Integrated Approach To Concrete Design

ACECOMS
Workshop Notes On
GENERAL TOPICS
Integrated Approach to Concrete
Design
Worsak Kanok-Nukulchai
Naveed Anwar
© Asian Center for Engineering Computations and Software

Asian Center For Engineering Computations and Software ii
COPYRIGHT
These workshop notes and all associated documentation are proprietary

and copyrighted products. Worldwide rights of ownership are those of
ACECOMS, AIT. Reproduction of the documentation in any form, without
prior written authorization from ACECOMS, AIT, is explicitly prohibited.
Further information and copies of this documentation may be obtained

from:
ACECOMS, AIT,
PO Box 4, Klong Luang
Pathumthani, 12120 - Thailand.
Tel: (662) 524-5539

Fax: (662) 524-6059
E-mail: acecoms@ait.ac.th
Web: www.acecoms.ait.ac.th
Material from various sources including books and websites, has been acknowledged.
Asian Center For Engineering Computations and Software iii

Author
Worsak Kanok-Nukulchai
Naveed Anwar
Compilation and Layout by:

Vittaya Sunthonchanya and Talha Junaid
© Copyright 2003 by ACECOMS, AIT, Thailand
All rights reserved.
No part of this compilation may be reproduced in any form, by Photostat,

microfilm, xerography or any other means or incorporated into any information
retrieval system, electronic or mechanical, without the permission of the
copyright owner.
All inquiries should be addressed to:
Asian Center for Engineering Computations and Software

ACECOMS, AIT,
P.O. Box 4,
Klong Luang, Pathumthani,
Thailand 12120.
http://www.acecoms.ait.ac.th
Asian Center For Engineering Computations and Software iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Numerous people have guided and helped the author during the development and
preparation of these notes. The mention of all has not been possible as it is a very long
list. Foremost the author would like to thank Prof. Worsak Knok-Nukulchai whose
research, notes and lecturers have contributed towards the development of these
workshop notes. Thanks go also to all ACECOMS Associates, including Computers and
Structures, Inc. (CSI), USA, G+D Computing Australia, and many others whose software
have been used in the preparation of these notes. The author also wish to express his
appreciation to the invaluable contribution of the ACECOMS staff members, especially,
Buddhi S. Sharma, M. Talha Junaid, Keerati Tuntasuwattana, and Vittaya
Sunthonchanya. The author would also like to thank all others that have proved so useful
in the preparation of these notes.
Finally, the author would like to thank the readers, who are the driving force behind all this
effort. This document is the product of the work of many hands and is now in yours.
Asian Center For Engineering Computations and Software v

RELATED PUBLICATIONS
Various publications are available at ACECOMS related to these workshop notes, giving
in-depth knowledge and understanding of the topic as a whole. These publications
include:
o Modeling, Analysis, Design and Detailing of Deep Beams

o Modeling, Analysis, Design and Detailing of Shear Walls
o Design of Columns and Bridge Piers
o Design of Reinforced Concrete Beams
o Retrofitting and Strengthening of Concrete Members
o Applications of the Strut and Tie Model
Asian Center For Engineering Computations and Software vi

Asian Center For Engineering Computations and Software vii
INTRODUCTION TO
WORKSHOP NOTES
These workshop notes are the fruit of decades of work by the author and incorporate
feedback from and interaction with the participants of these workshops. Over the years,
ACECOMS has held seminars and workshops around the world, conducting training
sessions on a wide range of topics. These topics have been selected and refined based
on the feedback from engineering professionals from around the globe.
Special emphasis has been placed on helping the reader to understand the topic
conceptually. The background theory is explained in detail with the goal of clearing up
some common misconceptions. These workshop notes are available for the topics listed
below:
WN A-General Topics
01. Introduction to Modeling and Analysis of Structures
02. Computer Applications in Structural Engineering
03. Integrated Approach to Concrete Design
04. Integrated Approach to Steel Design
05. Introduction to Computer Programming
06. Current Technologies in Structural Engineering Software Development
07. Developing Software for Engineering Applications
WN B-Structures and Structural Systems

01. Modeling Analysis and Design of Buildings
02. Modeling Analysis and Design of Bridges
03. Behavior and Analysis of Floor Slab Systems
04. Introduction to Bridge Systems
05. Introduction to Building Systems
06. Floor Slab System Selection and Preliminary Design
Asian Center For Engineering Computations and Software viii

07. Cost Sensitive Design of Industrial Floors
08. Modular Design of Industrial Structures
09. Development of Estimation and Budget Control for Industrial Constructions
10. Design of Residential Houses Using ETABS
11. Systems, Behavior, Modeling, Analysis and Design of Residential Houses
WN C-Structural Analysis
01. Introduction and Application of Finite Element Analysis
02. Introduction to Seismic Analysis
03. Modeling and Analysis of Buildings Using BATS
04. Modeling of Structures in 2D
05. Introduction to Non-Linear and Dynamic Analysis
06. Modeling and Analysis of Box Girder Bridges
07. Moving Load Analysis in SAP2000
WN D-Concrete Design
01. Modeling, Analysis, Design and Detailing of Deep Beams
02. Modeling, Analysis, Design and Detailing of Shear Walls
03. Design of Columns and Bridge Piers
04. Design of Reinforced Concrete Beams
05. Retrofitting and Strengthening of Concrete Members
06. Applications of the Strut and Tie Model
WN E-Steel Design
01. Design of Steel Beams
02. Design of Steel Columns
03. Design of Strut and Ties
WN F-Foundation Design
01. Modeling, Analysis, Design and Detailing of Mat Foundations
02. Modeling, Analysis, Design and Detailing of Pile Caps
03. Modeling, Analysis, Design and Detailing of Isolated Footings
04. Modeling, Analysis, Design and Detailing of Combine Footings
For more information and details about these workshop notes contact ACECOMS.
Asian Center For Engineering Computations and Software ix

SEMINAR DATA SHEET
Over the past eight years ACECOMS has held seminars in over fifteen countries around
the world. These seminars have been conducted in fifteen countries around the world.
The following are some general statistics with respect to the seminars that we have
conducted.
ACECOMS has always given utmost importance to Seminars: 65

the feedback received from the participants of the Training Days: 150
seminars/workshops. We have, to the best of our Training Hours: 900
ability, attempted to improve these training sessions Participants: 2,500
and bring the best to you. A reflection of the success Countries: 15
of this ongoing endeavor is the encouraging way in
Cities: 25
which you have evaluated our seminars. The following
graphical representation shows the overall evaluation of ACECOMS seminars.
Asian Center For Engineering Computations and Software x

Asian Center For Engineering Computations and Software xi
CONTENTS
Computer Applications in Structural Engineering
Design of Members
Structural Members and Materials
Members Design Philosophy
Design Mechanics for Concrete Members
Putting it All Together
Punching Shear
Software for Design of RC Members
Asian Center For Engineering Computations and Software xii

Asian Center For Engineering Computations and Software xiii
Integrated Approach to Concrete Design
Integrated Approach to
Concrete Design
Naveed Anwar, Prof. Worsak Kanok-Nukulchai
Asian Center for Engineering Computations and Software

Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand
Design
Design of
of Members
Members
Asian Center For Engineering Computations and Software 1

Conception
Conception
Modeling
Modeling
Analysis
Analysis
Design
Design
Detailing
Detailing
Costing
Costing
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Structural
Structural Members
Members
and
and Materials
Materials

Structural Members and Systems
• Basic Structural Members

– Beam, Column, Strut, Tie
– Girder, Pier, Pile, Diaphragm
• Floor Slab Systems
– Flat Slab, Beam Slab, Waffle Slab, Joist System, …
– Two-way Slabs, One-way Slabs
• Foundation Systems
– Isolated Footings, Combined Footings, Rafts
– Pile Foundation, Caissons
• Wall Systems
– Several types of Retaining Walls
– Shear-Walls and Bearing Walls
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Basic Member Classification
• Axial Members: Y
– Tension Only -P
– Compression Only +P
– Tension + Compression -P , +P
• Beams
– Uniaxial Bending Mx, Vy, Tz X
– Biaxial Bending Mx, My, Vx, Vy, Tz
• Columns
– Uniaxial Bending +P, Mx, Vy
– Biaxial Bending +P, Mx, My, Vx, Vy
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Failure Modes of Members
• Direct Tension Failure

• Direct Compression Failure
• Direct Flexural Failure
• Axial-Flexural Buckling
• Lateral-Torsional Buckling
• Local buckling of Cross-section Elements
• Web Buckling
• Web Crippling
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• Direct Tension Failure

– Failure of material in tension
– For members in high direct tension
• Direct Compression Failure

– Failure of material in compression
– For short, compact members
• Direct Flexural Failure

– Failure of material in tension or in compression
– For compact, fully braced beams or columns
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• Axial-Flexural Buckling
– Stability failure due to axial load and pure bending
– For symmetrical sections, long columns
• Lateral Buckling
– Stability failure in bending in transverse direction
– For laterally unbraced symmetrical beam sections
– (Mostly “Lateral Buckling” is accompanied by twisting)
• Lateral-Torsional Buckling
– Stability failure in lateral bending and twisting
– For laterally unbraced sections
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• Local buckling of Cross-section Elements

– Stability failure of parts of section due to compression
– For thin, slender plates (high b/t ratio)
• Web Buckling
– Lateral stability failure of web due to direct loads
– For high reactions, Plate Girders, thin webs
• Web Crippling or Crushing

– In-Plane stability failure of web
– For high loads, reactions, un-stiffened webs
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Prevention of Failure
• Limit the Modes of Failure

– Provide Lateral and Torsional Bracing
– Control Section Slenderness Ratio: Compactness
– Provide Stiffening
• Limit the Allowable Stresses

– Take into account various stability factors
• Limit the Combined Stresses Ratio

– The ratio of actual to allowable stresses for various actions is restricted
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Member Materials
• Structural Concrete
– Plain Concrete
– Reinforced Concrete
– Pre-stressed Concrete
– Fiber Reinforced Concrete
– Ferrocement
• Structural Steel
– Hot Rolled Steel
– Cold Formed Steel
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RC Members Vs Steel Members
Concrete Steel
(RC) Hot Rolled
Utilize full compression Often Rarely
Vibration in Beams Rare Often
Lateral Buckling Rarely Often
Local Buckling/ Failure Rarely Often
Lateral Torsional Buck. Rarely Often
Shape Dependency Less More
Ductility Low High
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Concrete Steel
(RC) Hot Rolled
Unit Weight (kG/m3) 2400 7800
Modulus E (Ksc) (Ave) 2.2 x 105 2.0 x 106
Comp. Strength (Ksc) 200 - 1200 2400 – 3500
Tensile Strength (Ksc) 25 - 300 2400 - 3500
Cost (Baht/cum) 4000 - 6000 125,000 +
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Concrete Steel
(RC) Hot Rolled
Architectural Covering Rarely Often
Reliability of Material Lower Higher
Fire Protection Not Required Required
Maintenance Less More
Construction Slower Faster
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Cold Formed Steel
• Cold Formed Steel

– Manufactured by cold bending of thin plates and metal sheets
– Strength primarily governed by stability, local buckling and Lateral-
Torsional Buckling
– Mostly used for light-weight construction, architectural
applications, pre-fabricated construction, roof and wall cladding
– Governed by separate design codes and specification (AISI -
American Iron and Steel Institute)
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Members Design
Philosophy
The Structural System
STRUCTURE
RESPONSES
EXCITATION
Loads Displacements
Strains
Vibrations
Stresses
Settlements pv
Thermal Changes Stress Resultants
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The Need for Analysis and Design
We need to determine the

Response of the Structure to
Analysis
Excitations
so that:
We can ensure that the structure

Design
can sustain the excitation with an
acceptable level of response
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Design Philosophy and Process
“Structural Design is the process of proportioning the structure to

safely resist the applied forces in the most cost effective and friendly
manner”
Member Sizes
Load Effects
Design Material Specs
Requirements
Reinforcement
Constraints
Details
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Proportioning for Safety
• Prime Concern
“Balance External Actions with Internal Stress Resultants with
adequate margin for safety”
Sd >= FOS * Fa
• And Check for

– Deflections, Deformations, Vibrations, Crack Width
– Fire Protections, Permeability, Chemical Attacks
– Ductility and Other special considerations
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Proportioning for Safety
S>A
S
= A
FOS S S = A × FOS
= A × FOS L
Working Strength Design FOS s Load Factor Design
•Ultimate Strength Design

• A = Actions due to loads •Limit State Design
•Partial FOS Design
• S = Strength of member
• FOS = Factor of safety
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Philosophies in Current Use
• Allowable Stress Design

– Allowable Stress Design (ASD)
– Working Stress Design (WSD)
• Limit State Design

– Ultimate Strength Design (USD)
– Strength Design (SD)
– Plastic Design (PD)
– Limit Design (LD)
– Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD)
• Load Factor Design (LFD)
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Design Codes and Specifications
Relative Safety Margin: Typical Design Examples
Member Type AISC- AISC- AIJ BS5950

ASD LRFD
Tension 1.0 1.07 1.11 1.20
Compression 1.0 1.12 1.22 1.23
Beam 1.0 1.33 1.03 1.32
Beam-Column 1.0 1.03 0.95 1.26
Factor more than 1.0 means more economical
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Design Codes and Specifications
Design Concept for Various Steel Design Codes

Country Code Design Concept
US AISC ASD LRFD
Thailand EIT ASD --
Japan AIJ ASD --
UK BS5950 -- LRFD
Europe EC3 -- LRFD
Australia AS4100 -- LRFD
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ASD Vs LRFD: Cost Comparison
1.1
1
LRFD/ASD
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
(Live load/Dead load) ratio
Conclusion: LRFD is Cheaper for LL/DL < 3.0
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Loads and Stress Resultants
Obtained from Depends on Stiffness

Loads Actions Deformation
Analysis (Section and Rebars)
Depends on
FOS
FOS
Section and Rebars
Stress
Stresses Strains
Resultants
Section Capacity/ Section Design Process
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Design Mechanics for

Concrete Members

Primary Actions and Reinforcement
P -P
m m -m -m
P -P
b) Flexure (Bending)
a) Axial Force
ν
ν
ν
c) Direct beam shear d) Torsion e) Shear Friction
∆ ∆
f) Restrained Shrinkage g) Free Shrinkage
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Design Mechanics Classification
• Axial-Flexural Behavior
– Bending Moments and Axial Force
• Shear-Torsion Behavior
– Beam Shear and Torsion
• Punching Shear Behavior
– Punching Shear and Moment Transfer
• Shear Friction Behavior
– Shear Friction and Axial Load
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Computer Aided Design of Concrete Structures
Basic Concrete Mechanics
Axial - Flexural Behavior
fs NA
CL
fc
y
c
h
f1
or
f2 sf
se l
fn es
S tr S t e e
or
sf Horizontal
se a nd
es
S tr c re te
o n / F
c R
a in
S tr
Conventional Assumptions
– Perfect bond between concrete and reinforcement

– Stress resultants and external actions are in equilibrium.
– The stress-strain relationship for materials is known
– Plane sections remain plane
– The concrete limiting strain is defined ( εc = 0.003)
– Steel is assumed to be perfectly Elasto-plastic
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Flexural Theory: Various “Specializations”
• Types of Reinforcement • Location of Reinforcement

– Unreinforced – Singly Reinforced
– Reinforced – Doubly Reinforced
– Partially Prestressed – Arbitrarily Reinforced
– Fully Prestressed • Concrete Stress Block
– Fiber Reinforced – Rectangular
– Semi-Parabolic
• Types of Actions – Full Parabolic of various orders
– Uniaxial Bending • Cross-section Shape
– Uniaxial Bending and Axial Force – Rectangular
– Biaxial Bending – Circular
– Biaxial Bending and Axial Force – Flanged
– General
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Unified Theory for Concrete Design
• It is possible to develop a single theory for determining

the axial flexural stress resultants of most types of
concrete members for all design methods and for most
design codes
– Unifying Beams and Columns

– Unifying Reinforced and Pre-stressed Concrete
– Unifying WSD and USD Methods
– Unifying different Cross-section Types
– Incorporating various stress-strain models
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Unifying Beams and Columns
Actions Sections
Beam Mx or My Rectangular, T, L, Box
Circular, Polygonal,
Column P, Mx and/or My
General Shape
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Unifying Reinforced and Pre-stressed
Pre-stressing
Reinforced Steel
Steel
Un-reinforced No No
Reinforced Yes No
Partially Pre-stressed Yes Yes
Fully Pre-stressed No Yes
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Unifying Reinforced and Composite
Pre-
Reinforced Steel
stressing
Steel Section
Steel
Reinforced Yes No No
Reinforced-Composite Yes No Yes
Partially Pre-stressed -
Composite
Yes Yes Yes
Fully Pre-stressed -
Composite
No Yes Yes
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Unifying Material Models
Concrete
Concrete Stress-Strain
Stress-Strain Relationships
Relationships
Stress
Linear Whitney PCA BS-8110
Strain
Mander-1 Mander-2
Parabolic Unconfined
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Unifying Material Models
Steel
Steel Stress-Strain
Stress-Strain Relationships
Relationships
Linear - Elastic Elasto-Plastic

Stress
Strain
Strain Strain
Hardening - Hardening
Simple Park
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Unifying Service State and Ultimate State
• General
• Section Capacity based on location of neutral
axis, strain compatibility and equilibrium of stress
resultants and actions
• Service State Calculations

• Neutral axis depth controlled by limit on concrete
(or steel) stresses directly
• Ultimate State Calculations

• Neutral axis depth controlled by limit on strain in
concrete (or in steel) and indirect control on
material stresses
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General Procedure for Computing Capacity
• Assume Strain Profile

f c(e)
– Assume a specific angle of neutral axis e
N.A
– Assume a specific depth of neutral axis F bi
– Assume maximum strain and determine the F pj
strain in concrete, re-bars, strands, and steel

from the strain diagram
• Determine the stress in each component
from the corresponding stress-strain
Relationship
• Calculate stress-resultant of each component
• Calculate the total stress resultant of the
section by summation of stress resultant of
individual components
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Axial Resistance
ε fC
b
∆
Cs
P P h Cc
Cs
As Strain Stress
P = Cc + Cs
P = f cbh + As f s T = Tc + Ts
Pmax = f c(max)bh + As f s(max)
Tmax = As f y
Pmax = 085
. f c′bh + As f y
Tusable = φAs f y
 f . f c ′ 
c (max) = 085
Pusable = φ 08 . f c′bh + As f y )
. (085  
 f s(max) = f y 
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Flexural Resistance
b ε fc
a
Cc
M M
d Z =
Ts
M = Cc . Z = Ts . Z (Cs = Ts )
M = f cba. Z = As f s . Z
εc = 0.003 
M max = (0.85 f c ′ba)(d − a 2) = As f y (d − a 2)  ′
 f c max = 0.85 f c 
. f c ′ba)(d − a 2 ) = φAs f y (d − a 2 )
Musable = φ (085
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Axial Load and Single Moment
b
y ε cmax fc(ε )
Rc
c fs(e)
M M N.A.
N N h z
Px Mz
Rs
yi
Strain Concrete Steel Strees

Stress Stress Resultants
N nx = φ [Fc + Fs ]
n
N z = ∫ ∫ σ (x, y ) dx dy + ∑ Aiσ i ( x, y )
M ny = φ [Fc . z + Fs . z ]
xy i =1
n
M x = ∫ ∫ σ (x, y ) dx dy . y + ∑ Aiσ i ( x, y ) yi
x y i =1
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Axial Load and Two Moments
)
f c(e
y e
N.A
N N F bi
F pj
z
Mx
My Mx My
 n 
N z =  ∫ ∫ σ ( x, y ) dx dy + ∑ Aiσ i ( x, y )
 x y i =1 
General Equations
 n 
M x =  ∫ ∫ σ ( x, y ) dx dy . y + ∑ Aiσ i ( x, y ) yi  without Capacity
 x y i =1  Reduction Factors
 n 
M y =  ∫ ∫ σ (x, y ) dx dy . x + ∑ Aiσ i ( x, y ) xi 
 x y i =1 
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The Basic Moment Stress Resultants
The Most Simple Case
 a
M = φ f y A st  d − 
n
 2
b 0.003 0.85 fc'

fc(ε)
C
βC
C
d N.A.
OR jd
0 0
M T
Section Strain Stress and Force
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The General Cross-section
Comprehensive Case
fs NA
CL
fc
y
c
h
f1
f2 fo r
es
fn e ss el
S tr S te
or
sf H orizontal
s se and
e
S tr c re te
n F
co R/
a in
S tr
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The General Stress Resultants
The Comprehensive Case
1 1 n 
N z = φ1  ∫ ∫ σ ( x, y ) dx dy ... + ∑ A σ ( x, y) ...
 γ 1 x y γ2 i i
i =1 
1 1 n 
M x = φ 2  ∫ ∫ σ ( x, y ) dx dy . y ... + ∑ A σ ( x , y ) y ...
 γ 1 x y γ2
i i i
i =1 
1 1 n 
M y = φ3  ∫ ∫ σ ( x, y ) dx dy . x ... + ∑ A σ ( x, y) x ...
 γ 1 x y γ2 i i i
i =1 
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Axial Load and Two Moments

 n 
N z = φ1  ∫ ∫ σ ( x, y ) dx dy + ∑ Aiσ i ( x, y )
 x y i =1  General Equations
 n  with ACI Capacity
M x = φ 2  ∫ ∫ σ ( x, y ) dx dy . y + ∑ Aiσ i ( x, y ) yi  Reduction Factors
 x y i =1 
φ1 = 0.7- 0.75
 
φ2, 3 = 0.7 – 0.9
n
M y = φ3  ∫ ∫ σ (x, y ) dx dy . x + ∑ Aiσ i ( x, y ) xi 
 x y i =1 
1 1 n 
N z =  ∫ ∫ σ ( x, y ) dx dy + ∑ A σ ( x, y ) 
γ
 x y
1 γ 2 i =1
i i
 General Equations
1 n 
with BS Capacity
1
M x =  ∫ ∫ σ ( x, y ) dx dy . y + ∑ Aiσ i ( x, y ) yi  Reduction Factors
 γ 1 x y γ 2 i =1  γ1 = 1. 5
1 1 n  γ2 = 1.05
M y =  ∫ ∫ σ ( x, y ) dx dy . x + ∑ Aiσ i ( x, y ) xi 
 γ 1 x y γ 2 i =1 
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Flexural Theory: Stress Resultants
The Most Simple Case b 0.003 0.85 f c'

fc(ε)
C
βC
 a
C
= φ
N.A.
M f y A st  d − 
d
OR jd
n
 2 M
0
T
0
Section Strain Stress and Force
The Most Comprehensive Case

1 1 n 
N z = φ1  ∫ ∫ σ ( x, y ) dx dy ... + ∑ A σ ( x, y) ... fs NA
CL
 γ 1 x y γ2 i i
i =1  fc
y
c
1 1 n 
M x = φ 2  ∫ ∫ σ (x, y ) dx dy . y ... + ∑ Aiσ i ( x, y ) yi ...
h
f1
r
γ
 1 x y γ 2 i =1 
f2
fn
r
es
s fo
se l
Str Ste e
s fo Horizontal
se a n d
es
1 1 n  S t r c r et e
M y = φ3  ∫ ∫ σ ( x, y ) dx dy . x ... +
n
∑ A σ ( x, y) x ...
c o R /F
ain
Str
 γ 1 x y γ2 i i i
i =1 
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Application of General Equations
Plain concrete shape Reinforced concrete section Compact Hot-rolled steel shape
Composite section Reinforced concrete,

Compact Built-up steel section
composite section
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P-M Interaction Curve
The curve is generated by

varying the neutral axis depth
Un-safe
Safe
 Nb 
N nx = φ  ∫ f c (ε ) da + ∑ f si A si 
A i =1 
 Nb 
M ny = φ  ∫ ∫ f c (ε ) da .dz + ∑ f si A si d zi 
z A i =1 
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P-Mx-My Interaction Surface

+P
A cross-section of
The surface is
Un-safe
interaction surface at P u
generated by
- My
changing Angle
Pu and Depth of
Safe
Neutral Axis
- Mz + Mz
+ My
 1 1 n 
N = φ1  ∫ ∫ σ (x , y ) dx dy ... + ∑ A i σ i ( x , y ) ... 
 γ 1 γ
z
x y 2 i =1 
 1 1 n 
M = φ2 ∫ ∫ σ (x , y ) dx dy . y ... + ∑ A i σ i ( x , y ) y i ... 
 γ 1 γ
x
x y 2 i =1 
 1 1 n 
M = φ3  ∫ ∫ σ (x , y ) dx dy . x ... + ∑ A i σ i ( x , y ) x i ... 
 γ 1 γ
y
x y 2 i =1 
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Generating Capacity Surface
Interaction Surface
Stress Integration
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Graphical view of the Capacity
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Graphical view of the Capacity
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Capacity Surface: Plain, RC and Composite
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Effect of Capacity Reduction Factors
No Capacity Reduction BS-8110
ACI-318-99, Method-1 ACI-318-99, Method 2
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Computer Aided Design of Concrete Structures
Basic Concrete Mechanics
Shear-Torsion Behavior
Conceptual Design for Pure Shear
Steel
σc
V
Steel
σt
σc
Limit Vc on σ t Limit V on σ c and steel ratio

Ast based on V-Vc
(Vc = 2 f c )
Shear - Torsion Theories
• Major Issues
– No unified Theory Yet
– Several Interactions
• Shear & Torsion, Shear & Moment, Shear & Load, Torsion & Moment
– Effect of Confinement, Flexural Reinforcement, Hoops
• Current Approaches
– Solid Mechanics (principle stress, Mohr's circle)
– Truss Mechanism, Strut and Tie, diagonal tension
– Compression Field Theories
– Arch action, dowel action, Fracture Mechanics, aggregate interlock and
other considerations
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The Origin of Shear Stresses
• Shear stress in beam-column sections is produced due to:
Shear
ShearForce
Force Torsion
Torsion Combination
Combination
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Shear Stress Distribution Due To Shear
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Shear Stress Distribution Due to Torsion
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Shear Stress Due to Shear + Torsion
-
+ +
+ =
+ =
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Shear Stress and Concrete Sections
• Shear stress contributes to principle stresses

• In the absence of direct compressive stress:
– One of the principle stress will be tension
– Concrete does not take much tensions
– So concrete can not resist much shear stress
– Hence concrete alone can not resist much shear force or torsion
• Shear and torsion capacity of concrete section is therefore

primarily governed by the tension capacity of concrete
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ACI Approach to Shear-Torsion Design
Conceptual Design for Pure Shear

Steel
σc
V
Steel
σt
σc
Limit Vc on σ t Limit V on σ c and steel ratio

Ast based on V-Vc
(Vc = 2 f c )
• Compute Vc and Tc based on Diagonal Tension

• Optional: Consider Interaction of V + T + M + P for computing Vc
• Compute reinforcement for Vs = V-Vc and for Ts = T-Tc
• Limit the maximum Shear/ Torsion stresses on concrete Compression
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Interaction of Shear Stresses

• Consider Interaction of V + T + M + P for computing Vc
Interaction of Shear with other Stresses (σ t 1 ≠ σ t 2 ≠ σ t 3 ≠ σ t 4 ≠ σ t 5 )
V V V T T
V V
Nt Nc
σ t1 σ t2 σ t3 σ t4 σ t5
V
V & Nt V & Nc
V, M and P V&T
M + V (+N) T
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A Truss and a Beam
A Real Truss
An RC Beam and “Hidden” Truss
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Formation of Truss in Beams
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Strut and Tie Approach
Basic Concept
• The section is fully cracked
• Concrete takes no tension
• All Compression is taken by “Struts”
• All Tension is taken by “Ties”
• “Ties and Struts “ provide a stable mechanism
• It is a “Lower Bound” Solution
Application
• Post –cracking Shear Behavior and Design
• Design of Deep Beam and Shear Walls
• Design of Corbels, Brackets, Joints
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a a
d d
Tie-Strut Model
L/d =1 L/d =2
L/a =0.5 L/a =1
L L
Effect of Span:Depth Ratio
L/d = 3
For L/D < 4
L/a = 1.5
Load transferred by direct
Compression
L/d = 4
L/a = 2 For L/D > 4
Auxiliary Ties are required
for shear transfer
L/d = 5
L/a = 2.5
For L/D > 5
Beam tends to behave in
L/d = 6
ordinary Flexure
L/a = 3
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Not OK: Too Shallow

Tie-Strut Model
Tension in Bottom Chord
Angle = 18 Deg Effect of Strut Angle

OK: Most Ecconomical
Angle < 30 Deg.

Too shallow, tension steel
Angle = 34 Deg
not economical, strut too
long, anchorage difficult
OK: USed by ACI Code
Angle 35 - 45 Deg
Gives the most economical
Angle = 45 Deg
and realistic design
NOT OK: Too Steep and Expensive Angle > 50 Deg.

Too steep. Requires too
much stirrups. Not good.
Angle = 64 Deg
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Simple Vs Modified Truss Model

a=1.6 a=1.6
P=10,000 kN
d=1.4
d=1.4 h=1.6 d=1.4 h=1.6

α
α
T β T
L=2.5 L=2.5
1
a) Simple "Strut & Tie" Model c) Modified Truss Model B
α = tan-1 d/0.5L
α = tan-1 d/0.5(L-d1)
α = 48 deg α = 68.5 deg
T = 0.5P/tanα T = 0.5P/tanα
T = 1970 kN
T = 4502 kN
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A Space Truss Model for Pilecap

P1
a2
a2
P4
P2
P3
d
L2
L1
Main members
Secondary members
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Application of MSTM
D D P
P
P
L L1
a) Two Pile Case d) Six Pile Case

L1 < (3D + b)
P L2 < (3D + b)
1
a2 a2 P
P
2 4
P
3 d
e) Sixteen Pile Case (Also for 12 pile, 14 pile, 20 pile)
L2
L1
Main members
Secondary members
c) Four Pile Case

d) Three Pile Case
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Behavior for Torsion - General
A Single Section A Equal Split Section An un-equal Split Section
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Tensional Stress Distribution
A Flanged Section
A Flanged - Box Section
A Box Section
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Behavior for Shear and Torsion
Pure Torsion produces constant

“Shear Flow” around the cross-
section outer skin.
Shear and
Torsion may
produce Un-
even Shear Flow
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Simplified Behavior for Torsion – RC Beam
Only this portion

of concrete section
available of
resisting Torsion
Therefore “other”
mechanism should
found to resist
torsion
Before Cracking of After Cracking of

Concrete Concrete
ACECOMS AIT
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Simplified Behavior for Torsion – RC Beam
The shear flow in a steel tube embedded in a

concrete section is concentrated in the steel
tube. This observation is relevant to concrete
sections with hoop reinforcement, where
almost the entire torsion is resisted by the
reinforcement.
(green color show high stress)
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Space Truss Analogy
b) Space Truss Model for Torsion c) Modified Space Truss for M, V, T
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Putting it All
Together
M T
P V
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Rebars for Axial Load - P
As : May be needed to resist compression.

Generally not required if P is small
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Rebars for Moment - Mx
Asc : To resist compression due to

moment (doubly reinforced beams)
Asw : To resist secondary tension due to

moment and prevent web cracks (for beams
more than 90 cm deep)
Ast : To resist main tension due to

moment
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Rebars for Moment - My

Ast : To resist main
tension due to moment moment (may not be neede)
Asw : To resist secondary tension due to

moment and prevent web cracks (for beams
more than 90 cm deep)
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Rebars for Shear - V
Asv : To resist shear stress due to shear

force exceeding the shear capacity of
concrete
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Rebars for Torsion - T
Al : To resist the longitudinal tension due

to Torsion. Must be distributed around the
perimeter
Asvt : To resist shear due to Torsion.

Must be closed hoops on sides of the
section
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Total Reinforcement: P + Mx + My + V + T
Ast : To resist Asc + Al/4: To resist compression due to
moment Mx (doubly reinforced beams)
tension due to My
and tension due to Torsion

My (may not be needed)
Asvt + Asv/2: To resist shear due to

Torsion. Must be closed hoops on sides of
the section
Asw + Al/4 : To resist secondary tension

in deep beams due to moment and due to
Torsion
Ast + Al/4 : To resist main tension due to

moment and tension due to Torsion
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Punching Shear
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One-way and Two-way Shear
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Moment and Shear

Transfer
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Software for
Design of RC Members
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Software for Design of RC Members
• GEAR
– Design of Beams, Columns, Flat Slabs, Pile Caps, Two way
Slabs, Isolated Footings, Combined Footings
• PROKON
– Design of Beams, Columns, Flat Slabs, Isolated Footings,
Combined Footings, Pre-stressed Slabs. Retaining Walls etc.
ACECOMS AIT
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Integrated Approach To Concrete Design

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© Asian Center for Engineering Computations and Software

These workshop notes and all associated documentation are proprietary

Further information and copies of this documentation may be obtained

Tel: (662) 524-5539

Asian Center For Engineering Computations and Software iii

Compilation and Layout by:

© Copyright 2003 by ACECOMS, AIT, Thailand

All rights reserved.

No part of this compilation may be reproduced in any form, by Photostat,

All inquiries should be addressed to:

Asian Center for Engineering Computations and Software

Asian Center For Engineering Computations and Software iv

Asian Center For Engineering Computations and Software v

o Modeling, Analysis, Design and Detailing of Deep Beams

Asian Center For Engineering Computations and Software vi

WN B-Structures and Structural Systems

Asian Center For Engineering Computations and Software viii

Asian Center For Engineering Computations and Software ix

ACECOMS has always given utmost importance to Seminars: 65

Asian Center For Engineering Computations and Software x

Structural Members and Materials

Members Design Philosophy

Design Mechanics for Concrete Members

Putting it All Together

Software for Design of RC Members

Asian Center For Engineering Computations and Software xii

Naveed Anwar, Prof. Worsak Kanok-Nukulchai

Asian Center for Engineering Computations and Software

Asian Center For Engineering Computations and Software 1

Asian Center For Engineering Computations and Software 2

Structural Members and Systems

• Basic Structural Members

Basic Member Classification

Asian Center For Engineering Computations and Software 3

Failure Modes of Members

• Direct Tension Failure

Failure Modes of Members

• Direct Tension Failure

• Direct Compression Failure

• Direct Flexural Failure

Asian Center For Engineering Computations and Software 4

Failure Modes of Members

Failure Modes of Members

• Local buckling of Cross-section Elements

• Web Crippling or Crushing

Asian Center For Engineering Computations and Software 5

• Limit the Modes of Failure

• Limit the Allowable Stresses

• Limit the Combined Stresses Ratio

Asian Center For Engineering Computations and Software 6

RC Members Vs Steel Members

Vibration in Beams Rare Often

Lateral Buckling Rarely Often

Local Buckling/ Failure Rarely Often

Lateral Torsional Buck. Rarely Often

Shape Dependency Less More

Ductility Low High

RC Members Vs Steel Members

Modulus E (Ksc) (Ave) 2.2 x 105 2.0 x 106

Comp. Strength (Ksc) 200 - 1200 2400 – 3500

Tensile Strength (Ksc) 25 - 300 2400 - 3500

Cost (Baht/cum) 4000 - 6000 125,000 +