Spring-2019

ME 331
Refrigeration & Air Conditioning
Lec. M.Umer

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 Introduction

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 Course Introduction

ME 331: Refrigeration and Air-conditioning

Course Code: ME331 Semester: Spring, 2019

Credit Hours: 3+0 Pre-requisite Codes: ME130, ME 230

Instructor: Lec. M.Umer Class: BS-ME-08

Office: 215H Telephone: 051 90856066

Lecture Days: Monday to Friday E-mail: m.umer@smme.nust.edu.pk

Class Room: CR 407, 414 & CadCam Lab Consulting Hours: Wednesday 1400-1600 hrs

Language: English/Urdu Updates on LMS: At the end of week

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 Course Introduction

Course Learning Outcomes (CLOs)

No CLO PLO Level of Learning

1 Analyze refrigeration System based on any given refrigeration cycle (Air PLO-2 C-4
Compression/Absorption)

2 Demonstrate the understanding of refrigerant properties/working of PLO-2 C-3

refrigerating components for given system. Perform psychometric
analysis

3 Analyze air quality/load of a space for given heating and cooling PLO-3 C-5
conditions. Fans and ducts analysis

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 Course Introduction
Programme Learning Outcomes

1. Engineering Knowledge
• An ability to apply knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering fundamentals
and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering
problems
2. Problem Analysis
• An ability to identify, formulate, research literature, and analyse complex
engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of
mathematics, natural sciences and engineering sciences
3. Design and Development of Solutions
• An ability to design solutions for complex engineering problems and design
systems, components or processes that meet specified needs with appropriate
consideration for public health and safety, cultural, societal, and environmental
considerations
4. Investigation
• An ability to investigate complex engineering problems in a methodical way
including literature survey, design and conduct of experiments, analysis and
interpretation of experimental data, and synthesis of information to derive valid
conclusions Refrigeration & Air Conditioning M.Umer 5
 Course Introduction
Programme Learning Outcomes

5. Modern Tool Usage

• An ability to create, select and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and
modern engineering and IT tools, including prediction and modelling, to complex
engineering activities, with an understanding of the limitations
6. The Engineer and Society
• An ability to apply reasoning informed by contextual knowledge to assess
societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent
responsibilities relevant to professional engineering practice and solution to
complex engineering problems
7. Environment and Sustainability
• An ability to understand the impact of professional engineering solutions in
societal and environmental contexts and demonstrate knowledge of and need
for sustainable development
8. Ethics
• Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities
and norms of engineering practice
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 Course Introduction
Programme Learning Outcomes

9. Individual and Team Work

• An ability to work effectively, as an individual or in a team, on multifaceted and /or
multidisciplinary settings
10. Communication
• An ability to communicate effectively, orally as well as in writing, on complex
engineering activities with the engineering community and with society at large,
such as being able to comprehend and write effective reports and design
documentation, make effective presentations, and give and receive clear
instructions
11. Project Management
• An ability to demonstrate management skills and apply engineering principles to
one’s own work, as a member and/or leader in a team, to manage projects in a
multidisciplinary environment
12. Life Long Learning
• An ability to recognize importance of, and pursue lifelong learning in the broader
context of innovation and technological developments

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 Course Introduction

Design, develop

Justify, evaluate, judge

Differentiate, compare,
contrast

Modify, demonstrate,
solve, apply

Explain, Predict,
interpret

Define, list, state,

identify, name
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 Course Introduction

Recommended Books

Text Book:  Heating, Ventilating, and Air-Conditioning Analysis and Design, By McQuiston, Parker and Spitler
John Wiley & Sons, 6th Edition

Reference  Refrigeration and Air Conditioning 3rd edition by C.P Arora

Books:  Refrigeration and Air Conditioning 2nd edition by W.F Stoecker
 Thermodynamics-An Engineering approach by Cengel/Boles.McGraw – Hill, 7th edition
 Refrigeration and Air Conditioning by Khurmi and Gupta
 ASHRAE Handbooks (Fundamentals, HVAC system and Equipment)

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 Course Introduction

Grading Policy

Quizzes 10%

Assignments 05%

Project 10%

One Hour Tests 30%

End Semester Examination 45%

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 Course Introduction
Teaching Plan
Week Topics Learning Outcomes
Course Outline, objectives, teaching plan, assessment method,
1 Introduction
concepts review.
Refrigeration Reversed Carnot and Joule cycles, air cycle refrigeration, vapor
2-5
cycles compression and vapor absorption systems, multi pressure
systems, heat pumps.
Refrigerant properties, common refrigerants, environmental and
6 Refrigerants
safety considerations
7 OHT 1 (Assessment of CLO 1 through examination question)
Components of Functioning and types of compressors, evaporators, condensers
refrigeration and and expansion valves. water chiller and water heater, air handling
8-9 air conditioning unit, chilled water and hot water recirculation system, return air
systems, air supply system, air dust cleaning and bacteria removal, CFM rating
quality and tons of air-conditioning of a central air-conditioning plant.
Psychrometric Properties of Moist air; Terms and definitions of Psychrometric
10-12 and design Processes on Psychometric charts, Indoor and outdoor air
conditions conditions, comfort conditions.
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 Course Introduction
Teaching Plan

13 OHT 2 (Assessment of CLO 2 through examination question)

Components of a cooling and heating load estimation, sensible
heat gain through building structure by conduction, heat gain from
14-
Load Calculation solar radiation, solar heat gain (sensible) through outside walls and
16
roofs, sol air temperature, sensible and latent heat gain from
various sources.
Ducts, fans, Losses in ducts, duct sizing and piping design, pumps and fans
17 diffusers design selection. Diffusers and grilles.
and analysis.
18 End Semester Exam (Assessment of CLOs through examination question)

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 Introduction

• Refrigeration: The process of achieving and maintaining a temperature below

that of the surroundings, the aim being to cool some product or space to the
required temperature. Remember cooling and refrigeration are not the same
thing.

For example: Lowering temperature of a water glass by adding ice – refrigeration

Lowering temperature of a hot tea cup – cooling

• Air Conditioning: Treatment of air so as to simultaneously control its

temperature, moisture content, cleanliness, odor and circulation, as required by
occupants, a process, or products in the space.

Air Conditioning can be divided into Heating/Cooling, Addition/Removal of

Moisture, Air Purity Control and Air Distribution Control.

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 Introduction
Applications
 Food Processing and Preservation
 Chemical and Processing Industries
 Residential offices, commercial buildings, airports, hospitals, automobiles,
aircrafts.
 Industrial air conditioning for electronic, pharmaceutical etc.

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 Introduction
Applications

Automobiles

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 Introduction
Applications
Buildings HVAC System

Theengineeringmindset.com
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 Introduction
Applications
Buildings HVAC System

Theengineeringmindset.com
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 Introduction
Applications Cooing Tower

Chiller

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 Introduction
Applications
Data Center HVAC

Brain of the internet

33-35% of the total energy

consumption is related to the
chillers

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 Introduction
Applications
Mobile Refrigeration System
1. Dead Body’s Preservation
The availability of refrigeration storage during a mass fatality is essential as it slows
the decomposition process and in turn, preserves the personal characteristics of
the deceased facilitating the identification process

But there is a problem!

60% water, it changes into

ice, form crystals which
destroy cells
Use cryoprotectants to impede
crystallization of cells

Wood frog
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 Introduction
Applications

The Prospect of Immortality Helium

Hydrogen
The practice of preserving a body with antifreeze shortly after Neon
death in hopes future medicine might be able to bring the Nitrogen
deceased back. Oxygen

Cryogenic

To study material behavior at a very

low temperature (below -180 ºC)

A person who studies elements that have been subjected to extremely cold temperatures is
called a cryogenicist.
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https://alcor.org/
 Introduction
History

Age of Natural Refrigeration:

 In 1806, Frederic Tudor also known as Boston's "Ice King", began trade
in ice by cutting it from the Hudson River and ponds of Massachusetts
(New England) and exporting it to Caribbean Island and various other
countries (Tudor Ice Company).

Frederic Tudor
 Harvested in winter and stored for summer (Icehouses were built (American Businessman)
to Store Ice in Europe, America and Iran)

 By the early 1830s, the price of ice dropped from six

cents per pound to a half of a cent per pound.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refrigeration
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 Introduction
History
Horse-drawn Ice Cutter

The Ice industry boomed after the Horse-drawn Ice Cutter invention in 1825 by one
of the Tudor’s supplier

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 Introduction
History

Age of Natural Refrigeration:

 The icehouses as well as better insulated

ships helped reduce ice wastage from 66% to
8%

 Iceboxes used to store, dairy products, fish,

meat, and even fruits and vegetables.
Icebox refrigerators

 During the early 1900s domestic electric refrigerators became

available, and by the 1940s they were common in US homes.

http://www.thevintagefridgecompany.com/
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 Introduction
History

Age of Natural Refrigeration:

 Ice making by nocturnal cooling (night-time radiative cooling) was perfected in
India. In this method ice was made by keeping a thin layer of water in a shallow
earthen tray, and then exposing the tray to the night sky. On a clear night the
water would lose heat by radiation into space. Outer Space 3 K

 Cool roofs combine high optical reflectance with

high infrared emissivity, thereby simultaneously
reducing heat transfer from the sun and increasing
heat removal through radiation.

 Evaporation Cooling was achieved by storage of

water in earthen pots. The water permeates through
the pores of earthen vessel to its outer surface where
it evaporates to the surrounding.
Evaporative Cooling
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 Introduction
History

Age of Natural Refrigeration:

 Cooling by salt solution such as when common salt

is added to water, it dissolve and absorbs its heat
of solution from water (endothermic process).
NaCl can yield temperature up to -20 ºC and CaCl2
up to -50 ºC in properly insulated containers.
However the recovery of salt by heating has
limited this process.
 Ice melt slowly in salty water as compared to the
pure water.

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 Introduction
History

Age of Artificial Refrigeration:

 The first known artificial form of refrigeration was demonstrated by
Scottish professor William Cullen at the University of Glasgow and
produced small quantity of ice in the laboratory (1755) using diethyl
ether, but had no practical application

 In 1805, an American inventor, Oliver Evans, published a book and

described a closed vapor-compression cycle using ether under William Cullen
vacuum. But it wasn’t until 1834 that the first practical refrigerating
machine in the world was built by Jacob Perkins.

He described, “I am enable to use volatile fluids for the purpose of

producing the cooling or freezing of fluids, and yet at the same time
constantly condensing such volatile fluids and bringing them again into
operation without waste”. Jacob Perkins
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 Introduction
History

Age of Artificial Refrigeration:

Jacob Perkins Apparatus:
The refrigerant boils in evaporator B taking heat from surrounding water in
container A. The pump C draws vapor away and compresses it to higher pressure at
which it can condense to liquids in tubes D, giving out heat to water in vessel E.

Condensed liquid flows through the weight

loaded valve H, which maintains the
difference of pressure between the
condenser and evaporator. The small
pump above H is used for charging the
apparatus with refrigerant.

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 Introduction
History

Age of Artificial Refrigeration:

 In 1851, an American physician named John Gorrie built a
refrigerator based on Oliver Evans' design to make ice to cool
the air for his yellow fever patients.

 In 1854, a British journalist James Harrison

used ether and ammonia for vapor
compression system and presented a
practical vapor compression refrigeration
system. He built the first commercial ice
making machine.

 Another noteworthy development in 1860 was that of the

ammonia-water vapor absorption (aqua ammonia)
machine by Ferdinand Carré (French Engineer).

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 Introduction
History

Age of Artificial Refrigeration:

 In 1876, German engineer studying steam locomotive Carl

von Linden patented not a refrigerator, but the process of
liquefying gas requires pressure of more than 10
atmospheres in the condenser.

Carl von Linden

 In 1886, Franz Windhausen developed carbon dioxide (CO2) based vapor compression
system in Germany. It requires pressure of about 80 atmospheres and therefore a very
heavy construction.

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 Introduction
History

Age of Artificial Refrigeration:

 By 1911, the first home refrigerators were being manufactured by General
Electric.

 The pace of development was considerably quickened in the 1920 decade when
du Pont put in the market a family of new working substances, the fluoro-chloro
derivatives of methane, ethane, etc.-popularly known as chlorofluorocarbons or
CFCs-under the trade name of Freons (R-12), replace sulphur-dioxide as the most
commonly used refrigerant (1930).

Timeline of Development:
http://www.ideafinder.com/history/inventions/refrigerator.htm#ON THE WEB:
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 Introduction
History

Age of Artificial Refrigeration:

 In 1936, Albert Henne synthesizes refrigerant R-134a,

 Mass production (about 7 million annually) of modern refrigerators Albert Henne

started post World War II.

 In the 1970s and 80s, discoveries were made linking CFC-compound gases (like Freon)
to the depletion of the ozone layer . In the early 1990s, environmental concerns lead to
the ban of Freon.

 Most of the modern refrigerant use either HFC-134a (hydro-flouro-

carbon) or iso-butane as refrigerant.

Lear more:
hhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refrigeration
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 Introduction
History

Air conditioning System:

In 1902, an American scientist and industrialist Willis Carrier

installed electrical air conditioning system for printing plant,
working in a Buffalo Forge Company.

Due to pioneering efforts of Carrier and simultaneous

development of different components and controls, air
conditioning quickly became a reality in 1920.

Willis Carrier (father of AC)

Lear more:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rf5okqLX-Uo
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End of Lecture

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