DATA COMMUNICATION AND NETWORKS

ASSIGNMENT # 01

COMPUTER SCIENCE

Contents
TCP/IP and OSI model: ............................................................................................................................. 2
TCP/IP: .................................................................................................................................................... 2
OSI model: ............................................................................................................................................... 2
History of TCP/IP: .................................................................................................................................. 2
History of OSI: ........................................................................................................................................ 2
Comparison: ................................................................................................................................................ 2
TCP/IP Layers: ........................................................................................................................................... 3
OSI model layers:........................................................................................................................................ 3
Advantages: ............................................................................................................................................. 4
Disadvantages:......................................................................................................................................... 5
Advantages: ............................................................................................................................................. 5
Disadvantages:......................................................................................................................................... 5
What is Ethernet? ....................................................................................................................................... 5
History of Ethernet: .................................................................................................................................... 5
Standards of Ethernet: ............................................................................................................................... 5
References:................................................................................................................................................... 7
Certificate: .................................................................................................................................................... 8
TCP/IP and OSI model:
TCP/IP:
TCP/IP is a set of protocols which allow to share resources across the network. Since the
development of the ARPANET, TCP/IP has emerged as the language of the internet as it is being
used all over the world for all types of computers. TCP and IP are two protocols: Transmission
control protocol and Internet protocol. These two protocol together known as TCP/IP protocol.
OSI model:
There are multiple users present all over the world using computer network. Hence we need a
standard to ensure that worldwide communication system can be developed and are compatible
with each other. For this we require a framework called as “Model for open system
interconnection (OSI)” and normally referred as “OSI Reference Model”.
History of TCP/IP:
Kahn and Cerf, in the summer of 1973, prepared a paper entitled “A Protocol for Packet Network
Intercommunication.” The document described a new protocol that acted like an envelope,
carrying parts of a letter inside; the broken up letter pieces were called “segments.” This new
protocol was called the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP). The paper was published the
following May in the IEEE Transactions on Communications. [V.G. Cerf and R.E. Kahn, “A
Protocol for Packet Network Interconnection,” IEEE Transactions on Communications COM-
22 (May 1974): 637-48.]
History of OSI:
In 1977 the British Standards Institute proposed to the International Organization for
Standardization (ISO) that a standard architecture was needed to define the communications
infrastructure for distributed processing. As a result of this proposal, ISO formed a subcommittee
on Open Systems Interconnection.

Comparison:

TCP/IP OSI
1 In TCP/IP model the transport layer does not In OSI model the transport layer guarantees the
guarantees delivery of packets. delivery of packets.

2 TCP/IP does not have a separate presentation

layer. OSI model has a separate presentation layer.

3 TCP/IP model cannot be used in any other OSI is a general model.

application.

4 It has four layers. OSI has seven layers.

 5 TCP/IP model is more based on protocols and OSI provides layer functioning and also defines
protocols are not flexible with other layers. functions of all the layers.

6 In TCP/IP replacing protocol is not easy. Protocols are hidden in OSI model and are easily
replaced as the technology changes.

7 TCP/IP follows vertical approach. OSI follows horizontal approach.

8 Protocols were developed first and then the Protocols were developed first and then the model was
model was developed. developed

9 Considered more reliable. Considered a reference tool.

10 Implementation of OSI model. Reference model.

TCP/IP Layers:
Network Interface Layer:

This is the lowest layer of TCP/IP architecture, also called the data link layer or host to
network layer. User uses many protocols at this layer, including token ring, Ethernet and
LAN’s and WAN’s protocols.
Network Layer:

This layer put the message into the packet and packet switching network is established
which is based on connectionless services. Each packet is independently routed from
source to destination. This layer specifies a packet format and a protocol called Internet
Protocol (IP). Each packet has the address of both sender and receiver which is known as
IP address.
Transport Layer:

Transport layer established the session between source and destination machines so that
data packets can exchange between them. The end to end protocol used here are TCP and
UDP. It is an unreliable, connectionless protocol used for both one-to-one or one-to-
many delivery.
Application Layer:
TCP/IP model has application layer corresponds to session, presentation and application layer of
OSI reference model. Most common protocols of this layer are HTTP, FTP ,Telnet, SMTP and
DNS .

OSI model layers:

Physical layer:
 The physical layer sends the bit from one node to another.it is not concerned with
meaning of bits, but it maintains physical connection between transmitter and receiver.
Passive hubs, simple active hubs, terminator and cabling, transmitters, receivers,
transceivers are associated with physical layer.
Data link Layer:

It provides reliability of our data between the nodes. It also generates frames of packets it
receives from network layer and provides them to physical layer. It does the functions
like synchronization, error detection and correction. Also it assembles outgoing messages
into frames.
Network layer:

The function of this layer is to deliver packets from source to destination across multiple
network links. It done the functions like routing of signals, divide the outgoing message
into packets, to act as network controller to routing data.
Transport layer:

This layer is Concerned with the reliability of the transport of sent data .it also ensures
that the whole message arrives intact and in order. This layer decides whether
transmission should be parallel or single path .This layer breaks the data into smaller
units so that it can be easily handled by network layer.
Session layer:

This layer establishes a session between two parties i.e. establishes, maintains and
synchronizes the communication. This layer manages and synchronizes communication
between two systems.it controls logging on and off, user identification, billing and
session management.
Presentation layer:

The Presentation Layer handles data format information for networked

communications. This is done by converting data into a generic format that could be
understood by both sides. It also takes care of syntax and semantics of the information
exchanged between two communication systems. This layer works as a translating layer.
Application layer:
This is the topmost layer of OSI model. It provides application based services like database
access, email and file transfer. The functions like login and password checking are also done by this layer.
Advantages & Disadvantages of TCP/IP:
Advantages:
1. It can be used to establish/set up connection b/w different types of computers.
2. It operates/works independently of the operating system.
3. It support for a number of routing-protocols.
4. It enables the internetworking between the organizations.
5. It has a scalable, client-server architecture.
Disadvantages:
1. TCP/IP is slow.
2. TCP/IP is intricate to set up and manage.
3. The process involved in TCP/IP is long.

Advantages & Disadvantages of OSI:

Advantages:
1. It supports both connection-oriented services and connectionless services.
2. It provides wide variety of choice.
3. It does not depend or rely on a specific computer system.
4. It interprets the product functionality at each-stage.
5. It encrypts the data for security purpose.
6. It is easy to add multiple-network models.
Disadvantages:
1. Many applications do not require/need the data integrity, which is provided by OSI-model.
2. In order to fast set up OSI requires agreement between three-parties: users & service provider.
3. It is complex.
4. This model is not adapted at all to telecommunication applications on computer.

What is Ethernet?
Ethernet is a protocol that controls the way data is transmitted over a local area network (LAN). The
name Ethernet came from the combination of words “Ether” and “Net”. Ether, meaning “light bearing”,
stands for the use of light as a means of data carrying medium whereas Net is a short form of network that
means the community or a group of linked computers. It is not a wireless technology because it uses
physical media generally called wires.

History of Ethernet:
The concept of Ethernet was formulated and introduced by XEROX PARC, now simply known as PARC
(Palo Alto Research Centre).This agency proposed to develop a form of system that would permit/allow
computers and devices to be connected with one and other using coaxial cables. Engineers Bob Metcalfe
and D.R Boggs developed Ethernet beginning in 1972. In 1976, a connection two computers were made
and data transfer fruitfully took place with the speed of 3MB/second. In 1980, industry standards based on
their work were established under IEEE 802.3 set of specifications. In 1990’s, fast Ethernet technology
came into existence.

Standards of Ethernet:
1. 100Base T—(100 Mbps over 2-pair category 5 or better UTP cable). It is a standard that includes
100Base- TX(category 5 UTP),100Base-T2(category 3 or better UTP) and 100Base-T4(100Base-
T2 cabling modified to include two additional wire pairs).
2. 100base FX—100 Mbps over fiber cable.
3. 100Base SX—100 Mbps over multimode fiber cable.
4. 100Base BX-- 100 Mbps over single mode fiber cable.
5. 1000Base-LX--100Mbps,baseband, long wavelength over optical fiber cable.
References:
1. Computer networks 3rd edition by ANDREW S. TANENBAUM.
2. Standard network layer architecture, By Bradley Mitchell
http://compnetworking.about.com/cs/designosimodel/a/osimodel.html.
3. By Douglas Comer’s http://www.cellsoft.de/telecom/tcpip.htm.
4. Behrouz A. Forouzan, Data Communications and Networking, 2003
5. Margaret Rouse, “OSI (Open Systems Interconnection)” William Stallings, Data and
Computer Communications, Prentice Hall 2006, ISBN 0-13-243310-9.
7. Zubair ullah,”Use of Ethernet Technology in Computer Network” Sam Higginbottom
Institute of Agriculture,Technology and Sciences, Allahabad, Volume 12 Issue 14
Version 1.0 Year 2012.Available: https://computerresearch.org
Certificate: