LANGUAGE
- Gives people insights into their
personal behaviour and positive
experiences beyond the personal
environment.
- Is rich in different works which is
continuously evolving.
- Written works that are considered to
be very good and to have lasting
importance.
- It started with folklores, fables,
songs passed through generation
both oral and written tradition.
SEVEN LITERARY WORKS
LITERARY – scholarly article or classical
writing that is extremely well written and is
very informative.
 PERMANENCE
 An important feature of great
literature is that it endures.
 ARTISTRY
 The literature should be well
written and appeal to our
creative sides with
beautifully crafted phrases
and sentences.
 UNIVERSAL APPEAL
Literature must appeal to a
range of people across diff.
Age groups, nationalities,
cultures, and beliefs.
 INTELLECTUALLY VALUABLE
 Literary work will unusually
inform us about our past,
present, or the world around
us.
 STYLE
o The writer of literature will
unusually have a unique
view of the world and will
put thoughts to us in a way
we have never considered.
 SUGGESTIVENESS
o Literature should carry
many associations that
lead beyond the surface
meaning.
 SPIRITUAL VALUE
o Great works of literature are
often thought to have an
underlying moral message
that can potentially make us
a better person.
21st CENTURY
- The “Now”
- Current century
- Began on January 1, 2001 and will
end on December 31, 2100.
LITERATURE
- Writings
- SHE – Significant Human
Experiences
- A body of written works
- From latin “litera” – an
acquaintance with letters
21ST CENTURY LITERATURE
- Refers to all the written works
produced during the 21st century
(2001-present)
Four reasons why you should read:
(John Green)
1. Stories are about communication.
2. Reading is an act of empathy.
3. Reading helps in better explanations
and better communications.
4. Reading helps in learning the
present and past (even the future).
(we even learn more about ourselves)
TEXT – are any written words on a page.
 According to Antero Garcia,
“TEXTS should include more than
JUST words on a page”.
 Words on a computer screen:
o Audio&Visual: text
messages, movies, blogs,
podcasts, instant
messaging, youtube
videos, pictures
o Audio: spoken word poetry,
audio books, podcasts
o Written: screenplays, scripts
What literature should students be
reading in the 21st century?
1. It is difficult to make a selection.
2. Everything that they can get their
hands on.
3. Anything that challenges the mind
to think.
THEME – is a message , meaning, or the 5. CREATIVE NONFICTION
writer about a subject or topic. - A genre of writing that uses literary
styles and techniques to create
THEMES IN LITERATURE IN THE factually accurate narratives
21ST CENTURY: - Journals or self-expression, letters,
magazine articles and other
1. IDENTITY expressions of imagination.
- Is defined as the set of personal and
behavioural characteristics which LITERATURE –A group of works of art
define an individual as a member of made up of words.
a certain group.
2. HISTORY AND MEMORY  PROSE – is ordinary language that
- A look-back on History but follows regular grammatical
depicting the audiences differently. conventions / essay form.
3. TECHNOLOGY o Fiction – literature created
- Integration of technology is more from imagination.
perceived in the 21st century
 Legend – traditional/
literature.
historical story or
4. INTERTEXTUALITY group of stories told
- Interconnection of one text to about a particular
another/ other texts taken as basic to person or place.
the creation or interpretation of the
 Short Story – fully
text.
developed story
GENRE – a category of artistic which is shorter than
composition characterized by similarities in a novel and longer
form, style, or subject matter. than a fable.
 Novel – long,
GENRES OF LITERATURE: fictional narrative
which describes
1. PROSE FICTION
intimate human
- Imaginary story
experiences.
- Uses natural/ everyday language
 Fable – a concise and
- Has a wide range in terms of length
brief story that is
- Usually focused on one (or a few)
usually about animals
major character and deals with
providing a moral
problems.
lesson at the end.
2. POETRY
- Uses aesthetic / evocative qualities  Parable – a simple
of language. story with a moral.
3. DRAMA  Novella – shorter
- A literary work that is designed to than a full-length
be acted out on stage performed by novel but longer than
actors for an audience. a short story.
- Presents imaginary events acted out o Nonfiction – literature
as if it were happening in the based in fact.
present, to be witnessed by the
 Biography – the life
audience.
history of an
4. NONFICTION PROSE individual written by
- any kind of prose writing that is someone else.
based on facts.
 History – branch of
- Deals with REAL people, things,
knowledge dealing
events, and places.
with past events.
- Must conform to what is true and
 News – information
must not be manipulated.
or reports about
recent events.
  Diary – a book which o Dramatic – an emotional
one keeps a daily piece of lit.
record of events and  Tragedy – literary
experiences. work in which the
 Anecdote – short, main character suffers
sometimes amusing, extreme sorrow.
story that is told to  Comedy – amusing in
make a point. its tone, mostly
 Essay – a short piece having a cheerful
of writing on a ending.
particular subject in  Melodrama – an
an organized manner. exaggerated form of
 POETRY – literature based on the this genre.
interplay of word and rhythm.  Farce – only aims at
o Narrative – form of poetry making the audience
that tells a story, often laugh.
making the voices of a  Social Play – any play
narrator and characters as in which children of
well. the same age interact
 Epic – a long, with each other.
narrative poem that is
usually about heroic
deeds and events that
are significant to the
culture of the poet.
 Ballad – originally
was set to music.
 Metrical Tale – form
of poetry that relays a
story in a number of
verses.
o Lyric – poem expresses
personal emotions through
verse.
 Song – lyrical poem
which is sung with
the playing f some
musical instrument.
 Ode – lyrical in
nature, but not very
lengthy.
 Sonnet – a poetic
form that has
fourteen lines.
 Elegy – sad poem,
usually written to
praise and express
sorrow for someone
who is dead.
 Idyll – a picture of
everyday life while
making things that at
first seem simple
much more
important.