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Abstract-On 24th September, 2006, a severe disturbance II. POWER SYSTEM STABILITY
occurred on the National Grid System of Pakistan which caused .. .
cascading outages of transmission lines and generating stations
that ultimately led to system wide collapse/blackout. This major
Power abli in a.stte abilitrofith system
that enables it to remain in a state of operating equilibrlum
blackout was one of the worst power system failures of WAPDA, under normal operating conditions and to regain an acceptable
the main electric utility of Pakistan. This paper provides an state of equilibrium after being subjected to a disturbance [1,2].
insight of the investigations to identify system constraints that In general, most problems faced by large interconnected power
caused blackout. The bulk power transfer on long 500 kV systems are due to the following types of stability phenomena:
transmission lines in northern part of WAPDA, prior to blackout,
had already loaded them close to their stability limits. As a result, A. Transient Stability
the system, after a disturbance, was stressed further beyond its Transient stability is the ability of power system to maintain
capability and experienced small signal and voltage instabilities,
which led to its collapse. In this paper, detailed analytical work
including steady state and dynamic simulations/analyses have
synchronism when subjected to a severe transient disturbance.
Transient instability is characterized by generator(s) pulling
been carried out to study the behaviour of WAPDA power system out-of-step with the rest of the system in a relatively short
during collapse. Later, the effectiveness of the power system period following a large disturbance [1], [2].
controllers, i.e., Power System Stabilizers (PSS) and Flexible AC
Transmission System (FACTS) has been demonstrated as B. Small Signal Stability
remedial measures to prevent such major system blackout. Small signal stability is characterized by low frequency
Index Terns-System wide collapse/Blackout, Transient Stability, oscillations, which are of two distinct types. One type is
Small Signal Stability, Voltage Stability, System Damping, Bulk associated with the swinging of many machines in one part of
Power Transfer, PSS, FACTS, Static Var Compensator (SVC). the system against machines in the other parts. These are
referred to as "inter-area mode" oscillations and have
I. INTRODUCTION frequencies in the range of 0.1 to 0.7 Hz. These oscillations
This paper gives a briefdescription gieabieesrptooowrsyoften
This of power system stabilty
paper
exhibit poor damping when aggregate power transfer
over a corridor is high relative to the transmission strength.
including transient, small signal and voltage stability in Section The second type is associated with generating units at a power
II. Section III presents the characteristics of WAPDA power station swinging with respect to the rest of the power system.
system. Section IV presents and interprets the results of Such oscillations are referred to as "local plant mode"
detailed power flow, eigenvalue and time domain dynamic oscillations and the frequency of these oscillations is typically
simulations/analyses to investigate behaviour of WAPDA in the range of 0.8 to 2.0 Hz [1]-[3].
power system during collapse. Section V presents the
technical features of PSS and FACTS controllers, which are C. Voltage Stability
used to enhance the small signal stability and voltage stability Voltage stability is the ability of a power system to maintain
of a power system respectively. Section VI presents the results stead acceptable voltages at all buses in the system under
of analyses to demonstrate the.. effectiveness of PSS and ~normal
. . . ....... y ooperating conditions
g y
and after being subjected to a
FACTS controllers individually and in combination to enhance disturbance. A system enters a state of voltage instability
stability of WAPDA power network and thus saving the total when a disturbance, sudden increase in load demand, or a
system blackout as happened on 24th September 2006. Section change in system condition causes a progressive and
VII presents the overall conclusions of this research to prevent u l rop in voltag The main factor causing
such blackouts in future. instability is the inability of the power system to meet the
demand for reactive power. Voltage instability is the cause of
system voltage collapse, in which the system voltage decays to
a level from which it is unable to recover [1][2][4].
SYSTEM
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iii. SALIENT CHARACTERISTICS OF WAPDA POWER
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LEGEND
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REFERENCES
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It<. [2]
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]-
_ [3] S. H. J. Zaidi, "The Significance of Small Signal Stability Analysis,"
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Fig.
Fig.
System performance afterdistArbLE ce with PSS and SVC
8.
8. System performance after disturbance with PSS and SVC
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E[6] W. Acha, C.R. F. Esquivel, H. A. Perez and C. A. Camacho, "FACTS:
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(G ±+ je))
i 0)) (Hz) Ratio_(E,)
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