CATEGORIES OF LITERATURE

ELEMENTS OF LITERATURE 1. Narrative: tells a story

2. Descriptive: gives qualities or
1. Enduring characteristics
2. Expression 3. Expository: reveals or expresses
3. Significant emotions and ideas
4. Human 4. Argumentative: defends a stand
5. Experience 5. Dramatic: acted/ performed on stage
6. Written/Recorded
7. Words well-chosen and arranged FORMS OF LITERATURE

LITERATURE 1. PROSE
- Written in sentences
 An enduring expression of significant - Uses ordinary language and no formal
human experience written in words, well-
structure
chosen and arranged
 Litera (letter) 2. POETRY
 Kahayon (1998) - Written in lines and verses/stanzas
- Literature is the story of man - Rhyme, rhythm and melody
 French phrase “belles-letters” (beautiful - Uses metaphor, symbolisms and
writing) highly specialized language
- Follows metrical pattern
FUNCTIONS OF LITERATURE

1. Recreation ELEMENTS OF LITERATURE

- Form of escape and gives pleasure and
enjoyment
2. Recognition
- Affiliation and we find something of
ourselves
3. Revelation
- Truth and order and recognition of
good and evil, gain lessons
4. Redemption
- Insight to help us modify ourselves for
the better

LEVELS OF COMPREHENSION
PLOT DIAGRAM
EVALUATION

SYNTHESIS

ANALYSIS

APPLICATION

COMPREHENSION

KNOWLEDGE

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LITERARY GENRES G. Myths
- Traditional sacred story
PROSE - Gods and heroes
- Explains a natural phenomenon or
 Latin word: “prosa” (straightforward) cultural practice
 The Story of Cupid and Psyche
1. Fiction:
 The Fall of Troy
 Series of imagined facts which illustrates  The Myth about Creation-Tagalog
truth about human life H. Anecdotes
A. Novel - Products of the writer’s imagination
- Long narrative divided into chapters and the main aim is to bring out
- Many characters are involved lessons to the reader
 Harry Potter  The Moth and the Lamp
 Twilight
2. Nonfiction
 Pride and Prejudice
 The Count of Monte Cristo  Factual and real – life based written works
B. Short Story I. Essay
- Narrative involving one or more - Viewpoint or opinion of the writer
characters, one plot and one single about a particular problem or event
impression.  Editorial page of a newspaper
 The Necklace J. Biography
 The Last Leaf - Life of a person which may be about
C. Plays/Drama themselves, their autobiography or
- Greek word “dran” (to do) that of others
- Narrative of considerable length, K. News
typically having a plot that is unfolded - Report of everyday events in society,
by the actions, speech, and thoughts government, science and industry,
of the characters accidents etc.
- Drama L. Oration
 Tragedy: ends with threat/ - Formal treatment of a subject and is
disaster intended to be spoken in public.
 Comedy: happy endings  I have a Dream – Martin Luther
D. Legends King
- Fictitious narratives  President’s State of the Nations
- Origins Address
- Provides historical information
regarding the culture and views of POETRY
particular group of people or country.
 The Bikol Legend  Expressions in verse, with measures,
 Legend of Pineapple rhymes, lines, stanzas and melodious
 Legend of Makahiya tones
E. Folk Tales  Greek word “poiesis” (making/creating)
- Traditional narrative, usually  Figurative
anonymous, and handed down orally A. Narrative
 The adventures of Juan - Describes important events in life, real
 The Hawk and a Hen or imaginary
 Fairy Tales - Epic
F. Fables  Extended narrative about heroic
- Fictitious and deals with animals and exploits under supernatural control
inanimate things who speak and act  Biag ni Lam-ang
like people - Metrical Tales/Romance
 Aesop’s Fables  Narrative which is written in verse
 The Lion and the Mouse and can be classified either as a
metrical romance

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 - Ballad
 Shortest and simplest
 Simple structure and tells a single
incident, most strategies of life
 The Rime of the Ancient Mariner
B. Lyric
- Meant to be sung to the
accompaniment of a lyre
- Any type of poetry that expresses
emotions and feelings to the poet
- Folksongs (Awiting Bayan)
 short poems intended to be sung
for a particular group or minority
 common themes (love, despair,
grief, doubt, joy, hope and sorrow)
- Sonnets
 14 lines dealing with an emotion, a
feeling or an idea
 Types (Italian and Shakespearean)
- Elegy
 Expresses feelings of grief and
melancholy
 Death
- Ode
 Dedicated to someone or
something (personified)
- Psalms
 Song praising God containing a
philosophy of life
- Song
 12 syllables (dodecasyllabic)
 Accompaniment of a guitar or
banduria
- Corridos
 8 syllables (octosyllabic) and
recited to a martial beat
 Often about oppressions, daily life
of peasants, and other socially
important information 3 BASIC APPROACHES IN INTERPRETING A
 Ibong Adarna LITERARY TEXT
C. Dramatic
- Emotional piece of literature
- Soliloquy
- Monologues

THE THREE SOVEREIGNTIES OF

LITERATURE: AUTHOR, TEXT AND READER

1. Text-Oriented Approach
- Analyze as complete in itself without
relating to it outside of the world
2. Author-Oriented Approach
- A reader may study an author’s life,
time and culture to better understand
the author’s work.

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 3. Reader-Oriented Approach
- Requires research, each reader brings
a unique set of experience and
expectations to literature in its
extreme form

LITERARY CRITICISM AND THEORIES

LITERARY CRITICISM

 Study, analysis, evaluation, and

interpretation of literature TIMELINE OF PHILIPPINE LITERATURE
 Judges the value of the work
1. PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD
LITERARY THEORIES 2. SPANISH ERA
3. AMERICAN OCCUPATION
 To support the reader in understanding
4. THE JAPANESE ERA
the text
5. CONTEMPORARY PERIOD
 Nature and function of literature and the
relation of text to its author, reader, and Philippine literature during the Pre-colonial
society period (X-1564)
A. FORMALISM
- Structural purposes of a text  Written before Spanish came in ph
- Universal meaning  From Filipinos (natives, ethnic minorities,
- Examining the literary elements tribal Filipinos etc.)
B. HISTORICISM
- Historical-biological approach LITERARY FORMS
- Culture and society from which the
literature is produced 1. Riddle (Bugtong)
- Who is the author
- How political events influence  One or more measured lines with rhymes
C. MORAL-PHILOSOPHICAL  4-12 syllables
- Assumes a larger purpose to present  Filipino wit
moral and philosophical issues  One or two images that symbolizes the
- What do we learn about life? characteristics of an unknown object to be
D. READER-RESPONSE guessed
- Explains whether the reader agrees or - To entertain
disagrees with the author - To educate
- Reader creates their claims and proves - To curse, without expressly cursing
it thru their own perception - To preserve the culture
E. PSYCHOANALYTIC
2. Proverb (Salawikain)
- Role of consciousness and unconscious
in literature  Simple and short saying, widely known,
F. MARXIST
often metaphorical
- Social, economic and political aspects
in the literature  Common sense or cultural experience
G. FEMINISM - Kung ano ang puno siya ang bunga
- How are women portrayed in the - Ang taong gipit sa patalim kumakapit
work?
H. GENDER/QUEER 3. Idiom (Sawikain)
- Portrayal of gender and gender
relations  Expression that is peculiar to itself
I. ARCHETYPAL grammatically
- Simple repeated patterns or images of - Ilaw ng tahanan
human experiences - Mababaw ang luha

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4. Sayings (Kasabihan) 10. Folk Epics

 Ang hindi magmahal sa kaniyang wika ay  Most significant pieces of oral literature
mahigit pa sa hayop at malansang isda – - Narratives od sustained length
Jose Rizal - Based on oral tradition
- Supernatural events, heroic deeds
5. Epigram (Kawikaan) - Verse form
- Chanted or sung
 Concise, clever, often paradoxical
o Biag ni Lam-ang
statement thought or observation
 Short, witty poem PHILIPPINE LITERATURE DURING THE
- Ang matalinong anak ay ligaya ng SPANISH ERA (1565-1898)
magulang, ngunit tini sa dibdib ang
anak na mangmang (ouch)  Time of Miguel Lopez de Legazpi (first
Spanish governor-general in the PH)
6. Bulong (Chants)  GOD (Christianity)
 Used in witchcraft or enchantments  GOLD (Gold and Wealth)
- Tabi, tabi po, ingkong makikiraan po  GLORY (supremacy of spain over Portugal
lamang as a superpower)

7. Tanaga Characteristics of Philippine Literature

during Spanish Era
 Quatrain with 7 syllables each with same
rhyme at the end 1. Sophisticated
 7777
2. Religious
 AABB
3. Trilingual (Spanish, tagalog, dialects)
8. Myths 4. European metrical romances
5. Catalyst (as a tool for awakening the
 Originating from various ethnic groups
Filipinos long enslaved)
- Story of Bathala
- The legend of Maria Makiling
Literary Works during Spanish Era
 Presence of Different Deities
- Bathala
1. Poetry
 Mythical Creatures
- Aswang
 Imaginative awareness of experience
- Diwata
expressed through meaning, sound and
- Dwende
rhythmic language.
- Tikbalang
- Mi Ultimo Adios
- Mangkukulam
o Poem of Rizal before his execution
9. Folksongs on December 30th 1896
- Dasalan at Tocsohan
 Expresses the people’s hopes, aspirations o Marcelo H. Del Pilar
and lifestyles o Satire on the friar’s hypocrisy,
- Uyayi: lullaby llicentiousness and greed.
- Komintang: war song o Ang Aba Ginoong Barya
o Ang Amain Namin
- Kundiman: melancholic love song
- Harana: serenade 2. Awit
- Tagay: drinking song
- Mambayu: Kalinga rice-pounding song  Dodecasyllabic quatrains
 Florante at Laura
- Subli: dance-ritual song of courtship
/marriage 3. Korido
- Tagulaylay: songs of the dead
 Octosyllabic quatrains
 Ibong Adarna

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4. Recreational Plays 6. Literary Compositions

 Pabasa/pasyon  Arte y Reglas de la Lengua Tagala

- Narrative of the passion, death, and - Art and Rules of the Tagalog Language
resurrection of Jesus Christ - Fr. Blancas de San Jose
 Cenaculo  Compendio de la Lengua Tagala
- Street spectacle/street play - Understanding the tagalog language
- Re-enact the carrying of the cross and - Fr. Gaspar de San Agustin
crucifixion of Christ, Penitents or  Arte de la Lengua Ilokana
flagellants - 1st Ilokano grammar book
 Tibag (excavate) - Francisco Lopez
- The search of St. Helena for the Cross  Vocabulario de la Lengua Bisaya
on which Jesus died - Visayan Vocabulary
 Lagaylay - Mateo Sanchez
- Bicol  Arte de la Lengua Ilokana
- Praise, respect, and offering of love to - 1st book in Bicol Language
the Blessed Cross by St. Helen - Fr. Marcos Libson
 Panunuluyan
- Christmas Eve 7. Folktales
- Search of the Virgin Mary and St.
Joseph for an inn to deliver baby Jesus  The Man with the Coconuts
 The Salubong  The Carabao anfd the Shell
- Easter play
8. Folksongs
- Meeting of Risen Christ and his Mother
 Carillo (Shadow Play)  Leron-Leron Sinta (Tagalog)
- Performed on a moonless night during  Pamulinawen (Iloko)
a town fiesta  Dandansoy (Bisaya)
- Figures moved like marionettes  Sarong Banggi (Bicol)
 Atin Cu Pung Singsing (Kapampangan)
5. First Books
THE WRITERS
 Urbana and Felisa
- A book of etiquette by Fr. Modesto de 1. Fransisco Baltazar (1788-1862)
Castro - “Balagtas”
 Ang Doctrina Cristiana - Florante at Laura
- 1st book printed in the Ph xylography 2. Pedro Paterno
- Fr. Domingo Nieva - Ninay (1st Filipino novel in Spanish)
- Tagalog and Spanish 3. Jose Rizal (1861-1896)
 Nuestra Senora del Rosario - Noli me Tangere
- 2nd book printed in the ph - El Filibusterismo
- Fr. Blancas de San Jose in 1602 4. Andres Bonifacio and Emilio Jacinto
- Biographies of saints, novenas, and - Writers and social critics influenced by
questions and answers on religion the French enlightenment
 Libro de los Cuatro Postrimerias del 5. Gregoria de Jesus
Hombre - Wife of Andres Bonifaio
- First written book in typography - Tagalog Poetry
- Fr. Blancas de San Jose (1604) 6. Leona Florentino
 Ang Barlaan at Josephat - Foremost Ilocano writer
- Biblical story printed in ph
- First tagalog novel printed in the ph
atthispointireallydon’tknowkungkailanganbatalagato

 The Passion
- Sufferings of Jesus Christ
 Ang mga Dalit kay Maria
- Collection of songs praising Virgin
Mary

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PHILIPPINE LITERATURE DURING 3. The writers in English imitated the
AMERICAN OCCUPATION (1898-1945) themes and methods of Americans
a) Period of Reorientation (1900-
1910 1909)
- English- medium of instructions in the
 A new group started to write in English public schools
- Philippines – Free Press
3 Groups of Writers
b) Period of Imitation (1910-192)
1. The writers in Spanish were accustomed - The UP College Folio published the
to write on nationalism like honoring Rizal literary compositions of the 1st Filipino
and other heroes writers in English
a) Cecilio Apostol c) Period of Self-Discovery and
- Wrote “A Rizal” Growth (1925 – 1941)
- Best poem in praise of the hero of - Filipino writers have acquired the
Bagumbayan mastery of English writing
b) Fernando Ma. Guerero
3 Kinds of Tagalog Poets
- Book of poems called Crisalidas
- One of the poems was “Invocacion a 1. Poet of the Heart (Makata ng Puso)
Rizal” - Lope K. Santos
c) Jesus Balmori - Inigo Ed Regalado
- Pen name of Batikuling - Carlos Gatmaitan
- Participated in debate with topic - Pedro Deogracias del Rosario,
“Remembrance and Forgetfulness” - Ildefonso Santos
- Was elected Poet Laureate in Spanish - Amado V. Hernandez
Literature - Nemecio Carabana
d) Manuel Bernabe - Mar Antonio.
- Lyric poet 2. Poets of Life (Makata ng Buhay)
- He defended Olvido (things to be - Lope K. Santos
forgotten) - Jose Corazon de JEsis
e) Claro M. Recto - Florentino Collantes
- Book of poems entitled Bajo Los - Patricio Mariano
Cocoteros - Carlos Garmaitan
- One of his writings dedicated to Rizal - Amado V. Hernandez
is “Ante El Martir” 3. Poets of the Stage (Makata ng
2. The writers in Tagalog continued their Tanghalan)
lamentations on the conditions of the - Aurelio Tolentino
country and their attempts to arouse love - Patricio Mariano
for one’s native tongue - Severino Reyes
a) Lope K. Santos - Tomas Remigio
- “Father of the National Language
Grammar” NEWS
- “apo” of the tagalog writers
- “Banaag at Sikat” was his masterpiece  The active arousal in the field of Literature
b) Jose Corazon de Jesus started to be felt in the following
- Known as Huseng Batute newspapers
- Poet of love 1. El Nuevo Dia (The New Day)
- “Ag Isang Punong Kahoy” an elegy - Sergio Osmenia (1900)
c) Armando V. Hernandez 2. EL Grito Del Pueblo (The Call of the
- Poet of Laborers Nation)
- “Ang Panday” - Pascual Poblete (1900)
d) Valeriano Hernandez Pena 3. El Renaciemento (The Rebirth)
- Tandang Anong - Rafael Palma (1900)
- “Nena at Neneng”
e) Inigo Ed Regalado
- Popular story teller, novelist and
newspaper man
- “Sumpong”

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Things Adopted into the Filipino Culture
1. Religious Freedom
2. Free Education
- Thomasites (teachers)
3. English
JAPANESE OCCUPATION (1941-1945)
 Ph Literature was interrupted in its
development when we were again
conquered by Japan
 Except for the Tribune and the Philippine
Review, Pillars, Free Philippines, and
Filipina, almost all newspapers in English
were stopped by the Japanese
 There was no freedom of speech and of
the press
 Victoria Abelardo described Filipino
writing during the Japanese Occupation as
being pessimistic and bitter
 The weekly Liwayway was placed under
strict surveillance until it was managed by
a Japanese named Ishiwara
 The only contact with the outside world
was done with utmost secrecy through
underground radio program called “Voice
of Freedom”
 Tagalog was favored by the Japanese
military authority
 So, Filipino literature was given a break
during this period.
 Filipino literature also experienced
renewed attention because writers in
English turned to writing in Filipino
Filipino Drama
 Experienced a lull because movie houses
showing American films were closed
Filipino Poetry
 3 types of poems emerged
1. Haiku
- Free verse
- 17 syllables
- 3 lines
- 575
- Allegorical in meaning
2. Tanaga
- Like haiku but has measure and rhyme
- 7 syllables per line
3. Karaniwang Anyo (Usual Form)
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CONTEMPORARY PERIOD
 “Struggle of mind and spirit” by the
sudden emancipation from the enemy,
and the wild desire to see print
The New Filipino Literature During this
Period
 Ph lit was revived
 Most themes dealt with Japanese
brutalities, poverty of life under the
Japanese govn and the brave guerilla
exploits
1. Period of Activism (1970-1972)
- Many young Filipinos became activists
to ask for changes in the government
- The Literary Revolution
o Youth became rebellious
o Campus newspapers showed
rebellious emotions
2. Period of the Third Republic (1981-
1985)
- After 10 years of military rule, Martial
Law was at last lifted on January 2,
1981
- Filipino Poetry
o Poems were romantic and
revolutionary
3. Periods (1896-1999)
- The Filipino regained their
independence
- From February 21-25, 198, People
Power (Lakas ng Bayan) prevailed
- On Books
o The ph revolution of 1986 of its spirit
that will carry the Filipinos through
another period in Ph history is still
being documented.
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