Political Ideology

A political ideology is a set of ideas, beliefs, values, and opinions,

exhibiting a recurring pattern, that competes deliberately as well as
unintentionally over providing plans of action for public policy making,
in an attempt to justify, explain, contest, or change the social and
political arrangements and processes of a political community.

1. Examine the relationship between political ideologies and configurations of political

communities

Political ideologies directly affect the culture of the political communities in an adverse way.Political
doctrines form the blue print and doctrines of what should happen and the way of life of a political
community.

There are different political ideology examples depending on the communities.Political ideologies help
to expound on power and what level each type of power should be used.

Ideologies are the sets of basic beliefs about the political, economic,
social and cultural affairs held by the majority of people within as
society.
absolutism. System where the rulers have unlimited control.
anarchism. Society without government, laws, police or other authority.
System of self-control.
aristocracy. The privilege of social class whose members possess
disproportionately large percentage of society's wealth, prestige and
political influence.
autocracy. Supreme political power is in the hands of one person whose
decision are unregulated..
capitalism. Right-wing political system where the principle means of
production and distribution are in private hands.
communism. Extreme left-wing ideology based on the revolutionary
socialist teachings of Marx. Collective ownership and a planned economy.
Each should work to their capability and receive according to their needs.
conservatism. Governmental system where the existing institution are
maintained, emphasizing free-enterprise and minimal governmental
intervention.
Economic liberalism is an economic system organized on individual lines,
meaning that the greatest possible number of economic decisions are made by
individuals or households rather than by collective institutions or organizations.
democracy. Government by the people usually through elected
representatives.
dictatorship. Government by a single person with absolute control over
the resources of the state.
egalitaranism. Belief where all citizens have equal rights and privileges.
fascism. Extreme right-wing ideology where the existing social order is
protected by the forcible suppression of the working class.
imperialism. The extension of power and rule beyond established
geographical boundaries.
Libertarianism (from Latin: libertas, meaning "freedom") is a collection of political
philosophies and movements that uphold liberty as a core
principle. Libertariansseek to maximize political freedom and autonomy,
emphasizing freedom of choice, voluntary association and individual judgment.
liberalism. Representative government, free-speech, abolition of class
privilege and state protection of the individual.
Marxism. Developed by Marx and Engles, it proposes that all is subject
to change and resistance to change necessitates the overthrow of the
system through class struggle.
Maoism. Interpretation of Marxist communism emphasizing the
development of agriculture.
Monarchy. A form of rule in which the head of state is a King or Queen.
nationalism. The unification of the state and release from foreign rule.
oligarchy. A system of government in which virtually all power is held a
small number of wealthy people who shape policy to benefit themselves.
populism. Collective noun for the ideologies which demand the
redistribution of political power and economic leadership to the 'common
people'.
socialism. Left-wing political system where the principle means of
production, distribution and exchange are in common ownership.
Social conservatism is the belief that society is built upon a fragile network of
relationships which need to be upheld through duty, traditional values and
established institutions. This can include moral issues.
theocracy. Rule by the church.
totalitarianism. Government control of all activities.
Trotskyism. Form of Marxism incorporating the concept of permanent
revolution.
THE LEFT
liberty. The freedom of speech and the right to dissent.
equality. A classless society with the redistribution of wealth through a
welfare state.
fraternity. The communal brotherhood, working and living as one.
THE RIGHT
authority. The preservation of order through an evolved authority.
hierarchy. The continuation of the existing social order.
property. The right to private ownership.

Some political community examples use one political ideology while others do not have any specific
ideology that they use hence they use a variety of political ideologies

There are five main political ideologies. However, according to the study of Buendia [10], in
the Philippines only three political ideologies were evident: Liberalism, Conservatism, and
Socialism
Governing China with the rule of law. "Practise socialist core values", including Marxism,
communism and "socialism with Chinese characteristics". "Improving people's livelihood and
well-being is the primary goal of development".
American conservatism commonly refers to a combination of economic liberalism and
libertarianism and social conservatism. It aims at protecting the concepts of
smallgovernment and individual liberty while promoting traditional values on some social
issues.

There are different types of political communities. The first one is the literal community and the other
one is the special interest group. The special intrest group ensures is mainly composed of
professionals.Unlike other communities the political community is bound to the government and the
government relates to each other.Within the political community, there are diversifications. Different
people want different things from the government hence the political communities structure is
different. The needs of lawyers are not the same with the needs of farmers and their culture is also not
the same in the society.

A community is a small or large social unit that has something in common, such as norms,
religion, values, customs, or identity. Communities often share a sense of place that is situated
in a given geographical area or in virtual space through communication platforms.
An ideology is a collection of normative beliefs and values that an individual or group holds for
other than purely epistemic reasons. In other words, these rely on basic assumptions about
reality that may or may not have any factual basis
Politics refers to a set of activities associated with the governance of a country or an area. It
involves making decisions that apply to members of a group. It refers to achieving and
exercising positions of governance—organized control over a human community, particularly a
state.

2. Critique ideas that have a direct impact on how we try to manage ourselves as a political
community

Critique is a method of disciplined, systematic study of a written or oral discourse.

Although critique is commonly understood as fault finding and negative judgment, it can also
involve merit recognition, and in the philosophical tradition it also means a methodical practice
of doubt.

3. Analyze how political ideologies impact on the social and political life of Filipino

In reality,
political ideologies have little to almost no effect over Filipino’s social and
political life. This reason is due to the fact that existing political parties
in the Philippines have either muddled or twisted different political
ideologies that they were supposed to be built on. Nevertheless, what currently
drives Filipinos’ socio-political life is populism.

Populism refers to a range of political stances that emphasise the idea of "the people" and often
juxtapose (put them together) this group against "the elite". The term developed in the 19th
century and has been applied to various politicians, parties, and movements since that time,
although has rarely been chosen as a self-description.
1. Define Power
power is the capacity of an individual to influence the conduct (behaviour) of others. The term
"authority" is often used for power that is perceived as legitimate by the social structure.
a. Nature of power
Power is an inescapable feature of human social life and structure. This paper addresses
the nature of power. The standard theory is that power is the capacity for influence and that
influence is based on the control of resources valued or desired by others.
 b. Dimensions of power
(Lukes, 2005:37) He describes power as having three dimensions and has dividedpower into
three distinct 'faces', each focusing on a specific aspect of power. These include; decision-
making power, agenda-setting power and ideological power. The first face of power is
decision-making power.
c. Types of power

1. Legitimate power. ...

2. Information power. ...
3. Expert power. ...
4. Reward power. ...
5. Coercive power. ...
6. Referent power. ...
7. Charismatic power. ...
8. Moral power.

Legitimate power is power you derive from your formal position or office held in the
organization's hierarchy of authority. For example, the president of a corporation has
certain powers because of the office he holds in the corporation
Information Power is the Most Transient form of Power. Information power doesn't last. Give
away a piece of information and you give your power away. On the other hand, knowledge
and know-how is more enduring than informational power, but it's limited to the area of
expertise
Expert power is power based upon employees' perception that a manager or some other
member of an organization has a high level of knowledge or a specialized set of skills that other
employees or members of the organization do not possess.
Reward power is defined as the use of rewards to get an employee to follow an instruction or
order, with power coming from one's ability to withhold the reward for noncompliance.
Coercive power is the ability of a manager to force an employee to follow an order by
threatening the employee with punishment if the employee does not comply with the order. The
most important concept to understand about coercive power is that it uses the application of
force.
Referent power is one of the Five Bases of SocialPower, as defined by Bertram Raven and his
colleagues in 1959. • Definition: Referent powerrefers to the ability of a leader to influence a
follower because of the follower's loyalty, respect, friendship, admiration, affection, or a desire to
gain approval.
A leader with charisma exercises something like divine powers over his or her followers. This
is power based upon the ability to charm, to persuade, to hypnotise people solely with
the power of personality. The charismatic leader may have no authority based upon anything
except the ability to persuade and charm.
Moral power is the degree to which an actor, by virtue of his or her perceived moralstature, is
able to persuade others to adopt a particular belief or take a particular course of action.
d. analyze the nature, dimensions, types, deployments, and consequences of powe

Coercive Power- This kind of power involves the usage of threat to make people do what one
desires. In the organizational set up, it translates into threatening someone with transfer, firing,
demotions etc. it basically forces people to submit to one’s demand for the fear of losing
something.

Reward Power- As the name suggests, this type of power uses rewards, perks, new projects or
training opportunities, better roles and monetary benefits to influence people. However an
interesting aspect of this type of power is that, it is not powerful enough in itself, as decisions
related to rewards do not rest solely with the person promising them, because in organizations, a
lot of other people come into play like senior managers and board.

Legitimate Power- This power emanates from an official position held by someone, be it in an
organization, beurocracy or government etc. The duration of this power is short lived as a person
can use it only till the time he/she holds that position, as well as, the scope of the power is small
as it is strictly defined by the position held.

Expert Power- This is a personal kind of power which owes its genesis to the skills and expertise
possessed by an individual, which is of higher quality and not easily available. In such a situation,
the person can exercise the power of knowledge to influence people. Since, it is very person
specific and skills can be enhanced with time; it has more credibility and respect.

Referent Power- This is a power wielded by celebrities and film stars as they have huge following
amongst masses who like them, identify with them and follow them. Hence, they exert lasting
influence on a large number of people for a large number of decisions; like from what car to buy to
which candidate to choose for a higher office in the country.

So, power can be defined in a number of ways however what is important is the usage of the power by
people who possess it. Within the organizational context the power dynamics and equations need to be
carefully managed as they have a huge impact on the motivation and engagement level of employees. It
also defines the organization’s culture in general and people transactions within the organization in
particular. A very hierarchy and power driven organization finds it difficult to accommodate new and
innovative ideas, any change is vehemently refused, egos clash and lesser opportunities are made
available for the high performers, thus delaying organizational growth. On the other hand, in an
organization which is flat in structure, people are encouraged to innovate and explore, thus bringing in
new concepts and ideas to accelerate organizational growth and expansion.

e. Consequences of power
Power and consequence are often closely related. The basic principle is that a person with
power has the ability to create consequences for the target person, who takes these
 consequences into account when they are deciding whether to comply with a request or refuse
it.

Punishment
A very common attribute of power is that the wielder of power has the ability to coerce the
target into compliance through the threat of some kind of punishment. The basic transaction is
hence 'Do as I say or else I will harm you in some way'. The person is then faced with the
choice of obedience or suffering the consequences that the powerful person can create.
Punishment can take many forms. In a business setting it can be as direct as being sacked or
less obvious in the way that the target person may be given work that is less desirable than that
they might get if they complied with the request.

Prevention
Some people do not have the power to directly punish, though they may have the ability to
withhold something or prevent the target person getting what they want. The transaction here
is 'Do as I say or else you will not get what you want'.
Prevention in business situations could be loss of cooperation or stopping the person from
getting promoted. It is also seen in 'gateway' roles, for example a personal assistant who has
the power to allow others to speak with their manager or turning the target person away.

Power loss
There is also consequence for the person wielding the power. Sometimes use power of power
leads to gaining more power as the dominated person becomes cowed and hence easier to
persuade in future. Sometimes the use of power has no effect on the balance of power in the
future. And sometimes there is negative consequences for the person using the power, in that
in using power it is spent, like money, and may not be easy to regain.
An example of losing power when it is used is where you have helped a person in the past and they
feel obliged to comply when you ask something of them in return. When they agree to your request,
they then feel the obligation has been discharged and hence you have less power over them.
 f. Deployment of power
Deployed power is power which is used to some affect on the citizenry of a given country by
the holders of power, typically the government in charge.

power plays a great role in politics. it is an essential element used to control, manipulate
and maintain law and order by the authorities who have the a right to use it such as
police and military or any other personnel who is capable of. Even though power is not
all about the use of force but there are also soft power elements such as money and
psychological manipulations.

Therefore, when all of the elements of power mentioned above are used in politics, we
say power is deployed into politics even though some consider deployed power to only
the power used by the govt on the masses but other non state actors can also use
deployed power.

g. Assesment of how power is used if different situations

Power basically emanates from position or authority which can influence people both
positively and negatively. ... In such a situation, the person can exercise the powerof
knowledge to influence people. Since, it is very person specific and skills can be
enhanced with time; it has more credibility and respect.

1. Coercive Power- This kind of power involves the usage of threat to make people do what one
desires. In the organizational set up, it translates into threatening someone with transfer, firing,
demotions etc. it basically forces people to submit to one’s demand for the fear of losing
something.
2. Reward Power- As the name suggests, this type of power uses rewards, perks, new projects or
training opportunities, better roles and monetary benefits to influence people. However an
interesting aspect of this type of power is that, it is not powerful enough in itself, as decisions
related to rewards do not rest solely with the person promising them, because in organizations, a
lot of other people come into play like senior managers and board.
3. Legitimate Power- This power emanates from an official position held by someone, be it in an
organization, beurocracy or government etc. The duration of this power is short lived as a person
can use it only till the time he/she holds that position, as well as, the scope of the power is small
as it is strictly defined by the position held.
4. Expert Power- This is a personal kind of power which owes its genesis to the skills and expertise
possessed by an individual, which is of higher quality and not easily available. In such a situation,
the person can exercise the power of knowledge to influence people. Since, it is very person
specific and skills can be enhanced with time; it has more credibility and respect.
5. Referent Power- This is a power wielded by celebrities and film stars as they have huge
following amongst masses who like them, identify with them and follow them. Hence, they exert
lasting influence on a large number of people for a large number of decisions; like from what car
to buy to which candidate to choose for a higher office in the country.

So, power can be defined in a number of ways however what is important is the usage of the power by
people who possess it. Within the organizational context the power dynamics and equations need to be
carefully managed as they have a huge impact on the motivation and engagement level of employees. It
also defines the organization’s culture in general and people transactions within the organization in
particular. A very hierarchy and power driven organization finds it difficult to accommodate new and
innovative ideas, any change is vehemently refused, egos clash and lesser opportunities are made
available for the high performers, thus delaying organizational growth. On the other hand, in an
organization which is flat in structure, people are encouraged to innovate and explore, thus bringing in
new concepts and ideas to accelerate organizational growth and expansion.