Non-conventional Energy Sources:

Market Survey and Commercial Applications

Professor Saifur Rahman

Electrical & Computer Engineering Dept.
Virginia Tech
March 2007

3/1/2007 © Saifur Rahman 1

 Outline
1. Introduction to non-conventional energy sources
(wind, solar and hydro)
2. Resource assessment for wind, solar and hydro
3. Capacity factor and capacity credit calculations
4. Technology assessment
5. Global developments of wind and solar projects
6. Renewable energy and climate change issues

3/1/2007 © Saifur Rahman 2

 World Energy Consumption by Fuel Type
(1970-2025)
700

600
thers
500 O
Quadrillion BTU

uc lear
400 N
l
Coa
300
tur al Gas
Na
200

100 Oil
Year
0
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025

Source: EIA, International Energy Outlook 2005

3/1/2007 © Saifur Rahman 3

 Global Oil Production

3/1/2007 © Saifur Rahman 4

 Wind Energy

Off-shore Wind Generation, North Sea

3/1/2007 © Saifur Rahman 5

 Installed Wind Power in the World
Cumulative Capacity 1997-2006
80,000

70,000

60,000
Rest of the World
50,000 India
40,000 Denmark

30,000 USA
Spain
20,000
Germany
10,000

0
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Source: BP.com, 2006 and World Wind Energy Association, Germany as of 29 Jan 2007

3/1/2007 © Saifur Rahman 6

 Wind Power Highlights
Global
GlobalWind
WindCapacity:
Capacity: 73.9
73.9GW
GW(end
(endof
of2006)
2006)
German
Germancapacity
capacity:: 20.6
20.6GW
GW(end
(endof
of2006)
2006)

• The current installed wind power capacity generates

more than 1% of the global electricity consumption.
• At the end of 2006, Germany hosted 27.9% of annual
world WTG capacity
• This is followed by Spain (15.7%), USA (15.7%), India
(8.5%) and Denmark (4.2%)

* World Wind Energy Association, Germany, 29 Jan 2007

* International Electricity Information, EIA, 2006

3/1/2007 © Saifur Rahman 7

3/1/2007 © Saifur Rahman 8
 Wind Energy in India, 2006

3/1/2007 © Saifur Rahman 9

 Offshore Wind Energy is “Next Wave” of
New Wind Project Construction in Germany

3/1/2007 © Saifur Rahman 10

 Offshore Wind Worldwide
Location Country Online MW No Rating
Vindeby Denmark 1991 4.95 11 Bonus 450kW
Lely (Ijsselmeer) Holland 1994 2.0 4 NedWind 500kW
Tunø Knob Denmark 1995 5.0 10 Vestas 500kW
Dronten (Ijsselmeer) Holland 1996 11.4 19 Nordtank 600kW
Gotland (Bockstigen) Sweden 1997 2.5 5 Wind World 500kW
Current world’s largest

Blyth Offshore UK 2000 3.8 2 Vestas 2MW

Middelgrunden, Denmark 2001 40 20 Bonus 2MW
Copenhagen
Uttgrunden, Kalmar Sound Sweden 2001 10.5 7 GE Wind 1.5MW
Yttre Stengrund Sweden 2001 10 5 NEG Micon NM72
Horns Rev Denmark 2002 160 80 Vestas 2MW
Frederikshaven Denmark 2003 10.6 4 2 Vestas 3MW,1 Bonus 2.3MW
and 1 Nordex 2.3MW
Samsø Denmark 2003 23 10 Bonus 2.3 MW
North Hoyle UK 2003 60 30 Vestas 2MW
Nysted Denmark 2004 158 72 Bonus 2.3MW
Arklow Bank Ireland 2004 25.2 7 GE 3.6 MW
Scroby Sands UK 2004 60 30 Vestas 2 MW
Totals 587 316
Source: BWEA (http://www.bwea.com/offshore/worldwide.html )

3/1/2007 © Saifur Rahman 11

 Offshore Wind Turbines
Horns Rev, Denmark
14-20 km off the
coast of Jutland

Source: BWEA © Elsam A/S

80 x 2 MW = 160 MW

3/1/2007 © Saifur Rahman 12

 Offshore Wind Turbines
Uttgrunden, Sweden

Source: BWEA © GE Wind Energy

7 x 1.5 MW = 10.5 MW

3/1/2007 © Saifur Rahman 13

 Offshore Wind Turbines
Blyth, UK

Source: BWEA © AMEC Wind

2 x 2 MW = 4 MW

3/1/2007 © Saifur Rahman 14

 Offshore Wind Turbines
North Sea, The Netherlands (3 MW)

Source: Saifur Rahman ©

3/1/2007 © Saifur Rahman 15

 Offshore wind turbine and Generator
North Sea, The Netherlands

Source: Saifur Rahman ©

3/1/2007 © Saifur Rahman 16

 Large Rotor Blades Shipped by Water –
Offshore Wind Projects Minimize Transfers

GE 3.6 MW rotor (104 m diameter)

3/1/2007 © Saifur Rahman 17

 Solar Energy
• Solar Thermal
Heating
• Solar Thermal
Electricity
• Solar Photovoltaics

3/1/2007 © Saifur Rahman 18

 Installed Solar Photovoltaics
Cumulative Capacity 1992-2004

3,000,000

2,500,000
Kilowatts

2,000,000
Rest of OECD
1,500,000 Germany
USA
1,000,000
Japan
500,000

0
1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Source: BP.com, 2006

3/1/2007 © Saifur Rahman 19

 Biodiversity Monitoring Project
in Bangladesh

3/1/2007 © Saifur Rahman 20

Photovoltaics for Railway Signaling in Tibet

3/1/2007 © Saifur Rahman 21

 Solar Photovoltaics, USA

Rooftop PV Test Facility at Virginia Tech, USA

3/1/2007 © Saifur Rahman 22

 Solar Photovoltaics, USA

4 Times Square, New York

Building-integrated PV panels of
up to 15 kW of power

Thin-film PV panels are located

on the top 19th floors of the
building

Source: National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL)

3/1/2007 © Saifur Rahman 23

 Solar Photovoltaics, Germany

Number of module: 1,440

Total area: 3,311 m2
PV output: 325 kW
Electricity generation: 274,000 kWh/yr

Source: http://www.cler.org/predac/article.php3?id_article=511

3/1/2007 © Saifur Rahman 24

 Solar Photovoltaics, Japan

Bridge
Shiga, Japan
60 kW Platform
Gunma, Japan
200 kW
Source: Mitsubishi Electric

3/1/2007 © Saifur Rahman 25

 Climate Change

Global warming
World sea levels rise
Loss of the arctic ice cover

3/1/2007 © Saifur Rahman 26

 Trends in Atmospheric Concentrations and
Anthropogenic Emissions of CO2

3/1/2007 © Saifur Rahman 27

 Global CO2 Emissions by Region
(2001-2025)
(Million Metric Tons of Carbon Equivalent)

3/1/2007 © Saifur Rahman 28

 Global warming and CO2 level rise

Earth has warmed by

about 1°C since mid-19th
century; can go up by
another 5.8°C by 2100

3/1/2007 © Saifur Rahman 29

 Global Warming

Top five warmest years worldwide since 1890s:

(1) 1998, (2) 2002, (3) 2003, (4) 2004, (5) 2006

3/1/2007 © Saifur Rahman 30

 Loss of Arctic Ice

The Arctic ice cap could disappear completely well before the end of the century
under the impact of global warming, according to observations released yesterday.
The Times, London. 29 Sept 2005

3/1/2007 © Saifur Rahman 31

 Observed Sea Ice

Source: Impact of a warming arctic, Cambridge University Press

3/1/2007 © Saifur Rahman 32

 Polar Bears Stranded on Thin Ice

Studies of ice cores indicate a rapid rise in greenhouse gases in the past 150 years

3/1/2007 © Saifur Rahman 33

 Abrupt Climate Change

Source: Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute 2005

Rapid changes in ocean circulation are linked to an abrupt climate

change 8,200 years ago that had global effects. Indeed, greenhouse
warming is a destabilizing factor that makes abrupt climate change
more probable.

3/1/2007 © Saifur Rahman 34

 Thank You!

Saifur Rahman

Email: srahman@vt.edu

3/1/2007 © Saifur Rahman 35