Electrons - The emission of light has most to do
with the behavior of
 to say that a atom is excited is to say
that it has boosted
 light from a lit match comes from
Frequency - the energy of a photon is directly
proportional to it's
Ultraviolet light - Fluorescence commonly occurs
when certain materials are illuminated with
 which has the greatest energy - a
photon of infrared light, visible light,
or of ultraviolet light?
Time delay - the difference between fluorescence
and phosphorescence involves
Outer electrons - electrons with greater potential
energies with respect to the atomic nucleus
Lower-frequency light – is the process of
fluorescence, the input is high-frequency light and
the output
 light is emitted when an electron makes a
transition to a lower energy level
 an atom that absorbs a photon of a certain
energy can then emit only a photon of the
same or lower energy
 to say that energy levels in an atom are
discrete is to say the energy levels are well
defined and separate from one another
 the energy of a photon is related to
-It’s frequency
-the energy given to the atom that emits it
-the energy level difference through which it
falls
 the highest frequency light of those below is
violet (ROYGVIB)
 Violet carries the most energy per photon
 compared to the energy of a photon of red
light, the energy of a photon of blue light is
more
 the greater proportion of energy
immediately converted to heat rather than
light occurs in an incandescent lamp
 atoms can be excited by
-Electron impact
-photon impact
-thermal agitation
 white light can be emitted by a fluorescent
lamp is provided by the phosphors on the
inner surface of the lamp
 the main visible difference between
phosphorescent and fluorescent materials is
an afterglow
 a hot piece of wire will produce a
continuous spectrum of colors
Magnetic field - the region around a magnet where
the magnetic force is exerted
Magnetic Pole - The ends of a magnetic object,
where the magnetic force is strongest.
Electromagnet - A current carrying insulated wire
wrapped around a soft iron core
Permanent magnet - A magnet made of steel that
keeps its magnetism
Temporary magnet - a magnet made from soft iron
that easily loses its magnetism
Electromagnetic induction - the process of
inducing (creating) a current in a circuit by
changing a magnetic field
Alternating current - Alternating current - A flow
of electric charge that regularly reverses its
direction.
Solenoid - coil (many turns) of wire
Transformer - A device that increases or decreases
the voltage of alternating current
Alternating current - A flow of electric charge that
regularly reverses its direction.
Direct current - an electric current that flows in
one direction only
Step-up transformer - increases the voltage of an
electricity supply.
 How does frequency change when the
wavelength is increased?
- the frequency decreases
 How does the speed of radio waves compare
to the speed of gamma rays?
- the speed of radio waves is equal to the
speed of gamma rays
 the electromagnetic waves having the
highest speed in free space are
- none in particular, as gamma, radio, and
light have the same speed
 a helium-neon laser emits light of
wavelength 633 nanometers (nm). Light
from an argon laser has the wavelength of
515 nm. Which laser emits the higher-
frequency light?
- an argon laser
 if an electron vibrates up and down 1000
times each second, it generates an
electromagnetic wave having a
- frequency of 1000 Hz
 the smallest portion of the electromagnetic
spectrum is visible light
 materials that clearly transmit visible light
are said to be transparent
 strictly speaking, the light that meets and
passes through the pane of a window glass is
not the same as the light that emerges
 the electromagnetic radiation mostly
absorbed in ordinary glass is ultraviolet
 Materials that do not transmit visible light
are said to be opaque
 a solar eclipse occurs when the shadow of
the moon falls on the earth’s surface
 When we look at the sun, we are seeing it as
it was 8 minutes ago. so we can only see the
sun "in the past." when you look at the back
of your hand, do you see it now or in the
past?
- i see it "in the past"
 most of the waves in the electromagnetic
spectrum are invisible
 electromagnetic waves are composed of
electric and magnetic fields
 electromagnetic waves consist of oscillating
electric and magnetic fields
  the main difference between a radio and a
light wave is its
-Wavelength
-frequency
 X-rays has the shortest wavelength
 compared to the ultraviolet waves, the
wavelength of infrared waves is longer
 compared to radio waves, the velocity of
visible light waves in a vacuum is the same
 infrared waves are often called heat waves
because they induce resonance in molecules
and increase internal energy in a substance
 a lunar eclipse occurs when the
Moon passes into the earth’s shadow
 a solar eclipse occurs when the
Moons shadow touches earth
 a partial solar eclipse occurs for the people
in the sun's penumbra
 red light combines with green light to create
yellow light
 What do we get when we mix magenta and
cyan paint? Blue
 To get a red shadow, which colors in white
light need to be blocked? blue and green
 The magenta sweater will look what color
under a yellow light? Red
 Which of these colors of light represents the
lowest visible frequency? Red
 when a red rose is held in white light, the
color of its petals appears red
 when green light is incident on clear glass
the color that emerges is green
 When red green and blue light are
combined, the result is white
 the sky is blue due mainly to atmospheric
scattering
 What happens when the light from the sin
interacts with the molecules of the
atmosphere? the molecules scatter the light
 What kind of molecules scatter high
frequencies of light? small molecules
 Why is the sky blue when the sun is
overhead?
the molecules in the atmosphere scatter blue
light more than any other light, so the sky looks
blue
 Why is the sunset red?
only the low frequency red light penetrates the
thick layers of atmosphere when the sun is low in
the sky
 a sunset appears red in cooler due to
higher frequencies of light being scattered away
 clouds are white due to scattering
 color depends on what characteristic of
light? its frequency
 when the frequency of light matches the
natural frequency of molecules in a material,
light is absorbed
 Which will warm up quicker in sunlight?
a piece of colored glass
 the colored dots that make up the color on a
tv screen are made up of red, blue, and
green
 complimentary colors are two colors that
produce white light when added together
 the complimentary color of blue is yellow
 the sun is more likely to appear red at sunset
than in the middle of the day as a result of
the longer path of air through which the
sunlight travels
 the blackness on the type of page is due to
absorption
 light travels a path from one location to
another in the least time
 specular reflection is common in the light
reflected from a mirror

 a mirage is the result of atmospheric
refraction
 Which of the following changes when light
is refracted? Speed
 What happens to the wavelength and
frequency of the light waves as they enter
the water from the air?
Wavelength decreases, and frequency will stay the
same
 the light in raindrops making up a rainbow
has undergone refraction and internal
reflection
 a secondary rainbow in the sky is a result of
a double reflection in drops
 When white light strikes a prism, what
happens and why?
the white light emerges with the colors separated,
with the red light bending the least
 What would the rainbow look like from a
viewer in the sky?
the rainbow would appear to be a complete circle,
because earth no longer obstructs our view when we
are above
 What kind of glasses would you wear while
watching 3D movies, why?
glasses with one horizontally polarized and one
vertically polarized lens, because one projector is
horizontally polarized while the other is vertically
 total internal reflection occurs when the
speed of light in an internal material is less
than the speed outside the material
 a feature of a pinhole camera is that the
image is inverted
 the incident ray, the reflected ray, and the
normal between them lie in the same plane
 object and image for a plane mirror lie equal
distances from the mirror
 diffuse reflection occurs when the size of
surface irregularities is large compared to
the wavelength of the light used
 a surface that is considered rough for
infrared rays may be polished for radio
waves
 when light reflects from the surface, there is
a change in NOTHING
 A diver shines light up to the surface of a
smooth pond at a 10-degree angle to the
normal. Some light passes into the air above,
and the part that reflects back into the water
makes an angle to the normal of 10 degrees
 If you wish to hit a red fish with a red laser
beam, you should compensate for refraction
between the air and water by aiming your
laser directly at the sighted fish
 light travels fastest in a vacuum
atmospheric refraction makes the daylight
hours a bit longer
 light refracts when traveling from air into
glass because light travels slower in glass
than in air
 when you view a distant rainbow, each
single water drop contributes to the bow a
single color
 the critical angle for a transparent material is
the angle at and beyond which all light
within the material is reflected
 in optical fibers of uniform destiny, light
actually travels in straight line segments
 the type of lens that spreads parallel light is
a diverging lens
  If the path-length difference between two
identical and coherent beams is two
 Hugens' principle features wave fronts that wavelengths when they arrive on a screen,
are composed of overlapping waves will they produce a dark or a bright spot?
 any bending of light that is not reflected or bright spot
refracted is due to diffraction  interference colors in a soap bubble give
 reinforcement and cancellation are terms evidence that the soap film
common to wave interference -is thin
 a glass prism separates light into its -has two reflecting surfaces
components colors by the process of
refraction  which of the following is a property of light
 the iridescent colors seen in the films are the waves, but not of sound waves?
result of interference Polarization
 the electric vectors that make up polarized  Monochromatic light is a light of a single
light are aligned color, wavelength, or frequency? ALL OF
 light reflecting from the horizontal surface is THESE
likely to be polarized horizontally
 to remove the glare of light from a polished
floor, should the axis of a polaroid filter be
horizontal or vertical vertical
 according to Huygens principal, every point
on a wave behaves as a source of new
waves
 interference is a property of
-sound waves
-water waves
-light waves

 the type of radio waves that us diffracted the

most around the small buildings are AM
 for radio reception, diffraction is helpful
 polarization is a property of transverse
waves
 light will not pass through a pair of
polaroids when their axes are
perpendicular
 the glare seen from water is largely
horizontally polarized
 A double-slit arrangement produces
interference fringes for yellow sodium light.
To produce narrower-spaced fringes, should
red light or blue light be used? blue light
 which will give wider-spaced fringes in a
double-slit experiment, red or violet light?
red light