Computer graphics laboratory

AutoCAD

1st YEAR PRACTICAL

Name

Roll no.

Branch / sem
2

Preface

Hi I’m Ashish Kumar yadav and I’m a Mechanical Design

Engineer by Profession and having 5 years of CAD designing

and training experience. It is very important for every engineer

to be well equipped with the modern engineering design tools

to fight with the way ahead with modern world. we never

imagine any project without proper engineering design. The

AutoCAD software helps you to create Engineering drafting

more quickly and Precisely.

This laboratory booklet will help you to create 2D drawings

using AutoCAD drafting software to make effective

engineering graphic drawings. This booklet covers the whole

Practical which is referred by various universities as a

syllabus named computer graphics for the 1st year

Engineering students.

I hope you will find information which helps you to complete

the computer graphics practical task using CAD tool like

AutoCAD.

Er.Ashish Kumar Yadav

computer graphics lab

3

TABLE OF CONTENT
1, Overview of Computer Graphics - Page no. – 05 – 09

listing the computer technologies that impact on graphical communication, Demonstrating knowledge

of the theory of CAD software [such as: The Menu System, Toolbars (Standard, Object Properties, Draw,

Modify and Dimension), Drawing Area (Background, Crosshairs, Coordinate System), Dialog boxes

and windows, Shortcut menus (Button Bars), The Command Line (where applicable), The Status Bar,

Different methods of zoom as used in CAD, Select and erase objects.; Isometric Views of lines, Planes,

Simple and compound Solids];

2, Customization & CAD Drawing - Page no. – 10 – 23

consisting of set up of the drawing page and the printer, including scale settings, setting up of units and

drawing limits; ISO and ANSI standards for coordinate dimensioning and tolerance; Orthographic

constraints, Snap to objects manually and automatically; Producing drawings by using various

coordinate input entry methods to draw straight lines, Applying various ways of drawing circles;

3. Annotations, Layering & other Functions- Page no. – 24 – 38

applying dimensions to objects, applying annotations to drawings; Setting up and use of Layers, layers

to create drawings, Create, edit and use customized layers; Changing line lengths through modifying

existing lines (extend/lengthen); Printing documents to paper using the print command; orthographic

projection techniques; Drawing sectional views of composite right regular geometric solids and project

the true shape of the sectioned surface; Drawing annotation, Computer-aided design (CAD) software

modeling of parts and assemblies. Parametric and non-parametric solid, surface, and wireframe models.

Part editing and two-dimensional documentation of models. Planar projection theory, including

sketching of perspective, isometric, multi-view, auxiliary, and section views. Spatial visualization

exercises. Dimensioning guidelines, tolerance techniques; dimensioning and scale multi views of

dwelling;

computer graphics lab

4

4. Demonstration of a Simple Team Design Project.

Geometry and topology of engineered components: creation of engineering models and their

presentation in standard 2D blueprint form and as 3D wire-frame and shaded solids; meshed topologies

for engineering analysis and tool-path generation for component manufacture; geometric dimensioning

and tolerance; Use of solid-modeling software for creating associative models at the component and

assembly levels; floor plans that include: windows, doors, and fixtures such as WC, bath, sink, shower,

etc. Applying color coding according to building drawing practice; Drawing sectional elevation showing

foundation to ceiling; Introduction to Building Information Modelling (BIM).

-------------

computer graphics lab

5

MODULE NO. 1

OVERVIEW OF THE COMPUTER GRAPHICS

computer graphics lab

6

INTRODUCTION

CAD, or computer-aided design and drafting (CADD), is the use of computer technology for design and
design documentation. CAD software replaces manual drafting with an automated process.

If you work in the architecture, MEP or structural engineering fields, you have probably used 2D or 3D
CAD program. These programmers can help you to explore design ideas, visualize concepts through
photorealistic renderings and simulate how a design will perform in the real world. AutoCAD software
was the first CAD programme and it is still the most widely used CAD application.

CAD is an example of the pervasive effect computers were beginning to have on industry. Current
computer-aided design software packages range from 2D vector-based drafting systems to
3D solid and surface modelers. Modern CAD packages can also frequently allow rotations in three
dimensions, allowing viewing of a designed object from any desired angle, even from the inside looking
out. Some CAD software is capable of dynamic mathematical modeling.

Advantages of the CAD software

1. Accurate Design - It has ability to producing very accurate designs. And drawing can be created in
2D or 3D .
2. Easy to modify- modifying the CAD geometry is easy; you will always have “copy” “cut” paste and
delete and move or some similar editing option available with each of the package.
3. Easy to Reproduce- Draftsmen used to take days to complete a drawing by manual drafting, and
reproducing the drawing means recreating the drawing from the beginning. But, in case of the CAD, you
can reproduce the drawing in no time and makes as many copies as you can.
4. Computer aided manufacturing- The 3D CAD geometry is used as input for the CAM packages for
generates NC codes. The manual drawings cannot be used for CAM packages.
5. Environmental Friendly – Manual drawings are necessarily created on the paper, but the CAD
drawings can be stored and used electronically without using paper.
6. Access Control – some of the drawings and design documents are very crucial for a company
business, and such drawings should not be accessible to all. Providing are easy for the CAD drawings.
Strict access control and maintaining confidentiality is difficult in manual drawing.

computer graphics lab

7

Choose Start ➢ All Programs ➢ Autodesk ➢ AutoCAD 2018 ➢ AutoCAD 2018.

You can also double-click the AutoCAD 2018 icon

on your Windows Desktop.
The AutoCAD Start tab appears, offering options
to open existing drawings or to create a new
drawing. You may also see the Design Feed panel,
which allows you to use a cloud-based
collaboration feature. Click the Start Drawing
thumbnail in the left side of the view under “Get
Started”.

AutoCAD 2018 Main Window

AutoCAD Program windows generally divided into several parts: -
Application Menu
Quick Access toolbar
Info Center
Ribbon
Drawing Tabs
Drawing Area
UCS icon (User Coordinate
System)
View Cube
Navigation Bar
Command Windows
Status Bar

computer graphics lab

8

Application Menu – Application Menu helps you to

manage your AutoCAD Design files. It is File Pull-
Down menu which appears by pressing the big A button
top left corner of the software.
This application menu gives you a way to find recently
used files or go to the file which already have open. Save
the drawing using save button or import-export other
design formats to CAD format or vice versa.

Quick Access Toolbar- Quick access toolbar is at the top of the drawing area and next to the Application
menu which is used to includes the basic file-handling function, which you find mostly in all windows
programs.

Info Center - The InfoCenter is the AutoCAD online help facility. There you’ll find a comprehensive
set of help topics and tools, including video tutorials and the standard help documentation. As with any
other programs, you can obtain context-sensitive help by pressing the F1 function key.

Ribbon - The Ribbon uses icons to provide nearly all of the commands that you’ll need; you’ll learn
more about it in the section “

Drawing Tabs- Just above the drawing area are the Drawing tabs that let you create new drawings or
switch between open drawings in a way similar to popular web browsers.

Drawing Area- The drawing area occupies most of the screen. Everything
you draw appears in this area. As you move your mouse around, crosshairs
appear to move within the drawing area. This is the drawing cursor that lets
you point to locations in the drawing area.

computer graphics lab

9

UCS icon (User Coordinate System) – The UCS icon appears in the lower-left corner. Which looks
like arrow of X axis and Y axis which is known as USC icon.

View Cube – The ViewCube is primarily for 3D modeling. Which Indicates the current
viewing direction. Dragging or clicking the ViewCube rotates the scene.

Navigation Bar -Navigation bar along the right edge of the AutoCAD window. This bar
offers tools that you can use to get around in your drawing. Basic tools like Zoom and Pan
can be found here as well as some advanced tools for viewing 3D models.

Command Windows -The Command window, it located just below the drawing area
which gives you feedback about the AutoCAD commands as you use them.

Status Bar -status bar located just below the command windows, Black strip of Status bar
provides icons to switch drafting setting tools on or off and more.

computer graphics lab

10

MODULE NO. 2

CUSTOMIZATION & CAD DRAWING

computer graphics lab

11

INTRODUCTION

In this practical we learn how to set the working area of the AutoCAD software. To do this, we must
determine the Measurement system, the drawing sheet or screen size and scale you want to use.

Measurement system – Setting the Units

In AutoCAD every object is measured in units. You determine the value of units before you start the
drawing in software. For Example, a unit is equal to one millimeter of the real-world object, in another
drawing a unit might be equal to Inch. To specify the unit system which we want to use we need to set
the units in this software.

Command – Units - un

Measurement system Display of measurement

in AutoCAD
Scientific 1.55E+01 (inches or metric)
Decimal 15.5000 (inches or metric)
Engineering 1′-3.5″(input as 1′3.5″)

Architectural 1′-31/2″(input as 1′3–1/2″)

Fractional 151/2″(input as 15–1/2″)

In units settings go to “Type” choose the desired unit standard e.g. 0.000 for the decimal, 1E3
(1000) for the Engineering etc.
In “Precision” choose the desired preciseness you need in the drawing e.g. 1.001 for (0.000)
and for 0.1 choose 0.0 and for 1 choose “0”
Choose the insertion scale of your set perimeter or dimension e.g. millimeters, centimeters,
inches, feet etc.
Choose the angle type same as your desired units choose before e.g. decimal degrees,
engineering, architectural etc.
Click on “OK” to set the units and hit the Esc key to get out of the command.

Setting up the Drawing Limits :

AutoCAD allows you to draw at full scale. You can set up arbitrary boundaries using the limit feature
at what size you like to draw. Generally we draw our limit screen size bit larger than the actual
drawing size for example if your drawing take 100mm to complete then you must draw 200mm of
screen size using limits command in AutoCAD software.

computer graphics lab

12

1. Type LIMITS
2. At the Specify the lower-left corner or [ON/OFF] = <0,0>
3. At the Specify the upper-right corner or [ON/OFF] = <500,500>
4. z a - zoom enter – all enter
5. Although it appears that nothing has changed, but you should also draw a rectangle using
rectangle tool with same process to visualize the limit area of the screen.

QUICK SEETING GUIDE

1. Click the Start tab.

2. Open the Templates drop-down list just below the Star Drawings icon and select acad.dwt
(metric users select acadiso.dwt).
3. Open the Application menu, and select Drawing Utilities ➢ Units. You can also type UNITS↵.
4. In the Length group of the Drawing Units dialog box, select Architectural from the Type
drop-down list and then click OK. Metric users should leave this setting as Decimal but should
select Centimeters from the Insert Scale drop-down list.
5. Enter LIMITS↵, and then press ↵ to accept the default lower-left corner coordinates.
6. For the upper-right corner of the limits, enter 48,26↵. Metric users should enter 122,92↵.
7. Type Z↵A↵ to display the overall area of the drawing set by the limits.
8. Choose Save As from the Application menu and save the file under the name Sink.

STUDY THE COORDINATE SYSTEM

In AutoCAD various type of Co-ordinates

are used which we can discuss here.

1. Absolute Co-ordinate system

2. Relative Rectangular Co-ordinate
system.
3. Polar Co-ordinate System.

1. Absolute Co-ordinate system-

Absolute coordinates refers to a
Cartesian System that uses X, Y, and
sometimes a Z-axis to establish a
point some distance from a common
origin. For example, the picture
shows an origin point of '0,0' and
the absolute coordinate from that
point is '8,7' making it 8 along the X-
axis and 7 along the Y-axis.

computer graphics lab

13

2. Relative Rectangular Co-ordinate system –

Relative coordinates are based on the last point entered. Use relative coordinates when you know the
location of a point in relation to the previous point.

To specify relative coordinates, precede the coordinate values with an @ sign. For example,
entering @3,4 specifies a point 3 units along the X axis and 4 units along the Y axis from the last point
specified.

The following example draws the sides of a rectangle. The first side is a line starting at the absolute
coordinates 0,0 and ending at a point 0 units in the X direction and 0 units in the Y direction. The
second side is a line starting at the endpoint of the first line and ending at a point 20 units in
the X direction and 0 units in the Y direction. The final line segment uses relative coordinates to return
to the starting point.

Command: line

From point: 0,0

To point: @20,0
To point: @0,20
To point: @-20,0
C

3. Polar Co-ordinate system-

Polar Coordinate (Distance and angle) are use to locate the point while creating
the objects. To use polar coordinates to specify a point, enter a distance and an
angle separated by an angle bracket (<). By default angles increase in the
counterclockwise direction and decrease in the clockwise direction. To specify
a clockwise direction, enter a negative value for the angle. For example,
entering 1<315 locates the same point as entering 1<-45. You can change the
angle conventions for the current drawing with the UNITS command.

Absolute polar coordinates are measured from the UCS origin (0,0) for example.

Command: line
From point: 0,0
To point: 20<0
To point: 20<90
To point: 20<180
To point: 20<270 or C

computer graphics lab

14

DRAFTING SETTING

Drafting settings this dialogue box contains so many tabs like Snap
and Grid, Polar tracking, Object snap, Dynamic Input etc. let
discuss each tab one by one Right click on the status bar and choose
properties the drafting setting box will appears to you in the
AutoCAD screen.

Command – DSETTINGS

1. Object snap (F3) - it’s used to turns the running snap on and off
when the object snap is on it will shows the main snap points of the
object which is relative to the other object e.g. end point, midpoint,
center point, tangent point, perpendicular etc.

2. Object Snap tracking (F11)- object snap tracking gives the tracking point of the object near to the
relative point of another object which is more helpful and no need to draw any extra helping line to
follow the object corner, center, quadrant tracking.

3. Dynamic input (F12) - The dynamic input enables the graphics cursor with the power of the command
line. Thus, you enter dimensional and command option information as you work, you get immediate
feedback when your dynamic input is ON.

4. Snap (F7) and Grid (F9)- Snap and Grid mode is used for the showing the graphical representation
and when we move the mouse cursor it will not move freely it will move point to point as we set the
graph snap point.
e.g. if we set snap 0.5 to 0.5 the mouse cursor moves to the distance .5 on the computer screen.

5. ORTHO MODE (F8) – Ortho mode is used to draw

a straight line if we need to draw a perfect straight line
you need to on the ortho mode by pressing F8 button on
your keyboard.

6. POLAR TRACKING (F10)- Polar tracking is used when we work on the specified angel it will
automatically tracks the angel we choose and indicate us with green hidden line indication. You can also
choose your custom angle by click on the additional angle>New and put the specified angle you need.

computer graphics lab

 15

AutoCAD DRAWING TOOLS

Drawing tools in AutoCAD helps to create drawing objects like

LINE, CIRCLE, RECTAGLE etc. following tools which is
mainly used in AutoCAD to create drawing in Computer
Graphics Lab.

1. Line – L

Click Home tab Draw panel Line. Find

Specify the start point and end point of the line segment.

click on the screen and draw a line accordingly.

F8 – Ortho mode (to create Straight line in horizontal and vertical
direction).

2. Polyline –Pl
Polyline Creates a 2D polyline, a single object that is composed of line and arc segments. We should
also specify the with of a line by using width option in command bar by pressing W or click on it.

Object – 1

Object – 2

Single object

line polyline

3. Rectangle –REC
Rectangle command is used to create a rectangular box with the selection of the direction of the X axis
and Y axis or say you have to choose first Base and then Height of the object by pressing comma to
switch the axis (,) e.g. “10,20” where 10 is Base and 20 is height.

BASE
HIGHT

0,0 BASE

computer graphics lab

 16

4. Cicle –C
In circle you create circle in several ways either by click on the command or pressing command through
keyboard. And there are so many options to draw the circle.

1. Do one of the following:

Click Home tab Draw panel Circle drop-down Center, Radius. Find

Click Home tab Draw panel Circle drop-down Center, Diameter. Find
2. Specify the center point.
3. Specify the radius or diameter.

We have more options to create circles by using AutoCAD LT.

2p = two points
3p = three points
Ttr = tangent tangent radius
TTT = tangent tangent tangent

5. Polygon –POL
Polygon command create a regular polygon of no. of faces we can draw
the minimum no. of sides = 3 polygon and maximum no. of sides =
1024 sides of the polygon inside the AutoCAD software.

inscribed about the circle Circumscribed about the circle

6. ARC –A
Arc is created with the help of Arc tool we can create 3-point arc by clicking 3
points at the screen at anticlockwise direction (preferably).

AutoCAD also provides various types of arc options as per designer

requirement we can choose the specified arc by clicking the flyout panel on
drawing ribbon bar.

computer graphics lab

17

7. ELLIPS –EL

The first two points of the ellipse determine the location and length of the first axis. The third point
determines the distance between the center of the ellipse and the end point of the second axis.

height

diameter

8. HATCH –H

Hatch is used to fill the enclosed area of the object with

predefined given patterns. Hatch is also providing color or
color gradient combined in a single command.

Choose from several methods to specify the

boundaries of a hatch.

Specify a point in an area that is enclosed by

objects.
Select objects that enclose an area.

9. DIVIDE –DIV
Divide tool is used to divide the object in number of segments where
segments are divided by the visible identification of points styles using
after the command – ddptype to choose the exact point style in
AutoCAD.

computer graphics lab

 18

10. MEASURE –ME

Measure tool is also used to divide the object but not in number of
segments but by means of distance measurement we fill. where
segments are divided by the value you fill and visible identification
of points styles using after the command – ddptype to choose the
exact point style in AutoCAD.

AutoCAD MODIFY TOOLS

11. Copy – CO
Copy creates copies objects a specified distance in a specified direction.

Select object you want to copy

Specify the Base point (click where you want to pick the object)
Copy it by using base point as a reference.

12. Move – M
Move command is used to move copies objects a specified distance in a specified direction.

Select object you want to move

Specify the Base point (click where you want to pick the object)
Move it by using base point as a reference.

computer graphics lab

 19

13. Rotate –RO

we can rotate selected objects around a base point to an absolute angle.

Select object you want to Rotate

Specify the Base point (click where you want to fix the object)
Rotate it by using base point as a reference (clockwise or anti clockwise or by pressing the angle)

14. Mirror –MI

Mirror command Creates a mirrored copy of

selected objects.

You can create objects that represent half of a

drawing, select them, and mirror them across a
specified line to create the other half.

Select the object you want to mirror

Specify the reference line where you want to create mirror copy.
press N enter if you don’t want to remove the original source object.

15. Scale –SC

To scale an object, specify a base point and a scale factor. The base point acts as the center of the scaling
operation and remains stationary. A scale factor greater than 1 enlarges the object. A scale factor between
0 and 1 shrinks the object.

computer graphics lab

 20

16. Trim –TR

Trim is used to delete the unneeded object without deleting the whole object.

Use trim command.

Select the whole object.
Click at the object you want to trim.

17. Extend –EX

extend is used to extend the missing object up to the first interference.

Use extend command.

Select the whole object.
Click at the object you want to extend.

18. Fillet –F
Fillet is used to create the round corner by specifying the radius at fillet command.

Use fillet command.

Type R (r = radius).
Fill the radius value.
Click two point where you put the fillet
on.

19. Chamfer –CHA

Chamfer is used to create the flattened the corner (bevels) by specifying the distance or angle by using
chamfer command.

Use chamfer command.

Type D (d = distance).
Fill the distance value.
Click two point where you put the
chamfer on.

computer graphics lab

 21

20. Array –AR

Array command Distributes object copies into any combination of rows, columns, and levels. There
are three types of array we are generally used.

1. Rectangular array
2. Polar array
3. Path array

Polar Array – polar array is used to create copies of the object in a

circular manner.

Path array – Path array Evenly distributes object copies along a path or a
portion of a path. The path can be a line, polyline, 3D polyline, spline,
helix, arc, circle, or ellipse.

21. Break–BR

Breaks the selected object between two points. You can create a gap
between two specified points on an object, breaking it into two objects.
If the points are off of an object, they are automatically projected on to
the object. BREAK is often used to create space for a block or text.

22. Offset–O
You can offset an object at a specified distance or through a point.
After you offset objects, you can trim and extend them as an efficient
method to create drawings containing many parallel lines and curves.

Type offset or click on the offset icon under modify tool

Type the offset value.
Select the object you want to offset in both direction either in forward direction or backward
direction.

computer graphics lab

22

PRACTICAL WORKOUT

Diagram-1 Duration – 15 mins Diagram-2 Duration – 30 mins

Diagram-3 Duration – 30 mins Diagram-4 Duration – 30 mins

computer graphics lab

23

MODULE NO. 3

Annotations, Layering & other Functions

computer graphics lab

24

DIMENSION

Add Dimension to an Object

Dimension is used to measure the object by means of specified selected units.

There are various types of dimensions we are using during measurement in
AutoCAD.

1. Linear Dimension- Find the linear Dimensions of an Object

2. Aligned Dimension- Find the Dimensions of an Aligned Object.
3. Angular Dimension – Find the Angle between two objects.
4. Circular Dimension – Find the Radius or Diametric Dimension of an
Object.
5. Ordinate Dimension – Find the Ordinate points.

1. Linear Dimension – Dimlin

Click on Linear Dimension icon or type shortcut command.

Select the two point where you want to measure the distance of an object.
Enter

2. Circular Dimension – Dimrad

Click on Circular Radius or Diameter Dimension icon or type shortcut command.

Select the circle where you want to measure the distance of an object.
Enter

computer graphics lab

25

3. Aligned Dimension – Dimali

Click on Circular Radius or Diameter Dimension icon or type shortcut command.

Select the circle where you want to measure the distance of an object.
Enter

4. Angular Dimension – Dimang

Click on angular dimension icon or type shortcut command.

Select the two lines where you want to measure the angel of an object.
Enter.

Dimension Style – D

A dimension style is a named collection of dimension

settings that controls the appearance of dimensions,
such as arrowhead style, text location, and lateral
tolerances.

You create dimension styles to specify the

format of dimensions quickly, and to ensure
that dimensions conform to industry or project
standards.
When you create a dimension, it uses the
settings of the current dimension style.
If you change a setting in a dimension style, all
dimensions in the drawing that use the style
update automatically.
You can create dimension substyles that use
specified settings for different types of
dimensions.
You can override a dimension style with
dimension settings that deviate from the
current dimension style.
All dimension styles in your drawing are listed
in the Dimension Style drop-down.

computer graphics lab

26

ANNOANNOTATIONS

TEXT – TE

You can use single-line text to create one or more lines of text, where each text
line is an independent object that you can move, format, or otherwise modify.
Right-click in the text box to select options on the shortcut menu. While you are
in the TEXT command:

Click elsewhere in a drawing to start a new set of rows of single-line text

Press Tab or Shift+Tab to move forward and back between the sets of single-
line text
Press Alt and click a text object to edit a set of text lines

LAYER - LA

Use layers to control the visibility of objects and to

assign properties such as color and linetype. Objects on
a layer normally assume the properties of that layer.
However, you can override any layer property of an
object. For example, if an object’s color property is set
to BYLAYER, the object displays the color of that layer.
If the object’s color is set to Red, the object displays as
red, regardless of the color assigned to that layer.

type layer command and click

on the new icon to make new
layer.
Assign the color, linetype or line
weight to the selected layer
Select object and move onto the
particular layer you created.

computer graphics lab

27

BLOCK - B

Blocks are the collection of geometries that act as a

single object and they can be used in a drawing
repetitively.

Names the block. The name can have up to 255

characters and can include letters, numbers, blank
spaces, and any special character not used by the
operating system or the program for other purposes.

The block name and definition are saved in the

current drawing.

Preview
If an existing block is selected under Name, displays a
preview of the block.

Base Point
Specifies an insertion base point for the block. The
default value is 0,0,0.

Specify On-Screen
Prompts you to specify the base point when the dialog
box is closed.

Pick Insertion Base Point

Temporarily closes the dialog box so that you can
specify an insertion base point in the current drawing.

We could also find the pre-installed Blocks using

Designcentre on AutoCAD Software.

1. Type – DC
2. Find the desired blocks on design center tab right
side of the computer screen.
3. Simply Drag and drop the required block.

computer graphics lab

28

Tolerence
A feature control frame consists of two or more
components. The first feature control frame contains
a symbol that represents the geometric characteristic
to which a tolerance is being applied, for example,
location, profile, form, orientation, or runout. Form
tolerances control straightness, flatness, circularity
and cylindricity; profiles control line and surface. In
the illustration, the characteristic is position.

You can use most editing commands and grips to

change feature control frames, and you can snap to
them using object snaps.

You can also create tolerances that use annotative scaling. For more information about creating and
working with an annotative tolerance, see About Creating Annotative Dimensions and Tolerances,
and About Scaling Annotations

COMPUTER AIDED DESIGNING

Computer aided designing A new part model accurately captures a design from a concept through solid
feature-based modeling. A part model enables you to graphically view the product before it is
manufactured. A part model can be used to:

Capture mass property information.

Vary design parameters to determine the best options.
Graphically visualize a model before it is manufactured.

computer graphics lab

29

PARAMETRIC DESIGN CONCEPT

Parametric models are value-driven, using dimensions and parameters to define the size and location of
the 3D part model. If you edit the value of a feature dimension, that features updates accordingly. The
change then automatically propagates through the related features in the model and eventually updates
the entire part.

BIDIRECTIONAL ASSOCIATIVITY

Bi-directional associativity means that all changes made to an object in any mode of 3D design Software,
Whether it’s on Single part model, Assembly part model or Drawing 3D Part Modeling Design Software
are automatically reflected in every related mode. For example if you made a change in drawing is
directly reflect in part being Designed and also
part
reflected in every assembly using the part model.

According to Design associativity Assembly

design is not a large file containing copies of every
part in the assembly, but rather it containing files
associative links to every model used in assembly.

In another words, all files are linked or

associate with each other if you change the one
another one will update automatically drawing
accordingly. assembly
SOLIDWORKS – 3D Design Software

Solidworks is a 3d modeling software produced by Dassault system corp. ltd. Solid works is a CAD Tool
and its Parametric Feature based system it’s allows you to create 3d parts, assemblies and 2d drawings.
Parametric modeling everything is control by either Parameter, relations and dimensions. The basic
requirement for creating a solid model in every 3d CAD tool is a sketch. The sketch for the features is
drawn in the sketch ribbon inside the solid works. Let’s discuss each and every drawing and 3d tools
with some practical examples.

computer graphics lab

30

Before stating solidworks let’s familiar with the user interface of the software. When software starts
choose “new” for the creating new drawing part file.

You have 3 option available to you on

your solidworks screen 1. Part, 2.
Assembly and 3. Drawing

Choose part (either double click on in or

just click once and press “OK”.

Choose sketch ribbon in the solid works screen and select first plane,
front, top and right and click on the sketch icon.

Sketch environment is highlighted and we can draw the various 2d

drawing using 2d drawing sketching in solid works.

For setting the initial units setting in solidworks go to

“tools>options>click documents and properties > click on “UNITS”
and choose your default units what you need to choose e.g. mmgs
(millimeters, grams, second)

IPS (inch, pound, second).

computer graphics lab

31

PRACTICAL -1

3D DESIGN USING SOLIDWORKS 2015

Open sketch environment in solidworks choose one of default plane (say front) and click on the circle
icon on the sketch toolbar ribbon.

Draw a circle inside the drawing area first then choose smart dimension icon on the sketch ribbon or
right click and drag the mouse courser to UP
you’ve automatically chosen smart
dimension tool. Select the circle and give
the proper dimension as per given drawing.

Draw the same circle of diameter of 60 mm

from the same center point. Then draw the
line as per given drawing and give
dimensions with smart dimension tool.

computer graphics lab

32

when we done by 2D sketching

we must use the trim tool icon
shown in sketch ribbon at
solidworks ribbon panel and
click on the power trim option
available on the right side of
the properties toolbar and
select the line you need to erase
and it will automatically delete
or disappear from the screen.

The final object is ready as per

shown in the 2D sketch
Diagram.

(You can also put the relationships in the object just

click the first object and second object holding down
the “ctrl” key the relation between the both object you
have selected will automatically appear on the right
side on the properties toolbar and you can choose the
appropriate desired relation you want to put on to
define the object.

Now Choose or click on the “feature” ribbon and choose ‘Extruded

Boss/Base’ and your object will automatically get stretched at
backward direction you can simply put the dimension of extrusion
say 40mm. click on OK .

computer graphics lab

33

final object is ready as per the dimension given in the 2D diagram. We have generally four universal 3D
tools which is mostly used in every 3D Design software.

1. Extrude – Extrude is generally

used to extrude or stretched the
object.
2. Revolve- it’s rotates the 2D object
with the help of one reference line.
3. Loft – Loft is generally used to
join the 2 or more 2d objects into a
single solid body.
4. Sweep – The Sweep tool is used to
create solid/surface feature
by sweeping closed loop sketch
along the selected trajectory.

DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING

Geometric dimensioning and tolerancing (GD&T) is a system for defining and communicating
engineering tolerances. It uses a symbolic language on engineering drawings and computer-generated
three-dimensional solid models that explicitly describe nominal geometry and its allowable variation.

If we used Solidworks to make Geometric Dimensioning only one tool is fair enough to specify the
whole dimension here is the following list you could use to mark dimensions using solidworks

AutoCAD® SOLIDWORKS®
Tool Tooltip Command Tool Tooltip Toolbar
Linear DIMLINEAR Smart Dimension Dimensions/Relations.
Dimension See Dimensions/Relations Toolbar
and Menus in the main
SOLIDWORKS help.
Aligned DIMALIGNED Smart Dimension Dimensions/Relations
Dimension
Ordinate DIMORDINATE Ordinate Dimension Dimensions/Relations
Dimension Also tools for horizontal and vertical
ordinate dimensions
Radius DIMRADIUS Smart Dimension Dimensions/Relations
Dimension
Diameter DIMDIAMETER Smart Dimension Dimensions/Relations
Dimension
Angular DIMANGULAR Smart Dimension Dimensions/Relations
Dimension

computer graphics lab

34

AutoCAD® SOLIDWORKS®
Tool Tooltip Command Tool Tooltip Toolbar
Quick QDIM Smart Dimensions/Relations
Dimension DimensionAutodimension tab Dimension a complete sketch or
drawing
Baseline DIMBASELINE Baseline Dimension Dimensions/Relations
Dimension Also tools for horizontal and vertical
baseline dimensions
Continue DIMCONTINUE Smart Dimension Dimensions/Relations
Dimension
Tolerance TOLERANCE Geometric Tolerance Annotations. See Annotations
Toolbar in the main SOLIDWORKS
help.
Center DIMCENTER Center Mark Annotations
Mark
Dimension DIMEDIT - - -
Edit Double-click dimension and edit
in Modify dialog box
Dimension DIMTEDIT - - -
Text Edit Select dimension and edit text
in Dimension
ValuePropertyManager
Dimension DIMSTYLE - - -
Update APPLY
Dim Style Dimension Style - - -
Control Default
Dimension DIMSTYLE - - -
Style
Define, edit, and apply Dimension Styles in Dimension
Leaders PropertyManager for DIMSTYLE APPLY, Style Default, and
DIMSTYLE

computer graphics lab

35

TOLERANCING

Geometric dimensioning and tolerancing (GD&T) is a system for defining and communicating
engineering tolerances. It uses a symbolic language on engineering drawings and computer-generated
three-dimensional solid models that explicitly describe nominal geometry and its allowable variation.

SYMBOL
Select a symbol.

Straightness Flatness Circularity Cylindricity Profile of Line

Profile of Surface Parallel Perpendicular Angularity Circular Runout

Total Runout Position Concentricity Symmetry None

MATERIAL CONDITIONS

Select a material condition. The pointer must be in a Tolerance or Primary, Secondary, or Tertiary box
to insert a material condition.

Only the material conditions that are appropriate for the selected symbol are available.

computer graphics lab

36

Diameter Spherical Diameter Maximum Material Condition

Least Material Condition Regardless of Feature Size Tangent Plane

Free State Statistical Projected Tolerance

Square Unequally Disposed Profile Translation

HEIGHT

If you click Projected Tolerance , enter a projected tolerance zone (PTZ) in Height.

Tolerances

Type tolerance values for Tolerance 1 and Tolerance 2.

computer graphics lab

37

Unit Basis Tolerance

You can apply flatness and straightness tolerances on a unit basis. You apply a unit basis tolerance by
following the tolerance value with a forward slash (/) and entering the per-unit area or per-unit length
criteria.

Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary

Enter datum names and material condition symbols for the Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary datums.

Frames

Create additional frames. You can set as many frames as needed. Use the Frames box to move among
frames. You can see only two frames in the dialog box at a time.

computer graphics lab

Composite Frame
Below Frame
Combines the symbols of two frames.
Add text below the feature control frame.

Between Two Points

Type the labels of the points if the tolerance value applies between two points or entities.
2

MODULE NO. 4

Simple team design project

computer graphics lab

3

GEOMETRY AND TOPOLOGY OF ENGINEERING COMPONENT

The method of representing the shapes of a boundary using the limits is know as Boundary
representation. The boundary representation of a model are composed of two parts, 1. Geometry 2.
Topology the main topological items are edges, vertices and face. A face is a bounded portion of
a surface; an edge is a bounded piece of a curve and a vertex lies at a point.

1. To create surface first we must create a messed boundary on a surface of the model
2. Specify the points where we want to stretch the surface boundary
3. Click and drag until you get the desired topological shape of a boundary surface.

BIM – Building Information Modeling

BIM (Building Information Modeling) is an intelligent 3D model-based process that gives architecture
engineering and construction (AEC) professionals the insight and tools to more efficiently plan, design,
construct, and manage buildings and infrastructure.

computer graphics lab