UACE BIOLOGY PAPER 1 1025 marking guide

SECTION A

1. Which one of the following is not a reason for classifying a mouse and a frog hi one phylum?
Presence of

A. pharyngeal gill slits.

B. post-anal tail.

C. notochord.

D. endoskeleton.

2. In photosynthesis, the major advantage of the C4 pathway is to

A. fix carbon dioxide in the Calvin cycle.

B. concentrate carbon dioxide in the cells of leaves.

C. fix carbon dioxide from the atmosphere into the leaves.

D. store carbon dioxide in form of organic acids.

3. An athletic competition organized on high lands required participants from low lands to report
three months before the competition in order to enable them

A. get familiar with the place.

B. develop strong muscles.

C. acquire high red blood cell count.

D. have extensive deposition of fat under their skins.

4.The main distinguishing character of a eukaryotic cell is

A. membraned organelles.
 B. lack of nuclear membrane.

C. presence of nucleus.

D. presence of DNA double strands.

5. Starch, glycogen and cellulose are all composed of

A. α-glucose

B. β-glucose.

C. monosaccharides.

D. polysaccharides.

6. Which of the following organelles would most likely be abundant in the tail of a tadpole at
a time of its reabsorption during metamorphosis?

A. Centrioles.

B. Lysosomes.

C. Golgi apparatus.

D. Endoplasmic reticulum.

7. If the rate of transpiration lags behind that of absorption, movement of water up to the
plant is mainly by

A. root pressure.

B. capillary.

C. mass flow.

D. transpiration pull.
8. An impulse crosses a synapse by means of

A. sodium ions.

B. potassium ions.

C. calcium ions.

D. neurotransmitter chemical.

9. Which of the following increases the rate of phosphorylation of hexose sugar during the normal
respiration process?

A. An increase in-ADP concentration.

B. An increase in ATP concentration.

C. An increase in concentration of hexose sugar.

D. A decrease in concentration of phosphorylated sugar.

10. Which of the following factors would contribute least to the development of new species?

A. Gene mutation.

B. Chromosomal mutation.

C. Geographical isolation.

D. Environmental stability.

11. Which one of the following explains why digestion of fats does not occur in the human
stomach?

A. Absence of fat-digesting enzymes.

B. Low pH for the fat-digesting enzymes.

C. High pH for the fat-digesting enzymes.

D. Absence of bile salts that emulsify the fats.

12. Which one of the following would contribute to the greenhouse effect

A. Use of nuclear power.

B. Use of fossil fuels.

C. Excessive use of fertilizers.

D. Accumulation of sewage in water bodies.

13. The increase in supply of blood to heart respiring tissues, is caused high

A. ventilation rate.

B. concentration of oxygen in the inhaled air.

C. carbon dioxide concentration in the blood.

D. carbon dioxide concentration in the tissues.

14. Impulse transmission in mammals is usually faster than it is in amphibians because

A. axons in amphibians lack myelin sheath.

B. mammals have axons with larger diameter.

C. mammals usually have higher body temperature.

D. the distance between the nodes of ranvier in mammals is shorter.

15. Which one of the following would occur at the onset of an action potential in a net

A.`Potassium ions enter.

B. Sodium ions leave.

C. Potassium ions leave.

D. Sodium ions enter.

16. Which of the following applies to the cones of the retina? They

A. show visual acuity.

B. perceive dim light.

C. show much retinal convergence.

D. contain rhodopsin pigment.

17. The flagellum and skeletal muscle are structurally similar in that they have

A. microtubules.

B. actin and myosin tubules.

C. a pattern of 9+2 microtubules.

D. light and dark bands.

18. During the light stage of photosynthesis, water is an important raw material in that it

A. gives off oxygen.

B. provides hydrogen that reduces NAD.

C. reduces carbon dioxide to carbohydrates.

D. provides electrons.

19. Which one of the following activities in living organisms can result in a respiratory quotient
of less than 1.0?

A. when carbohydrates are respired.

B. During extensive laying down of fat in livestock.

C. At compensation point, during photosynthesis.

D. When the rate of exhalation equals that of inhalation.

20. Which of the following is a difference between flowers of dicotyledonous plants and those
of monocotyledonous plants? Flowers of dicotyledonous plant usually

A. lack sepals.

B. possess superior ovaries.

C. bear floral parts in groups of 4s and 5s.

D. possess fused petals.

21. Deciduous plants in temperate zones shade off their leaves during winter.

A. because of water shortage.

B. to cut down the process of guttation.

C. because of too much water availability.

D. to avoid freezing temperatures.

22. Which of the following is true about non-competitive inhibition in enzyme catalyzed
reactions?

A. The degree of inhibition decreases with increase in substrate concentration.

B. The inhibitor has a similar structure and chemical composition with the substrate.

C. The degree of inhibition is independent of the substrate concentration.

D. The shape of the enzyme is not affected by the inhibitor.

23. Which of the following is not true of conifers?

A. Lack vessels in xylem.

B. Bear reproductive structures on leaves.

C. Bear sporangia on cones.

 D. Possess unprotected ovules.

24. The lack of a nucleus in the red blood cells enables it to

A. have a high affinity for oxygen.

B. be more permeable to oxygen.

C. give up oxygen more readily.

D. contain more haemoglobin.

25.Which one of the following types of behavior is least learnt?

A. Association.

B. Instinct.

C. Imprinting.

D. Insight.

26. The primary meristematic tissue in plants which gives rise to the cortex is the

A. ground meristem.

B. procambium.

C. protoderm.

D. protoxylem.

27. Which one of the following organisms does not possess simple eyes?

A. Spider.

B. Millipede.

C. Butterfly.

D. Centipedes.
28. Contraction of longitudinal muscles in insects during flight, results into

A. flapping of wings.

B. moving down of wings.

C. holding wings horizontally.

D. moving up of wings.

29. During fertilization in plants, the

A. vegetative nucleus fuses with the pollen nucleus.

B. generative nucleus fuses with the egg nucleus.

C. vegetative nucleus fuses with the egg nucleus.

D. generative nucleus fuses with the antipodal cell nucleus.

30. A desert mammal's lower lethal temperature is higher than that of a mammal living in cold
regions because a desert mammal has

A. small extremities.

B. poor insulation mechanisms.

C. thick fur.

D. a small surface area: volume ratio,

31. In the energy transfer in an ecosystem, the greatest loss in energy is between

A. primary producers and primary consumers.

B. primary consumers and secondary consumers.

C. secondary consumers and tertiary consumers.

D. tertiary consumers and decomposers

32. A rhesus positive foetus whose mother is rhesus negative may not be born alive because the

A. mother's body produces antigens against foetal antibodies.

B. foetus lacks antibodies against the mother's antigens.

C. mother's body produces antibodies against the foetal antigens.

D. mother's red blood cells mix with the foetal blood.

33. From a bush, 120 beetles were collected, marked and released back into the bush. A few days
later, 120 beetles were collected from the same place, and 30 of them carried the mark. The
estimated number of beetle in the bush is

A. 240

B. 360

C. 480

D. 560

34. Insects have different mouth parts modified to suit their different modes of feeding, this shows

A. speciation.

B. convergent evolution.

C. divergent evolution.

D. development of analogous structures.

35. Which one of the following is true of linked characteristics? They

A. are always transmitted as a single block

B. are allelic to each other.

C. occur on non-homologous chromosomes.

 D. can be transmitted independently.

36.Which one of the following may act as a respiratory surface in animals?

A. Spiracle.

B. Bronchus.

C. Skin.

D. Trachea.

37. Which one of the following pairs of responses in plants is caused by unequal distribution of auxins?

A. Photoperiodism and phototropism.

B. Geotropism and phototropism.

C. Nastic movement and geotropism.

D. Photoperiodism and abscission.

38. The amount of progesterone in the blood increases steadily from ovulation to menstruation, then
it begins to decline because

A. luteinizing hormone inhibits its production.

B. it is washed out with blood during menstruation.

C. implantation of a zygote occurs.

D. its work of repairing the uterine wall gets complete.

39. Figure 1 shows the relationship between temperature and rate of photosynthesis in two
plant species A and B.
 photosynthesis A

B
Rate of

0 20 40
Temp (0C)
Fig. 1

Which one of the following is a correct conclusion from the results?

A. B is a shade plant while A is a sun plant.

B. A has a lower compensation point than B.

C. A has a higher optimum temperature for photosynthesis than B.

D. Photorespiration does not occur in A but occurs in B.

40. The absorption of amino acids after eating a heavy proteneous meal is aided by

A. diffusion and active transport.

B. osmosis and diffusion.

C. diffusion and pinocytosis.

D. active transport only.

Solution

Summary of the answer.

1. D 11.A 21.B 31.A

2. B 12.B 22.C 32.C

3. C 13.D 23. D 33.C

4. C 14.C 24.B 34.C

5. C 15.D 25.B 35.A

6. B 16.A 26.A 36C

7.B 17. A 27.C 37.B

8. D 18.D 28.B 38.D

9. D 19.C 29.NONE 39. C

10. D 20.C 30.B 40. A

Explanation for the answers

1. The answer is D

A mouse frog both belong to phylum chordata, characteristics of phylum chordata include:

- Presence of notochord
- Presence of post-anal tail
- Presence of pharyngeal gill slits.
Note:

Presence of endoskeleton is not a characteristic used to classify chordates.

2. The answer is B

In the C4 pathway, CO2 and H2O are transported by malate from mesophyll cells to the bundle
sheath cells. The CO2 concentration builds up to become much higher than in the atmosphere
facilitating high rates of carbon dioxide fixing. The pathway therefore concentrates carbon dioxide
in the cells.

The other advantage that is isolates RUBP, which is prone to photorespiration, from oxygen.

This allows the C4 plants to inhabit hot places.

3. The answer is C

At high altitudes, the concentration of O2 in the atmosphere is low. Athletes from lower lands
where oxygen concentration is higher, have lower of red blood cells. If they are to complete on
high lands, they should visit and stay there for a long period before the competition in order to
make sure that more red cells are produced in their blood trap more oxygen during the race.

4. The answer is C

‘Eu’ – means true while ‘Karyo’ nucleus. Therefore, Eukaryotic cells are cells with a true nucleus.

5. The answer is C

Starch, glycogen and cellulose are all polysaccharides (i.e. made up of monosaccharides). Starch
and glycogen contain α-glucose while cellulose contains β- glucose.

Both α and β residues are monosaccharides.

6. The answer is B

During reabsorption of the tail of a toad, its cells have a large number of lysosomes. the lysosomes
release their lytic enzymes which then digest the tail tissues in a process called autolysis.

7. The answer is A

Movement of water up the plant depends mainly on root pressure and the transpiration pull.
Therefore, when the rate of transpiration is low, root pressure is responsible for movement of water
up the plant.

8. The answer is D

Transmission of an impulse across a synapse occurs by movement of a neurotransmitter chemical

across the synaptic cleft. Arrival of an impulse at the synapse induces release of a transmitter
chemical which crosses the synaptic cleft. The chemical then stimulates the post synaptic
membrane and transmits the impulse across the synapse.

9. The answer is D

ATP is a substrate and energy source in the process of phosphorylation of hexose sugar. However,
the rate of phosphorylation of hexose sugar depends largely on the concentration of phosphorylated
sugar. That is the reaction is controlled by end- product inhibitions.

10. The answer is D

Development of new species by natural selection is bases on variation among organisms of the
same species (Darwin’s theory) such variation occur as a result of;

 Gene mutation, chromosome mutation, and geographical isolation and can be enhanced
by changes in the environment.
Note:

A stable environment does not favor development of new species because it does not encourage
variation among organisms.

11. The answer is A

Digestion of fats depends primarily on the presence of appropriate enzymes to catalyze this
reaction. In the stomach, fat-digesting enzymes such as Lipase are absent digestion of fats is not
feasible.

Conditions such as suitable pH for the enzymes activity and emulsification of fats to increases
surface are for the action of enzymes only come into question after the presence of the appropriate
enzymes.
12. The answer is B

Use of fossil fuels leads to accumulation of CO2 gas in the atmosphere. This prevents heat from
escaping from the earth, causing global warming. This phenomenon is called greenhouse effect.

13. The answer is D

Increased carbon dioxide concentration in respiring tissues causes vasodilatation of blood vessel
in the tissues. This increases blood supply to the tissues.

14. The answer is C

Amphibians are cold-blooded (poikilothermic organisms, active within the temperature range 4 -
250C whereas mammals are warm- blooded (homoeothermic) and maintain a constant body
temperature at 35 - 370C. This increase in temperature increase the speed of conduction of nerve
impulse in mammals.

Note:

Both mammals and amphibians have myelinated axons of relatively similar diameter

15. The answer is D

During onset of an action potential (depolarization), Na+ ions enter into the axon so that the inside
of the membrane becomes positive and the outside negative.

16. The answer is A

Each cone in the retina is connected via an individual bipolar cell to its own optic nerve fiber. As
a result, light from two close points on an object can land on separate cones with the result such
point are viewed as separate. This increases visual acuity of the eye.

Note:

- Cones contain iodopsin pigment and perceive bright only.

- Several rods joined via a single bipolar cell to an individual optic nerve fiber (retinal
convergence). As a result, light from close points on an object cannot be viewed as separate
 with the rods. However, low light intensity can be detected because of summation of sub –
threshold impulses from each rod cell.
Thus, the rods increase sensitivity of the eye.

17. The answer is A

Both the flagellum and skeletal muscle have microtubules. The microtubules in flagella are
arranged I the 9 +2 pattern while microtubules in skeletal muscle form the T- tubules.

18. The answer is B

During the right stage, water dissociate into hydrogen (H+) and hydroxyl (OH-) ions in the
presence of light energy. The hydrogen ions are used to reduce NADP to NADPH2 which
provides the reducing power during the dark stage reactions.
The hydroxyl ions donate electrons to chlorophyll, thereby stabilizing it. Thus
OH- + chlorophyll+ chlorophyll + OH

Recall:
During the reduction of NADP to NADPH2, chlorophyll donates, via an electron carrier
system, electrons to NADP and itself remains unstable, i.e.
2chlorophyll + NADP +2H+ 2 chlorophyll+ + NADPH2

Note:
H+ ions reduce NADP but NOT NAD.

19. The answer is C

Respiratory quotient (RQ) is defined as;
𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑏𝑜𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑜𝑥𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑑
RQ = 𝑜𝑥𝑦𝑔𝑒𝑛 𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑑

Low RQ (< 1.0) indicates that the carbon dioxide produced in respiration is being put to use
somewhere else. For example, in photosynthezing plants at compensation point, where all the
carbon dioxide is used in photosynthesis.
RQ valves are high (> 1.0) during conversion of carbohydrate to fat for example in mammals
preparing to hibernate and in fattening livestock.

20. The answer is C

The differences between flowers of dicotyledonous and monocotyledonous plant are shown in the
table below:

Dicotyledonous flower Monocotyledonous flower

(1) Parts occur mainly in fours and five Parts occur usually in threes.

(2) Usually have distinct petals and sepals No distinct petals and sepals.

These structures are combined to form

(perianth segments)

(3) Often insect pollinated Often wind pollinated

21. The answer is B

During winter in temperate zones there is a tendency of plants to lose through the leaves by the
process of quotation. The leaves are usually shed to reduce this effect.

Note:

In temperate, the humidity is so high that losses of water from the leaves by transpiration
(evaporation) is very limited. As a result, excess water in the leaf air spaces.

This later oozes out of the leaf as water drops, in a process called quotation.

22. The answer is C

In on-competitive inhibition, the inhibitor has no structural resemblance to the enzyme substrate
and binds to the enzyme molecule that prevents the substrate from the binding to the active site.

In the type of inhibition, the degree of inhibition depends only on the concentration of the inhibitor.
23. The answer is D

Conifer are primitive flowering plants which;

- Lack vessels in xylem

- Bear sporangia on cones.
- Bear reproductive structures on leaves
- Possess protected ovules.
24. The answer is D

Mature red blood cells do not contain a nucleus in order provide enough space for packaging of
haemoglobin

25. The answer is B

Instinctive behaviour is behaviour that the organisms exhibit without learning. such behavior is
also called inborn.

Associative behavior; imprinting and insight learning require learning.

26. The answer is A

- Ground meristem is the meristematic tissue that gives rise to the cortex.

- Procambium gives rise to cambium that is necessary for secondary growth

- Protoderm gives rise to epidermal tissue.

- Protoxylem gives rise to xylem tissue.

27. The answer is C

Most arthropods have simple eyes but insects do not have simple eyes.

They only have compound eyes.

28. The answer is B

The thorax of a small insect contains two sets of flight muscles; dorso – ventral muscles and
longitudinal muscles. When the longitudinal muscles contract, the concavity of the roof is
increased and the tergal attachment rises relative to the wings. This moves the wings downward.
When the dorso- ventral muscle contract, the wings move upward.

29. There is NO correct answer.

During double fertilization in flowering plants, the generative nucleus divides into two male nuclei.

One of these fuses with the functional egg cell to form a diploid zygote and the other fuses with
both polar nuclei to form a triploid nucleus (primary endosperm nucleus).

The vegetative nucleus or pollen tube nucleus directs the growth of the pollen tube and does not
fuse with any nucleus. The antipodal nuclei also do not participate in fertilization.

30. The answer is B

Desert mammals have poor insulation mechanisms than mammals living in cold regions and thus
cannot stand very low temperature. As a result, desert mammals have a higher lower lethal
temperature than cold region mammals

31. The answer is A

Highest energy loss in an ecosystem occur between primary producers and primary consumers.

Most of the energy from the sun, trapped by plants (primary producers) is lost to environment as
heat and through respiration in plants to the plants to the extent that the herbivores (primary
consumers) obtain a smaller amount than that supplied by the sun. Also, most herbivores are unable
to utilize cellulose in their food, leading to further loss in energy.

32. The answer is C

In rhesus negative mother with a rhesus positive foetus, the mother’s body produces antibodies
antigens on the red blood cells of the foetus. The red blood cells of the foetus undergo hemolysis,
leading to death of the foetus in the uterus.
33. The answer is C

No, of beetles = no. of beetles in 1st capture x No. of beetles in 2rd capture

No. of beetles with marks in 2rd capture

= 120 x 120

30

= 480

34. The answer is C

The existence of organisms with similar structures modified to perform different functions is a
result of divergent evolution .

Note:

- In convergent evolution different structure of different organisms are adapted to perform

similar functions.
- Speciation is the process by which new species arise spontaneously in a population.

35. The answer is A

Two characteristics are linked when the genes determining their expression are carried/ located
on the same chromosome.

Such characteristics are inherited together on this chromosome as a block.

For example, sex-linked chromosomes are located on the X- chromosome and are inherited
together with sex.
36. The answer is C

In animals such as toads, the skin can act as a respiratory surface.

Note:

The Trachea, bronchus and spiracles are in passage ways but not respiratory surface.

A respiratory surface is a surface across which exchange of gases occur between the environment
(air medium) and blood.

37. The answer is B

Due to unequal distribution of auxins, there is unidirectional growth of certain plant parts. This is
called tropism. Depending on the cause of the unequal distribution of auxins, we can have:
Geotropism (due to gravity); phototropism (due to light) and thigmotropism. (due to touch).

38. The answer is D

During the menstrual the role of progesterone is to induce growth, repair and proliferation of the
uterine endothelium.

Its concentration increases steadily from ovulation to menstruation and then declines because:

- The structure producing it (corpus luteum) degenerates.

- its work of repairing the uterine wall is completed.

39. The answer is C

From the graph, it is clear that plant A has higher optimum temperature for photosynthesis ( about
400C) B (about 300C).

Note:

It can be true that B is a shade plant while A is a sun plant but this cannot be read from the graphs.
The only parameters represented on the graph are rate of photosynthesis against temperature.

So the explanation should be in line with these.

40. The answer is A

Amino acid absorption in the small intestines by two mechanisms;

- Simple diffusion especially of non-polar lipid soluble amino acid

- Active transport

SECTION B

41. Figure 2 show the effect of red light interruption of night period, on flowering of a plant.

Far red light

6
Intensity of flowering

4
(arbitrary units

2 red light

10 20 30 40 50

Duration of interruption (s)

Fig.2

(a) What is the effect of interruption of the night period by each type of light?
(i) Red light
(ii) Far-red light
(b) Suggest the type of plant that would exhibit responses to light treatments as show in figure
2.
(c) How can the knowledge of the effect of red light and far-red light on flowering be utilized
in commercial growing of flowers?
 Solution:

(a) Generally, exposure to red light inhibits flowering to an extent dependent on the duration
of interruption of the night period.
When exposed for 10s or less, red light rapidly reduces intensity of flowering.
Exposed for 10-30s, the intensity of flowering decrease gradually further to zero.
Exposed beyond 30s, flowering occurs.
(ii). interruption with far-red light, becoming fairly constant for duration 5s and above.

(b) The plant used in the experiment is a long –day plant

(c) Red light and far-red light stimulate flowering in long day short- day plants respectively,
thus the two types of lights can be used to enhance flower harvest in different plant types.

Note
Red light inhibits flowering in this plant. Since day light is mainly red light, this plant need long hours of
darkness to flower hence a short day plant.

42. figure 3 shows diagrams of two types of blood circulatory system A and B in animals. The
arrows show the direction of blood flow.

R.V L.V
body lung
R.A LA s

gills Main heart gills

Branchial Branchial
Body
heart heart

Fig.3
(a) Describe each circulatory system
(i) A
(ii) B
(b) How does each system maintain a high blood pressure?
(i) A
(ii) B
(c) What is the advantage of maintaining a high blood pressure over a fluctuating pressure in
a circulatory system of an animal?
Solution
(a) (i) A
- Blood flows from the right atrium into right ventricle, from where it is pumped to the
lungs
- It then flows to the left atriam and then into the left ventricle, from whereit is pumped to
the rest of the body.
- From the body blood returns to the heart through the right atrium
- The cycle repeats.
(ii) B
- From the heart, blood is pumped into the body, from where it flows to the branchial hearts
on either side.
- The branchial hearts pump blood to the gills from where it returns to the main heart and
the cycle repeats.
(b) (i) A
- In this double circulation system, the contraction of the heart muscles pumps the blood
first to the lungs and then to the rest of he body in each circuit of the circulation. This
ensures that pressure is restored in the blood after leaving the capillaries.
(iii) B
- The main heart’s contraction generates sufficient pressure to push the blood through the
vessels in the body
- The branchial hearts then maintain the pressure of the blood by continuing to pump the
blood into the gills and back to the main heart.
 (c) – high blood pressure helps to propel blood at a high speed along the arteries to the
body tissue. This facilitates faster delivery of oxygen and nutrients to the body tissues
and removal of waste products from the body.

43. (a) Give one ecological importance of each of the following structural arrangements in plants

(i) Monoecious (02marks)

(ii) Dioecious (02marks)

(b) explain why

(i) in dioecious plants, plants are usually associated with dry soils while female plants are
associated with moist soils (02 marks)

(ii) nearly all dioecious plants are wind pollinated. (02marks)

(d) Give one reason why dioecious plants are rarer than monoecious plants (02marks)

Solution

(a) (i) – increases chances of pollination and reproduction

- increases chances of habitat colonization following easy pollination.
(b) (i) – Male plants must produce large quantities of light and dry pollen grains which must
land and quickly germinate on moist stigmas.
- being in dry soil reduces the general water content of the plant and allows the pollen
grains to dry easily.
- the female plants are found in moist soils in order ton increase the water content to
ensure that the stigma is moist and sticky. When the pollen grain land on it it quickly
germinate
(ii) The opposite sexual reproductive structure usually occur on different plants yet pollen
grains are usually produced in large amounts.
- Wind pollination increases the chance of fertilization
(b) The chance of pollination and reproduction are limited as they are usually depend on wind
pollination
- Only half of the plants produce seeds
 44. (a) State the importance of the following elements in plant metabolism.

(i) Calcium
(ii) Magnesium
(b)How does water logging of soil affect its nitrate content?

(c ) Describe three special ways of obtaining essential by some plants growing in soils deficient of
those elements.

Solution:

(a) – it activates several enzymes

Others:
It is a constituent of the cell walls, (calcium pectate)
It plays an important role in lipid metabolism
Required during cell division and cell enlargement
It helps in translocation of carbohydrates.
Mg is activator of enzymes involved in RNA and DNA synthesis
Other:
It is essential for binding of components of ribosome
It is a constituent of chlorophyll
(b) Water logging decreases the amount of nitrates in the soil through
- Nutrient dissolution and dilution.
- Decreased soil aeration leading to death of nitrifying organisms in the soil. This leads
to inadequate formation of soil nitrates from atmospheric nitrogen
- Leaching of dissolved nitrogen of deeper soil layer.
- Reduces oxygen content of the soil facilitating denitrifying bacteria.
(c) Some live in symbiotic relationship with organisms that are capable of producing such
minerals. For example, association of Rhizbium bacterial with roots of leguminous plants.
The bacteria fix nitrogen from the atmosphere into nitrates that are absorbed and used by
the plant.
 Some have carnivorous behavior in order to obtain such mineral from non soil source. For
example, insectivorous plants trap and consume small insects and obtain nitrate from them.

Some have parasitic mode of feeding so that such nutrient can be obtained from plants that
can obtain the nutrient from deeper soil layer. For example, the epiphytes.

45 (a) State two human actiiates that increase the levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.

(b)What is effect of high levels of each of the following gases in the atmosphere?

(i) Carbon dioxide

(ii) sulphur dioxide.

(a) State on indicator in the environment where there is prevalence of high levels of sulphur
dioxide in the atmosphere.
Solution

(a) Deforestation.
Industrialization

Other:

Burning of organic fuels

(b) Excess carbon dioxide in the atmosphere forms a heat-trapping layer. It absorbs long
wavelength radiations and prevents them from escaping from the earth. This keeps the air
and ground warmer it would be, leading to overall increase in atmospheric temperature
(global warming)
- Carbon dioxide gas also forms acid solution with rain water leading to acid rain.
This can have serious effects on aquatic and soil organisms.
(iii) Excess sulphur dioxide undergoes oxidation in the atmosphere which eventually forms
sulphuric acid. This leads to formation of acid rain, on mixing with rain water.
- Acid rain leads to:
Leaching of mineral elements, causing soil infertility and failure plants growth
 Low pH of water which is unfavorable for growth of plants and aquatic animals.
Higher content of charged ions; A13+, pb2+, Hg+ and Ca2+ which may be harmful to
aquatic organisms.
(c ) Lichens and mosses are destroyed and are absent in the environment.

Others:

Chlorosis and necrosis of vegetation

Leaves of monocotyledonous plants obtain water-soaked appearance

Discoloration and deterioration of building, sculpture, painted surface, fabrics paper and
leather.