The Effect of the Surface Area of the Bubble to its Rise Velocity

In Partial Fulfillment of the Course

Physics 71.1

Submitted by:
Gomez, Margarita Isabelle C.
Martinez, Laleyne Anne S.
Morata, Miguel Angelo E.
Quilapio, Bettina Marlise Rae R.
Raro, Mon Joaquin Gaviel B.
Sabilona, Axcel C.
BS CHEMISTRY

Submitted on:
May 7, 2019

Submitted to:
Arvin Lester Jusi
 OBJECTIVES

At the end of this study, the researchers should be able to:

1. Study the motion of air bubbles rising in a fluid

2. Apply the concept of buoyancy in examining the motion of air bubble; and

3. Relate the surface area of the bubble to its rise velocity.

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

A bubble is a small mass of gas in a larger quantity of another fluid – either gas or liquid.

Usually, a bubble is thought of as being contained within a definite interface. However, the inner

fluid may be completely miscible with the outer fluid and there may be no interference in the

usual sense, although there may be a sharp boundary between the fluids (O’Brien, 1962).

There has been a lot of research which studied the motion of a bubble in another fluid. A

bubble can deform in shape and can flow internally. There are many types of motion possible

because these characteristics are controlled by viscous forces, the internal pressure forces and the

interfacial forces, in rather complex ways (O’Brien, 1962). This research, however, will only be

focusing on finding the relationship between the surface area of the bubbles and its velocity.
 The major physical concepts that govern the mechanism of an isolated air bubble rising

from the bottom of a fluid are classified as: surface tension, the upward force due to buoyancy

and the resistance to motion offered by the surrounding water or commonly known as the drag

force. By definition, buoyant force refers to the upward force exerted by a fluid that opposes the

weight of an immersed object. The rise of the bubble is due the net upward force that resulted

from the pressure difference between the pressure of the fluid at the bottom of the air bubble and

the pressure of the fluid below it. This pressure difference, as supported by the Archimedes’

principle, is equivalent to the weight of the fluid displaced by the air bubble. Therefore, the

volume of the air bubble determines the magnitude of the buoyant force, and thus, the rate at

which the bubble rises (Peter, 2011).

Drag force on the other hand, is the frictional resistance offered by the surrounding fluid

that acts against the direction of the motion of the rising bubble. This opposing force tend to

cause decrease on the bubble’s velocity. Its effect can be incorporated on the fluid’s density and

the bubble’s surface area. However, in this experiment, the density will be held constant, thus

only the surface area of the bubble will be taken into account when examining the influence of

the drag force on its rise velocity.

Surface tension also dictates the motion of a rising bubble, particularly if there is a

significant difference between the radius of the bubble and the radius of the tube. This parameter

affects the shape of the bubble, which in turn affects its rising motion in general. For large

bubbles, the effect of surface tension is negligible as compared to the effect of the resisting force
that causes deformation on the bubble shape. Bubbles of this size tend to have a more unstable

shape, thus causing fluctuations on its motion. However, for bubbles with significantly small

radii relative to the tube radius, the effect of surface tension is very high, thus, the bubble tends

to become more spherical in shape resulting in it being more stable. Bubbles of this size tend to

follow a vertical rectilinear motion exhibiting laminar flow, thus the motion can be examined

more easily.

In this experiment, the difference between the bubble sizes and the size of the tube is

relatively high. Therefore, the relationship between the two target variables: the bubble radius

and the rise velocity, can be determined more easily without the interference of the unnecessary

forces caused by the unstable bubble shape. Additionally, the effect of density and all the other

physical factors related to it, on the dynamics of the rising bubble and can also be neglected

since the density of fluid that will be used in this experiment will be the same.

Significance of the Study

The study of the motion of bubbles is contributive to numerous practical applications. It

is applied in engineering, medicine, biology, food technology, and more. In the field of medicine,

the presence of bubbles are used in ultrasound imaging to improve the produced images. The

concept of bubbles as a mass of gas contained in an interface is applicable to several physical

concepts such as flight or space mechanics. In chemistry, bubbles are involved in complex

processes as an indication of occurring chemical reactions. In a process such as distillation, the

formation of vapor is involved in order to separate mixtures. Vapor, bubbles are formed in the
liquid and as the bubbles rise to the surface, substances are separated through evaporation and

condensation. (Assyafa, n.d.) Furthermore, in biology presence of bubbles in the water surface

indicates the existence of living organisms beneath it.

The findings of the study regarding the relation of the size of the bubble and its rise

velocity will provide better understanding of the key concepts of fluid mechanics, buoyant

forces, and surface tension. For institutions that focus on scientific and technological

advancements, researches on the dynamics of bubbles are useful for developing current and

impending studies. These researches may help in scientific developments that will also be

beneficial to the citizens. To cite an example, there is the occurrence of bubbles in hydraulics.

Hydraulics is a major concept for many machines, commonly for vehicles, which are seen in the

daily lives of people. The formation of bubbles in hydraulic fuels may result to cavitation,

consequently damaging the hydraulic device due to sudden pressure and thermal changes. By

understanding the motion of the bubbles in the fuel, a device was developed by Opus System,

Inc. for the removal of air bubbles in hydraulic fluids. The bubble eliminator utilizes fluid

mechanics to control the circulation of the fuel in the device and filters out the air bubbles to

prevent cavitation. (Suzuki, et al. 2002) Moreover, these concepts are simple yet fundamental,

and having a clear understanding of these concepts is important for establishing a better

foundation of knowledge for deeper and more complex theories to be used in technological

advancements for the benefit of society.

Scopes and Limitation

The main focus of the study is to observe the produced bubbles’ diameter and relate these

diameters to their velocity as they rise in a fluid. The study is limited only to the relationship of

these two parameters, regardless of the fluid to be used. In experimentation and documentation,

cooking oil was used instead of water for better observation of the bubbles. The use of a fluid

with higher viscosity, such as oil, provided a clearer image of the bubble than when water was

used. Since the fluid is more viscous, the air bubbles are entrapped in it for a longer time that in a

less viscous fluid, such as water. There was no significant difference in the results when utilizing

different fluids hence, the researchers only made use of one trial using oil. Another limitation is

the consistency in the sizes of bubbles that were produced. There was limited access to various

needle sizes in order to make controlled and varied bubble sizes. Moreover, the pressure applied

on the plunger of the syringe was manually done which resulted in the varying sizes of the

bubbles that were examined in experimentation.

Introducing air inside the sealed test tube affects the air pressure inside the system.

According to Chang (2010), gases exert pressure because they have free-moving molecules that

collide with anything it comes in contact with. By adding more gas molecules into a container,

the number of collisions increases. The air pressure also increases hence, affecting the rise

velocity of the bubble. In this experiment, the air pressure inside the system was neglected.

Additionally, upon observation the bubbles followed a slightly sideways path instead of a

straight vertical path at random occasions. This movement was also not taken into account and
was tracked as a vertical movement in the application. Regardless, the trend between the

bubble’s diameter and rise velocity remains the same.

Hypothesis

1. Comparison of the velocities of bubbles with different surface areas.

a. H​0​: There is no significant difference between the velocities of the bubbles with

different surface areas.

b. H​A​: There is a significant difference between the velocities of the bubbles with

different surface areas.

 METHODOLOGY

A. Materials

● Test tube

● Rubber stopper

● Syringe

● Oil

● Tape

● Ruler

● Video camera

● Tracker application

B. Procedure

1. To prepare the experimental set-up, the syringe was attached to the rubber stopper

by puncturing it at its center using the needle of the syringe.

2. The test tube was filled with fluid to about three-fourths of the tube.

3. The tube was sealed with the stopper-syringe system. The plunger of the syringe

was pulled back to allow air inside it.

4. The test tube-syringe system was inverted to allow the syringe to point upwards.

5. The entire set-up was fixed onto a wall to keep it still. A ruler was taped beside

the set-up to provide a scale for the tracker.

6. To make bubbles, the plunger of the syringe was pushed slowly. Ensure that the

bubbles were clearly seen in the video.

 7. By using the tracker application and video, the velocity of the bubble as it rises in

the fluid was determined.

Figure 1.​ Experimental Set-up in Determining the Velocity of the Bubble

Figure 1 shows the experimental set-up for the determination of the velocity of an air

bubble. The set-up was firmly fixed in a flat wall to capture a stable observation of the motion

of the air bubble. The syringe at the bottom serves as the bubble source while the bubble receiver

is the oil inside the centrifuge tube. The ruler was set at the nearest point beside the tube to

measure the diameter of the air bubbles accurately.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Table 1. Data Gathered in Determining the Velocity of a Bubble with Surface Area

of 0.05 cm​2 ​using Tracker

Time Distance Velocity Time Distance Velocity

2.43E+02 1.36E-03 2.47E-03 2.49E+02 9.98E-03 1.83E-03

2.43E+02 1.56E-03 2.36E-03 2.49E+02 1.02E-02 1.83E-03

2.43E+02 1.82E-03 2.25E-03 2.49E+02 1.04E-02 1.83E-03

2.43E+02 1.98E-03 2.23E-03 2.49E+02 1.06E-02 1.80E-03

2.44E+02 2.15E-03 2.18E-03 2.49E+02 1.10E-02 1.80E-03

2.44E+02 2.36E-03 2.16E-03 2.49E+02 1.12E-02 1.78E-03

2.44E+02 2.68E-03 2.14E-03 2.50E+02 1.14E-02 1.78E-03

2.44E+02 2.95E-03 2.14E-03 2.50E+02 1.16E-02 1.78E-03

2.44E+02 3.16E-03 2.07E-03 2.50E+02 1.18E-02 1.78E-03

2.44E+02 3.40E-03 2.07E-03 2.50E+02 1.19E-02 1.78E-03

2.45E+02 3.67E-03 2.00E-03 2.50E+02 1.21E-02 1.78E-03

2.45E+02 3.94E-03 2.00E-03 2.50E+02 1.24E-02 1.76E-03

2.45E+02 4.21E-03 1.98E-03 2.51E+02 1.26E-02 1.76E-03

2.45E+02 4.39E-03 1.98E-03 2.51E+02 1.30E-02 1.76E-03

2.45E+02 4.63E-03 1.98E-03 2.51E+02 1.33E-02 1.71E-03

2.45E+02 4.92E-03 1.96E-03 2.51E+02 1.36E-02 1.71E-03

2.46E+02 5.24E-03 1.96E-03 2.51E+02 1.38E-02 1.71E-03

2.46E+02 5.49E-03 1.94E-03 2.51E+02 1.40E-02 1.71E-03

2.46E+02 5.71E-03 1.94E-03 2.52E+02 1.43E-02 1.71E-03

2.46E+02 6.01E-03 1.94E-03 2.52E+02 1.45E-02 1.70E-03

2.46E+02 6.32E-03 1.91E-03 2.52E+02 1.48E-02 1.69E-03

2.46E+02 6.58E-03 1.91E-03 2.52E+02 1.50E-02 1.69E-03

2.47E+02 6.85E-03 1.90E-03 2.52E+02 1.52E-02 1.69E-03

2.47E+02 7.10E-03 1.89E-03 2.52E+02 1.55E-02 1.69E-03

2.47E+02 7.31E-03 1.89E-03 2.53E+02 1.59E-02 1.69E-03

2.47E+02 7.62E-03 1.88E-03 2.53E+02 1.61E-02 1.67E-03

2.47E+02 7.87E-03 1.87E-03 2.53E+02 1.63E-02 1.66E-03

2.47E+02 8.13E-03 1.87E-03 2.53E+02 1.66E-02 1.65E-03

2.48E+02 8.41E-03 1.87E-03 2.53E+02 1.69E-02 1.65E-03

2.48E+02 8.75E-03 1.85E-03 2.53E+02 1.73E-02 1.65E-03

2.48E+02 9.04E-03 1.85E-03 2.54E+02 1.75E-02 1.63E-03

2.48E+02 9.38E-03 1.85E-03 2.54E+02 1.78E-02 1.63E-03

2.48E+02 9.59E-03 1.85E-03 2.54E+02 1.81E-02 1.63E-03

2.48E+02 9.76E-03 1.83E-03 2.54E+02 1.84E-02 1.62E-03

2.54E+02 1.87E-02 1.61E-03 2.60E+02 2.88E-02 1.40E-03

2.54E+02 1.90E-02 1.60E-03 2.61E+02 2.91E-02 1.40E-03

2.55E+02 1.93E-02 1.60E-03 2.61E+02 2.94E-02 1.40E-03

2.55E+02 1.96E-02 1.60E-03 2.61E+02 2.97E-02 1.40E-03

2.55E+02 1.99E-02 1.60E-03 2.61E+02 3.00E-02 1.40E-03

2.55E+02 2.01E-02 1.60E-03 2.61E+02 3.02E-02 1.38E-03

2.55E+02 2.04E-02 1.60E-03 2.61E+02 3.05E-02 1.38E-03

2.55E+02 2.06E-02 1.59E-03 2.62E+02 3.09E-02 1.38E-03

2.56E+02 2.10E-02 1.58E-03 2.62E+02 3.12E-02 1.36E-03

2.56E+02 2.12E-02 1.58E-03 2.62E+02 3.16E-02 1.36E-03

2.56E+02 2.15E-02 1.58E-03 2.62E+02 3.19E-02 1.35E-03

2.56E+02 2.18E-02 1.58E-03 2.62E+02 3.22E-02 1.35E-03

2.56E+02 2.20E-02 1.56E-03 2.62E+02 3.25E-02 1.34E-03

2.56E+02 2.22E-02 1.56E-03 2.63E+02 3.28E-02 1.34E-03

2.57E+02 2.24E-02 1.56E-03 2.63E+02 3.31E-02 1.33E-03

2.57E+02 2.26E-02 1.56E-03 2.63E+02 3.34E-02 1.31E-03

2.57E+02 2.29E-02 1.56E-03 2.63E+02 3.36E-02 1.31E-03

2.57E+02 2.32E-02 1.56E-03 2.63E+02 3.39E-02 1.29E-03

2.57E+02 2.35E-02 1.54E-03 2.63E+02 3.42E-02 1.28E-03

2.57E+02 2.38E-02 1.54E-03 2.64E+02 3.46E-02 1.27E-03

2.58E+02 2.41E-02 1.54E-03 2.64E+02 3.50E-02 1.22E-03

2.58E+02 2.43E-02 1.54E-03 2.64E+02 3.54E-02 1.21E-03

2.58E+02 2.46E-02 1.54E-03 2.64E+02 3.58E-02 1.18E-03

2.58E+02 2.48E-02 1.54E-03 2.64E+02 3.60E-02 1.18E-03

2.58E+02 2.50E-02 1.54E-03 2.64E+02 3.62E-02 1.16E-03

2.58E+02 2.53E-02 1.51E-03 2.65E+02 3.64E-02 1.15E-03

2.59E+02 2.56E-02 1.51E-03 2.65E+02 3.66E-02 1.15E-03

2.59E+02 2.59E-02 1.51E-03 2.65E+02 3.69E-02 1.14E-03

 2.59E+02 2.61E-02 1.51E-03 2.65E+02 3.73E-02 1.11E-03

2.59E+02 2.63E-02 1.51E-03 2.65E+02 3.76E-02 1.05E-03

2.59E+02 2.65E-02 1.49E-03 2.65E+02 3.79E-02 1.02E-03

2.59E+02 2.68E-02 1.49E-03 2.66E+02 3.81E-02 9.81E-04

2.60E+02 2.71E-02 1.49E-03 2.66E+02 3.85E-02 9.80E-04

2.60E+02 2.75E-02 1.47E-03 2.66E+02 3.88E-02 9.13E-04

2.60E+02 2.78E-02 1.46E-03 2.66E+02 3.90E-02 9.13E-04

2.60E+02 2.82E-02 1.43E-03 2.66E+02 3.92E-02 0.00E+00

2.60E+02 2.84E-02 1.40E-03 2.66E+02 3.93E-02 0.00E+00

Average Velocity 1.62E-03m/s

Table 1 shows the list of data gathered in the experiment about the rise velocity of

an air bubble. It indicates the distance travelled by an air bubble with a surface area of 0.05 cm​2

in a time interval showing the average velocity as 1.62 x 10​-3​ m/s.

 Figure 1a.​ ​The Graph of the Bubble with Surface Area at 0.05 cm​2

Figure 1a shows a distance vs. time graph of an air bubble with surface area of

0.05cm​2 under an oil sample. Having a linear relationship, as the time increases, the distance

travelled by the air bubble increases. The data shows that the increase in time is proportional to

the distance travelled by the air bubble​.

 Figure 1b.​ ​Determination of Velocity and Size of the Bubble Using Tracker

The figure shows how the size and velocity of the bubble were determined using a

Tracker application that features the automatic estimation of the bubbles measurement and also a

table for the data gathering. In this figure, the bubble’s surface area is found to be 0.05 cm​2​.
 Table 2. Data Gathered in Determining the Velocity of a Bubble with Surface Area
of 0.19 cm​2 ​using Tracker
Time Distance Velocity

2.55E+02 1.84E-03

2.55E+02 3.08E-03 7.69E-03

2.55E+02 4.40E-03 7.90E-03

2.55E+02 5.71E-03 8.01E-03

2.55E+02 7.07E-03 7.95E-03

2.56E+02 8.36E-03 7.90E-03

2.56E+02 9.70E-03 8.38E-03

2.56E+02 1.12E-02 8.33E-03

2.56E+02 1.25E-02 8.17E-03

2.56E+02 1.39E-02 8.06E-03

2.56E+02 1.52E-02 8.05E-03

2.57E+02 1.66E-02 8.54E-03

2.57E+02 1.80E-02 8.26E-03

2.57E+02 1.93E-02 7.94E-03

 2.57E+02 2.07E-02 8.42E-03

2.57E+02 2.21E-02 8.14E-03

2.57E+02 2.34E-02 7.97E-03

2.58E+02 2.48E-02 8.53E-03

2.58E+02 2.62E-02 8.22E-03

2.58E+02 2.75E-02 8.11E-03

2.58E+02 2.89E-02 7.55E-03

2.58E+02 3.00E-02 7.43E-03

2.58E+02 3.14E-02 8.19E-03

2.59E+02 3.28E-02 8.19E-03

2.59E+02 3.41E-02 8.30E-03

2.59E+02 3.55E-02 8.70E-03

2.59E+02 3.70E-02 8.44E-03

2.59E+02 3.83E-02 8.11E-03

2.59E+02 3.97E-02 0.00E+00

Average Velocity 7.84E-03 m/s

 Table 2 shows the list of data gathered in the experiment about the rise velocity of an air

bubble. It indicates the distance travelled by an air bubble with a surface area of 0.19 cm​2 ​in a

time interval showing the average velocity as 7.84x10​-3​ m/s.

Figure 2a.​ ​The Graph of the Bubble with Surface Area at 0.19 cm​2

Figure 2a shows a distance vs. time graph of an air bubble with surface area of 0.19cm​2

under an oil sample. Having a linear relationship, as the time increases, the distance travelled by

the air bubble increases. The data shows that the increase in time is proportional to the distance

travelled by the air bubble​.

 Figure 2b.​ ​Determination of Velocity and Size of the Bubble Using Tracker

The figure shows how the size and velocity of the bubble was determined using a Tracker

application that features the automatic estimation of the bubbles measurement and also a table

for the data gathering. In this figure, the bubble’s surface area is found to be 0.19 cm​2​.

.
 Table 3. Data Gathered in Determining the Velocity of a Bubble with Surface Area

of 0.53 cm​2 ​using Tracker

2.04E+02 3.42E-03 5.77E-03

2.04E+02 5.77E-03 8.42E-03

2.04E+02 8.42E-03 1.09E-02

2.04E+02 1.09E-02 1.33E-02

2.05E+02 1.33E-02 1.59E-02

2.05E+02 1.59E-02 1.86E-02

2.05E+02 1.86E-02 2.12E-02

2.05E+02 2.12E-02 2.37E-02

2.05E+02 2.37E-02 2.64E-02

2.05E+02 2.64E-02 2.91E-02

2.06E+02 2.91E-02 3.20E-02

2.06E+02 3.20E-02 3.48E-02

2.06E+02 3.48E-02 3.72E-02

2.06E+02 3.72E-02 2.13E-02

 Average Velocity 2.13E-02 m/s

Table 3 shows the list of data gathered in the experiment about the rise velocity of an air

bubble. It indicates the distance travelled by an air bubble with a surface area of 0.53 cm​2 ​in a

time interval showing the average velocity as 2.13x10​-2​ m/s.

Figure 3a.​ ​The Graph of the Bubble with Surface Area at 0.53 cm​2

Figure 3a shows a distance vs. time graph of an air bubble with surface area of 0.53cm​2

under an oil sample. Having a linear relationship, as the time increases, the distance travelled by

the air bubble increases. The data shows that the increase in time is proportional to the distance

travelled by the air bubble​.

 Figure 3b.​ ​Determination of Velocity and Size of the Bubble Using Tracker

The figure shows how the size and velocity of the bubble was determined using a Tracker

application that features the automatic estimation of the bubbles measurement and also a table

for the data gathering. In this figure, the bubble’s surface area is found to be 0.53 cm​2​.

.
 Figure 4a.​ ​The Graph of the Bubble with Surface Area at 0.53 cm​2

Figure 4a shows the relationship of the surface area and the velocity of the air

bubbles. The points on the graph indicate that the relationship of the bubble’s surface area and

velocity is directly proportional to each other respectively. This means that the higher the surface

area of the bubble, the higher its velocity and vice-versa.

 Figure 4b.​ ​The Graph of the Bubble with Surface Area at 0.53 cm​2

Figure 4b shows the relationship of volume and the velocity of the air bubbles.

Points on the graph indicate that the relationship of the bubble’s surface area and velocity is

directly proportional to each other respectively. This means that the higher the volume of the

bubble, the higher its velocity and vice-versa.

Analyzing the gathered data and using the tables and figures as basis, it can be

noted that the size of the bubble is directly proportional to its rise velocity. When the bubble’s

volume and surface area is large, then its rise velocity is fast. Conversely, when the bubble’s

volume and surface area is small, then its rise velocity is slow. In relation to buoyancy, the

bigger the volume of the bubble, the greater the fluid displaced thus the greater buoyant force is

experienced by the bubble and vice-versa.

 CONCLUSION

Based on the calculated data with the aid of Tracker application, air bubbles with surface

areas of 0.05 cm​2​, 0.19 cm​2​, and 0.53 cm​2 travel with an average velocity of 1.62 x 10​-3 m/s, 7.84

x 10​-3 m/s, 2.13 x 10​-2 m/s respectively, the researchers reject the null hypothesis. Therefore,

there is a significant difference between the velocities of the bubbles with different surface areas.

The motion of air bubbles rising in a fluid was observed and the concepts were

applied in the experiment. Also, the concept of buoyancy was related to the rise velocity of the

bubble which tells us that the greater the volume of the bubble, the greater the buoyant force it

experiences. Additionally, the relationship of the surface area of the bubble and its rise velocity

were found to be directly proportional to each other. With the use of several experimental

methods which includes the use of test tubes, syringes, oil, and the Tracker application, data of

velocities and surface areas were determined.

The Tracker application was used to identify the dimensions of the bubble efficiently and

accurately, following the surface area and its volume. The final data concludes that the

relationship of the bubble’s volume and surface area is directly proportional to its rise velocity

respectively, meaning that the greater the volume and surface area of the bubble is, the greater its

rise velocity. Conversely, the lesser the volume and surface area of the bubble is, the lesser its

rise velocity.

RECOMMENDATIONS
 The researchers recommend testing the principles with more trials. Furthermore, it also

commended to look for more measurable variables that is related to the motion of air bubbles in

fluid to strengthen and validate the results using larger and more accurate apparatus.

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