Dr.

Bharat Bhushan
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mJeNghZXtMo
Session Outline

 AI Revolution
 Intelligence
 Artificial Intelligence (AI)
 AI Applications
 AI Impact
By The Numbers:

 The number of AI start-ups has increased 14x since the

year 2000

 The amount of investment in AI start-ups has increased

6x since 2000

 72% of executives see AI as being the most significant

future business advantage

 PwC puts the global impact of AI at $15.7 trillion by 2030

 Accenture estimates that AI could double the rate of

economic growth in developed countries by 2035
How do the leading research firms view it:

 IDC views digital transformation as a business

imperative over the next few years, with AI playing a
starring role - $52 billion in global revenue by 2021

 Gartner sees AI playing a growing role in developing

scientific hypotheses based on data and providing
intelligence to Internet-of-Things (IoT) devices―such as
robots, drones and autonomous vehicles.

 Forrester expects the key focus in 2019 to be on

pragmatic AI, as companies implement practical
applications for more immediate business benefit.
The Potential:

 “AI is the new electricity” – Andrew Ng, founder of

Google DeepBrain project

 “Over the next decade, AI won’t replace managers, but

managers who use AI will replace those who don’t.” –
Eric Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee, Harvard Business
Review

 “Machine learning and AI is a horizontal enabling layer. It

will empower and improve every business, every
government organization, every philanthropy — basically
there’s no institution in the world that cannot be
improved with machine learning.” – Jeff Bezos, Amazon
An all-Encompassing Phenomena
 Increased Computational Resources (including
AI enabled chips in 2019 by Intel, NVIDA, ARM, AMD, Qualcom etc)

 Growth of Data (Big Data, IOT, Real Time Analysis enabling

better learning)
 Specific Problem Focussed Approach (Deep AI,
Specialized Solutions, eg SIRI, Cortana)

 Knowledge Engineering (Automated Learning)

 Alternate Reasoning Models (Let the machine think
like a machine)
Wikipedia:

Intelligence has been defined in many ways, including:

the capacity for logic, understanding, self-awareness,
learning, emotional knowledge, reasoning, planning,
creativity, critical thinking, and problem solving.

Human intelligence is the intellectual power of humans

that gives humans the cognitive abilities to learn, form
concepts, understand, and reason, including the
capacities to recognize patterns, comprehend ideas, plan,
solve problems, and use language to communicate

Three Important Aspects – Learning, Reasoning and

Behaviour
 Ability to interact with the surroundings
◦ Perceive, Understand, Act
◦ Speech,
◦ Visualization
◦ Respond

 Reasoning and Planning

◦ Modelling the surroundings
◦ Solving new problems, planning, deciding
◦ Handle unexpected situations

 Learning and Adapting

◦ Continuous Cycle of learning and adaptation
◦ Updating existing models
The Start Point - Dartmouth Conference (1955)
“An attempt will be made to find how to make machines
use language, form abstractions and concepts, solve
kinds of problems now reserved for humans and improve
themselves. We think that a significant advance can be
made in one or more of these problems if a carefully
selected group of scientists work on it together for a
summer.”
John McCarthy, Marvin Minsky,
Nathan Rochester, and Claude Shannon

The term Artificial Intelligence got coined.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a branch of Science
which deals with helping machines finding
solutions to complex problems in a more human-
like fashion. This generally involves borrowing
characteristics from human intelligence, and
applying them as algorithms in a computer
friendly way.
AI is typically defined as the ability of a machine
to perform cognitive functions we associate with
human minds, such as perceiving, reasoning,
learning, and problem solving. Examples of
technologies that enable AI to solve business
problems are robotics, autonomous vehicles,
computer vision, language understanding and
machine learning.
Intelligence is the ability to learn and understand,
to solve problems and to make decisions.

Artificial intelligence is a science that has defined

its goal as making machines do things that would
require intelligence if done by humans.

A machine is thought intelligent if it can achieve

human-level performance in some cognitive task.
To build an intelligent machine, we have to
capture, organise and use human expert
knowledge in some problem area.
Natural Artificial
Intelligence Intelligence
Creative Non-Creative

May contain Precise

errors
Non-consistent Consistent

Can’t handle Can handle

multitasking multitasking
 Philosophy
◦ Logic, methods of reasoning, mind as physical system,
foundations of learning, language, rationality.

 Mathematics
◦ Formal representation and proof, algorithms, computation,
(un)decidability, (in)tractability

 Probability / Statistics
◦ Modelling uncertainty, learning from data

 Neuroscience
◦ Neurons as information processing units

 Psychology
◦ How do people behave, perceive, process cognitive
information, represent knowledge
 Computer Engineering
◦ Fast Processors, CPU, GPU, TPU.

 Control Engineering
◦ Design systems that maximize an objective function over time

 Linguistics
◦ Knowledge representation, grammar

 Economics
◦ Utility, decision theory, rational economic agents
Integrated / Transdisciplinary Approaches:

- Mechatronics:

Mechanics + Electronics + Computing

- Cybernetics

- Communication + Automatic Control Systems in machines

and humans
 Dark Ages of AI: 1943 – 1953
 The Birth of AI: 1952 – 56

 The Golden Ages: 1956 – 1974

 The First AI Winter – 1974 – 1980

 The Boom: 1980 – 1987

 The Burst, Second AI Winter: 1987 – 1993

 AI Bounces Back: 1993 – 2011

 AI: 2011 - present

 1943 – Early Beginning
◦ McCulloch & Pitts: Boolean circuit model of brain
 1950 – Turing
◦ Turing Test as a intelligence model
 1956: Birth of AI
◦ Dartmouth meeting: "Artificial Intelligence“ name
adopted
 1955-65: Initial Promises
◦ Newell and Simon: GPS
◦ Gelertner: Geometry Theorem Prover
◦ McCarthy: invention of LISP
 1966-73 – Reality Check
◦ Realization that many AI problems are intractable
◦ Limitations of existing neural network methods identified
 1969-85: Domain Specific Focus
◦ Development of knowledge-based systems
◦ Success of rule-based expert systems,
 e.g., Dendral, Mycin
 1986-2010: Machine Learning
◦ Neural networks return to popularity
◦ Major advances in machine learning algorithms and
applications
 2010 onwards: Deep Learning
 Deep Blue defeated the then world chess champion Garry
Kasparov in 1997
 NASA's on-board autonomous planning program controlled
the scheduling of operations for a spacecraft
 Proverb solves crossword puzzles better than most humans
 Robot driving: DARPA Grand Challenge 2003-2007
 2006: face recognition software available in consumer
cameras
 2011: IBM’s Watson took on the human brain on Jeopardy
and won against two best performers
 2013: Social network behaviour
 2014: A chatbot called Eugene Goostman passed the Turing
Test after sixty four years it was conceived
Turing Test – proposed by Alan Turing (1950)

- Human beings are intelligent

- To be intelligent, a machine should provide responses

indistinguishable from humans

- A computer passes the test if a human interrogator, after

posing some written questions, cannot tell whether the
written responses come from a person or from a
computer
 Thanks

bh_bhushan@hotmail.com