MENSTRUAL CYCLE

PEPINO, RICALDE, ROXAS 3PT

 MENSTRUAL CYCLE
- a series of changes that
- cycles may also
a woman must undergo
range from 21 to 35
to prepare her for a
days in adults and
pregnancy each month
21 to 45 days in
which makes
adolescents
reproduction possible

- cycle is counted
- controlled by different
from the first day
glands in the body and
of menstruation
hormones are
(bleeding) to the
produced to maintain
first day of the next
good health
period

- The average
duration is 28
days long
 4 PHASES OF THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE
(M. F. O. L)

Menstrual phase (From day 1 to 5)

Follicular phase (From day 1 to 13)
Ovulation phase (Day 14)
Luteal phase (From day 15 to 28)
 Menstruation is
the shedding of
When there is no the endometrium
fertilized egg to start a (thickened lining of
pregnancy, the uterus) from
menstruation will occur the body through
the vagina

In this phase, the

menstrual fluid
The average
contains blood,
duration of a
endometrial cells
menstrual period is
(cells from the
3 - 7 days
lining of the uterus)
and mucus

PHASE 1: Menstrual Phase

 By Day 10, the ovarian
follicles now degenerate
Starts on the (become atretic), leaving
1st day of only 1 to continue
When there is no menstruation developing until it
fertilized egg to start a and ends with appears as a bulge on the
pregnancy, ovulation surface of the ovary. This
menstruation will occur mature follicle is called
the graafian follicle

The Hypothalamus
secretes the As estrogen levels in the
Gonadotropin-Releasing blood increase, the uterine
Hormone (GnRH) that glands within the
stimulates the Pituitary endometrium enlarge
Gland to secrete Follicle
Stimulating Hormone
(FSH) and Luteinizing This prompts
Hormone (LH) some of the
ovarian follicles
PHASE 2: Follicular Phase to begin growing
and to secrete
or pre-ovulatory estrogen
 When there is no
fertilized egg to start a
pregnancy, Later on through
menstruation will occur the follicular
phase, the
graafian follicle
secretes more
estrogen and
inhibin

As inhibin levels rise,

the FSH levels fall

PHASE 2: Follicular Phase

or pre-ovulatory
 The oocyte remains viable for
releasing of a mature egg from
the surface of the ovary
PHASE 3: Ovulation Phase about 12 hours, during which
time it may be fertilized by a
sperm. If it does not meet any
sperm, it will die

occurs mid-cycle
The egg is funnelled into the
fallopian tube and towards
the uterus by waves of small
hair-like projections
the developing follicle causes
a rise in the level of estrogen
(a hormone that is responsible
for the growth and
development of female sexual Due to the high levels of LH,
characteristics and the graafian follicle ruptures
reproduction in both humans and ovulation or the release
and animals.) of an oocyte from the ovary
occurs
The hypothalamus in the brain detects these rising
levels and releases a Gonadotropin-Releasing
Hormone (GnRH) which prompts the pituitary gland
to produce higher levels of LH and lesser FSH
 The oocyte exists from its
follicle, and the remnant of the
PHASE 4: Luteal Phase
ovarian follicle becomes the
corpus luteum
The corpus luteum, mainly the
granulosa cells, secretes
Progesterone.
This combination of hormones
maintains the thickened lining
of the uterus, waiting for a
fertilised egg to implant.
The Progesterone stimulates the uterus to
undergo final maturational changes that
prepare it for pregnancy and the uterus is
now fully ready to house and nourish an
embryo
post-ovulatory
If egg is implanted in the lining of
the uterus, it produces the
hormones for the corpus luteum.
These hormones include the Human
Chorionic Gonadotrophin (HCG)
which is detected in a urine test for
pregnancy.
When the uterus begins to shed,
that marks the start of
menstruation cycle.
The drop in progesterone levels
causes the lining of the uterus to fall
away and uterus begins to shed
again.
If fertilization does not occur, the
corpus luteum is replaced by the
CORPUS ALBICANS which does not
secrete hormones, causing
progesterone and estrogen levels to
decrease.
 I R R E G U LAR M E N S T R UAT I O N

Anovulation: ovulation has not

occurs more frequently than
taken place during your
every 21 days or lasts longer
menstrual cycle, usually due to
than 8 days
severe hormonal imbalances

timing of your ovulation can

missed, early, or late periods vary greatly month to month.
are also considered signs of an this is because lifestyle and
irregular cycle medical conditions can
influence your menstrual cycle

CAUSES OF HORMONAL IMBALANCE: EFFECTS OF HORMONAL IMBALANCE:

Extreme exercise or dieting, stress, Weight gain, belly fat or loss of muscle mass, low
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), age, etc. libido, fatigue, anxiety, insomia, etc.
 REFERENCES
Department of Health & Human Services. (2014, April 30). Menstrual cycle. Retrieved from
https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/menstrual-cycle
Menstrual Period Definition, Symptoms, and Pain Relief. (n.d.). Retrieved from
https://www.medicinenet.com/menstruation/article.htm#what_happens_during_the_menstrual_cycl
Phases of Menstrual cycle. (n.d.). Retrieved from
https://www.menstrupedia.com/articles/physiology/cycle-phases
Scott, J. A. (2012, November 29). How Your Menstrual Cycle Affects Your Behavior. Retrieved from
https://www.everydayhealth.com/womens-health/how-your-menstrual-cycle-affects-your-behavior.a
spx
The Facts About Irregular Periods. (2010, February 17). Retrieved from
https://www.everydayhealth.com/pms/irregular-periods.aspx