System Hardware

Technical Manual
C&C08 Digital SPC Switching System Table of Contents
Table of Contents
Chapter 3 Hardware System........................................................................................................ 3-1

3.1 Administration/Communication Module (AM/CM)............................................................. 3-1
3.1.1 Brief Introduction .................................................................................................... 3-1
3.1.2 AM/CM Layout........................................................................................................ 3-3
3.1.3 AM/CM Characteristics .......................................................................................... 3-4
3.1.4 AM/CM Architecture ............................................................................................... 3-6
3.2 Switching Module............................................................................................................ 3-19
3.2.1 Brief Introduction on SM....................................................................................... 3-20
3.2.2 SM Features......................................................................................................... 3-20
3.2.3 SM Architecture.................................................................................................... 3-23
3.3 Remote Module............................................................................................................... 3-34
3.3.1 Brief Introduction on Remote Module .................................................................. 3-34
3.3.2 Features of Remote Modules............................................................................... 3-37
3.3.3 Remote Module Network Construction ................................................................ 3-39
3.4 Clock Synchronization System ....................................................................................... 3-46
3.4.1 Introduction........................................................................................................... 3-46
3.4.2 Hardware Architecture of C&C08 Synchronization System................................. 3-50
3.4.3 Software Functions and Characteristics .............................................................. 3-55
Huawei Technologies Proprietary
i
Technical Manual Chapter 3
C&C08 Digital SPC Switching System Hardware System
Chapter 3 Hardware System
3.1 Administration/Communication Module (AM/CM)
3.1.1 Brief Introduction
In terms of functions performed, the C&C08 Switching System can be divided into two
parts: central Administration Module/Communication Module (AM/CM) and Switching
Module (SM). A switching module itself can independently function as a switching
system applicable to minor exchanges of small capacity. The maximum capacity of an
SM is 6,688 L (lines). For a large-capacity exchange as illustrated in Figure 3-1,
stacking of SMs becomes necessary, and these are interconnected through AM/CM.
It is through AM that the switching tasks among multiple SM modules are performed.
AM can be considered as a large-capacity and zero-subscriber interface exchange. It
has a 16K×16K TS switching network working as the switching center for the signaling
and speech channels among the various C&C08 modules.
AM/CM is mainly for interconnecting the various modules like USM, TSM, UTM, RSA,
and RSM through the 40.96Mbit/s fiber interface and standard USM E1 interface when
establishing a single-SM C&C08 exchange. It is applicable to DC1--DL/TM trunk
exchange, local exchange and toll-local-rural combined exchange with a capacity less
than 200,000L, as well as various special networks. It provides the synchronous and
timing clock reference source for the exchange to get synchronized with its parent
exchange. It also provides a centralized alarm system for the entire exchange, and
through BAM, the remote maintenance and network administration interfaces.
This decentralized control architecture of one AM supporting multiple SMs guarantees
the system safety. In the case of any one module becoming faulty, only the subscribers
of this module are affected, and the other SMs continue to work normally. For this
reason, in a multi-module exchange, the capacity of a single SM is not supposed to be
too large, and each module should be configured with the average switching module
capacity of the office. Therefore, the capacity of an AM can be measured in terms of the
number of standard SM that can be connected. Here, a standard SM refers to a
communication functional module which can provide AM with 512 timeslots and one
2.048 Mbit/s HDLC common channel signaling protocol.
3-1
User module User module Trunk module Trunk module User/trunk

USM USM TSM module
No.7 TSM UTM
ISDN
High speed optical fiber link High speed optical fiber link
OFL OFL
Comm. module
CM
Front admin
module
FAM
High speed link
Back admin
module
BAM
Ethernet LAN
Billing terminal Operation terminal
Figure 3-1 Location of AM/CM in C&C08
As illustrated in Figure 3-1, AM/CM consists of front administration module (FAM), back
administration module (BAM), and communication module (CM). FAM provides the
interface between the main processing unit and the operation terminal. BAM, serving
as a client server, connects the switching system and the open network system. CM
mainly consists of the central switching network and optical communication interface,
and provides signaling and speech channels among modules. The connection between
FAM and BAM is realized by two high-speed HDLC links. There are many kinds of
interfaces between BAM and user maintenance terminal, e.g. local area network (LAN),
Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI), V.24 and V.25.
3-2
3.1.2 AM/CM Layout
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5
P C C P
W K K W
C S S C
P A M M M M M M M M M M M M S S P
W L C C C C C C C C C C C C N N W
C M C C C C C C C C C C C C T T C
P E E F F F F E E F F F F E E F F P
W 1 1 B B B B 1 1 B B B B 1 1 B B W
C C
S 6 6 C C C C 6 6 C C C C 6 6 C C S
T T
P F F F F E E F F N N E E E E F F F F P
W B B B B 1 1 B B 1 1 1 1 B B B B W
S C C C C 6 6 C C 6 6 6 6 C C C C S
Vent. fan frame
BAM
Figure 3-2 AM/CM32 frame layout
As shown in Figure 3-2, frame arrangement from the top to bottom is as follows:
Clock frame: 2 CKS boards supplying 32MHz, 4MHz, and 8KHz clocks are provided for
full configuration.
Main control frame: 2 SNT boards + 12 MCC boards + 1 ALM board are provided for full
configuration. This frame performs functions such as AM communication, signaling
conversion, alarm handling and maintenance.
Note:
According to the slot position occupied and the control function executed, MCC board can be either MCCM
(Main Control Board) or MCCS (Communication Control Board). The hardware structure and composition
are the same for the two types of MCC boards. Only their software (loaded from the BAM) is different. The
MCC0 and MCC1 are MCCM and the MCC2 ~ MCC12 are MCCS.
Interface frame: This occupies a two frame space. 2 CTN boards + 32 FBC/E16 (either
full FBC or full E16 or any combination of FBC+E16 totaling 32) are provided for full
configuration. CTN board is of 2 frame height and occupies totally an area of 4 board
slots. It completes the intra-module switching function of speech channels, and
provides the clocks benchmark for SM.
Ventilation fan frame: When E16 boards are used in the interface frame, the ventilation
fan frame installation becomes mandatory.
BAM: It is the back AM frame where a high-performance computer loaded with special
software is installed.
3-3
3.1.3 AM/CM Characteristics
I. AM/CM speech channel switching network
The core of the AM/CM central switching network is the Central Network (CTN) board.
The switching function of the CTN board has a large-capacity and high-speed working,
since it implements the switching function in the time-crossing/splitting assembly line
mode. The CTN board itself is a 16K×16K single-T switching network, and it performs
the switching operation on the 32.768Mbit/s High Way line (HW). There are in all 32
HWs, with each one providing 512 timeslots for the distribution of inter-modular speech
channels.
II. AM/CM interfaces
Following network construction methods via AM/CM can be adopted:

1) Connecting SM through FBI-OPT.
2) E16 board inserted in the FBC/E16 slot provides the RSM access by the 2Mbit/s
interface.
C&C08 exchange
AM
Fiber Fiber
E1
E SM RSM SM F
E1
C
RSM
Opposite
exchange D
Figure 3-3 C&C08 network construction methods
In Figure 3-3, module C and module D are RSMs and module C is connected to the
opposite exchange through the outgoing trunk.
III. Inter-modular communication
As shown in Figure 3-4, the inter-module data transferring path in C&C08 comprises
MCCM (MCC0, MCC1) and MCCS (MCC2 ~ MCC12) boards on the AM/CM, and MPU
and MC2 boards on each SM. Types of information of inter-module communications
mainly include: data management information, call handling information, maintenance
and test information, charging and statistic information, etc.
3-4
AM/CM
MCCM
MCCS MCCS MCCS MCCS
MC2 MC2 MC2 MC2 MC2 MC2
MPU MPU MPU

SM SM SM
Figure 3-4 Links between AM/CM and SM
In Figure 3-4, MPU is the main control board on each SM; MCCM is the main control
board of AM/CM (including MCC0 and MCC1); MC2 is the single-channel HDLC
communication board responsible for inter-module communication on each SM; and
MCCS is the multi-channel HDLC communication board responsible for inter-module
communication on AM/CM.
The route through which inter-SM communication proceeds is illustrated in Figure 3-5:
AM/CM MCCM
MCCS MCCS
MCCS Dual port
RAM
AM/CM
HDLC HDLC HDLC HDLC
or
MC2 MC2 MC2 MC2
MPU MPU MPU MPU

SM SM SM SM
(a) Communications between two SMs on same MCCS (b) Ccommunications between two SMs on different MCCS board
Fiber
MPU MC2 OPT FBI MCCS MCCM
SM AM/CM
(c) Communication routing between SM/CM
Figure 3-5 Inter-SM communication routes
Communication between MPU and MC2 of SM, MCCM and MCCS as well as MCCS
and MCCS of AM/CM are performed through the dual-port RAM, while communication
between MC2 and MCCS goes through HDLC links. The buses achieve
communication between the MCC boards (including both MCCM boards and MCCS
3-5
boards), as they are all located in the same frame, whereas the connection between
MC2 and MCCS needs the use of fiber and optic ports (FBI, OPT).
There are 2 MC2 (or LAPMC2) boards on each SM communicating respectively with
two 2 MCCS boards to enhance reliability. The 2 MCCS boards work in a load-sharing
way, i.e., each board shares half of the communication load when both of the MC2 links
on the SM are in normal conditions; and when one link fails, the other one takes over
the full load. In this way, the system possesses not only enough communication
capacity but also has high reliability.
The physical layer of inter-module communication is mainly realized by optic fiber and
HSCX (High-level Serial Communication Controller with extended feature and
functionality). The link layer complies with the X.25 Link Access Procedure Balanced
protocol (LAPB protocol). The network layer is achieved by the MCCS and the
transmission and application layers are achieved by the MCCM boards and the MPU
software.
3.1.4 AM/CM Architecture
I. Modular architecture of AM/CM
AM/CM consists of the communication module, CM and the administration module, AM.
Their architectures are described below:
II. CM
As shown in Figure 3-6, the communication module consists of the communication

control unit, time-division switching unit, transmission interface unit and clock unit.
Time-division
switching unit
Central time-
Transmission division
SM0 Clock unit
interface unit switching
network
(CTN)
.
.
.
Communication
control unit
MCC
Transmission Signaling
SM63 interface unit switching
network
(SNT) MCC
Alarming circuit
(ALM)
Back terminal system

Back administration
module (BAM)
Functional Functional Functional

... Server
station station station
3-6
Figure 3-6 CM architecture
1) Communication control unit carries out the inter-modular signaling conversion, the
control, maintenance, test tasks to SM, as well as the communications between
exchange and BAM.
2) Time-division switching unit implements the inter-modular speech channels and
signaling switching function.
3) Transmission interface unit comprises the optic fiber interface boards. It executes
the conversion of electric/optic signals and connects AM/CM to every SM with
optic fiber.
4) Clock unit provides stratum-2 A category clock signal, stratum-3 clock reference
source signal, synchronous signal and clock selection signal.
In addition, the CM also includes ALM, which carries out the tasks of activating the
alarm panel and sending of alarm reports to BAM.
III. AM
AM can be divided into 2 parts, namely, Front Administration Module (FAM) and Back
Administration Module (BAM).
z FAM controls and administrates all the operations of the entire system. Besides
running the software, it mainly handles functions like routing, resource allocation,
and the storage, backup and input/output of data. The FAM is the distributing and
transmitting center for the information between SM, CM and BAM. It is through
FAM that the working status of each module is sent to the BAM and the
corresponding functional stations, and alarm information to the alarm box.
z BAM, in the C&C08 Switching System, combines the maintenance station, special
service station, charging & billing service station and server station into the
terminal-system via LAN network. (Figure 3-7)
BAM
SM0 HDLC
FAM M
C LAN
P
Server
Functional Functional Functional

...
station station station
CM
SM63
Figure 3-7 AM and terminal system
BAM is a high-performance computer, loaded with special software, which

communicates with the FAM via 2 HDLC links on the built-in MCP card. The BAM can
choose the storage media (e.g. MO disk, compact disk, and etc.) for data and bill
backup based on practical needs. Due to the fact that the functions of AM are
3-7
implemented mainly through software, and the hardware of AM and CM is almost a

single entity, AM and CM are usually referred as AM/CM.
IV. AM/CM main control unit
As far as the hardware is concerned, AM/CM control and communication units and the
module switching network are installed in the same rack, and are referred to as the
main control unit. The AM/CM main control unit consists of the Communication Control
Board (MCC), Fiber Interface Board (FBI), Central Switching Network Board (CTN),
and Signaling Switching Network Board (SNT). All circuits work in active/standby mode.
See Figure 3-8.
D u al b u s
MCCM MCCM MCC MCC MCC MCC

MCC0 MCC1 BAM
ALM
H D L C lin ks
SNT
H D L C lin ks
C loc k
CTN
FBI FBI
O p tic al fib er
To SM
Figure 3-8 Architecture of the main control unit in the AM/CM
The MCC boards work in pairs in active/standby mode. As the main processing unit of
the AM/CM, MCC0 and MCC1 complete the interconnections with BAM, SNT, CTN and
ALM. The other MCC boards (MCCS) are for interconnections with SMs. With each pair
of MCCS boards being able to support a maximum of 12 SMs, the system can support
in all 64 SMs at full configuration. MCCS board is connected to FBI through HDLC links,
via which, the optical fiber communications between AM/CM and SM and between SMs
are achieved. The MCCS provides the data-link layer connection for the inter-modular
3-8
communications, while the FBI provides the physical layer connection. CTN board
possesses the time-division function, and it accomplishes together with the NET board
of SM, the inter-module information switching task. The SNT board provides the
internal HDLC information switching within the AM/CM. The synchronous clock signal
needed by digital transmission and switching can be provided either by the clock unit in
the C&C08 Switching System, or by the SYNLOCKTM Building Integrated Timing
Supply system (BITS) developed by Huawei.
V. Communication control unit
The communication control unit of AM/CM consists of the SNT board and MCC board.
1) Hardware structure of SNT board:
z It is connected to two HDLC links on the MCP boards available in BAM, via two
HWs. Data comprising of traffic measurement, maintenance, tests, and
configurations, is transmitted through this path.
z It is connected to the 12 MCC boards via 12 HWs. Out of these MCC boards,
MCC0 and MCC1 are in charge of the transmission of the administration data as
well as the maintenance and test information, etc.; while the MCC2~MCC12 are
responsible for the transmission of inter-module signaling and maintenance
information.
z It is connected to 2 CTN boards via 2 HWs, on which CTN connection signaling
and the related maintenance information are transmitted.
z It is connected to 32 FBI boards where the inter-module speech and signaling
transmissions are carried out.
z It is connected to ALM board via one HW.
BAM
MCP
UHW DHW UHW ALM
DHW
(CTN) UHW ?SNT

SNT?c
CTN
DHW UHW
DHW UHW
DHW
MCC
UHW: Up HW
DHW: Down HW FBI
Figure 3-9 Location of the SNT in AM/CM
As shown in Figure 3-9, SNT is the center for the signaling switching of each module.
Through the software configuration, the inter-module communication links can be
flexibly distributed to achieve interconnections of all the modules.
3-9
Main functions of SNT board:

z It performs the 2K×2K TS signaling switching and network test.
z It drives the HW and clock.
2) Hardware structure of MCC board:
MCC board is the multi-channel communication board located in AM/CM, which
realizes the intercommunication between the AM/CM and SM by communicating with
the MC2 board in SM. Besides, MCC board also completes the transfer function for the
inter-module communication. Communications between MCCS & MCCM and among
MCCS boards are all implemented through the 4K-byte Dual-Port RAM.
EPROM
Buffer
CPU driver
Mailbox bus
Mailbox
SRAM I/O
Diff. sending FBI

HDLC and receiving
Multi-HDLC MT8980 FBI
...
FBI
Clock synchronization
SYN
Figure 3-10 Schematic diagram of the MCC board
As shown in Figure 3-10, the Multi-channel HDLC controller can support up to 32

channels. It shares the Static Random Access Memory (SRAM) bus with BAM and
requests the occupation of it in call hold/hold acknowledge modes (HOLD/HLDA). As a
result, the switching between the HDLC link data and SRAM data is speeded up
appreciably, which in turn helps to greatly improve the board's link processing capacity.
The bus rate is 2×384Mbit/s, and the bus arbitration cycle is 125μs. The arbitration
cycle and bus operation cycle can be concurrent. Bus response has two modes,
namely, query and interruption.
Because all the boards on the bus share the mailbox, the bus access authority must be
arbitrated i.e. resolved. The arbitrator carries out the arbitration and decides the order
of execution of the requests on the bus request line (BXHOLD). If the bus is currently
busy, the incoming request gets ignored, and if the bus is idle, the first bus access
request received after the bus became idle is empowered with the bus access authority.
Then the response is transmitted on the bus response line (BXHLDA) corresponding to
the number of the timeslot, which had initiated the request.
Like BXHOLD, BXHLDA is also a serial bus. During the response period, each timeslot
should transmit the current bus response code. The response on the BXHLDA is to be
identified by the boards. Once a board ascertains that the response is in reply to its
request, it opens the mailbox bus to enable the processor to access the bus and
meanwhile, sets the bus response flag to "0" and initiates an interruption request. Once
the bus access is completed, the board cancels its request immediately, so that
3-10
requests of other boards can be arbitrated. The arbitrating unit sets the bus status to
"busy" when the bus is occupied by a certain board, and later it identifies only this
timeslot. Once the bus request for this timeslot is canceled, in the next timeslot, the
arbitrating unit sends the "bus idle" instruction (0XFF) and can arbitrate requests from
all the timeslots once again.
Main functions of the MCC board are monitoring, communication and alarm.
VI. Clock unit
The synchronous timing function in C&C08 is implemented by the CKS board, which
complies with the relevant ITU-T G 812 and G 823 recommendations and has the
ability to lock the SDH service code flow directly. CKS board integrates the stratum-2
and stratum-3 clocks, in order to meet the requirements demanded by stratum-2
A-category and stratum-3 clocks, at the same time. CKS board provides clock signals
at 32MHz, 8MHz, 2MHz, 1MHz, 8KHz, and 4KHz, which are needed by the exchange,
and two 8KHz plus two standard 2048kHz reference sources. CKS board can also
communicate directly with the exchange. The crystal oscillator used in the CKS board,
fully complies with the standards defined for the stratum-2 A-category clock.
CKS board has implemented the following functions: checking the performance of the
reference source for the clock maintenance and alarm; checking the frequencies of the
active and standby reference sources and switchover between the reference sources in
case of signal degradation; handling SDH phase locking and PDH phase locking to
achieve good performance under diverse conditions. CKS board provides internal
hardware loose lock detection and can perform switchover under the control of either
software or hardware, and as a result, the reliability and real-time performance of the
CKS board are highly enhanced.
VII. Speech channel switching unit
1) CTN hardware architecture

Clock generation logic is done by selecting one out of the two clock outputs of the clock
frame to generate the internal clock signal and synchronizing it with the signal of the
synchronous timing system.
Switching unit is a 16K×16K large capacity single T switching network with
32×32.768Mbit/s HW speech channels. It performs the inter-module speech channel
allocation. Congestion rate is 0, switching time delay is less than 50ns and
transmission error rate of speech channel is 4×10-8.
The switching network in C&C08 works in the active/standby mode. When the active
board becomes faulty, the standby board is immediately switched over to be the active
one without affecting the already established calls. The switchover gets completed in
10ms. Functions such as the automatic/controlled switchover/reset, setting of network
operation parameters, inquiry, and uniformity checking on call timeslot occupation of
SMs, are provided.
2) Structure description
CTN board adopts the time-division assembly line method to realize the large-capacity
and high-speed switching. The switching is carried out on the 32.768Mbit/s HW buses.
There are totally 32 HW buses, each having 512 timeslots. The basic switching
principle of the CTN board is almost the same as that of the common T network, except
for the addition of some switchover logics and more complicated controlling algorithm
in the CTN network. Switching is performed unconditionally between DMs of the same
group. The inter-DM switching is performed via two high-speed QS switches.
3-11
3) Circuit fundamentals
The CTN board comprises mainly five parts: CPU, communication part, memory part,
switching part and clock part. Explanations of the circuits are given below:
z Bus allocation
To make the switching network safer and more reliable, the CTN bifurcates part of the
bus into 2 groups: one is for memory, called MBUS and the other is for the switching
network, called XBUS. The switching network control is generated by the CPU's
piece-selection logic.
z Interruption and Direct Memory Access (DMA) logic
The external interruption uses only INT0 as the interrupt request. Because the interrupt
occurs during HOLD stage, and the CPU (386EX) does not work during this period, the
interruption signal is put into the flip-latch to guarantee that the interruption normally
gets generated when the request is received. This interruption condition needs to be
cleared in the interruption service program, to prepare for the next interruption.
z Time delay adjustment
32.768Mbit/s speech signal is sent to the CTN board, via the frame-adjusting circuit on
FBI board for a rough time-delay adjustment and afterwards via the back plane. Due to
the different routes taken and the high-speed of transmission, there exist great phase
discrepancies (with unstable discrepancy values too) among the various high-speed
signals received at the CTN board. This is unacceptable for switching, since the
switching operation must be a synchronous one and time delay adjustment becomes
obligatory. The input bit streams are first put into different clock-flip-latches. Through
the selection of the appropriate sampling points, the time delay adjustment is achieved
by having the contents in the respective clock-flip- latches read.
z Clock selection
The clock frame provides the CTN clock. Because the CTN board relies completely on
the HDLC links for its interconnections with the outside devices, the reliability of the
clock is of vital importance. For this sake, the clock checking circuit is fitted on the CTN
board, which checks and monitors the two clock signals coming from the clock frame,
and selects one of them as reference for the board. The clock status can be read back
by the CPU. The clock switchover can be performed either by the clock frame or by the
CTN board itself. If both the clocks are faulty, the internal CPU clock can be used to
guarantee the normal operation of the system.
z Switchover of active/standby boards
The switchover of CTN boards is totally controlled by the MCCM board. The MCCM
sends two selecting signals (NETAT0, NETAT1). When NETAT1 and NETAT0 are 1, 0
respectively, board no. 0 becomes active and when they are 0, 1, board no. 1 becomes
active. In addition, status signals of the two CTN boards are sent to the MCCM via the
backplane so that MCCM can prevent the normal working of the active board from
being affected by the insertion of the standby one. The mutual-lock logic is also
provided between the two boards to prevent their competition for the active status.
z CTN board test
For the stable operation of the board, the CTN board is provided with the
content-insertion/read-back test function. A unit of data is inserted into a unit of the data
memory, and then the read-back operation is executed to read the data out. If the
comparison between the two data shows that they are at variance, then the switching
network is assumed to be faulty, and the indicator on the CTN board panel is made to
flash. In addition, the software provides some other necessary test functions. During
the network operation, periodical checks and verifications on the route-chart and free
3-12
TS alignment are performed. If any inconsistency is found, the status is forcibly

changed to "free".
VIII. CTN application
The CTN board serves as the call establishing bridge among the modules to achieve
interconnections between them. See Figure 3-11.
CTN
HW31
HW0 HW1
Fiber Fiber
Fiber
SM0 SM31
SM1
Figure 3-11 C&C08 network hierarchy
IX. Transmission interface unit
FBI board is the 40.96Mbit/s fiber interface board. It is the interface for the optical fiber
digital communication between CTN board of the AM/CM and the NET board of each
SM. The FBI is suitable for the short-range application used in the SM. Its main
functions are as follows:
z Separating and multiplexing the 32.768Mbit/s signal code from the optic path.
z Frame adjustment for the 32.768Mbit/s signal code separated from the optic path.
z Providing the MCCS board with a 2.048Mbit/s channel.
z Generating a 40.96Mbit/s optic signal to be transferred to the fiber interface on the
SM side (OPT board).
The functions of the FBI board are illustrated in Figure 3-12.
3-13
Judgement
adjustment
32.768 Mbit/s signaling code
Frame
Judgement from OPT
CTN
Demultiplexing
Optics receiving
Receiving side
.
amplifier
40.96Mbit/s
32 768 MHz CLK
L D -R
Clock PLL 32MHZ clock
restoration
2.048 Mbit/s
Adjustment MCCS
Synchronization
Check and
test
Error code
Opposite notice
To OPT
Sending side
40. 96 Mbit /s 32.768 Mbit /s signaling code

Judgement from CTN
Multiplexing Synchronization, error code

Drive
Level
opposite notice
LD -T adjust
2.048 Mbit/s
Adjust Judgement from MCCS
Synchronized timing, error code,

status signaling
Figure 3-12 FBI function illustration
Working principles of the FBI board are given hereunder:

1) Receiving and sending of optical signals:
Receiving side: It receives, amplifies and rectifies the optical signals coming from the
module optical interface (OPT board), extracts the clock signals from them, and
restores the 40.96Mbit/s signal code. After frame adjustment, the 32.768Mbit/s signal
code is extracted by the separating circuit and sent to the CTN board, and the
2.048Mbit/s inter-module communication signal is sent to the MCCS board. At the
same time, check on the synchronous error rate and judgment on the opposite alarm
status are also performed.
Sending side: It adds information such as synchronous code, error rate detection bit,
board synchronous status, etc., to the 32.768Mbit/s signal code sent by the CTN and
the 2.048Mbit inter-module communication signal sent by the MCCS, and multiplexes
them into the 40.96Mbit/s bit stream via the CTN synchronous timing signal. With the
help of the sending drive, these are converted into optical signals for transmitting to the
OPT board in the SM.
2) Transmission method
Multiplexing: It adopts the byte multiplexing method. 8 bits of one TS in each HW are
transmitted together so as not to break the signal code sequence.
Error rate detection: It adopts the negative code detection method to detect the error
rate status of the transmission.
Frame synchronization code: It adopts the dispersed insertion mode and repeatedly
inserts to shorten the length of the frame and the frame-catching time. Front/back
protection measurements are introduced into frame synchronous detection to
guarantee the reliability of the frame synchronization and minimize the probability of the
frame synchronization detection miss-out rate and the error rate caused by
3-14
transmission lines. Frame synchronization confirmation is established, only after

having received four frames of frame synchronization signals and likewise, frame
synchronization loss is ascertained, only after not having received frame
synchronization signals in four successive frames.
Detection of remote alarms: When the loss of synchronization occurs to the OPT board
in the opposite SM, the FBI board receives alarm messages.
Signal code processing: Because the optical transmission has to extract the clock
signal from the signal code and restore the signal code, the code scrambling is
performed on the 40.96Mbit/s signal code to equalize "0" and "1" probabilities in it,
which makes it convenient for the receiving side to extract the clock. On the receiving
side, the scrambled code on the 40.86Mbit/s signal is de-scrambled and the signal
code restored.
3) Clock generation
The clock restoration uses the surface acoustic wave components. Two phase locked
loop (PLL) circuits generate 40.96MHz and 32.768MHz clock signals. The synchronous
clock quality can be guaranteed by the high Q value of the PLL circuit and its good jitter
suppression feature.
4) Frame adjustment
One section of the Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) with two high-speed RAMs
is used to accomplish the synchronization of frame and clock signal for optical receiving,
and convert/adjust the signal codes received so that they are synchronized with the
local CTN switching network and the clock signal.
5) Active/standby mode
Active and standby FBI boards run simultaneously. But the downward HW and
synchronous clock signals are to be checked by the fault-detection circuit or be judged
by the MPU so as to decide whether they can be transmitted to the NET. In this manner,
not only the immediate switchover between the active and standby boards is enabled,
but also the operating status of each board can be ascertained soon enough.
The switchover of active and standby modes is set arbitrarily by the MPU. When MPU
abandons its control over the active/standby switchover, the boards automatically
perform the switchover (while in running state). Under normal circumstances, the active
board sends signals to the CTN. When the active board becomes abnormal/goes faulty
and the standby is normal, the signals from the standby board are used. The MCCS
can obtain by query from each board, information like switchover, synchronization loss,
error rate, opposite alarm, no photo, etc.
6) Tests
FBI board tests encompass tests on CPU operation, active/standby board selection,
plane switchover, synchronization loss, error rate, opposite alarming and no photo. The
HW signals channel, which is used for the test on the entire network operation, is
transferred upward or downward via this board.
The standard E1 interface board (E16) located in the FBI board slot in the AM/CM in the
above case, provides 16 E1 interfaces or outlets. The two slots occupied by the active
and standby FBI boards can be inserted with two E16 boards, which operate in the
load-sharing mode. Each E16 board must be equipped with one Drive Board (DRC)
inserted in the slot occupied by the FBC board.
E16 board mainly performs the functions of receiving, sending, and switching of the E1
signals as well as the controlling and multiplexing/de-multiplexing of the HDLC links.
Each E1 interface of the E16 board composes the line interface unit (LIU) and Framer
(for carrying out signal receiving and insertion, signal monitoring, loop test, clock & data
3-15
restorations, etc.). The network section of the E16 board performs the TS switching for
each channel of E1 signal and HDLC link. Apart from the serial-parallel & parallel-serial
conversions, the multiplexing and de-multiplexing unit also conducts the frame and
time delay adjustments, and performs the rate conversion between the 2Mbit/s signal
and the 32Mbit/s signal.
Board functions are as described below:
16M * 2
E1 LIU Framer
Multiplex or 3 2M
(1) (1) (1) &
delay
adjust
16M * 2
E1 L IU Framer or 3 2 M
Multiplex
(16) (16) (16) &
delay
adjust
2K network
Backplane
HDLC
2M
HDLC &
Controler
delay
adjust
Clock
Serial port communication

SRAM
CPU
Serial port communication
Flash OA&M
Figure 3-13 E16 board function scheme
z Transmitting part: The 32 Mbit/s signal coming from the CTN board, after being
de-multiplexed and undergoing parallel-serial conversion, is translated into the
2Mbit/s signal. Meanwhile, the 2Mbit/s link coming from the MCCS board, after
frame adjustment and time delay adjustment, is also sent to the network section of
the E16 board for TS switching. After that, it is sent to the E1 signal
receiver/transceiver to be finally formulated to the waveform complying with the
G.703 recommendation, and then sent out to the line circuit via transformer.
z Receiving part: Alternate Mark Inversion (AMI) and the High Density Bipolar 3
(HDB3) E1 waveforms coming form the line circuit, via the clock and data
regeneration circuit (CDR), are converted into the None Return Zero (NRZ) serial
code stream. The received signal then goes through the TS switching and HDLC
link processing. By means of the parallel-serial conversion, the speech channel is
converted into the 32Mbit/s signal to be sent to the CTN board. The HDLC link is
sent to the MCCS board.
As shown in Figure 3-13, The HDB3 code flow is coupled onto the LIU via the E1 circuit,
where the clock and data get restored from the code flow. The code flow after having its
3-16
jitter restricted through some corresponding measurements is sent to the Framer. At

the sending side, the line driver can handle 72 ohm and 120 ohm lines. As shown in the
figure, LIU provides line interfaces for the 16 E1 signal channels. The Framer performs
the frame and multi-frame alignment, processing, signal monitoring, signaling, Si/Sa bit
extraction and insertion as well as the self-testing functions such as frame loop, remote
loop, and near loop, etc. The 2K TS switching network performs the TS switching. The
multiplexing/de-multiplexing unit performs the conversion between the low rate and
high rate codes. The CPU conducts the general control and the HDLC controller
conducts the processing of the HDLC links.
The E1 on the DTF board of SM is also connected to the E1 on the E16 board of
AM/CM. Among the connected E1s, part of the timeslots in a certain E1 are used for the
inter-module signaling transmission, and the rest are for the speech channels.
The E16 network construction is as shown in Figure 3-14.
Signaling processing
MCCS MCCS
Voice-path
Voice channel switch
signaling signaling
CTN
E16 E16
2M 2M
AM/CM
PDH
PDH
2M 2M
DT DT RSM
Voice channel switch

NET
LAPMC2 LAPMC2
MPU
Figure 3-14 E16 network construction
X. BAM
The BAM of the C&C08 Switching System adopts the client/server solution to provide
the system with open interfaces. It extends outward like a LAN. The multi-terminal and
3-17
parallel-working mode helps to realize the multi-site maintenance demands. The

network architecture of the BAM is as shown in Figure 3-15:
SM
SM BAM 100Mb/s FDDI

10Mb/s LAN
FAM
HDLC
. link
.
.
SM ...
Workstation Workstation Workstation
Host Terminal
Figure 3-15 C&C08 terminal architecture
The terminal system, based on LAN, provides a data communication bandwidth in the
range of 10Mbit/s-100Mbit/s. The network file server guarantees the high reliability and
safety of data. The open and distributed database based on LAN is provided to realize
the interconnection of various data between the system and the third-party devices. It
serves as the third level network administration center and charging & billing center,
and can communicate with its parent network administration center via the X.25 data
network.
The C&C08 terminal operating system is based on Microsoft Windows, possesses the
full set of functions of traffic measurement, charging, data management, maintenance
and testing.
Open and Object Oriented Programming (OOP) software design idea is adopted in the
design of C&C08 terminal software system. Its architecture is as shown in Figure 3-16.
C, C++ and SQL are used as program languages, which greatly accelerate the query
speed.
3-18
Data management I
sub-system E
E
Application layer interface

Billing sub-system E
8
Maintenance sub-system 0
2
. Host side
3
Test sub-system
Link layer
Traffic measurement
sub-system
Special service
measure sub-system
Figure 3-16 C&C08 workstation software architecture
3.2 Switching Module

SM is the core of the C&C08 System. It possesses independent switching capability,
and more than 90% of the call handling and circuit maintenance tasks are implemented
by it. It is obvious that it plays a very important role in the operation of the switching
system.
The SM in C&C08 Switching System features a large capacity, strong processing ability,
high reliability, multiple interfaces, flexible clock configuration and comprehensive
services.
3-19
3.2.1 Brief Introduction on SM
OPT OPT
Analog user line PHI PSPDN

ASL PHI
4K x4K
2B+D Single T network
V3.2/V3.1 AN
Digital user line DSL DT
DTM
F
ISUP/TUP
V3.5/V2.4 DIU DTMF PSTN/ISDN
DT
E1
Sub-rate DSL DT
DTM
F DDN
LAP
64 line conference
PRA
telephone
Nx64K HSL DTM
F PSPDN
TSL
Internet
LAU backbone network
Maintenance and
test interface
E
MPU M MPU
A
INAP
TCP/IP
Alarming box
MEM MEM SMCP

Alarming test
module
Control bus
Figure 3-17 Brief introduction on SM
As shown in Figure 3-17, SM is independent of AM/CM in terms of functionality. It is the

core of the C&C08 Switching System.
With each SM being connected with the AM/CM via 2 pairs of tertiary group optical
fibers, several SMs and one AM/CM combined together form a complete C&C08
Switching System. The capacity expansion of the system can be achieved by the
stacking of SMs in a flexible way as required.
3.2.2 SM Features
C&C08 SM has the following features:

z Large capacity
z High processing ability
z Reliable design and high stability
z Varieties of interfaces
z Flexible clock configuration
z A complete set of services
3-20
I. Large capacity and can be smoothly expanded
Figure 3-18 Example of SM configuration
A single SM has a large capacity, and the number of its subscribers and trunks can be
variably proportioned for a flexible network construction. One module can be equipped
with a maximum of 6688 ASL/3344BRI subscribers, or 1920 DT trunks in a single-SM
module. However, when configured as a part of multi-SM exchange, the number of
inter-module speech channels, which have to be provided restricts its capacity. As a
module configured only with trunks, it can provide a maximum of 1440 trunks. Based on
the traffic load to be supported, it can be flexibly configured as a combined subscriber
and trunk module (according to the principle that 304 ASLs are equivalent to 60 DTs).
See Figure 3-18.
The configuration of the C&C08 Switching System is highly flexible and its adaptability
to suit a specific requirement is quite good. SMs in a C&C08 Switching System can be
smoothly stacked up, to a maximum of 128. The number of subscribers and trunks can
be flexibly proportioned in terms of 304 ASLs being equivalent to 60 DTs. According to
the traffic load, the number of inter-module speech channels can be adjusted in the unit
of 32 channels.
The trunk above mentioned refers to the E1 trunk. In the case of T1, the number of
trunks should be 48 instead.
3-21
II. High processing capacity
CPU occupation rate %
90%
40%
8%
0 82K 210K Call traf f ic each hour
BHC A v alue Traf f ic
SM 210K 995 Erl
Sy stem 6000K 100K Erl
Figure 3-19 SM processing capacity illustration
The SM control hierarchy adopts a two-level and decentralized control. The first level is
in the bus mode, while the second level works in the main/sub node mailbox mode.
Each functional board provides only internal and external interfaces, and each specific
service is implemented by software, which is convenient for update of services. MPU
works in the duplicated active/standby mode to ensure system reliability. Except for the
clock frame and the boards in the main control frame, all other functional frames such
as the trunk frame, subscriber frame, employ the main node resources to make the
configuration and network construction flexible. The main processor on each SM uses
the 486/586 series CPU with the total memory being 12M~64M, and possesses a very
high processing capacity. Refer to Figure 3-19. The availability of supplementary
services and functions to the subscribers can be almost total.
III. Varied interfaces
Extendibility of SM boards and software is shown in Figure 3-20.
Figure 3-20 Extendibility of SM boards and software
Boards with the same hardware can be configured as different functional boards by
loading different software in C&C08. SM offers various subscriber/network interfaces
and interfaces between networks. At the subscriber's side, there are ASL, BRI, PRI,
and Digital Interface Unit (DIU, 64 kbit/s in-phase rate) and at the network side, E1
3-22
interface, PHI interface and all kinds of analog trunks are provided to support the
ISUP/TUP, V5.1/V5.2 and ISDN Digital Standard System Interconnected (DSSI)
signaling protocols. It also supplies the intelligent interface board, MEM, which
provides the interface between the SM and the outside computer network to facilitate
the subscriber to introduce in intelligent techniques and to find solutions for local
intelligent services. Meanwhile, MEM also provides services, such as 64-party
telephone conference.
IV. Flexible clock system configuration
The C&C08 synchronous clock system adopts the digital phase-locking loop and
reliable software phase-locking methods to ensure that the clock of the entire exchange
system can synchronize reliably with the upper-level exchange clock. Besides, the high
accuracy of its stratum-2 A-category clock enables it to be suitable to a trunk exchange
in the pseudo synchronization mode. It has the following features:
z Various optional clocks such as stratum 3, stratum 2 clock (including A and B
categories), Building Integrated Timing Supply System (BITS), etc., are provided
to meet the varied requirements of different types of exchanges.
z All the qualifications of the C&C08 clock comply or excel the related requirements.
z Clock configuration is flexible. The stratum-2 and stratum-3 clocks are configured
by data.
z It has a variety of output interface signals and input reference source signals. Input
signals include clock signals at 8KHz, 2MHz, 5MHz and 10MHz and HDB3 code,
etc. Output signals include 4KHz, 8KHz, 1.024MHz, 2.048MHz, 8.192MHz and
32.768MHz clock signals as well as HDB3 code. These multiple inputs and
outputs help to connect the C&C08 clock system with other digital devices so as to
realize the synchronous interconnection of the clocks.
z The software is very powerful. The clock system is provided with the complete
functions of display, alarm, operations & maintenance.
z Administrators can configure directly the internal clock parameters from BAM.
The C&C08 synchronization system can either extract clock signals directly from the
PCM code stream, or accept clock signals supplied by the DTF board in the exchange.
Besides, through interfaces like the 2.048MHz interface, it can also be connected
directly to BITS devices. The synchronization system, after "purifying" the extracted
clock signals, synthesizes the time signals to meet the requirements demanded by the
switching network and forwards them.
3.2.3 SM Architecture
Communication & Control unit, Module Switching Network and Interface unit are the
three main functional units into which the SM architecture can be divided (see Figure
3-21).
3-23
MDF
Interface unit
User line unit
Module
Switching To central switching
network in AM/CM
Network
Trunk line unit
Queuing
machine
and Intel. Network control
service unit Module and clock
communication
and control unit
ISDN unit
Figure 3-21 SM architecture
The communication & control unit mainly controls the operation of the SM. It also
implements additional functions like generation and detection of various signal tones,
their measurement & test, and special call handling (e.g. the three-party or multi-party
conference). SM communicates with AM/CM via two pairs of fiber links, which also
serve as the path for transmitting the maintenance & testing signals from BAM down to
SM and from SM up to BAM. When being used as a single-SM exchange, the
communication and control unit of SM is also in charge of the inter-exchange
communication handling, such as signaling & protocol processing.
The module switching network can carry out not only the time-division switching
between two subscribers of a particular SM but also the time-division switching of the
speech channel from a subscriber to the AM/CM. The switching network is configured
in a duplicated active/standby mode.
Various interface units are used to transform the digital signals used inside the C&C08
Switching System into digital signals acceptable to various communication terminals.
The interface unit of C&C08 can be applied to all kinds of analog or digital subscriber
lines, trunks, inter-exchange and inter-network transmission systems.
Detailed descriptions of the three main functional units are given below.
I. Communication & control unit
The hardware of the module control & communication unit and the switching network of
every module in the C&C08 Switching System (including the AM/CM) are co-located in
the same frame, known as the main control frame or main control unit. Figure 3-22
illustrates the composition of the main control unit.
3-24
Module switching
network
Module communication and

control unit
Figure 3-22 Composition of the main control unit
Figure 3-23 illustrates the architecture of the SM main control unit. It is hierarchical
control architecture. The key parts adopt the duplicated active/standby mode to
enhance system reliability.
MPU A MPU switchover control MPU B

(MPU) (EMA ) (MPU)
bus
Module communication
Signaling voice board

Fiber interface board
Switching network
Alarm driving board

Data memory board
board (LAP, MFC)
board (NET)
board (MC2)
(OPT)
(
(MEM)
ALM)
(SIG)
Comm. Comm.
mailbox mailbox
(NOD) (NOD)
Intra-module Inter- exchange
communication communication
Us er, trunk interface

To alarming box
subnode subnode
control point control point
(CPU) (CP U)
Figure 3-23 SM main control unit hierarchy
The SM main control unit is mainly composed of the main processing unit (MPU),
intra-module communication main control node (NOD), inter-module communication
board (MC2), optic interface board (OPT), intra-module switching network board (NET),
data memory board (MEM), signal tone board (SIG) and signaling processing board
(LAP). All the circuits can be configured to work in the duplication mode.
Control architecture in SM is of the three-level decentralized mode. From the top down,
the three level are respectively: MPU, NOD and slave control node (CPU). The MPU is
the central processing unit of each module in the main control unit and adopts the
duplicated mode to enhance the system reliability. The MPU switchover circuit, EMA,
assists the online data backup between the two MPU boards, and controls their
switchover. The MPU establishes the interconnection with each functional slave control
3-25
node (CPU) via NOD. The slave control node (CPU) is the microprocessor in each
interface functional circuit board (e.g. subscriber line board and trunk line board), and is
often referred to as the sub-node. The NOD communicates with the CPUs on each
related circuit boards via the serial port, in the differential mode. CPUs on the individual
control/interface units within a module, perform varied functions but work in
coordination with one another, forming an organic multi-processor control system. The
communication between processors is carried out by the mailbox and memory
mapping techniques, which effectively brings down the overhead on internal
communications.
MC2 board and OPT board are the interfaces for inter-module communications, and
the two are connected via HDLC links in the interior of a module. MCC (except for
MCC0 and MCC1) and FB1 at the AM/CM side are respectively the counterparts of the
MC2 and OPT board at the SM side, and this part of circuit need not be configured
when SM is used as a single-SM exchange. In this case, the trunk interface unit can be
used instead for establishing inter-exchange communications.
NET board in SM can independently perform the time-division switching of the calls
originated within the module. While, in coordination with the CTN board of the AM/CM,
the NET can perform the time-division switching of the inter-module calls. The capacity
of NET is 4K×4K timeslots.
MEM is designed to help in achieving some other exchange services. Its large memory
capacity can be used to store real time data and bills.
Loaded with different software, LAP board can process CCS7 signaling system, and
protocols of 30B+D interface, V5.2 interface and PHI-packet handling interface.
SIG board can transmit the signal tones required by the call establishment process, to
the subscribers via the switching network. In addition, it can also provide six kinds of
recorded speech signal tones. SIG board is not needed in TSM. Presently, the system
supports the new SIG board with 64 channels of tone, and the new one is compatible
with the old SIG board.
II. Module switching network
1) The switching network in each SM is a 4K×4K T network, which is formed by four

2K×2K T network segments—ASIC SD509 (product serial number of Huawei
ASIC series) interconnected as shown in Figure 3-24.
64 64
SD509
SD509
SD509
64 64
SD509
Figure 3-24 4K×4K T network
These ASIC products have the following features:

z A non-blocking 2048×2048 TS single T switching network.
3-26
z Having the functions of introducing/extracting information from every timeslot,

memory read-back control, network online test and self-loop test.
z Providing integrated serial-parallel/parallel-serial conversion circuits without the
need of peripheral circuits.
z Adopting sequential write/controlled read methods.
z Supporting broadcasting mode, i.e., a certain input timeslot can be switched to any
number of output timeslots at will.
2) In addition to the above-mentioned basic switching functions, the NET in SM can
also support, the 64-TS telephone conference function. The integrated circuit
designed by Huawei, basically used for telephone conference, adopts the voice
volume comparison technique and has the following features:
z A receiver, in addition to his own voice, can also hear the voice of the highest
volume among all the other participants.
z Voices are very clear and many participants are allowed.
z HW interface matches directly with the SD509 circuit.
z Supports the A/µ PCM code and even bit reversal.
z Supports multiple telephone conferences being held simultaneously, as long as
the total number of the participants does not exceed 64.
3) The NET also integrates the caller identification (CID) generator, supporting CID-I
(caller number display upon ringing) and CID- II (caller number display upon
answer and send call waiting tone the caller). The main functions are:
z Supports A/µ-law coding.
z Simultaneously supports the transmission of 32×n channels of CID signals.
4) The NET also performs such functions as clock reference source selection and
hard/soft switchover, phase locking, clock driving and HW driving. It provides a
uniform clock for all the parts of SM, supports the caller number verification
function, namely, it would verify the matching between the length of the caller
number and the caller's address feature to ensure that they really match each
other; supports the CID-II function, which means that the caller number can be
displayed during call waiting.
5) To ensure the reliability and stability of the switching network, the NET in the SM
adopts the active/standby mode with the following features:
z The online backup between the active and standby networks proceeds in the
shared-writing and separate-reading method.
z When the active switching network goes offline, the hardware automatically
performs the switchover, without the need of manual control.
z When malfunction is detected on the active network, the host can order the
active/standby networks to switch over.
z The man-machine instructions from BAM can control the switchover.
3-27
III. Interface unit
Equipped with different interface units, different types of SM can be formed in C&C08,
to provide various service functions.
z SM equipped with the subscriber unit forms the subscriber switching module,
USM.
z SM equipped with the trunk unit forms the trunk switching module, TSM.
z Combining the subscriber and trunk units can form the combined subscriber and
trunk module (UTM).
z Automatic call distributor (ACD) combined with the intelligent service unit can be
equipped to form the intelligent switching module, ISM, which can provide
automatic call distribution service (ACD), voice mailbox service and telephone
number query service.
z SM equipped with the ISDN interface unit can provide the 2B+D and 30B+D digital
subscriber line interface, 23B+D interface, V5.2 interface and packet handling
interface, to achieve the interconnection of networks like PSTN, ISDN, access
network (AN) and public switching packet data network (PSPDN).
z C&C08 Exchange differs from the common switches, when the SM functions as a
service switching point (SSP). SSP is the connection point between PSTN and IN,
providing the access to IN functions. SSP can detect the intelligent service
requests and communicate with service control point (SCP) to respond to SCP
requests, so as to allow service logic in SCP to get involved in call processing.
IV. USM and its interface unit
The USM of the C&C08 Switching System is the pure subscriber-line interface module
with an independent switching capability. As shown in Figure 3-25, one USM subscriber
interface unit is composed of 22 basic subscriber interface units, each of which is made
up of 19 subscriber line boards. Each ASL subscriber line board supports 16 subscriber
lines and the DSL subscriber line board supports 8 subscriber lines. Therefore, the
capacity of each basic subscriber interface unit is either 304 analog subscriber lines or
152 digital subscriber lines. One USM at full configuration has 6688 analog subscriber
lines, occupying 4 racks.
3-28
M PUA EM A M PUB
SBUS-L
SBUS-R
M ain control NOD NOD ... NOD NOD

unit
User line
interface unit
DRV DRV DRV DRV
Serial
com m unication
cable
...
ASL ASL ASL ASL
/DSL ... /DSL /DSL ... /DSL
0# 18# 0# 18#
21#
0#
Figure 3-25 USM control structure
USM adopts the three-level dispersed control mode. From the top down, the three
levels are respectively MPU, main node and sub-node, whose tasks are carried out
physically by MPUA, MPUB board (working in the active/standby mode), NOD board,
and DRV board (DTMF drive board). 2 main nodes working in the load-sharing &
mutual aid mode control each basic subscriber unit to enhance the reliability. These two
nodes should come from different NOD boards. Two DRV boards, also working in the
load-sharing & mutual aid mode, perform the functions of driving the basic subscriber
unit and receiving double-tone digits.
As shown in Figure 3-25, each DRV has 16 sets of Dual-Tone-Multi-Frequency (DTMF)
digit receivers. The term "load-sharing & mutual aid" means that under normal
conditions, each board undertakes half of the tasks of the interface control, drive and
digit receiving. When fault occurs to one main node or one DRV board, the other main
node or DRV board takes care of the entire basic subscriber unit functions. USM need
not be equipped with the inter-exchange signaling processing circuits like MFC, LAP,
etc.
The C&C08 Switching System can provide remote subscribers with the same functions
and services that are provided for the local subscribers. There are three approaches to
accomplish this, by means of RSM, RSA and RSU. Among them, the architecture and
configuration of the RSM are identical with those of the USM, except that the
communication between RSM and AM/CM is implemented via the E16 board.
V. TSM and its interface unit
TSM in C&C08 is a pure trunk interface module with independent switching capability. A
typical TSM configuration is 1,440 Digital Trunks (DT). The basic capacity unit has 480
DTs, comprised 8 digital trunk boards (DTF), occupying half of the TMB frame. Each
DTF board provides 60 DTs, occupies one main node and has 2 HW resources. A TSM
with typical configuration comprises 3 basic units and occupies 24 main nodes. A
similar calculation can be made in the case of T1 trunk also.
3-29
Since TSM has no subscriber interface, there is no need for its main control unit to be
equipped with the SIG board. Besides, according to the different inter-exchange
signaling types, the TSM main control unit can be equipped with channel associated
signaling (CAS) processing circuits, multi-frequency mutual control board (MFC),
double-tone mutual control board (DTR), and/or CCS7 processing circuits (No.7
signaling board-LAP_NO7).
The typical capacity of a TSM single-SM exchange is 1920DT. Its configuration is
illustrated in Figure 3-26:
DT 2# DT 3# Frame6
DT 0# DT 1# Frame5
Power rack Clock (CKB) Frame4
200A/40A Frame3
Main control unit (MCB) Frame2
Frame1
Figure 3-26 Typical configuration for a single-SM trunk exchange
VI. UTM
UTM is the combined subscriber and trunk module with independent switching ability. A
UTM with typical configuration can provide 4256L + 480DT, and is comprised of 14
basic subscriber units, one basic digital trunk unit, and one main control unit, occupying
three shelves. At this configuration, the main control unit needs 9 NOD boards (36 main
nodes). The rest of the configuration is the same as that of USM, except for the
signaling processing circuits such as MFC and LAP required for the inter-exchange
communications.
The main control unit (MCB) of a UTM being used as a single-SM exchange does not
need to be equipped with inter-module communication circuits (MC2, OPT, etc.). Three
typical configurations are available for a single-SM UTM exchange:
5168 subscriber lines + 480 DTs (4 racks)
Once the quantity of NET boards, HWs and NOD boards are fixed, if necessary, the
number of subscriber lines can be reduced to increase the number of DTs, in the
manner that every 60DTs can substitute 304 subscriber lines.
VII. ACD & ISM
ACD & ISM of the C&C08 is mainly for providing the automatic call distribution service
systems such as the telephone number query system, fault reporting system, wireless
paging system, information service systems, which can make full use of trunk and
operator position resources. It can also provide automatic voice prompt and message
service for voice service and the large-capacity memory for the toll board number
service.
As shown in Figure 3-27, ISM consists of the main control unit, trunk unit, operator
position interface unit, digit-receiving unit, voice processing (VP) unit and service
station. As the ISM is generally used as a single-SM exchange, clock synchronization
unit and SPM are to be added, and, under these circumstances, there is no need to
equip the main control unit with the inter-module communication circuits (MC2 or OPT).
OPT slot can be inserted instead, with line conversion board (HWC) to connect the
3-30
internal HW to the VP station. It should be pointed out here, that the memory board
(MEM) is needed in ISM.
H
MPU switchover control D
CPU A CPU B L
(MPU) (EMA) (MPU) C
bus
Memory board (MEM)
Alarm driving bard

Switching network
board (LAP, MFC)
Comm. Comm. Comm.
Line conversion
board (NET)
board (HWC)
mailbox mailbox mailbox
(ALM)
(NOD) ….. (NOD) ….... (NOD) x 4
Seat, trunk interface

Trunk driving/
Trunk driving voice prompt
(TKD) (TKD/SPT) x 2 Inter-exchange
DT communication
Integrated number-
receiving unit RS232
To alarm box
To VP station
AIT ASL AIT ASL DRV DRV DRV
0# 0# 7# 7# 0# 1# 15#
Figure 3-27 Illustration of ISM composition
A full configuration ISM contains 512 operator positions + 512 VP stations + 1500 DTs,
as shown in Figure 3-27, which depends upon the number of the main nodes. Every 60
DTs or every 64 operator position interface needs a main node, and the central digit
receiving unit, which is used together with the trunk unit, needs 4 main nodes.
VIII. ISDN interface unit
The C&C08 ISDN switching module provides terminal-to-terminal digital connection

based on digitized telephone switching network. Aiming at supporting a wide range of
services (including both voice and non-voice services), it provides subscribers with a
set of limited and standard user-network interfaces. The ISDN switching module has 3
basic features:
1) Terminal-to-terminal digital connection
At the connecting point where the subscribers access the exchange, standard
interfaces like E1 (2B+D and 30B+D), T1 (23B+D), nB+D and nB+mD are all available.
The B channel is the 64 kbit/s carrying channel and the D channel is the 16kbit/s and
64kbit/s signaling channel with backup function. To access the circuit line there are
three modes, which are achieved respectively by basic rate interface, S/T interface
(C&C08NT1), and primary rate interface.
2) Integrated services
3-31
The ISDN switching module supports a variety of integrated services including voice,
data, text and image, and the interconnections of various networks such as the PSTN,
PSPDN, frame trunk network, Internet and LAN.
3) Standard network access interfaces
Different services and terminals can access the network via a unified interface. One
prominent feature of the C&C08 Switching System is that it has a variety of service
interfaces for specific purposes, like 2B+D and 30B+D for ISDN, V5.2 for AN and PHI
interface for PSPDN, which makes the interconnection of various networks and the
access of various services possible. In their hardware structure, these interfaces do not
differ in nature from the above-described trunk and subscriber interfaces. The DSL
board provides the 2B+D interface, while the 30B+D interface, V5.2 and PHI are
provided by the digital trunk board and LAP board equipped with special firmware. Both
the main control unit and interface unit do not differ in hardware from the USM and TSM.
But in the software design, the MPU software, interface software and protocol
processing software are totally different. Each LAP board has 2 groups of HDLC links
each controlled by a communication processor and providing 4×64kb/s HDLC links.
Loaded with different protocol processing software, boards with the same hardware
can process different protocols:
z The SS7 signaling processing board (LAP_NO7) has 2 sets of completely
independent 4-link systems
z The PRI protocol processing board (LAP_PRI) has 8 HDLC links
z The V5.2 protocol processing board (LAP_V5.2) has 8 HDLC links
z The PHI protocol processing board (LAP_PHI) has 8 HDLC links
Likewise, equipping the digital trunk interface board (DTF/DTT) with different firmware
forms different functional boards:
z Digital trunk board (DTF/DTT) and V5.2 interface board (DTF_V5.2)
z SS7 signaling TUP interface board (DTF_TUP)
z PRI interface board (DTF/DTT), PHI interface board (DTF_PHI) and SS7 signaling
ISUP interface board (DTF_ISUP)
V5.2 is composed of one or several E1s (16 E1 at the most). At present, the C&C08 can
handle a maximum of 80 groups of V5.2 interfaces. The V5.2 interface uses the HDLC
link on the LAP board as its communication channel. One V5.2 interface can be
assigned with one or multiple communication channels.
IX. C&C08 SSP, IN service interface unit and its special hardware
When acting as SSP, C&C08 Exchange differs from the common exchanges. It is the
connection point between PSTN and IN, providing access to IN functions. It can detect
intelligent service requests and communicate with SCP to respond to SCP requests, in
order to allow the service logic in SCP, and get involved in call processing.
The location of SSP, a key part in the IN composition, is illustrated in Figure 3-28, with
respect to the overall IN design.
3-32
SCP SMP SCE
CCS7 SMAP
SSF
CCF SRF VM server
CCAF
SSP
PSTN
SCP - Service Control Point SMP- Service Management － Point

SCE - Service Creation environment SMAP - Service Management Access Point
SRF- Special Resource Function CCS7 - No.7 Common Channel Signaling
CCF - Call Control Function CCAF - Call Control Access Function
SSF - Service Switching Function
Figure 3-28 SSP location in intelligent network
Intelligent service interface unit consists of a series of hardware resources specially

used in IN. They execute functions, such as sending signal tone and voice prompt to
subscriber, collecting data information from subscriber in the subscriber-network
interacting process and coordinating with the software to provide IN services. These
hardware resources for C&C08 intelligent service are mainly SIG board, ASL voice
mailbox board (AVM), automatic voice prompting board (SPT) and DRV board.
1) SIG
In the call establishing process or the subscriber-network interacting process, the
exchange needs to provide various signal tones to the subscriber, including prompt
tone (such as dial tone and busy tone), pickup tone, new service prompt tone as well as
voice announcements like time announcement, weather forecast, etc. All the digital
signals needed for these tones are generated by the SIG board, while the
corresponding analog signals are produced by means of conversion by other circuits.
SIG board can provide 64 kinds of signal tones. There are two SIG boards in each
module, acting in active/standby mode.
2) AVM
C&C08 utilizes the real-time playback function of voice mailbox to realize the
announcement playing function required by China-Intelligent Network Application
Protocol (C-INAP). It is a more flexible approach than the playback function provided
through SPT board which is described below, as the voice contents stored in the
mailbox can be modified, added, deleted at any time via the network.
AVM board can be inserted into the subscriber board slot of the subscriber frame.
Similar to ASL board, it can also be taken as a sub-node, which communicates with the
MPU via NOD board. The main functions of AVM board are as follows:
z Provides a set of voice data links (2.048Mbit/s, i.e. one HW) directly connecting to
the audio processing board (ADP) plugged in the industrial computer (BAM);
3-33
z Provides a set of signaling control lines connecting to the RS232 serial port of
terminal computer, via which the control information between voice mailbox and
the MPU in exchange is transmitted.
AVM has two configurations, 16-channel or 32-channel, which can be modified by the
jumper settings on the board. For the 16 channel configuration, one AVM board
occupies a single subscriber line board slot supporting 16 channels, and for the 32
channel working, it occupies physically only one slot, but caters for two adjacent slots
providing 32 channels. The set of slots is such that the smaller slot number is an even
one. For example, slots 12 and 13 form a set. The AVM board can be inserted in either
of the slots 12 and 13, but the other slot should be kept vacant.
3) ADP
ADP board, with DSP technique applied, is used to compress voice information on HW
and send it to computer memory after buffer; or to decompress voice information in
computer memory before sending it onto HW.
4) SPT
The main function of SPT board is to play various prompting and waiting tones. SPT
board can store up to 2.2 hours (62M byte) of prompting/waiting tones with no
restriction on the time duration of any single prompting tone. 128 playback channels
are available simultaneously, through the switching, carried out inside the T-NET on the
board. In addition, SPT board can also help to drive HW for other boards in the same
frame.
When a prompting tone is to be played, MPU sends a command to the board via the
serial port, and the T-NET on the board, under the control of the control circuit, switches
the prompting tone to the specified timeslot. Then after driving, the tone is sent to other
boards in the same frame. HW signals from other boards in the frame are also driven by
this board and sent to main control frame after being converted to differential signals.
5) DRV
DRV board and SPT board are usually located in the same frame, jointly performing
tone playback and digit receiving task during IN service subscriber-network interacting
process. The main functions of DRV board include:
z Level conversion of NOD and HW signals
z Providing 16 DTMF digit receiver
DRV board adopts the digital signal processor (DSP), to realize the DTMF
receiving/transmitting functions. During DTMF number receiving, MPU sends
command to the processor on DRV board via main node, then MPU controls the
switching network to switch the corresponding timeslot to the serial port of the DSP.
Once it detects the number, DSP reports to the processor on the board by interruption,
which the processor reports to the MPU, via serial port. To send out DTMF signals, the
processor commands DSP via the control logic, to dial out the number and then switch
it onto UHW.
3.3 Remote Module
3.3.1 Brief Introduction on Remote Module
To offer the network access and administration, to subscribers located at a remote

place from the exchange, and to enhance the communication quality, the large capacity
modularized C&C08 Exchange provides remote module function. SM can be installed
3-34
at a remote place from the AM/CM, according to the practical local network situation,
and this kind of SM is referred to as the remote switching module (RSM). See Figure
3-29.
AM/CM AM/CM
SM …… SM SM …… SM
Telephone Telephone Telephone Telephone
Host exchange Host exchange Remote switching module
Figure 3-29 Remote switching module
In addition to the RSM, C&C08 Switching System provides two other types of remote
modules: Remote Subscriber Access module (RSA) and Remote Integrated Module
(RIM).
The concept and characteristics of the respective remote modules are discussed
below.
I. RSM
Links between SM and AM/CM can be established via the E1 ports provided by E16
board, where the protocol adopted is LAPMC2+IDT or MC2+IDT developed by Huawei.
SM corresponding to the above mentioned network construction mode is called an
RSM. See Figure 3-30.
AM/CM
Other
switching
Fiber E1
R2/No.7 network
SM RSM
Figure 3-30 RSM (connect to AM/CM)
RSM's being connected to AM/CM directly via a number of E1 links instead of other
modules, simplifies the network structure and reduces the calling time delay, which in
turn improves the system reliability and reduces costs to a great extent.
E16 board is a trunk interface board placed in AM/CM, which can provide 16 standard
E1 interfaces. Apart from being used for connecting the RSM, the E16 board can also
be used to replace the 40Mbit/s OPT board for inter-module transmission. In such a
case, the SM can serve as a trunk module.
3-35
II. RSA
RSA in C&C08, functions as a subscriber line concentrator. It is ideal for the

subscribers who are located in a centralized way at a place far away from the exchange,
in solving the access problem of these remote subscribers. PCM digital interface is
adopted between RSA and the host exchange, which helps to minimize the length of
the subscriber lines. Compared to the conventionally used subscriber loop carrier or
loop extension technology, RSA is advantageous with its capacity for an unlimited
installation distance and good speech quality.
In this application, RSA accesses the host exchange via LPRSA board + RDT board
(configured by digital trunk board).
LPRSA is a member of the set of LAP boards, used especially for the second layer
signaling handling between the host exchange and RSA. LPRSA board deals with the
Q.921 protocol. There are two processors on each LPRSA board, and each processor
takes care of 1~32 HDLC links under the control of serial communication controller,
SCCI. LPRSA board communicates with the MPU of the host exchange in mailbox
mode.
RSA has no switching function. For every remote subscriber frame, two E1 links are
used which can accommodate a maximum of 304 subscribers. Increasing the number
of RSAs can smoothly expand the capacity.
The RSA connection is illustrated in Figure 3-31.
AM/CM RSA
E1 links Subscriber f rame

SM
SM
Telephone Telephone Telephone Telephone

Host exchange Remote subscriber adapter
Figure 3-31 RSA connection
III. RIM
RIM is a remote module that integrates the subscriber frame, transmission frame, cable
distributing frame, batteries, primary power supply device and other auxiliary devices
into a single rack. Actually, it is an RSA with a special architecture. RIM is located at a
remote place from the exchange and is capable of providing services like common calls,
data service and 2B+D services.
With the optic interfaces on its network side and electric interfaces on its subscriber
side, RIM can process optic signals and provide service interfaces for subscribers. It
3-36
also performs functions such as optic-electric and electric-optic conversions,

multiplexing and de-multiplexing, protocol handling, and operations & maintenance.
3.3.2 Features of Remote Modules
I. Comprehensive adaptability
Via the internal PCM communication links, SM can support RSM, which is especially
applicable to the network organization areas with scattered subscriber locations. Apart
from that, RSM can also be directly connected to the AM/CM to simplify the network
structure.
The design ideology of the RSA, as a line concentrator for remote subscribers in the
C&C08 Exchange, is to separate the subscriber circuit part from the control part of the
subscriber module. The subscriber part is located far away from the local exchange but
very near to the remote subscribers, and interconnected through control interfaces and
transmission lines. In this manner, the network access can be provided for the
subscribers who are concentrated in an area, which is far away from the exchange.
RIM integrates the subscriber frame, transmission frame, cable distributing frame,
batteries, primary power supply device and other auxiliary devices into a single rack.
This solution features low cost, a short installation period, minimum space requirement
as well as enhanced system security and reliability.
II. Comprehensive services access and interface
Interfaces provided by the remote modules are shown in Figure 3-32.
ASL Analog user
Remote
module DSL 2B+D digital user
DTU V.24/V.35DDN user
Environment
ESC
supervision RSP 30B+D/E1 leased line user
VFB 2/4 line voice frequency
SRX Sub-rate DDN user
Figure 3-32 Interfaces provided by the remote modules
The 2B+D basic rate interface conforms to the ITU-T G. 960 recommendation. Each
DSL board supports eight 2B+D interfaces.
The 30B+D primary rate interface conforms to the ITU-T G.703 recommendation. The
LAP unit of the switching module processes D-channel signaling.
3-37
III. Flexible configuration and network construction
The rack used in the C&C08 remote modules is the same as that used in the local
modules, i.e., the 19-inch rack conforming to industry standards.
z Stacking makes the capacity expansion uncomplicated. The capacity of a remote
module can be expanded to 5472 lines with ease.
z It provides 1:1~1:10 subscriber concentration ratio, to meet different traffic
demands.
z It provides standard E1 physical interface and standard interface protocols
V5.2/No.7, as well as the C&C08 internal protocol. It permits the building up of a
network via SDH device provided by any vendor.
z RSM method is suitable for the reconstruction of a large local network.
IV. Complete environment supervision system, maintenance system and test

system
RSM environment supervision and test system is shown in Figure 3-33.

Primary power
batteries
Temperature
ESC
Humidity
Generator E1
RSA/RSP Host exchange
monitor Signaling
Door
inhibition
Subscriber
TSS
circuit
ESC: Environment supervision module

TSS: Subscriber test module (test subsystem)
Figure 3-33 RSM environment supervision and test system
The testing of the subscriber circuit (TSS) means that the maintenance personnel
perform tests on performances and specifications of the subscriber circuits. Important
performances and specifications tested are, insulation resistance of the subscriber line,
insulation voltage of the subscriber line, insulation capacitance of the subscriber line
and the performance of the subscriber board.
The subscriber test system is categorized into three types: subscriber circuit test, loop
test and meter test
1) Circuit test
Via the test subsystem of man machine interface, the user can send internal circuit
testing instructions to carry out tests on the performances and specifications of the
specific subscriber circuit on the subscriber board. After the testing, the test board
reports the test results to the main processor.
3-38
Following are the functions mainly tested on the subscriber board: off-hook function,
dial tone function, DP receiving function, DTMF receiving function, ring-back tone
function, busy tone function, feeding function, polarity reversal function, on-hook
function, ring function, ring interception function, feeding voltage function, and ring
current voltage function.
2) Loop test
Main specifications of the loop test on the subscriber external line are as stated below:
z Insulation resistance between wire A & earth, insulation resistance between wire B
& earth and insulation resistance between A & B wires.
z Insulation capacitance between wire A & earth, insulation capacitance between
wire B & earth and insulation capacitance between A & B wires.
z Insulation voltage between wire A & earth, insulation voltage between wire B &
earth and insulation voltage between A & B wires.
The test subsystem performs intelligent qualitative analyses on the test results.
According to the pre-obtained parameters for a subscriber, judgments on malfunctions,
such as a broken wire, single wire earthed, poor insulation, phone parked, phone not
connected, electric leakage, contacting power line, contacting other subscriber line,
etc., can be made.
3) Meter test
After the user has set the meter test function, a corresponding circuit test relay
disconnects the subscriber internal circuit from the external line. Meters can then be
connected to the two test terminals at the back of the test board, enabling the user to
directly perform tests on the subscriber internal circuit and external line.
3.3.3 Remote Module Network Construction
The flexible network construction feature of the C&C08 enables to build a single
integrated digital platform for a vast area. The large-capacity host exchange and
various remote modules of the C&C08 are comprehensively applicable to cities,
suburbs and rural areas. There are many network application modes for C&C08, as
shown in Figure 3-34 and 3-35.
3-39
Figure 3-34 Illustration of C&C08 integrated network platform construction
Figure 3-35 Remote module network construction
I. RSA
1) Applications of RSA
RSA is a small capacity remote subscriber module, able to cater for 304 subscribers via
two mutually assisting 2Mbit/s PCM links. It is located at a remote place, far away from
the SM exchange and has a high subscriber concentration. Two 304-lines capacity
subscriber modules can serve 608 subscribers. The PCM links corresponding to each
subscriber module have the mutual assistance function. The transmission of PCM
3-40
signals are carried out either by the standard E1 interface, or by two pairs of telephone
wires adopting the High bit rate Digital Subscriber Line (HDSL) technique with a
transmission distance of 4 km, or by the PCM system or the SDH terminal device.
Timeslot 16 in the PCM, adopts the link access procedure on the D-channel (LAPD) to
transmit call establishment signals. The module itself does not have the switching
function.
2) System architecture
Each RSA of the C&C08 uses n groups of two 30B+D transparent channels working in
the load-sharing mode to provide 304×n remote subscribers.
It is possible to connect a subscriber module with a single PCM link to SM, at the
concentration ratio of 1:10, which is suitable for a module with a comparatively low
traffic. PCM configuration can be tested dynamically and automatically. If one of the
RSA PCM links is broken, the alarm gets triggered, but the work still goes on relying on
one PCM link. With a combination of several 304-lines sub-modules, an RSA capacity
can be made adequate for the requirement of the subscribers.
3) System features
The system has standard E1 interfaces conforming to G.703 recommendation, and
supports multi-level module network construction. As shown in Figure 3-36, when the
remote module capacity is small, it has no switching capability, making it economical
and easy to be maintained.
DT
C&C08
PCM¡Á2 ~
~ PCM¡Á2
PCM¡Á2
RSA
RSA
RSA
Remote user
module
Figure 3-36 RSA network construction
4) RSA configuration
The hardware configuration of networking through LAPRSA board is illustrated in
Figure 3-37:
3-41
Host end Remote end
M N L
P E A
U T P
RSA
N
O
D RSA
R R
D D ...
T T
Optical Optical
RSA
transceiver transceiver
Figure 3-37 RSA configuration
z Host (Local) end

At the host end, LAP board combined with RDT board works as the interface for
connecting the LAPRSA board.
z Remote end
Remote end RSA has two configurations, implemented by the RSP and RSB frames
(recommended) respectively.
When RSP is used, RSP board acts as the interface of RSA at the remote end. In this
case, at the host side, DTR board should be inserted to receive the dialed numbers.
The layout of the RSP frame is shown in Figure 3-38. Generally, RSP boards are
connected to SM by two E1 links. A maximum of 19 ASL boards (or DSL, DIU, etc. as
the case may be) can be accommodated in one remote subscriber frame.
The layout of the RSB frame is shown in Figure 3-39, where the RSA, DRV, and ASL
boards are all located in a single frame. The RSB configuration need not have a
number receiver (DTR) on the host side, as the DRV board inserted in the frame
achieves this function. A maximum of 16 ASL boards (or DSL, DIU, etc.) can be
accommodated in one remote subscriber frame.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
P A A A A A A A A A A R R A A A A A A A A A T P
W S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S W
X L L L L L L L L L L P P L L L L L L L L L S X
Layout of RSP
Figure 3-38 Layout of remote RSP subscriber frame
3-42
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
P A A A A A A A A D R R D A A A A A A A A T P
W S S S S S S S S R S S R S S S S S S S S S W
X L L L L L L L L V A A V L L L L L L L L S X
Layout of RSB
Figure 3-39 Layout of remote RSA subscriber frame
II. RIM
1) Applications of RIM
RIM is a remote module that integrates the subscriber frame, transmission frame, cable
distributing frame, batteries, primary power supply device and other auxiliary devices
into a single rack. System administration would be in a dilemma at congested places
with sub-standard environment. It is very difficult to provide individually, equipment like
cable distributing frame, battery, and primary power supply device, etc. to these remote
areas where there is a space constraint, while, trying to fulfill the entire voice and data
communications services requirements of these small areas. A single RSA cannot meet
this requirement, but RIM is a perfect solution.
2) System principle
When the optic interface unit uses the built-in SBS 155/622A transmission device, as
shown in Figure 3-40, the line board OI4 or OIB (OIB-S or OIB-D) of the SBS155/622A
device provides optic signals and the branch board SP1 or PD1 (PD1-S or PD1-D)
provides the E1 that is needed for the RIM. The system control board, SCB controls the
whole system. It provides four E1 outputs for the RSA boards in the subscriber unit and
supports the subscribers of this RIM via DRV board, thus providing transparent
transmission channels between this RIM and the switching module.
To switching
module
T A D R E1
S S R S Cross
S L V A unit
SP1/ OIB/
PD1 OI4
T A D R E1
SCB card
S S R S
S L V A
Ov erhead Main control Clock
SBS155/622A
Figure 3-40 RIM principle
3) Configuration
z Host (Local) end
3-43
The local end configuration is the same as that of the RSA.

z Remote end
When the built-in SBS155/622A device is used for the optical transmission, the device
is put into the transmission frame, which also contains the SCB board, line board (OI4
or OIB) and the branch board (SP1 or PD1). In accordance with the different
requirements and network construction methods, the built-in SBS155/622A device can
be equipped with 1~3 OI4 or OIB boards to provide optical interfaces. In accordance
with the upward and downward traffics, it can be also equipped with one or two SP1
boards and 1 PD1 board to provide E1 interfaces.
The subscriber frame uses the remote subscriber frame (containing RSA, DRV, ASL,
and TSS boards) to provide various subscriber interfaces and execute the functions of
driving, intelligent testing of subscriber lines, supervision, over-voltage protection, etc.
Remote frames of the RIM are shown in Figure 3-41.
Transmission frame
CATV frame
Subscriber frame
Subscriber frame
Figure 3-41 Remote frames of RIM
III. RSM
1) Applications of RSM
z Networking methods are shown in Figure 3-42.
C&C08 exchange
AM
Fiber
Fiber
E1
E SM RSM SM F
E1
C
RSM
Opposite
exchange D
Figure 3-42 RSM (E16) network construction
Modules C and D belong to the RSM, and they are connected to the AM/CM directly, via
a number of E1 links instead of other switching modules.
z Hardware configuration
For RSM accessing, the E16 board is added at the AM/CM side to connect to the digital
trunk board on RSM for inter-module signaling transmission. At the SM side, the MC2
board or LAPMC2 board is in charge of the signaling processing. The No.7 board or
LAPN7 board is not needed.
Each E16 board provides 16 E1 interfaces, and is located in the slot marked FBI on the
AM/CM. Two E16 boards, working in load-sharing mode, are inserted into slots, which
are occupied respectively by the active/standby FBI boards. An E1 drive board
3-44
(C841DRC) located in the slot marked FBC must accompany each E16 board. This
interface board provides 16 E1 outlets.
The connection between the RSM module and the AM/CM is implemented via the E1s
on the DT board of RSM and the E1s on the E16 board of the AM/CM. Among the E1s,
some of the timeslots in a particular E1 are used for the inter-module signaling
transmission, while the rest are used for the speech channel. The LAPMC2 board on
RSM and the MCC board on the AM/CM are in charge of the inter-module signaling
processing. RSM working scheme is shown in Figure 3-43.
MCC MCC Signaling processing
Signaling voice channel

Signaling
CTN Voice channel
switching
AM/CM
E16 E16
Transmission
2M 2M
Optical terminal unit
Optical terminal unit
2M 2M
DT DT
SM II
NET Voice channel switch
LAPMC2 LAPMC2 Signaling processing
MPU
Figure 3-43 RSM (E16) working scheme
The altered configuration for AM/CM:

z 4 PWS boards
z PWC board can also be used when there are fewer E16 boards.
z 1 backplane of transmission interface frame that is FBI and E16 compatible.
z The number of E16 boards depends upon the number of RSM modules connected
and the number of E1s needed for each module.
z The number of E1 drive boards, C841DRC is the same as that of E16 boards.
z One ventilating fan frame is mounted for cooling the E16 boards.
3-45
Supposing that there are N RSM modules with M E1s connecting each module to the
AM/CM, then the total number of E16 boards required is:
2×N×( (M-1)/32 + 1 )
In the above formula, multiplying by two is for the consideration of the load-sharing
mode of E16 boards. The quantity of the other boards (FBC, CNT, MCC, SNT, etc.) is
the same as that for no E16 board insertion.
The configuration for SM can be altered to:
1) Number of MC2 boards: 1~2
Or number of LAPMC2 boards: 1~2
2) The minimum number of E1s between RSM and AM/CM is 1. It is recommended
that more than two E1s should be provided in the load-sharing mode to connect to
the two load-sharing E16 boards. The total number of E1s for each RSM may be
determined by the concentration ratio of inter-module speech channels.
3.4 Clock Synchronization System
3.4.1 Introduction
I. Concept and role of clock synchronization
Digital synchronization network is a critical component of the digital communication

network and a key to ensure accurate network timing functions. The information
transmitted through this, is the coded discrete pulse. Whenever any two digital
switching equipments are at variance in either clock or phase, or the digital bit flow is
getting affected during transmission by phase shifting or jitter, it may cause either up
overflow or down overflow in the memory buffer, which in turn will result in the slipping
in the normal digital bit flow. To satisfy the reliability requirement of information
transmission, synchronization is needed to control this slipping effectively.
Figure 3-44 illustrates how the digital signal switching is performed in the telecom
network composed of digital transmission equipment and digital switching equipment.
Digital Digital
Send Send
switching switching
equipment equipment
Receive Receive
F0 F0
Reference clock rate Reference clock rate

F0 F0
Figure 3-44 Timing relationship of the two ends in a digital connection
For each of the two digital switching equipments shown in the Figure, connected by
digital transmission equipment, digital signal transmission rate is determined by their
internal clocks. If switching equipment receives digital signals at a rate different from its
own internal clock rate, slipping will occur. To prevent this from happening, the two
3-46
switching equipments must be forced to use a common clock rate, F0 as shown in the
Figure, to form a part of a synchronization network.
Synchronization is a basic feature of time scale or signal, which means that signals
corresponding to the actual time instants appear at the same rate.
In other words, synchronization in digital network is the clock synchronization of all the
switching equipments in the network, including bit synchronization and frame
synchronization.
The clock of the switching equipment in the network has two functions. One is to
provide readout clock to the frame regulator at the input port and the other is to control
network connection of the switching equipment and provide timing reference for
subscribers.
Main tasks of the digital network synchronization are:
z To establish and keep frame synchronization between digit flow frames of other
exchanges and frames of the local exchange.
z To synchronize clocks between various exchanges to reduce slipping caused by
clock frequency inconsistency.
z To convert phase drifting into slipping for effective control.
II. Development of digital network synchronization system
With the development of network from analog to digital, from PDH to SDH, network
synchronization is becoming more and more vital. Every new network that is built has
increased the requirements for synchronization. It ensures that the network units such
as digital switches, digital-cross equipment, SDH multiplexing equipment and add/drop
multiplexer (ADM) can be synchronized to meet the transmission requirements
specified in ITU, European Telecommunication Standard Institute (ETSI) and American
National Standard Institute (ANSI).
Digital data service (DDS) urges the network designers to develop the synchronization
scheme. The digital data flow connection in particular, directly requests for
synchronization. Network designers find that to offer reliable digital data transmission,
there should be a very precise clock source available. What's more, synthesized digital
service and information switching network demands more of network synchronization.
Synchronization is becoming more and more important in modern network. One
example is the SS7 signaling network, which is very similar to DDS network and also
requires a high-quality synchronization. Nowadays, not only this kind of special
subscriber as DDS, but also almost all the services, in other words, every telephone
call, needs high-quality synchronization.
Another case that needs synchronization is the newly emerging SDH network. Its
operation depends totally on a highly stable clock, just as its name "Synchronous
Digital Hierarchy" suggests.
In general, clock system can be divided into 4 stratums in terms of timing, from
stratum-1 to stratum-4. For the conventional PDH network, this hierarchy architecture
of timing was quite effective. With the development of network and transmission
technologies, transmission synchronization between network nodes has become more
and more complicated.
For example, some unimportant problems in PDH network may generate new timing
problems. As a result, many hitherto hidden synchronization problems like jitter
accumulation, drifting, phase shifting or noise will start surfacing.
3-47
Designing a synchronous network using "Stand Alone Synchronization Equipment"

(SASE), or "Building Integrated Timing Supply System" (BITS) and timing hierarchy
architecture, has become the standard way, setting up the trend for future
developments.
III. Basic ways of network synchronization
Digital network synchronization can be classified into two kinds: quasi-synchronization

and synchronization.
Quasi-synchronization digital network means that highly accurate stand-alone clocks
are separately configured at each network node. The signals produced by these clocks
have uniform nominal frequency and frequency tolerance. Clock frequency at each
node is highly accurate in such a mode, so that the slipping code rate is within
acceptable limits. Digital network that uses this kind of stand-alone clock system is
called quasi-synchronization network. Refer to Figure 3-45 (a).
Compared to quasi-synchronization, synchronization means that one single reference
clock is used to control the digital network timing signal. Synchronization digital network
uses the following synchronization control methods:
1) Master/slave control: One clock is used as the master clock, and the others are
slaves, which get synchronized with the master. Refer to Figure 3-45 (b). Under
special cases for master/slave an external reference is also included, as illustrated
in Figure 3-45 (c) and (d).
2) Mutual-control: Digital networks in such cases are highly interconnected to realize
synchronization. Clock in each switch locks with the average frequency of all the
input clock rates. There are two basic types: single end control and dual-end
control, shown respectively in Figure 3-45 (e) and (f).
Quasi-synchronization Synchronization
Master/Slave
synchronization
Mutual synchronization
Theory
(b)
Realization method
(a ) (c ) (d ) (e ) (f)
Figure 3-45 Network synchronization realization
Digital network in master/slave synchronization mode needs to have its reference clock
configured. Other clocks must be set to lock with the reference clock. All the clocks in
the network are classified by hierarchy. Synchronization information of a certain
hierarchy level is allowed to be transmitted only to its lower hierarchy level or at the
same hierarchy level. See Figure 3-46.
3-48
Reference clock
Stratum 2 Stratum 2
Stratum 3 Stratum 3 Stratum 3 Stratum 3
Stratum 4 Stratum 4 Stratum 4 Stratum 4
Figure 3-46 Master/slave synchronization architecture
For the reliable operation of a synchronization network, the synchronization links that
transmit the synchronization information within the network should not be less than two
in number, one as the main and the other as a standby.
In the above Figure, the hierarchy of the digital synchronous network is of four levels.
Stratum-1 clock, which is the reference clock, is a cesium-beam atomic clock, which is
a clock with the highest quality and reliability in the digital network.
Stratum-2 clock is the integrated timing supply system inside an Exchange with holding
function (controlled Rubidium clock or high stable crystal clock) and can be classified
into enhanced category A clock and enhanced category B clock. Stratum-3 clock is a
highly stable crystal clock with holding function, which is synchronized with the
stratum-2 clock or clocks at the same level via a synchronization link. BITS should be
configured when needed.
Stratum-4 clock is an ordinary crystal clock, synchronized with the stratum-3 clock via a
synchronization link.
IV. C&C08 clock synchronization system
C&C08 clock synchronizing system uses digital phase-lock loop and reliable software
phase-lock so that it can synchronize with its higher-level exchange clock reliably. It can
be connected to a toll exchange in quasi-synchronizing mode since its stratum-2
category A clock is of high accuracy.
C&C08 clock synchronizing system has the following characteristics:
1) It has multiple optional clocks of different classes, including stratum-2 clock,
stratum-3 clock (both category A and B), and BITS, so that it can satisfy the varied
requirements of different level exchanges.
2) All the technical indexes of C&C08 clock system meet or surpass the
requirements of the corresponding levels.
3-49
3) It has several types of output signals and input reference sources. Input signals
include signals at 8kHz, 2MHz, 5MHz, 10MHz, and HDB3 code, etc.; output
signals include signals at 4kHz, 8kHz, 1.024MHz, 2.048MHz, 8.192MHz,
32.768MHz, and HDB3 code. Consequently, it is very easy for this system to
interconnect with other equipments to realize clock-synchronizing network.
4) CKS clock system can check the reference resource frequency and maximum
relative time interval error (MRTIE) values. It has a protection switchover function
when the quality of the reference resource deteriorates. It checks for the
phase-loss and performs auto switchover by hardware, when the clock source
becomes faulty.
5) It has a powerful software function. Clock working mode such as reference
resource and phase-lock mode can be configured conveniently via maintenance
subsystem. It has a comprehensive alarm reporting function.
PCM system
DTF
Switching
network
PCM system
DTF
8kHz,4kHz
2048MHz,32MHZ
2Mbit/s
to other exchanges or
synchronization equipment
GPS 2.048MHz Clock frame

origin
5MHZ
M
from BITS system 2.048Mbit/s
in office
Figure 3-47 Synchronization equipment system structure
As shown in Figure 3-47, C&C08 synchronization system can either directly extract the
clock from the PCM code flow, or use the clock provided by the DTF board. In addition,
it provides 2.048MHz and 2.048Mbit/s interfaces to connect with BITS equipment. The
extracted clock signal, after being purified by the synchronization system, is
synthesized into the signal needed by the switching network and sent to it.
3.4.2 Hardware Architecture of C&C08 Synchronization System
I. System architecture
C&C08 synchronization system comprises a CKS clock frame, with CKS clock boards
inserted in half of it, as shown in Figure 3-48.
3-50
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 . . . . . . 25
C C C C
P P
K K K K
W W Empty
S S D D
C C
0 1 0 1
Figure 3-48 Boards in CKS frame
Generally, a CKS clock frame needs to be configured with only two CKS boards and
two PWC boards. CKD board is used only in a 128-SMs exchange.
ALM board completes the control over CKS frame. The control architecture is as shown
in Figure 3-49.
Operation & maintenance

terminal
HDLC
MPU of exchange
ALM card
CKB
CKS card
Figure 3-49 CKS overall control architecture
Operating station and MPU communicate through the HDLC link and MPU & CKS
communicate through ALM board.
CKS clock system signal distribution is shown in Figure 3-50.
Reference source
Trunk 8K0 C 32M

Trunk 8K1 K 4M
2MB0 S 2M
2MB1 8k
2M0
2M1 +/-8K
8K C
K +/-2M
2M D
3-51
Figure 3-50 CKS clock system signal distribution
II. Technical indices of clock system
C&C08 clock system satisfies the relevant ITU-T G.812, G.823 recommendations and
meets or surpasses the technical indices of the standard clock of each corresponding
level. The system can be configured as stratum-2 or stratum-3 clock according to
actual needs. The technical indices are listed in Table 3-1:
Table 3-1 CKS clock system technical index
Item Standard Test result

Fast pull-in, locked, hold-over and free-run
Working mode four working modes. Can be configured Requirements satisfied
manually.
Stratum-2, category A: <5E-10/day
Stratum-2, category B: <1E-9/day
Max. frequency deviation <5E-10/day
Stratum-3E: <1E-9/day
Stratum-3: <2E-8/day
Stratum-2: ±4E-7
Min. accuracy Stratum-3: ±4.6E-6 ±2E-8
Stratum-3E: ±5E-7
Stratum-2: >±4E-7
Stratum-2: >±5E-7
Lock-in range Stratum-3: >±4.6E-6
Stratum-3: >±5E-6
Stratum-3E: >±4.6E-6
Max. initial frequency Stratum-2: <5E-10
<2.44E-10
deviation Stratum-3: <1E-8
Phase non-continuity (caused
by reference switchover,
active/standby switchover, pull <61ns <25ns
in/plug out of standby board,
etc. )
Phase change in ideal work 1000ns <36ns
state MTIE (t) (t>100s) (t=24h)
Stratum-2: a=0.5
b=5.8E-6
Phase change in hold state a=0.244
c=1000
MRTIE (t) = b=0.7E-9
Stratum-3: a=10
as + bs × s + c c=26
b=2.3E-4
c=1000
Mean time between failures
Clock reliability Requirements satisfied
MTBF>10years
Clock maintainability Has both rough and fine frequency adjustment Requirements satisfied
External synchronization
ITU–T G.703 recommendation Requirements satisfied
interface standard
There should be at least two input port
connecting with synchronization links, active
and standby. When the active reference input
is lost, Stratum-2 clock automatically transfers Has up to 6 input ports, which
Frequency reference to hold-over mode; while Stratum-3 clock fully meets the requirements
protection switchover automatically switches the reference over to demanded by protection
the standby input. If the standby input is also switchover
faulty, it will transfer to the hold-over mode.
There should be no slipping during the
transfer.
Generates warning alarm if 4 slips occur in 24
hours or frequency reference source is lost for
Alarm reporting function Requirements satisfied
more than 10 minutes.
Generates major alarm if 255 slips occur in 24
3-52
Item Standard Test result

hours or frequency reference source is lost for
more than 24 hours.
Generates critical alarm if any crystal fault or
phase-lock loop fault occurs.
Clock working mode,
frequency reference and
Displays clock working mode, frequency active/standby clock can be
reference, active/standby clock, the frequency displayed by board indicators
Work status display
reference switchover time and manually or on terminal; the switchover
controlled working status time and manually controlled
working mode are shown in the
alarm report message.
Can select clock working mode, perform clock
and frequency reference switch over locally or
Control function from control center. Requirements satisfied
Has self-check, diagnosis and maintenance
function.
Shift and jitter tolerance of
ITU–T G. 823 Requirements satisfied
synchronized input interface
Shift and jitter transferring
feature
Shift and jitter generating
feature
III. CKS board hardware architecture
C841CKS board architecture is illustrated in Figure 3-51.
Phase monitor ROM, RAM

R8K
counter CPU
Reference
selection
Serial port MPU

2MB
Frequency
division
2M
Thermostatic
crystal oscillator
Frequency
Frequency doubler
DDS
doubler
Output
interface
Figure 3-51 C841CKS structure diagram
CKS is the board integrating the Stratum-2 and Stratum-3 clock functions and is
capable of providing Stratum-2 category A and Stratum-3 clocks. CKS board has two
8K, one 2048kbit/s and one 2048kHz reference resources. Tests have proved that all of
the performances of CKS board can fully satisfy the requirements of the corresponding
indexes of Stratum-2 category A clock.
3-53
IV. Input and output interfaces
z Input signal
System provides the following signal inputs, which can serve as clock reference input:
8kHz, 2.048 MHz, 2.048 Mbit/s, 5MHz, 10MHz. See Table 3-2.
Table 3-2 System input signal
Input reference Interface number Signal level Interface type

8KHz 4 TTL/CMOS SMB, 4×8 socket
8KHz 4 RS422 4×8 socket
2.048MHz 2 TTL/CMOS SMB, 4×8 socket
2.048Mb/s 2 HDB3 SMB, 4×8 socket
5MHz 1 TTL/CMOS SMB
10MHz 1 TTL/CMOS SMB
If the system is configured to be a Stratum-3 clock, then only the 8KHz reference
resources from the four RS-422 interfaces are available.
z Output signal
System can provide multiple kinds of output signals as shown in Table 3-3.
Table 3-3 Output signal table
Output signal Interface number Level signal Driving capacity Output type Interface type
32.768MHz 2 TTL 4 TTL Group SMB
8KHz 2 TTL pulse 4 TTL Group SMB
1.024MHz 1 TTL 4 TTL Combination 4×8 socket
1.024MHz 1 RS422 Combination 4×8 socket
2.048MHz 1 TTL 4 TTL Combination 4×8 socket
2.048MHz 1 RS422 Combination 4×8 socket
8KHz 1 TTL 4 TTL Combination 4×8 socket
8KHz 1 RS422 Combination 4×8 socket
4KHz 1 TTL 4 TTL Combination 4×8 socket
4KHz 1 RS422 Combination 4×8 socket
z Communication interface
The clock system can communicate with MPU and other systems through multiple
interface types. See Table 3-4.
Table 3-4 System external interface
Rate Level Interface type Status

187.5Kbit/s RS422 4×8plug With MPU
4.8Kbit/s RS232 4×8plug Reserved
4.8Kbit/s RS422 4×8plug Reserved
3-54
3.4.3 Software Functions and Characteristics
I. Software of clock board
C841CKS board software has the following functions:

1) It has enhanced maintenance and alarm functions and fully satisfies the relevant
requirements.
2) Test function on clock reference quality can be added. Frequency and MRITE
value of reference resource can be tested and corresponding alarm information
can be reported. Reference resource switchover function is implemented, when
quality deterioration takes place.
3) CKS handles phase-lock of SDH and PDH separately. They are completely
compatible.
4) As the hardware detection for phase-loss is realized inside the CKS board, the
switchover when the active board goes faulty is carried out under hardware control,
which helps to greatly minimize the time spent in fault detection and switchover.
5) CKS has achieved the combining of the automatically performed hardware
adjustment and manual adjustment. Input reference resource can be
auto-adjusted by hardware according to frequency difference or be adjusted under
the control of the subscriber at the terminal.
II. Software of MPU board
C&C08 clock system software has the following functions and characteristics:
1) It can configure and manage all the parameters of the clock system.
2) It can reset the board and load data to the system.
3) It can perform switchover of the system, display and change the internal status of
the clock.
4) CKS clock system allows the users to conveniently set the configuration
parameters like clock Stratum or clock phase-lock mode, etc. at the maintenance
terminal to enable it to meet the various reference resource frequency difference
requirements, demanded by different clock levels.
5) It monitors the operation of the clock system in real time and gives out detailed and
accurate alarm information.
3.
3-55

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Technical Manual

C&C08 Digital SPC Switching System Table of Contents

Chapter 3 Hardware System........................................................................................................ 3-1

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Chapter 3 Hardware System

3.1 Administration/Communication Module (AM/CM)

3.1.1 Brief Introduction

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User module User module Trunk module Trunk module User/trunk

High speed link

Billing terminal Operation terminal

Figure 3-1 Location of AM/CM in C&C08

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3.1.2 AM/CM Layout

Figure 3-2 AM/CM32 frame layout

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3.1.3 AM/CM Characteristics

I. AM/CM speech channel switching network

II. AM/CM interfaces

Following network construction methods via AM/CM can be adopted:

Figure 3-3 C&C08 network construction methods

III. Inter-modular communication

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MCCS MCCS MCCS MCCS

MC2 MC2 MC2 MC2 MC2 MC2

MPU MPU MPU

Figure 3-4 Links between AM/CM and SM

MC2 MC2 MC2 MC2

MPU MPU MPU MPU

Figure 3-5 Inter-SM communication routes

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3.1.4 AM/CM Architecture

I. Modular architecture of AM/CM

As shown in Figure 3-6, the communication module consists of the communication

Back terminal system

Functional Functional Functional

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Figure 3-6 CM architecture

Functional Functional Functional

Figure 3-7 AM and terminal system

BAM is a high-performance computer, loaded with special software, which

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implemented mainly through software, and the hardware of AM and CM is almost a

IV. AM/CM main control unit

MCCM MCCM MCC MCC MCC MCC

Figure 3-8 Architecture of the main control unit in the AM/CM

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V. Communication control unit

UHW DHW UHW ALM

(CTN) UHW ?SNT

Figure 3-9 Location of the SNT in AM/CM

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Main functions of SNT board:

Diff. sending FBI

Figure 3-10 Schematic diagram of the MCC board

As shown in Figure 3-10, the Multi-channel HDLC controller can support up to 32

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VI. Clock unit

VII. Speech channel switching unit

1) CTN hardware architecture

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TS alignment are performed. If any inconsistency is found, the status is forcibly

VIII. CTN application