4 Outlet
What is the diameter of Pipe 1? All pipes in the system are constructed at
Vz % slope and n=0.013.
25
tc =15 min, .'. i = = 1 ini hr
15 + 10
Next, refer to King’s Table 4b in Appendix 2, and size the pipe as flowing
full.
i
K'
From King's Table 4b, Q = —-d3S2, where d = diamter of circular channel
n
3
Qn
Solve for diameter (d): d =
IK'S2]
ASCE YMF HYDROLOGY
2.3 x 0.013
d= = 0.97' or 12" diameter pipe
0.463 x 0.0052
To find the peak flow in pipe 3, you must work your way through the
system from upstream to downstream calculating the peak flow (Q) and
time of concentration (tc) at each inlet.
The flow at pipe 3 is the combined flow from Sheds A, B & C. This is not
the merely adding together the peak flow from each shed, but the peak
flow when all sheds are contributing and the sum of the flows, at an
instant in time, create the largest peak. For example, two sheds are
adjacent to one another, on with a short tc, the other with a longer tc. The
shed with the longer tc will peak later than the shorter shed therefore the
peaks of each shed miss one another in time, but if the you add the peak
flow on the longer shed to the flow of the shorter shed at the time the
longer shed peaks, you will get the maximum peak flow for the combined
sheds.
1. Find the travel time for the runoff through Pipe 1. The travel time will
be added to the tc for Shed A giving the total tc to the inlet of pipe 2.
Q = VA, then V =Q
—
* A
D2 l2
^ pipe 1
= n— = n— = 0.79 ft2
4 4
. 500//
Travel time: = \12s = 3 min
2.9fps
25 25
i— = 0.90 in / hr
tc +10 18 + 10
Qpipe 2 = CAi0SAA + CBi09AB = (0.45 x 0.90 x 5)+ (0.45 x 0.90 x 4.5) = 3.8 cfs
Now the flow time in Pipe 2 is needed to calculate the tc at the inlet to Pipe
3.
3
8
Qn
Solve for diameter (d): d = 1
IK'S2 J
3
8
3.8 jc 0.013
d= i
= 1.2' or 14" diameter pipe
0.463 x 0.005 2
Just assume, unless otherwise instructed, that all diameters are available
in whole inches.
n2 i o2
A pipe 2 = x- = x^- = l.01ft2
4
3.8 cfs
V= — 3.6 fps
1.07/r2
. 500 ft
Travel time: = 139s = 2 min
3.6 fps
25 25
i= = 0.83 in / hr
tc +10 20 + 10
ASCE YMF HYDROLOGY
Calculate the peak flow at the inlet of Pipe 3 including runoff from Shed C:
Now the flow time in Pipe 2 is needed to calculate the tc at the inlet to Pipe
3.
Qn
Solve for diameter (d): d = i
LAr’^2 J
5.2*0.013
d= = 1.3' or 16" diameter pipe
0.463 * 0.0052
ASCE YMF HYDROLOGY
Close-seeded SR Poor 66 77 ) 85 89
or broadcast Good 58 72 81 85
legumes or C Poor 64 75 83 85
rotation Good 55 69 78 83
meadow C&T Poor 63 73 80 83
Good 51 67 76 80
» Average runoff condition, and Ia=0.2S
2 Crop residue cover applies only if residue is on at least-5% of the surface throughout the year.
3 Hydraulic condition is based on combination factors that affect infiltration and runoff, including (a) density and canopy of vegetative areas,
(b) amount of year-round cover, (c) amount of grass or close-seeded legumes, (d) percent of residue cover on the land surface (good £ 20%),
and (e) degree of surface roughness.
Good: Factors encourage average and better than average infiltration and tend to decrease runoff.
Table 2-2d Runoff curve numbers for arid and semiarid rangelands J;
Kirpicn (1940) (c= 0.0078£O775'o:,S3 Developed from SCS data for seven rural basins in Tennessee
L = length of channel/ditch with well-defined channel and steep slopes (3% to 10%); for
from headwater to outlet. overland flow on concrete or asphalt surfaces multiply tc by
ft 0.4; for concrete channels multiply by 0.2; no adjustments for
5= average watershed slope, overiUnu (low on bare soil or flow m roadside ditches.
fl/ft
California 60(ll.9£/VH)OJ33 Essentially the Kirpich formula; developed from small moun
Culverts L = length of longest tainous basins in California (U. S. Bureau of Reclamation,
Practice watercourse, mi 1973. pp. 67-71).
(1942) H = elevation difference
between divide and
outlet, ft
Federal Aviation fc= 1.8(1.1 - Qi.O^/J0-333 Developed from air field drainage data assembled by the Corps
Administration C— rational method runoff of Engineers; method is intended for use on airfield drainage
(1970) coefficient problems, but has been used frequently for overland flow in
£,= length of overland flow, ft urban basins.- . . ... .
5 = surface slope, %
Kinematic wave . = Qsul-Wi Overland flow equation developed from kinematic wave anal
formulas c [i0AS03) ysis of surface runoff from developed surfaces; method
Morgali and L= length of overland flow, ft requires iteration since both i (rainfall intensity) and tc are
Linsley n = Manning roughness unknown; superposition of intensity-duration-frequency curve
(1965) coefficient gives direct graphical solution for tc
Aron and f*= rainfall intensity in/h
Erborge (1973) S = average overland slope
ft/ft
SCS lag 100 £.0,8[( 1000/CN) — 9]0,7 Equation developed by SCS from agricultural watershed data;
equation '• 1900 s it has been adapted to small urban basins under 2000 acres;
(1973) £.== hydraulic length of found generally good where area is completely paved; for
watershed (longest flow mixed areas it tends to overestimate; adjustment factors are
path), ft applied to correct for channel improvement and impervious
CN = SCS runoff curve number area; the equation assumes that /c= 1.67 X basin lag.
5 = average watershed slope, %
SCS average . i ~ J-2 k Overland flow charts in Fig. 3-1 of TR 55 show average veloc
ic60^ V
velocity - ity as function of watercourse slope and surface cover. (See
charts (1975, 1986) L = length of flow path, ft also Table 5.7.1)
V= average velocity in feet
per second from Fiig. 3-1
Of TR 55 for various
surfaces
TaMe 1
Rational Method Runoff Coefficients (C)
Business
Downtown Areas 0.70 - 0.95
Neighborhood Areas 0.50 - 0.70
Residential
Single-Family 0.30 - 0.50
Multi-unit, detached 0.40 - 0.60
Multi-unit, attached 0.60 - 0.75
industrial
Light Areas 0.50 - 0.80
Heavy Areas 0.60 - 0.90
Streets
Asphalt 0.70 - 0.95
Concrete 0.80 - 0.95
Brick 0.70 - 0.85
p]
%ID
Rational Method Runoff Coefficients (C)
Soil Texture
Open
Topography and Clay and
sandy Tight clay
Vegetation silt loam
loam
Woodland
Flat 0-5% slope 0.10 0.30 0.40
Rolling 5-10% slope 0.25 0.35 0.50
Hilly 10-30% slope 0.30 0.50 0.60
Pasture
Flat 0.10 0.30 0.40
Rolling 0.16 0.36 0.55
Hilly 0.22 0.42 0.60
Cultivated
Flat 0.30 0.50 0.60
Rolling 0.40 0.60 0.70
Hilly 0.52 0.72 0.82
STEADY UNIFORM FLOW IN OPEN CHANNELS 7-35
D
.00 .01 .02 .03 .04 .05 .06 .07 .08 .09
d
.0 .0000 .0013 .0037 .0069 .0105 .0147 ,0192 .0242 .0294 .0350
.1 .0409 .0470 .0534 .0600 .0668 .0739 .0811 .0885 .0961 .1039
.2 .1118 .1199 .1281 .1365 .1449 .1535 .1623 .1711 .1800 .1890
.3 .1982 .2074 .2167 .,2260 .2355 .2450 .2546 .2642 .2739 .2836
.4 .2934 .3032 .3130 .3229 .3328 .3428 .3527 .3627 .3727 .3827
.5 .393 ..403 .413 .423 .433 .443 .453 .462 .472 .482
.6 .492 .502 .512 .521 .531 .540 .550 .559 .569 .578
.7 .587 .596 .605 .614 .623 .632 .640 .649 .657 .666
.8 .674 .681 .689 .697 .704 .712 .719 .725 .732 .738
.9^ ,745 .750 .756 .761 .766 .771 .775 .779 .782 .784
S9
m.
&
&
S3
a
Jtf
D
.00 .01 .02 .03 .04 .05 .06 .07 .08 .09
d
.5 .232 .239 .247 .255 .263 .271 .279 .287 .295 .303
.6 .311 .319 .327 .335 .343 .350 .358 .366 .373 .380
.7 .388 .395 .402 .409 .416 .422 .429 .435 .441 .447
.8 .453 .458 .463 .468 .473 .477 .481 .485 .488 .491
.9 .494 .496 .497 .498 .498 .498 .496 .494 .489 .483
1.0 .463
m.
I-
&
Manning's n Coefficients for Sheet Flow
Surface Description n*
Smooth surfaces (concrete, asphalt, gravel, bare soil) 0.01 to 0.016
Pasture 0.30 to 0.40
Lawns/Sod 0.20 to 0.40
Short grass prairie 0.10 to 0.20
Range 0.10 to 0.15
Woods w/ light underbrush 0.40
Woods w/ dense underbrush 0.80
TABLE 5
Velocities for Upland Method of
Estimating Time of Concentration
/
4. ' ,r 't ' / <»• / ' ' " I.
a
■ » ,
30
■ ■■BIllIHIItil -t I*r t 1 if 90
i- ••
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t
VELOCITY, V {FT / SEC) <r~
Chart la
(English Units)
100
90 T 1
80
70
60
50
J2 /
40
&
&
30 £
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Velocity (m/s)
Chart 1a
(Metric Units)
Chapter 3 Time of Concentration and Travel Time Technical Release 55
Urban Hydrology for Small Watersheds
Figure 3-1 Average velocities for estimating travel time for shallow concentrated flow
.50 • *J • * A •• ‘i * • i j -M 'V*
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Chart lb
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