Questions and Answers for Telephony

1. DTMF stands for:

a. Digital Telephony Multiple Frequency
b. Dial Tone Master Frequency
c. Dual-Tone Multi Frequency
d. Digital Trunk Master Frequency
2. PSTN stands for:
a. Public Switched Telephone Network
b. Private Switched Telephone Network
c. Primary Service Telephone Network
d. Primary Service Telephone Numbers
3. POTS stands for:
a. Private Office Telephone System
b. Primary Office Telephone Service
c. Primary Operational Test System
d. Plain Old Telephone Service
4. A LATA is a:
a. a local calling area
b. a type of digital local network
c. a way of accessing a tandem office
d. a way of accessing a central office
5. LATA stands for:
a. Local Access and Transport Area
b. Local Access Telephone Area
c. Local Area Telephone Access
d. Local Area Transport Access
6. Central offices are connected by:
a. local loops
b. trunk lines
c. both a and b
d. none of the above
7. Local loops terminate at:
a. a tandem office
b. a toll station
c. a central office
d. an interexchange office
8. Call blocking:
a. cannot occur in the public telephone network
b. occurs on the local loop when there is an electrical power failure
c. occurs only on long-distance cables
d. occurs when the central office capacity is exceeded
9. In telephony, POP stands for:
a. Post Office Protocol
b. Point Of Presence
 c. Power-On Protocol
d. none of the above
10. The cable used for local loops is mainly:
a. twisted-pair copper wire
b. shielded twisted-pair copper wire
c. coaxial cable
d. fiber-optic
11. FITL stands for:
a. Framing Information for Toll Loops
b. Fiber In the Toll Loop
c. Framing In The Loop
d. Fiber-In-The-Loop
12. Loading coils were used to:
a. increase the speed of the local loop for digital data
b. reduce the attenuation of voice signals
c. reduce crosstalk
d. provide C-type conditioning to a local loop
13. DC current flows through a telephone:
a. when it is on hook
b. when it is off hook
c. as long as it is attached to a local loop
d. only when it is ringing
14. The range of DC current that flows through a telephone is:
a. 20 µA to 80 µA
b. 200 µA to 800 µA
c. 2 mA to 8 mA
d. 20 mA to 80 mA
15. The separation of control functions from signal switching is known as:
a. step-by-step switching control
b. crossbar control
c. common control
d. ESS
16. The typical voltage across a telephone when on-hook is:
a. 48 volts DC
b. 48 volts, 20 hertz AC
c. 90 volts DC
d. 90 volts, 20 hertz AC
17. The typical voltage needed to "ring" a telephone is:
a. 48 volts DC
b. 48 volts, 20 hertz AC
c. 90 volts DC
d. 90 volts, 20 hertz AC
18. The bandwidth of voice-grade signals on a telephone system is restricted in order to:
a. allow lines to be "conditioned"
 b. prevent "singing"
c. allow signals to be multiplexed
d. all of the above
19. VNL stands for:
a. voltage net loss
b. volume net loss
c. via net loss
d. voice noise level
20. Signal loss is designed into a telephone system to:
a. eliminate reflections
b. prevent oscillation
c. improve signal-to-noise ratio
d. reduce power consumption
21. The reference noise level for telephony is:
a. 1 mW
b. 0 dBm
c. 1 pW
d. 0 dBr
22. The number of voice channels in a basic FDM group is:
a. 6
b. 12
c. 24
d. 60
23. Basic FDM groups can be combined into:
a. supergroups
b. mastergroups
c. jumbogroups
d. all of the above
24. In telephone system FDM, voice is put on a carrier using:
a. SSB
b. DSBSC
c. PDM
d. PCM
25. PABX stands for:
a. Power Amplification Before Transmission
b. Private Automatic Branch Exchange
c. Public Automated Branch Exchange
d. Public Access Branch Exchange
26. SLIC stands for:
a. Single-Line Interface Circuit
b. Standard Line Interface Card
c. Subscriber Line Interface Card
d. Standard Local Interface Circuit
27. In DS-1, bits are "robbed" in order to:
 a. provide synchronization
b. carry signaling
c. cancel echoes
d. check for errors
28. "Bit-stuffing" is more formally called:
a. compensation
b. rectification
c. justification
d. frame alignment
29. ISDN stands for:
a. Integrated Services Digital Network
b. Information Services Digital Network
c. Integrated Services Data Network
d. Information Systems Digital Network
30. Basic ISDN has not been widely adopted because:
a. it took too long to develop
b. it is too slow
c. it has been surpassed by newer technologies
d. all of the above
31. ADSL stands for:
a. All-Digital Subscriber Line
b. Asymmetrical Digital Subscriber Line
c. Allocated Digital Service Line
d. Access to Data Services Line
32. Compared to ISDN, internet access using ADSL is typically:
a. much faster
b. about the same speed
c. much more expensive
d. none of the above
33. A ________ is a local calling area.
a. LATA
b. LAN
c. WLAN
d. None of the above
34. Central offices are connected together by ____________ lines.
a. Tandem
b. Interconnecting
c. Trunk
d. Local
35. One central office can be connected to another through a/an _______ office.
a. Tandem
b. Central
c. Trunk
d. Local
36. With 7-digit phone numbers, __________ thousand telephones can connect to a central office.
a. Five
b. Seven
c. Nine
d. Ten
37. Call _____________ is when it becomes impossible for a subscriber to place a call due to an
overload of lines being used.
a. Enhancing
b. Blocking
c. Terminating
d. Addressing
38. New __________ switching equipment uses TDM to combine signals.
a. Digital
b. Analog
c. Digital-to-Analog
d. Analog-to-Digital
39. Most local loops still use __________ copper wire.
a. Twisted-pair
b. Coaxial
c. Fiber optic
d. Straight-through
40. As compared to a hierarchical network, a __________ network never needs more than one
immediate switch.
a. Mesh
b. Star
c. Bus
d. Flat
41. _____________ coils were used to reduce the attenuation of voice frequencies.
a. Unloading
b. Loading
c. Both a and b
d. None of the above
42. In a twisted-pair telephone cable, the red wire is called __________.
a. Ring
b. Tip
c. Ground
d. Source
43. In a twisted-pair telephone cable, the green wire is called __________.
a. Ring
b. Tip
c. Ground
d. Source
44. Of the red and green phone wires, the ____________ wire is positive with respect to the other.
a. Red
 b. Green
c. Both a and b
d. None of the above
45. A telephone is said to have ________ the line when the central office sends its dial tone.
a. Refrain
b. Start
c. Seized
d. Unclasp
46. The ___________ functions are provided by a SLIC.
a. BORST
b. BORSCHTS
c. BORSCHT
d. BORCH
47. A ___________ coil prevents loss of signal energy within a telephone while allowing full-duplex
operation over a single pair of wires.
a. Hybrid
b. Loading
c. Unloading
d. None of the above
48. In a crosspoint switch, not all __________ can be in use at the same time.
a. Coil
b. Connections
c. Points
d. Lines
49. The old carbon transmitters generated a relatively _______________ signal voltage.
a. Small
b. Large
c. High
d. Low
50. The generic term for Touch-Tone signaling is ____________________.
a. Dial Pulse
b. DTMF
c. Call-progress tones
d. None of the above
51. A _____________ line provides more bandwidth than a standard line.
a. Conditioned
b. Unconditioned
c. Both a and b
d. None of the above
52. In the telephone system, amplifiers are called _________________.
a. Modulators
b. Suppressors
c. Repeaters
d. Demodulators
53. An echo _____________ converts a long-distance line from full-duplex to half-duplex operation.
a. Modulators
b. Suppressors
c. Repeaters
d. Demodulators
54. ____________ weighting is an attempt to adjust the noise or signal level to the response of a
typical telephone receiver.
a. A-message
b. B-message
c. C-message
d. D-message
55. In FDM telephony, the modulation is usually ______________.
a. SSB
b. SSBSC
c. Both a and b
d. None of the above
56. In FDM telephony, ________________ bands separate the channels in a group.
a. GSM frequency
b. UHF
c. Voice-frequency
d. Guard
57. Because of "bit robbing", a channel in a DS-1 frame allows only _______________ kbps when used
to send digital data.
a. 56
b. 57
c. 58
d. 59
58. A ___________ is a group of 12 DS-1 frames with signaling information in the sixth and twelfth
frames.
a. Extended superframe
b. Superframe
c. E-carrier
d. T-carrier
59. In DS-1C, ____________________ bits are used to compensate for differences between clock
rates.
a. Single
b. Stuff
c. Multiple
d. None of the above
60. Busy and dial tone are referred to as _____________ signals because they use the same pair of
wires as the voice signal.
a. In-channel
b. Out-channel
c. In-and-Out-channel
 d. Common-channel
61. SS7 is the current version of _______________ signaling.
a. In-channel
b. Out-channel
c. In-and-Out-channel
d. Common-channel
62. SS7 is a ______________-switched data network.
a. Named
b. Packet
c. Life Cycle
d. Open
63. In ISDN, the ________________ channel is used for common-channel signaling.
a. A
b. B
c. C
d. D
64. In ISDN, the _______________ channels are used for voice or data.
a. A
b. B
c. C
d. D
65. Terminal equipment especially designed for ISDN is designated _______________ equipment.
a. TE1
b. TE2
c. TE3
d. TE4
66. The A in ADSL stands for ____________________.
a. Anonymous
b. Asynchronous
c. Asymmetrical
d. Alternate
67. In ADSL, the speed from the network to the subscriber is ________________ than the speed in
the opposite direction.
a. Greater
b. Less
c. Lower
d. Higher
68. The number of point to point links required in a fully connected network for 50 entities is
a. 1250
b. 1225
c. 2500
d. 50
69. For a non-blocking cross bar configuration, taking N as the number of subscribers, there will be
______number of cross points and _______number of switches for establishing connections
when all the subscribers are engaged.
a. N/2, N^2
b. N^2, N/2
c. 2N, N^2
d. N/2, N^3
70. Echo suppressor is detrimental to full duplex operation because
a. It disables one of the two pairs in a four-wire trunk line when a signal is detected on the
other pair.
b. It enables one of the two pairs in a four-wire trunk line when a signal is detected on the
other pair.
c. It activates both the pairs of a four-wire trunk line.
d. It is independent of line conditions.
71. Telephone companies normally provide a voltage of __________to power telephones.
a. +24 volts DC
b. -24 volts DC
c. +48 volts DC
d. -48 volts DC
72. The situation when both transmitter and receiver have to work in tandem is referred to as
a. Parallel
b. Serial
c. Synchronous
d. Asynchronous
73. Common channel signaling ______________.
a. Uses the speech or data path for signaling
b. Does not use the speech or data path for signaling
c. Needs no additional transmission facilities
d. Finds it difficult to handle signaling during speech
74. A large numbers of computers in a wide geographical area can be efficiently connected using
a. twisted pair lines
b. coaxial cables
c. communication satellites
d. all of the above
75. Which transmission mode is used for data communication along telephone lines?
a. Parallel
b. Serial
c. Synchronous
d. Asynchronous
76. A sample rate of ________is required for a good quality representation of telephone
conversation.
a. 4500 times per second.
b. 700 integer sample points per minute.
c. 50 times per second per mile of distance travelled.
 d. 8000 times per second.
77. The ________is a circuit-switched network, while the ______is a packet-switched network.
a. Telephone, ATM
b. SONET and FDDI
c. Satellite, Telephone
d. FDDI and SONET
78. A Master group consists of ______ voice channels
a. 12
b. 24
c. 60
d. 300
79. Direct inward dialing is used as a feature in _______.
a. PSTN
b. PBX
c. EPABX
d. VPN
80. Trunks are the lines that run between ___________________.
a. subscribers and exchange
b. switching system and power plant
c. local area network
d. switching stations
81. Traffic Capacity is given by ____________.
a. Switching capacity × Theoretical maximum load
b. Switching capacity / Theoretical maximum load
c. Theoretical maximum load / switching capacity
d. Theoretical maximum load × Switching capacity
82. In a time multiplexed space switching system, one speech sample appears every ________.
a. 125 micro sec
b. 20 msec
c. 125 msec
d. 1 sec
83. ISDN handles data pertaining to __________.
a. All digital services
b. Speech and Video
c. Computer data only
d. Speech only
84. A star connected intermediate exchange is known as a _____________.
a. Repeater exchange
b. Hub exchange
c. Private branch exchange
d. Tandem exchange
85. Time synchronization is necessary in ____________.
a. FDM
b. TDM
 c. WDM
d. Quadrature multiplexing
86. In a frame transmission, CRC stands for
a. Code Renewable Check
b. Cyclic Redundancy Check
c. Control and Refresh Code
d. Cyclic Refreshing of CPU
87. In a LAN network every system is identified by
a. Name
b. MAC Address
c. IP Address
d. Serial number given by manufacturer
88. An off-hook signal will repeat for a/an ________duration.
a. finite
b. infinite
c. duration of 40 seconds
d. duration of 80 seconds
89. Typical human voice is centered around ________Hz.
a. 200-400
b. 280-3000
c. 400-600
d. 1400-1800
90. Using _________ each connected device is assigned a time slot whether or not the device has
anything to send.
a. WDM
b. FDM
c. TDM
d. STDM
91. When a switch capacity is full, calls coming into that switch are said to be____.
a. Open
b. Shorted
c. Blocked
d. Shunted
92. Using ______ARQ, a sending modem must wait for a return ACK for each sent block before
sending the next block.
a. Discrete
b. Efficient
c. Continuous
d. Delivered
93. A/An ______network is typically a company network that connects multiple company locations
into a single network.
a. Local area
b. Enterprise
c. Campus wide
 d. Protocol
94. Ethernet 10 Base 2 is an example of ______network topology.
a. Bus
b. Ring
c. Star
d. Mesh
95. The ______ electro mechanical switch (developed in 1938) had fewer moving parts than earlier
switches.
a. No.1 IESS
b. Strowger
c. Step-by-step
d. Crossbar
96. Side tone is the speech heard by
a. the receiving subscriber
b. both the receiving and calling subscriber
c. by on looker
d. by calling subscriber
97. Busy hour traffic is the
a. maximum average simultaneous traffic.
b. traffic during peak hour.
c. traffic when all subscribers are engaged.
d. the duration of maximum calls.
98. The final selector is connected to the
a. calling subscriber
b. switching network
c. called subscriber
d. line finder
99. In a DTMF phone a dialing of 8 generates ____________.
a. 1336 Hz- 770 Hz
b. 1209 Hz - 1477 Hz
c. 1209 Hz- 941 Hz
d. 1336 Hz-852 Hz
100. SPC stands for
a. Standard Protocol Control
b. Stored Program Control
c. Signaling and switching Centre
d. Signaling Process Center
101. For two stage network the switching elements for M inlets with r blocks and N outlets
with s blocks is given by _________.
a. Ms + Nr
b. Mr + Ns
c. (M + N) (r + s)
d. (M + N)rs
102. As per Nyquist criterion the sampling rate is _____________.
 a. 2fs
b. (1/2)fs
c. (1/2fs)
d. (2/fs)
103. Common channel signaling in SS7 is
a. out band control channel
b. in band control channel
c. speech control channel
d. none of the above
104. Broad Band ISDN handles data rate of about __________.
a. 64 kbps
b. 100 mbps
c. 5.4 mbps
d. 2.048 mbps
105. MAC address helps in
a. multimedia access control
b. media access control
c. mobile access control
d. master access point control
106. Telex is a
a. Telephone Service between various subscribers
b. Tele printer Service between various subscribers
c. Television Service between various subscribers
d. Telegraph Service between various subscribers
107. The bandwidth requirement of a telephone channel is ____ KHz.
a. 3
b. 15
c. 5
d. 25
108. Distortion caused on telephone line by an adjacent one is called __________.
a. Cross Fire
b. Inductive Disturbance
c. Cross Talk
d. None of these
109. Erlang is used to
a. Measure busy period
b. Give total busy period in minutes
c. Measure average call rate
d. Indicate total call period
110. The grade of service is measured in
a. Percentage
b. Number
c. Fractional Number
d. Logarithmic Number
111. Network with point-to-point link is known as ____________.
a. Fully Connected Network
b. Half Connected Network
c. Duplex Connected Network
d. None of these
112. SPC is used for
a. Carrying Exchange Control Functions
b. Carrying Subscriber Control Functions
c. Exchange Hardware
d. Signaling Purpose
113. Trunks are the lines that run between _______________.
a. subscribers and exchange
b. switching system and power plant
c. local area network
d. switching systems
114. Example of circuit switching and S&F (Stored and Forward) switching is
a. Telephone and Post of Telegraph
b. Video Signal Post or Telegraph
c. Digital Signal Post or Telegraph
d. None of above
115. Network Layer is used for
a. Breaking up the data in frames for transmission
b. Deal with Error correction
c. Automatic Recovery of Procedure
d. Physical Architecture
116. Call request signal is:
a. Seize signal
b. Idle state signal
c. Line identification signal
d. Called subscriber alert signal
117. Telephone Traffic is measured in
a. Seconds
b. Hours
c. Erlang
d. Pulses per minute
118. In step by step switching line finders are connected to the
a. Calling subscriber.
b. Switching network.
c. Called subscriber.
d. Between exchanges.
119. In a DTMF phone, digits are represented by:
a. Orthogonal frequencies.
b. Orthogonal Phases.
c. Orthogonal codes.
 d. Orthogonal pulses
120. Companding helps in reducing __________ with respect to signal:
a. Interference
b. Signal overloading
c. Non linearity
d. Quantization noise
121. SS7 Protocol uses:
a. Out of band signaling
b. Associated signaling
c. Speech control signaling
d. No signaling
122. MAC is the abbreviation for:
a. Multimedia access control
b. Media access control
c. Mobile access control
d. Master access point control
123. The CCITT standard bandwidth for speech is:
a. 20000 Hz
b. 15000 Hz
c. 7000 Hz
d. 3400 Hz
124. Maximum channel utilization in a LAN is defined by frame time (𝑡𝑓 ) and propagation time
(𝑡𝑝 ). It is defined by
a. 𝑡𝑝 /𝑡𝑓
b. 𝑡𝑓 /𝑡𝑝
c. 1+ (𝑡𝑓 /𝑡𝑝 )
d. 𝒕𝒇 /(𝒕𝒑 /𝒕𝒇 )
125. The function of ARQ in a network protocol is to:
a. Auto request
b. Acknowledge
c. Address request
d. Abort
126. Engaged tone is generated in the:
a. Telephone instrument of calling subscriber
b. Telephone instrument of called subscriber
c. Exchange
d. Repeater
127. One Erlang is equal to
a. 3600 CCS
b. 36 CCS
c. 60 CCS
d. 24 CCS
128. The analog signal needs to be sampled at a minimum sampling rate of:
a. 2fs
 b. 1/(2fs)
c. fs/2
d. 2/fs
129. In a time division space switch the size of the control memory is N and its Width:
a. 2000𝐿𝑜𝑔2 [𝑁]
b. 200𝐿𝑜𝑔2 [𝑁]
c. 20𝐿𝑜𝑔2 [𝑁]
d. 𝟐𝑳𝒐𝒈𝟐 [𝑵]
130. In a single stage network:
a. There is no redundancy
b. There is redundancy
c. Alternative cross points are available
d. Alternative paths are available
131. Signaling transfer point (STP) exist in
a. Strowger exchange
b. SS7
c. Local area network
d. PABX
132. ARQ is transmitted in the event of:
a. Loss of signal
b. Error in received data
c. Improve reliability
d. During time out
133. Computer to computer communication is:
a. Simplex
b. Duplex
c. Half Duplex
d. Both Duplex and Half Duplex
134. A distributed network configuration in which all data/information pass through a central
computer is
a. Bus network
b. Star network
c. Ring network
d. Point to point network
135. An important terminal that is required between DTE and PSTN is
a. Server
b. MODEM
c. Relay
d. Network card
136. Traffic Handling Capacity is given by
a. Switching capacity × Theoretical maximum load
b. Switching capacity / Theoretical maximum load
c. Theoretical maximum load / Switching capacity
d. Theoretical maximum load + Switching capacity
137. Traffic Intensity can be measured in
a. Erlangs
b. CCS
c. CM
d. All of the above
138. Trunks are the lines that run between
a. Subscribers and exchange
b. Switching system and power plant
c. Local area network
d. Switching stations
139. Packet switching is used for
a. Credit card verification
b. Automated Teller Machine
c. The internet and the World Wide Web
d. All of the above
140. Analog signals can be ________by combining them with a carrier frequency.
a. Carried
b. Transported
c. Multiplexed
d. Mixed
141. The Signaling connection control part (SCCP) and message transfer part (MTP)together
are referred to as
a. Signal Switching Points (SSPs)
b. Signal Transfer Points (STPs)
c. Signal Control Points (SCPs)
d. Network service part (NSP)
142. A two stage non-blocking network requires twice the number of switching elements as
the single stage non-blocking network.
a. True
b. False
143. The larger the Grade of Service, the worse is the service given.
a. True
b. False
144. A certain amount of side tone is essential in telephone communication.
a. True
b. False
145. Sky wave Communication is prone to fading,
a. True
b. False
146. Either the mobile unit or the network determines the need for a handoff and initiates the
necessary network procedures.
a. Initiation
b. Resource Reservation
c. Execution
 d. Completion
147. Appropriate network procedures reserve the resources needed to support the handoff
(i.e., a voice and a control channel).
a. Initiation
b. Resource Reservation
c. Execution
d. Completion
148. The actual transfer of control from one base station to another base station takes place.
a. Initiation
b. Resource Reservation
c. Execution
d. Completion
149. Unnecessary network resources are relinquished and made available to other mobile
units.
a. Initiation
b. Resource Reservation
c. Execution
d. Completion
150. A connection that is momentarily broken during the cell-to-cell transfer is called a _____.
a. Soft handoff
b. Mild handoff
c. Hard handoff
d. None of the above
151. A flawless handoff (i.e., no perceivable interruption of service) is called a ___________.
a. Soft handoff
b. Mild handoff
c. Hard handoff
d. None of the above
152. Normally, a soft handoff takes approximately _________ ms.
a. 10
b. 200
c. 150
d. 25
153. A soft handoff requires that the ________ base stations operate synchronously with one
another.
a. One
b. Two
c. Three
d. Four
154. Electronic switches communicate with cell-site controllers using a data link protocol, such
as X.25, at a transmission rate of ____________.
a. 10 MBps or lower
b. 10 MBps or higher
c. 9.6 KBps or lower
 d. 9.6 KBps or higher
155. Each cell contains one __________ that operates under the direction of the switching
center (MTSO).
a. Radio channels
b. Cell-site controller
c. Base station subsystem
d. Base transceiver station
156. Cell-site controller is sometimes called __________.
a. Base station controller
b. Base station transducer
c. Base station repeater
d. Base station amplifier
157. Base station controllers make up one part of the __________.
a. Radio channels
b. Cell-site controller
c. Base station subsystem
d. Base transceiver station
158. Base station controllers’ second part is the _____________.
a. Radio channels
b. Cell-site controller
c. Base station subsystem
d. Base transceiver station
159. ____________ are also part of the base station subsystem.
a. Radio transmitters
b. Radio receivers
c. Radio transceivers
d. Radio transducers
160. The control channels use either ___________ or ___________.
a. ASK, FSK
b. ASK, PSK
c. FSK, PSK
d. None of the above
161. ____________ leased lines are generally used to connect switching centers to cell sites
and to the public telephone network.
a. One-wire
b. Two-wire
c. Three-wire
d. Four-wire
162. The last constituent of a cellular telephone system is the _____________, which governs
the way telephone calls are established and disconnected.
a. Communications protocol
b. Mobile telephone unit
c. Portable telephone unit
d. None of the above
163. ___________ is/are small telephone systems designed to serve from 2 to 50 user
telephones within an organization.
a. Key systems
b. Private Branch Exchange
c. Centrex
d. VoIP
164. ______________ is/are a private telephone system for larger organizations.
a. Key systems
b. Private Branch Exchange
c. Centrex
d. VoIP
165. An alternative to the PBX is known as _________.
a. Key systems
b. Private Branch Exchange
c. Centrex
d. VoIP
166. These systems attach to the company’s LAN system that typically uses Ethernet to
connect phones to a base or key unit for distribution and calling features such as voice mail and
PBX-like answering capability.
a. Key systems
b. Private Branch Exchange
c. Centrex
d. VoIP
167. PBX stands for
a. Public Branch Exchange
b. Private Branch Exchange
c. Public Block Exchange
d. Private Block Exchange
168. The central answering station is connected to one or more local loop lines known as
___________ back to the local exchange.
a. Tandem
b. Trunk
c. Toll
d. None of the above
169. __________ is an electronic system for transmitting graphic information by wire or radio.
a. Facsimile
b. Private Branch Exchange
c. Centrex
d. VoIP
170. Analog transmission using frequency modulation where white is 1300 Hz and black is 2100
Hz.
a. Group 1 (G1 or GI)
b. Group 2 (G2 or GII)
c. Group 3 (G3 or GIII)
 d. Group 4 (G4 or GIV)
171. Analog transmission using FM or vestigial sideband AM.
a. Group 1 (G1 or GI)
b. Group 2 (G2 or GII)
c. Group 3 (G3 or GIII)
d. Group 4 (G4 or GIV)
172. Digital transmission using PCM black and white only or up to 32 shades of gray.
a. Group 1 (G1 or GI)
b. Group 2 (G2 or GII)
c. Group 3 (G3 or GIII)
d. Group 4 (G4 or GIV)
173. Digital transmission, 56 kbps, resolution up to 400 LPI, and speed of transmission less than
5 s.
a.
Group 1 (G1 or GI)
b.
Group 2 (G2 or GII)
c.
Group 3 (G3 or GIII)
d.
Group 4 (G4 or GIV)
174. Every fax machine contains a built-in ________ that is similar to a conventional data
modem for computers.
a. Modem
b. Router
c. Switch
d. Hub
175. Analog fax systems uses ________.
a. AM
b. FM
c. Both a and b
d. None of the above
Problems:

1. A subscriber makes three phone calls of 3 minutes, 4 minutes and 2 minutes duration in a one
hour period. Calculate the subscriber traffic in Erlangs.

Answer:
𝑏𝑢𝑠𝑦 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑 3+4+2
Subscriber traffic in erlangs = = = 0.15E
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑 60

2. Calculate the subscriber traffic in CCS for the previous question.

Answer:
(3+4+2)∗60 540
Traffic in CCS = 100
= 100 = 5.4CCS
3. Calculate the subscriber traffic in CM for the previous question.
Answer:
Traffic in CM = 3+4+2 = 9CM
4. In a national transmission system, the characteristic impedances of the 4-wire circuit and the 2-
wire circuit are 1200Ω and 1000Ω respectively. The average phase velocity of the signal in the
circuit is 3×10^7 m/s. If the largest distance of a connection is 300 km, determine the return loss.

Answer:
𝑧 +𝑧 2200
RL = 20 log 𝑧4 −𝑧2 = 20 log 200
= 20.8dB
4 2

5. Calculate for the round trip delay for echo.

Answer:
300 𝑥 103
Round trip delay for echo = = 10ms
3 𝑥 107

6. A three stage network is designed with the following parameters: M=N=512, p= q = 16 and α=65.0.
Calculate the blocking probability of the network, if s=16. Symbols carry their usual meanings.
Answer:
𝑝 16
𝑘= = =1
𝑠 16
𝑃𝐵 = [1 − (1 − α/k)2 ]𝑠
𝑃𝐵 = [1 − (1 − 0.65/1)2 ]16
𝑷𝑩 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟐𝟑

7. Discuss grade of service. During busy hour, 1500 calls were offered to a group of trunks and 8 calls
were lost. The average call duration was 120 seconds. Calculate the traffic offered.
Answer:
𝐶ℎ 1500𝑥2
Traffic offered = A = 𝑇
= 360
= 50E
8. Calculate the traffic lost for the previous number.
Answer:
8𝑥2 4𝐸
Traffic lost = 6/30
= 15
= 0.26E
9. Calculate the Grade of service for the previous question.
Answer:
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑡 8
Grade of Service = 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑠 𝑜𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑑
= 1500 = 0.0053
10. Calculate the total duration of congestion.
Answer:
8 9
Duration of congestion = Grade of service x 1h = 1500 𝑥 3600 = 5 = 𝟏𝟗. 𝟐 𝒔𝒆𝒄
11. A group of 20 servers carry traffic of 10 erlangs. If the average duration of a call is three minutes,
calculate the traffic per server.
Answer:
Traffic per server = 10/20 = 0.5E
12. Calculate the number of calls put through by a single server for the previous problem.
Answer:
Number of calls put through by one server= 30/3 = 10 calls
13. Calculate the group as a whole in a one hour period for the previous problem.
Total number of calls put through by the group= 10 x 20 = 200 calls
14. Define congestion and grade of service. In a particular exchange during busy hour1200 calls were
offered to a group of trunks, during this time 6 calls were lost. The average call duration being 3
minutes. Calculate the traffic offered in erlangs.
Answer:
A= Ch/T =1200 x 3/60 = 60 E
15. Calculate the traffic lost for the previous problem.
Answer:
Traffic lost = 1194 x 3/60 = 59.7 E
16. Calculate the grade of service for the previous problem.
Answer:
Grade of service = 6 x 3/60 = 0.3 E
17. Calculate the period of congestion for the previous problem.
Answer:
B= 6/1200 = 0.005
0.005 x 3600 = 18 seconds
18. In a two stage network there are 512 inlets and outlets, r=s=24. If the probability that a given inlet
is active is 0.8, calculate the switching elements.
N =M =512, α=0.8, r=s=24
Answer:
S= Ms+ Nr= (512 x 24) + (512 x24) = 24576
19. Calculate the switching capacity for the previous problem.
Answer:
SC =rs =24 x 24 = 576
20. Calculate the blocking probability for the previous problem.
Answer:
M 512
𝑀α(s−1)−( )α 512 𝑥 0.8(23)−( )0.8
r−1 24−1
𝑃𝐵 = 𝑟𝑠(𝑠−1)
= 24𝑥24(24−1)
= 0.7
21. Define congestion and grade of service. In a particular exchange during busy hour 900calls were
offered to a group of trunks, during this time 6 calls were lost. The average call duration being 3
minutes. Calculate the traffic offered in erlangs.
Answer:
Ch/T = 900X3/60 = 45 E
22. Calculate the traffic carried for the previous problem.
Answer:
Traffic carried = (894x3)/60 = 44.7E
23. Calculate the traffic lost for the previous problem.
Answer:
Traffic lost = (6x3)/60 = 0.3E
24. Calculate the period of congestion for the previous problem.
Answer:
B = 6/900 = 0.0066
Total duration of period of congestion = 0.0066 X 3600 = 24 seconds
25. An amplifier has an input resistance of 600 ohms and a resistive load of 75 ohms. When it has an
rms input voltage of 100 mV, the rms output current is 20mA. Find the gain in dB.
Answer:
Input power is Pi = (100 x 10−3) /600 W = 16.7 mW
Output Power is Po = (20 x 10−3 ) x 75 W = 30 m W
30𝑥10−3
Gain = 16.67𝑥10−3
10 log 1.8 +10 log = 2.6 + 30 = 32.6 dB